XUE.XI

ISSUE #1 - NOVEMBER

VER O C S I D

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Clara Asumadu

Vanessa Jaber

Hoating Guan

Kuan Ting Ho

Furniture.

Service Design

Lighting.

UX Design

Technology.

Industrial Design

Interior Layout.

Industrial Design

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

THE CREW

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COLLEGE CLASSROOM DESIGN FOR OPTIMAL LEARNING

By Clara Asumadu, Vanessa Jaber, Hoating Guam, Kaun Ting Ho. We conducted research on the current state of classroom interior design for college students, focusing our research on undergraduate and gradate students at SCAD University. Our objective was to examine how interior design in classrooms affects a college students’ learning experience. Our research is to help is discover how we can improve learning through developing ways the interior space of classrooms from lecture classrooms to modeling shops, can be redesigned. We each focused on four main aspects: furniture, technology, light and interior layout. We did secondary research online and we then delved into primary research which included observations, interviews, focus groups, cultural probes and finally a survey. Using these sources as our guide, we have been able to develop some design opportunities for future classroom designs.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 p.6 | Secondary Research

04 p.20 | Gathering Inspiration

02 p.10 | Getting to Know Our Students

05 p.20 | Survey Says...

03 p.18 | Becoming Our Students

06 p.30 | Design Opportunities

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Furniture

Lighting

“We’re breaking away from the ‘sit still and listen’ teaching style to one where students and teachers engage in the space. Seating has to adapt to what’s going on in the classroom in order to gain a measurable increase in student performance.”

Student exposed to more natural light (i.e., daylight) in their classrooms perform better than students ehxposed to less natural light.

Faculty of University of Manitoba, “Ergonomics for Schoolchildren: Schoolbags, Furniture, Computers, Visual and Auditory.” University of Manitoba website.

Evidence demonstrates that classrooms’ structural features (e.g., noise, lighting) and symbolic features can facilitate or hinder student learning and achievement.

There are two main reasons why school furniture is so lousy: price and indestructibility. Ergonomists recommend adjustable classroom seats and desks, which while not exorbitant, do not come cheap.

Edwards & Torcelli, 2002; Tanner, 2008.

Cheryan, Ziegler, Plaut, Meltzoff, 2014.

Light is a powerful zeitgeber that synchronizes our endogenous circadian pacemaker with the environment and has been previously described as an agent in improving cognitive performance.

slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_hive/2010/10/rethinking_the_school_desk.html

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Keis, Hilbig, Streb, Hille, 2014.

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SECONDARY RESEARCH Technology

Layout

The advantages of computers in education primarily include: Storage of information, Quick data processing, Audio-visual aids in teaching, Better presentation of information, Access to the Internet.

The physical structure of a classroom is a critical variable in affecting student morale and learning. Students’ involvement in the process of creating their environment can empower them, develop community and increase motivation.

buzzle.com/articles/role-of-computers-in-education.html

edutopia.org/blog/the-physical-environment-of-classrooms-mark-phillips

Student perceptions in the study believe that technology helps them retain information better.

Other important environmental features include temperature, lighting, and noise level. These factors affect students in different ways and are directly related to individual learning styles. Studies suggest that when teachers adjust the environment to students’ preferences, the students perform better academically and are better behaved.

teachhub.com/benefits-technology-classroom

With VR, language translation can be implemented within the software, eliminating language as a significant barrier to a student’s educational goals.

https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ classroom-organization-physical-environment/

https://unimersiv.com/benefits-virtual-reality-classroom/

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Furniture

Lighting

Node Chair IDEO and Steelcase

Artificial Sunlight CoeLux

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

CURRENT SOLUTIONS ON THE MARKET TODAY Technology

Layout

LEED Classroom Branson School, CA.

Future Classroom Akhaltsikhe Public School No. 5 in Georgia

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GETTING TO KNOW OUR STUDENTS

By Clara and Vanessa

According to the Journal of Advanced Academics, a study in 2008 by researcher Kenneth Tanner explains that students exposed to more natural light in their classrooms perform better than students exposed to less natural light, due to a variety of physiological and cognitive factors. I explored this and other studies regarding the benefits of spaces with natural light by interviewing college aged students regarding their sentiments about lighting schemes in their classrooms.

I spoke to a freshman attending Drexel University who had large lecture hall classes, which was different from the smaller lecture classes at SCAD. Her favorite class is a discussion heavy with a very disorganized row setup which she finds relaxing. Her math class has long tables which makes her feel more connected with the students around her.

She usually brings a tote bag with a binder, her laptop, some notebook, textbooks when necessary and water to class with her. In her row setting with long tables, she finds that she has enough space to place although because it’s a shared table, she feels like she’s taking over too much space.

In her other classes, she uses two desks in order to have her notebook and laptop readily available for notetaking.

I began by interviewing a junior game development major at the Savannah College of Art and Design. This student notices when natural light is not present in his classrooms and says that natural light “in a lecture style classroom would be awesome,” in classrooms where no natural light shines through.

She raved about the Nodes chair designed by Steelcase and IDEO. She loves that it is a swivel chair that could be easily moved around for different needs. She finds the storage united underneath to be really useful and she likes to utilize the armrests not only for her arms but to hang her tote bag. Her favorite thing about the chair is that while it’s a plastic chair, it conforms to the way you sit and it is so comfortable that she enjoys being in her math class. The table attached to the chair can be easily moved around and is also friendly for left and right handed students. She sits for about 12 hours a day and wishes furniture in her other classes was comfortable because she leaves class feeling restless and mentally and physically drained from trying to be comfortable in class.

I asked the student if he learns best in lecture style courses where the amount of natural and artificial light is balanced, and his answer offered insight to how students feel about the environment they learn in:

“Yes, [when natural and artificial light is balanced], it looks like an actual room. It gives off the impression that people thought about the environment I am learning in.”

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LIGHTING AND FURNITURE FOCUS GROUP

by Vanessa Jaber

We asked eight students who attend the Savannah College of Art and Design to participate in this group conversation. Clara and I served as the moderators for the open discussion.

Key insights from the focus group we conducted exposed a number of factors students discussed. With regard to lighting, I asked students about some notable experiences they have had in the environment in which they study the most in, a user experience design major responded, “I used to live in Montgomery Hall, the position of my room never had light, so I bought a wifi bulb to create ‘natural light,” to combat the dullness of the student’s dorm room and create a favorable, ambient environment to work in.

Other students noted different factors that create a comfortable environment, one of which an advertising major stated was personal space. An industrial design student noted that having access to professionals in the workshop and bench room also created a comfortable work environment.

“By far the worst uncomfortable, restrictive, dull, hard and cold, makes Arnold like a high school prison.”

With regard to furniture, Clara used photographs to explore how students feel about furniture design and layout in the classroom. The use of photos and a ranking system between 1 and 10 allowed us to understand student’s attitude toward seating in class.

Of the types of desks used at SCAD, the classroom desks located in Arnold Hall received the lowest ratings, while the Steelcase and IDEO desks received the highest. This was due to a number of variables, including the fact that the Steelcase desks have storage, the ability to rotate, and have sophisticated design features. The desks located in Arnold Hall offer little back support, no storage, and a small desk space. A student noted that the desks in Arnold Hall are, “by far the worst-uncomfortable, restrictive, dull, hard and cold, makes Arnold like a high school prison.” Other poor designs included hard stools with no backrests and the hard grey chairs located in the Gulfstream Center for Design with no back support or movement. A student noted that these particular chairs make them “fidgety.”

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I had a biochem course taught in a beautiful room with floor to ceiling glass windows on the 3rd floor of the building-it was such an enjoyable environment to learn in.

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TECHNOLOGY AND LAYOUT FOCUS GROUP

by Haoting Guam

IDUS 221:Human Factors is a class for undergraduate student to know about human body.

In the class, professor John would like to show his students some important points by computers and TVs. “Computers is important, I mean there are many things we need computers to help in class. I show my students the example products online and key points, “he says” In another word, the computer and TVs are much like assistants in class .”

The computers are not just important to professors, they are important to students, too. Students use computers in class very frequently. Michi usually brings her computer to class.

“Well, I took notes by computers, and sometimes I search online resources,” she says.

“The TV can connect to our professor’s computer and through TV, we can see how our professor makes or wants us to make the project.”

wIDUS 313: Computer modeling is a class for undergraduate student to learn 3D modeling skill. In this class, computers are necessary. Everyone needs a computer in class, the professor need to show students each step to make a great 3D model. Students are supposed to follow their professor.

“Computers are so important, without computers this class can not go on. In the class I stare at our professor’s computer, I mean the TV. Losing one step, it is hard to catch up with” Eason says.

“Everyone think computers are important to this class, I agree with that. But I have to say the computers are not in good conditions. They are very slow sometimes, I open turn on a computer need 3 or 5 mins” he says “There is one thing that I hate most. Sometimes the computer crashed when I am doing an project, I just lost my file. I have to restart my project again. That’s really really bad. ”

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

GETTING TO KNOW OUR STUDENTS

By Haoting Guam

.Hao as an undergraduate game design student use a computer every day and always need a computer when doing his project.

“Computers are so important in my study, and It’s necessary for classrooms or school builds to have computers, “ he says. “ Without a computer, it is impossible for a game designer to make a 3D model or write a program.”

The computers are just a part of necessities, the big TV screen is important, too.

When Hao having a class, their professor need to show students the assignment and process to make the assignment.

“The TV can connect to professor’s computer, through TV we can see how our professor makes or wants us to make the project,” he says.

The classrooms have computers and TVs are great but good things not happen all the time.

“Sometimes the TVs and the computers work not very well, “ Hao says “The connection between computers and TVs is bad, and the volume sometimes too loud, sometimes it is hard to hear.”

Hao likes new technology things, for example he got a VR and often play with it, but he believes VR is not well developed, so the use of VR is still limited. He doubts VR will be in the classroom in the future..

“Yes, [when natural and artificial light is balanced], it looks like an actual room. It gives off the impression that people thought about the environment I am learning in.”

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“I have to say, I like VR a lot. I am not sure VR will come to future classroom, but I doubt VR can help with students’ study today.

It needs a lot of refining.”

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BECOMING OUR STUDENTS

No natural light enters the shop- lighting is harsh when directly looked at

OBSERVATIONS While we are all technicsally students, it was imperative that we put on our research caps on to truly observe and understand what it means to be a student and how lighting, furniture, technology and interior layouts affect our students. We all observed SCAD classrooms.

Row arrangement is not good for discussion heavy classesstudents constantly turned around to see who was talking around or behind them

Professor use computer to show students the learning content

sometimes students wrote on their lap because there was little space on table

Lighting depends on subject of drawing. Natural light creates a nice studio ambience.

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Professor uses computer to show students how to use program and students follow alone with monitors.

Class room is too small for 15 students small space to move around and do group projects

OBSERVATIONS Our observations led us to great insights about the positive aspects and challenges tha students face in our four main areas of study. This information helped guide us further in our research to be able to see what to look for when conducting the next reserach methods.

open space with furniture cluttering space. 4 huge windows letting natural light in.

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GATHERING INSPIRATION CULTURAL PROBES We conducted cultural probes with two students giving them four tasks: 1. complete a class journal, 2. draw creative ideas for things that could improve learning in a classroom, 3. create a moodboard for your ideal classroom and classroom materials, and 4. identify your favorite SCAD Buildings for things like lighting and technology.

HOW OUR CULTURAL PROBES INSPIRED US We interviewd our two respondents after they handed back their probes to know what their experience was like with the probes and to also understand their responses. Overall, they enjoyed the collages and the sketchbook. The skectchbook allowed them to be creative and to really think about what they thought would be cool in a classroom and it was also an excuse to doodle in class. Some interesting finds from the sketchbook were the adjustable light fixture and the classroom layout with many windows and large space with storage areas. The collages were also fun for the respondents. Their collages encompassed everything from color scheme, technology, layout, furniture and lighting they would like to see in classrooms.

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WHAT IS YOUR PREFERED TECH TO USE IN CLASSROOMS?

57% students collaborate during class time (35)

72%

60%

laptops

62%

phones

say itʼs easy to collaborate

52%

monitors/desktops

89% use TVs in class to watch videos

45%

T.V.s

79%

37%

chargers

use TVs in class for presentations

HOW IMPORTANT IS TECH IN YOUR CLASSROOM? 61%

25%

SCAD STUDENTS SURVEYED

8% not important

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very important

ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

HOW MUCH STORAGE DO YOU USUALLY HAVE? 40% 25%

23%

8%

4%

SURVEY SAYS…

a lot of space

no space

WHAT DO STUDENTS BRING TO CLASS WITH THEM?

WHAT WOULD BE YOUR MOST IDEAL SETUP FOR ANY LECTURE CLASS? U-SHAPE/ SEMI CIRCLE: STADIUM:

97% cell phones

95%

ROWS:

bags

28% 25% 17%

92% WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE YOUR CURRENT CLASSROOM LAYOUTS?

89% writing utensils

laptops

70%

MORE STORAGE:

67%

MORE PLUGS:

bottles

chargers

MORE SPACE:

55% 25

50% 41% 60%

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WHAT ENVIRONMENT DO YOU PREFER TO WORK IN?

75%

46%

off-campus

36%

in class

say furniture is not visually appealing

36%

coffee shop

are open to adjustable lighting for machines in workshop

27%

school residence halls

27%

outdoor/park

HOW LECTURE HEAVY OR DISCUSSION HEAVY IS YOUR CLASS 31%

84%

HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE COMPU TVs, WALL PLUGS AND LIGHTS IN YOUR CLASS 41%

21% 20% 20% 25%

8% lecture heavy

17%

17%

dicussion heavy unsatisfied

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satisfied

UTERS, SROOM?

ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

HOW COMFORTABLE IS FURNITURE LECTURE CLASS? 33% 21%

26%

8%

12%

extremely comfortable

extremely uncomfortable

SURVEY SAYS…

HOW COMFORTABLE IS LIGHTING IN YOUR LECTURE CLASS? 33% 33% 25% 9% extremely comfortable

extremely uncomfortable

WHAT IS YOUR PREFERED LIGHTING FOR PERSONAL AND WORK PROJECTS? NATURAL LIGHT: ADJUSTABLE LIGHT:

50% 41%

ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LIGHT:

60% 27

SCAD STUDENTS SURVEYED

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

AFTER ALL THIS DAMN RESEARCH...

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DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLEGE CLASSROOMS After all the interviews, observations, focus groups, cultural probes and sureveys, we’ve been able to gather insights for design opportunities in college classrooms

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OPPORTUNITY MAPS: FURNITURE

Weight/Height consideration

Utilize floor space

Focus on comfort

Conveniently placed

Furniture cannot be modified

Floors cluttered with backpacks

Custo m

ge

ing

Lea rn

Setups donĘźt consider the kinds of

ics et

Extroverted Individuals

Aes th

CLASSROOM

Furniture cannot be adjusted for different teaching

ble iza

Table tops can only fit one item,

Sto ra

Storage is usually in

Larger desks

Adjustable Flexible Student preferences

Furniture does not suit student need

Uninviting

Color Bulky unpleasant design

Open concept

Sleek and uniform

Introverted Individuals Inviting design

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018 Arm rests

Adjustable features

Height adjustability Customizability

Moveable but stable chairs

Swivel chairs

swivel chairs allow students to move around easily and to also turn to see others around them

Leg clearance

no arm rests tables are short, unadjustable

Comfortable seat depth

Comfort

COMFORT

swivel chairs not in every class-students strain their necks

Lightweight

Presenting made easy

Feasible for small and large groups

Easy to move

INTERACTION

ctu

Uninteresting lecture content

re & D is c u s

si o

Forced interation

Comfort for long lectures

Easy Adjustment

Layout does not consider student population or course subject

n

Le

Classroom setup rarely changes

Layo ut

ivities Act

Setup based on class

Semi circle setup

Adaptable

&

Desks hinder interaction

rk

Row seating hinders discussion style

Interesting setup

low or no back support

hard plastic material

furniture is highly uncomfortable for prolonged

Organized Flexible for class type

Encourage discussion

Respectful space Reduce neck turning

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Standing desks

Tall back support Flexible back support

Curved back support Soft materials

Plenty of desk space

Setup sacrificed in order to allow students to present.

Students do not have space to take notes

Separating desks is messy and disorganized

Team wo

Easy interaction

Inviting

Watch videos comfortably

Furniture does not adapt to teamwork

furniture tends to look cold and uncomfortable

onomic Egr

Design

little to no adjustable feaures

CATALOG TITLE Small refreshing mental breaks

Large windows

Focus on comfort

Ambiance Student learns better when the amount of natural and artificial light in a classroom is

Focus on comfort

Classroom on second floor of building helps quiet the sounds

Organization

Ex

Ambiance

Classroom on second floor of building helps quiet the sounds from

rience pe

The long tubes of artificial light in a classroom are too bright and do not necessarily disperse light through the

Lighting

The absence of natural light in the workshop and bench room do not allow students to have a

CURRENT DESIGN

Harsh artificial lighting is noticeable and burdensome to student.

Customizability

L a yo ut Students dispersed in the room either in groups or individually in desks in heavy lecture course in Arnold

Active learning

Students have control over their space in drawing class, which helps with classroom

Storage

Open concept

Reduction of noise Large windows Personal space

LED light that compliments natural light

Environmentally friendly LED lighting

Large windows

Alleviate eye strain

The amount of natural light in the room noticed depends on what the

Student notices the absence of natural light in the class-

Student is bothered by absence of natural light in lecture class.

ht Lig

COMFORT

Natural light helps learning

Art When directly looked at, artificial light is bothersome

Energy saving LED light

Ex p

Studying in natural light is more comfortable than studying in artificial The workshop and bench room is not a comfortable environ-

ig if i c i a l L

Harsh artificial lighting is noticeable and burdensome to

Students working within the late evening hours are unaware of how tired they are due to harsh artificial lighting

Alleviate harsh lighting burden

Customizability

Ambiance

Focus on comfort

Balance with natural light

Match light to subject Alleviate eye strain

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When natural light is present in the classroom, student feels more alert

e ienc er

Energy saving on artificial light by allowing more natural light in room

Match lighting scheme to subject being taught

Large work areas are favorable to work in when everyone respects each otherĘźs personal space.

Natural light in classroom increases comfort and lifts the overall ambiance.

ht

Simulated natural light

Natur al

Energy saving LED light

Balance with natural light

The ability to remain alert in class stems from the ability to look

ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

Energy saving LED lighting

Large windows Small refreshing mental breaks

Open concept Natural light in the classroom increases comfort and lifts the overall

Open concept classrooms with natural light and light fixtures

Large work areas are favorable to work in when every-

ces en

Ex

MOOD

C o mf or

Personal space Open concept

Active learning

Absence of natural light in a lecture room makes the

ce rien pe

Environmentally friendly customizable LED lighting schemes would

Large personal work area

Large windows

Artificial light should be simulated in spaces with

Prefe r

Custom lighting fixtures

When natural light is present in the classroom, student feels more alert and The ability to remain alert in class stems from the ability to look outside.

LIGHTING

Enriching outside view Open concept

t

Natural light in the Students are busy with classroom increases time demanding schedcomfort and lifts the ules and spend time in overall the workshop and A crowded and unkepbench room, often mt environment is difficult to learn in.

Large work areas are favorable to work in when everyone respects each

Custom lighting fixtures

Custom lighting fixtures

OPPORTUNITY MAPS:

Organization

Respectful space Large windows

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OPPORTUNITY MAPS: TECHNOLOGY Large windows Ambiance Focus on comfort

Uncomfortable chairs

Small TV screens

Eq

or

Inte ri

Low dropped cieling in Gulfstream makes students feel uncomfortable

Re-design chairs

Slow computers

ent pm ui

Re-design the cieling

Update equipment regularaly

Surrounding walls in classrooms do not have enough space for student work

PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSROOM

User Students do not clean up after themselves

Whiteboards are

Reminders to clean up

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018 Elderly friendly technology Remind students to sign out Students forget to sign out of computer after leaving

es

U r se

TECH SUPPORT

Bad connection between TV and com-

E nv Keyboards and mice are not clean and do not get

Clean devices

ir o n m e

Older professors that have poor vision cannot computer in fron of them

People do not use the technology with care and thus

nt

People should learn more about the comput-

Focus on care of community tech

Food debris near computer and inside keyboards

Scratched computer surfaces and scratched screens

Clean area

Focus on care of tech

Remind students to sign out Some students do not sign out of computers after

Some students are too loud when working in community spaces

Elderly professors with poor vision cannot accomodate to technology

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY USER

Profess o

Personal space

Student

Keyboard and mice are damaged and do not

Dev ic

Computer start up is slow as is performance

r

Tech support needs to do regular system checks

Some professors do not know how to use the tech provided

Some professors do not utilize technology at all Some students eat in front of the computers thus creating dirty

Clean environment

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Dull

Large screens

Tech tutorials

CATALOG TITLE Large windows

Change tables and desks Space on wall

Ambiance Focus on comfort

e

Ex

Sty l

Classroom style is too simplistic

Classroom is not comfortable enough for two and a half hour

DESIGN OF CLASSROOM LAYOUT

Balance with natural light Classrooms are too small

Not enough space for students using the building on the weekends

Large windows

Personal space

Tables with stable foundation Tables are too short

Simulated natural light

Student notices the absence of natural light in the class-

De s

t

Customizability

k&

Chair

REQUIREMENT No natural light in classrooms

Sp

a c e & Plu

Need more space for personal belongings and tools

Bag hanger

For lecture courses, desks are

Focus on comfort

g

s

Energy saving on artificial light by allowing more natural light in room

Chairs are not comfortable

Lig h

Alleviate eye strain

The amount of natural light in the room noticed depends on what the

More plugs for personal computers

Tables with plugs

Lockers Extension cords

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Open concept Reduction of noise

Large windows

Height adjustable tables

The workshop and bench room is not comfortable to work in

Customizability

Storage

LED light that compliments natural light

Active learning

Space No space for personal belongings

Organization

Foundational table

Classroom have little space for posters

rience pe

Students from different majors in charge of design

Not enough

ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

OPPORTUNITY MAPS: ARCHITECTURE

Height adjustable tables

Energy saving LED lighting Open concept No natural light in classroom

Windows

Table with foundation Tables are too short

Large windows

SPACE

Plu

Personal space

Need more space for personal belongings and tools

Chairs

Space for lecture and posters

Chairs uncomfortable

ent Desk s em

Desks in lecture course are too small to work

Comfort

g Space More plugs for personal computers

Organization

Open concept Custom lighting fixtures

Customizability

&

Wall meant for posters

Rearran g

Student needs more classroom space

Respectful space Large windows

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The most important note made is that there is no singular solution to furniture design and arrangement for optimal learning. The most important thing is the design of the furniture itself. It should be ergonomic, given how often students find themselves sitting. It must should also have adjustable features like height. It should be spacious and have extra storage for laptops and books and also compartments for other things. If the furniture is lightweight, and has wheels, it can be rearranged easily to the arrangment needed as often as needed. eEssentially, flexibility and adaptability are imperative considerations when designing class-room furniture to be able to maximize learning for college students.

Clara Asumadu Furniture.

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

Naturally simulated customizable LED light, would be favorable, instead of harsh artificial lighting in classrooms with no windows. This is environmentally friendly and cost effiecient.

Students notice the absence of natural light in their classrooms. When their classrooms do have natural light, the environment is noticibally more pleasant to work in. Options for custom lighting fixtures would be preferred. More robust research is needed in this area so that designers and architects may work together to create a human-centered approach to creating an active learning space.

Vanessa Jaber Lighting.

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Technology is a paramount part of the modern college classroom. Because of this, technology needs constant upkeep and should be regularly cleaned (both software and hardware) and updated. T.V screens and SmartBoards are really important as they are the way teaches give out information and the way students retain information. Screens should be clean, well kept and most importantly big so that it is easy to see. Students should s;aso be encouraged to bring their own tech like laptops and phones to class with them.

As tech continues to advance, it may be useful to incorporate interactive tech like virtual reality, mixed reality and augmented reality.

Hoating Guan Technology

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ISSUE #1 / MONTH 2018

The layout of a classroom is the foundational block for optimal learning.Schools should rearrange each building to create more space for students. Furniture arrangement can be rearranged frquently as long as it is lightweight and movable. Students need more storage space built in or added to their classrooms. Because natural light aids learning, classrooms should try and incorporate big windows to let sunshine in.

Kuan Ting Ho Layout.

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