POST +
LEEDS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 2013
STUDIO CRASH TEST
+
berlin POST CAPITALIST CITY 2013
BERLIN
8
9
1
10
7
2
6
11
3
4
12
5
Berlin districts 1
Mitte
5
Treptow- Kopenick
9
Reinickendorf
2
Friedrichshain Kruzberg
6
Marzahn Hellersdorf
10
Spandau
3
Tempelhof-Schoneberg
7
Lichtenburg
11
Chalottenburg-Wilmersdorf
4
Neukolln
8
Pankow
12
Steglitz-Zehlendorf
Berlin ii post capitalist city a research analysis document by Leeds School of Architecture. It aims to explore the historical context, current urban fabric and change Move / Shop / Work / Live within Berlin. This study provides a vision to improve Berlin’s sustainability, connectivity and new collaborating societies.
foreWord
1
history / heritage
4
Bioregional analysis
20
Biodiversity / ecology
32
Water
50
density studies
60
netWork analysis
68
material floWs
76
land use
86
energy / exergy analysis
96
geology / geomorphology
106
agriculture
114
moBilities
124
post capitalist city
134
acknoWledgments
180
1 2 3 4
BERLIN
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
foreWord The global financial crisis that began in 2007, the repercussions of which are still being felt more than 6 years later, highlights the frailties of an economic system dependent upon growth. Capitalism is entrenched in the need for continued pecuniary inflation. Infinite expansion is impractical, unsustainable. In short it is impossible. Consequently a ‘recession’ is no longer a negative value for the percentage rate of increase in gross domestic product, but a rebalancing of costs that have grown exponentially and gotten out of hand. The ‘Triple Dip Recession’ is the real time manifestation of this, a 21st Century capitalist axiom. Financial contraction will become the norm, interspersed with spells of growth, until a flat line graph is generated. What then? What happens once Capitalism refuses to function? What is Post-Capitalism? This book seeks to address the notion of Post-Capitalism through the sphere of architectural responses in a world where financial growth is no longer the end goal. To begin, it concentrates on Berlin. As the capital of Germany following the reunification in 1990, Berlin has a long history of social upheaval and associated fiscal models being tested upon its urban fabric. Contemporary Berlin is the epitome of the German Economic Model, a model where vocational training and innovative industrial relations forge strong relationships between the financial sector and manufacturing industries to nurture financial stability through resilience and strength in depth, rather than a deepset reliance on growth. Combined, these two aspects make Berlin the perfect location to establish how the world can function post capitalism.
Part one, BERLIN RESEARCH, of the book acts as a knowledge repository. It seeks to discover a series of important and interesting facts that contribute to 2013 Berlin, covering; CHAPTER TITLES. This information then provides the basis for POST+, which considers how Berlin might be transformed Post Capitalism. Part two, POST CAPITALIST PROPOSITION, is a collection of propositions by MArch 1 students at the Leeds School of Architecture in response to a competition brief set by College Competitions, www.collegelab.org: what if… ? What if the change was tomorrow? What would be the characteristics of a system not based on profit making? What would be the consequences of a new system for the way in which we use urban spaces? Would cities enter a transformation process, becoming specialised centres in a globalized system? Would the global network of cities tend to erase borders or affirm and reinforce them? What is �could be� the scale �the impact� of the change? The competition suggests four elements of the City are discussed; Shop, Work, Live, Move.
berlin reSearch PART ONE
BERLIN
history / heritage
6
Berlin : a history 1411 Control of the
Th
Hohenzollern, Friedrich VI. This
eH
en
oh
Ber lin
zo
ll e r n
Ar m Co at of
s
of Hohenzollern rule in Berlin
lln Co
1400
pop. 8.5k
1237 Berlin has grown from the twin merchant settlements of Berlin & Colln. It takes its official date of foundation from the first mention of Colln; 1237, making it one of the youngest European capital cities.
1307 1360
1390 1380
Berlin–Colln joins the united front to outsiders
written records of the town.
7
pop. 20k
1415 1685
Hohenzollerns power in the
Friedrich Wilhelm issues
1432
1671 Berlins Jewish community is
Friedrich II ends joint
1443
pop. 12k
1658
1539
1571
pop. 6k
Berlins first Inn is opened, it is destroyed in 1943 but rebuilt for posterity in 1987.
1648 Sees the end of
8
P ru
ssia
1806
Na po le o
of
Fri
ch ed ri
I
1701
18th January sees Berlin become Royal residence of Kingdom of Prussia when Friedrich III has himself crowned Friedrich I.
1709
Five Towns around Berlin merge to enlarge Berlin. Until 1739, around 1200 Bohemians settle to escape religious persecution.
1805
pop. 50k
pop. 170k 1732
1709
1795
‘Alexanderplatz’ is named in honour of Russian Tsar Alexander I.
1800
Population reaches 170,000, with 25,000 soldiers. Berlin now has 7,200 Buildings.
Berlin gets first steam engine, which is brought over from England by cotton manufacturer Johan Georg Sieburg to power his spinning machines and marks Berlin’s entry in to the industrial revolution.
Fortified walls removed and replaced by customwall. Areas within wall = 1,330 HA with a population of 80,000. The area remained virtually unchanged until 1841
pop. 80k
nB o nap a rt e
October 27th French Emporer Napoleon Bonaparte marches his troops through Brandenburg gate. French troops occupy the city until December 1808, with French rule over Prussia lasting until 1841.
1791 Brandenburg gate is completed and opened. Construction started in 1788 under the supervision of Architect and builder Carl Gotthard Langhans. The gate recieves its Quadriga crown in 1793, designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow. In 1792 the new road from Berlin to Potsdam is built as Prussia’s first paved road.
Brandenburg Gate
9
1875
1809
New legislation allows Berlin greater powers of self government. Mayoral candidate put forward to be approved by the king. Berlin’s first university, Humboldt University is opened in the Prince Heinrich palace on Unter den Linden, with Johan Gottlieb Fichte as its first president.
The General Workers’ Association and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party unite to form the Socialist Workers Party of Germany. In 1890 the party renames itself the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) Berlin becomes home of the German Reich which brings economic and political prosperity leading to industrial and economic boom. Berlin becomes political, scientific, cultural and economic capital
1871
1810
pop. 930k
1816
Europe’s first steam locomotive was manufactured in royal iron foundry. Economic and population growth leads to Berlin’s first tenements.
1871
1824
The Altes museum, Prussia’s first purpose built museum is opened on spree island. August Borsig lays foundation stone for machine factory in wedding. Many more follow, including Siemans (1847)
1838
Prussia’s first rail road, between Berlin and Potsdam, is constructed
1846
1869
The new town hall, still in use today, is completed and is dubbed the “Red Hall” due to its red brick construction, not its later association with communist East Berlin.
1826 1830 1837
General Fried
Gas lighting introduced to Unter den Linden.
on Wrange l hV ric
A counterpart to the (Royal) Tiergarten park, Volkspark Friedrichshain, is opened on the grounds of an old vineyard and covers 52 HA. It is the first public recreation space in the Densely population east of the city and the first space that can be used by all public classes.
City Population: 826,815 Suburb population: 105,169
pop. 550k 1848
1861
the official city boundary increases the area from 35km2 to 59km2.
1856
Berlin’s first waterworks A Democratic, middle is opened as part of class revolution breaks out a plan for a due to social hardship and modern curtailment of political freedoms. Although system. initially successful, the Revolt in quashed by 13,000 Prussian Soldiers under the command of General Friedrich Von Wrangel.
10
1878
pop. 2m+
pop. 1m+
Organisations, publications and meetings of social democrats are outlawews and they are viewed as “enemies of the German Reich”. The legislation stands until 1890.
1911/12
Berlin joins with Charlottenburg, Schoneberg Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Spandau and the Niederbarnim and Teltow districts to form Greater Berlin.
1879
World’s First electric railway presented at Berlin industrial exhibition. In 1881 the world’s first electric street car was introduced in Lichterfelde.
1882
The log road between the city and the royal hunting lodge at Grundewald is revamped in the style of the ‘champs-elysees’. This creates a new prominent area around halensee in the “new west” attracting wealthy residents making the area a popular place to meet for the cultural sect.
1911
Kaiser Wilhelm society for the promotion of science is founded (now Max Planck Society). Science, culture, business and research fl ourish. See Max Lieberman, Walter, Adolf Von Harnake, Max Planck, and Theodor Mommsen.
1902
First U-Bahn opened between Warschauer Brucke and Knie (Ernst Reciter Platz).
1890 The first may day celebrations of the workers’ movement take place and absolute majority of Berliners votes for the social democrat (SPD) in the Reichstag elections. In 1891 the Berlin mechanical engineer Otto Lilienthal makes the first successful gliding flight in history (25 meters).
pop. 1.9m
1900 Berlin is worlds largest tenement city total of 1,000,000 apt, 400,000 of which only have 1 room, a further 300,000 only have 2 rooms.
11
er d Ar c hduke Fra n z F
1914
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 led to a series of events that beought the world to war.
WW1 makes it difficult to feed the millions in Berlin and this d of pi th e coupled with war Em Austro - H u n g a ri a n weariness at the increasingly bloody confl ict leads to massive strikes by the end of the war. in a
re
n
Ka rl L i e
b
kn
ec
ht
u Ro sa L
x
em
bur
1920
March 13 sees a coup by the army and other military organisations as a response to the order to disband as aprt of the treaty of Versailles, post WWI. They overthrow the Government and proclaim right wing politician Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor. However this all collapses on March 17th after a general strike organised by the elected members of the SPD ans USPD.
1918
As WW1 ends Berlin is hit by revolution. On November 9th, Chancellor, Prince Von Baden declares the abdication of Kaiser Wilhem II. The Government is handed over to Friederich Ebert, the leader of the Socialist SDP. Almost simultaneously Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the ‘Free German Republic’ from the balcony at the Reichstag, whilst Karl Liebknecht proclaims a ‘Free Socialist German Republic’. The Kaiser seeks exile in the Netherlands and Ebert becomes German Chancellor.
pop. 3.8m
g
October 1st sees The Greater Berlin Act incorporate 7 towns, 59 rural communities and 27 estate districts into Berlin and divides the city into 20 districts. The municiple district is now 13 times its previous size growing from 6,500 Ha to 878km2. This now makes Berlin Europes largest city and paves the way for it to become a legendary 1920’s cultural metropolis. Berlin becomes home to many noatble names of the era including Otto Dix, Lionel Fieninger, Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Zweig, Albert Einstein and Fritz Haber.
On December 30th Karl Liebnecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Wilhelm Pieck form the German Communist Party (KPD) in the Grand Hall of the An uprising of the KPD and the Independent Prussian Social Democratic Party (USPD) is crushed in Berlin. Representatives. Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxemburg are murdered in the Tiergarten by Freikorps troops on January 15th.
1919
A new city assembley is elected on February 29th. This is the first time elections have been held to the three class system. The USPD claim 47 seats with the SPD winning 46, giving the two parties 93 of 144 seats. 25 women are represented in the city parliment and Gustav Boss is Lord Mayor.
12
1922
1933
German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau is murdered by right wing soldiers in front of his house on June 24th. He had negotiated the treaty of Rapallo in April which had initiated the union between The German Reich and the state that would become the Soviet Union (officially founded December 30th 1922).
March 14: Herman Goring is assigned as ‘State Comissioner for the Capital City’ to ‘assist’ Lord Mayor Heinrich Sahm, but in fact takes full control of the city behind the scenes.
1923
March 20: Communist MP’s are removed form parliment, followed by Social democrats in July.
Adolf Hitler’s rise to power leads to a Nazi take over and the end of German democracy.
Infl ation reaches its peak with a Kilo of Rye bread costing 3,600,000 marks and a street car ticket costing 150,000 marks.
1932
On October 8th construction begins at Templehoff Airport.
1925 City Councillor Martin Wagner and Architect Bruno Taut start the ‘Hufeisen’ housing project in Britz. When the development is finished in 1931 it is regarded as the first example of truly modern living in Berlin.
pop. 4m+ 1929
Berlin is hit by the Great Depression and 664 businesses in the city are bankrupted. In February 450,000 people are unemployed. This leads to violent unrest and demonstrations. This period becomes known as ‘Bloody May’ as 30 people die and hundreds are injured. During the years elections the NSDAP (National Socialists) receive 5.3% of the vote, securing 13 seats in Parliment. This is the beginning of their rise to power.
Unemployment reaches 630,000 and violent clashes between left and right wing supporters lead to many deaths. The NSDAP has experienced support over this period and becomes the strongest party in parliment with 33.1% of the vote. With 25.9% of citizens in Berlin voting for them. This majority marks the rise to the top of German politics for Adolf Hitler.
5.3%
the percentage of the vote the Nazi party receives in the 1929 election securing 13 seats in parliment.
13
1942
1933
January 20: The Final Solution of the Jewish Question is answered at the Wanasee Conference, outside Berlin. The SS decide on the systematic annihilation of all European Jews using gas chambers at the Concentration Camps. The Holocaust begins.
March 21: Germany’s first Concentration Camp is opened at Sachenhausen, near Oraniburg for regime opponents, not Jew’s. April 1: First organised boycott of Jewish businesses, Doctor’s and Lawyer’s. May 10: Book burning on Bebel Platz outside Alte Bibliothek (Old Library) as part of a campaign against ‘Un-German’ Spirit.
1940
Berlin is bombed by enemy planes fo the first time
1939
1934/35
WWII
All of the cities elected bodies are disbanded and the city administration is forced into line. 1300 civil servants are fired . Dec 1935: Heinrich Sahm resigns.
Begins as Germany declares war on Poland on September 1st.
Of
1936
The summer of 1936 saw Berlin host the XI Summer Olympic Games between the 1 - 16 August. During the games all anti-semetic signs and placards were removed. This was to be a Nazi and German show of power. However 4 gold medals from Black American Jesse Owens ruined that for Berlin celebrates its Hitler.
1937
700th Anniversary
160,000 Jews living in Berlin 90,000 escaped Germany, 60,000
were killed throughout the war in Concentration Camps and around 1400 Jews survived by being hidden by Berlin citizens.
1938 March 12th: The annexation of Austria makes Berlin the capital of ‘The Greater German Reich’.
November 9th: The SS and SA burn 12 synagogues in a program dubbed ‘the night of broken glass’ and also loot Jewish Shops and businesses, terrorise Jewish citizens and arrest almost 1200 of them. Most of these are sent to the Concentration Camp.
14
August 13: the GDR starts construction on a wall that runs along the sector border and seals the two parts of the city off July 25th: U.S. from one another. Some streets on the president John F. border of the wall were carved up Kennedy announces indescriminantly. For instance, Bernauer Strasse, that the western where the sidewalks belonged to the Wedding protecting powers borough (West) and the southern row of houses have three essential to Mitte (East), were integrated into the interests in Berlin: 1. fortifications: the GDR had the front the right of the Allies to entrances and ground floor windows be in Berlin, 2. their right bricked up. Residents could get to their of access to Berlin, and 3. apartments only via the the survival and right of courtyard, which was in self-determination of West East Berlin. Berlin.
1953
1960
June 16th: Workers on Stalin Allee development go o strike against state mandated rises in work quotas. On June 17th the strike becomes an uprising that spreads to many other cities in the GDR that culminates in the demand that the SED be removed from government and free elections be held in a united Germany. The uprising is brutally quashed by soviet troops. Several hunderd are killed, over a thousand are injured and many arrested. In reaction the West German parliment declares June 17th ‘The Day of German Unity’, a national day of rememberance.
In July, 30,415 GDR residents leave the country for West Berlin, the highest number in a month since 1953.
August 22nd: A refugee transit camp is opened in Marienfelde, West Berlin to take people in fl eeing the GDR.
1960
1955 Schonefeld airport taken over from Soviet
In response to rising coercive measures in the GDR (forced collectivization), almost 200,000 GDR residents flee to West Berlin over the course of the year via the sector’s open borders.
occupying powers and becomes GDR’s first commercial airport. The old town hall is restored and handed back to the Lord Mayor of East Berlin.
1959
On June 18, Germany’s president Theodor Heuss The new construction in the (FDP), takes Bellevue Palace city centre in the 1950s (Schloss Bellevue), located in culminates with the International Building the Tiergarten park, as his Exhibition (Interbau) held in West Berlin. Much official seat in Berlin. of the design is in conscious opposition to the socialist housing on Stalinallee. The restored New Guardhouse, built in 1818 on Unter In September, in one of the few den Linden in East Berlin, is reopened joint projects to take place during the Cold War, the in August. From 1960 - 90 it is a restoration of Brandenburg Gate, badly damaged during the war, is concluded GDR “Memorial for the Victims when the quadriga (restored in West Berlin) is returned to the top of this historic monument of Fascism and Militarism.” in (located in East Berlin). 1993 it beomes a “central memorial” of the On November 27, Soviet party and government head Nikita Khrushchev responds to the constant stream of Federal Republic of refugees leaving the GDR for the West via Berlin by issuing an ultimatum to the three western Allies, Germany. demanding that they withdraw from Berlin and that West Berlin be turned into a “demilitarized free city.” Khrushchev’s ultimatum is the first grave threat to West Berlin’s survival since the blockade of 1948/1949.
1957
1958
15
1970
1962
Negotiations over Berlin between the four former Allies, the Second World War’s victorious powers, begin on March 26 in the building of the Allied Control Council in West Berlin.
Large housing estates are built in West Berlin on the city outskirts until the end of the 1970s (construction on Gropiusstadt begins in 1962 and on Märkisches Viertel and Falkenhagener Feld in 1963).
On April 19, a 19-meter-high Lenin monument is unveiled at Leninplatz (known as Platz der Vereinten Nationen starting in 1992) in the East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain. It is dismantled in 1991.
The city center of East Berlin, as the capital of the GDR, is outfitted with large representative buildings around Alexanderplatz and Marx-Engels-Platz.
1963
“Two
U.S. president John F. thousand years Kennedy visits the city on ago, the proudest boast June 26th and in his was civis romanus sum ["I famous speech in front am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest of the Schöneberg boast is ”Ich bin ein Berliner!”... All Town Hall assures the free men, wherever they may live, people of Berlin of his are citizens of Berlin, and solidarity with them.
The Berlin TV tower is built btween 1965 and 1969 by the GDR becoming an icon for the city, and remains so today.
1969
Willy Brandt (SPD) is elected chancellor on October 21 and indicates his interest in pursuing negotiations between the two German states. On December 16, the western Allies propose talks to the Soviet Union aimed at solving problems related to Berlin.
April 11th: The attempt to 1968 assassinate the Berlin student
therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich December 17th: The signing bin ein Berliner!” of the first entry permit
leader Rudi Dutschke on the avenue Kurfürstendamm marks another dramatic climax in the conflicts surrounding the student movement in Berlin.
agreement allows West Berliners to visit relatives in the East and is valid for the period from 19 December 1963 to 5 January 1964; 1.2 June 2nd: Student Benno million West Berliners April 7th: The German Ohnesorg is shot by a policeman take advantage of Bundestag holds a plenary during a student protest against the visit this opportunity. Willy Brandt session in Berlin’s Congress Hall. of the Shah of Persia to West Berlin. His death resigns as In protest against the “unlawful” and the following clashes focus public attention Governing involvement of West Berlin in the on the student movement in Berlin. With their Mayor on political system of the Federal Republic of opposition to the universities’ outdated traditions, the December 1st and Germany, the GDR forbids Bundestag members paralysis of the coalition government, and the assumes the office of to use its routes to Berlin. Soviet aircraft disrupt injustice of a global order based on oppressing deputy chancellor and the session with flights over the Hall and sonic the Third World. foreign minister.
1965
booms.
1967
1966
16
1971
Ten direct telephones lines are reconnected between West and East Berlin on January 31 for the first time since 1952.
1982
September 3rd: The ambassadors of the four victorious powers sign the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin in West Berlin. It clarifies the ties between Berlin and the Federal Republic of Germany, thereby facilitating a number of practical arrangements benefiting the people of the city. December 17th: The Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR sign a transit agreement improving the fl ow of traffic on the access routes to West Berlin. June 3rd: The four foreign 1972 ministers sign the Final
Quadripartite Protocol to the Berlin agreement of 1971. East & West conclude the Basic Treaty. West Berlin becomes part of the dĂŠtente process.
1980
November 20th: The new transit highway to Hamburg is officially opened.
Construction begins in Hellersdorf, an area in East Berlin, on another new housing estate for 90,000 residents. The development is completed in 1986. With the new Marzahn 1979 development at its center, the
borough of Marzahn is established in January as the first of three new boroughs in East Berlin, followed by HohenschĂśnhausen and Hellersdorf.
1978
December 15: The State Library, designed by Hans Scharoun, opens near the Kulturforum in West Berlin.
1974
November 1st: Tegel Airport opens on in West Berlin.
1975
On the basis of an agreement between the GDR federation of Protestant churches and the GDR government, reconstruction work begins on the Berlin Cathedral, heavily damaged by the war, located on the Spree island in East Berlin’s Mitte borough (completed in 1993).
On April 23, the Palace of the Republic is opened on the grounds of the former City Palace in Mitte. Starting in 1990, the building remains empty for years until it demolished in 2006. It is making way for the construction of a replica of the City Palace torn down in 1950.
1976
17
1984
1990
January 9th: West Berlin’s public transport company BVG take over the S-Bahn in West Berlin from the GDR’s Reichsbahn. February 8th: The GDR lay the foundation stone for the new development in Hohenschönhausen. By 1990, 30,000 apartments were built. October 1st: The reconstructed Schauspielhaus theater, originally designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and badly damaged during the war, reopens on at Platz der Akademie in Mitte. The Marx-Engels Forum is
1986 opened in East Berlin.
Mi c il Gorbach ha
April 5th: A bomb explodes at the West Berlin disco “La Belle” killing two people and injuring 193 others.
March 18th: The first and only free elections to the East German parliament are held and followed in May by the first free elections to the East Berlin city assembly since 1946. The Second World War’s victorious powers and the two German states sign the “Two Plus Four” Treaty in Moscow on September 12, arranging for unification under international law. Germany is given full sovereignty, and Berlin’s Four-Power status expires. The unification of Germany enters into force on October 3 with a state ceremony in Berlin, after which the Berlin House of Representatives and the German Bundestag hold new elections.
1989
October 7th: the June 12: U.S. GDR celebrates the president Ronald 40th anniversary of its founding in Reagan gives his famous 750th anniversary of the founding East Berlin. Guests include the Soviet speech at Brandenburg of Berlin fail. Both sides hold their Union’s party and government head Gate: “Mr. Gorbachev, own celebrations. Michail Gorbachev. open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down The International Building Exhibition October 18th: at the 9th meeting of the SED this wall!” takes place in West Berlin. Under the Central Committee Egon Krenz succeeds Erich heading of “The inner city as a residential Honecker as SED general secretary. area,” it explores issues like “careful urban renewal” in Kreuzberg and “critical November 4th: more than 500,000 East Berliners reconstruction” in new development, gather at Alexanderplatz for a demonstration, as with the construction of demanding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, townhouses and and freedom of assembly. The SED leadership West Berlin’s governing mayor Eberhard energy-efficient housing promises that restrictions on travel to the West will Diepgen (from the conservative CDU) meets with in the Tiergarten be eased. GDR head of government Erich Honecker on February 11 borough. at East Berlin’s Schloss Niederschönhausen. They discuss November 9th: The confl icts over the new easing restrictions on travel and visitor traffic, the exchange of travel regulations escalate to the point that emissions data, territorial exchanges, opening additional border crossing the GDR gives way to public pressure points, and railway traffic. and, opens the Wall in Berlin and along the German-German border. The symbolic laying of the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the New The Berlin Wall has fallen. Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse in Mitte takes place on November 10. to hold a joint 1987 Attempts celebration of the
ev
1988
18
1991
January 11th: The House of Representatives elects the first Senate responsible for governing all of Berlin. June 20th: In Bonn, the German Bundestag decides to move the seat of the German government and parliament to Berlin, Germany’s new capital. That same year, Berlin’s governing mayor and Senate Chancellery move from Schöneberg Town Hall to the Berlin Town Hall (“Red Town Hall”) in the Mitte borough.
1994
In the summer, American, British, French, and Russian troops bid farewell to the people of Berlin with ceremonies. The German armed forces perform a Grand Tattoo at Pariser Platz in honour of the former protecting powers.
1995
October 22nd: Berlin’s constitution is approved with 75.1 percent of the votes cast in a national referendum. The bulk of the document is taken from the constitution adopted in West Berlin in 1950, with some important new elements which include; actionable fundamental rights are reinforced and new state goals (such as the right to employment, education, and adequate housing) are added. Official constitutional status is also given to issues of environmental conservation and right to privacy. Instruments of direct democracy like popular initiatives, petitions, and referendums enhance citizens’ rights to participation in the political process. Berlin’s constitutional court monitors compliance with the constitution.
2005
May 10th: Berlin’s Holocaust memrorial, designed by Peter Eisenman, is opened. The site receives over 60,000 visitors over the first month of its opening. It is the 50th anniversary of the Tierpark, the zoo at Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. It receives two baby elephants, ‘Cinta’ and ‘Yoma’, who become the zoo’s biggest attractions.
2004 June 30th: After four years of work, the refurbishment of the Olympic stadium is complete.
2002
October 3rd: Celebrations mark the Day of German Unity outside the newly refurbished Brandenburg Gate.
2001
The move of the Bundestag to the capital is complete when the new Chancellary is occupied in May. Other office buildings go up near the Reichstag building: the Jakob Kaiser House for members of parliament, the Paul Löbe House for parliamentary committees, and the Marie Elisabeth Lüders House for the library and reference and research services.
1990/2000
The first session is held at the newly designed and refurbished Reichstag building. The Bundesrat (Federal Council akin to the House of Lords in England or the Upper House in USA) moves from Bonn to Berlin and many countries move their embassies to Berlin.
19
2006 May 6th: Berlin’s new main station, Hauptbahnhof, is opened creating a new landmark for the city designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners in Hamburg.
Berlin Today
June 7th - July 9th: Germany hosts the football world cup. Berlin hosts 4 group games, a quarter final and the final, which is held at the Olympic Stadium. December 5th: Two Polar bear cubs are born at Berlin zoo, the first for over 30 years. Only one survives, he is called Knut.
2007
Humboldt University’s Museum of Natural History reopens on June 13 after two years of renovation work. A special highlight is the 12.5-meter skeleton of a Brachiosaurus.
2009
It is the seat of the most powerful and infl uencial government in Europe and is famed for its rich cultural, educational and ethnic diversity. Berlin’s economy is primarily based on high tech industries, the service sector, creative industries, research facilities and the media. It is the home of world class universities, orchestras, theatres, museums and galleries. This all allows for Berlin to be a cultural, educational and creative melting pot. Its diversity in terms of race, religion and education give the city a rich and interesting tapestry of subcultures all of which work beneath the obvious and often painful history of the city.
The Olympic stadium hosts the Athletic World Championships The Neues Museum reopens after its renovation by David Chipperfield Architects. It houses the world famous bust of Nefertiti.
Berlin has had a very robust, interesting and at times tragic history. However, it has emerged from that history as one of the most interesting and powerful cities in the world.
2009
Berlin celebrates a “Science Year” to mark major anniversaries of some of its most important academic institutions: 350 years: The State Library 300 years: The Charité (Hospital) and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities 200 years: Humboldt University 100 years: The Max Planck Society.
Bioregional analysis
22
"A bioregion is a geographic area defined by natural characteristics, including watersheds, landforms, soils, geological qualities, native plants and animals, climate and weather. These characteristics are continuous; in other words, when there are changes in these characteristics you have gone from one bioregion to another. Obviously these borders are soft and wide, as opposed to linear and sharp in the present geopolitical sense of boundary. Bioregionalism includes human beings as a species in the interplay of these natural characteristics of a bioregion in an appropriate way. At this point in history such an attitude exists only among so-called primitive people or as a matter of historical record. For most people on the planet today it would be necessary to become a rein habitant in order to fit into the natural characteristics of the bioregions they occupy. A bioregion is a geographic terrain and a terrain of consciousness. It is a cultural idea based on characteristics usually associated with the natural sciences. Put simply, a bioregion is a lifelace, the natural place around you that is alive and contains your life as well as the lives of other species."
Peter Berg
23
24
The Elbe is one of the major rivers of Central Europe, the fourth largest basin and spans 4 countries
25
elBe Watershed
148,268 km2
24.6m
The North Sea - 0 m
1091 km
Source - 1384 m
26 The Elbe consists of 3 main tributaries and 7 other important tributaries
Berlin
Number of inhabitants > 1m Number of inhabitants > 90k
27
annual discharge Upa 6.99 Metuje 5.73
Orlice 21.3 Loucna 4.28
Chrudimka 6 Doubrava 3.12
Vltava 150
Cldlina 4.66 Mrlina 1.58
Ohre 37.9
Jizera 23.8
Billna 5.51
Ploucnice 8.6 Kamenice 2.65 Kimitrach 1.5 Lachsbach 3.1 Wesenitz 2.5
308 m3/s
Mulde 75 Saale 117
Schwarze Elster 25.3 Nuthe 1.7
ohre 4.9
Havel 103
Aland 7.3 Saege 1.9
Stepenitz 3
Jeetzel Umenau 18
Elde 11 Luckitz 4.6
Sude 14
Seeve 5.1
Este 3.4 Luhe 2 Schwinge 2.5
Elbe-lubeck-kanal 1.8 Bille 3.9
Alster 6.5
Pinnau 4 Kruckau 2,5 Rhin 1.3
Stor 20
Nord-ostsee-kanal 17
Gottleuba 2.7 Muglitz WelBeritz 3.6 Hablach 1.7
870 m3/s The North Sea - 0 m
Oste 17
Medem 4.7
28
protected land
88% Germany
22% czech rep
29
land cover
11%
45%
30%
14%
industries
at 55%, agriculture is the largest industry
30
Berlin landuse
Water Forest Park Gardens Orchard Meadows
Fallow Arable Lawn Buildings greened Buidings
Industrial/Commercial Sports Facilities Roadways Track Systems Stadiums
Airports Buildings med green
31
produce and consumption
2699
245.9
402.1 3244
741.6
1151
3388 3941
largest organic consumer market in europe
5688
3978 2012 statistics
Biodiversity / ecology
34
Berlin in comparison
Berlin has a large amount of green space most is unused, the potential for Berlin’s biodiversity is great due to conservation and city adapted wildlife. It is commonly assumed that cities and rich biodiversity are incompatible, but the fact is that many cities have high species richness and several are even located within globally recognised “Biodiversity Hot Spots.” Berlin’s green strips create a pedestrian cycle link and a soft visual perspective against the hard city blocks. Throughout the city nature and greenspace conservation is widely recognised. An estimate in 2000 found nearly 20% of its total space in protected woodland, and less than 50% of total space developed. Berlin exhibits a range of practices that boost biodiversity, such as varied habitats, human introduction of species, and dispersion of species from large-scale protected areas. Berlin’s highly praised planning practices for urban nature include the Biotope Area Factor and the Compensation Measure. The Berlin-Brandenburg Region has both large spatial contrasts, and variation of population density. Berlin’s core has a population density of 12,000 per sq km, but its suburbs have just 800-1,500 humans per sq km, its periurban area 180 people per sq km, and its outer area 40 people per sq km, or less. This allows multiple habitats to thrive.
35
BIODIVERSE CITIES
Stockholm
BERLIN Chicago
Vienna
New York
T HO
Cape Town
TS O
SP
Mumbai
36
the state of the World Biodiversity 22%
of the worlds population relies of forests for there livelihood
13% of Land
2% of Water
8%
1/2 of synthetic drugs have a natural origin
The world bank has $4.9 billion invested in active protect vulnerable $4.9 landscapes and secure livelihoods in 65 countries.
ecies of plants
of global forest for harvesting is now certified as sustainably managed
7000 sp
Theres are currently 130,000 protected areas this covers
19,817 species are listed endangered
70% of the worlds poor depend directly on biodiversity
of ocean fisheries are categorized as exploited
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
WE CONSUME CONSERVATION
37
Dredging, very year fishing nets kills up to 300,000 whales, dolphins and purpoises.
The extinction rate today is more than 100x the level it was before humans walked the earth
Ecosystem services must be integrated in urban policy and planning Hunting and poaching of species increaseing endangered numbers
NILE PERCH
ZEBRA MUSSELS Global warming is increasing the temperature of the oceans and making them more acidic
WATER HYACINTH
THREATS TO SPECIES Pollution to the environment air, land and sea is creating large amounts of destruction
INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE SPECIES
Invasive alien species were a factor in more than 50% of vertebrate extinctions where the cause was known and they were the sole cause of 20% of extinctions.
BIODIVERSE CITIES
38
time line Berlin’s green spaces
In 1748 Berlin’s city centre was fortified, smaller than the Berlin of today, the surrounding areas were all green space.
39
By 1889 the city had spread and so green space was depleting with the boom of Berlin’s population
40
1969 Plans for Berlin Green spaces divided into west and east sides, each created a green strip running along the river routes of recreational green space.
Burger park Tegeler Forest
Trep Tower park
Muggelpark
41
Today there are large amounts of green space in the form of recreation parks and forests, within the city centre the green space needs planning.
Green links and green open spaces Forest scenery Awning culture
IN BODIES OF WATER
AGRICULTURALLY USED
IN FORESTAL AREAS
Cow Lilys
Common grass reeds
Bur Marigold Mud Fields
Wet Meadows Cabbage Thistle
Tall Oat Grass
Vegetable and Maize Crops with Weeds Couch Grass and Italian Regrass
Vegetable and Maize Crops with Furnitory
Rye Crops
Summer annual Plantations
Alder Forest Alder Swamp Forest Birch Swamp Forest
Alluvial Forest
English Oak-Hornbeam Forest
Durmast Oak-Hornbeam Forest
Linden-Oak Forest
Woodruff-Beech Forest
Beech-Oak Forest
Blueberry-Pine-Durmast Oak Forest Chickweed-Pine_Durmast Oak Forest Common Oak-Birch Forest
Typical Pine -Durmast Oak Forest
Pine Forest
42
plant species
IN SETTLED OPEN SPACES
IN MIRE TYPES
IN BUILT-UP AREA
Pioneer Crops
Semi-Dry Couch Grass Glasswort and Herbicidal Vegetation Sandy Dry Grassland
Annual Ruderal Communities
Flower Beds
Heavily used Park Lawns - Forests
Heavily used Park Lawns - Meadows
Park Forest with Wood Meadow
Onamental Forest Trees
Ornamental Park Trees
Ornamental Lawns
Penrennial Ryegrass
Hypnum Moss
Sphagnum Moss
Trimmed Lawns
Predominantly Ornamental Lawns
Alluvial Forest Reminants
Ornamental Lawns
Woody Shrub
Shrubs with Weeds
Shrubs with Couch Grass
Hypnum Moss Knot-Grass Trodden Sward
Hypnum Moss
43
44
Wild plant population CO
ed
M
ON
for
HO
P
bre
win
gb
ee
use w , sh idesp oot s ea read ten
to m
ake
r
CO
eds na arrot se Wild c control th for bir
tured
M
ON
in soup rries are ofte n featu s and teas red
EUROPEAN
EUROPEAN
YEW
YEW e and
ed as an edibl Egyptians us rb medicinal he
king
many
ltiv
ate HO As Berlin has a variety of df M TA P M or ine Cu ON bre natural environments thisRKISH medic stem ltiv w ate HO y i n s e U gb s df P ee or creates an expansive T Chine mune JAP r bre ANE in the im win d habitat for all types of gb e ost S s S E EK U bo ee JAP r NO OK plants to grow in the to ANE ICHTWE T SE E R D KNA wild, no matter its native Wee EM OTW stru ds ca AL EED ctur origin. All of these plants n c S al d U Wee ama ause s w JER ds ge, have been found toe s a t sho idespre t c ruct o ots ural an ca re p o eate ad f u dam s within grassy be ce n age e wid P well onpla O , e n sho s KEW mo omm ots pread wastelands or E com me c e E E aten D o bec UINC POK the forest areas EWE SE Q Were E N red d often use JEADPA of Berlin, next d to yes y make Were ionall it d W a trOLFtory time your in o , f s te ie n red d a BERR used jell m a d fl n y Y (GO in a es to m anti ake Jams on Berlin go JI BER s an d aO RY) useW LFBER Dried bROT RY (GO erries a R a forage. A C re JI BER WILD in soups and tea often featured RY) s lution Dried b tural so e
IL
OM
M
Cu
NATIVE COUNTRY NATIVE COUNTRY
For Centuries used for Wea pon making ( British Long bow ) RY CHICO For Centuries used for Wea pon making ( British Long bow )
Europe Asia
Europe Asia
USA
Eastern Asia Europe and Germany USA Europe / China / Japan
Mediteranian
Japan Everywhere Japan
Germany Germany
TU
ed Us b to
m com o bec
45
IL
R TU
OP
gb
ee
prea d en
TA
ine dic m me syste e s e ine mun Ch in the im d t e Us boos to
H
S KI
r
es
to ota re p efo ce b ll la e onp nw mo omm com me c o c be
EM AL
AR
US
JER
ESE PAN
JA
ally dition s, tra ry jellie inflamato d n a Jams s an anti a used lution
l so
tura eds na arrot se Wild c control th for bir
ed Egyptians us rb medicinal he
ES
OK
H TIC
as an edible
NCE
QUI
WILD
T
CARRO
CHICORY
and
Mediteranian Everywhere Europe and Germany Europe / China / Japan
Eastern Asia
46
animal population As Berlin has a variety of natural environments this creates an expansive habitat for all types of plants to grow in the wild, no matter its native origin. Next time your in Berlin go on a forage.
47
3,500 Wild Boar
population estimated in Berlin
600 families
of racoons are estimated to live in Berlin
10,000 Crows
estimated in Berlin some have been known to attack
1,500 - 2,500
estimated city foxes in Berlin which is 5x more than the amount in forest areas
48
animal population
Most Thriving Most endangered
Bream
Perch
Nine-Spined Stickleback Weather Fish (Misgurnus Fossilis�
Chub - Leuciscus Burbot �lota lota� Cephalus
Ruffe �gymnocephalus cemua�
Carp
49 NUMBER OF FISH SPECIES IN WATER TYPE
River Lakes
16 - 18
Still Water Natural Lake
10 - 12
Still Water Man made
Pond / Pool
8 - 10
4-6
Naturally Running Water
15 - 17
Canal
11 - 13
Water
52
Water situation Berlin has a special water situation •
Low flow rates
•
High portions of advanced treated waste water in the partly closed water cycles
•
A shallow fresh water aquifer
Due to the favourable hydro geological conditions, important principles of water supply have been adhered to. Only water from the ground is used for drinking water without any use of chemicals and disinfection agents. In addition, a water treatment process lose to nature without chemicals can be maintained. The inhabitants of Berlin consume nowadays 117 litres per capita per day. Since Berlins reunification drinking water consumption in the whole city of Berlin has reduced by more than 40%! Approximately 6% of the area of Berlin consists of freshwater •
Lakes �e.g. Schlachtensee�
•
River lakes �e.g. Tegeler See, Muggelsee, Wannsee�
•
Rivers �e.g. Panke, Wuhle, Erpe�
•
Regulated rivers �e.g. Spree, Havel and Dahme�
•
Canals �e.g. Landwehrkanal, Teltowkanal�
The water bodies are intensively used for different purposes. For the population of the region the water bodies have a high recreational value but on the other hand they have an economic use such as for inland fishery and waterways for shipping, and they are important also for water supply. The Berliner Wasserbetriebe extracts its groundwater from the Berlin Warsaw glacial valley that was formed during the ice age 10,000 years ago. The glacial sediments �sand, gravel, marly till and clay� found in the Berlin region are excellent aquifers.
53
Water treatment
Havel
Wuhle Panke
Spree
Erpe
Teltowkanal
Oder-Spree-Kanal
Water Works
Waste Water Treatment Works and Discharge of Treated Sweage
Surface Water Treatment Plant Major Water Bodies Groundwater Replenishment
54
from the Well to the home
1 Deep Well
2 3 Aeration System
Reaction Tanks
4 Rapid Filler System
5 Clean Water Tank
•
In Berlin, there are almost 300,000 house connections to the supply mains.
•
There are approximately 60,000 hydrants and 90,000 shutoff valves.
•
There are 7800km of drinking water, mains and water supply pipes beneath the roads.
•
The average pressure is between 4.5 and 5.5 bar, allowing for water to be supplied to the top floor of a five storey building.
55
5 Clean Water Tank
6 Pumping Station
7 Homes
•
Berlin does not operate water towers any longer.
•
Every day, an average 500,000m3 of drinking water is made available to households, industry and trade, which is about half of what is possible at maximum.
•
Each day on average a resident of Berlin uses just over 100 litres of water.
56
from the seWer to the river
1
2
Wastewater Pumping Station
Screening Plant
3 Grit Chamber
4 Primary Treatment Tank
•
However, low water consumption has had some negative impacts.
•
Sewers have to be flushed occasionally with injected drinking water in order to prevent stagnation of raw sewage.
•
There are concerns about potable water contamination due to low flows.
•
Water tables are rising and cause damage to the foundations of buildings because of decreased pumping of groundwater by utilities.
57
4
5
6
y Treatment Tank
Aeration Tank
Final Clarification Tank
7 River Spree
•
During dry conditions, Berlin's six wastewater treatment plants clean approximately 620,000m3 of wastewater every day.
•
Treated wastewater or effluent flows into the Spree and the Havel either directly of via the Erpe, Panke, Nordgraben or Teltow Canal.
58
pink pipes? Why does one often see them running along streets, sneaking around corners, looping above crossroads, crossing fences, vanishing into bushes and appearing out of treetops? There is a simple and very practical answer to it: Berlin has got wet feet. Groundwater level is quite high at an average 2 meters below the surface. Therefor almost every building has its ankles in a subterranean puddle. When a new building project starts impeding groundwater needs to be drained off the foundation pit. The pipes are to pump away the water towards the next river or canal. And why are they given these quirky turns and twists? There is a practical answer to this, too. During cold winters when temperatures fall to 15° Celsius below zero or less there is threat of material shrinkage and breakage. They are a method to compensate thermal expansion �and shrinkage� by interrupting long linear parts of the line.
59
Berlin has identified two challenges due to changes in the climate, which are water scarcity due to decreasing precipitation and increasing temperatures, This will lead to a rise in treated effluent share in the city’s surface water especially during summer. Another challenge is caused by extreme rain events when combined sewer �wastewater and storm water� overflows can reach urban rivers. Combined sewer overflows need to be limited to protect the surface water quality in Berlin. The demonstrations concern the management of substance flows with-in the water cycle under climate change conditions, especially because drinking water in Berlin relies on natural water treatment methods as bank infiltration and artificial groundwater recharge near the city’s many rivers and lakes.
density studies
62
The capital city of the Federal Republic of Germany has a population of 3.5 million. Covering an area of 892 square kilometres. By international comparison, the German capital is the second largest city in the European Union in terms of its population and the fifth largest in terms of its area. The population density in Berlin is well above average. Statistically speaking, there are 3,809 Berliners to every square kilometre, the highest figure for any German city. The most densely populated area within Berlin is Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, with 12,400 people to a square kilometre. By comparison, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has an average of 74 people per square kilometre.
63
city population
Berlins population is aging 50% of the population will be 65 + by 2030
Berlin
64
city density
London
Berlin
The gross residential density of Berlin is approximately 3,800 people per sqkm compared to London 4,700 per sqkm
Shanghai
65
population density 5 10 - 15 15 to 20 20 +
Diagram shows the density close to Berlin’s centre is higher than the outskirts, and also the density is increased close to main transport interchanges.
66
city density
Average
Privleged
Disadvantaged Severely disadvantged
This study shows that like many cities the inner most city area are low income areas with the more privileged on the outskirts of the city.
67
income density
Average : Spandau Charlottenberg Tempelhof Hohen Somonhaueen
Disadvantaged : Steglitz Zehlendorf Theptow Litchenberg Prenzlauerberg
Severely disadvantged : Schoneberg Wedding Marzahn Theptow Neukolln
netWork analysis
70
in a world where internet and network connections are one of the most important methods of communication and interaction, it is important to understand the extent to which berlin incorporates these connections into its internal conďŹ guration. nowadays, the internet is much more than a tool for social connection, it is constantly generating economical, political, and even cultural interactions. Germany, as one of the most inuential countries in europe, relies on this powerful medium to develop both national and international relationships in the global market. in order to develop a wider understanding of the city of berlin, it is vital to have an idea of some of the most important facts about the network that exists within the city. the next chapter will investigate a series of statistics about the incorporation of the global network in Germany and its capital berlin, showing information through net ďŹ gures and graphic analysis.
71
72
73
74
75
material floWs
78
Waste management represents a considerable challenge for environmental strategies. Only a few decades ago, the concept of waste was primarily associated. in Germany with waste disposal or incineration and there was even talk of a disposal crisis. However concepts such as waste prevention and waste reclamation have become firmly anchored in public awareness. Over the last 15 years Berlin has made great progress in reduction of large quantities of waste and made Berlin into one of the leading cities of Europe in waste management and recycling. Today more then 60% of waste is recycled and as much as 80% of packaging is recycled in Berlin.
79
80
81
82
Berlin’s municipal waste comes mainly from private households & comparable sources. The municipal waste can also include bulky waste items, market waste, road sweepings, biological waste, sewage slurry, and separately collected materials, e.g. glass or paper.
83
84
85
land use
88
Berlin’s existing land use pattern is diverse in nature and consists of a wide array of uses. For the purpose of this chapter the existing land uses have been grouped into generalised categories. They include: -
Settlement Areas and Traffic Public Green Space Forest Agriculture Water
Forestlands are by far the most dominant land use in Berlin. Approximately 85% of Berlin, or 33,000 acres of land, is covered by forestlands. Residential land in Berlin is utilized in a number of ways: single-family homes, multi-family dwellings, mobile homes, and seasonal homes. Year-round residential units still dominate the residential usage, but second-home development and land subdivision continue. Approximately 1,600 acres, or 4% of Berlin’s land area, is identified as commercial and industrial. The majority of commercial land use is concentrated in the downtown, supporting the needs of local residents as well as other communities in the region. Land is a finite resource, and the thoughtful use of land is a critical issue for all cities. The purpose of this chapter is to identify the existing land use in Berlin, and analyse how urban planning strategies have instigated reactions within communities in the past 40 years. Berlin is renowned for its squatter settlements and artist communities, who seek squalid neglected areas and buildings to occupy and rejuvenate into usable, beautiful places; appealing to both residents and visitors to the city.
89
land use - overvieW
5
re lt u cu A g ri % 6.7 t er Wa % 8.3 st 1 Sp n Fore ee Gr sa lic rea Pub tA en tlem Set
4.
nd
ac e
14 .3%
Tra ffic 56 .5%
10 15
2%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
land use - BreakdoWn & distriBution Bodies of Water
Small Business Industrial Area
/
Utilities Area Trafic Areas Residential Public Facilities Mixed Use Weekend cottages/ allotment gardens
Agriculture & Forest Land
91
residential & commercial density
High Density Residential Low Density Residential High Density Commercial Low Density Commercial
92
tWelve districts - ranked order of population density Area�ha�: Population
High Density // Low Density Friedrichshain - Kreuzberg 2,016 : 251,226
Mitte 3,947 : 316,507
Marzahn Hellersdorf 6,174 : 243,893
Pankow 10,301 : 355,361
Neukolln 4,493 : 298,552 Reinickendorf 8,946 : 237,758 Tempelhof - Schoneberg 5,309 : 316,936
Lichtenberg 5,229 : 252,197
Charlottenberg - Wilmersdorf 6,472 : 290,741
Steglitz - Zehlendorf 10,250 : 277,078
Spandau 9,191 : 214,235
Treptow - Kopenick 16,842 : 237,881
93
mitte - vacant Buildings
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
94
correlation BetWeen urBan reneWal and sQuatting movements
Government Policies Cautious Urban Renewal
Fordist City Planning “Rehab Squattig� Movement
Strain
Restoration of I nn er
Consequence
Redevelo pm en t l Socail M a c i d o a R
tricts Dis ity -C
Power Vacuum After Corrupt Senate Resigns
et dg Bu
on icti Ev by nt in FDR me e v
on
1980s
1990s Victory of Christian Democratic Union Explosive Expansion of Squatter Movements
Mediati on
1970s
95 it is apparent that the dynamics of squatter movements in berlin are directly connected to strategies of urban renewal; in that movement conjunctures occur when urban regimes are in crisis.
27,000 apartments were uninhabited in 1978
1984: 165 Squatter Settlements in Berlin
1991: 25,000 Old Appartments Vacant
Phase one - december 1989 to april 1990: The majority of the 70 or so houses occupied by squatters during these months were in Mitte and Prenzlauer Berg. Houses were occupied openly and assertively. Banners, secured windows and barricade-like doorways made the houses sites for an anarchistic way of life, rebelling against the Nazis and every other form of authority. Phase two - May 1990 - July 1990: Centred geographically on the urban district of Friedrichshain. During this period the squats underwent a qualitative and quantitative expansion, growing by a further 50. In their search for places to live, as well as new adventure, an increasing number of ‘unpolitical’ groups also experimented with squatting. At the beginning of May the 11 vacant houses in Mainzer Strasse were occupied by squatters. With over 250 occupants, the ‘Mainzer’, as it was called, swiftly became the centre of the Friedrichshain squatter scene. Phase three - July 1990 onwards:
Reunification Three Distinct Phases
The number of new squats was reduced when the municipal authorities in East Berlin started implementing the ‘Berlin Line’ ordinance, in terms of which, from 24 July 1990 onwards, no new squats would be tolerated, and independently of any criminal charges or eviction notices, squats would be evacuated by police within 24 hours of occupation. In the course of the 1990s the Berlin Senate spent over 250 million euros on what was known as the ‘self-help housing policy’ development programme. In total, over 3,000 units were renewed in this way, many of them former squats.
energy / exergy analysis
98
The continued expansion of Berlin and other cities places one of the heaviest, and increasingly unsustainable, burdens on the world’s energy resources and natural environment. The problems of climate change and finite stocks of fossil fuels will cause severe conflicts in the coming decades if there is no change. The supply of energy itself is not a problem because solar radiation exceeds the power requirements of human society by factors of more than 100 at every site of human population. Rather, current technologies inhibit our ability to capture and utilise available renewable energy without negative side effects. This chapter looks at the Energy use and production by the city of Berlin and its use of Exergy Analysis. A broad outline of the cities energy consumption, allows the reader to start to understand the cities drive for efficiency using Exergy Analysis.
99
district heating 27% of the capitals buildings are heated by district heat
Vattenfall Europe
BTB mbH Berlin
Fernhiezwerk Neukolln AG
Harpen EKT GmBH
Fernhiezwerk Markisches Viertel GmbH
EAB Fernwarme GmBH
100
fossil fuels 9 Power Stations
creating 2584 Mv of electricity
101
energy consumption berlins power consumption has started to decrease since 2010
2003
2007
2010
15,368
19,375
17,264
3,881
5,998
4,782
7,602
7,553
7,136
1990
1995
14.9
12.5
Industry �mn t�
1.5
0.8
Traffic �mn t�
4.3
5.0
Household/Small Scale �mn t�
6.9
6.5
Imported Electricity �mn t�
4.5
4.8
32.1
29.6
Energy Consumption (MJ mn� Gas (MJ mn� Electricity (MJ mn�
co 2 emissions
Power & Heating Plant �mn t�
total �mn t�
102
reneWaBle energy 1 wind turbine Pankow, Berlin 2000KW 138m tower Installed 2008
Germany has agreed that 35% of all it’s energy will be generated by renewable resources by 2020.
this target has been made harder since 2011, when the country decided to close all 8 of its nuclear reactors.
103
nuclear poWer Due to Germany’s decision to permanently close down all 8 of the countries nuclear reactors, following the crisis in Japan in 2011. The country is once again heavy reliant to fossil fuel power stations with upgrades planned or new stations proposed for three of Berlins current plants by 2016.
Wind poWer Berlins density gerenally restricts the construction of large tower wind turbines within the city boundary, however one has been installed at Pankow to generate 2000KM of electrictiy. This turbine is used as an example by the company to generate interest and investment to expand their use in Germany.
solar poWer Photovoltic Panels Power Generation Capacity (GWh�
2008
2020
8
173
19
275
Solar thermal Panels Heat Generation Capacity (GWh�
Up take in solar panels is increasing with initiatives encouraging private investors to use public roof tops to generate energy.
104
Berlins District heating system is currently approximately 1600km long. Cirulating 326,000 metric cubic litres of water. A single cogeneration plant in Mitte supplies more than 60,000 apartments and 500 large scale customers.
A congeneraton plant or combined heat and power (CHP) produces electricity and useful heat. In Berlin the heat is used to supply the district heating system which is the largest in Germany.
The three newest plants, Heizkraftwerk, Scharnhorstra & Klingenberg planned for the city will be 90% fuel efficent. This efficiency can be measured through exergy analysis.
105
exergy analysis
One example of the use of Exergy Analysis is in city planning. In the traditional production of electricty & heat large amounts of excess heat energy are wasted, piped to cooling towers and lost to the atmostphere. Throught careful planning this heat can be used within a city, if it is laid out carefully as shown overleaf. An understanding of Exergy Analysis can prevent a mismatch between supply and demand in energy systems resulting in a reduction in city energy spending and CO2 emissions.
Power stations are located within or near the city boundaries.
excess heat is piped directly to large and then small industrial users that utlitize the heat at high temperatures
the remaining heat at more domestic temperatures is then directed to offices and finally homes via a district heating system Stockholm the first Green Capital of Europe in 2010 for example, provides over 80% of the city with a district heating system. Its Hogdalen CHP plant is fuelled on a mixture of waste with bio and fossil oil �for peak production only�.
geology / geomorphology
108
‘Berlin’s geological activity has created some extraordinary natural landscapes in the city, including Grunweld Forest and Müggelsee, Berlin’s largest lake. The River Spree, located in the glacial valley which runs right through Berlin, has sustained the city for centuries. This chapter looks at Berlin’s geological history, forces and predictions, along with its geomorphological aspects, explaining how the land has formed as a result of its geological processes.’
109
morphological map of Berlin
Terrain level: metres above sea level 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 Bodies of water
110
geological map of Berlin
geological map of Berlin
Lake & bog sediments: Sand with peat and peat clay Glacial and ancillary spillways: Sand ;kj;jka;klj;lkj
Plateaus: Marly till, glacial loam Plateaus: Sand Barnim Plateau W
ar
sa
w
Be
rl
in
G
Teltow Plateau
0
2
4
6
8
10 km
la
ci
al
Va
ll
Waters
ey
111
generalised cross section
North East
South West Teltow Plateau
Warsaw Berlin Glacial Valley River Spree
Barnim Plateau
112
sWot analysis SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Natural beauty: forests and lakes Grunweld Forest (3000 hectares) Mßggelsee, Berlin’s largest lake Pfaueninsel, an island in the River Havel Lake Rangsdorfer See Schlachtensee Lake Schwielowsee, covering an area of 786 hectares, belongs to the chain of lakes of the middle Havel. It is 5.4km long and its wides part is 2km. Tegeler See is Berlin’s second largest lake, which has seven islands Big Wannsee and Little Wannasee - lakes connected to the River Havel
Weaknesses Water supply and building foundations: There are loose sediments across the city which date from the quaternary and tertiary periods and are about 150 metres thick. This is of special significance for the water supply in Berlin and for the foundation of buildings.
Groundwater: In the north west area of the Barnim Plateau, the ground moraines are so thick that barely any groundwater aquifers exist, and those that do only have a thickness of a few metres.
Natural Resources: Berlin has very few natural resources (iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land, water) therefore deals are being done with other countries, in particular Mongolia, for rare earth metals and industrial metals, and these deals cannot necessarily always be relied upon. This strongly reinforces the argument for use of local materials.
113
Opportunities Urban planning: Spree Island is located in the centre of Berlin between two arms of the River Spree and is the area upon which Berlin was first founded. Little remains of the original Berlin, and the small island is now mainly occupied by large public buildings and bridges, which diminishes its character and importance as the origin of the city. The geology of this area provides an opportunity to create more watery areas and flooding places, to reconnect back to the city’s origins.
Threats Natural disasters: There is no known volcano or earthquake threat in Berlin itself, although other areas of Germany have seen significant earthquakes, and there is the threat of the Lass Supervolcano erupting in this century which would devastate the country and much of Europe.
Water shortage: Human activity continues to change the geographical landscape of Berlin, where the ground water level has lowered by 11% since the beginning of the last century.
agriculture
116
Berlin is Germany’s greenest major city. Parks, forest, rivers, lakes and canals make up more than 30% of the territory . However, agriculture contributes to only 4.2% of the city area. There are 929 small garden communities with almost 74,000 individual garden plots inside the city limits. Several future proposal for organic farming has been put forward. Structural investments has been contributed for the betterment of agricultural land and practices, as well as many agriculturalenvironmental measures has been taken into consideration.
117
cultivation on araBle lan d
Cereals for the production of grain Green Plants Industrial Crops Horticultural products Other cultivation, disused area or industry
the arable land is the area for the cultivation of crops including vegetables, strawberries, owers and other garden plants in the ďŹ eld and in horticulture, also under high accessible protective cover. it also includes black or green fallow as well as abandoned arable land. in addition to the use of agricultural crops, agricultural land with fruit trees where the fruits are only the secondary use are also expected to be considered as farmlands.
FREQUENTLY GROWN VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
118
seasonal fruit and vegetaBle chart
s pea ul
july
au b
e
a
n
s
u
m
r be
ce
gu
c
u c us rag pa ge as bba ca berries raw
ma y
june w e r o ifl
po
p
e
ar
es
ons
tato
oni
wa
br
toe
l n u
toma
u
s ap
p
rou
april
st
h
y
octobe r
t m ar c
ss
sp el
ca
no
m b er dece
st
s
lettu
le
r
be
rasber
m ve y ar
ember se p t
119
janua ry
r fe br u
ts
120
livestock
Cattle including cows Sheep including female sheep for breeding Pigs including breeding sows
20 0 1 20 0 3 livestock farming is a major part of agricultural production and has traditionally contributed to the overall value added in agriculture. the statistics on the livestock population show the number of cattle, pigs and sheep in berlin over a period of 10 years.
20 0 7
121
2005
2 0 10
122
We plant, you harvest : prinZessinnengarten
in berlin’s Kreuzberg district there exist a luscious, self-sustained urban garden that is social, ecological and also mobile. the 6,000 square meter Prinzessinnengarten is a not-for-proďŹ t open organic garden dedicated to engage people and exchange knowledge and work, while promoting sustainable living. this garden is like a green lung in the city and part of the urban gardening movement.
123 today the garden has about 500 different species of herbs and vegetables. they are all are organically grown, in compost beds without artiďŹ cial pesticides and fertilizers, while the soil and seeds are organic as well. the vegetation and populations of bees present in the garden has proven positive for the local ecosystem and microclimate.
in addition to gardening there are cafes which serves drinks and cakes at day time and after 6pm several vegetarian dishes are prepared from the garden products.
Plants are planted in old milk packs, rice bags and plastic containers from bakeries. the idea brings with it a lot of advantages: make the city you live in greener, decrease the co² with fewer and shorter transports etc.
the site also promotes to buy vegetables or spices available.
moBilities
126
Berlin has a remarkably-low rate of motorization compared to other large cities with 324 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. More journeys are made in the city centre with public transport, on foot or by bicycle than by car. This is also a consequence of continuous promotion of pedestrian and bicycle traffic as well as public transport in Berlin over a number of years. The introduction of the environmental Green Zone in 2008 together with noise abatement measures have contributed towards reducing the adverse effects of car traffic and enhancing the quality of life of all inhabitants of Berlin. On average, every inhabitant of Berlin undertakes three journeys each day and spends around 70 minutes in traffic. The interesting thing is that the proportion of journeys on foot is almost as high as that of journeys by car. The latest findings show that traffic behaviour has changed over the years. In 1992, only 7 per cent of journeys were made by bicycle. In 2008 the figure was 13 per cent. This is also a consequence of the continuous promotion of bicycle traffic in Berlin over a number of years. The use of cars, on the other hand, has steadily declined in recent years. In comparison to other large cities.
127
Motorway and MaJor road networK, berlin
Federal Motorway
Route and intersection management
Federal road - through road
Tunnel
Federal road - open country
Road lane signalling
Remaining major road network
Roads constructed after 1990
128
nUMber of vehicleS on MaJor roadS
Number of vehicles on major roads per day. 100,000 75,000 50,000
129
Abstract pathing of vehicular movements in the streets of Berlin.
130
10 15
20 +
rdo rf Wi lm e hs
ha in
-K
re u
zb er g
nb urg dr ic
Ch
arl ott e
R eg ion
O de r Spr ee
Dahme -
Fr ie
rg
be
en ht Lic
tra
to <
to <
Frankfurt - Oder
rt %
po trans
yc le
r Elbe-Elste
e of
Mod
c traffi 5 rian <2 est Ped 0 <3 to 5 <3 t0 + 30 35 25
Bic
SPreewal d
Mode of tranSPort by reGion
ffic
<1
orf
erd
ell
-H hn
rza
0
Ma
15
20
te
Mit
olln
Neuk
Public Tran
sport traffi
c
Pankow
<25 25 to < 30
Reinickendorf
30 +
Spandau
c traffi <20 5 <2 to 0 20 <3 to 35 25 < to 40 30 < to 5 3
Steg lit
z-Ze
Tem
pel
hof
Be
rli
tow -Ko
n
hlen
-Sc
Tre p
+
ised
40
ate Priv
or Mot
pe
nic
k
hon
dorf
ebe
rg
itz ign Pr
tpr
Os
in
ark
pp
Ru itz-
ign
el rhav
Obe
Uckerm
Barnim
Markisch-Oderland
Potsda m
nd
Hav ella
s
bu
Co tt
131
traffic accidentS on MaJor road networKS
Number of accidents > 50 10 to < 50 1 > 10
132 choice of transport
0%
25%
50%
100%
Transport mode by purpose of journey Employment Training Shopping/supplies Recreation Other purpose Home
Transport Pedestrian Bicycle Public Transport Private Transport Choice of transport mode in total traffic 1992 1998 2004 2010
0%
25%
50%
100%
133
Commuters to and from Berlin
IN OUT
commuters to and from berlin
Commuters from Brandenburg Commuters from Brandenburg
2009
2007
2005
Commuters Berlin
Commuters per a working day
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
Commuters Berlin 50,000
0
IN OUT
2003
PoSt caPitaliSt ProPoSitionS PART TWO
BERLIN
post capitalist city
shop
With the increasing demand for regional goods we start questioning also the origin of our products; how do food chains work globally, what are the carbon footprints of our products? Individual product development and production grow according to the quantity of the markets fuelling them. Visually we start to become unaware of what is advertisement and what is information. Can we find new ways of getting to know products and to how use them? Where is the location for exchange? Are there other ways to produce and consume than the way we are used to now? In the last entury we have discovered the advantages of global exchange of goods, but what could be the alternatives? Does our food culture have to be inevitable linked to consumer culture? Do we necessarily still need to have everything at every time?
Image - Paul Hansell (Carbon Credits)
Reused television Recycled cans Train journey Bicycle journey Grown vegetables Recycled cans locally sourced goods Walking Recycled cardboard Composting Solar panels installed Running Organic farmed goods Stairs instead of elevator Eating Seasonly Learn to sew Purchase carbon friendly home Water harvesting Dry clothes manually Plant a tree Recycled clothes Soft wood furniture Low heating consumption Sustainable construction Reusable bags Fluorescent Light bulbs Skip bottled water use tap Low flow showerhead Recycle electronics Plant bee loving plants Share toys Recycled paper Insulate home Sustainable energy company Emailing instead of posting Carpooling Donations to charity Pay bills online Push lawn mower Install dimmer switch Turn off heaing in summer Use library Download music instead of CD Glass bottle instead of plastic Non oil based paint Wood burning heater Hand washing clothes Reusable nappies Solar lamp post lights non-chemical cleaners Install wind power energy source Install ceiling fans Rechargable batteries Recycled plastic Skip ATM reciept Stop junk mail Choose green hotel when travelling Rent Borrow Freecycle Telecommunicate Community clean ups Local welfare Compost hedge trimmings Bake your own bread Install LPG on car Stay informed & educated Plant herbs Cooking natural ingredients Recycle toner Keep technologies modern Recycle phone Trade reusable goods Buy bulk Use subway Dont eat out Recycle electronics Recycle steel Use efficent tyres Turn off water when you brush Recyle water Install double glazing Electronic birthday card Bus Tram Buy high quality Purchase modern home Live closer to work Low electricity usage Digital storage Use Digital cameras
Credits Saved 100+ 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Carbon Credits Score
Green Credits
Carbon Purchaces Private plane journey Luxury car purchase Imported goods Using washing maching Airship journey Cruise Use of heating Light Tv Car journey Electricity Refuel car Purchase of ivory Oil based paint Non seasonal foods Gas useage Car purchase Use of concrete Plastic goods Printing Waste Lorry journey Plastic furniture Purchase of tyres Air conditioning Masonry construction Bottled water Car wash Purchase of plastic toys Junk mail Gas burning heater Car panel Chemical cleaners Littering Posting non recycled phone Birthday card Lead Denim jeans high powered shower Bathing Use of swimming pool CD purchase Plastic bottle purchase Oil based paint Tumble dryer Washing machine used Leather purchase Petrol lawn mower Ownership of farm animals Goods from long distances Flushing toilet Using the oven Manufacturing Heavy fuel consuming vehicles Purchase of steel Laser cutting Animal fur Ivory purchase Marble Plywoods Strong chemical cleaners Motorbike Oil Laying tarmac Disposing reusable materials Car purchase Electricity Refuel car Purchase of ivory Oil based paint Non seasonal foods Gas useage Car purchase Use of concrete Plastic goods Printing Waste Lorry journey Plastic furniture Purchase of tyres Air conditioning Masonry construction Bottled water Car wash Purchase of plastic toys Airship journey Cruise Use of heating Light Car journey
140
shop
food resilience Berlin
The history of the allotment gardens in Germany is closely connected with the period of industrialisation and urbanisation in Europe during the 19th century when a large number of people migrated from the rural areas to the cities to find employment and a better life. Very often, these families were living under extremely poor conditions suffering from inappropriate housing, malnutrition and other forms of social neglect. To improve their overall situation and to allow them to grow their own food, the city administrations, the churches or their employers provided open spaces for garden purposes. These were initially called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;gardens of the poorâ&#x20AC;?. The aspect of food security provided by allotment gardens became particularly evident during World Wars I and II. Many cities were isolated from their rural hinterlands and agricultural products did not reach the city markets. Consequently, food production within the city, especially fruit and vegetable production in home gardens and allotment gardens, became essential for survival, providing food security. By reinstating the use of allotment spaces for the growing population of unemployed in Berlin, the scheme will not only provide adequate resources to make this demographic self sufficient, but allow them to construct their own facilities and homes using the bi-products of crop production as well as using surplus crop from production to feed and trade with the rest of Berlin.
Jack Davey
141
Proposed Distribution Centre
1 acre can provide enough root crop for 12 people
1 acre for every farmer
1 acre can provide enough complex fruit & veg for 4 people
142
shop
communal capitalism : Creating an Uncrashable economy
Access to fresh produce is key to the network. For the network to remain sustainable products from the Berlin area need to be utilised to their full potential and as the new banking system will provide a paradigm shift in how the citizens regard money and possessions this should mean that everyone in Berlin now has enough of everything. Each medium to large station that becomes a hub will gain a new feeder line that serves to drop off and pick up goods carriages, these carriages open up and become the stalls. The trains themselves will be ferried around the network on the normal commuter trains, on which there will be a new system to place orders and pick up your goods at your destination. This means no extra movement on the network will be needed reducing the carbon footprint of the goods even further.
Thomas Lamping
143
144
shop
A country for everyone
It is proposed that all possible areas of the city, which have been abandoned or are in need of redevelopment, will be used to form new inhabited zones. This new community of international inhabitants will share a more sustainable approach to food and goods production. Inside the proposed new community, called Nationless State, there will be a self-sustained system that will ensure the production and consumption of food remain within the city walls. Located on the top of the roof structure of the existing abandoned buildings, there will be a communal garden and allotment areas. In the same way that a big city works, with production and agricultural areas on the limits of the urban zones, this new micro-nation will have agricultural areas on the top floor, and the interchange and commercial area on the ground floor. In that way, the entire ground floor will be opened up to the interchanging of goods, food and every social and public interaction between the inhabitants of the city.
Tono Rodrigues
145
146
shop
URBAN GROWTH
1 Movement of Modern Day Society The day to day of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modern life is a consumer society. People are led like sheep to spend money on product they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need, this has created an ecological crisis due to our exhaustion of resources in the capitalist society. 2 Post capitalists society The post capitalist society emerges creating a boom of life in the unused city squares. They work the land, trade produce, allotments rise evolving the city landscape. 3 The Capitalist society converts During the day where cities are most busy, to attract the capitalist consumer to change there way of life, free to get involved in working the land gradually changes the city of branding, consumerism into connection of produce origin, it turns a generic city into an individual experience of urban growth. 4 Urban Growth The products created by the post capitalist society is traded and sold any profit is put back into creating produce.
Claire Burrell
147
Capitalist Society
Produce TOP BRANDS
€
€
€
€
€
€
Create Products
€
Money Makers
Want
No connection to produce
Buy
Greed Create Products
Produce
Profit
€ € TOP BRANDS
Produce €
POST CAPITALIST Society
€
€
€
Create Products
€
Money Makers
Create Products
Produce
Profit
Need
Trade
Work the Land
Shared Wealth
Work
In the process of globalisation, humanity passed from the technological to the information age, as did our work pass from the paradigm of linear accumulation to de-territorialised outsourcing, intended to increase profits and reduce costs. The spatial division between production and knowledge based industries, and outsourcing on global scale, grew to a scale not previously experienced, and transformed our â&#x20AC;&#x153;work spacesâ&#x20AC;? from the local organisation in offices to the restructuring of whole regions. While we are still dealing with the cemeteries of our industrial towns we find ourselves in the middle of a new era: the era of precarious and unstable working conditions between boom-towns and unfinished, abandoned build-ups. Does our urban future lie in each becoming self-entrepreneurs, or to all share collective knowledge in forms of Open Source projects? Can we find new ways of producing and working? How will the global enterprise be able to produce sustainable levels of work through motivated workers, when humans are seen as resources and not work forces? Can work finally be released through technology? And finally: What are the possibilities for our cities?
Aimee Major
Live / Work / Shop / Move
Move Homeless from Commercial Downtown...
CO2
CO2 Assign Task Schedule
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
SOAP
CO2
CO2
Bio-Fuel Production
Two Week Accommodation in Return for Labour
Bio-Fuel Distributed to Current Infrastructure in Berlin
CO2 Emmited from Transport Systems
Agricultural Farming
SOAP
TOKEN
Partially Re-absorbed by Algae Pool
...to The Green Commune
Provide Accommodation
Produce Selling / Swapping
Visitors Arrive
Produce Traded Throughout Berlin
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
Phase Four
Phase Five
Phase Six
150
Work urBan groWth
The future of the Post Capitalist city, the way we move, shop, work and live has to adapt to a life that is not based around the capitalist economy. The new post capitalist city will be a united community, a provision for all life systems, only consuming what you need and use outputs to nourish other systems. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Urban Growth is a self proficient community. The people that live there grow the food / produce, work in the factories and the market space to pay for there accommodation and food. To provide for a larger area of the city numerous sites will be claimed as sites of urban growth. Each site has accommodation, allotments, preparation factories, transport and a market which should provide for the surrounding community. Permaculture is necessary when growing anything in a healthy way. As the post capitalist pioneers will be growing HEMP, to get the best out of their produce and to be able to provide food for themselves they have to grow using the ideals of agroecology
Claire Burrell
151
152
Work social enterprise shopping, working, living and moving shop ethical buying and selling People shop in the brewery shop to buy bottled beer They also sit in and drink at the bar They supply beer to their suppliers to sell in their farm shops
As a social enterprise, the community is based around the production and sale of beer. The supported employees work in the brewery, gaining skills in the brewing process and the running of a business – including skills in business accounting, sales, marketing, equipment maintenance. There is also an opportunity for them to lead brewery tours. A valuable part of their work is based around the production of a small amount of hops which are grown on site. work
social enterprise The workers are given accommodation for the period of their stay, which As a social enterprise, the community is based around the production and sale of beer. The supported employees work in is theusually around a year but many stay longer, and are paid a small salary brewery, gaining skills in the brewing process and the running of a business – including skills in business accounting, marketing, equipment There isBusiness also an opportunity for them to leadfor brewery insales, addition to theirmaintenance. lodgings. incubators thetours. creative industries A valuable part of their work is based around the production of a small amount of hops which are grown on site. part-fund the scheme. The workers are given accommodation for the period of their stay, which is usually around a year but many stay longer, and are paid a small salary in addition to their lodgings. Business incubators for the creative industries part-fund the scheme.
The adults’ employment is supported by mentors, and they receive ongoing The adults’ employment is supported by mentors, and they receive ongoing training. training.
Cultivation of experimental hops varieties
Business skills as well as practical skills
Brewery tours
Joe Walton live work/live community The supported workers and organisers live at the brewery, with space for communal activity.
153
Work & Live Community Elevation
Contextual Cross Section
154
Work algae Bio-fuel plant and commune
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Current capitalist city centres around the world are notoriously fraught by mass numbers of homeless or those living on the poverty line, with considerable divides between the rich and the poor. In Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case a shocking 1 in every 100 residents is living on the streets, often occupying the shadows of bustling infrastructure and exchange. My prospects for the postcapitalist city of the future looks at gradually integrating the homeless back into society, by offering skill workshops and schemes offering shelter in return for their labour on allocated projects. These schemes will work alongside the continuous development of current infrastructure and transport systems within the city of Berlin, where biofuel becomes the dominant concern. This particular project looks at the treatment and re-occupation of the abandoned chemical factory in Rudersdorf, located in the South-East of the city boundary. The factory previously produced phosphate used for animal feed up until the 1980s, and prior to that was used by the nazis as a chemical test bed. The phosphate rich soil and adjacent river bed provides perfect environmental conditions for large scale production of biofuel, as phosphates are proven to accelerate the rate of growth in micro-algae. Those given the opportunity to work and live on the site, will build their skill base in order to improve employability for once their placement is complete. There are numerous skill sets on offer, relating to a particular job within the scheme, whether it be construction, retail, agriculture, catering, transport of general labouring. The bio-fuel, food and other products which are yielded within the scheme, will be distributed to transport networks around the city, and eventually the rest of Germany.â&#x20AC;? Aimee Major
155
live
According to the last report of the United Nations Population Fund, we have reached 7 billion people. Global concerns upon over-population seem to focus on space: we can observe the horizontal development of slums and shanty towns – while, at the same time, ex-industrial towns see their population shrinking. If consuming was not the main motto anymore, if production and distribution could be reduced to the satisfaction of our global basic needs, would we have more free time to live? Where would personal creativity and action find its place? How could a post capitalist society affect our daily lives and the way we envision housing? Would we still own and if yes, what would we own? Assuming that our cities can provide “everything we need”, how could an after crisis scenario look like? Will we live close or enclosed from nature? Will we occupy even more space or will we switch to minimal standards of living? How would it change the structure of the megacities and their infinite expansion?
John Evans
158
Live
Natural Capitalism
In 2020, the new form of capitalism, Natural Capitalism, has changed the value of money, value now being placed not only monetary returns, but on environmental and human benefits too. The new economy has enabled communities to take over buildings in their area and use them for the benefit of their community, because they now have more â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; than they ever would have in the previous form of capitalism based only on money, and Social Enterprises are growing. The Bohemian Brewery in Friedrichshain, Berlin, built in the industrial revolution, was once a brewery which operated at a mass market, industrial scale. Post-indstrialisation has seen it fall into disuse and disrepair. Now, Friedrichshain have turned the Bohemian Brewery into a Social Enterprise, and moved it on from its once industrial past to a new, smaller scale, more sustainable way of operation a micro brewery. Connecting with Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong tradition of brewing, the members of the Bohemian Microbrewery are adapting the old principles used by the Trappist monks at Mariawald Abbey, East Germany, by creating a product which is brewed only on the premises, the purpose of which is directed towards the benefit of the community and the environment. The beer is brewed by, and under the control and responsibility of the community living in the Bohemian Mircobrewery. The project provides opportunities for people experiencing disadvantage through disability or social exclusion to work in the brewing industry. It provides accommodation, supported employment, training and volunteering for adults living in Berlin. Charlotte Haughton
159
natural capitalism capitalism natural capitalism natural capitalism capitalism financial capital natural capitalism financial
natural capital capital
natural capital
human capital
human capital
the four central strategies of natural capitalism:
the four central strategies of natural capitalism:
1
radical resource productivity Eradicating waste of human and environmental resources thereby resource productivity 1 radical Eradicating waste of human and environmental resources thereby slow resource depletion, lower pollution and increase employment
2
biomimicry biomimicry Closed 2 loop cycles of materials use
3
service + fl ow economy + fl ow economy 3 service New perception of value - a- ashift economyofofgoods goods New perception of value shiftfrom from an economy andand purchases to one of service andflow flow purchases to one of service and
slow resource depletion, lower pollution and increase employment
Closed loop cycles of materials use
investing in natural capital investing in natural capital 4 Reinvesting in sustaining, restoring and expanding stocks of natural 4 Reinvesting in sustaining, restoring and expanding stocks of natural capital
capital
closed loop
closed loop
160
Live
Community Share Facility
The live proposal acts as a service tower to local city dwellers of Berlin. The tower structure includes facilities such as launderettes, hair dressers, rental of seldom equipment e.g. lawn mowers & gardening equipment. The facility also provides rental of motorised transport at the cost of carbon credits, bicycles, Vacuum cleaners etc. The common modern capitalist owns the majority of items that they use and rarely rents or borrows. The idea of ownership is greatly reduced in the post capitalist world as people support each other and the cost of purchasing goods that require a lot of energy are far cheaper to borrow then buy. The proposal is to be multiplied through the city as interest grows and increase in demand for cheaper and more sustainable goods.
Paul Hansell
161
commuters to and from berlin
162
Live
adapting Berlin
Marzahn, East Berlin is one of the only cities with surplus properties. The proposal aims to make use of these derelict areas. By adapting the existing Plattenbau and introducing open integration areas the community can generate new spaces for cultural activities and agricultural developments to help lead to a self sustaining community.
Joe Walton
163
164
Live
Flexy Housing
The proposed type of housing can be used to serve multi-purposed functions. it has all the amenities of a typical house that can accommodate a future post-capitalism resident. The structure can shift into multiple functions for example an office or a shop. This proposed house is ideal for a constant moving and evolving world to keep pace with the changing market. The house takes advantage of empty rooms that would otherwise be either outdated by its previous user and instead changes accordingly with ease for any new occupant.
Nam Nguyen
165
House Function Changing Daily
Time for Live - Change of Function Time for Work - Change of Function Time for Shop - Change of Function
166
Live
Self sufficient Facility
The live proposal has been designed to accommodate all the gentrified citizens of Prenzlauer Berg, which is 10 kms away from the proposed site, who have been forced to move out from their locality due to rise in rent prices. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Liveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project is such that each block is connected by a green link which contains space for green houses and storage. The idea behind the proposal is to make maximum use of the space for agricultural activities thereby making a self sufficient community. The incorporated storage facilities also include space for gardening equipment. These connections also prove as interaction spaces. Moreover the energy to power these residences is provided by the biomass energy plant which feeds in the agricultural waste in order to provide sufficient energy to run the community. As a post- capitalist society, the people within the community support each other by allowing to borrow the equipment and space for gardening, and therefore growing the interest and demand for agricultural goods. Hence the system reflects no individual benefits and the driving force of the project is to work together in harmony by sharing and co-operation.
Susan Thomas
167
move
The way in which we approach traffic and transport today is orientated towards conscious and eco-responsible visions. Only 100 years after the beginning of mass-production of affordable cars, today the notion of the traffic jam has become a common occurrence. Whereas technological progress in the past century has increased speed and reduced psychological distances, the super-abundance of motorised self-transportation tends to slow down exchanges and connections. As most roads belong to public space, this can be seen as a tragedy of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;commonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for which planers and engineers attempt to forecast traffic flows using empirical models. Transport systems, such as the Tokyo Metro suffer regularly from rush hours. The need to move has become an indisputable matter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; even more with the urban growth and the dependency of the city for its flexible citizens. Could we imagine an alternative society in which the free movement of people takes part of their human rights? If people could follow the path of the internet and the migration of information, what would happen to our society? Would our ability to move depend on money and how would it influence tourism? How can we deal with the freedom of movement and borders? How could we overcome the dilemmas of urban mobility? Would there be a changing urban aesthetic relating to urban space and technologies of transport and communication? What could be the future of the pedestrian? And how could our movements shape the urban landscapes and our daily lives in the cities? Claire Burrell
170
Move Vertical Airport
The airport works like an envelope over Friedrichstraße train station creating a central hub in Berlin city centre for transportation. The varities of transportation include the use of Air, rail, road and underground all within the high densities of the capitalist city of Berlin. My proposal is fixed upon the top of Friedrichstraße train station. The spaces surrounding the station allows for the proposed airship landings to be more feasible lower tolerances. Friedrichstraße train station is flanked by 2 large public squares on the North and South face whilst to the west lies ‘The River Spree’ The Train station gives strong public logistical links to the Airship port via train and the U-Bahn subway system and public bus service.
Paul Hansell
171
172
Move Berlin Superbahn
What is the future of the post industrial, post capitalist city of Berlin? How will the future of transport infrastructure affect how we move? What could be the alternatives for global exchanges of goods? Can we find new ways of producing and working? How could a post capitalist society affect our daily lives and the way we envision housing? This project aims to analyse and reflect upon issues relating to “Move” / “shop” / “work” / “live” and lead into a design which relates to the themes. During the evenings, the glazed facade becomes a live, digital display for what’s happening inside the Superbahn complex. From products to services, markets to timetables or even live streams of the workshops.
John Evans
173
174
MOVE communal capitalism : Creating an Uncrashable economy
The movement of local produce around the post capitalist city is paramount. Items produced locally are of the utmost importance when creating a network that is sustainable for generations. The pre-existing transport network would modified and utilised to create this network. The main intersections within the city centre network will become market and travel hubs. This will allow local produce from the surrounding area to be brought into the city and moved around with a reduced carbon footprint as it will use a pre-existing network. The larger S-Bahn stations with intersections onto other lines and the U-Bahn will become large market hubs. These will allow citizens to shop in a convenient location and also allow the shops themselves to easily restock. Also, due to the potential of a constantly moving product network it will also be possible for the product to move to the user. New carriages will incorporate a system that allow the user to access the database of available, local produce. The user will then be able to make an order and pick up their goods at one of the numerous available pick up points. This will further reduce the products carbon footprint as the people using the network will make fewer road journeys to other shops.
Thomas Lamping
175 Large S-Bahn interchange with market
Small S-Bahn interchange with market
S-Bahn pick up point Schonhauser Allee
GESUNDBRUNNEN
U-Bahn interchange with pick up point
Wedding
U-Bahn pick up point Jungfernheide
Large S-Bahn interchange w
Westhafen
Small S-Bahn interchange w FRIEDRICHSTRASSE
A L E X A N D E R P L AT Z
S-Bahn pick up point Schonhauser Allee
Brandenburger To r GESUNDBRUNNEN
U-Bahn interchange with pi
Janowitzbrucke
Wedding
UZ
U-Bahn pick up point
OSTKREUZ Warschauer Strasse
Jungfernheide Westhafen
YORCKSTR ASSE
FRIEDRICHSTRASSE
A L E X A N D E R P L AT Z
SCHONBERG
Brandenburger To r
SUDKREUZ Heidelberger Platz
Bundes Platz
Innesbrucker Platz
Janowitzbrucke
WESTKREUZ Hermannstrasse
OSTKREUZ
Te m p e l h o f
Neukolln
Warschauer Strasse
YORCKSTR ASSE
SCHONBERG SUDKREUZ Heidelberger Platz
Bundes Platz
Innesbrucker Platz
Hermannstrasse Te m p e l h o f
Neukolln
176
MOVE Mobile market
The MOVE aspect of the project deals with marketing the agricultural products through a mobile market. The mobile food market travels through other communities and supplies the required. On the long run this method can prove beneficial when the customers can order their requirements in advance through services like the internet and the organic vegetables and fruits can be supplied as needed. The fuel required to run these vehicles can be processed from the energy centre. In addition to mobile markets, flexible mobile cafes and fast food restaurants with adaptable sitting areas are also considered that sell the finished food products that has been processed in the self sufficient community. Since Prenzlauer Berg is becoming one of the happening districts in recent times, the mobile fast food restaurants can be dedicated to those areas which will attract a lot of youngsters as well as the IT people who are in the majority.
Susan Thomas
177 PRENZLAUER BERG
SPREE PARK
178
MOVE Nationless State
Nowadays, the concept of belonging to a particular nationality, is less and less applicable; territoriality is no longer connected to the physical place in which one resides, it is far more complex than that, something that is more personal and transcends geographical limits. These borders between countries have practically disappeared, due mainly to the mass utilization of the Internet. The post-capitalist world has transformed into one great nation, in which the stereotypes as we know them today no longer exist. The new generations will inevitably merge into one another in the same way as they have been doing since the start of civilization. Far from being something negative, this merging enriches each individual culture. Even the most cosmopolitan nations have started to undergo this process, and the cultural differences created are what have made places such as Berlin, London and Paris tourist and economic centres of importance globally. Much of the history of these cities has been formed through their cultural heritages and influences. For this reason, Berlin emerged as the most adequate city for this type of proposal, standing out for being one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Europe.
Tono Rodrigues
179
acknoWledgments Craig Stott
Craig Stott
v v
Dav J ey ack
Thom as La
rrel l
Dav ey
mTphinom g as
Lam ping
s igue Rodr
Jack
ire Bur Cla rell ire Bu
n
Cla
s igue Rodr
n Jo hn Jo Ev hn an Ev s an s
Tono
Tono
Des Fagan
o alt eW Jo
o alt eW Jo
Des Fagan
Nam Nguy en
Aim ee Ma jor
n Be
h ris Pa
a Ch
g Hau te lr lot
n hto
mas Tho an s u S
sell l Han Pau
research sources History
Berlin De 2010. History. [online] Available at: http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/index. en.html [Accessed: 12 Mar 2013]. History Learning Site. 2012. Berlin After 1945. [online] Available at: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ berlin_1945.htm [Accessed: 15 Feb 2013]. BBC. 2013. The Battle for Berlin in World War Two. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml [Accessed: 28 Feb 2013].
Bioregional Federal Ministry of Education 2006. BioRegions in Germany. [online] Available at: http://www. biotechnologie.de/BIO/Redaktion/PDF/de/Broschueren/bioregions,property=pdf,bereich=bio,sprache=de,rw Analysis b=true.pdf [Accessed: 27 Mar 2013].
Flood Site. 2009. River Elbe Basin [online] Available at: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/ stadtgruen/geschichte/index_en.shtml [Accessed: 9 Feb 2013]. Researcg Direct. 2012. Food and Drink. [online] Available at: http://www.research-in-germany.de/dachportal/ en/Discover-Germany/Food-and-Drink.html [Accessed: 14 Feb 2013].
Biodiversity BeGenDiv 2012. Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity. [online] Available at: http://www.begendiv.de [Accessed: 17 Feb 2013]. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment 2009. The History of Berlin’s Urban Green Space [online] Available at: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/ index_en.shtml [Accessed: 19 Feb 2013]. ScienceDirect. 2013. Biodiversity in Berlin and its potential for nature conservation. [online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204602001457 [Accessed: 12 Feb 2013]. WWF Global. 2012. Berlin biodiversity [online] Available at: http://wwf.panda.org/?204591%2FBerlinbiodiversity [Accessed: 20 Mar 2013]. Visually. 2012. What’s Happening to Biodiversity?. [online] Available at: http://visual.ly/what’s-happeningbiodiversity [Accessed: 15 Feb 2013]. FIS Broker. 2011. Berlin Environment and Development. [online] Available at: http://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/fb/ index.jsp?Szenario=fb_en [Accessed: 12 Feb 2013].
Water
Berlin De. 2012. Water. [online] Available at: WASSER BERLIN INTERNATIONAL [Accessed: 26 Mart 2013]. Water Time. 2011. Berlin Case Study - WaterTime. [online] Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t &rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CFMQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watertime [Accessed: 7 Feb 2013]. Veiola Water. 2010. Berlin Germany. [online] Available at: http://www.veoliawater.com/solutions/casestudies/berlin-wastewater.htm [Accessed: 15 Mar 2013].
Density Studies
BeGenDiv 2012. Berlin Density. [online] Available at: http://www.visitberlin.de/en/article/numbers-facts [Accessed: 25 Mar 2013]. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment 2012. Urban Structural Density[online] Available at: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ed609_04.htm [Accessed: 8 Feb 2013]. London School of Economics 2012. THE ECONOMICS OF DENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE BERLIN WALL. [online] Available at: http://http://personal.lse.ac.uk/sturmd/papers/wp/Berlin_061812sr_all.pdf [Accessed: 12 Feb 2013]. Berlin De. 2012. Population Density [online] Available at: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/ umweltatlas/edh606_01.htm [Accessed: 20 Mar 2013].
Network Analysis
Information is Beautiful 2012. Internet Resource. [online] Available at: http://hyperterritories.wordpress.com/ visualization-links/ [Accessed: 29 Feb 2013]. Global Traffic Map. 2012. Global-Internet-Traffic-Flow-Map. [online] Available at: http://imke-kaido-group3. wikia.com/wiki/File:Global-Internet-Traffic-Flow-Map.jpg [Accessed: 22 Feb 2013]. University of Primorska. 2011. Berlin Internet. [online] Available at: http://profs.sci.univr.it/~liptak/ MilanicCourse/AGT_Part_1_Basics.pdf [Accessed: 12 Feb 2013].
Material Flow
City of New Berlin (2013) Recycling [Online] Available at: http://www.newberlin.org/index.aspx?NID=354 [Accessed 6 Feb 2013] This Big City (2012) Berlinomics: Power from Trash [Online] Available at: http://thisbigcity.net/berlinomicspower-from-trash/ [Accessed 20 Mar 2013] Berlin Unwelt (2009) Municipal waste management in Berlin [Online] Available at: http://www. stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/abfallwirtschaft/downloads/siedlungsabfall/Abfall_Broschuere_engl.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar 2013]
Land Use
FIS Broker (2013) Stadt [Online] Available at: http://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/fb/index.jsp?Szenario=fb_en [Accessed 30 Feb 2013] Berlin De (2012) Land Use [Online] Available at: http://www.berlin.de [Accessed 23 Mar 2013] Squatting and Urban Renewal: The Interaction of Squatter Movements and Strategies of Urban Restructuring in Berlin ANDREJ HOLM and ARMIN KUHN - Volume 35.3 May 2011 644–58 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Berlin De (2012) Berlin Success Story [Online] Available at: http:/www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/rbm.../ berlin__a_success_story.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar 2013] Berlin Integration (2010) Berlin: urban, social and ethnic integration – an urban policy challenge [Online] Available at: http://www.eaue.de/Vortrag/Berlin-Integration.PDF [Accessed 20 Mar 2013]
Energy / Exergy
Energy (2011) Berlin bets big on renewable energy [Online] Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/ s/0/64521ffc-91f5-11e0-b8c1-00144feab49a.html�axzz2h2sRXQBg [Accessed 14 Feb 2013] Institute for Energy (2013) Back to Berlin [Online] Available at: http://www.instituteforenergyresearch. org/2013/06/19/back-to-berlin-obama-should-take-a-second-look-at-german-policies/ [Accessed 17 Feb 2013] DIW Berlin (2013) Energy , Transportation, Environment [Online] Available at: http://www.diw.de/ en/diw_01.c.100363.en/research_advice/sustainability/environment/transportation/energy/energy_ transportation_environment.html [Accessed 4 Feb 2013]
Geology
Department of Earth Sciences (2013) Geocampus Berlin [Online] Available at: http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/ en/index.html [Accessed 3 Feb 2013] Stadt De (2011) Engineer Geological Map [Online] Available at: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ umwelt/umweltatlas/ekia115.htm [Accessed 15 Mar 2013] Stadt De (2006) Groundwater Levels of the Main Aquifer and Panke Valley Aquifer [Online] Available at:http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/edf212_02.htm [Accessed 13 Mar 2013]
Agriculture Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (2013) Scaling Agriculture up for Food [Online] Available at:http:// www.gffa-berlin.de/en.html [Accessed 8 Feb 2013]
Speigel Online (2013) Urban Agriculture: Industrial-Sized Rooftop Farm Planned for Berlin [Online] Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/urban-agriculture-industrial-sized-rooftop-farm-plannedfor-berlin-a-800376.html [Accessed 5 Feb 2013] Britannica t�2013) Argriculture, Forestry and Fishing [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58019/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing [Accessed 22 Feb 2013]
Mobilities
Berlin Urban Development, (2010), Mobility in the City Berlin Traffic in Figures 2010 edition, Berlin: Ministry of Urban Development Free Wiki World Map (2013) Openstreetmap [Online] Available at: http://www.openstreetmap.org [Accessed 30 Feb 2013] Capital City Berlin Development Programme (2013) Development Brochure [Online] Available at: http:// www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtmodelle/index_en.shtml [Accessed 30 Feb 2013]