Thesis Book by clairehohimer

THE VINE 1

Copyright 2022. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the author. Made in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Designed + written by Claire Hohimer Printed in the United States

The Vine

Reimagining Alternatives to [Sub]Urban Sprawl Self-Sustaining Community for the Future

Undergraduate Architecture Thesis By Claire Hohimer Advisor: Sandy Stannard Fall 2021 - Spring 2022 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Preface Thesis Statement The Problem Implications

RESEARCH

Housing Crisis Boise Residential Density Self-Sustaining Community Precedents

SITE ANALYSIS Site Context Site Analysis Demographics Climate Analysis

DEVELOPMENT

Addressing the Needs Code Analysis Design Intentions Master Plan Aquaponics Detail Show

FINAL DESIGN & CONCUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

PREFACE

I grew up in Alpine, a rural town in east San Diego, with houses on one side of me and wilderness on the other side. I was fortunate enough to have land and space to grow up on, all while being taught how precious the natural environment is. On the other side of my town, where my friends lived, were cookie cutter homes and neighborhood after neighborhood of sprawl. Every time I go back to my hometown, it seems there’s another neighborhood of sprawl taking the place of the landscape. This is the case all across America. I’ve only lived in California and we are no exception, in fact, we are a strong offender. The population in California is constantly increasing at a rapid pace, and with that follows a lack of housing. One of the booms and housing crises I’ve witnessed in my lifetime is Silicon Valley. A booming tech hub resulted in floods of young tech workers moving in, and thus the bay area grew substantially. When deciding where to focus on for my thesis, I did some research on some of the worst offenders of sprawl in the US, as well as the cities where sprawl is just beginning. Every town has this problem, but I settled on Boise. Boise has been in a population boom for the past 5-10 years, increasingly in the past 2 years as a result of the pandemic and Americans’ desire to work remotely in proximity to beautiful landscapes. My goal is to provide alternatives to Boise’s housing crisis before it gets out of hand, re-imagining and densifiying areas of the city rather than expanding out into their precious landscapes and agricultural land.

Urban Sprawl: the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often characterized by low-density residential housing, single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation.

THESIS STATEMENT In 2020 alone, housing prices in Boise rose 20%, affirming the housing crisis the city has been experiencing for the past 20 years. Unchecked and unscrupulous urban sprawl has resulted in unsustainable growth stemming from the lack of mass transportation, government support of freeways, and most importantly, the lack of density and sustainable master planning. This thesis will explore a solution to curbing Boise, Idaho’s urban sprawl problem before it gets out of hand. Instead of building out and continuously expanding the boundaries of the city with detatched singlefamily homes, repurposing existing, underutilized areas of Boise to densify and create compact, self-sustaining communities is a potential solution. Decreased reliance on personal vehicles and a transition to a walkable, bike friendly and transit oriented community all tied together with an urban agriculture core wieving it’s way into the residences will have major impacts on the effects of climate change all while knitting neighborhoods of Boise together in a self-sustaining community for the future.

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

Global human population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2021(World Population Clock). The rapid population growth combined with a middle class movement away from cities has resulted in the rapid expansion of suburbia. Historically, one of the defining characteristics of the United States was the seemingly endless open space. It was the draw to move out of overcrowded cities and create urban and suburban neighborhoods, then was stretched further, to out West. But now we are running out of land into which human settlement can expand, simultaneously decreasing nature’s footprint dramatically. The desire to live in suburban communities is understandable, with increased living space, residential amenities, and the absence of city traffic and pollution. However, unchecked and unscrupulous urban sprawl has resulted in unsustainable growth. This stems from the lack of mass transportation, government support of freeways, white flight, “cheaper” suburban neighborhoods and most importantly, the lack of density and sustainable master planning.

IMPLICATIONS OF SPRAWL Even though urban sprawl began less than 150 years ago, the effects are being felt today. These effects include environmental damage, health concerns, increased energy consumption, dependence on the automobile, and social implications on the communities they were made to serve.

POLLUTION

Pollution from urban sprawl comes in many forms including water, air and light pollution. In an article by Pickett Ray and Silver, they state, “Sprawl creates large amounts of pavements that are covered by water-resistant materials such as asphalt, concrete, brick, and stone. These hard areas, such as roads and parking lots, don’t allow water to seep into the ground. Instead, the water runs off the impermeable surface, picking up many types of pollution in the process, and then flows into a storm drain or a nearby body of water.” (5 negative effects of urban sprawl) This directly affects the communities and their drinking water in addition to the natural environment that was displaced that is now drinking from contaminated water sources. The destruction of the landscape to build these communities reduces the natural environment’s footprint, which in turn reduces the levels of air pollution they can absorb. The ever expanding urban area results in the increased need to drive even further for goods, therefore increasing pollution from cars. “Longer transportation distances intensify traffic congestion, resulting in lost productivity, and increase the need for more extensive infrastructure (such as more highways) that negatively impact the environment by increasing the amount of impervious cover and by requiring more natural resources.” (Environmental biology)

LAND FRAGMENTATION In Boise, urban land fragmentation and loss of farmland to make space for development has left an unrecognisable environment for the local animal population. The 1950s marked the beginning of an era of nationwide growth in suburban areas, with the Treasure Valley being no exception. With the completion of Lucky Peak Dam and growing road networks, suburban development expanded as population steadily increased. Suburban development in this era was characterized by automobile-dependent, low-density sprawl. One devastating result of popoulation growth and land development is the destruction of natural areas, land fragmentation. Developers clear areas of land to build homes on, which destroys the home of animals and wildlife. The resulting land fragmentation is followed by fences and roads which blocks the natural patterns and migrations of wildlife. 5

LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

The suburbs have replaced agricultural land that had long dominated the Boise landscape, as developers sought cheap land with existing infrastructure. Between 20012011, urban land area in the Treasure Valley increased by 10% while agricultural land decreased by 5%.” (Human-Environment Systems) Agriculture is the single largest contributor to Idaho’s economy, accounting for 18% of Idaho’s total economic output. (AG Boise) This continued loss of land for the agriculture sector will result in decreased monetary output for Boise, and the whole state.

HEALTH Another implication of Urban Sprawl is the health consequences. “If communities are not walkable or bikeable, we need to drive to schools, shops, parks, entertainment, play dates, etc. Thus we become more sedentary. A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. The effect of low physical fitness is comparable to that of hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes.” (Environmental biology) We as a society are using more goods and physically moving less, creating a clear pathway to obesity and wastefulness. Census data shows that 80.6% of Boise residents commute on automobiles alone, with an 18 minute average commute. (U.S. Census Bureau) This is a direct result of sprawl.

COMMUNITY Many Americans seek out the suburban experience for an increase in yard size as well as a better community experince. But this isn’t always the case. Spread out homes require neighbirs to make an effort to walk annd meet their neighbors and establish connections. In Jackson’s Crabgrass Frontier, A. T. Howard’s Garden City failed because the homes were spread too far apart, isolating the home owners from one another. Boisians need to be brought together as a community to uplift one another. Communities that have bars to the public such as gated communities do the opposite.

Humans waste energy by increasing the distance the resources need to travel. “A consequence of the increasing consumption of land and reductions in population densities as cities sprawl is the growing consumption of energy. Generally, compact urban developments with higher population densities are more energy efficient.” (Environmental biology) By locating the resources the population needs within walking distance to the residential communities, the need for a car becomes nonexistent. 21

RESEARCH

BOISE HOUSING CRISIS Boise has been in a housing crisis for the past few years, with yet another wave of people moving into the area during Covid-19. The population boom began in the 1990’s across the Intermountain West and hasn’t slowed down. Driven by job opportunities, year round recreation and a high quality of life, it’s no wonder prominent newspapers such as the New York Times and Washington Post have labeled Boise as an up and coming city. Between 1990 and 2010, the Boise-Nampa population doubled from 256,792 to 581,288 which resulted in further urban and suburban growth replacing existing agricultural lands (Human-Environment Systems). Those numbers are from the very beginning of the boom and Boise is expected to have a population growth of 1.75 million by 2100 from a current 240,000 (HumanEnvironment Systems). The low cost of living drew in predominantly California natives who could afford it, which raised home prices and is pushing many Boise natives out. This housing crisis cannot continue, otherwise Boise’s population will suffer.

In January 2018, 51.2% of the for-sale inventory nationwide was high-end housing. High end housing has home value in the top 1/3 of home values within a given area 11

BOISE HOUSING DEMOGRAPHICS Boise home prices rose 20% in 2020, according to Zillow, and in Boise, “Go Back to California” graffiti has been sprayed along the highways (Dougherty). The local mayoral election had candidates running on “keeping Californians out.” From 2010 to 2014, Idaho’s annual net migration averaged 2,933, but from 2015 to 2019, it spiked to 19,428 (2021). Low-income renters are feeling this surge in population and housing costs the most, with a quarter of U.S. households spending more than half their pretax income on rent (Dougherty). This can have a snowball effect: high rent leads to constricted household budgets, and the most vulnerable may end up on the streets. Boise has a high poverty rate at 13.7%, compared to the United States’ 10.5%. The highest demand in Boise is for detatched single family homes, just adding to sprawl problem. The residential developments Boise needs to invest in is dense multifamily.

HOUSEHOLD TYPES 0%

AVERAGE APARTMENT SIZE 0 SF

300 SF

600 SF

$1000

$1,508

40%

50%

Count

Single Female

8,252

Single Male

4,162

One-Person

28.3k

Other Non-Family

8,478

900 SF

$1500

30%

39.1k

APARTMENT RENT RANGES 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

$701 - $1000

10%

$1001 - $1500

45%

$1501 - $2000

34%

> $2000

11%

AVERAGE RENT $500

20%

Married

873 SF

10%

RENTAL UNITS BY STRUCTURE

$2000

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Detached Single Family

39%

Attached Single Family

2-4 units

19%

5-19 units

12%

20-49 units

50+ units

11%

as of Aug. 2021

https://www.rentcafe.com/average-rent-market-trends/us/id/ada-county/boise-city/

BOISE’S RESIDENTIAL DENSITY

Single Family Residential, Suburban

Multi-Family Residential

Boise’s zone R-1B is intended for predominately singlefamily residential uses on lots 9,000 feet or larger, with an average lot width of 75 feet, a maximum height of 35 feet and with up to 4.8 units allowed per acre.

Boise’s R-3 zone is intended for higher density residential development in close proximity to retail, employment, transit, and other concentrated uses with up to 43.5 units allowed per acre and a maximum height of 45 feet.

100 FAMILIES = 20.8 ACRES 6.3 GHA PER CAPITA (35%)

100 FAMILIES = 2.3 ACRES 4.9 GHA PER CAPITA (27%)

Residential Office

Service Commercial

Boise’s R-O zone is intended as a transition between high intensity commercial areas and higher density residential areas. This zone allows up to 87.1 units per acre with a height maximum from 45 to 65 feet.

Boise’s C-3 zone isintended for commercial activities of a service nature that are more intensive and that may be semi-industrial in character, but do not require an industrial location. This zone conditionally allows residential development at a density of up to 43.5 units per acre with a height limit of 45 feet.

100 FAMILIES = 1.15 ACRES 3.2 GHA PER CAPITA (18%)

100 FAMILIES = 2.29 ACRES 4.9 GHA PER CAPITA (27%)

DENSITY STUDY When looking into how dense the residential units should be, a study was done based on how many units could fit on one acre with different density types. The optimal units per acre is 18-32.

QUADPLEX: 18 UNITS/ ACRE

DUPLEX: 24 UNITS/ ACRE

TRIPLEX: 32 UNITS/ ACRE

TOWNHOUSES: 32 UNITS/ ACRE

SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY : WATER AND ENERGY At the heart of this project is a need to create a community that can provide for itself and lessen the impact on the environment. Each roof of the community is fit with 375sf of solar panels, enough to provide a family of 4 with electricity for the year. Any extra is put into a battery in the home to save, or charge up an electric vehicle. Each roof also has rainwater catchment, providing water for the community. This is seen in landscaping, greywater, brownwater and aquaponics.

SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY : FOOD At the heart of this project is a need to create a community that can provide for itself and lessen the impact on the environment. The amount of land needed to grow food and provide a full diet for each resident is extensive, some beginning square footage is shown below. The numbers are based on a home of 4 people, therefore to reach the goal of 1000 residents, numbers are multiplied by 250 (1000/4). 1 yr veggie diet is 64,000 sqft x 250 = 16,000,000 sqft This number is unattainable given the site, but there is 914,800sqft devoted to vegetable gardening 250 eggs per year per bird x 30 birds = 7500 eggs per year 30 birds x 65 sqft per bird = 1950 sqft 1 yr meat (3 pigs) is 207 sqft ... 10 pigs = 630 sqft total animal sqft = 2580 sqft total fruit and veggie sqft = 914,800 sqft total urban farming = 917,380 sqft

The bulk of the agriculture is at the bottom of the site, but the green avenue through the length of the site provides space for fruit trees to provide for residents. Ridenbaugh Canal flows through the northeastern corner of the site, providing an extra source of water, as well as the New York canal that is a couple hundred feet south of the site, able to be drawn from.

MASTER PLAN PRECEDENT Toyota Woven City Architect: BIG Location: Susono, Shizuoka, Japan Imagined as a future and advanced 175-acre cluster, “enabled by technology yet grounded in history and nature”, the project will generate a close community of people, grouped in a particular setting. Aiming towards achieving a carbon-neutral society, the intervention proposes a connected city, with a newfound balance between vehicles, alternate forms of movement, people and nature. The traditional system of a road is broken, dividing the public realm into 3 entities, a primary street for faster autonomous vehicles, the recreational promenade occupied by micro-mobility types, and finally the linear park, dedicated for people and nature. This approach is integrated or “woven” into 3×3 city blocks, “each framing a courtyard accessible only via the promenade or linear park”, and expanding in size relatively to the program it will host.

BOISE PRECEDENT Ash + River Townhomes Architects: Pivot North, GGLO, CCDC Location: Boise, Idaho Ash+River Townhomes, is a finalist for an Urban Land Institute national residential award, which is awarded annually to projects that are deemed exemplary affordable housing solutions. There are 34 units in the Ash+River development, with a mix of townhouses amid open green space and commercial space that is now occupied by Push and Pour coffee shop. The goal was to have the units be that missing middle 80% to 120% (area median income) model with deed restriction for seven years. Community ammenities include LEED Gold Certified Green Homes, covered bike storage, access to Boise GreenBelt, and is a walkable and pet friendly neighborhood.

LID PRECEDENT Seattle I-5 Lid Architect: WSP, OJB, Framework, Magnusson Klemencic Associates, HR&A Advisors, EnviroIssues, Shiels Obletz Johnsen Location: Seattle Washington The I-5 freeway in Seattle is a major environmental issue, with significant noise, air pollution, and visual impacts to thousands of people who live and work nearby and walk across it every day. Where topography allows lids to be built, they reduce these impacts. Lids will also enable more people to live, work, shop, and play in walkable urban neighborhoods and drive less, contributing to Seattle’s 2050 carbon neutrality goal. According to OPCD data, Downtown, Capitol Hill, and First Hill are 3.5% of Seattle’s land area but are absorbing 29% of population growth, and at the same time are running out of land. Lidding I-5 is likely the only opportunity to catch up on much-needed affordable housing sites, public open space, civic facilities like schools and community centers, and other public and private infrastructure.

SMART DISTRICT PRECEDENT Brainport Smart District Architect: UN Studio Location: Helmond, Netherlands UNStudio has created a new urban vision to create the “world’s smartest neighborhood”. Located in Helmond’s Brandevoort District, the project was imagined as a flexible grid that will be developed per users’ demand. The project explores social cohesion and safety, health, data, new transport technologies and independent energy systems. Brainport Smart District will develop 1,500 new homes and 12 hectares of business premises. The development centers on the latest technologies and knowledge in order to achieve a sustainable, circular and socially cohesive neighborhood around joint energy generation, food production, water management, joint digital data management and revolutionary transport systems. The mixed residential neighborhood will be organised around a central park and surrounded by business spaces and natural reserves.The landscape is used as a productive environment for food, energy, water, waste processing and biodiversity. The site is divided into a series of strips (from north to south) that demarcate the district into ten parts, offering a diversity of urban and landscape densities and use. As an on-demand district, both urban development areas and nature areas are considered productive spaces, where a mix of living, working and leisure is facilitated.

MULTIFAMILY HOUSING PRECEDENT Lianjiang Butterfly Bay Architect: NEXT Architects Location: Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China The site is located next to a branch of the Min River. The aim of the master plan is the exploit the proximity of water by connecting to as many buildings as possible. The main master plan concept is symbolized by a hand touching the water, each finger represents a tongue of land reaching towards the river. Perpendicular to the tongue of land, the buildings directly face the water. The parking of the total area is solved underground, making the streets between the villa’s lush green and car-free. The shifting of the volumes creates a variety in outside spaces.

SITE ANALYSIS

BOISE, IDAHO While Idaho is known for it’s potatoes, this northwestern U.S. state is also known for it’s mountainous landscapes, and vast expanses of protected wilderness and outdoor recreation areas. The capital, Boise, is set in the Rocky Mountain foothills and is bisected by the Boise River, which is popular for rafting and fishing. Boise was originally occupied by Native Americans, then served as a trading post for settlers on the Oregon Trail. A gold rush and advancements in irrigation systems caused an influx of people migrating to Boise, all before Idaho entered the Union in 1890. At this time, Boise became the capitol. A railroad line, military training base, and a new city charter grew the city even more. Boise’s population is drawn to the area because of it’s desirable climate, urban renewal, job opportunities, quality of life and proximity to nature.

DOWNTOWN

SITE

SOUTHEAST BOISE, IDAHO The site currently is an underutilized 90 acre space occupied by gas stations and storage units. This industrial box and pad site combined with a major arterial highway split two neighborhoods of Boise in half. Ridenbaugh Canal flows through the site at the base of a 60’ slope.

N 0

0.25 mile

SITE RESOURCES Waste: Ada County Landfill just north of downtown Boise is where the city’s trash waste is taken Water: Boise has an abundant water supply with many canals and rivers flowing through the city. Well water and river water is treated at Marden Water Treatment Plant southeast of downtown Power: Over 50% of Boise’s power comes from hydroelectric power plants, Barber Dam at the southeast corner of Boise is just one of the dams inn the Boise area that generates power. Recycling: While there are many recycling centers in Boise, Tree Top Recycling is just under 2 miles from the site.

downtown

SITE

SITE SENSORY (1) Ivywild Park

N northwest wind

(2) Ridenbaugh Canal

(3) New York Canal

southeast wind

winter and summer sun

2 1

57 3

SITE TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS Boise has a transit system currently, but it falls short. Near the site, bus lines hit 2 of the corners, and one line can take the user downtown. Currently, 80.6% of Boise residents commute via automobile to work, with ann average commute time of 18.5 min (U.S. Census Bureau). Creating a more robust transportation system will encourage residents to take the bus to work or to run errands. Users look for reliability and safety in public transit. Designing a transportation hub at the corner of the site will allow a seamless commute.

COMMUTE MODE 0%

20%

40%

BOISE 2021 USA 2021

60%

80%

100%

Auto (alone) Carpool Mass Transit Bicycle Walk

AVERAGE COMMUTE TIME 0MIN

10MIN

20MIN

30MIN

40MIN

18.5MIN (BOISE 2021) 26.4MIN (USA 2021)

% 80.6% 76.4% 7.4% 9.2% 0.7% 5.1% 2.7% 0.6% 2.0% 2.7%

50MIN

0.25 mile

BIKE LANE

BUS STOP / PATH

SITE ZONING SITE: C-3 (Service Commercial): Zone intended for commercial activities of a service nature that are more intensive and that may be semi-industrial in character, but do not require an industrial location. This zone conditionally allows residential development at a density of up to 43.5 units per acre which cannot exceed a Floor Area Ratio of 1.5 and has a height limit of 45 feet.

INDUSTRIAL GREEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL

N 0

0.25 mile

SITE PROXIMITY TO AMENITIES Southeast Boise is covered in sprawl. As a result, there are strip malls and industrial parks that attempt to provide amenities, but these amenities are still lacking and are so far away that a car drive is necessary. Compromised by one grocery store, gym, library and pharmacy, with a few small parks, these families and residents need closer amenities. Providing these amenities on site would be advantageous to the residents. Very few attempts at multifamily housing have been built in this area, so densification and bridging the adjacent 2 neighborhoods currently disconnected by a highway is the goal. The image on the right is the neighboring strip mall, consisting of inadequate resources in a lot only accessible by car.

0.25 mile

GYM

COFFEE SHOP

GROCERY STORE

LIBRARY

GREEN SPACE

PHARMACY / HEALTHCARE

THE 15 MIN CITY

A 15-Minute City is a residential urban concept in which most daily necessities can be accomplished by either walking or cycling from residents’ homes. This works well in busier cities, but the same idea can be used inn communities nationwide. Eliminate the need for a vehicle to take you to get essentials and instead provide them in walking or biking distance. Eliminating the need for a car to take you to get essentials and instead provide them in walking or biking distance is crucial to cutting carbon emissions and advocating for a healthy lifestyle.

5 min walk

5 min

bike 15

alk

in w

0.25 mile

BOISE WALKABILITY & BIKEABILITY ANALYSIS When looking to create a neighborhood similar to the 15 min city, we need to analyze the current situation. Based on the site Bike Score, Boise has a bike score of 62 and a walkability score of 39 out of 100. Specifically in the neighborhood of Southeast Boise, it is ranked 17th out of the 27 Boise neighborhoods. The bike score is 67 and walk score is 33 (Bike Score). These numbers are not good enough for the residents. Placing amenities within walking and biking distance is crucial as well as designing effective bike and walking paths on site and into the surrounding communities for all to benefit from.

BOISE POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS

The design of a full scale multi family residential community has to be based on the needs of its residents. Boise’s population is split relatively evenly between older adults, younger adults and children. The most common household types are married and one-person with a median household income average of $60,035 (U.S. Census Bureau). In the past few years, the average rent for Boise has been increasing, now reaching $1,508 (U.S. Census Bureau). Boise has well educated residents, with 95.1% of residents earning their high school diploma and 41.6% earning their Bachelor degree, which is 9.5% higher than the national average (U.S. Census Bureau). Boise is not racially diverse, with the majority of Boisians being White. Many families in Boise are looking to settle down into a neighborhood where their kids can grow up, all of which will be possible with this design, accommodating all household sizes and demographics.

HOUSEHOLD SIZE 0

AGE OF POPULATION

2.45 PERSONS (BOISE 2021)

Older Adult (40-64) Younger Adult (22-39) Children (0-17) Senior (65+) College (18-21)

2.63 PERSONS (USA 2021)

31.5% 27.4% 22.6% 12.7% 5.81%

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME RACE White alone (not Hispanic or Latino) 83.2% Hispanic or Latino 9.0% Two or More Races 3.4% Asian alone 2.8% Black or African American alone 1.9% American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0.5% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific 0.2% Islander alone

20K

40K

60K

80K

100K

$60,035 (BOISE 2019) $69,560 (USA 2019)

PERSONS IN POVERTY 0K

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

13.7% (Boise 2019) 10.5% (USA 2019)

https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/boisecitycityidaho

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Idaho’s capital, Boise has short, hot, dry summers with cold, cloudy and snowy winters. Weather from Spring to Autumn has abundant sunshine, light winds and enjoyable temperatures. Boise sits at the base of the Boise Mountains with the Boise River flowing through the downtown and further south. The abundant rain totals of Boise allow for substantial rainwater catchment, adding to the self-sustaining site.

RAINFALL AND SNOWFALL AVERAGES 4 in SNOW

3 in

MAR 8 1.2 IN

RAIN

JAN

FEB

MAR

MAY 15 1.0 IN

APR

MAY

JUN

DEC 7 1.5 IN JUN 20 .5 IN

JUL

AUG 1 0.2 IN

AUG

YEARLY SNOW AVG: 17.5”

1 in

SEP 18 0.5 IN

SEP

OCT

2 in

NOV

DEC

0 in

YEARLY RAIN AVG: 13.0”

RAINWATER CATCHMENT

ANNUAL RAINFALL CATCHMENT: 3,263,517 GALLONS W/ 500,000 SF ROOF AREA

CLIMATE ANALYSIS OVERHEATED PERIOD

ANNUAL WIND ROSE 12 AM

4 AM

8 AM

SUNRISE

12 PM

SUNSET

4 PM

8 PM

12 AM JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

DRY BULB TEMP (DEGREES F)

12% 72% 11% 6%

< 32 32 - 69 69 - 81 81-100

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

https://clima.cbe.berkeley.edu

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 100%

60%

.028

90%

WET - BULB TEMPERATURE DEG. F 80

.024

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

.012 60

JAN

.016

.008

.020

HUMIDITY RATIO

PYSCHROMETRIC CHART

80%

.004

20 10 00

50 60 70 80 DRY - BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

FEB

MAR

AUG

SEP

APR

OCT

MAY

NOV

JUN

DEC

100

110

JULY

CLIMATE ANALYSIS: PV POTENTIAL In a self-sustaining site, photo voltaic panels (solar panels) are necessary. Instead of getting a site’s power from a power plant, or in Boise’s case a Hydroelectric plant, a site can generate it’s own power using the sun. With 90 acres, theres potential for a solar farm on the ground in addition to solar panels on the roofs of buildings. This will allow for the site to be energy self sustaining.

CLIMATE DESIGN RESPONSES Since Boise has cold winters where there is a need to store heat, designing with a thermal storage wall is advantageous. During the warm summers, exterior shading devices are a design solution to avoid overheating. The design of the roof of all the buildings on site will be covered in solar panels and rainwater catchment devices, space for green roofs will be available.

THERMAL STORAGE WALL An exterior solar-glazed thermal storage wall absorbs sunlight in winter, conducting heat through the wall and releasing it into an adjacent space at night.

SHADING DEVICES

GREEN ROOF

External shading devices can reduce solar heat gain through glazing. Adjustable shading devices can be repositioned to allow for seasonal temperature variations.

Green roofs provide water retention, green space, and improved water and air quality while reducing energy consumption.

DEVELOPMENT

ADDRESSING THE NEEDS The need in Boise is for dense multifamily housing with amenities in walking and biking distance. This thesis takes on a denser residential way of living with 1000 proposed residential units that will connect residents to each other, the Boise landscape, and a sustainable way of living.

ACTION WORDS PARKS

DENSITY CONNECTIONS NATURE

SUSTAINABILITY

AFFORDABLE

RESTORE TRANSPORTATION

RESOURCE

CONNECTIONS This take at a denser residential way of living connects residents to each other, the Boise landscape, and a sustainable way of living.

COMMUNITY HUB This restorative project will create a hub in the southeast corner of Boise featuring transportation lines, multifamily housing, and a community garden. All in an effort to create a self- sustaining site.

ADDRESSING THE NEEDS: PROGRAM

CODE ANALYSIS Height: 45’ limit Occupancy: R-3 Type of Construction: II Noncombustable Fire:

see table 601

Egress: Occupant Load Factor: 200 gross Stairways: (OLF (200)) x (0.3) x (# of occupants) Minimum Exits: 2 Accessibility: Slopes within 50’ of entrance must be 10% or less Travel Distance: Maximum Travel Distance: 125’

MASTER PLAN

DESIGN FACTORS: • Public Market bordering the northern edge, near existing commercial areas • Transportation hub in north center to connect and expand existing transportation routes • LID to push intrusive freeway underneath site • Green avenue running the length of site leading to agriculture at bottom of site • Preservation and appreciation for canal running through site, utilizing also for agricultural water supply • 3 cross streets for connection to surrounding neighborhoods • Variety in density of residences, from townhouses, duplexes, triplex to multifamily apartment buildings • Community Urban Garden that provides food for residents with food bank on site • Live/work option for residents • Provide amenities on site to prevent need for car

W LINDEN ST

W MALAD ST PUBLIC MARKET

TRANSPORTATION HUB

GREEN AVENUE COMMUNITY CENTER

COMMERCIAL /RETAIL USES

W VICTORY RD

BROADWAY AVE

CANAL EDGE MULTIFAMILY

TOWNHOUSES

LIVE/WORK VILLAGE

RI EN D D

DUPLEX & TRIPLEX

N CA

COURTYARD RESIDENCES

H UG BA

W AY

W WRIGHT ST COMMUNITY GARDEN

WY OR

HIGHWAY 84

KC AN A

N 0’

256’

512’

1024’

MASTER PLAN MOMENT

zoomed in view of wieving green avenue, duplexes and triplex on the right and courtyard residences on the left.

MASTER PLAN MOMENT zoomed in view of entrance to site, village with live/work residences, multifamily apartments, courtyard residences, and the green avenue.

RESIDENTIAL AQUAPONICS Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically-grown plants, where nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates. Aquaponics gardening system allows residents to easily grow personal food. Residents have space allocated on their rooftops for aquaponics.

nitrate is absorbed by plants

water is returned without ammonia

bacteria turns ammonia into nitrate

ammonia from ﬁsh

TOWNHOUSE FORM DEVELOPMENT

SOLAR CHIMMNEY

Winter 1. solar radiation heats greenhouse 2. heat travels through the townhouse via staircore 3. all levels of townhouse passively heated Summer 1. fresh air travels through open windows and doors 2. air enters staircore and travels to other levels 3. heat rises and is released through greenhouse

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DETAIL SHOW - PIVOTING HERB-GROWING DOOR

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FINAL DESIGN & CONCLUSIONS

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MASTER PLAN

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greenhouse

staircore

bathroom

FLOOR 3

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ROOF

3 BEDROOM TOWNHOUSE EXPLODED FLOORPLANS

outdoor patio

bedroom 3

FLOOR PLANS

staircore

bathroom

back entry

FLOOR 1

hallway

staircore

bathroom

FLOOR 2

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living room

dining area

kitchen

balcony

bedroom 1

closets

bedroom 2

INTEGRATED SECTION

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GREEN AVENUE & FARM RENDERS

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POCKET PARK & TOWNHOUSE RENDERS

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TOWNHOUSE PATIO RENDERS

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AQUAPONICS RENDER

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MODEL PHOTOS

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MODEL PHOTOS

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MODEL PHOTOS

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PIVOT DOOR PHOTOS

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HANDLE WITH CARE SHOW

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ALL 5TH YEAR MAC SHOW

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OUTDOOR CLASSROOM Throughout the school year, stannard studio developed an outdoor classroom design. This included benches, shading device, mosaic table, and “creatures” to sit on. COVID halted the plans on the bench and shade structure, but we persisted with the mosiac table and the creatures! We are very proud of the result and legacy we leave behind.

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CONCLUSIONS

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One dense multifamily residential community may not be enough to forever solve the problem of urban sprawl, but will serve as a precedent for future projects. Instead of building out and continuously expanding the boundaries of the city, repurposing existing areas of the city to densify and create new sustainable communities is Boise’s best step forward to simultaneously slowing the housing crisis and the expansion of city limits. As Kenneth T. Jackson in Crabgrass Frontier states, “The U.S. is not only the world’s first suburban nation, but it will also be its last.” (Jackson)

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TEXT CITATIONS 5 negative effects of urban sprawl. Pickett, Ray, and Silver. (2021, August 11). Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://prs3. com/5-negative-effects-of-urban-sprawl/. Boise City neighborhoods on Walk Score. Walk Score. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://www.walkscore.com/ID/ Boise_City. Dougherty, C. (2021, February 12). The Californians are coming. so is their housing crisis. The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/business/economy/california-housing-crisis.html. Harrouk, C. (2020, January 8). Big designs toyota woven city, the world’s first urban incubator. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/931468/big-designs-toyota-woven-city-the-worlds-first-urban-incubator?ad_ source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user. Human-Environment Systems. (2019, March 8). Modeling urban growth in the treasure Valley, Idaho. Human-Environment Systems. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://www.boisestate.edu/hes/projects/modeling-urban-growth-in-the-treasure- valley-idaho/. Jackson, K. T. (1985). Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of america. Oxford University Press. Matthew R. Fisher, E. (n.d.). Environmental biology. Lumen. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning. com/suny-monroe-environmentalbiology/chapter/17-3-the-impacts-of-urban-sprawl/. Paul Schwedelson - Idaho. (2021, May 13). Most new Boise-area residents come from Idaho. the pandemic increased migration from California, too. BoiseDev. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://boisedev.com/news/2021/05/06/ boise-migration/. U.S. Census Bureau quickfacts: Boise City City, Idaho ... (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://www.census.gov/ quickfacts/fact/table/boisecitycityidaho,boisecountyidaho/PST045219. Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, November 15). 15-Minute City. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/15-minute_city. Zoning and overlay districts. City of Boise. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2021, from https://www.cityofboise.org/departments/ planning-and-development-services/planning-and-zoning/zoning-and-overlay-districts/.

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