CONTENTS FOREWORD
4
1. HISTORY OF ALLEYS
2. BENEFITS
3. STRATEGIES
6 7 8
PRECEDENTS
11
1. MISSION DISTRICT STREET ART IN SAN FRANCISCO
2. POST ALLEY IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
3. ALLEYWAYS IN PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
4. GREEN YOUR LANEWAY IN MELBOURNE
5. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
6. ARTISTS ACTIVATING ALLEYS
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
NASHVILLE PROJECTS
4. HILLSBORO VILLAGE
5. DOWNTOWN
26 30 38 42 46
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
58
1. GERMANTOWN
2. HISTORIC EDGEFIELD
3. CHESTNUT HILL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
Foreword Today cities are composed of buildings, roads, cars, parks, homes, etc, and who knows what tomorrow's city will bring. What is certain however, is that people are at the core of city development. For centuries cities were built to bring people together for economic, religious, and political reasons. In many ways, cities represent our values, interests, and demands. Despite this collective nature, certain elements outweigh others. Many Metropolises, for example, have ignored green public spaces, resulting in urban heat island effect (UHI).1
One method for improving our urban environment is by taking advantage of a large and mostly undervalued component of public space; alleyways. Alleyways are generally formed between rows of adjacent buildings and homes usually performing utilitarian functions such as room for fire escapes, garbage cans, electrical wires, etc. Cities like Rome and Tokyo, developed their alleys to be used for social gatherings, connecting people to public spaces, and creating an enjoyable and safe walking experience in their busy urban cores.
An urban heat island, or UHI, is a metropolitan area that's much warmer than the rural areas surrounding it. Heat is created in larger cities like New York, Paris, and London by energy waste produced by people, cars, and buildings.
In the US, cities like Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit and others have begun investing in their alleys as viable methods for managing storm water, increasing green space, and adding ambience to their city culture.
Urban areas are densely populated, and buildings are built with little to no space between. Waste heat—and heat that escapes insulation has nowhere to go. It lingers in and between buildings.
4
Urban Heat Island effect (UHI)
Research shows that the total area covered by cities is set to triple in the next 40 years. Farmlands are slowly disappearing, which is detrimental to the planet's sustainability. For the first time in human history, most humans live in urban areas – from mega cities of 10-20 million to medium-sized cities of 1-5 million, and smaller. Looking ahead, the largest growth will occur in settlements under 100,000, but small- and medium-sized cities, like Nashville. Nashville is Tennessee's booming capitol city with an expected population of 2 million for the region by 2020. This means more buildings, more cars, more roads, and less space for public use. Even though people have realized the positive effects of adding public and green space, it may not be enough to address issues mentioned earlier. If we were to transform an already existing infrastructure like our alleyway system, we can begin to tilt the scale and further improve Nashville to better reflect our needs.
Diagram showing population distribution in 2016
FOREWORD
9
HISTORY OF ALLEYS The etymology of the word “alley” is from the Latin ambulare, meaning “to walk.” This origin reveals a primary function for alleyways: walking. However, even when conducting research on the history of alleyways there is a blurring of roles for alleyways. Though predominantly involving pathways for pedestrian transit between buildings, there are also many definitions highlighting the use of alleys as service roads. Alleyways functioning as public pedestrian walking spaces, but also as service points for businesses nearby create a conflict of interest. It is not ideal for pedestrians to be walking through an alleyway filled with trucks, waste and the like. Offering an alleyway that is practical for businesses, but also hospitable to patrons passing by, is a complex undertaking, but one worth pursuing.
BENEFITS STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SUCCESSES
ASPHALT REPLACEMENT SUCCESSES
In Detroit, there Stormwater Management Group researches and implements best practices for stormwater management infrastructure to best serve their citizens. Detroit’s goals involve keeping stormwater runoff and wastewater separate until the water can be screened in order to avoid polluting nearby rivers.
Permeable pavement can allow water to run through anywhere between two to eighteen gallons per minute.
Philadelphia’s initiative, Green City, Clean Waters, is investing $2.4 billion over 25 years in order to manage stormwater runoff. Below are a list of problems the initiative hopes to solve. When it rains or snows, stormwater runoff:
Environmental Facts: »» Eliminates runoff »» Recharges groundwater »» Traps suspended solids and pollutants »» Reduces surface temperatures and, therefore, the heat island effect
»» contributes to combined sewer overflows
»» Eliminates the need for retention basins and water collection areas
»» pollutes our rivers with fertilizers, oil and sediment
Financial Facts
»» destroys valuable aquatic and riparian habitat »» floods homes and businesses
»» Eliminates costs for retention basins, curbs, gutters, and other water collection installations »» In winter conditions, typically requires much less salt or other de-icing products than traditional pavement types »» Lower installation costs (no underground piping, storm drains, or sloping/grading needed) »» Low life-cycle costs with an equal life expectancy to that of regular concrete: 20 to 40 years when correctly installed
STRATEGIES These are some of the strategies that many alley programs have implemented in their work. Some have environmental benefits such as replacing asphalt with a more pervious material to collect water; while others have benefits for improving people's safety and perception of alleys such as providing lighting and visibility. Adopting even a few of these strategies could help transform an alley which then becomes more active and prosperous. Most of these strategies require low maintenance, but it is important to take advantage of this public space as a canvas for programming social activity.
PLANT AND ADD GREENERY
ENSURE ADEQUATE LIGHTING AND VISIBILITY
PROVIDE OUTDOOR FURNITURE
REPLACE ASPHALT WITH PERVIOUS SURFACE
INSTALL ARTWORK
ACTIVATE WITH PROGRAMS
PRECEDENTS The precedents in this section cover various strategies for improving alleyways. From adding lights to completely resurfacing pavement, a complete list of ideas can be studied that have the potential to transform any alley. Some of these examples have even become popular destinations for locals and tourists. Post Alley, in Seattle for example, is a well-loved alley that stretches 6 blocks and deviates into Pike Place Market, the cities beloved historical neighborhood market. Another example is Elfreth's Alley, in Philadelphia, technically a street, but narrow and safe enough where pedestrians are at ease when walking through. Since alleys serve multiple purposes, Elfreth's Alley provides a precedent for a walkable yet functional space.
PRECEDENTS
11
MISSION DISTRICT STREET ART SAn francisco, california, USA
Mural that commemorates Mexican history and culture
1.
4.
3. 2.
Existing condition (left), proposal for alleyway (right)
12
Reclaimed Public Space »» Redesign of the roadbed allowed greater access to pedestrians and the opportunity to transform these utilitarian corridors into pockets of inviting open green space. The Benefits
Mural inspired by Mexican Culture
»» Recharge natural aquifers while keeping polluted storm water out of drains that dump into the Bay. »» Create usable open community spaces in the second most densely populated city in the U.S. »» Increase non-vehicular use of the alleys, meet the City’s ADA standards, and introduce native plants that offer habitat for local birds, bats, butterflies and bees. »» Promote a safe neighborhood by creating shared spaces for community gathering. “Spending time in The Mission reveals a story of the city that you won’t find in most guidebooks. A story of vivid artworks painted on the facades, fences, walls and sidewalks. As I discovered, these artworks are filled with character, detailing the community’s history and culture, messages of protest as well as hopeful wishes for the future.”
Walls covered with colorful paintings and slogans
-Live Recklessly (travel guide)
Implemented Strategies:
1. Green Wall 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Added greenery 4. Trees for Shade
Map of alleys PRECEDENTS
13
POST ALLEY IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, USA
Entrance to the Post Alley
In Seattle, the best example of a well-loved alley is Post Alley near Pike Place Market. West of First Avenue, it runs from Virginia Street down past Madison Street. In 1978, a Seattle Times columnist called it “undisturbed urban sleaze,” and said “there is not a scuzzier stretch of lowdown street in the city.” The local view of this public space was ominous. A 2010 study by Gehl Architects, the UW Green Futures Lab and the Scan Design Foundation estimates downtown Seattle has about 217,500 square feet of alleys, and just 15 percent are used for more than utilitarian services such as deliveries or trash pickup. Not that alleys still don’t have issues. In some areas, problems with crime have caused the city to close them to the public. In the “9½ Block Strategy,” for example, officials have restricted access to some downtown alleys to try to prevent drug dealing and other crime. According to the Mayor's office overall crime has been reduced in this area, and police officials have reported fewer calls compared to the year before this new strategy took effect.
14
If alleys were designed to promote security by introducing proper lighting, visibility, safe ambience then more alleys could be utilized and reduce crime as well. Some people have taken interest in the activation of alleyways. Most examples are grassroots efforts, launched by residents, business and property owners, and local nonprofits. A group called the International Sustainability Institute brought the first major events to those alleys, an effort to showcase their potential.
Implemented Strategies:
1. Variety of Lighting Strategies 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Outdoor Seating 4. Activated Spaces
Report from downtown Seattle May-December 2014 and 2015
View of Post Alley at night
Elevated view of Post Alley PRECEDENTS
15
various ALLEYWAYS PHILADELPHIA, pennsylvania, USA 16
View of Elfreth Alley
Elfreth's Alley, in Philadelphia, is considered the nation's oldest residential street, and in 1966 was declared a national historic landmark. It continues to be an active residential street, and allows its visitors to take home tours showcasing American colonial architecture. The consistent brick facades allow conformity, while the painted accents on shingles and other details allow for personal expression. Greenery is added in the form of planters, plants in pots, and small trees. For added safety, bollards were placed in order to protect pedestrians from moving vehicles. A vital component of successful alleys is the treatment of the ground. Elfreth's Alley has a properly sloped surface that moves water slowly away from homes and into the Alley's center where a highly permeable pebbled surface lays. In modern alleys it's important to not only drain water efficiently, but also to treat and collect it. Untreated water, along with oils and other trash particles, simply flow into storm drains and lead out into natural bodies of water such as oceans or lakes. Elfreth's alley proves that history has much to offer, and its lessons can be translated into Nashville's alleys.
Implemented Strategies:
1. Outdoor Seating 2. Activity based 3. Added Greenery 4. Lighting
Implemented Strategies:
1. Added Green Space 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Added Greenery 4. Outdoor Seating
Implemented Strategies:
1. Wide Sidewalks 2. Trees 3. Added Greenery 4. Pervious Ground Surface
Bradford Alley being used for outdoor activities and seating
St. Albans Place split by a central green space
Quincy Street extends sidewalks for trees and people PRECEDENTS
17
GREEN YOUR LANEWAY MELBOURNE, victoria, australi
Sketch of the alley with propsed changes
"Green your Laneway" is a green alley initiative based in the city of Melbourne. It encourages people to start activating their alleys as extensions of their backyards by adding outdoor seating and plants. This initiative has already gained funding from the City of Melbourne to transform four alleys: Katherine Place, Meyers Place, Guildford Lane, and Coromandel Place. This program also researched over 200 alleys, and created an app to highlight the most ideal alleys for transformation based on sunlight, wind exposure, and other features. Included here are some examples of alleys affected by "Green your Laneway" program, and a rendering envisioning the potential of a green alley with vertical gardens, vines hung in between building, and trees planted on rooftops.
Street sculpture promoting green alleys
18
Alley with industrial metal planters
Mural referring to vertical gardens
Rendering of potential alley
Implemented Strategies:
1. Recycled material 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Added Greenery 4. Green Walls
Alley with plants and art on walls PRECEDENTS
19
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Clever use of lighting Rue du Mail in Paris
Making use of public space Dolnych Mlynow in Kracรณw
20
"Green your Laneway" Alleys initiative in Melbourne
Rain garden for water management, Linden Alley San Francisco
Activating Alleys with art, Belt Line Alley in Detroit
Lit seating, Market Lane London Ontario
First "Green Alley" in Detroit
Passageways in Chattanooga PRECEDENTS
21
ARTISTS ACTIVATING ALLEYS
Carlos Rolon at Belt Line Alley, Detroit
Ellen Rutt at Belt Line Alley, Detroit
22
Gallery of Orozzontalle
Neural Alley installation by Revenge of the Electric Women
Ella Barclay, Adrianne Tasker, Ben Backhouse and Kelly Robson
Painted garage facade by Faile at Belt Line, Detroit
PRECEDENTS
23
germantown
DOWNTOWN
hillsboro village 24
VISIONS Historic Edgefield
areas of focus alleys existing buildings parks
chestnut hill
25
GERMANTOWN
A
1.
3.
2.
4.
New alley is safer due to street lights, and friendlier for pedestrians and bikers thanks to new pavement
Germantown, so named because of the influx of German immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century, was Nashville’s first suburb. The district is one of Nashville’s most architecturally heterogeneous neighborhoods, containing a significant concentration of Victorian building styles. One of Nashville’s historic neighborhoods is bringing people closer to town to live and play, but could use some improvements. Alleys between restaurants, bars and shops can further improve walkability in the area.
Photo of the existing condition
26
B
C
D
A
Implemented Strategies:
1. Improved Lighting 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Outdoor Seating 4. Painted Sidewalk
Map showing situation of the alleys in Germantown PROJECTS
27
B Photo of the existing condition
New, colorful paving and benches for residents.
C Photo of the existing condition
New paving and seating
D Photo of the existing condition
28
PROJECTS
Improvements focused on passive stormwater management
existing buildings
Historic Edgefield
parks
30
East Nashville, full of historic buildings with artistic flair, reflects the unique character if its creative inhabitants. With visual artists and musicians moving to the neighborhood in droves, alleyways can serve a useful purpose of redirecting foot traffic from busier roads activity and providing alternative transportation opportunities beyond automotive operations. Considering Woodland St. in particular, a road with no pedestrian buffer between the road and sidewalk, high-volume pedestrian traffic becomes increasingly dangerous. A development of the alleyways running between Woodland St. and Main St. would relocate pedestrian traffic while offering new public spaces for people to gather in community together.
PLAYGROUND
Map of East Nashville showing existing buildings and streets. PROJECTS
31
existing buildings envisioned buildings areas with detailed proposals park
A
Map of East Nashville showing new potential infill, public squares and streets.
32
PROJECTS
B
C
C
D
PROJECTS
33
A Rendering of conceptual urban development of East Nashville with public space between new residential buildings
Renderings on this and the following pages show conceptual urban development with an alley as a focal point. Mixed-use buildings line the alley corridor offering several amenities and interest points. Moving from West to East, a conceptual public square creates a welcoming environment and provides an ideal space for hosting activities. Water features reduce street noise and contribute to the pleasant ambience. Then a second open space is created along the alley, reinforcing the idea that these are great places to safely connect people with larger public spaces.
Courtyard with direct connection to the alley
34
PROJECTS
Aerial perspective of a conceptual public square
B Conceptual rendering of an alley with new buildings
C
AL
LE
Y
25
8
Photo of the existing condition
Photo of the existing condition
Conceptual rendering of an alley extended to a public square
D Photo of the existing condition
Conceptual rendering of an alley as part of new development PROJECTS
35
A Underutilized back alley converted to new semi-public space
Photo of the existing condition
A
B
D
C
Map showing situation of alleys in East Nashville
36
PROJECTS
Implemented Strategies:
1. Highlight Artwork 2. Plant Greenery 3. Painted Ground Surface 4. Planned Activities 5. Concealed Trash 6. Treated Ground 7. Food Wall 8. Storm Water Management
1.
2.
3.
B Photo of the existing condition
Street art expanded along the alley
5. 4.
6.
C Photo of the existing condition
Underutilized parking lot converted to public square for residents
7.
8.
D Photo of the existing condition
Improved alleyway for pedestrian and bikers emphasized over cars PROJECTS
37
CHESTNUT HILL
Chestnut Hill, located south of Downtown, is becoming one of the city’s most rapidly redeveloping neighborhoods. With stunning views, the neighborhood retains distinctive historic homes and buildings dating from the nineteenth century as well as modest working-class homes from the early twentieth century. Modest changes to a few alleys make the area more pleasant and pedestrian-friendly.
C
B
A
A
Map showing situation of the alleys in Chestnut Hill
38
The rendering below shows conceptual changes made to one of the alleys in Chestnut Hills. These changes are small and mostly aesthetic improvements, but transform the perception of the alley and neighborhood in general.
Implemented Strategies: 1. Adequate Lighting 2. Painted Ground Surface 3. Planted Greenery
A
3.
2.
1.
Colorful painting, new lighting, and plants envisioned in one of the alleys in Chestnut Hill PROJECTS
39
Some alleys have better drainage than others. In certain alleys water accumulates making it difficult to walk through. As shown in the example below, replacing the pavement with something more permeable and adding lights can greatly improve walkability year round.
Implemented Strategies:
1. Adequate Lighting 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Permeable Pavers 4. Storm Water Management
B Photo of exsisting condition.
Stormwater Management 
1.
2.
3.
Pervious Concrete
4.
Open Grade Open Graded Sub Base Permeable Pavers Overflow Inlet Outflow to Storm Drain
New paving with drainage, and street art lighting.
40
PROJECTS
Subsoil
Average rainfall per year in Nashville is 47 inches. If that water was collected, 29 gallons of water per square foot could be treated or recycled for watering plants and even used within a buildings utility system.
The image on the right shows new apartment buildings which correctly addresses the streetscape with trees, wide sidewalks, and other elements. The alley; however, remains untouched and could be a great opportunity to extend community spaces by providing outdoor tables and seating.
Implemented Strategies:
1. Adequate Lighting 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Planted Greenery 4. Painted Sidewalk
C Photo of existing condition
Alley between new buildings and existing parking. Incorporating new paving, greenery, and seating with tables for residents and neighbors. PROJECTS
41
HILLSBORO VILLAGE
D
A
C
B
Map showing situation of the alleys in Hilssboro Village
Hillsboro Village is urban, walkable and has a wider variety of housing options than other nearby neighborhoods. Hillsboro Village is located between Belmont University and Vanderbilt University, and frequented by many college students, young adults, and families. 42
There is a large, urban park with a playground, tennis courts, as well as sitting areas.
This neighborhhood center has huge potential due to its vicinity of downtown, universities, and many facilities that attract tourists and locals alike. Improved alleys can provide more ambience and function to retail stores and restaurants through signage and programming events.
Implemented Strategies:
1. Street Art 2. Pervious Ground Surface 3. Planted Greenery 4. Color treated Pavement
Photo of the existing condition
A
Minor improvements to one of the central alleys in Hillsboro Village, with poster art on the walls, and new greenery PROJECTS
43
B
Joining disconnected alleys from busy streets using colorful crosswalk to make the area more visible for oncoming cars.
Street art can play an important part in designing a successful alley. Painting the crosswalk for example adds vibrancy and security for pedestrians. Color helps crosswalks be more visible for oncoming vehicles. Neighborhoods could also develop a graphic identity representing their community.
Photo of the existing condition
44
PROJECTS
C Photo of the existing condition
New proposal for trash cans, new paving with colorful elements.
D Photo of the existing condition
Construction fence decorated with street art and new plants. PROJECTS
45
DOWNTOWN
A Rendering of an alley extended to a public space and a new use of the existing parking.
In Downtown Nashville, entertainment meets art on Broadway as tourists gather in Honky Tonks to hear the sounds of Music City. As sidewalks get increasingly crowded we must ask: Where do we put the people? Through developing interconnected alleyway systems throughout Downtown Nashville, pedestrians will have better access to all that the neighborhood has to offer. In shifting the uses of our alleys, they must continue to serve their practical uses such as waste removal and business access, while offering spaces that are better inhabitable for people moving throughout the city. Photo of the existing condition
46
B Photo of the existing condition
Alley as a shelter against the sun, pocket park in the city center. PROJECTS
47
C
F D
E
A B
Map showing situation of the alleys in Downtown
On the map above there are some changes proposed in order to improve the condition of the heart of the city. Alleyways should not only be passable, but inviting and friendly at any time of the day, especially downtown which is crowded from dusk to dawn.
48
PROJECTS
C Photo of the existing condition
Alley with trash cans hidden & organized in wooden structures PROJECTS
49
A Rendering of Viridian Alley highlighting various treatments for covering garage facades
Certain alleys in Downtown are ideal to be transformed into small pocket parks. For instance this alley in between the Downtown Presbyterian Church and multiple garage structures can become an alley filled with murals, vertical green walls - while maintaining vehicular access.
Photo of the existing condition
50
PROJECTS
Photo of the existing condition
New plants, street furniture, canopy and string lights PROJECTS
51
D Photo of the existing condition
52
PROJECTS
Concept for artistic illuminated transformation during the night
E Photo of the existing condition
String lights make the alley safer & more pleasant for pedestrians. PROJECTS
53
BANKER'S ALLEY Banker’s Alley is an interconnected alleyway system in Downtown Nashville, used to shortcut across busy streets to access landmarks such as The Arcade on 4th Ave. As one of the broader alleyways in Downtown Nashville, Banker’s Alley has potential to not only be a form of transit for pedestrians, but also a landmark of its own for tourists to add to their list of “must sees” while in Nashville. By making improvements to Banker’s Alley, not only will foot traffic be redistributed further northwest through increased connectivity, but shops and businesses will experience more customers, creating a positive economic impact on Downtown Nashville.
BANKERS ALLEY ARCADE ALLEY
BANKERS ALLEY
PRINTERS ALLEY
UNION STREET
ALLEYWAYS
1st AVE N
CHURCH STREET
2nd AVE N
3rd AVE N
4th AVE N
5th AVE N
B
C
BANK STREET
A Diagram of Alleys near Banker's Street
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PROJECTS
Between 2nd and 4th Avenue, near Union Street, and next to the 21C Hotel there are two alleys designed and reserved for pedestrian use only; this is known as Banker's Alley. Below are visual suggestions for extending to the Riverfront. In order to make the alley more inviting, incorporate street art, as shown in the render below, as well as planters. Painted crosswalks help make the junction safer and more visible for vehicles.
Bankers alley, photo of the existing condition
A Bankers Alley, old fence decorated with colorful art. PROJECTS
55
This is a view showing where these alleys meet. Currently there are no mid-block crosswalks connecting Bank Street and Bankers Alley. This is an opportunity to begin connecting alleyway systems. Pedestrians could travel along these "pedestrian arteries" in a safer and more convenient manner.
Bankers alley and 2nd Avenue, existing condition
B Suggestion for the junction between two alleys. Safer and more interesting solution for the crosswalk.
56
PROJECTS
2N
Street Trees
VE DA N
Flex Delineators Art Crosswalk Stop Bar
B
A ANK
LLE
Y
In winter of 2018 The Nashville Civic Design Center was approached by members of the Nashville arts community about creating art crosswalks at each end of Bankers Alley. The intent was to connect 2nd Ave and the Gallery at the 21c Hotel and Studio 208 (in building adjacent to 21c) to the rest of the Downtown Art Crawl.
2ND AVE N CROSSING BIRDS EYE VIEW LOOKING NORTH
3R VE DA N
BA N Stop Bar Street Trees Flex Delineators
Ideas for Crossings at Bankers Alley
K
EY ALL
C
By using art in the form of ground murals to highlight pedestrian crossings it would signal to drivers and art crawl attendees that this is part of the artist community and a safe place to cross the street.
Art Crosswalk
3RD AVE N CROSSING BIRDS EYE VIEW LOOKING NORTH
PROJECTS
57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book was designed and written by Aleksandra Borowska and Natalia Burnagiel, Design Interns with contributions from Edgar X. Bolivar, Design Fellow. This book was edited by Gary Gaston, Chief Executive Officer, Eric Hoke Design Manager and Ron Yearwood, Design Director (Former). January 2019 www.civicdesigncenter.org
Nashville Civic Design Center Staff: Gary Gaston, Chief Executive Officer Ron Yearwood, Design Director Melody Gibson, Education Director Eric Hoke, Design Manager Mike Thompson, Project Manager Joe Mayes, Program Manager Jules Shainberg, Financial Coordinator Jolie Yockey, Special Projects
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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