Berlin Post Capitalist City

POST +

LEEDS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 2013

STUDIO CRASH TEST

+

berlin POST CAPITALIST CITY 2013

BERLIN

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9

1

10

7

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11

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Berlin districts 1

Mitte

5

Treptow- Kopenick

9

Reinickendorf

2

Friedrichshain Kruzberg

6

Marzahn Hellersdorf

10

Spandau

3

Tempelhof-Schoneberg

7

Lichtenburg

11

Chalottenburg-Wilmersdorf

4

Neukolln

8

Pankow

12

Steglitz-Zehlendorf

Berlin ii post capitalist city a research analysis document

by Leeds School of Architecture. It aims to explore the historical context, current urban fabric and change Move / Shop / Work / Live within Berlin. This study provides a vision to improve Berlin’s sustainability, connectivity and new collaborating societies.

foreWord

1

history / heritage

4

Bioregional analysis

20

Biodiversity / ecology

32

Water

50

density studies

60

netWork analysis

68

material floWs

76

land use

86

energy / exergy analysis

96

geology / geomorphology

106

agriculture

114

moBilities

124

post capitalist city

134

acknoWledgments

180

1 2 3 4

BERLIN

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

foreWord The global financial crisis that began in 2007, the repercussions of which are still being felt more than 6 years later, highlights the frailties of an economic system dependent upon growth. Capitalism is entrenched in the need for continued pecuniary inflation. Infinite expansion is impractical, unsustainable. In short it is impossible. Consequently a ‘recession’ is no longer a negative value for the percentage rate of increase in gross domestic product, but a rebalancing of costs that have grown exponentially and gotten out of hand. The ‘Triple Dip Recession’ is the real time manifestation of this, a 21st Century capitalist axiom.

Financial contraction will become the norm, interspersed with spells of growth, until a flat line graph is generated. What then? What happens once Capitalism refuses to function? What is Post-Capitalism?

This book seeks to address the notion of Post-Capitalism through the sphere of architectural responses in a world where financial growth is no longer the end goal. To begin, it concentrates on Berlin. As the capital of Germany following the reunification in 1990, Berlin has a long history of social upheaval and associated fiscal models being tested upon its urban fabric. Contemporary Berlin is the epitome of the German Economic Model, a model where vocational training and innovative industrial relations forge strong relationships between the financial sector and manufacturing industries to nurture financial stability through resilience and strength in depth, rather than a deepset reliance on growth. Combined, these two aspects make Berlin the perfect location to establish how the world can function post capitalism.

Part one, BERLIN RESEARCH, of the book acts as a knowledge repository. It seeks to discover a series of important and interesting facts that contribute to 2013 Berlin, covering; CHAPTER TITLES. This information then provides the basis for POST+, which considers how Berlin might be transformed Post Capitalism.

Part two, POST CAPITALIST PROPOSITION, is a collection of propositions by MArch 1 students at the Leeds School of Architecture in response to a competition brief set by College Competitions, www.collegelab.org: what if… ?

What if the change was tomorrow? What would be the characteristics of a system not based on profit making? What would be the consequences of a new system for the way in which we use urban spaces?

Would cities enter a transformation process, becoming specialised centres in a globalized system?

Would the global network of cities tend to erase borders or affirm and reinforce them? What is �could be� the scale �the impact� of the change?

The competition suggests four elements of the City are discussed; Shop, Work, Live, Move.

berlin reSearch PART ONE

BERLIN

history / heritage

6

Berlin : a history 1411 Control of the

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Hohenzollern, Friedrich VI. This

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Ber lin

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ll e r n

Ar m Co at of

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of Hohenzollern rule in Berlin

lln Co

1400

pop.

8.5k

1237 Berlin has grown from the twin merchant settlements of Berlin & Colln. It takes its official date of foundation from the first mention of Colln; 1237, making it one of the youngest European capital cities.

1307 1360

1390 1380

Berlin–Colln joins the united front to outsiders

written records of the town.

7

pop.

20k

1415 1685

Hohenzollerns power in the

Friedrich Wilhelm issues

1432

1671 Berlins Jewish community is

Friedrich II ends joint

1443

pop.

12k

1658

1539

1571

pop.

6k

Berlins first Inn is opened, it is destroyed in 1943 but rebuilt for posterity in 1987.

1648 Sees the end of

8

P ru

ssia

1806

Na po le o

of

Fri

ch ed ri

I

1701

18th January sees Berlin become Royal residence of Kingdom of Prussia when Friedrich III has himself crowned Friedrich I.

1709

Five Towns around Berlin merge to enlarge Berlin.

Until 1739, around 1200 Bohemians settle to escape religious persecution.

1805

pop.

50k

pop.

170k 1732

1709

1795

‘Alexanderplatz’ is named in honour of Russian Tsar Alexander I.

1800

Population reaches 170,000, with 25,000 soldiers. Berlin now has 7,200 Buildings.

Berlin gets first steam engine, which is brought over from England by cotton manufacturer Johan Georg Sieburg to power his spinning machines and marks Berlin’s entry in to the industrial revolution.

Fortified walls removed and replaced by customwall. Areas within wall = 1,330 HA with a population of 80,000. The area remained virtually unchanged until 1841

pop.

80k

nB o nap a rt e

October 27th French Emporer Napoleon Bonaparte marches his troops through Brandenburg gate.

French troops occupy the city until December 1808, with French rule over Prussia lasting until 1841.

1791 Brandenburg gate is completed and opened. Construction started in 1788 under the supervision of Architect and builder Carl Gotthard Langhans. The gate recieves its Quadriga crown in 1793, designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow.

In 1792 the new road from Berlin to Potsdam is built as Prussia’s first paved road.

Brandenburg Gate

9

1875

1809

New legislation allows Berlin greater powers of self government. Mayoral candidate put forward to be approved by the king.

Berlin’s first university, Humboldt University is opened in the Prince Heinrich palace on Unter den Linden, with Johan Gottlieb Fichte as its first president.

The General Workers’ Association and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party unite to form the Socialist Workers Party of Germany.

In 1890 the party renames itself the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) Berlin becomes home of the German Reich which brings economic and political prosperity leading to industrial and economic boom. Berlin becomes political, scientific, cultural and economic capital

1871

1810

pop.

930k

1816

Europe’s first steam locomotive was manufactured in royal iron foundry.

Economic and population growth leads to Berlin’s first tenements.

1871

1824

The Altes museum, Prussia’s first purpose built museum is opened on spree island.

August Borsig lays foundation stone for machine factory in wedding. Many more follow, including Siemans (1847)

1838

Prussia’s first rail road, between Berlin and Potsdam, is constructed

1846

1869

The new town hall, still in use today, is completed and is dubbed the “Red Hall” due to its red brick construction, not its later association with communist East Berlin.

1826 1830 1837

General Fried

Gas lighting introduced to Unter den Linden.

on Wrange l hV ric

A counterpart to the (Royal) Tiergarten park, Volkspark Friedrichshain, is opened on the grounds of an old vineyard and covers 52 HA. It is the first public recreation space in the Densely population east of the city and the first space that can be used by all public classes.

City Population: 826,815 Suburb population: 105,169

pop.

550k 1848

1861

the official city boundary increases the area from 35km2 to 59km2.

1856

Berlin’s first waterworks A Democratic, middle is opened as part of class revolution breaks out a plan for a due to social hardship and modern curtailment of political freedoms. Although system. initially successful, the Revolt in quashed by 13,000 Prussian Soldiers under the command of General Friedrich Von Wrangel.

10

1878

pop.

2m+

pop.

1m+

Organisations, publications and meetings of social democrats are outlawews and they are viewed as “enemies of the German Reich”. The legislation stands until 1890.

1911/12

Berlin joins with Charlottenburg, Schoneberg Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Spandau and the Niederbarnim and Teltow districts to form Greater Berlin.

1879

World’s First electric railway presented at Berlin industrial exhibition. In 1881 the world’s first electric street car was introduced in Lichterfelde.

1882

The log road between the city and the royal hunting lodge at Grundewald is revamped in the style of the ‘champs-elysees’. This creates a new prominent area around halensee in the “new west” attracting wealthy residents making the area a popular place to meet for the cultural sect.

1911

Kaiser Wilhelm society for the promotion of science is founded (now Max Planck Society). Science, culture, business and research fl ourish. See Max Lieberman, Walter, Adolf Von Harnake, Max Planck, and Theodor Mommsen.

1902

First U-Bahn opened between Warschauer Brucke and Knie (Ernst Reciter Platz).

1890 The first may day celebrations of the workers’ movement take place and absolute majority of Berliners votes for the social democrat (SPD) in the Reichstag elections. In 1891 the Berlin mechanical engineer Otto Lilienthal makes the first successful gliding flight in history (25 meters).

pop.

1.9m

1900 Berlin is worlds largest tenement city total of 1,000,000 apt, 400,000 of which only have 1 room, a further 300,000 only have 2 rooms.

11

er d Ar c hduke Fra n z F

1914

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 led to a series of events that beought the world to war.

WW1 makes it difficult to feed the millions in Berlin and this d of pi th e coupled with war Em Austro - H u n g a ri a n weariness at the increasingly bloody confl ict leads to massive strikes by the end of the war. in a

re

n

Ka rl L i e

b

kn

ec

ht

u Ro sa L

x

em

bur

1920

March 13 sees a coup by the army and other military organisations as a response to the order to disband as aprt of the treaty of Versailles, post WWI. They overthrow the Government and proclaim right wing politician Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor. However this all collapses on March 17th after a general strike organised by the elected members of the SPD ans USPD.

1918

As WW1 ends Berlin is hit by revolution. On November 9th, Chancellor, Prince Von Baden declares the abdication of Kaiser Wilhem II. The Government is handed over to Friederich Ebert, the leader of the Socialist SDP. Almost simultaneously Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the ‘Free German Republic’ from the balcony at the Reichstag, whilst Karl Liebknecht proclaims a ‘Free Socialist German Republic’. The Kaiser seeks exile in the Netherlands and Ebert becomes German Chancellor.

pop.

3.8m

g

October 1st sees The Greater Berlin Act incorporate 7 towns, 59 rural communities and 27 estate districts into Berlin and divides the city into 20 districts. The municiple district is now 13 times its previous size growing from 6,500 Ha to 878km2. This now makes Berlin Europes largest city and paves the way for it to become a legendary 1920’s cultural metropolis. Berlin becomes home to many noatble names of the era including Otto Dix, Lionel Fieninger, Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Zweig, Albert Einstein and Fritz Haber.

On December 30th Karl Liebnecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Wilhelm Pieck form the German Communist Party (KPD) in the Grand Hall of the An uprising of the KPD and the Independent Prussian Social Democratic Party (USPD) is crushed in Berlin.

Representatives.

Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxemburg are murdered in the Tiergarten by Freikorps troops on January 15th.

1919

A new city assembley is elected on February 29th. This is the first time elections have been held to the three class system. The USPD claim 47 seats with the SPD winning 46, giving the two parties 93 of 144 seats.

25 women are represented in the city parliment and Gustav Boss is Lord Mayor.

12

1922

1933

German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau is murdered by right wing soldiers in front of his house on June 24th. He had negotiated the treaty of Rapallo in April which had initiated the union between The German Reich and the state that would become the Soviet Union (officially founded December 30th 1922).

March 14: Herman Goring is assigned as ‘State Comissioner for the Capital City’ to ‘assist’ Lord Mayor Heinrich Sahm, but in fact takes full control of the city behind the scenes.

1923

March 20: Communist MP’s are removed form parliment, followed by Social democrats in July.

Adolf Hitler’s rise to power leads to a Nazi take over and the end of German democracy.

Infl ation reaches its peak with a Kilo of Rye bread costing 3,600,000 marks and a street car ticket costing 150,000 marks.

1932

On October 8th construction begins at Templehoff Airport.

1925 City Councillor Martin Wagner and Architect Bruno Taut start the ‘Hufeisen’ housing project in Britz. When the development is finished in 1931 it is regarded as the first example of truly modern living in Berlin.

pop.

4m+ 1929

Berlin is hit by the Great Depression and 664 businesses in the city are bankrupted. In February 450,000 people are unemployed. This leads to violent unrest and demonstrations. This period becomes known as ‘Bloody May’ as 30 people die and hundreds are injured.

During the years elections the NSDAP (National Socialists) receive 5.3% of the vote, securing 13 seats in Parliment. This is the beginning of their rise to power.

Unemployment reaches 630,000 and violent clashes between left and right wing supporters lead to many deaths. The NSDAP has experienced support over this period and becomes the strongest party in parliment with 33.1% of the vote. With 25.9% of citizens in Berlin voting for them. This majority marks the rise to the top of German politics for Adolf Hitler.

5.3%

the percentage of the vote the Nazi party receives in the 1929 election securing 13 seats in parliment.

13

1942

1933

January 20: The Final Solution of the Jewish Question is answered at the Wanasee Conference, outside Berlin. The SS decide on the systematic annihilation of all European Jews using gas chambers at the Concentration Camps. The Holocaust begins.

March 21: Germany’s first Concentration Camp is opened at Sachenhausen, near Oraniburg for regime opponents, not Jew’s.

April 1: First organised boycott of Jewish businesses, Doctor’s and Lawyer’s.

May 10: Book burning on Bebel Platz outside Alte Bibliothek (Old Library) as part of a campaign against ‘Un-German’ Spirit.

1940

Berlin is bombed by enemy planes fo the first time

1939

1934/35

WWII

All of the cities elected bodies are disbanded and the city administration is forced into line. 1300 civil servants are fired . Dec 1935: Heinrich Sahm resigns.

Begins as Germany declares war on Poland on September 1st.

Of

1936

The summer of 1936 saw Berlin host the XI Summer Olympic Games between the 1 - 16 August. During the games all anti-semetic signs and placards were removed. This was to be a Nazi and German show of power. However 4 gold medals from Black American Jesse Owens ruined that for Berlin celebrates its Hitler.

1937

700th Anniversary

160,000 Jews living in Berlin 90,000 escaped Germany, 60,000

were killed throughout the war in Concentration Camps and around 1400 Jews survived by being hidden by Berlin citizens.

1938 March 12th: The annexation of Austria makes Berlin the capital of ‘The Greater German Reich’.

November 9th: The SS and SA burn 12 synagogues in a program dubbed ‘the night of broken glass’ and also loot Jewish Shops and businesses, terrorise Jewish citizens and arrest almost 1200 of them. Most of these are sent to the Concentration Camp.

14

August 13: the GDR starts construction on a wall that runs along the sector border and seals the two parts of the city off July 25th: U.S. from one another. Some streets on the president John F. border of the wall were carved up Kennedy announces indescriminantly. For instance, Bernauer Strasse, that the western where the sidewalks belonged to the Wedding protecting powers borough (West) and the southern row of houses have three essential to Mitte (East), were integrated into the interests in Berlin: 1. fortifications: the GDR had the front the right of the Allies to entrances and ground floor windows be in Berlin, 2. their right bricked up. Residents could get to their of access to Berlin, and 3. apartments only via the the survival and right of courtyard, which was in self-determination of West East Berlin.

Berlin.

1953

1960

June 16th: Workers on Stalin Allee development go o strike against state mandated rises in work quotas. On June 17th the strike becomes an uprising that spreads to many other cities in the GDR that culminates in the demand that the SED be removed from government and free elections be held in a united Germany.

The uprising is brutally quashed by soviet troops. Several hunderd are killed, over a thousand are injured and many arrested.

In reaction the West German parliment declares June 17th ‘The Day of German Unity’, a national day of rememberance.

In July, 30,415 GDR residents leave the country for West Berlin, the highest number in a month since 1953.

August 22nd: A refugee transit camp is opened in Marienfelde, West Berlin to take people in fl eeing the GDR.

1960

1955 Schonefeld airport taken over from Soviet

In response to rising coercive measures in the GDR (forced collectivization), almost 200,000 GDR residents flee to West Berlin over the course of the year via the sector’s open borders.

occupying powers and becomes GDR’s first commercial airport. The old town hall is restored and handed back to the Lord Mayor of East Berlin.

1959

On June 18, Germany’s president Theodor Heuss The new construction in the (FDP), takes Bellevue Palace city centre in the 1950s (Schloss Bellevue), located in culminates with the International Building the Tiergarten park, as his Exhibition (Interbau) held in West Berlin. Much official seat in Berlin. of the design is in conscious opposition to the socialist housing on Stalinallee. The restored New Guardhouse, built in 1818 on Unter In September, in one of the few den Linden in East Berlin, is reopened joint projects to take place during the Cold War, the in August. From 1960 - 90 it is a restoration of Brandenburg Gate, badly damaged during the war, is concluded GDR “Memorial for the Victims when the quadriga (restored in West Berlin) is returned to the top of this historic monument of Fascism and Militarism.” in (located in East Berlin).

1993 it beomes a “central memorial” of the On November 27, Soviet party and government head Nikita Khrushchev responds to the constant stream of Federal Republic of refugees leaving the GDR for the West via Berlin by issuing an ultimatum to the three western Allies, Germany. demanding that they withdraw from Berlin and that West Berlin be turned into a “demilitarized free city.”

Khrushchev’s ultimatum is the first grave threat to West Berlin’s survival since the blockade of 1948/1949.

1957

1958

15

1970

1962

Negotiations over Berlin between the four former Allies, the Second World War’s victorious powers, begin on March 26 in the building of the Allied Control Council in West Berlin.

Large housing estates are built in West Berlin on the city outskirts until the end of the 1970s (construction on Gropiusstadt begins in 1962 and on Märkisches Viertel and Falkenhagener Feld in 1963).

On April 19, a 19-meter-high Lenin monument is unveiled at Leninplatz (known as Platz der Vereinten Nationen starting in 1992) in the East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain. It is dismantled in 1991.

The city center of East Berlin, as the capital of the GDR, is outfitted with large representative buildings around Alexanderplatz and Marx-Engels-Platz.

1963

“Two

U.S. president John F. thousand years Kennedy visits the city on ago, the proudest boast June 26th and in his was civis romanus sum ["I famous speech in front am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest of the Schöneberg boast is ”Ich bin ein Berliner!”... All Town Hall assures the free men, wherever they may live, people of Berlin of his are citizens of Berlin, and solidarity with them.

The Berlin TV tower is built btween 1965 and 1969 by the GDR becoming an icon for the city, and remains so today.

1969

Willy Brandt (SPD) is elected chancellor on October 21 and indicates his interest in pursuing negotiations between the two German states. On December 16, the western Allies propose talks to the Soviet Union aimed at solving problems related to Berlin.

April 11th: The attempt to 1968 assassinate the Berlin student

therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich December 17th: The signing bin ein Berliner!” of the first entry permit

leader Rudi Dutschke on the avenue Kurfürstendamm marks another dramatic climax in the conflicts surrounding the student movement in Berlin.

agreement allows West Berliners to visit relatives in the East and is valid for the period from 19 December 1963 to 5 January 1964; 1.2 June 2nd: Student Benno million West Berliners April 7th: The German Ohnesorg is shot by a policeman take advantage of Bundestag holds a plenary during a student protest against the visit this opportunity.

Willy Brandt session in Berlin’s Congress Hall. of the Shah of Persia to West Berlin. His death resigns as In protest against the “unlawful” and the following clashes focus public attention Governing involvement of West Berlin in the on the student movement in Berlin. With their Mayor on political system of the Federal Republic of opposition to the universities’ outdated traditions, the December 1st and Germany, the GDR forbids Bundestag members paralysis of the coalition government, and the assumes the office of to use its routes to Berlin. Soviet aircraft disrupt injustice of a global order based on oppressing deputy chancellor and the session with flights over the Hall and sonic the Third World. foreign minister.

1965

booms.

1967

1966

16

1971

Ten direct telephones lines are reconnected between West and East Berlin on January 31 for the first time since 1952.

1982

September 3rd: The ambassadors of the four victorious powers sign the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin in West Berlin. It clarifies the ties between Berlin and the Federal Republic of Germany, thereby facilitating a number of practical arrangements benefiting the people of the city.

December 17th: The Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR sign a transit agreement improving the fl ow of traffic on the access routes to West Berlin.

June 3rd: The four foreign 1972 ministers sign the Final

Quadripartite Protocol to the Berlin agreement of 1971. East & West conclude the Basic Treaty. West Berlin becomes part of the dĂŠtente process.

1980

November 20th: The new transit highway to Hamburg is officially opened.

Construction begins in Hellersdorf, an area in East Berlin, on another new housing estate for 90,000 residents. The development is completed in 1986.

With the new Marzahn 1979 development at its center, the

borough of Marzahn is established in January as the first of three new boroughs in East Berlin, followed by HohenschĂśnhausen and Hellersdorf.

1978

December 15: The State Library, designed

by Hans Scharoun, opens near the Kulturforum in West Berlin.

1974

November 1st: Tegel Airport opens on in West Berlin.

1975

On the basis of an agreement between the GDR federation of Protestant churches and the GDR government, reconstruction work begins on the Berlin Cathedral, heavily damaged by the war, located on the Spree island in East Berlin’s Mitte borough (completed in 1993).

On April 23, the Palace of the Republic is opened on the grounds of the former City Palace in Mitte.

Starting in 1990, the building remains empty for years until it demolished in 2006. It is making way for the construction of a replica of the City Palace torn down in 1950.

1976

17

1984

1990

January 9th: West Berlin’s public transport company BVG take over the S-Bahn in West Berlin from the GDR’s Reichsbahn.

February 8th: The GDR lay the foundation stone for the new development in Hohenschönhausen. By 1990, 30,000 apartments were built.

October 1st: The reconstructed Schauspielhaus theater, originally designed

by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and badly damaged during the war, reopens on at Platz der Akademie in Mitte.

The Marx-Engels Forum is

1986 opened in East Berlin.

Mi c il Gorbach ha

April 5th: A bomb explodes at the West Berlin disco “La Belle” killing two people and injuring 193 others.

March 18th: The first and only free elections to the East German parliament are held and followed in May by the first free elections to the East Berlin city assembly since 1946. The Second World War’s victorious powers and the two German states sign the “Two Plus Four” Treaty in Moscow on September 12, arranging for unification under international law. Germany is given full sovereignty, and Berlin’s Four-Power status expires. The unification of Germany enters into force on October 3 with a state ceremony in Berlin, after which the Berlin House of Representatives and the German Bundestag hold new elections.

1989

October 7th: the June 12: U.S. GDR celebrates the president Ronald 40th anniversary of its founding in Reagan gives his famous 750th anniversary of the founding East Berlin. Guests include the Soviet speech at Brandenburg of Berlin fail. Both sides hold their Union’s party and government head Gate: “Mr. Gorbachev, own celebrations.

Michail Gorbachev. open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down The International Building Exhibition October 18th: at the 9th meeting of the SED this wall!” takes place in West Berlin. Under the Central Committee Egon Krenz succeeds Erich heading of “The inner city as a residential Honecker as SED general secretary. area,” it explores issues like “careful urban renewal” in Kreuzberg and “critical November 4th: more than 500,000 East Berliners reconstruction” in new development, gather at Alexanderplatz for a demonstration, as with the construction of demanding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, townhouses and and freedom of assembly. The SED leadership West Berlin’s governing mayor Eberhard energy-efficient housing promises that restrictions on travel to the West will Diepgen (from the conservative CDU) meets with in the Tiergarten be eased.

GDR head of government Erich Honecker on February 11 borough. at East Berlin’s Schloss Niederschönhausen. They discuss November 9th: The confl icts over the new easing restrictions on travel and visitor traffic, the exchange of travel regulations escalate to the point that emissions data, territorial exchanges, opening additional border crossing the GDR gives way to public pressure points, and railway traffic. and, opens the Wall in Berlin and along the German-German border.

The symbolic laying of the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the New The Berlin Wall has fallen.

Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse in Mitte takes place on November 10. to hold a joint 1987 Attempts celebration of the

ev

1988

18

1991

January 11th: The House of Representatives elects the first Senate responsible for governing all of Berlin.

June 20th: In Bonn, the German Bundestag decides to move the seat of the German government and parliament to Berlin, Germany’s new capital. That same year, Berlin’s governing mayor and Senate Chancellery move from Schöneberg Town Hall to the Berlin Town Hall (“Red Town Hall”) in the Mitte borough.

1994

In the summer, American, British, French, and Russian troops bid farewell to the people of Berlin with ceremonies. The German armed forces perform a Grand Tattoo at Pariser Platz in honour of the former protecting powers.

1995

October 22nd: Berlin’s constitution is approved with 75.1 percent of the votes cast in a national referendum. The bulk of the document is taken from the constitution adopted in West Berlin in 1950, with some important new elements which include; actionable fundamental rights are reinforced and new state goals (such as the right to employment, education, and adequate housing) are added. Official constitutional status is also given to issues of environmental conservation and right to privacy.

Instruments of direct democracy like popular initiatives, petitions, and referendums enhance citizens’ rights to participation in the political process. Berlin’s constitutional court monitors compliance with the constitution.

2005

May 10th: Berlin’s Holocaust memrorial, designed by Peter Eisenman, is opened. The site receives over 60,000 visitors over the first month of its opening.

It is the 50th anniversary of the Tierpark, the zoo at Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. It receives two baby elephants, ‘Cinta’ and ‘Yoma’, who become the zoo’s biggest attractions.

2004 June 30th: After four years of work, the refurbishment of the Olympic stadium is complete.

2002

October 3rd: Celebrations mark the Day of German Unity outside the newly refurbished Brandenburg Gate.

2001

The move of the Bundestag to the capital is complete when the new Chancellary is occupied in May. Other office buildings go up near the Reichstag building: the Jakob Kaiser House for members of parliament, the Paul Löbe House for parliamentary committees, and the Marie Elisabeth Lüders House for the library and reference and research services.

1990/2000

The first session is held at the newly designed and refurbished Reichstag building.

The Bundesrat (Federal Council akin to the House of Lords in England or the Upper House in USA) moves from Bonn to Berlin and many countries move their embassies to Berlin.

19

2006 May 6th: Berlin’s new main station, Hauptbahnhof, is opened creating a new landmark for the city designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners in Hamburg.

Berlin Today

June 7th - July 9th: Germany hosts the football world cup. Berlin hosts 4 group games, a quarter final and the final, which is held at the Olympic Stadium.

December 5th: Two Polar bear cubs are born at Berlin zoo, the first for over 30 years. Only one survives, he is called Knut.

2007

Humboldt University’s Museum of Natural History reopens on June 13 after two years of renovation work. A special highlight is the 12.5-meter skeleton of a Brachiosaurus.

2009

It is the seat of the most powerful and infl uencial government in Europe and is famed for its rich cultural, educational and ethnic diversity.

Berlin’s economy is primarily based on high tech industries, the service sector, creative industries, research facilities and the media. It is the home of world class universities, orchestras, theatres, museums and galleries.

This all allows for Berlin to be a cultural, educational and creative melting pot. Its diversity in terms of race, religion and education give the city a rich and interesting tapestry of subcultures all of which work beneath the obvious and often painful history of the city.

The Olympic stadium hosts the Athletic World Championships The Neues Museum reopens after its renovation by David Chipperfield Architects.

It houses the world famous bust of Nefertiti.

Berlin has had a very robust, interesting and at times tragic history. However, it has emerged from that history as one of the most interesting and powerful cities in the world.

2009

Berlin celebrates a “Science Year” to mark major anniversaries of some of its most important academic institutions: 350 years: The State Library 300 years: The Charité (Hospital) and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities 200 years: Humboldt University 100 years: The Max Planck Society.

Bioregional analysis

22

"A bioregion is a geographic area defined by natural characteristics, including watersheds, landforms, soils, geological qualities, native plants and animals, climate and weather. These characteristics are continuous; in other words, when there are changes in these characteristics you have gone from one bioregion to another. Obviously these borders are soft and wide, as opposed to linear and sharp in the present geopolitical sense of boundary. Bioregionalism includes human beings as a species in the interplay of these natural characteristics of a bioregion in an appropriate way. At this point in history such an attitude exists only among so-called primitive people or as a matter of historical record.

For most people on the planet today it would be necessary to become a rein habitant in order to fit into the natural characteristics of the bioregions they occupy. A bioregion is a geographic terrain and a terrain of consciousness. It is a cultural idea based on characteristics usually associated with the natural sciences. Put simply, a bioregion is a lifelace, the natural place around you that is alive and contains your life as well as the lives of other species."

Peter Berg

23

24

The Elbe is one of the major rivers of Central Europe, the fourth largest basin and spans 4 countries

25

elBe Watershed

148,268 km2

24.6m

The North Sea - 0 m

1091 km

Source - 1384 m

26 The Elbe consists of 3 main tributaries and 7 other important tributaries

Berlin

Number of inhabitants > 1m Number of inhabitants > 90k

27

annual discharge Upa 6.99 Metuje 5.73

Orlice 21.3 Loucna 4.28

Chrudimka 6 Doubrava 3.12

Vltava 150

Cldlina 4.66 Mrlina 1.58

Ohre 37.9

Jizera 23.8

Billna 5.51

Ploucnice 8.6 Kamenice 2.65 Kimitrach 1.5 Lachsbach 3.1 Wesenitz 2.5

308 m3/s

Mulde 75 Saale 117

Schwarze Elster 25.3 Nuthe 1.7

ohre 4.9

Havel 103

Aland 7.3 Saege 1.9

Stepenitz 3

Jeetzel Umenau 18

Elde 11 Luckitz 4.6

Sude 14

Seeve 5.1

Este 3.4 Luhe 2 Schwinge 2.5

Elbe-lubeck-kanal 1.8 Bille 3.9

Alster 6.5

Pinnau 4 Kruckau 2,5 Rhin 1.3

Stor 20

Nord-ostsee-kanal 17

Gottleuba 2.7 Muglitz WelBeritz 3.6 Hablach 1.7

870 m3/s The North Sea - 0 m

Oste 17

Medem 4.7

28

protected land

88% Germany

22% czech rep

29

land cover

11%

45%

30%

14%

industries

at 55%, agriculture is the largest industry

30

Berlin landuse

Water Forest Park Gardens Orchard Meadows

Fallow Arable Lawn Buildings greened Buidings

Industrial/Commercial Sports Facilities Roadways Track Systems Stadiums

Airports Buildings med green

31

produce and consumption

2699

245.9

402.1 3244

741.6

1151

3388 3941

largest organic consumer market in europe

5688

3978 2012 statistics

Biodiversity / ecology

34

Berlin in comparison

Berlin has a large amount of green space most is unused, the potential for Berlin’s biodiversity is great due to conservation and city adapted wildlife. It is commonly assumed that cities and rich biodiversity are incompatible, but the fact is that many cities have high species richness and several are even located within globally recognised “Biodiversity Hot Spots.”

Berlin’s green strips create a pedestrian cycle link and a soft visual perspective against the hard city blocks. Throughout the city nature and greenspace conservation is widely recognised. An estimate in 2000 found nearly 20% of its total space in protected woodland, and less than 50% of total space developed. Berlin exhibits a range of practices that boost biodiversity, such as varied habitats, human introduction of species, and dispersion of species from large-scale protected areas. Berlin’s highly praised planning practices for urban nature include the Biotope Area Factor and the Compensation Measure.

The Berlin-Brandenburg Region has both large spatial contrasts, and variation of population density. Berlin’s core has a population density of 12,000 per sq km, but its suburbs have just 800-1,500 humans per sq km, its periurban area 180 people per sq km, and its outer area 40 people per sq km, or less. This allows multiple habitats to thrive.

35

BIODIVERSE CITIES

Stockholm

BERLIN Chicago

Vienna

New York

T HO

Cape Town

TS O

SP

Mumbai

36

the state of the World Biodiversity 22%

of the worlds population relies of forests for there livelihood

13% of Land

2% of Water

8%

1/2 of synthetic drugs have a natural origin

The world bank has $4.9 billion invested in active protect vulnerable $4.9 landscapes and secure livelihoods in 65 countries.

ecies of plants

of global forest for harvesting is now certified as sustainably managed

7000 sp

Theres are currently 130,000 protected areas this covers

19,817 species are listed endangered

70% of the worlds poor depend directly on biodiversity

of ocean fisheries are categorized as exploited

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

WE CONSUME CONSERVATION

37

Dredging, very year fishing nets kills up to 300,000 whales, dolphins and purpoises.

The extinction rate today is more than 100x the level it was before humans walked the earth

Ecosystem services must be integrated in urban policy and planning Hunting and poaching of species increaseing endangered numbers

NILE PERCH

ZEBRA MUSSELS Global warming is increasing the temperature of the oceans and making them more acidic

WATER HYACINTH

THREATS TO SPECIES Pollution to the environment air, land and sea is creating large amounts of destruction

INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES

Invasive alien species were a factor in more than 50% of vertebrate extinctions where the cause was known and they were the sole cause of 20% of extinctions.

BIODIVERSE CITIES

38

time line Berlin’s green spaces

In 1748 Berlin’s city centre was fortified, smaller than the Berlin of today, the surrounding areas were all green space.

39

By 1889 the city had spread and so green space was depleting with the boom of Berlin’s population

40

1969 Plans for Berlin Green spaces divided into west and east sides, each created a green strip running along the river routes of recreational green space.

Burger park Tegeler Forest

Trep Tower park

Muggelpark

41

Today there are large amounts of green space in the form of recreation parks and forests, within the city centre the green space needs planning.

Green links and green open spaces Forest scenery Awning culture

IN BODIES OF WATER

AGRICULTURALLY USED

IN FORESTAL AREAS

Cow Lilys

Common grass reeds

Bur Marigold Mud Fields

Wet Meadows Cabbage Thistle

Tall Oat Grass

Vegetable and Maize Crops with Weeds Couch Grass and Italian Regrass

Vegetable and Maize Crops with Furnitory

Rye Crops

Summer annual Plantations

Alder Forest Alder Swamp Forest Birch Swamp Forest

Alluvial Forest

English Oak-Hornbeam Forest

Durmast Oak-Hornbeam Forest

Linden-Oak Forest

Woodruff-Beech Forest

Beech-Oak Forest

Blueberry-Pine-Durmast Oak Forest Chickweed-Pine_Durmast Oak Forest Common Oak-Birch Forest

Typical Pine -Durmast Oak Forest

Pine Forest

42

plant species

IN SETTLED OPEN SPACES

IN MIRE TYPES

IN BUILT-UP AREA

Pioneer Crops

Semi-Dry Couch Grass Glasswort and Herbicidal Vegetation Sandy Dry Grassland

Annual Ruderal Communities

Flower Beds

Heavily used Park Lawns - Forests

Heavily used Park Lawns - Meadows

Park Forest with Wood Meadow

Onamental Forest Trees

Ornamental Park Trees

Ornamental Lawns

Penrennial Ryegrass

Hypnum Moss

Sphagnum Moss

Trimmed Lawns

Predominantly Ornamental Lawns

Alluvial Forest Reminants

Ornamental Lawns

Woody Shrub

Shrubs with Weeds

Shrubs with Couch Grass

Hypnum Moss Knot-Grass Trodden Sward

Hypnum Moss

43

44

Wild plant population CO

ed

M

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win

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use w , sh idesp oot s ea read ten

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M

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EUROPEAN

EUROPEAN

YEW

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ed as an edibl Egyptians us rb medicinal he

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ate HO As Berlin has a variety of df M TA P M or ine Cu ON bre natural environments thisRKISH medic stem ltiv w ate HO y i n s e U gb s df P ee or creates an expansive T Chine mune JAP r bre ANE in the im win d habitat for all types of gb e ost S s S E EK U bo ee JAP r NO OK plants to grow in the to ANE ICHTWE T SE E R D KNA wild, no matter its native Wee EM OTW stru ds ca AL EED ctur origin. All of these plants n c S al d U Wee ama ause s w JER ds ge, have been found toe s a t sho idespre t c ruct o ots ural an ca re p o eate ad f u dam s within grassy be ce n age e wid P well onpla O , e n sho s KEW mo omm ots pread wastelands or E com me c e E E aten D o bec UINC POK the forest areas EWE SE Q Were E N red d often use JEADPA of Berlin, next d to yes y make Were ionall it d W a trOLFtory time your in o , f s te ie n red d a BERR used jell m a d fl n y Y (GO in a es to m anti ake Jams on Berlin go JI BER s an d aO RY) useW LFBER Dried bROT RY (GO erries a R a forage.

A C re JI BER WILD in soups and tea often featured RY) s lution Dried b tural so e

IL

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NATIVE COUNTRY NATIVE COUNTRY

For Centuries used for Wea pon making ( British Long bow ) RY CHICO For Centuries used for Wea pon making ( British Long bow )

Europe Asia

Europe Asia

USA

Eastern Asia Europe and Germany USA Europe / China / Japan

Mediteranian

Japan Everywhere Japan

Germany Germany

TU

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45

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Eastern Asia

46

animal population As Berlin has a variety of natural environments this creates an expansive habitat for all types of plants to grow in the wild, no matter its native origin. Next time your in Berlin go on a forage.

47

3,500 Wild Boar

population estimated in Berlin

600 families

of racoons are estimated to live in Berlin

10,000 Crows

estimated in Berlin some have been known to attack

1,500 - 2,500

estimated city foxes in Berlin which is 5x more than the amount in forest areas

48

animal population

Most Thriving Most endangered

Bream

Perch

Nine-Spined Stickleback Weather Fish (Misgurnus Fossilis�

Chub - Leuciscus Burbot �lota lota� Cephalus

Ruffe �gymnocephalus cemua�

Carp

49 NUMBER OF FISH SPECIES IN WATER TYPE

River Lakes

16 - 18

Still Water Natural Lake

10 - 12

Still Water Man made

Pond / Pool

8 - 10

4-6

Naturally Running Water

15 - 17

Canal

11 - 13

Water

52

Water situation Berlin has a special water situation •

Low flow rates

•

High portions of advanced treated waste water in the partly closed water cycles

•

A shallow fresh water aquifer

Due to the favourable hydro geological conditions, important principles of water supply have been adhered to. Only water from the ground is used for drinking water without any use of chemicals and disinfection agents. In addition, a water treatment process lose to nature without chemicals can be maintained.

The inhabitants of Berlin consume nowadays 117 litres per capita per day. Since Berlins reunification drinking water consumption in the whole city of Berlin has reduced by more than 40%!

Approximately 6% of the area of Berlin consists of freshwater •

Lakes �e.g. Schlachtensee�

•

River lakes �e.g. Tegeler See, Muggelsee, Wannsee�

•

Rivers �e.g. Panke, Wuhle, Erpe�

•

Regulated rivers �e.g. Spree, Havel and Dahme�

•

Canals �e.g. Landwehrkanal, Teltowkanal�

The water bodies are intensively used for different purposes. For the population of the region the water bodies have a high recreational value but on the other hand they have an economic use such as for inland fishery and waterways for shipping, and they are important also for water supply. The Berliner Wasserbetriebe extracts its groundwater from the Berlin Warsaw glacial valley that was formed during the ice age 10,000 years ago. The glacial sediments �sand, gravel, marly till and clay� found in the Berlin region are excellent aquifers.

53

Water treatment

Havel

Wuhle Panke

Spree

Erpe

Teltowkanal

Oder-Spree-Kanal

Water Works

Waste Water Treatment Works and Discharge of Treated Sweage

Surface Water Treatment Plant Major Water Bodies Groundwater Replenishment

54

from the Well to the home

1 Deep Well

2 3 Aeration System

Reaction Tanks

4 Rapid Filler System

5 Clean Water Tank

•

In Berlin, there are almost 300,000 house connections to the supply mains.

•

There are approximately 60,000 hydrants and 90,000 shutoff valves.

•

There are 7800km of drinking water, mains and water supply pipes beneath the roads.

•

The average pressure is between 4.5 and 5.5 bar, allowing for water to be supplied to the top floor of a five storey building.

55

5 Clean Water Tank

6 Pumping Station

7 Homes

•

Berlin does not operate water towers any longer.

•

Every day, an average 500,000m3 of drinking water is made available to households, industry and trade, which is about half of what is possible at maximum.

•

Each day on average a resident of Berlin uses just over 100 litres of water.

56

from the seWer to the river

1

2

Wastewater Pumping Station

Screening Plant

3 Grit Chamber

4 Primary Treatment Tank

•

However, low water consumption has had some negative impacts.

•

Sewers have to be flushed occasionally with injected drinking water in order to prevent stagnation of raw sewage.

•

There are concerns about potable water contamination due to low flows.

•

Water tables are rising and cause damage to the foundations of buildings because of decreased pumping of groundwater by utilities.

57

4

5

6

y Treatment Tank

Aeration Tank

Final Clarification Tank

7 River Spree

•

During dry conditions, Berlin's six wastewater treatment plants clean approximately 620,000m3 of wastewater every day.

•

Treated wastewater or effluent flows into the Spree and the Havel either directly of via the Erpe, Panke, Nordgraben or Teltow Canal.

58

pink pipes?

Why does one often see them running along streets, sneaking around corners, looping above crossroads, crossing fences, vanishing into bushes and appearing out of treetops?

There is a simple and very practical answer to it: Berlin has got wet feet.

Groundwater level is quite high at an average 2 meters below the surface. Therefor almost every building has its ankles in a subterranean puddle. When a new building project starts impeding groundwater needs to be drained off the foundation pit. The pipes are to pump away the water towards the next river or canal.

And why are they given these quirky turns and twists? There is a practical answer to this, too.

During cold winters when temperatures fall to 15° Celsius below zero or less there is threat of material shrinkage and breakage. They are a method to compensate thermal expansion �and shrinkage� by interrupting long linear parts of the line.

59

Berlin has identified two challenges due to changes in the climate, which are water scarcity due to decreasing precipitation and increasing temperatures, This will lead to a rise in treated effluent share in the city’s surface water especially during summer.

Another challenge is caused by extreme rain events when combined sewer �wastewater and storm water� overflows can reach urban rivers. Combined sewer overflows need to be limited to protect the surface water quality in Berlin. The demonstrations concern the management of substance flows with-in the water cycle under climate change conditions, especially because drinking water in Berlin relies on natural water treatment methods as bank infiltration and artificial groundwater recharge near the city’s many rivers and lakes.

density studies

62

The capital city of the Federal Republic of Germany has a population of 3.5 million. Covering an area of 892 square kilometres. By international comparison, the German capital is the second largest city in the European Union in terms of its population and the fifth largest in terms of its area.

The population density in Berlin is well above average. Statistically speaking, there are 3,809 Berliners to every square kilometre, the highest figure for any German city. The most densely populated area within Berlin is Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, with 12,400 people to a square kilometre. By comparison, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has an average of 74 people per square kilometre.

63

city population

Berlins population is aging 50% of the population will be 65 + by 2030

Berlin

64

city density

London

Berlin

The gross residential density of Berlin is approximately 3,800 people per sqkm compared to London 4,700 per sqkm

Shanghai

65

population density 5 10 - 15 15 to 20 20 +

Diagram shows the density close to Berlin’s centre is higher than the outskirts, and also the density is increased close to main transport interchanges.

66

city density

Average

Privleged

Disadvantaged Severely disadvantged

This study shows that like many cities the inner most city area are low income areas with the more privileged on the outskirts of the city.

67

income density

Average : Spandau Charlottenberg Tempelhof Hohen Somonhaueen

Disadvantaged : Steglitz Zehlendorf Theptow Litchenberg Prenzlauerberg

Severely disadvantged : Schoneberg Wedding Marzahn Theptow Neukolln

netWork analysis

70

in a world where internet and network connections are one of the most important methods of communication and interaction, it is important to understand the extent to which berlin incorporates these connections into its internal conďŹ guration. nowadays, the internet is much more than a tool for social connection, it is constantly generating economical, political, and even cultural interactions. Germany, as one of the most inuential countries in europe, relies on this powerful medium to develop both national and international relationships in the global market. in order to develop a wider understanding of the city of berlin, it is vital to have an idea of some of the most important facts about the network that exists within the city. the next chapter will investigate a series of statistics about the incorporation of the global network in Germany and its capital berlin, showing information through net ďŹ gures and graphic analysis.

71

72

73

74

75

material floWs

78

Waste management represents a considerable challenge for environmental strategies. Only a few decades ago, the concept of waste was primarily associated. in Germany with waste disposal or incineration and there was even talk of a disposal crisis. However concepts such as waste prevention and waste reclamation have become firmly anchored in public awareness.

Over the last 15 years Berlin has made great progress in reduction of large quantities of waste and made Berlin into one of the leading cities of Europe in waste management and recycling. Today more then 60% of waste is recycled and as much as 80% of packaging is recycled in Berlin.

79

80

81

82

Berlin’s municipal waste comes mainly from private households & comparable sources. The municipal waste can also include bulky waste items, market waste, road sweepings, biological waste, sewage slurry, and separately collected materials, e.g. glass or paper.

83

84

85

land use

88

Berlin’s existing land use pattern is diverse in nature and consists of a wide array of uses. For the purpose of this chapter the existing land uses have been grouped into generalised categories. They include: -

Settlement Areas and Traffic Public Green Space Forest Agriculture Water

Forestlands are by far the most dominant land use in Berlin. Approximately 85% of Berlin, or 33,000 acres of land, is covered by forestlands.

Residential land in Berlin is utilized in a number of ways: single-family homes, multi-family dwellings, mobile homes, and seasonal homes. Year-round residential units still dominate the residential usage, but second-home development and land subdivision continue.

Approximately 1,600 acres, or 4% of Berlin’s land area, is identified as commercial and industrial. The majority of commercial land use is concentrated in the downtown, supporting the needs of local residents as well as other communities in the region.

Land is a finite resource, and the thoughtful use of land is a critical issue for all cities.

The purpose of this chapter is to identify the existing land use in Berlin, and analyse how urban planning strategies have instigated reactions within communities in the past 40 years.

Berlin is renowned for its squatter settlements and artist communities, who seek squalid neglected areas and buildings to occupy and rejuvenate into usable, beautiful places; appealing to both residents and visitors to the city.

89

land use - overvieW

5

re lt u cu A g ri % 6.7 t er Wa % 8.3 st 1 Sp n Fore ee Gr sa lic rea Pub tA en tlem Set

4.

nd

ac e

14 .3%

Tra ffic 56 .5%

10 15

2%

20 25 30 35 40 45 50

land use - BreakdoWn & distriBution Bodies of Water

Small Business Industrial Area

/

Utilities Area Trafic Areas Residential Public Facilities Mixed Use Weekend cottages/ allotment gardens

Agriculture & Forest Land

91

residential & commercial density

High Density Residential Low Density Residential High Density Commercial Low Density Commercial

92

tWelve districts - ranked order of population density Area�ha�: Population

High Density // Low Density Friedrichshain - Kreuzberg 2,016 : 251,226

Mitte 3,947 : 316,507

Marzahn Hellersdorf 6,174 : 243,893

Pankow 10,301 : 355,361

Neukolln 4,493 : 298,552 Reinickendorf 8,946 : 237,758 Tempelhof - Schoneberg 5,309 : 316,936

Lichtenberg 5,229 : 252,197

Charlottenberg - Wilmersdorf 6,472 : 290,741

Steglitz - Zehlendorf 10,250 : 277,078

Spandau 9,191 : 214,235

Treptow - Kopenick 16,842 : 237,881

93

mitte - vacant Buildings

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

94

correlation BetWeen urBan reneWal and sQuatting movements

Government Policies Cautious Urban Renewal

Fordist City Planning “Rehab Squattig� Movement

Strain

Restoration of I nn er

Consequence

Redevelo pm en t l Socail M a c i d o a R

tricts Dis ity -C

Power Vacuum After Corrupt Senate Resigns

et dg Bu

on icti Ev by nt in FDR me e v

on

1980s

1990s Victory of Christian Democratic Union Explosive Expansion of Squatter Movements

Mediati on

1970s

95 it is apparent that the dynamics of squatter movements in berlin are directly connected to strategies of urban renewal; in that movement conjunctures occur when urban regimes are in crisis.

27,000 apartments were uninhabited in 1978

1984: 165 Squatter Settlements in Berlin

1991: 25,000 Old Appartments Vacant

Phase one - december 1989 to april 1990: The majority of the 70 or so houses occupied by squatters during these months were in Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg. Houses were occupied openly and assertively. Banners, secured windows and barricade-like doorways made the houses sites for an anarchistic way of life, rebelling against the Nazis and every other form of authority.

Phase two - May 1990 - July 1990: Centred geographically on the urban district of Friedrichshain. During this period the squats underwent a qualitative and quantitative expansion, growing by a further 50. In their search for places to live, as well as new adventure, an increasing number of ‘unpolitical’ groups also experimented with squatting. At the beginning of May the 11 vacant houses in Mainzer Strasse were occupied by squatters. With over 250 occupants, the ‘Mainzer’, as it was called, swiftly became the centre of the Friedrichshain squatter scene.

Phase three - July 1990 onwards:

Reunification Three Distinct Phases

The number of new squats was reduced when the municipal authorities in East Berlin started implementing the ‘Berlin Line’ ordinance, in terms of which, from 24 July 1990 onwards, no new squats would be tolerated, and independently of any criminal charges or eviction notices, squats would be evacuated by police within 24 hours of occupation.

In the course of the 1990s the Berlin Senate spent over 250 million euros on what was known as the ‘self-help housing policy’ development programme.

In total, over 3,000 units were renewed in this way, many of them former squats.

energy / exergy analysis

98

The continued expansion of Berlin and other cities places one of the heaviest, and increasingly unsustainable, burdens on the world’s energy resources and natural environment. The problems of climate change and finite stocks of fossil fuels will cause severe conflicts in the coming decades if there is no change. The supply of energy itself is not a problem because solar radiation exceeds the power requirements of human society by factors of more than 100 at every site of human population. Rather, current technologies inhibit our ability to capture and utilise available renewable energy without negative side effects.

This chapter looks at the Energy use and production by the city of Berlin and its use of Exergy Analysis. A broad outline of the cities energy consumption, allows the reader to start to understand the cities drive for efficiency using Exergy Analysis.

99

district heating 27% of the capitals buildings are heated by district heat

Vattenfall Europe

BTB mbH Berlin

Fernhiezwerk Neukolln AG

Harpen EKT GmBH

Fernhiezwerk Markisches Viertel GmbH

EAB Fernwarme GmBH

100

fossil fuels 9 Power Stations

creating 2584 Mv of electricity

101

energy consumption berlins power consumption has started to decrease since 2010

2003

2007

2010

15,368

19,375

17,264

3,881

5,998

4,782

7,602

7,553

7,136

1990

1995

14.9

12.5

Industry �mn t�

1.5

0.8

Traffic �mn t�

4.3

5.0

Household/Small Scale �mn t�

6.9

6.5

Imported Electricity �mn t�

4.5

4.8

32.1

29.6

Energy Consumption (MJ mn� Gas (MJ mn� Electricity (MJ mn�

co 2 emissions

Power & Heating Plant �mn t�

total �mn t�

102

reneWaBle energy 1 wind turbine Pankow, Berlin 2000KW 138m tower Installed 2008

Germany has agreed that 35% of all it’s energy will be generated by renewable resources by 2020.

this target has been made harder since 2011, when the country decided to close all 8 of its nuclear reactors.

103

nuclear poWer Due to Germany’s decision to permanently close down all 8 of the countries nuclear reactors, following the crisis in Japan in 2011. The country is once again heavy reliant to fossil fuel power stations with upgrades planned or new stations proposed for three of Berlins current plants by 2016.

Wind poWer Berlins density gerenally restricts the construction of large tower wind turbines within the city boundary, however one has been installed at Pankow to generate 2000KM of electrictiy. This turbine is used as an example by the company to generate interest and investment to expand their use in Germany.

solar poWer Photovoltic Panels Power Generation Capacity (GWh�

2008

2020

8

173

19

275

Solar thermal Panels Heat Generation Capacity (GWh�

Up take in solar panels is increasing with initiatives encouraging private investors to use public roof tops to generate energy.

104

Berlins District heating system is currently approximately 1600km long. Cirulating 326,000 metric cubic litres of water. A single cogeneration plant in Mitte supplies more than 60,000 apartments and 500 large scale customers.

A congeneraton plant or combined heat and power (CHP) produces electricity and useful heat. In Berlin the heat is used to supply the district heating system which is the largest in Germany.

The three newest plants, Heizkraftwerk, Scharnhorstra & Klingenberg planned for the city will be 90% fuel efficent. This efficiency can be measured through exergy analysis.

105

exergy analysis

One example of the use of Exergy Analysis is in city planning. In the traditional production of electricty & heat large amounts of excess heat energy are wasted, piped to cooling towers and lost to the atmostphere.

Throught careful planning this heat can be used within a city, if it is laid out carefully as shown overleaf.

An understanding of Exergy Analysis can prevent a mismatch between supply and demand in energy systems resulting in a reduction in city energy spending and CO2 emissions.

Power stations are located within or near the city boundaries.

excess heat is piped directly to large and then small industrial users that utlitize the heat at high temperatures

the remaining heat at more domestic temperatures is then directed to offices and finally homes via a district heating system Stockholm the first Green Capital of Europe in 2010 for example, provides over 80% of the city with a district heating system. Its Hogdalen CHP plant is fuelled on a mixture of waste with bio and fossil oil �for peak production only�.

geology / geomorphology

108

‘Berlin’s geological activity has created some extraordinary natural landscapes in the city, including Grunweld Forest and Müggelsee, Berlin’s largest lake. The River Spree, located in the glacial valley which runs right through Berlin, has sustained the city for centuries.

This chapter looks at Berlin’s geological history, forces and predictions, along with its geomorphological aspects, explaining how the land has formed as a result of its geological processes.’

109

morphological map of Berlin

Terrain level: metres above sea level 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 Bodies of water

110

geological map of Berlin

geological map of Berlin

Lake & bog sediments: Sand with peat and peat clay Glacial and ancillary spillways: Sand ;kj;jka;klj;lkj

Plateaus: Marly till, glacial loam Plateaus: Sand Barnim Plateau W

ar

sa

w

Be

rl

in

G

Teltow Plateau

0

2

4

6

8

10 km

la

ci

al

Va

ll

Waters

ey

111

generalised cross section

North East

South West Teltow Plateau

Warsaw Berlin Glacial Valley River Spree

Barnim Plateau

112

sWot analysis SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Natural beauty: forests and lakes Grunweld Forest (3000 hectares) Mßggelsee, Berlin’s largest lake Pfaueninsel, an island in the River Havel Lake Rangsdorfer See Schlachtensee Lake Schwielowsee, covering an area of 786 hectares, belongs to the chain of lakes of the middle Havel. It is 5.4km long and its wides part is 2km.

Tegeler See is Berlin’s second largest lake, which has seven islands Big Wannsee and Little Wannasee - lakes connected to the River Havel

Weaknesses Water supply and building foundations: There are loose sediments across the city which date from the quaternary and tertiary periods and are about 150 metres thick. This is of special significance for the water supply in Berlin and for the foundation of buildings.

Groundwater: In the north west area of the Barnim Plateau, the ground moraines are so thick that barely any groundwater aquifers exist, and those that do only have a thickness of a few metres.

Natural Resources: Berlin has very few natural resources (iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land, water) therefore deals are being done with other countries, in particular Mongolia, for rare earth metals and industrial metals, and these deals cannot necessarily always be relied upon. This strongly reinforces the argument for use of local materials.

113

Opportunities Urban planning: Spree Island is located in the centre of Berlin between two arms of the River Spree and is the area upon which Berlin was first founded. Little remains of the original Berlin, and the small island is now mainly occupied by large public buildings and bridges, which diminishes its character and importance as the origin of the city. The geology of this area provides an opportunity to create more watery areas and flooding places, to reconnect back to the city’s origins.

Threats Natural disasters: There is no known volcano or earthquake threat in Berlin itself, although other areas of Germany have seen significant earthquakes, and there is the threat of the Lass Supervolcano erupting in this century which would devastate the country and much of Europe.

Water shortage: Human activity continues to change the geographical landscape of Berlin, where the ground water level has lowered by 11% since the beginning of the last century.

agriculture

116

Berlin is Germany’s greenest major city. Parks, forest, rivers, lakes and canals make up more than 30% of the territory . However, agriculture contributes to only 4.2% of the city area. There are 929 small garden communities with almost 74,000 individual garden plots inside the city limits.

Several future proposal for organic farming has been put forward.

Structural investments has been contributed for the betterment of agricultural land and practices, as well as many agriculturalenvironmental measures has been taken into consideration.

117

cultivation on araBle lan d

Cereals for the production of grain Green Plants Industrial Crops Horticultural products Other cultivation, disused area or industry

the arable land is the area for the cultivation of crops including vegetables, strawberries, owers and other garden plants in the ďŹ eld and in horticulture, also under high accessible protective cover. it also includes black or green fallow as well as abandoned arable land. in addition to the use of agricultural crops, agricultural land with fruit trees where the fruits are only the secondary use are also expected to be considered as farmlands.

FREQUENTLY GROWN VEGETABLES AND FRUITS

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seasonal fruit and vegetaBle chart

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livestock

Cattle including cows Sheep including female sheep for breeding Pigs including breeding sows

20 0 1 20 0 3 livestock farming is a major part of agricultural production and has traditionally contributed to the overall value added in agriculture. the statistics on the livestock population show the number of cattle, pigs and sheep in berlin over a period of 10 years.

20 0 7

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2005

2 0 10

122

We plant, you harvest : prinZessinnengarten

in berlin’s Kreuzberg district there exist a luscious, self-sustained urban garden that is social, ecological and also mobile. the 6,000 square meter Prinzessinnengarten is a not-for-proďŹ t open organic garden dedicated to engage people and exchange knowledge and work, while promoting sustainable living. this garden is like a green lung in the city and part of the urban gardening movement.

123 today the garden has about 500 different species of herbs and vegetables. they are all are organically grown, in compost beds without artiďŹ cial pesticides and fertilizers, while the soil and seeds are organic as well. the vegetation and populations of bees present in the garden has proven positive for the local ecosystem and microclimate.

in addition to gardening there are cafes which serves drinks and cakes at day time and after 6pm several vegetarian dishes are prepared from the garden products.

Plants are planted in old milk packs, rice bags and plastic containers from bakeries. the idea brings with it a lot of advantages: make the city you live in greener, decrease the co² with fewer and shorter transports etc.

the site also promotes to buy vegetables or spices available.

moBilities

126

Berlin has a remarkably-low rate of motorization compared to other large cities with 324 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. More journeys are made in the city centre with public transport, on foot or by bicycle than by car. This is also a consequence of continuous promotion of pedestrian and bicycle traffic as well as public transport in Berlin over a number of years.

The introduction of the environmental Green Zone in 2008 together with noise abatement measures have contributed towards reducing the adverse effects of car traffic and enhancing the quality of life of all inhabitants of Berlin.

On average, every inhabitant of Berlin undertakes three journeys each day and spends around 70 minutes in traffic. The interesting thing is that the proportion of journeys on foot is almost as high as that of journeys by car.

The latest findings show that traffic behaviour has changed over the years.

In 1992, only 7 per cent of journeys were made by bicycle. In 2008 the figure was 13 per cent. This is also a consequence of the continuous promotion of bicycle traffic in Berlin over a number of years. The use of cars, on the other hand, has steadily declined in recent years. In comparison to other large cities.

127

Motorway and MaJor road networK, berlin

Federal Motorway

Route and intersection management

Federal road - through road

Tunnel

Federal road - open country

Road lane signalling

Remaining major road network

Roads constructed after 1990

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nUMber of vehicleS on MaJor roadS

Number of vehicles on major roads per day.

100,000 75,000 50,000

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Abstract pathing of vehicular movements in the streets of Berlin.

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132 choice of transport

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Transport mode by purpose of journey Employment Training Shopping/supplies Recreation Other purpose Home

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Commuters to and from Berlin

IN OUT

commuters to and from berlin

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PoSt caPitaliSt ProPoSitionS PART TWO

BERLIN

post capitalist city

shop

With the increasing demand for regional goods we start questioning also the origin of our products; how do food chains work globally, what are the carbon footprints of our products?

Individual product development and production grow according to the quantity of the markets fuelling them. Visually we start to become unaware of what is advertisement and what is information.

Can we find new ways of getting to know products and to how use them?

Where is the location for exchange? Are there other ways to produce and consume than the way we are used to now?

In the last entury we have discovered the advantages of global exchange of goods, but what could be the alternatives? Does our food culture have to be inevitable linked to consumer culture? Do we necessarily still need to have everything at every time?

Image - Paul Hansell (Carbon Credits)

Reused television Recycled cans Train journey Bicycle journey Grown vegetables Recycled cans locally sourced goods Walking Recycled cardboard Composting Solar panels installed Running Organic farmed goods Stairs instead of elevator Eating Seasonly Learn to sew Purchase carbon friendly home Water harvesting Dry clothes manually Plant a tree Recycled clothes Soft wood furniture Low heating consumption Sustainable construction Reusable bags Fluorescent Light bulbs Skip bottled water use tap Low flow showerhead Recycle electronics Plant bee loving plants Share toys Recycled paper Insulate home Sustainable energy company Emailing instead of posting Carpooling Donations to charity Pay bills online Push lawn mower Install dimmer switch Turn off heaing in summer Use library Download music instead of CD Glass bottle instead of plastic Non oil based paint Wood burning heater Hand washing clothes Reusable nappies Solar lamp post lights non-chemical cleaners Install wind power energy source Install ceiling fans Rechargable batteries Recycled plastic Skip ATM reciept Stop junk mail Choose green hotel when travelling Rent Borrow Freecycle Telecommunicate Community clean ups Local welfare Compost hedge trimmings Bake your own bread Install LPG on car Stay informed & educated Plant herbs Cooking natural ingredients Recycle toner Keep technologies modern Recycle phone Trade reusable goods Buy bulk Use subway Dont eat out Recycle electronics Recycle steel Use efficent tyres Turn off water when you brush Recyle water Install double glazing Electronic birthday card Bus Tram Buy high quality Purchase modern home Live closer to work Low electricity usage Digital storage Use Digital cameras

Credits Saved 100+ 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Carbon Credits Score

Green Credits

Carbon Purchaces Private plane journey Luxury car purchase Imported goods Using washing maching Airship journey Cruise Use of heating Light Tv Car journey Electricity Refuel car Purchase of ivory Oil based paint Non seasonal foods Gas useage Car purchase Use of concrete Plastic goods Printing Waste Lorry journey Plastic furniture Purchase of tyres Air conditioning Masonry construction Bottled water Car wash Purchase of plastic toys Junk mail Gas burning heater Car panel Chemical cleaners Littering Posting non recycled phone Birthday card Lead Denim jeans high powered shower Bathing Use of swimming pool CD purchase Plastic bottle purchase Oil based paint Tumble dryer Washing machine used Leather purchase Petrol lawn mower Ownership of farm animals Goods from long distances Flushing toilet Using the oven Manufacturing Heavy fuel consuming vehicles Purchase of steel Laser cutting Animal fur Ivory purchase Marble Plywoods Strong chemical cleaners Motorbike Oil Laying tarmac Disposing reusable materials Car purchase Electricity Refuel car Purchase of ivory Oil based paint Non seasonal foods Gas useage Car purchase Use of concrete Plastic goods Printing Waste Lorry journey Plastic furniture Purchase of tyres Air conditioning Masonry construction Bottled water Car wash Purchase of plastic toys Airship journey Cruise Use of heating Light Car journey

140

shop

food resilience Berlin

The history of the allotment gardens in Germany is closely connected with the period of industrialisation and urbanisation in Europe during the 19th century when a large number of people migrated from the rural areas to the cities to find employment and a better life. Very often, these families were living under extremely poor conditions suffering from inappropriate housing, malnutrition and other forms of social neglect. To improve their overall situation and to allow them to grow their own food, the city administrations, the churches or their employers provided open spaces for garden purposes.

These were initially called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;gardens of the poorâ&#x20AC;?.

The aspect of food security provided by allotment gardens became particularly evident during World Wars I and II. Many cities were isolated from their rural hinterlands and agricultural products did not reach the city markets. Consequently, food production within the city, especially fruit and vegetable production in home gardens and allotment gardens, became essential for survival, providing food security.

By reinstating the use of allotment spaces for the growing population of unemployed in Berlin, the scheme will not only provide adequate resources to make this demographic self sufficient, but allow them to construct their own facilities and homes using the bi-products of crop production as well as using surplus crop from production to feed and trade with the rest of Berlin.

Jack Davey

141

Proposed Distribution Centre

1 acre can provide enough root crop for 12 people

1 acre for every farmer

1 acre can provide enough complex fruit & veg for 4 people

142

shop

communal capitalism : Creating an Uncrashable economy

Access to fresh produce is key to the network. For the network to remain sustainable products from the Berlin area need to be utilised to their full potential and as the new banking system will provide a paradigm shift in how the citizens regard money and possessions this should mean that everyone in Berlin now has enough of everything. Each medium to large station that becomes a hub will gain a new feeder line that serves to drop off and pick up goods carriages, these carriages open up and become the stalls. The trains themselves will be ferried around the network on the normal commuter trains, on which there will be a new system to place orders and pick up your goods at your destination. This means no extra movement on the network will be needed reducing the carbon footprint of the goods even further.

Thomas Lamping

143

144

shop

A country for everyone

It is proposed that all possible areas of the city, which have been abandoned or are in need of redevelopment, will be used to form new inhabited zones. This new community of international inhabitants will share a more sustainable approach to food and goods production. Inside the proposed new community, called Nationless State, there will be a self-sustained system that will ensure the production and consumption of food remain within the city walls. Located on the top of the roof structure of the existing abandoned buildings, there will be a communal garden and allotment areas. In the same way that a big city works, with production and agricultural areas on the limits of the urban zones, this new micro-nation will have agricultural areas on the top floor, and the interchange and commercial area on the ground floor. In that way, the entire ground floor will be opened up to the interchanging of goods, food and every social and public interaction between the inhabitants of the city.

Tono Rodrigues

145

146

shop

URBAN GROWTH

1 Movement of Modern Day Society The day to day of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modern life is a consumer society. People are led like sheep to spend money on product they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need, this has created an ecological crisis due to our exhaustion of resources in the capitalist society.

2 Post capitalists society The post capitalist society emerges creating a boom of life in the unused city squares. They work the land, trade produce, allotments rise evolving the city landscape.

3 The Capitalist society converts During the day where cities are most busy, to attract the capitalist consumer to change there way of life, free to get involved in working the land gradually changes the city of branding, consumerism into connection of produce origin, it turns a generic city into an individual experience of urban growth.

4 Urban Growth The products created by the post capitalist society is traded and sold any profit is put back into creating produce.

Claire Burrell

147

Capitalist Society

Produce TOP BRANDS

€

€

€

€

€

€

Create Products

€

Money Makers

Want

No connection to produce

Buy

Greed Create Products

Produce

Profit

€ € TOP BRANDS

Produce €

POST CAPITALIST Society

€

€

€

Create Products

€

Money Makers

Create Products

Produce

Profit

Need

Trade

Work the Land

Shared Wealth

Work

In the process of globalisation, humanity passed from the technological to the information age, as did our work pass from the paradigm of linear accumulation to de-territorialised outsourcing, intended to increase profits and reduce costs.

The spatial division between production and knowledge based industries, and outsourcing on global scale, grew to a scale not previously experienced, and transformed our â&#x20AC;&#x153;work spacesâ&#x20AC;? from the local organisation in offices to the restructuring of whole regions.

While we are still dealing with the cemeteries of our industrial towns we find ourselves in the middle of a new era: the era of precarious and unstable working conditions between boom-towns and unfinished, abandoned build-ups.

Does our urban future lie in each becoming self-entrepreneurs, or to all share collective knowledge in forms of Open Source projects? Can we find new ways of producing and working? How will the global enterprise be able to produce sustainable levels of work through motivated workers, when humans are seen as resources and not work forces? Can work finally be released through technology? And finally: What are the possibilities for our cities?

Aimee Major

Live / Work / Shop / Move

Move Homeless from Commercial Downtown...

CO2

CO2 Assign Task Schedule

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

SOAP

CO2

CO2

Bio-Fuel Production

Two Week Accommodation in Return for Labour

Bio-Fuel Distributed to Current Infrastructure in Berlin

CO2 Emmited from Transport Systems

Agricultural Farming

SOAP

TOKEN

Partially Re-absorbed by Algae Pool

...to The Green Commune

Provide Accommodation

Produce Selling / Swapping

Visitors Arrive

Produce Traded Throughout Berlin

Phase One

Phase Two

Phase Three

Phase Four

Phase Five

Phase Six

150

Work urBan groWth

The future of the Post Capitalist city, the way we move, shop, work and live has to adapt to a life that is not based around the capitalist economy. The new post capitalist city will be a united community, a provision for all life systems, only consuming what you need and use outputs to nourish other systems. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Urban Growth is a self proficient community. The people that live there grow the food / produce, work in the factories and the market space to pay for there accommodation and food. To provide for a larger area of the city numerous sites will be claimed as sites of urban growth. Each site has accommodation, allotments, preparation factories, transport and a market which should provide for the surrounding community.

Permaculture is necessary when growing anything in a healthy way. As the post capitalist pioneers will be growing HEMP, to get the best out of their produce and to be able to provide food for themselves they have to grow using the ideals of agroecology

Claire Burrell

151

152

Work social enterprise shopping, working, living and moving shop ethical buying and selling People shop in the brewery shop to buy bottled beer They also sit in and drink at the bar They supply beer to their suppliers to sell in their farm shops

As a social enterprise, the community is based around the production and sale of beer. The supported employees work in the brewery, gaining skills in the brewing process and the running of a business – including skills in business accounting, sales, marketing, equipment maintenance. There is also an opportunity for them to lead brewery tours.

A valuable part of their work is based around the production of a small amount of hops which are grown on site. work

social enterprise The workers are given accommodation for the period of their stay, which As a social enterprise, the community is based around the production and sale of beer. The supported employees work in is theusually around a year but many stay longer, and are paid a small salary brewery, gaining skills in the brewing process and the running of a business – including skills in business accounting, marketing, equipment There isBusiness also an opportunity for them to leadfor brewery insales, addition to theirmaintenance. lodgings. incubators thetours. creative industries A valuable part of their work is based around the production of a small amount of hops which are grown on site. part-fund the scheme.

The workers are given accommodation for the period of their stay, which is usually around a year but many stay longer, and are paid a small salary in addition to their lodgings. Business incubators for the creative industries part-fund the scheme.

The adults’ employment is supported by mentors, and they receive ongoing The adults’ employment is supported by mentors, and they receive ongoing training. training.

Cultivation of experimental hops varieties

Business skills as well as practical skills

Brewery tours

Joe Walton live work/live community The supported workers and organisers live at the brewery, with space for communal activity.

153

Work & Live Community Elevation

Contextual Cross Section

154

Work algae Bio-fuel plant and commune

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Current capitalist city centres around the world are notoriously fraught by mass numbers of homeless or those living on the poverty line, with considerable divides between the rich and the poor. In Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case a shocking 1 in every 100 residents is living on the streets, often occupying the shadows of bustling infrastructure and exchange. My prospects for the postcapitalist city of the future looks at gradually integrating the homeless back into society, by offering skill workshops and schemes offering shelter in return for their labour on allocated projects. These schemes will work alongside the continuous development of current infrastructure and transport systems within the city of Berlin, where biofuel becomes the dominant concern.

This particular project looks at the treatment and re-occupation of the abandoned chemical factory in Rudersdorf, located in the South-East of the city boundary. The factory previously produced phosphate used for animal feed up until the 1980s, and prior to that was used by the nazis as a chemical test bed. The phosphate rich soil and adjacent river bed provides perfect environmental conditions for large scale production of biofuel, as phosphates are proven to accelerate the rate of growth in micro-algae.

Those given the opportunity to work and live on the site, will build their skill base in order to improve employability for once their placement is complete.

There are numerous skill sets on offer, relating to a particular job within the scheme, whether it be construction, retail, agriculture, catering, transport of general labouring. The bio-fuel, food and other products which are yielded within the scheme, will be distributed to transport networks around the city, and eventually the rest of Germany.â&#x20AC;?

Aimee Major

155

live

According to the last report of the United Nations Population Fund, we have reached 7 billion people. Global concerns upon over-population seem to focus on space: we can observe the horizontal development of slums and shanty towns – while, at the same time, ex-industrial towns see their population shrinking.

If consuming was not the main motto anymore, if production and distribution could be reduced to the satisfaction of our global basic needs, would we have more free time to live? Where would personal creativity and action find its place? How could a post capitalist society affect our daily lives and the way we envision housing?

Would we still own and if yes, what would we own? Assuming that our cities can provide “everything we need”, how could an after crisis scenario look like? Will we live close or enclosed from nature? Will we occupy even more space or will we switch to minimal standards of living? How would it change the structure of the megacities and their infinite expansion?

John Evans

158

Live

Natural Capitalism

In 2020, the new form of capitalism, Natural Capitalism, has changed the value of money, value now being placed not only monetary returns, but on environmental and human benefits too. The new economy has enabled communities to take over buildings in their area and use them for the benefit of their community, because they now have more â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; than they ever would have in the previous form of capitalism based only on money, and Social Enterprises are growing.

The Bohemian Brewery in Friedrichshain, Berlin, built in the industrial revolution, was once a brewery which operated at a mass market, industrial scale. Post-indstrialisation has seen it fall into disuse and disrepair. Now, Friedrichshain have turned the Bohemian Brewery into a Social Enterprise, and moved it on from its once industrial past to a new, smaller scale, more sustainable way of operation a micro brewery.

Connecting with Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong tradition of brewing, the members of the Bohemian Microbrewery are adapting the old principles used by the Trappist monks at Mariawald Abbey, East Germany, by creating a product which is brewed only on the premises, the purpose of which is directed towards the benefit of the community and the environment.

The beer is brewed by, and under the control and responsibility of the community living in the Bohemian Mircobrewery. The project provides opportunities for people experiencing disadvantage through disability or social exclusion to work in the brewing industry. It provides accommodation, supported employment, training and volunteering for adults living in Berlin.

Charlotte Haughton

159

natural capitalism capitalism natural capitalism natural capitalism capitalism financial capital natural capitalism financial

natural capital capital

natural capital

human capital

human capital

the four central strategies of natural capitalism:

the four central strategies of natural capitalism:

1

radical resource productivity Eradicating waste of human and environmental resources thereby resource productivity 1 radical Eradicating waste of human and environmental resources thereby slow resource depletion, lower pollution and increase employment

2

biomimicry biomimicry Closed 2 loop cycles of materials use

3

service + fl ow economy + fl ow economy 3 service New perception of value - a- ashift economyofofgoods goods New perception of value shiftfrom from an economy andand purchases to one of service andflow flow purchases to one of service and

slow resource depletion, lower pollution and increase employment

Closed loop cycles of materials use

investing in natural capital investing in natural capital 4 Reinvesting in sustaining, restoring and expanding stocks of natural 4 Reinvesting in sustaining, restoring and expanding stocks of natural capital

capital

closed loop

closed loop

160

Live

Community Share Facility

The live proposal acts as a service tower to local city dwellers of Berlin. The tower structure includes facilities such as launderettes, hair dressers, rental of seldom equipment e.g. lawn mowers & gardening equipment. The facility also provides rental of motorised transport at the cost of carbon credits, bicycles, Vacuum cleaners etc. The common modern capitalist owns the majority of items that they use and rarely rents or borrows. The idea of ownership is greatly reduced in the post capitalist world as people support each other and the cost of purchasing goods that require a lot of energy are far cheaper to borrow then buy. The proposal is to be multiplied through the city as interest grows and increase in demand for cheaper and more sustainable goods.

Paul Hansell

161

commuters to and from berlin

162

Live

adapting Berlin

Marzahn, East Berlin is one of the only cities with surplus properties. The proposal aims to make use of these derelict areas. By adapting the existing Plattenbau and introducing open integration areas the community can generate new spaces for cultural activities and agricultural developments to help lead to a self sustaining community.

Joe Walton

163

164

Live

Flexy Housing

The proposed type of housing can be used to serve multi-purposed functions. it has all the amenities of a typical house that can accommodate a future post-capitalism resident. The structure can shift into multiple functions for example an office or a shop. This proposed house is ideal for a constant moving and evolving world to keep pace with the changing market. The house takes advantage of empty rooms that would otherwise be either outdated by its previous user and instead changes accordingly with ease for any new occupant.

Nam Nguyen

165

House Function Changing Daily

Time for Live - Change of Function Time for Work - Change of Function Time for Shop - Change of Function

166

Live

Self sufficient Facility

The live proposal has been designed to accommodate all the gentrified citizens of Prenzlauer Berg, which is 10 kms away from the proposed site, who have been forced to move out from their locality due to rise in rent prices. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Liveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project is such that each block is connected by a green link which contains space for green houses and storage.

The idea behind the proposal is to make maximum use of the space for agricultural activities thereby making a self sufficient community. The incorporated storage facilities also include space for gardening equipment.

These connections also prove as interaction spaces. Moreover the energy to power these residences is provided by the biomass energy plant which feeds in the agricultural waste in order to provide sufficient energy to run the community.

As a post- capitalist society, the people within the community support each other by allowing to borrow the equipment and space for gardening, and therefore growing the interest and demand for agricultural goods. Hence the system reflects no individual benefits and the driving force of the project is to work together in harmony by sharing and co-operation.

Susan Thomas

167

move

The way in which we approach traffic and transport today is orientated towards conscious and eco-responsible visions. Only 100 years after the beginning of mass-production of affordable cars, today the notion of the traffic jam has become a common occurrence. Whereas technological progress in the past century has increased speed and reduced psychological distances, the super-abundance of motorised self-transportation tends to slow down exchanges and connections.

As most roads belong to public space, this can be seen as a tragedy of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;commonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for which planers and engineers attempt to forecast traffic flows using empirical models. Transport systems, such as the Tokyo Metro suffer regularly from rush hours.

The need to move has become an indisputable matter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; even more with the urban growth and the dependency of the city for its flexible citizens.

Could we imagine an alternative society in which the free movement of people takes part of their human rights? If people could follow the path of the internet and the migration of information, what would happen to our society?

Would our ability to move depend on money and how would it influence tourism? How can we deal with the freedom of movement and borders?

How could we overcome the dilemmas of urban mobility? Would there be a changing urban aesthetic relating to urban space and technologies of transport and communication? What could be the future of the pedestrian?

And how could our movements shape the urban landscapes and our daily lives in the cities?

Claire Burrell

170

Move Vertical Airport

The airport works like an envelope over Friedrichstraße train station creating a central hub in Berlin city centre for transportation. The varities of transportation include the use of Air, rail, road and underground all within the high densities of the capitalist city of Berlin.

My proposal is fixed upon the top of Friedrichstraße train station. The spaces surrounding the station allows for the proposed airship landings to be more feasible lower tolerances. Friedrichstraße train station is flanked by 2 large public squares on the North and South face whilst to the west lies ‘The River Spree’ The Train station gives strong public logistical links to the Airship port via train and the U-Bahn subway system and public bus service.

Paul Hansell

171

172

Move Berlin Superbahn

What is the future of the post industrial, post capitalist city of Berlin?

How will the future of transport infrastructure affect how we move?

What could be the alternatives for global exchanges of goods?

Can we find new ways of producing and working?

How could a post capitalist society affect our daily lives and the way we envision housing?

This project aims to analyse and reflect upon issues relating to “Move” / “shop” / “work” / “live” and lead into a design which relates to the themes.

During the evenings, the glazed facade becomes a live, digital display for what’s happening inside the Superbahn complex. From products to services, markets to timetables or even live streams of the workshops.

John Evans

173

174

MOVE communal capitalism : Creating an Uncrashable economy

The movement of local produce around the post capitalist city is paramount.

Items produced locally are of the utmost importance when creating a network that is sustainable for generations. The pre-existing transport network would modified and utilised to create this network.

The main intersections within the city centre network will become market and travel hubs. This will allow local produce from the surrounding area to be brought into the city and moved around with a reduced carbon footprint as it will use a pre-existing network.

The larger S-Bahn stations with intersections onto other lines and the U-Bahn will become large market hubs. These will allow citizens to shop in a convenient location and also allow the shops themselves to easily restock.

Also, due to the potential of a constantly moving product network it will also be possible for the product to move to the user. New carriages will incorporate a system that allow the user to access the database of available, local produce. The user will then be able to make an order and pick up their goods at one of the numerous available pick up points. This will further reduce the products carbon footprint as the people using the network will make fewer road journeys to other shops.

Thomas Lamping

175 Large S-Bahn interchange with market

Small S-Bahn interchange with market

S-Bahn pick up point Schonhauser Allee

GESUNDBRUNNEN

U-Bahn interchange with pick up point

Wedding

U-Bahn pick up point Jungfernheide

Large S-Bahn interchange w

Westhafen

Small S-Bahn interchange w FRIEDRICHSTRASSE

A L E X A N D E R P L AT Z

S-Bahn pick up point Schonhauser Allee

Brandenburger To r GESUNDBRUNNEN

U-Bahn interchange with pi

Janowitzbrucke

Wedding

UZ

U-Bahn pick up point

OSTKREUZ Warschauer Strasse

Jungfernheide Westhafen

YORCKSTR ASSE

FRIEDRICHSTRASSE

A L E X A N D E R P L AT Z

SCHONBERG

Brandenburger To r

SUDKREUZ Heidelberger Platz

Bundes Platz

Innesbrucker Platz

Janowitzbrucke

WESTKREUZ Hermannstrasse

OSTKREUZ

Te m p e l h o f

Neukolln

Warschauer Strasse

YORCKSTR ASSE

SCHONBERG SUDKREUZ Heidelberger Platz

Bundes Platz

Innesbrucker Platz

Hermannstrasse Te m p e l h o f

Neukolln

176

MOVE Mobile market

The MOVE aspect of the project deals with marketing the agricultural products through a mobile market. The mobile food market travels through other communities and supplies the required.

On the long run this method can prove beneficial when the customers can order their requirements in advance through services like the internet and the organic vegetables and fruits can be supplied as needed.

The fuel required to run these vehicles can be processed from the energy centre.

In addition to mobile markets, flexible mobile cafes and fast food restaurants with adaptable sitting areas are also considered that sell the finished food products that has been processed in the self sufficient community.

Since Prenzlauer Berg is becoming one of the happening districts in recent times, the mobile fast food restaurants can be dedicated to those areas which will attract a lot of youngsters as well as the IT people who are in the majority.

Susan Thomas

177 PRENZLAUER BERG

SPREE PARK

178

MOVE Nationless State

Nowadays, the concept of belonging to a particular nationality, is less and less applicable; territoriality is no longer connected to the physical place in which one resides, it is far more complex than that, something that is more personal and transcends geographical limits. These borders between countries have practically disappeared, due mainly to the mass utilization of the Internet.

The post-capitalist world has transformed into one great nation, in which the stereotypes as we know them today no longer exist. The new generations will inevitably merge into one another in the same way as they have been doing since the start of civilization. Far from being something negative, this merging enriches each individual culture. Even the most cosmopolitan nations have started to undergo this process, and the cultural differences created are what have made places such as Berlin, London and Paris tourist and economic centres of importance globally. Much of the history of these cities has been formed through their cultural heritages and influences. For this reason, Berlin emerged as the most adequate city for this type of proposal, standing out for being one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Europe.

Tono Rodrigues

179

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Network Analysis

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Material Flow

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Land Use

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Energy / Exergy

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Geology

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Mobilities

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