Clare Market Review, Issue 2, Volume 104 by Clare Market Review

www.claremarketreview.com ------su.claremarketreview@lse.ac.uk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VOLUMECIV--------CLARE MARKET REVIEW issue 2 ----------------------------FEBRUARY2009-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Editors Sean Baker and Alex Jones

Copy Editor - Sydney Smith, Submissions Editor - Jacob Levine, Art Editor David Michon, Web Editor - Sean Deel, Technical Editor - Eric King, Community Editors - Alex White and Jessi Tabalba, Business Manager - Nishant Bagadia, Treasurer - Rosalie Winn, Events Coordinators - Phyllis Lui and Rayna Coulson Associate Editors - Joshua Cook, Annalise Toberman, Michaela Muscat, Lotta Staffans, Oscar Tapp Scotting, Nizar Manek, Ellen Aabo, Brett Noble, Jonathan Montpetit, Pratyusha Rao, Charlotte Rooney With special thanks to Daniel Yates; and thanks to Diego Martin, Mona Waernes, Will Barber, Daniel Sheldon, Juliet Turner, Marion Koob, Andrew Lusztyk, Nathalie Mitchell, Kirsten Murray, Yan Min Chia, Anis Abdullah, Madeeha Ansari, Kelesi Blundell and apologies to Tyler Bewley for failing to credit his artwork in issue one, volume one hundred and four of clare.

the journal of the LSE Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Union Cover Artwork by Mister Rob, www.misterrob.co.uk, London, England

o ghe

Clare Market Review, Volume 104, Issue 2 > contents

')< #()#%&>C+( ( I 'M 0 # B I "S#$#H #843-P9%P G%P%#G -J # B*#1?*B+,'? I ( 4 # B I H # TR#$ G L-H H#31G .#.'(I# 'B E * B ( < 1 # T7#$#-< ,V9+WW+ L+UB&+#- 00Z :%X1P#Y% B TS#$#L)E #[0 -PH Q- 0Q- 0 -

)*'+,

( !"#$#%&' )*/# "!#$#-*(.5 %012#234 )*/# 67#$#-*(. : 8493#244

(*'=>()*? D,B+?B# # ( < B ( < ) C # @)*#A)>**B#.B=?'(BF# E'?'(#)

;!#$#2)<

*#)K#G9% ) ( C B '* J # B ((B*#H)#(I !6#$#-#GB -H49 1L0%#G -: F# #0BE),('<M B * B . # .'(I ? ( < B&O #9(>&B !6#$#G9% G+/+()?#?)#2)<CB*< .IN#.+?# 00 -GG 843P#54 +23245#678 1 0 # + / . , #()#*+ !"#$#%&'-GQM# 8%991#H-Q '?#Q,BB&'< # ,& * ) 5 # B 9)>,#)K#(I "R#$#HIB# P -P8-P#9% A B<(#-C('E'? P & > ( 9 # $ # 6 " #H4Q%0L -PP-G19% N#2+,&)* * + L # I '( 5 <(B*E'B.# "7#$#-<#1 -GQ8%991#H-Q

\C)A . B ' E B * ( B A+*/ B * + , C \ . . .

oere

The Journal of the LSESU

*B<'C#G'KB I D ) '] I C 9 # @+=>,)>? R6#$#LN#4^9 -P4PZL N +,#HIB*+D 'C & + 0 # ( '? '< R;#$#@BA-@@-P9 H * G4H H-#9 (+,#J+<MB 'B C ) 9 # _ # (+,#3B+,(I RS#$#LB< 81GG#Y-%Z a I)*(#9()*N 9 ` # B C < B * B ?K 6R#$#H*+<H H31-9 G%4P#L2('2&A4# @ + ? # + & # . 4 ' ((<#0#=>25 99#$#:&; #()#LB<(+,#3B+,(I -DD*)+CI L-0249 Z-Q9%0 -# *(#9()*Na ) I 9 ` # B '< M MB 6;#$#1A+ 4^P[ K#:<).,B& #) N * ) B I Z # +D#H %9H3%0 ? 7#$#HIB#[))M,B#L ,D # B I ( # b ((B*#@*)A 1P% bT#$#-#GB #9: -0[0%P -24Q#G%X 8 GH23&1IJ# ># & 2+ 2F E # 4 @0%J%012 #D..B8#$#C@(c -G[%H H% # Y%H%0#QB?F 'B?#)K#H>= <&#Z)> * B 9 # + # '< # DB& B(#+ 7"#$#H*+D*<AB<(d#(IB#1<(B*< HIB#[)EB 00Z RDNCD# :%X1P#Y% # Q ? P ? # ? P ?#OA M?#G?NGL : # L L 0 # $ # 7K Q44:a `4P#@-2% 04HQ%0[ 23-0G1%# # I#-,,'?(+'* '( 5 # . 'B E <(B* 77#$#-<#1 2+A=B,, 1H% -G%e#53 2/F ()#?3.HI+@ # / 2( + & 2S #O+.5 78#$#:@. J-P#-QQ%

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

dis con tent

>$!(%%(,$%/$%4($?1,(9%/,$ /@$%4($!/)'/)$"94//0$/@$ #9/)/A19* !"#$"%&'()%*$+(,($-(./0%1)23$ $B5 +45$+6*$!676%/*$*/ $8/)9(,)(':

$$CA,($ +1%4 !676%/*$$$$$$$$$$$ </4)$ =/,,600 ;5$

!"#$%%$&"%'"%($")*&$+%'&"',"%($"#'-.'-" /+(''0"',"1+'-'2*+3 )$4&")*&$+%'&5 6($"748'&*%9":$;'&%"',"%($"74+(*-$&9"'," <'=$&-2$-%">'22*%%$$"?"+'-%4*-3"%($" ;&*-+*;0$"%(4%"3%@.$-%35"43"A$00"43"3%4,,5" 3('@0.".$%$&2*-$"%($"B$-$&40"4+4.$2*+" ;'0*+9"',"%($"/+(''0C"6(*3";&*-+*;0$"*3" +0$4&09"*-+'-3*3%$-%"A*%("%($";&*-+*;0$"'," 4+4.$2*+"4@%'-'295"4++'&.*-B"%'"A(*+(" %($".$%$&2*-4%*'-"',"4+4.$2*+";'0*+9"*3" $D+0@3*=$09"%($"E@3*-$33"',"4+4.$2*+3"'," 3'2$"3$-*'&*%9"CCC"

#!F!6G/H

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

U,'&"*-3%4-+$"*-"X$4=$&"'&"*-".$;4&%2$-%40" 4-."3%4,,M3%@.$-%"+'22*%%$$3V"%($"+'-%$-%"4-." 2$%('."',"%$4+(*-B"4-."',"&$3$4&+(5"'&"$=$-" *-.*=*.@40"+'@&3$35"+0433$35"4;;'*-%2$-%3"$%+C" 4-."&$]@$3%"%($*&".*3+@33*'-C"6($";&'E0$2"*3" &4%($&"%(4%"%($9"(4=$"-'%"9$%"24.$"&$40"@3$"'," %(*3"&*B(%C"6($9"3('@0."E$"$-+'@&4B$."I"4-." $=$-"($0;."I"%'"24R$"%($"E$3%"',"*%C ? ^S_$&(4;3"%($"2'3%"*2;'&%4-%"&$43'-"A(9"A$" 3('@0."&$3*3%"3%@.$-%";'A$&"A(*0$"4++$;%*-B" /!0,*1!)8"**,+7)!+)&"%!%&%3*F)=*&#0/*)6*)"*/%/!)

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

3%@.$-%"2$2E$&3(*;"'-"/+(''0"+'22*%%$$3" A($&$"3%@.$-%3"249"(4=$"@3$,@0".*&$+%" +'-%&*E@%*'-C"!%"%($"342$"%*2$"%(*3"X'4&." ."7'()+<<+/*/)#1()*"+/%+1)+8)#&#,*7%&) 4@%'-'29"4-."@;('0.3"%($";&*-+*;0$"%(4%" 4+4.$2*+";'0*+9"3('@0."E$".$%$&2*-$."3'0$09"E9" 4+4.$2*+3C " " " " " `'@&3"/*-+$&$095 ab%("74&+(cdeb" " " " " J2&$"#4R4%'3

6($"!+4.$2*+"X'4&."',"%($"#/1"4;;$4&$."%'" #$"**>)G1)HI!4)2+@*7=*")HJKL)#)7+!%+1)6#/) ;433$."B*=*-B"4+4.$2*+"3%4,,"4@%('&*%9"'=$&" 24%%$&3"',"4+4.$2*+"3%4-.4&.3C

!"#$%&'()

!"# $%&' %( !"# )%*'+ ,$ -'##+,./

No scent of flower Smell of explosives No colors of Holi Only blood, waves of blood Whom you are killing Are innocent mostly poor And your brother The lights of Buddha, Chaitanya Kabir, Nanak, Gandhi are bleeding to darkness The soul of peace is bleeding You have thousand ways of protest Stop the thirsty track of terror Cannot win or solve Let the path be changed No blood but the blooming roses

#' 0'10 +#' 1&.+% #$! $0./*0.+%

No es esencia de flores El olor de los explosivos No es de colores Holi Sólo sangre, olas de sangre De los que están matando Inocentes, la mayoría pobres Y hermanos. Las luces de Buda, Chaitanya Kabir, Nanak, Gandhi se desangran en la oscuridad El alma de la paz es la hemorragia Tienes mil formas de protestar para detener la sed del terror No puedes ganar o acordar Sin cambiar la ruta de acceso Pues en la sangre, no florecen rosas. Interpr. en español de Graciela Malagrida

THE

EVOLVING FACE OF STUDENT ACTIVISM by ANNALISE TOBERMAN

Student apathy may be a prevalent phe‐ nomenon in this day and age, but the current academic year has seen a tre‐ mendous resurgence of activity at the London School of Economics. It seems that youth dissatisfaction, whatever the stimuli, has manifested itself on campus in a very v isual and vocal way. Gone is t he fervour of sixties and seventies students and their radical methods for attract‐ ing attention, whether through hunger strikes, widespread lecture boycotts, or even violence. There are still students who will stand against authority even when threatened with physical reprimand, and when voic‐ ing an opinion is rewarded with brute police force. The incident at the opening of the New Academic Building is an ex‐ ample close to home. But such confron‐ tations are few and far between. While !"#$%&'$#()*+')!$,"$- *,('..$, /'$.%0&*1*0*(2$ of lunch, learning, or limb at 21st century LSE, young people are still making strides to raise awareness on important issues. The Michaelmas term of 2008 ushered in what could be deemed a new age of activism. A number of noteworthy campaigns took place in quick succes‐ sion: Feminists brandished a banner that proudly proclaimed, ‘Miss LSE = Mi‐ sogyny’ denouncing the school’s beauty pageant and initiating a University of London‐wide campaign against the in‐ appropriate placement of appearance‐

based competitions w ithin academic insti‐ tutions. ‘LSE not £$€’ was to be the slogan of the next banner unfurled by activists on campus; a protest against unethical fund‐ ing for the New Academic Building pro‐ vided by the late Sheikh Zayed, who con‐ troversially violated human rights causes and turned a blind eye to child slavery and anti‐Semitism. The LSE Palestine Society has been one of the most visible pressure groups on Houghton Street, consistently raising awareness of the Israeli occupation and its t hreat to Palestinian civilian life. L astly, the Student Union launched a campaign that successfully saved the LSE Nursery, and raised questions as to whether t he LSE is still committed to providing acceptable welfare services for student families. For a university with the political focus of LSE, t his burst of student activism is a posi‐ tive development. The idea that any uni‐ versity should be politically neutral is lu‐ dicrous, and moreover, detrimental to the development of young minds. Campus is supposed to serve as a focal point for open debate and discussion, with the liberal right to freedom of speech applying here as much as it does more broadly. Philoso‐ pher John Stuart Mill prized a ‘free market’ of ideas as instrumental to human growth. Debate is both personally informative and a means by which society as a whole be‐ comes more knowledgeable. Even when one takes offense at another’s opinion, it can be a valuable experience in that one’s own convictions are often strengthened by 0"(1)*0,*(2$3*'-4"*(,.5 The merits of student demonstration in terms of formulating t he opinions of young people are undeniable. Yet protests are also supposed to evoke change; they are not merely worthwhile in themselves, but also .'&3'$,"$6#)1*))$0'&,%*($%*7.5$8/*)'$-'$7%!$

hope that the LSE nursery remains open for the foreseeable future, it is doubtful that the Sheikh money will be returned. Even the Palestine Society’s greatest ef‐ forts are unlikely to create the slightest ripple of change in the turbulent pool of 9*::)'$;%.,'&($0"(1)*0,5 Presumably, students today are not less inclined to protest because of apathy but rather because they have become hard‐ ened realists. Hypothetically speaking, I want to improve human r ights v iolations in less developed regions, so perhaps I will focus my attention on my law degree and become a human rights lawyer in‐ .,'%:$"6$/%(:*(2$"#,$*((#7'&%<)'$1)!'&.$ ,/%,$%&'$6%,':$,"$)*'$*($%$<*(=$"($, /'$1 )""&=$"&$ in the darkest corner of some soul’s book bag. Similarly, pursuing a political c areer path w ill prove more f ruitful in ‘making a difference’ than producing T‐shirts and banners, regardless of how aesthetically appealing they turn out to be. Being a cynic is by no means synony‐ mous with being indifferent. There will always be issues that invoke compas‐ sion and thus student protest; after all, world peace and perfect government are utopian ideals. Furthermore, the art of political demonstration w ill never die, because concern for local or global in‐ justice is not the only incentive for activ‐ ists. Most regulars on t he student protest scene g reatly enjoy t heir efforts. Dressed up provocatively for a silent protest can win you near‐celebrity status for t he day, or longer if your photo is taken for the Beaver. Moreover, if I am honest, t he anti‐ war march I took part in a few years ago resembled more of a social event than an embodiment of peace sentiments. The ultimate reason for fewer student demonstrations could be that we have

too much to lose compared with what we what our protests can gain. Relatively small problems and perceived injustices do not warrant being suspended from higher education or facing a criminal record that would jeopardize one’s f uture professional life. For civil r ights protesters half a century ago, the consequences of not acting were grave enough to warrant the greatest sac‐ &*1*0'.5$>',$%,$,/*.$?#(0,#&'$*($@&*,*./$/*.,"&!=$ students have less to shout about. Is there ("-$.*74)!$)'..$,"$1*2/,$6"&=$("-$,/%,$-'$ have transformed public life for women and ethnic minorities in this country? Given the events of recent months, it is per‐ haps more realistic to speak of a changing face of student activism than of its death. Protesters may not longer be the radically idealistic students of earlier generations, but a sympathetic observer can still spot many signs of life in LSE’s campus activists. Even if occupying the Old theatre is never going to bring peace to the Middle East.

Clare Market Review interviews Mary Kaldor, Co-Director of LSE’s Centre for the Study of Global Governance, professor, activist and author, about the current state of student activism and the university as the ferment for revolution.

When did you become an activist?

Oh, very young. I went on my first demonstration when I was ten. Actually it was because of my mum, she was an anti-nuclear activist and she organized a demonstration where children went round in Cambridge, where we lived, in a lorry saying, “We Want to Live.” So what do you think about the place of activism in the university? Does activism belong in the university, outside, or both? Are universities the right place to ferment revolution? I definitely think activism belongs in the university, because I think activism is a sort of education. It’s how you learn about politics, and you learn a lot more, in a way, from being an activist than from reading books. I’m not saying you shouldn’t read books, on the contrary you have to, as an activist you have an argument, and you have to get your argument right, so you need to back it up by reading. So it’s actually very good in terms of education. For a long time we haven’t had much activism on campuses, and I think the reason is primarily economic. It’s much tougher to be a student now than when I was young. An awful lot of students have to have jobs, and they just don’t have time to

be an activist, and I think that’s a great shame. Do you think 1968 could happen today? No I don’t, actually. It’s an interesting question, but I’ve partly answered it. One of the reasons I don’t think so is that 1968 was very much the product of my generation, who were the children of the welfare state. I think we were a very privileged generation, but at the same time our parents had been involved in the war, involved in struggles what we saw as revolutionary struggles - and we wanted to do the same thing. Nowadays it’s very different. By the way, personally I was not very involved in 1968. My activism was always in the peace movement. I actually became active again in the eighties. And although I was sympathetic to ‘68, I was a bit doubtful about the revolutionary rhetoric , and I never felt quite at home in ‘68. I was living in Sweden at the time. So I was sort of disconnected from it. But the question is could it happen again? What I think is terribly interesting nowadays is how activism has changed enormously. It takes a different form, and you have huge demonstrations now, bigger than you ever had in ‘68 because of the ability of the

internet and mobile phones to mobilize people. But it’s not quite the same. There’s something similar in Greece, but it hasn’t quite caught on. I think you will have something like ‘68, but it will be different, is what I’m trying to say. I think ‘68 was a particular moment in time, but now we’re going through different kind of issues. There’s the global financial crisis, and we have things like the Social Forum [the World Social Forum], although they’re less strong than they were a few years ago. I don’t discount the possibility of another ‘68, I think it will be different in form. You’ve shown that activism is a lifelong pursuit but not for everybody. Why do some people give up activism later in life?

ing than you can have through activism. I think for many people, when they buy houses, have children and have families they become more concerned about establishing their own private worlds than being engaged in more outside issues. So I think that’s one reason. For people who are extremely radical, they often become disillusioned with their radicalism and become rather conservative when they’re older. But I also think it works the other way around. I think if you’re a very honest person, the longer you live the more you realize that conspiracy theories are real, that people do compromise, pursue their careers, become opportunistic, instead of standing up for values or public goals, and so I think a lot of people become more activist when they get older, because they’ve become aware of all that. So I don’t think it’s always one way. I think Houghton Street is a phenomenon unto itself. When you walk down the street you have many different clubs and societies and a lot of them are activist societies with a political agenda. What are your comments?

Or begin! Or begin? If I look at my own life, I’ve always been in and out of activism. There are moments when you think activism doesn’t work, when it’s very exhausting, and you’d rather sit and think that you would have more impact through writ-

I agree with you, it’s great. I think it was always like that, 20 or 30 years ago, then it went through a period when it was banks trying to get you to open bank accounts. There was a decline in activism and a free-market era. But now activism is returning, which I think is very positive. And what do you think about the financial crisis, how does that figure for the future of activism generally? Well, that was why I was hesitating when you asked me the question about ‘68. Because, I think on one hand, obviously people will feel the pinch and

will feel the need to protest against the market and so on. But in a way that’s already happened. And one of the problems of a financial crisis is that people feel the effects themselves and have less time and less confidence to become activists. I also think one of the big problems of the last few years, and maybe this might help answer your ‘68 question, is that we don’t really know who to address. I think that’s a huge problem for activists. For example, Howard Davies was very sympathetic to the occupation in Gaza. But how does occupying the LSE to protest about Gaza affect Israeli actions? How do you, as a local activist, manage to have some kind of impact on the global scene? The trouble is that most students these days are global activists. That’s one major difference from 1968. Although people wanted to change the world, they were really addressing their own government. Now

that’s not the case. We’re addressing the United States, Israel, and a number of other countries, and there’s a huge gap between where policies are made and where activists stand. I think over the last few years that gap has widened, not simply because of the policy makers but because of the activists themselves. They’ve been so skeptical about politics that they prefer to remain pure, and outside politics; and there’s a sense of “what is there between activism and official politics?” We can all protest, we can all say that we’re against the Israeli attacks on Gaza, but what can we do to actually stop them? #

‐ Human rights violations against students in Colombia Throughouthistory,peoplehavefoughtfortherighttoaneducation.Ithasnotalwaysbeenreadilyavailableotherthan to the most privileged in society. This is still the case today in many countries. Recent cuts in the education system and theattemptedprivatizationinItalyareremindersthatwhatwasoncegainedmightagainbelost.Fordecades,students in Colombia have fought a nonviolent struggle to achieve basic student rights and to avoid privatization and public neglect of the education sector. In a country torn by conflict, their struggle has been met with threats and violence. Many people live in fear of the consequences of fighting for the fundamental right to an education. The new Gelmini law passed by the Italian Senate on October 29, 2008, is bad news for the education sector in Italy as

it allows huge cuts to public education over the next few years. The law was met with strong reactions as an esti matedonemillionpeopleshowedupinRomeonOctober 30 for a general strike against the cuts proposed by Italy`s rightwing government. In Milan, an estimated two hun dred thousand people hit the streets, resulting in the larg est demonstration since the first invasion of Iraq in 1991. While students in Italy face consequences like expulsion and perhaps lose their right to finish their schooling, the students in Colombia risk being kidnapped, injured, and even killed. The Colombian Association of University Students (ACEU) was formed in Cartagena in 1998, aiming to

student peace prize fight a nonviolent struggle in defence of education as a fundamental right and student democracy. In 2005, The International Student Festival in Trondheim, Norway (ISFiT) rewarded its efforts with the Student Peace Prize. ISFiT is arranged every second year by more than 350

students in Trondheim and is the world’s largest student festival with a thematic focus. Diego Marin, leader of ACEU has left Colombia af ter receiving death threats and is currently in Norway

student leaders killed where he is applying for asylum. It is not without reason he fears the threats. In an email to Clare Market Re view, Diego explains why: In Colombia there are three human rights violations per week at the universities, including illegal arrests, death threats,internaldisplacement,torture,andmurder.Eight eenstudentleadershavebeenkilled,andthestatedoesn’t protect us. Students are not the only group targeted. According to Amnesty’s latest report on Colombia, at least 39 trade union members were killed in 2007. Armed il

legal groups also target journalists with attacks and/or Some consider that social mobility is most efficiently im provedthrougheducation.Byincreasingthecostsand/or threats. This comes as no surprise to Diego: reducing the number of programs on offer, many people are denied this opportunity. Diego Marin thinks that the possibility of attending higher education in Colombia is In Colombia there are thee human too limited: rights violations per week at the In Colombia we are more or less eleven million two hun universities dredthousandyoungpeoplebetweenfifteenandtwenty IdiscoveredthatthegovernmentsinColombia,especially seven years old, we have to start looking for ways of sur the current government doesn’t like that students organ viving. But only ten percent can enter the universities, it ize and propose changes. means that, out of ten youth who finish high school, only Thegovernmentoffersthesegroupsnoprotectionagainst one can enter to the university. the paramilitaries. The Colombian president Alvaro Uribe Today there are 32 public and between 110120 private hasonmorethanoneoccasionimpliedthathumanrights universities in Colombia, with a total of 1 200 000 students. organizations are linked to guerilla groups, thus permit Only 10,5% of the population of universityage eligible tingthemediatoaccuseactivists,suchasthemembersof prospects ends up attending university. Places in public ACEU, of being involved in terrorist actions. universities are so reduced that it is nearly impossible to FreedomHouse,anonprofitandnonpartisanorganiza get in. Many are forced to turn to private universities, which tionthatstrivestobeaclearvoicefordemocracyandfree offerlimitedcoursechoicesanddemandhigherentrance dom,rewardsColombiawithanunimpressive77thplace fees than most people can afford. This case is far from out of 140 countries when it comes to civil and political unique in Latin America. However, what makes the strug gle in Colombia so unique and significant is the fact that it liberties. is being repressed by external forces to the extent of mur In 2004 Diego was, for the first time, forced to leave the der. According to the ACEUreport, Colombian students universityandhiseducationbecauseofthreatsfrompara faced human rights violation on average of three times a military groups. The state would not guaranty his safety week during President Álvaro Uribe’s first term. sothathecouldstayandfinishhiseducation.Hebecame one of the more than four million internally displaced peo Diego Marin started university in Colombia before he was pleinColombia.Colombiahasoneofthelargestnumber 17 years old. Seeing that only ten percent enter universi of internally displaced people in the world, a significant tiesinColombia,Diegoconsiderhimselflucky.Hebelieves strongly that the solution to Colombia’s many problems number of these being students. lies in educating the public: In 2006, Diego returned to his education and he became the leader of the ACEU. Because of his political work Diego has, as have many other members of student organiza tions,beenaccusedbythemediaofbeingasaboteurand a terrorist. He has been put under constant investigation by the police. I can no longer remember when they started calling me a guerrilla soldier and when I went from being seen as a student to an “infiltrator” or a “terrorist”. Attending university made me realize the enormous In 2008 the situation had gotten so dangerous that he inequality that exist in my country and that the govern again had to leave the university and this time also his own ment doesn’t work to solve them, but they enlarge country. them and because of it the majority of my young compatriots have to life among the delinquency, war, the drugs and always with a very high level of I can no longer remember when they the poverty. Education should serve to resolve these prob lems, but that is not an option for the vast majority of started calling me a guerrila soldier, and when I went from being seen as the young people in Colombia. Education is highly recognized as a contributing factor to a student to an infiltrator or terrorist democracy and participation. Thus, it is an important fac tor for social and political change. For these reasons it can ACEU and our members have been targets of death be seen as a threat to the prevailing power. The students threats and persecution. Just a month and a half ago we in Italy and Colombia struggle against budgetcuts and were threatened by paramilitaries, first with emails, later privatization. Though they both face the same issues, they by persons on motorcycles that screamed to us in the face gravely different consequences. streets. InNovember2008ACEUandtheNorwegianStudents’and Academics’InternationalAssistanceFund(SAIH)presented Text: a report that shows 592 cases of human rights violation to Lene Lad Johansen students in Colombia during Álvaro Uribe`s first term as Photo: President. The violations consist of 175 cases of personal ACEU, Ellen Aabo, Mona injuries,10casesoftortureand14casesofhomicide.Data is collected by the ACEU and is based on reports and ar Warnes ticles in the press as well as from different public and hu man rights organizations. The actual numbers are gener ally considered to be much higher as many cases are not reported due to victims´ fear, forced displacement, and threats to family members from external forces.

“

E d u c a t i o n against war

“

In 2005, Colombia spent 3,73 % of GDP on the military. This makes them the 14 biggest spender on military in the world. Compared to spendings on education they, according to the latest data available and the UN`s human development statistics, spend 5,1% of GDP on education, ranking then as number 54 in the world.

More reading on ACEU and Colombia Amnesty's latest annuâ&#x20AC;? al report on Colombia: http://thereport.amâ&#x20AC;? nesty.org/eng/regions/ americas/colombia

Photo guide:

1 :Mural of one of the students killed in stu‐ dent protests.

2 :Most student protets are peaceful, like this one, in Bogota 2008.

34: Due to the lack of a free press, grafitti is one of few ways of expressing one's opinions. Here from the walls of BU, 2007

5: demonstration at the Bogota University (BU), 2007. The most active students are masked due to fears of retaliation from the police and para‐ military groups

NOTE: ACEU IS NOT TAKING PART IN VIOLENT DEMONSTRATIONS OR PROTESTS.

It could almost be a scene at any university cam pus. A group of 50 or so students in matching !"#$%&'()*+,-).&)/01&$#,,2+34&!#331,)&#35&6#4).& begin chanting. On cue, another group assem bles a few feet away, striking up a chant of its own. But amid the growing cacophony, armed guards line up between the demonstrators. This is Haifa University in Israel, where Arab students are commemorating the Nakba or ‘Ca -#)-,/7*18&9*+$*.&:/,&-*10.&51;315&-*1&:/<35 ing of the state of Israel 61 years ago. The other group, larger in number, is made up of Jewish students staging a counterdemonstration. These young people study alongside each other every day, but, with each group’s political and racial sensitivities in play, the mood is unmis takably tense. ‘It’s always like this,’ Jana, a 21yearold stu dent from East Jerusalem, tells me afterwards. ‘Whenever we meet to remember the Nakba, we’re shouted down. When the Holocaust is remembered, we respect it and we take part. Where is the room for our pain?’ =#3#&+)&!,+4*-.&$/3;513-.&#35&#,-+$<"#-1&+3&>34 lish, her third language after Arabic and He brew. As an Arab citizen of Israel she is also, according to the historian Benny Morris, part of a demographic ‘time bomb’ threatening -*1&$/<3-,2?&@/,,+)8)&9/,5)&,161$-&-*1&:1#,)&/:& many Israelis that a fastgrowing Arab popula tion could one day undermine the Jewish na ture of the state. Time bomb or no, what is clear +)&-*#-&A),#1"&9+""&$/01&-/&!1&51;315&#)&0<$*& by its relationship with the Arabs within its bor ders as with those in the West Bank and Gaza. A-& +)& /:-13& /B1,"//%15& -*#-& #& ;:-*& /:& A),#1"+)& C& )/01& D?E& 0+""+/3& 71/7"1& C& #,1& 3/-& =19+)*?& A3& the period leading up to Israel’s Declaration of A351713513$1&+3&DFGH.&)/01&IJK.KKK&L,#!)&615& Israel or were deported; the 150,000 who stayed found themselves citizens of a newly created country. The Declaration promised equal rights to all citizens, ‘irrespective of religion, race or )1M8?&N<-&-/5#28)&2/<34&L,#!)&C&-*1&4,#35$*+" 5,13&/:&-*/)1&9*/&,10#+315&+3&DFGH&C&)#2&-*12& #,1&)-+""&9#+-+34&:/,&-*#-&7,/0+)1&-/&!1&:<";""15?& ‘Are we equal in Israel? Of course not,’ says =#3#?&OP1&:#$1&5+)$,+0+3#-+/3&1B1,2&5#2&C&:,/0& the police, from the army, when we go to school or look for work. It’s always made clear to us that we’re not welcome here. I want to feel like I belong in Israel, but how can I when my rights aren’t respected? Being an Arab Israeli is like be ing a stranger in your own home.’

Speaking to young Arabs in Israel you en counter the same grievances everywhere. The irony is that, for the younger generation, they are increasingly framed in terms of democ ,#$2&#35&$+B+"&,+4*-)&C&#&"#34<#41&-*12&"1#,315& by growing up in Israel. Rather than dream ing of the reestablishment of an Arab home land in Palestine, these young people want to claim full partnership and prosperity here, the only home they have ever known.

OA:&A&4/&-/&V771,&S#T#,1-*&-/&;35&9/,%&+3&/31& of the new department stores, they say, “Sorry, we only want people who have done military service.” What they mean is they only want Jews. They see me, an Arab, walk in through the door and immediately they don’t trust me, they want me out of there. It’s heartbreaking C&A&$#38-&51)$,+!1&+-&#32&/-*1,&9#2&C&9*13&2/<& realise these people hate you or are afraid of you.’

The reality, however, is that Israel remains a deeply unequal and segregated society. A 2006 report published by Israel’s National Insurance Institute found that, despite making up only 20% of the population, Arabs comprised 53% of Israel’s poor. In 2004, Adva, a research centre monitoring inequality in Israel, found that the EQ& -/93)& 9+-*& -*1& 9/,)-& <3107"/2013-& ;4 ures were all Arab. Arabs earn less, have lower life expectancies, and suffer higher infant mor tality rates than their Jewish counterparts.

I ask him what he thinks could be the solu tion to the problem. ‘They should mix up the elementary schools,’ he tells me. ‘If Jewish and Arab kids grew up learning together at school, they’d learn to trust each other.’ Cur rently, the segregation of Israeli society is reinforced by its school system. There are separate schools for Jewish and Arab students, and the latter are routinely underfunded and neglected, with larger classes and lower levels of achievement as a result. In 2004 the Israeli government’s own Central Bureau of Statistics published a report showing that each Arab student in Israel received resources of £105 per year, compared with £485 per Jewish student (Nathan, The Other Side of Israel, 94).

Catching a bus from a Jewish town in north ern Israel to a neighbouring Arab commu 3+-2& :11")& "+%1& #& R/<,312& :,/0& -*1& ;,)-& 9/,"5& to the third. Nazareth, Israel’s largest Arab town, with some 65,000 residents, is a case in point. The shops selling shawarma and trin kets to Christian tourists near the Church of the Annunciation are surrounded by chaotic, crowded, and dirty streets, many leading up to dilapidated Arab slums. Next door lies the Jewish town of Upper Nazareth, a 1950s de velopment of palmlined avenues fronted by modern homes with manicured lawns. Built on land seized from the older Nazareth, it oc cupies three times as much space despite hav ing only two thirds the population. ‘Everything is harder for us than for the Jews,’ says Ali, 20, who works at a falafel counter in S#T#,1-*?&OP*13&A&;3+)*15&)$*//"&A&9#3-15&-/& go to university to study engineering, but my family couldn’t afford to send me.’ But he con siders himself lucky: none of his four brothers $#3&;35&9/,%&+3&-*1&-/93?&OU31&5#2&A&9/<"5& like to save enough money to open my own falafel restaurant,’ he says. ‘But at the end of the week, when I share my wages to help my parents and brothers, there’s nothing left.’

Faced with such discrimination, it’s no won der that even those young Arabs who succeed in gaining a higher education complain of be ing unable to identify with Israel. I ask Mona, a 21yearold student at Haifa University, how )*1& :11")& #!/<-& #3& A),#1"+& 6#4.& 9+-*& +-)& !"<1& Star of David, mounted nearby. ‘I don’t feel anything towards it. I wish I could. But how can I care about my country when my coun try doesn’t care about me?’ Jana articulates the +513-+-2&$,+)+)&#:6+$-+34&L,#!&A),#1"+)&13&0#))1W& ‘Maybe my parents’ generation saw itself as Palestinian. Some of them have brothers or sisters living in the West Bank. But what am I? I’m not Palestinian, I’m not Israeli. Sometimes I feel like I don’t have an identity at all.’ Arabs like Mona are taught in Citizenship classes at school that Israel is a ‘Jewish demo cratic state’. That an ethnically mixed state can identify as both Jewish and democratic is a paradox Arabs are expected to negotiate every day. It is a paradox too far for Israel’s critics,

some of whom prefer to characterise it as an ‘ethnocracy’, pointing out that, from education 7/"+$2&-/&-*1&5+)-,+!<-+/3&/:&)-#-1&!131;-)&#35& municipal funding, Israel is run largely for the !131;-&/:&+-)&=19+)*&$+-+T13)&-/&-*1&1M$"<)+/3&/:& Arabs. One of the main reasons discrimination against Arab Israelis is allowed to go un checked is that Israel lacks a constitution codi fying basic human rights, such as equality, freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Faced with abuses, the only recourse ordi nary Arabs have is to pursue their grievances -*,/<4*& -*1& $/<,-)& C& 9*+$*& #,1& -*10)1"B1)& stacked with Jewish judges. As for the legisla ture, there are currently 12 Arab members of the 120seat Knesset, but no Arab party has ever formed part of a ruling coalition. When Arab politicians demand Israel becomes a ‘state for all its citizens’ they are sometimes threatened with expulsion under a law which bans parties that ‘negate the existence of the state of Israel as the state of the Jewish people’. Arabs who hope to claim a more meaningful stake in Israeli society are constantly remind ed that they are regarded with suspicion or outright hostility by their Jewish neighbours. Again and again young Arabs tell of the so cial barriers they encounter in everyday life when people realise they are not Jewish. This 9+51)7,1#5&+07,1))+/3&+)&$/3;,015&!2&#&)<, vey conducted recently by the Center Against Racism in Israel. Among 500 Jewish Israelis representing all levels of society, 75% said they would not agree to live in a building with Arab residents, over 50% agreed that the gov ernment should encourage Arab immigration to other states, and 40% advocated removing Arabs’ right to vote in elections. With Jewish politicians already debating how to counter the ‘demographic threat’ of a growing Arab 7/7<"#-+/3& C& X,1)+513-+#"& $#35+5#-1& LB+45/,& Lieberman advocates transferring Arab towns to a future Palestinian state, in exchange for sovereignty over Jewish settlement blocs in )+51& -*1& P1)-& N#3%& C& 0#32& L,#!)& :1#,& -*#-& their status as Israeli citizens could become precarious. Go to Ben Gurion Street, a long strip of chic

restaurants and cafes in Haifa’s middleclass Arab district, and you are presented with a less menacing vision of Israel’s future. In the shade /:& -*1& 0#43+;$13-& N#*#8+& -107"1& $,1)-+34& #& nearby hill, Arab and Jewish families mingle into the late evening. Despite being bombed by Hezbollah rockets in 2006, community relations in Haifa are buoyed by the relative prosperity Arabs enjoy, and the city can plau sibly claim to be Israel’s only truly integrated city. Speaking to young Arabs here, you have the impression of a work ethic sometimes as sociated with immigrant groups in the UK: an irrepressible determination to overcome ob stacles to a better life. Narjess, a trainee doctor at the city’s Technion college, works up to 30 hours a week as a café waitress to pay for her studies. ‘We know a lot of Jews would prefer us to leave Israel, and a lot of my friends plan -/& "1#B1& /3$1& -*128B1& ;3+)*15& -*1+,& )-<5+1).8& she said. ‘One day soon Israel will discover that all the educated, professional Arabs have left. Those who stay behind will be the ones who can’t afford to leave.’ Would she leave? Her eyes take on the tired, faraway look you often see when asking young Arab Israelis about their hopes for -*1&:<-<,1?&A&,161$-&*/9&4"#5"2&#&)/$+1-2&"+%1& the UK’s would welcome a driven, trilingual 2/<34&5/$-/,&"+%1&*1,&C&#35&*/9&0<$*&A),#1"& would lose if she left. ‘I’d love to leave, to live in a country where I’m free to be myself and where being an Arab doesn’t count against me. But another part of me wants to stay, to raise a family and prove that Arabs can be successful here.’ ‘Besides, it’s hard to leave,’ she sighs. ‘After all, Israel is my home.’ 1 http://www.counterpunch.org/sha vit01162004.html Y&*--7WZZ999?5#2#3?/,4Z%#7R#$Z;"1)Z)*#0+ rEng.pdf 3 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=895321 4 http://www.ynetnews.com/ articles/1,7340,L3381978,00.html

FROM

Majeda Al-Saqqa Khan Yunis S. Gaza Strip

PALESTINE

“At the moment, I’m in my house in Khan Yunis, in the south of the Gaza Strip. It’s quiet, but there is no electricity and there are some airplanes in the sky. It’s a bit tense because we don’t know what will happen. According to what we heard on the news, it seems that there are some escalations, so we don’t know what is going to happen. Because we don’t have electricity we don’t have access to TV news, so we’re just listening to local FM radios all the time. They are reporting about what is happening in several places across the Gaza Strip. The Israelis are in the eastern villages of Khan Yunis, but so far they have not entered into the city. Of course, you can still hear the shelling and the air-strikes all the time.” In my opinion, I don’t think this war has anything to do with Hamas, even though Israel has announced it is because of what Hamas is doing. If we look at

the history, if we look at 1948 or 1967, or the first Intifada, it’s not always Hamas. Unfortunately, it is the Israeli regime and the occupation that are doing this. With what we are seeing in the world, I don’t think anything will change with Israel as long as the American administration is acting this way, as long as the EU is acting this way, and as long as Russia is acting this way. Unfortunately, all those who support Palestine are the people; the masses who are not in power. They are the supporters of the Palestinian cause, the right to live freely and ending the Israeli occupation. As long as the EU is rewarding Israel and upgrading their relationship, the Israelis have no reason to stop what they are doing. Unfortunately, it is an arrogant state, and we are hoping that the people, the masses in Europe and America, in the Arab world and the Muslim world, will continue their revolution and change the situation in Palestine as well. 26

We hear about protests all over the world. Supporters from London or Europe or the Arab world will call random phone numbers in the Gaza Strip, and they are supporting people and telling them that the masses are on the street and that they are protesting in the big cities and even in small villages. This is our hope. Our hope is that our freedom will come from the people. I don’t think we have any hope in any of the governments of the world, not even Obama. He said that he will bring change, but his last statement equalised the victim and the oppressor. We were so disappointed, because he is saying he cares about the security in Sderot, but he does not care at all about the hundreds of people who are dying, the children who are dying, in Palestine. I mean, the seventeen people in Sderot who suffered from the rockets, I don’t know how to describe it, but it’s nothing compared to the F-16s that are hitting civilians, that are hitting children. And I don’t think you did not see it. Everybody saw it; everybody is a witness of this crime. Unfortunately, Obama is part of an administration, and I don’t think his administration will allow him to bring change. I don’t think the American administration is ready for any change in the Middle East, but we were

hoping that the EU, or the UK after Blair, would do something. Unfortunately, they are still very shy in their statements, which is undermining the Palestinian cause and is at times dehumanising. So we are waiting for the people, but because we are struggling for our rights, our freedom, for justice, and for the peace I think we are going to win. There was no warning at all when the attacks started. Our kids were in kindergarten and at school. It was a Saturday, so it was a day off for us but the schools were open. People were in the market, just like every day. This is why it was so bad, and killed so many people. In a second they changed the whole geography of Gaza, but no government is doing anything about it. It happened all of a sudden, there were bombings everywhere, huge sounds and huge lights. It was like an earthquake, the house was moving. My first thought was of my nephews in kindergarten. I ran down the steps and went towards the door to go and get them, but fortunately our neighbour was near the kindergarten, and he brought them back with him. It happened in a few seconds, it lasted maybe five minutes, but they hit so many places at one time. Then we heard that it was all

over the Gaza Strip, so we tried to call my brother, my relatives, my friends, my colleagues. We just wanted to understand what was going on. Unfortunately the phone lines were not working, mobiles or landlines, and it took two or three hours before they worked again. It was horrific, I can’t describe it. It is the most awful thing that’s happened in our lives. I just can’t describe it, it’s heartbreaking, because people were just in the markets and in their work, the children were in kindergarten and school; and here you have this war machine that is taking over your sky and your whole life, they are hitting everywhere. Nobody is talking about this trauma, they are just talking about the Israelis in Sderot unfortunately. Of course I think that one day we will see a peaceful Palestine. I think I will see it myself, and I think my nephews and so many other children will live in better

situations and have better lives soon, because what is happening is madness. What the Israelis are doing is a crime, and criminals can’t escape all their lives. They will be caught one day, and they will be brought to justice. I think they got out of control, and I don’t think the world will allow it. If the world will allow them, then I don’t think anybody deserves to live on this earth. My message to the people in Britain is please go on and continue your fight, because the Palestinian cause is not only a Palestinian cause, it is a Human Rights cause. We are all humans sharing this earth together, so it is your responsibility as much as it is our responsibility to stop the craziness of the Israelis. It is their duty to work to bring change with the British government. I think every nation, every people in their own country, should work to bring change within their own government.” As told to Kevin Perry on 9th January, 2009.

May 13, 1985. By late in the evening, a disoriented Japanese news crew arrived on Osage Avenue in West Philadelphia, asking frantic questions of local reporters on the scene. “Where should we go?” they queried. After 32 hours without sleep, having survived a hail of police gun fire and watched a bomb dropped on a row house, I could only turn and point behind them. A neighborhood was burning to the ground not half a block from us.

Arguably the worst public action in the history of the city, the tragedy quickly became worldwide news. De spite televised investigatory hearings, not one of the officials responsible was ever found guilty of any crime. In fact, the city’s first African Ameri can mayor in office at the time was reelected by a wide margin. Of the two surviving members of MOVE, oneBirdie Africa—a child aged 13 was placed with relatives; the other survi vor, a woman—Ramona Africa, was ar rested, tried and convicted of reckless Exhausted firefighters had lost their endangerment and served seven years battle against blaze, horrified neigh in prison. bors watched their possessions and memories go up in flames. Helpless Not many people understood the ness and shock hovered over us all like MOVE people or even knew that smog. And the only real question was MOVE is not an acronym. According whether the inhabitants of the MOVE to the teachings of MOVE founder house had escaped alive. John Africa, it means “movement” and is meant to express the connection be They didn’t. Eleven people perished, tween movement and life. Their beliefs including five children. were (and remain) difficult to recon cile with much of modern and particu The MOVE members had established larly urban life. MOVE was dubbed a a compound headquartered in the “back to nature” group by the press heart of a wellestablished, African but that is a misnomer. Their strong American, working class neighbor commitment to selfdefense figured hood in West Philadelphia. The fatal greatly into their life philosophy and fire which consumed the community their confrontations with Philadel was triggered by a police bomb used phia police, as did their disavowal of in an attempt to evict the occupants of the legitimacy of the manmade legal the three bedroom MOVE row house. system.

When MOVE was founded in the early 70’s, members played a positive role in the community by walking neighbors’ dogs, washing cars, aiding the home less, assisting the elderly, and mak ing home repairs. But in time, MOVE evoked images of black people in long thick dread locks, loud disruptive pro tests and unkempt children whose par ents refused to allow them to attend school.

of what happened. When the ensuing trials were over, MOVE members were convicted of the murder of officer Ramp and sentenced to 30 to 100 years in prison. To this day, there are doubts about the fair ness of these trials. Community activ ists and some news reports questioned whether officer Ramp was really killed by “friendly” fire from his own police department. MOVE cried foul, argued that their “brothers and sisters” had I first heard of MOVE as a college stu been unfairly convicted and deter dent. They were “moving” on the zoo mined to free them through its own and pet shops to free the animals, chal brand of action and activism. lenging the system at school board meetings, rallies, public forums and The relationship between MOVE and media offices. They demanded to be the Philadelphia police department heard and their strategy, based on the was acrimonious at the onset. By 1985, frequent use of profanity and confron MOVE was convinced that it was head tation, prompted regular contact with ed for another confrontation with the the police, District Attorney, and court department and the city. It began re system. inforcing the walls of its new home on Osage Avenue with railroad beams and In a large urban environment like Phil built a “bunker” on the rooftop. One adelphia this strategy was a recipe for of its protest techniques called for the disaster. The MOVE disaster was wo use of a bullhorn mounted on the house ven into local politics and public policy through which members made their which impacted Philadelphians and case nearly 24 hours a day, spewing the city budget for nearly two decades. profanitylaced invectives and threats at police and public officials. MOVE MOVE and the Philadelphia Police sought to pressure neighbors to draw The 1985 clash between MOVE and the attention to their cause. police echoed a confrontation eight years earlier in another West Philadel Neighbors held Hostage phia community. In 1978, police sur But residents on the MOVE block, many rounded a MOVE house after a two of whom were initially sympathetic to month standoff during which, armed the MOVE cause, felt they had become MOVE members routinely patrolled pawns and hostages in MOVE’s protest. the rooftop of their “headquarters”, The solid, working class black neigh blaming the police for several assaults borhood also resented the “natural” on MOVE women and the killing of lifestyle of the residents of the MOVE a MOVE child, Life Africa. Gunfire house—raw meat thrown in the yard for erupted between MOVE and the police, dogs, cockroaches allowed to multiply although MOVE maintained it never as a result of the respect all life philoso fired a shot. When the dust settled, phy, a dozen people living in a home James Ramp—a 23 year veteran police meant for a small family. Ms. Betty officer, was dead. MOVE members Mapp, who lived right next door to the were dragged from the house, at least MOVE house, complained of an army of one brutally beaten. The house was cockroaches blackening her windows bulldozed on the orders of thenmayor and invading her kitchen. Residents Frank Rizzo, destroying any evidence feared their block would be the site of

another 1978 style police confrontation. In some ways, the MOVE strategy was working but it was working against MOVE. Neighbors were organizing to put pressure on the city; they wanted relief and a return to the lives they had struggled so hard to establish. The City’s Shocking Solution What started as an eviction turned into an evacuation and the police occupa tion of an urban neighborhood. Fren zied neighbors and human rights activ ists, fearing the police were motivated by revenge, called on the Mayor to stop the police action. MOVE maintained that the police were coming to kill them and finish the job they started in 1978. In the early hours of the morning on May 13, MOVE requested a delegation of reporters to conduct negotiations. I was one of those reporters. Those of us in the press corps who heard our names on the bullhorns attempted to convince police to let us find a peaceful solution. They turned a deaf ear to these entreat ies.

officers had been involved in the first MOVE conflict and were friends and colleagues of slain officer Ramp. Fu eling the police revenge theory, the traumatized child who survived the fire described how attempts of MOVE members to escape their burning build ing were met with police gunfire in the back alley. The loss of life and destruction of prop erty cost the City of Philadelphia $42 million dollars. After a failed attempt to rebuild the neighborhood, MOVE neighbors are now scattered across the country.

Did We Learn Anything? Where does aggressive activism draw its line? When activists decides that no one is innocent and it is acceptable to “take hostages” to advance a cause—no matter how just—the sympathy of the very people who might be your best al lies is lost. The public relations battle is also sacrificed as is the opportunity to present your case to a wide audience through the media. Tactics become the By dawn the next day, the police were at “big story” while the cause is a smaller war and fired 50,000 rounds of ammu report on the inside pages. nition at the MOVE house. The shootout rained shells on reporters and neigh Maybe the MOVE catastrophe should bors as far as two blocks away; but the have taught us that committed activ gunfire never penetrated the reinforced ists can and will cross a line that leaves house. By early evening, their frustra the rest of us behind, befuddled and tion evident, the police decided to use unprepared. At the extreme, activism an “entry device,” a satchel of C4 mili can take on a revolutionary aspect with tary plastic explosives, dropping the its attendant techniques. “The system” bomb on the roof to dislodge the MOVE never understood MOVE or the depth “bunker”. The explosion started a fire of its commitment to expose what it be that soon engulfed the entire block. lieved to be injustice and corruption. Philadelphia earned a worldwide rep My hope has always been that we would utation as the city that dropped a bomb learn to understand the motivations of on its own citizens. those who don’t share our beliefs or those who despise what we treasure One of the promises made by city of and are willing to take hostages or give ficials was an assurance that none of their own lives in pursuit of their goals. the police involved in the 1978 MOVE My fear is that we will never learn from shootout would be in tactical positions repeated instances of revolutionary ac during the 1985 “eviction” action. How tions that will continue to take us by ever, a public investigation of police horrifying surprise. I still carry scars conduct found that some of the police from May 13, 1985.

ness

FAB

IZO

S.W .B

NIC

LIF

When I was sixteen my bedroom had red walls. I grew up in Canada, and, where I lived it was below zero from November until May. The heating on my side of the house didn’t work properly, and aside from sleeping under a collection of blankets I thought red walls would make me feel warmer. That November felt like one long freezing shower in a bathroom with crumbling tiles and peeling, rubbery paint. It was cold enough to snow but it rained almost every day. The sky was English grey, and my English mother said it was like winter in London. My room was a perpetual disaster. I only tidied it if my boyfriend was coming over for a fumble between the sheets. Sometime in early November we !"#$ %&'$ ()*$ +!&$ ,*%+$ +-.&/$ )0$ "$ 1&02!$ 1&%-#&$ "$ %."33/$ -00&*$ 2-+4$ 3"5&/$ #*&02!&#$ (*).$ rain with bellies full of vodka and orange juice and rum and Coke. We’d become an item the year before, after he’d declared months of pining for me, and he’d become a part of my life and identity. I was so afraid of losing him. A week or two later I was curled in bed, and it was late enough for the CBC Radio to be playing their overnight programmes of foreign English language broadcasts. My right knee had been hurting since third period, when my literature class had gone to a poetry reading at my arts high school’s auditorium. Then the thought suddenly occurred to me: what if I had bone cancer, like Alice, a classmate who’d died at the start of grade ten. Then they’d amputate my leg. I was horri,&#$ "+$ +!&$ +!)67!+8$ 96##&034$ :$ 2)63#$ !&"*$ .4$ );0$ +!)67!+%$ "%$ "$ *600-07$ 0"**"tive. Other voices piped in. I could see colourful patterns in my red walls. I cried. I prayed. I vomited in the pink and beige bathroom I shared with my sister. I hate being called “unwell.” It’s my least favourite euphemism for being crazy. The term I prefer is HSBW, an acronym supposedly used by consultants in Accident and Emergency at hospitals. As in, Having Sex With Biscuits. As in, Fucking Crackers. I like the honesty of it; it somehow makes me feel less patient-like to be treated and examined and condescended to, and more like a human being ;!)$ !"%$ %-.<34$ 2)33"<%&#$ -0%-#&8$ :+=%$ "3%)$ 3&%%$ )( $ "$ >)5&8$ :$ #)0=+$ !"?&$ +!&$ %0-(@&%/$ :$ haven’t eaten undercooked chicken wings, I’m not coughing up yellow goo. When I’m “unwell,” I can talk to God. My mother always wakes up early. She takes the bus to work, which is an hour-long endeavour. She’s not the grab-a-NutriGrain-head-out-the-door type of person. She likes to have one or two cups of instant coffee and a bowl of homemixed muesli, read the papers, take a shower, and prod whoever else is in the house into wakefulness. She found me one morning, before dawn , curled up on our second-hand sofa, in tears. I was seventeen. A few weeks earlier she’d grudg-

ingly taken me to our family doctor for “my problems,” an appointment I’d made with my high school’s guidance counselor. Dr. Madill was from Dublin, and had cheerfully prescribed me Paxil for anxiety. I didn’t tell him about the voices. They’d told me not to. Mum thought it was nonsense; she’d taken me to get the pills, but that was about it. No more mention had been made of the matter. It was November again. This time I thought God was going to switch my %)63$ -0+)$ "0)+!&*$ 1)#4/$ %<&2-,2"334$ +!&$ 1)#4$ )( $ "$ 7-*3$ "+$ %2!))3$ ;!)$ !"#$ "$ #-%,7uring skin disease. The voices wouldn’t leave me alone, no matter how much I <*"4&#$ )*$ 1&77&#8$ 9).&+-.&%$ :$ @)"+&#$ "1)?&$ .4$ 1)#4$ "0#$ ;"+2!&#$ .4%&3( $ -0$ class or taking the bus. The world looked like an Impressionist painting, though I’d been to see an optometrist. By the time Mum found me on the sofa, I hadn’t eaten or slept in any meaningful way for three or four days. I was in Prague, twenty-three years old and working as an English teacher ;!&0$ :$ %+"*+&#$ +"5-07$ A-<*"%-#)0&8$ B+$ ,*%+/$ A-<*"%-#)0&$ ;"%$ "$ .-'&#$ 13&%%-078$ :$ (&3+$ like I had fully risen out of the protective seawater other anti-psychotics had kept .&$ -0C$ 3-5&$ :$ ;"%$ 1*&"+!-07$ (*&%!/$ <6*-(4-07/$ 23&"*$ "-*8$ :$ %+"*+&#$ +)$ ;*-+&$ "7"-0/$ ,0ishing poems I’d let linger for a year or more. I lost about thirty pounds, and the subsequent shopping trips, seeing my thinner self in cute, feminine clothes was a boost. But I was also covered in eczema, and almost constantly menstruating. But as my skin cleared, and the bleeding stopped, I knew that Ziprasidone was right for me. My mother was in Prague when I made the switch. When she arrived home, she went to check the price of Ziprasidone in our local pharmacy. It wasn’t available; the Canadian government hadn’t yet passed through with the approval system. I couldn’t go home. Not for good. I remember the day I was told I was schizophrenic. I had an appointment with Dr Richard after school. The past few weeks had been rough, and I’d switched medications from Risperidone to Olanzapine after them former had made me shake and lactate. Until that day, I was classed as having schizophreniform disorder, a kind of temporary psychosis. The assumption was that I’d only spend a year or two on medication, and then I would recover. But I didn’t function well without the anti-psychotics. At an earlier appointment, I’d asked Dr Richard what my diagnosis was, and he deferred it to our next meeting. Dr Richard was a tall, thin French Canadian man with a walrus moustache he used to twirl in our sessions. It couldn’t have been particularly easy to tell an eighteenyear-old girl who’s already gained sixty pounds and become a social outcast at her school that she faces a lifelong battle. Medication. Forever. Schizophrenia. Forever. Dr Richard’s of,2&$;"%$"1)?&$+!&$1&%+$1"5&*4$-0$.4$2-+48$:$2".&$)6+$)( $+!&$%&%%-)0$#-%)*-&0+&#8$9)$:$7)+$ "0$:334$2)((&&$"0#$"$16++&*4$2*)-%%"0+$"0#$%"+$)0$+!&$&#7&$)( $"$()60+"-0$+)$."5&$"$#-(,263+$ phone call. “Oh, hello Mum. I’m downtown. Yes, been to see Dr Richard...” When I was twenty-two, almost twenty-three, I fell into a hole. The summer before leaving for Prague, I experienced the longest lasting depression I’ve ever felt. I was living in student digs and working as a temporary receptionist in a publishing company. Most nights I divided my time between taking baths and smoking cigarettes, watching television and smoking cigarettes, and lying in bed, feeling uneasy and ugly and sticky (it was the hottest summer Ottawa had seen in decades), and smoking cigarettes.

MY MEDS (A LIST): Paxil, one daily, for eight months at seventeen years old. Small and yellow. Generally ineffective for my “anxiety.”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arious sleep aids. None of which were particularly healthy or effective. 9%3&()"1%+JUG0)0/3VK*+01%+'(").*+/&02+(7%+36%13.F/0<&+30+$&%#%138+T/3%&+%H$%&"%1;"17+(1+%H;%$3"01()).+ -";"0<#+50<3+0/ +'%$&%##"01*+A+'%;"'%'+34(3+ A+6(13%'+30+3&.+(1+(13"F'%$&%##(138+Q%#$"3%+34%+(<&(+0/ +;.1";"#2+#<&&0<1'"17+G0)0/3+(1'+"3#+)"B%#*+ "3+'0%#+34%+3&";B+(1'+)"/3#+34%+5<&'%18+ One night I couldn’t stop crying. I called the municipal crisis help line, and the clearly bored student on the other end talked me out of taking a month’s worth of olanzapine in a mouthful. In London, last month, at the clinic where I get my meds, I overheard a woman say, “I want to get off me clozapine. I been really good. Ain’t been aggressive for a year. I makes me bed every day, and puts me things in the chest of drawers.” I graduated with highest honours in philosophy and humanities from a wellrespected university in Canada with a year of credits from an internationally renowned <!-3)%)<!4$("263+4$-0$D6*)<&8$B(+&*$,0-%!-07$.4$60#&*7*"#6"+&$#&7*&&/$:$;&0+$+)$E*"76&$ with nothing waiting for me there but three job interviews, a hostel booking and hope, no friends, no home, no Czech. I built a well-ordered life for myself: I worked for a %."33$0)0F<*),+$3"076"7&$%2!))3/$&?&0+6"334$1&2).-07$"$%&0-)*$+&"2!&*/$;)*5&#$()*$"0$ independent media collective, had poetry published, and broke down a gender barrier at a bookstore that typically only employed men behind the counter. And now I’m at the LSE. Maybe you know me, have classes with me. It’s likely that you’ve seen me. Could you ever have guessed I was HSWB? There’s an easy difference between me and the Chest-of-Drawers lady, and perhaps us two, assuming you live your life medication-and-diagnosis-free: luck. I drew the crazy card, but was able to live a normal life, due to circumstances of good doctors, working meds and helpful surroundings. Chest-of-Drawers lady drew the same card, and wasn’t as lucky, and now the best part of her day is folding laundry. I’ve given up looking for fairness.

Depressed women of the world, unite! by LOTTA STAFFANS Women have historically been viewed as having less mental stability than men. Hysterical. Depressed. Dependent. According to research done the 1970s, being a woman precluded mental health in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a space where it is acceptable to be angry. In the groups women can raise their concerns as well as their voices. ) Y) +/A$#) */2'$3) *C/) *"44) I1) .1B1..1?) (/) '!) R'A.'3) C'!) >'.N&">'(1?) "$) ') B12"$"!().'?"&'4)!14B=C14>)#./A>)"$)O"$4'$?)'$?)!'+!)(C1)#./A>)C'!)C14>1?)C1.)I.1'H) >'J1.$!)/B)(C/A#C()(C'()2'+)/(C1.*"!1)C'01)I4/*$)&1.('"$)"!!A1!)/A()/B)>./>/.= N/$D)Y!)')$1*)2/(C1.3)R'A.')C'!)I11$)>'.N&A4'.4+)!1$!"N01)(/)&."N&"!2).1= 4'(1?)(/)(C1)A>I."$#"$#)/B)C1.)&C"4?3)'$)"!!A1)!C1)B14()&/2B/.('I41)1$/A#C) to discuss with other women in the group. ) KC1)#./A>)211(!)/$&1)')2/$(C)B/.)')?'+)/.)(*/)"$)(C1)*11H= 1$?D)G()"!)')!14B=C14>)#./A>)"$)(C1)!1$!1)(C'()(C1.1)'.1)$/)(C1.'>"!(!) >.1!1$(D)Y$+/$1)&'$).'"!1)"!!A1!)(C1+)B114)(C1+)$11?)(/)?"!&A!!)*"(C) the H$/*41?#1)(C'()(C1".)>11.!)*"44)4"!(1$)*"(C/A()'$'4+L"$#)/.)@A?#= "$#D)_/)"$(1..A>N/$!)'.1)'44/*1?)*C1$)!/21/$1)"!)!>1'H"$#3)'$?)'44)

"!!A1!).'"!1?)'.1)#"01$)0'4"?"(+D)G$)2'$+)"$!('$&1!3)(C1)?"!&A!!"/$!)C'01)4"J41)(/)?/)*"(C)21$('4) C1'4(C)'$?)"$!(1'?).10/401)'./A$?)I./'?1.)"!!A1!)/B)I1"$#)')*/2'$D) ) G.214")R'"N$1$)?1014/>1?)(C1)&/$&1>()/B)B12'41)/$4+)&4"$"&'4)(C1.'>+)#./A>!)"$)O"$= 4'$?3)'$?)!C1).1&1$(4+)%$"!C1?)C1.).1!1'.&C)/$)(C1".)1`1&()/$)?1>.1!!"/$),a1>.1!!"/$)"$)b)I+)b) B/.)*/21$)=)'#1$&+3)B12"$"!2)'$?)!14B=C14>)"$)#./A>!FD)KC1!1)#./A>!)C'?)(*/)(C1.'>"!(!)>.1!1$() IA()(C1+)&/A4?)&/$N$A1)(C1)#./A>!)I+)(C12!1401!)4'(1.D)-/(C)XA'4"('N01)'$?)XA'$N('N01).1!A4(!) B./2)R'"N$1$M!).1!1'.&C)!C/*)(C'()101$)#./A>!)(C'()21()/$4+)69)N21!)C14>1?)*/21$)(/)2'"$= ('"$)')C1'4(C"1.)'c= Unfortunately depression in general tude towards their has become clinicalized with too much depression. emphasis on medication and getting rid of ) KC1) '"2) "!) $/() the symptoms, with not enough attention (/) #1() ."?) /B) ?1= >.1!!"01) B114"$#!) paid to solving the underlying problems. altogether since, '&&/.?"$#)(/)R'"N$1$3)?1>.1!!"/$)"!$M()$1&1!!'."4+)')I'?)(C"$#D)KC1)I'!"&)('!H)/B)4"B1)"!)(/)41'.$) C/*)(/)4/!1D)a1>.1!!"/$)&'$)I1)')>./(1&N01)21&C'$"!23)"()&'$)(144)+/A)(/)!4/*)?/*$)"B)+/A)'.1) */.H"$#)(//)C'.?D)G()&'$)I1)')*'+)(/)(A.$)(C1)>'#1)'$?)2/01)/$D) ) dB)&/A.!13)/$1)$11?!)(/)2'H1)')?"!N$&N/$)I1(*11$).1'&N01)?1>.1!!"/$)&'A!1?)I+) 1<(1.$'4)B'&(/.!)=)!A&C)'!)4/!"$#)')B."1$?)=)'$?)&4"$"&'4)?1>.1!!"/$)(C'()&/21!)$/()B./2)')!>1&"%&) 101$()IA()/."#"$'(1!)"$(1.$'44+)'$?)(C'()2'+)I1)I'4'$&1?)*"(C).1#A4'.)(C1.'>+)'$?b/.)'>>./= >."'(1)21?"&'N/$D)R'"N$1$M!).1!1'.&C)C'!)B/&A!1?)/$).1'&N01)?1>.1!!"/$D) ) S$B/.(A$'(14+)?1>.1!!"/$)"$)#1$1.'4)C'!)I1&/21)&4"$"&'4"L1?)*"(C)(//)2A&C)12>C'= !"!)/$)21?"&'N/$)'$?)#1c$#)."?)/B)(C1)!+2>(/2!3)*"(C)$/()1$/A#C)'J1$N/$)>'"?)(/)!/40"$#) (C1) A$?1.4+"$#) >./I412!D) Y) e999) !(A?+) I+) W'$'?"'$) >!+&C/4/#"!(3) f'$1() ;(/>>'.?) !C/*1?) (C'() */21$) '.1) /Z1$) >.1!&."I1?) C1'0"1.) 21?"&'N/$) 101$) "B) (C1+) C'01) (C1) !'21) !+2>(/2!) '!) ') 2'41) >'N1$(D) ,;(/>>'.?3) e9995) S$?1.!('$?"$#) a1>.1!!"/$5) O12"$"!() ;/&"'4) W/$!(.A&N/$= "!()Y>>./'&C1!DF)]./A>)(C1.'>+)&'$)I1)12>/*1."$#3)#"0"$#)*/21$)(C1)!(.1$#(C)(/)2'H1)(C1) &C'$#1!)(C1+)2"#C()$11?)"B)(C1+)'.1)$/()C'>>+)*"(C)(C1".)4"01!D) ) O'".) 1$/A#C3) IA() *C'() 'I/A() 21$) *C/) !A`1.) B./2) ?1>.1!!"/$) =) !C/A4?$M() (C1+) I1) '44/*1?)(/)>'.N&">'(1)"$)(C1!1)#./A>!g) ) Y&&/.?"$#)(/)R'"N$1$3)21$)(+>"&'44+)C'01)?"`1.1$()"!!A1!)(/)?1'4)*"(C)(C'$)*/21$D) G()"!)2/.1)&/22/$)B/.)21$)(/).14+)/$)0"/41$&1)'$?)'4&/C/4)/.)?.A#!3)*C"&C)C"?1)(C1".)?1>.1!= !"/$D) Y) 2'$) *C/) !(/>!) ?."$H"$#) /Z1$) #/1!) "$(/) ?11>) ?1>.1!!"/$D) KC1!1) "!!A1!) &'$) I1) ?1'4() *"(C) "$) 2'41=/$4+) #./A>!D) U/.1) .1&1$(4+3) 2"<1?) (C1.'>+) #./A>!) B/.) I/(C) 21$) '$?) */21$) C'01)I11$)?1014/>1?)"$)O"$4'$?3)A!"$#)(C1)!'21)21(C/?!)'!)(C1)B12"$"!()#./A>!)(C'()R'"N$1$) started. ) KC1)$11?)B/.)B12"$"!()#./A>!)*"44)1<"!()'!)4/$#)'!)(C1)1<>1."1$&1!)/B)21$)'$?)*/21$) '.1) ?"`1.1$(D) R'"N$1$) >/"$(!) (/) !/=&'441?) !A.0"0/.) #./A>!) B/.) !1<A'44+) 'IA!1?) */21$) "$) (C1) 89!3)/.)*/21$)*"(C)1'N$#)?"!/.?1.!)"$)(C1)h9!D)KC1!1)#./A>!)*1.1)&.1'(1?)I+)B12"$"!(!)*C/) .1'4"!1?)*/21$)$11?1?)')!>'&1)*C1.1)(C1+)B14()&/2B/.('I41)'$?)&/A4?)('4H)/>1$4+)'I/A()(C1".) B114"$#!)'$?)1<>1."1$&1!3)*"(C/A()(C1)B1'.)/B)I1"$#)2"!A$?1.!(//?D)i./B1!!"/$'4!)'()(C'()N21) *1.1)$/()&/$!&"/A!)/B)(C"!)?+$'2"&)'$?)(CA!)*1.1)$/()'I41)(/)>./0"?1)1`1&N01)C14>D) ) K/?'+3)21$('4)C1'4(C)*/.H1.!)'.1)1?A&'(1?)/$)(C1)"!!A1!D)KC1)*/.."1!)/B)*/21$)*C/) C'01)I11$)!1<A'44+)'IA!1?)'.1)('H1$)2/.1)!1."/A!4+3)I+)B12'41)'$?)2'41)(C1.'>"!(!)'4"H1D)KC1) B12'41) /$4+) !A.0"0/.) #./A>!) '.1) (CA!) $/() '!) $1&1!!'.+) '!) "$) (C1) >'!(D) ;"2"4'.4+) *"(C) ?1>.1!= !"/$3) (C1.1) $11?!) (/) I1) 2/.1) A$?1.!('$?"$#) /B) (C1) A$?1.4+"$#) !/&"1('4) !(.A&(A.1!) (C'() 2'H1) */21$M!) 1<>1."1$&1!) ?"`1.1$() B./2) (C/!1) /B) 21$D) KC1) #/'4) "!) B/.) (C1!1) #./A>!) (/) I1&/21) !A>1.\A/A!D)

“

%#' $" ( % 0

;%> +:

=.;

! #& "#

+% *, %/8 0% 7 :;; 64* 1/ 5% + % /.1 +%7 /0 +- /8 .+ */ *% *34 %2 %, 2% %*4 %: ++ .;; 7 %1 0% 64* /0 /:;; 5% ( -.+ +1 -/.1 7 %,* %7 /+ /8+ +, :4+ 34* /*% )* *% +2% <,% 98 %1+ +4* .;; :15 2

Make no mistake about it, people with

such illnesses. But this would both

schizophrenia kill. But so do people

belie the statistics, which suggest that

with red hair and people in wheelchairs.

homicides by those with mental disorder

Husbands kill their wives, parents kill

have declined over the last quarter of a

their children and young men kill other

century, whilst those committed by people

young men. And people with mental

without mental disorders have increased

illness kill themselves. So why is it that

(Large et al 2008), and attribute a causal

we seemingly remain obsessed about the

relationship between the disorder and

dangers posed to us by those with mental

the homicide. The latter would be far

illness? And what is it, if anything, that

too crude. Disorders like schizophrenia

mental disorder might add to the already

come in a variety of forms and, over their

complex and multi-factorial causes of

course, symptoms change. In the chronic

violent crime?

phases of the illness schizophrenia acts as a protective factor, making it less

One explanation for the perceived danger

likely that people will commit violent

might lie in the belief that people with

acts (Appelbaum et al 2000; Swanson et

mental illness are somehow less in

al 2006). And even amongst the small

control of their actions than those without

group who at any one time could be

experiencing the kinds of symptoms that

who lose their tempers when provoked.

might contribute to the probability of

Alternatively, maybe the existence of

violence, the absolute risk they pose is

legislation which allows us to compel

very small. As Professor Monahan (who

treatment on the mentally disordered,

heads up the major MacArthur programme

regardless of their capacity, leads us

of research in the US into mental health

to conclude that people with mental

and law), has observed, mental health

disorders must be more dangerous and

status makes ‘at best a trivial contribution

more deserving of intervention; after all,

to the overall level of violence in society’

we cannot similarly compel people to have

(2007:144).

treatment for physical disorders unless they have lost the capacity to make such

Another explanation might lie in our

decisions (Peay 2003). Or maybe the

special legal arrangements for those with

government’s nine year programme of

mental disorders who offend in the most

law reform in the field of mental health,

serious fashion. Certainly, mental disorder

culminating in the Mental Health Act

can result in a finding of manslaughter

2007, has brought about or reinforced

by reason of diminished responsibility in

underlying negative attitudes in the public:

response to a charge of murder; but again

this programme of reform was based in

there are only small number of such findings a year, compared with killings by ‘normal’ people and killings by normal people

large part around the issues of risk posed to us by those with mental

disorder. Central to these reforms was

citing an earlier publication of his own,

the government’s Mental Health Czar,

‘In summary, there is a highly significant

Professor Appleby. Yet ironically, it was

association between psychotic mental

he who announced:

illness and violence in the community, of a similar order of magnitude to the

‘The protracted debate around the bill did

association between smoking and lung

unfortunately highlight in the media the

cancer (Maden 2004)’ (2007:23). Yet

issue of risk because of the legislation’s

this is palpable nonsense: smoking is

focus on protecting both patients and the

an established cause of lung cancer.

public – this was never the government’s

Indeed, ‘Smoking Kills - A White Paper

intention’.

on Tobacco’ estimated that in the UK smoking causes each year 46,500 people

These remarks were made at the

to die from cancer, and causes 84% of

launch of the government’s campaign

deaths from lung cancer (Department

to tackle the problem of widespread

of Health 1998: para 1.14). The causal

negative media coverage; such coverage

basis for the association between mental

reinforces the misconception that

disorder and violence has yet to be

people with mental health problems

established. One can sympathise readily

are disproportionately violent. ‘What’s

with clinicians who specialise in treating

the Story?’ is a resource for journalists,

the most dangerous of offender patients

funded by the Department of Health,

when they come to this conclusion, albeit

which attempts to redress much of this

in error, since their lives are infused with

negative coverage by providing key facts

the demands and difficulties of treating

about, for example, the relationship

such patients. Equally, academics like

between mental disorder and violence.

myself who work in a very different

As the document notes ‘at odds of 1 in

environment can fall into the alternative

10 million, you are as likely to be struck

trap of underestimating risk. But, such

by lightening as to be killed by a stranger

assertions do little to assist the public’s

who is mentally ill’ (2008:13).

understanding of mental disorder and violence.

Sadly, it is not just journalists with circulation figures to consider who

It is to Professor Thornicroft’s admirable

fall into such errors. Even respected

work on discrimination and mental

academic-clinicians can over-estimate the

disorder that we should turn in coming to

risk. For example, Professor Maden, in

a balanced conclusion. As he observes

his book Treating Violence, claimed whilst

‘Whether or not there is any additional

References

risk depends upon the type of diagnosis, the

Amos T, Frost J, Lewis G, Walker J, Payne S, Lart R, Rogers P, Lester H, Wall M (2006) Forensic Evidence 2006: systematic review of reviews in forensic mental health, Final report to the National Forensic Mental Health Research and Development Programme

nature and severity of the symptoms present,

Appelbaum P, Robbins P and Monahan J (2000) ‘Violence and delusions: Data from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157:566-572

personality disorder and substance misuse and

whether the person is receiving treatment and care, if there is a past history of violence by the individual, the co-occurrence of antisocial the social, economic and cultural context in which an individual lives’ (2006:139 emphasis

Department of Health (1998) Smoking Kills - A White Paper on Tobacco. London: HMSO

added). So, a very complex picture to unpick.

Large M, Smith G, Swinson N, Shaw J. and Nielssen O. (2008) ‘Homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50 years’ British Journal of Psychiatry 193: 130-133

The alternative thesis concerns whether mentally disordered people are more likely

Maden A (2007) Treating Violence: a guide to risk management in mental health, Oxford: Oxford University Press

to be the victims of crime than their ordered

Maden A (2004) ‘Violence, mental disorder and public protection’, Psychiatry 3, 11, 1-4

the media strongly associates mental illness

Monahan J (2007) ‘Clinical and Actuarial Predictions of Violence. II Scientific Status’ in Faigman D, Kaye D, Saks M, Sanders J and Cheng E (eds) Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony, St Paul, MN: West Publishing Company Mind (2007) Another assault www.mind.org.uk/ anotherassault Moley S, Taylor P, Kaiza P and Higgins N (2007) Crime in England and Wales Quarterly Update to June 2007. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 16/07, London: Home Office Peay J (2003) Decisions and Dilemmas: Working with Mental Health Law Oxford: Hart Publishing Shift (2008) What’s the Story? Reporting mental health and suicide. A resource for journalists and editors. www.shift.org.uk/mediahandbook Swanson J, Schwartz M, Van Doren R, Elbogen E, Wagner R, Rosenheck R, Stroup S, McEvoy J and Lieberman J (2006) A national study of violent behaviour in persons with schizophrenia’, Archives of General Psychiatry 63:490-499

counterparts. Amos et al (2006:9) assert ‘While with violence, people with mental health problems are more likely to be the victims of violence than perpetrators’.

Mind’s (2007)

survey found 71% of those with mental health problems reported having been victimised in the previous two years. Although this was based on an admittedly small sample of 304 respondents (and a response rate of less than 6%), it should be stressed that 22% reported having been physically assaulted, compared with 3.5% reporting violence, with or without physical injury, in the British Crime Survey (Moley et al 2007). And Teplin et al (2005), using a more robust methodology, have found similar disproportionalities in rates of victimisation in

Teplin L McClelland G, Abram K, Weiner D (2005) ‘Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 62:911-921

the US.

Thornicroft G (2006) Shunned: discrimination against people with mental illness, Oxford: Oxford University Press

misses the much bigger picture of the risk we

In short, easy assertions about the risk to us pose to others who are already disadvantaged and vulnerable by reason of their mental state.

transference by leon matthias

Then so depressed now so joyful, on his knees with his tongue relishing the acrid juices of her sex. With her feet in the air she flailed out, bringing Bartlett and Jung down, off the shelf to hit his head. How the whore enjoyed his bristly neurotic chin tickling her perineum, even her anus. Most men would not enjoy her sex, he wasn’t afraid to smother his self in the lotus petals of flesh. What an odd request, to lie on that old‐fashioned couch and speak about all her sexual encounters. What a singular aphrodisiac for him, a place in that variegated history could be! And how far from cathartic, how opposite to soothing, how different from therapy, it was as she spun the tension across the room like a spider’s web, intensely aware of the quivering masculinity behind her. Even as she described the impotent and gifted; girls she had crushes on in her immaturity; the father’s of friends whose gaze, like a senescent butterfly, had rested too long; even as she conjured the enjoy‐ ment of drunken coercions, the coldness in romantic seductions; she heard a stirring out of sight. The power of her words came as no surprise to someone in her line of work, but she could not anticipate her own arousal. And despite his lack of response, after initial mumbled promptings to continue, she imagined mutual engorgement. The patient heard a ticking and paused momentarily until the deep soothing voice said, ‘Don’t Stop.’ But still a surprise when she saw his glorious nudity, for his disegno form was too well conceived to ever be naked. The acanthine hair on his head and neck, the reassuring and probably mandatory beard, the long fingers lambent in the low‐light, arise then Xerxes. Of the legion men she had known, he was the greatest, more than a man, and the mirror of her self. Yes, the patient would enjoy her treatment. Then so depressed, now so joyful, on his knees with his tongue relishing the acrid juices of her sex. One hundred and ten pounds per hour, for him to drag her thighs down towards him; burning her back on the unimaginative burgundy leather of the couch; each minute of his caresses, costing almost two. And far more than his plucking her lips like a harp with the rosy velveteen head of his sex, the understanding they had reached, made her forget the fee. Anticipating the fruition of his desire, after all the times when his patients had been sufficiently engrossed in recounting their sexual neuroses for him to a risk those fur‐ tive, hurried strokes. The most blessed audience in the world had brought himself to silent climax, and hoped the women would not notice the change in the cloying atmos‐ phere of that room; from tense to nepenthe. Finally the spoiled psychoanalyst despoiled his spoilt patient; and his groping hands feathered her shoulders, traced her collarbone, ‘And how does that make you feel.’ ‘Don’t stop; tell me about your past lovers’. The whore could scarce believe the lack of emotion in his voice, he was inside her and so detached. She was never this needing of her men. To interrupt his caresses should he thrust his sex into the invitingly narrow gulf be‐ tween her full breasts, but what had his mother done to deserve such degradation? Would her tender nipples crack if he risked a gentle nip? What the good doctor did was to squat over the couch, forcing his phallus directly down plugging her mouth and stopping her words. Trammelling up forever the flow of distant fathers and scarifying mothers; the tedious social alienation and repetitious pressures of work and love; with his sex buried to the hilt in her prone face he damned forever the boring complaints and questions, animalistic complexes and complex ani‐ mas and animuses. Where there had been the unending need for understanding and explanation he filled her head up with himself, like all his patients would have him do. Shocked by his behaviour and with a new clarity caused by disinterest, he withdrew limp and wet, standing over his couch and patient, like the Colossus. The analyst start‐ ed to play over in his mind what this oral fixation could mean. ‘The hour is up.’ She did not want to leave; it had been the best encounter of her career. ‘Oh, yes of course. Your money,’ said the analyst, and so she left. Of course she was a prostitute: it would have been unethical to sleep with a patient.

'?DEE A country as rich in secrets and decadence as it is in culture and history, Ethiopia has existed for many years with more troubles simmering just beneath the surface than most people can imagine. Already the second most populous country in Africa, Ethiopia’s population is growing at an alarming rate and is projected to increase by 120 percent by the year 2050. The addition of nearly two million people per year can only exacerbate the plethora of health and educational problems that affect daily life in Ethiopia, and bring to the surface, long buried troubles. One such issue, hidden within the deep religiosity of Ethiopian society is the taboo subject of mental health. Children are viewed as God’s blessings by both the large Christian and Muslim populations of this East African country. Whether Muslim or Christian, the birth of a child who displays any kind of perceived mental deficiency or behavioral abnormality, is immediately attributed to the wrath of an all-powerful God. Perhaps the mother has a great sin she herself is not aware of, perhaps she committed this blasphemy while carrying the child, perhaps it is not God’s wrath but the Devil’s trickery. In a country where the majority lives below the poverty line and most of those above and below this line are uneducated, mental health has a history of receiving little to no medical or learned attention. The children are dragged to one of the multitudes of churches littering the country to be dunked in holy water

?%@;.73,+% :/%A/8.*3.:B,% ?334*:-8%/*% C+1/:;%"+:;/8

and exorcised of their demons. When this fails, these children are shut away, an unspoken shame, a mother’s failure; or they are taken to Amanuel Hospital, a facility in the capital city set up to function loosely as a psychiatric ward. These practices were largely observed until very recently, and even now, continue to be the approach to mental health care by a majority that remains unaware of other options. A study by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows the prevalence of mental disorders in Ethiopia is 15% for adults and 11% for children with the psychiatrist-to-population ratio at 1 : 6,000,000. Though the majority of the country’s population is rural, the only facilities (two at last count) providing psychiatric services by specialist doctors are in the capital city and largely inaccessible to the people who need them most. WHO has assisted in training over 150 psychiatrist nurses in the past decade which has allowed the integration of psychiatric care into the general health care system. Psychiatry postgraduate

training for doctors began in Ethiopia in 2003. My first encounter with anything remotely unusual about the way parents treat the children they deem “different” was at the age of ten when I began to realize that my older brother was not like other children. I did not realize until my teenage years how different my parents were from the majority of those who find themselves in a similar situation: having a child with an unexplained mental illness. My parents, both educated, used the limited resources they had at their disposal to try and find out why my brother, who had been developing along what are considered normal lines for a child, suddenly stopped talking, stopped walking and began to crawl; like someone had rewound his development. The doctors they went to referred to my brother’s condition as mental retardation. Dissatisfied with this explanation my parents educated themselves, reading all that they could access and speaking with Ethiopian families living abroad. Eventually, they found the answer they have been looking for: autism. My mother spoke with other families that she knew had a child born with some developmental or mental issue. Together these parents formed SOOM, Support Organization Of the Mentally handicapped. While this organization was aided by some NGO’s, it had no substantial support from anyone else and functioned more as a day care of sorts for these children, but could not address the needs of individuals who were aggressive or unresponsive. In the past few years, another parent has strived to create a center for autistic children but again the lack of resources has a crippling effect on any endeavor. This is just a brief example of how underequipped and understaffed the Ethiopian health care system is to deal with developmental and mental issues. Down Syndrome, autism, mental retardation, all are one and the same here, clumped into an indistinguishable mass, simply labeled as retardation. No effort is made to delve deeper, to understand. Parents like mine, who are determined to seek answers and alternate solutions are a small bright spot. When the majority is uneducated, unemployed and

living in abject poverty, you cannot be surprised that mental health remains a major dilemma in this country. I have met many families like mine who have found a way to assimilate their children into society instead of alienating them. However, I have also met families who still believe in hiding their children away; the latter far outnumber the former. On October 15, 2008, Ethiopia’s Ministry of Health reported that the government of Ethiopia has directed special attention towards expanding mental health services. Under the theme “Scale up services for the mentally ill”, Dr. Tedros Adhanom said, “The stigma connected with mental illness is among the serious problems the mentally ill persons are facing in Ethiopia.” General Manager of the Amanuel Specialized Mental Hospital, Dr. Kesetebirhan Admasu on his part said the hospital has been undertaking various activities aimed at reducing the burden of mental illness. Efforts are being made to increase training and awareness so that the relevant expertise can be offered to professionals in the health care field. Ethiopia still has a long road ahead of her in the pursuit of proper healthcare and management for her people; it is an issue that both government and media - which is ultimately controlled by the government - need to address continuously in an effort to reach the population. How can we effect change without talking to the people who need the information the most? It is a painfully slow climb to enlightenment, but hopefully the times when children are simply locked away will be fully superseded; replaced by a necessary period of research, understanding and ultimately proper medical and psychiatric support for those who need it most.

F?D&AG?%C?G$E&

http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-03/ Ethiopian-Population-Expected-To-Grow-by-Morethan-100-Percent.cfm www.moh.gov.et/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=163&Itemid http://www.who.int/countries/eth/areas/ mentalhealth/en/index.html

!"#$%&""'

46 Fyodor Dostoevsky

Yet probably he has hidden within himself the impression which dominated him during the period of contemplation. Those impressions are dear to him and he probably hoards them imperceptible, and even unconsciously. How and why, of course, he does not know. He may suddenly, after hoarding impressions for many years, abandon everything and go off to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage. Or he may suddenly set fire to his native village. Or he may do both.

There is a remarkable picture called Contemplation. It shows a forest in winter and on a roadway through the forest, in absolute solitude, a peasant in torn kaftan and bark shoes. He stands, as it were, lost in thought. Yet he is not thinking: he is 'contemplating.' If anyone touched him he would start and look bewildered. In time he would come to himself immediately but if he were asked what he had been thinking about, he would remember nothing.

!"#$%

Imagine That. esther young

Imagine that. ;-#/$%#L+'%/#$,::B,>5 the Nurse shivered. The in J.:+-/,2># "&,"3"# :,+-($%*# 12.3# $%2# /,':0.-%5# "$.J'-C#/$%'2#B,>#+&#$%2#"&'-%=#!/#@2"/5#"$%#&,- '()%*=# M:."'-C# $%2# %>%"5# "$%# 02%,/$%*# *%%&# ,-*# (:%-($%*# $%2# @"/"5# 1%%:'-C# /$%# -,':"# *'C# '-/.# $%2# &,:3"=#!1/%2#,#3.3%-/5#"$%#1%:/#$%2#3+"(:%"#3%:/ '-C#'-/.#2%:,F,/'.-=# D1#(.+2"%#;<3#"$'J%2'-C5#"$%#,""+2%*#$%2"%:1=#;/#'"# cold tonight. And it was. The snowfuelled wind howled out "'*%5# 3,)'-C# /$%# 2%(%-/:># @F%*# $%,/%2"# ,-# %J%-# 3.2%#B%:(.3%#&2%"%-(%#,/#/$%#$."&'/,:#E#0+/#/$,/# didn’t mean that a rogue draft couldn’t hit the in 3,/%"=# ?$%# /..)# .-%# "/%&# 1.2B,2*5# /$%-# ,-./$%2=# 7%%:'-C#3.2%#2%:,F%*5#"$%#1.+-*#$%2"%:1#'-#12.-/#.1# room 217. She smiled as she saw an older balding 3,-#"/,2'-C#.+/#/$%#B'-*.B=#N%#/+2-%*#,-*5#".3% B$,/#"/,2/:%*5#"/2,'C$/%-%*#'-#$'"#($,'2=#?%%'-C#$%25# he broke out into a wide grin. 6G,3-5#'/<"#B'-*>#/.-'C$/8A#$%#(2'%*5#"/,-*'-C#+&=# “How ya doin’ doc?” The Nurse smiled back. 6N%::.5# H2=# H%""-%2=# G.# >.+# )-.B# B$.# ;# ,3OA# "$%#,")%*5#,"#"$%#&'()%*#+&#"/2,>#&,&%2"#12.3#/$%# 4..2=# “Not a clue. You some sort of doc? That nametag of yours. R.N.? ” 47

!"#"$%#&'()%*#+&#,#-./%0..)#12.3#/$%#4..25#"$%# paused. “I’m your nurse. Would it surprise you to hear that I have been your nurse for four years?” 67.+28#9%::5#;<::#0%#*,3-%*=#;<3#".22>#/$,/#;#*.-</# remember that pretty face of yours.” She smiled ,/#$'3=#?$%#&'()%*#/$%#@-,:#"$%%/#.11#/$%#4..2#,-*# admired the abstract shapes and patterns that were splayed across the page. 6;#:')%#/$'"#.-%5A#"$%#",'*5#"$.B'-C#$'3#,#&,2/'(+ larly intricate piece involving what appeared to be a twisted tree. It was beautiful. 6D$5#>%,$#E#;#:')%#/$,/#.-%#/..=#;#B,"#:..)'-C#,/#'/=# You draw it?” ?$%#"3':%*#.-(%#,C,'-5#,**'-C#/$%#&'(/+2%#/.#/$%# already tottering pile of Henry Messner’s draw '-C"5#%,($#1+::#.1#/$%#(.3&:%F'/>#.1#.-%#B$.#*'*# not know—or remember—the purpose of each piece. Such was the artistry of one with retrograde amnesia. She gently moved over to the window and lead Henry towards the door. Henry imme diately began to walk towards the dining room. 6G.# >.+# )-.B# B$,/# >.+# ,2%# *.'-C# /.-'C$/5# H2=# Messner?” 6I2%//>#:,*>5#*.-</#)%%&#3%#'-#/$%#*,2)A# 69%<2%# $,J'-C# *'--%2# /.C%/$%2=# K$,-)"C'J'-C5#

you know.” “Thanksgiving!” he exclaimed. “Who knew? Last I remember, I watched our girls dominate beach volleyball. Sydney. Man, I love a game with biki nis. How long ago was that?” “Five years ago, Mr. Messner,” said the Nurse, following Henry down the hall

(,2J%*#3,$.C,->#*..2=5;-#.-%#(.2-%25#"$%#B,/($%*# as a fortyyearold man peeled apples. There was an open crust in a pan beside him. 6N%::.5#!,2.-=A# Aaron twisted around and grinned broadly as he C%"/+2%*#/.B,2*"#/$%#&,-=#6I'%5A#$%#",'*#(,2%1+::>=# “You shouldn’t have. Apple pie is my favourite.”

The dining room was, by far, the Nurse’s favourite room in the hospital. While the hallways could be stark and sterile, the builders took great pains in making it a comfortable place. The tall walls, lined with mahogany wood panels, were packed with shelves and leatherbound books, interspersed with bright windows that opened to a snowcov %2%*#@%:*#'-#/$%#0,()=#!/#.-%#%-*#.1#/$%#2..3#B,"# the main dining table, stately and solid, decorated -.B# B'/$# 1,::#:%,J%"#,-*#4'()%2'-C#(,-*:%"=#K$%# 2%"/##B,"#"/2%B-#B'/$#:.B#(.+($%"=#!:3."/#%J%2> thing was topped with handcrafted down pillows. The thick carpets begged for bare feet. Finally, /$%#2..3#,"(%-*%*#'-/.#,#3,C-'@(%-/#"/.-%#@2% place that arched over a pile of burning wood. It always made the Nurse smile, especially since the smoke was now intermingled with the scents of a Thanksgiving feast and the husky tendrils of low (.-J%2",/'.-=#K$%#(.+($%"#'-#12.-/#.1#/$%#@2%&:,(%# – the warmest place in room – were presently oc cupied by the Thanksgiving crowd. K$%#S+2"%#1.::.B%*#N%-2>#(:."%2#/.#/$%#@2%&:,(%5# where he was greeted by the group. While she watched him, she felt a hand on her shoulder and turned to a shyly smiling woman with wild, curly hair. The Nurse patted her hand. “Happy Thanks giving, Grace.” “The wind, it howls to the high heavens and drinks water,” Grace whispered. “Sings, she does, ;#(,--./#)-.B#B$,/#/$%#3,//%2#'"#,"#"$%#4'%"#$'C$# in the sky.” The Nurse smiled and squeezed her hand, closing her eyes to Grace’s wispy poetry. “I’ve got to help out in the kitchen now, hon. I’ll be back in no time, though, ok?” She entered the kitchen through an attractive

He chuckled and gave her a glance. I know. He /.""%*# /$%# @-'"$%*# ,&&:%# '-/.# /$%# &'%# (2+"/=# N%# gestured out towards the hall. How are they? Aaron had a distinct advantage over others with P2.(,<"#,2%,#*,3,C%5#"'3&:>#0%(,+"%#$'"#&%2".- ality allowed him to have it. He was previously ,#/,F#,+*'/.2#,-*#,#3,-#.1#,#1%B#B.2*"5#'-"/%,*# using his eyes and body language to convey the emotions that he could no longer formulate into oral projection. He still lived at home with his 1,3':>5# 0+/# 2%C+:,2:># J.:+-/%%2%*# ,/# /$%# $."&'/,:# E# %J%-# .-#K$,-)"C'J'-C=# Q2,-/%*5#K$,-)"C'J'-C# B,"-</#+-/':#/.3.22.B5#0+/#$'"#"&'2'/#B,"#"/'::#,* 3'2,0:%=#N%#B,"#,#B,235#B%:(.3%#&2%"%-(%=#!-*# he baked killer pies. Especially apple pies. 6!"#C..*#,"#+"+,:=#9'/$#/$%#%F(%&/'.-#.1#N%-2>5# I think they’ve been looking forward to this all year.” !,2.-#&,+"%*#,#3.3%-/#0%1.2%#:,+C$'-C5#&'()'-C# a bowl of punch as he did so. 6K%22'0:%5A#$%#",'*=#N%#$,-*%*#$%2#/$%#&+-($=# !1/%2#"$%#&+/#/$%#&+-($#*.B-5#"$%#",/#-%F/#/.#N%- 2>=#6R..)"#:')%#,#K$,-)"C'J'-C#*'--%25#$+$5#*.(O# Did you know that turkey is my favourite?” “I know. You tell me every time I see you.” “I hope I haven’t gotten too repetitive then. I tend to do that.” The Nurse couldn’t help but laugh. “No. I tend to think that it’s endearing.” 6Q..*5A#$%#",'*#"'3&:>=#6;#:')%#0%'-C#:')%*=#M,-</# help it. I worry about being disliked.”

6T.+#*.-</#$,J%#/.#B.22>#,0.+/#/$,/5A#"$%#",'*=#!# pause lingered.

$%2#C2%,/#2%:'%15#I$'-%,"<#%>%"#:'/#+&#,/#/$%#"'C$/#.1# /$%#'-(2%,"'-C:>#1..*W@::%*#/,0:%=#

“Worry about what?” said Henry.

69%::5#B$>#*'*-</#,->.-%#",>#/$,/#/$%2%#B,"#C.'-C# /.#0%#,::#/$%#@F'-C"OA#$%#",'*=#

“Worry about eating too much at Thanksgiving *'--%25A# (,3%# ,-# %F(:,3,/'.-# 12.3# 0%$'-*=# !# 3,/2.-:># .:*%2# B.3,-# 4.B%*# '-# 12.-/# .1# /$%35# .11%2'-C#/$%3#0./$#,#C:,""#.1#&+-($=#6N%::.5#H"=# Nurse.” K$%#S+2"%#C2,/%1+::>#/..)#/$%#C:,""5#,-*#"L+%%U%*# her hand tightly. Tamara’s bright personality and humour made her one of the Nurse’s favourite vol unteers. She also had impeccable timing. It was as if she could sense the dry thirst that just edged .-/.#/$%#S+2"%<"#/$2.,/=#!-*#"$%#B,"#,-#,3,U'-C# B.3,-=#K,3,2,#E#B$.#$,*#*,3,C%#'-#$'"#.(('&' /,:#:.0%#12.3#,#"/2.)%#1.+2#>%,2"#,C.#E#(.+:*#-./# 2%(.C-'U%#/$%#S+2"%#0>#1,(%#,:.-%=#N.B%J%25#/$%# woman had grown quite adept at subtlety spotting ,-*# 2%(.C-'"'-C# (:./$%"5# $,'2# (.:.+25# ,-*# V%B%: lery. “Have I told you lately how I appreciate you guys $,J'-C#/.#B%,2#-,3%/,C"OA#"$%#",'*=#!"#,3,U'-C# ,"#"$%#B,"5#-,3%/,C"#*'*#$%:&=# K,3,2,#"'&&%*#$%2#&+-($=#6!->B,>"5#;#B,"#"%-/# 0># H2=# Q.+23%/# M$%1# $'3"%:1# /.# /%::# >.+# /$,/# Thanksgiving dinner is almost ready.” 6K$,-)"=A# K$%# S+2"%# "/..*=# N.B%J%25# $%2# &," sage to the dining table was interrupted by grunt ing sounds coming in through the door. Accom &,-'%*#0>#,-#,//%-*,-/5#I$'-%,"#Q.2*.-#B,"#:%*# through the dining hall doors. Perhaps led was too gentle a word. Shoved through the doors was more accurate. “I don’t give a damn about Thanksgiving dinner. Waste of time. Handing around these losers? I’d rather scrape my balls against rusty nails. They’re (2,U>=A# K$%# S+2"%# "'C$%*# ",*:>=# ?'F# >%,2"# ,C.5# $%# $,*# 0%%-# ,# *./'-C# $+"0,-*# ,-*# 1,/$%25# ,-# %-C'-%%2# -%,2#/$%#('/>=#S.B5#$%#$,*#/.#0%#(.-"/,-/:>#"+&%2 J'"%*5#0+/#'/#B,"#-.#C+,2,-/%%#/$,/#$%#B.+:*#-./# cause a ruckus wherever he went. She was afraid /$,/#/$%#2,-/#B.+:*#:,"/#,::#/$2.+C$#*'--%25#0+/#/.#

N%#'33%*',/%:>#",/#*.B-#.-#.-%#%-*5#,"#/$%#2%"/# of the residents gingerly made their way around the rest of the table. K$%#S+2"%#"/..*#-.B5#,-*#",B#/$%#"3,::#&,2/>#'-# 12.-/#.1#$%2#E#/$%#,""'"/,-/#-+2"%"5#,//%-*,-(%5#,-*# the small band of patients who had no homes to C.#$.3%#/.=#N.B%J%25#"$%#/$.+C$/5#/$%>#(.+:*#*.# much worse than this family. 6N,&&># K$,-)"C'J'-C5# %J%2>.-%=A# ?$%# B,"# -./# .-%# 1.2# 1.23,:'/>5# ,-*# ".5# B'/$.+/# 1+2/$%2# ,*.5# started carving the turkey. 6XJ%2>/$'-C# /.# 0%# /$,-)1+:# 1.25A# ",'*# N%-2>=# 6;-# ,**'/'.-# /.# 0%'-C# 1.2C%/1+:5# ;# (.+:*# 0%# +C:># ,-*# charmless as well.” They began to pick at the steaming food set in front of them. Aaron had already outdone him self this year. She watched as Tamara picked at /$%#2."%3,2>W%-(2+"/%*#&./,/.%"5#,-*#/$%#L+'($%5# and the steaming rolls straight from the oven. She sighed as she remembered that this was the B%%)%-*#B$%-#"$%#,/%#/$%#3."/=#S.#(.3&:,'-/"5# though. Her reverie was interrupted as she thought she felt something thud against her shoulder. She looked. S./$'-C=#?$%#(.-/'-+%*#/.#%,/=#K$%-5#,-./$%2#/$+*=# It was unmistakable now. She turned down quick :>#%-.+C$#/.#"%%#,#02.((.:'#4.2%/#02+"$#,C,'-"/#$%2# ,23#,-*#1,::#:'3&:>#/.#/$%#4..2=#?$%#:..)%*#+&#/.# see a grinning Phineas. The Nurse sighed as she turned to him. 6I:%,"%5#I$'-%,"5#*.-</#/$2.B#>.+2#1..*=A# 6!-*#B$>#-./O#;/<"#1+-=A#7.2#%3&$,"'"5#$%#&'()%*# up a roll and tossed it at her head. 6I:%,"%=#;1#>.+#*.#-./#0%$,J%#>.+2"%:15#B%<2%#C. ing to have to ask you to leave.” 6N+$=#!"# '1# ;# (,2%5A# $%# ",'*5# &'()'-C# +&# ,-./$%2#

roll to toss. The Nurse sighed. 6;#3%,-#'/5A#"$%#",'*=#6G.-</#"'/#.+/#,-./$%2#*'--%2# B'/$#+"5#&:%,"%=A# The Nurse was almost startled by the raw rage that swept over Phineas’ stubbled face. His jaw /%-"%*5#$'"#:'&"#,-*#3.+/$#:.()'-C#'-/.#,-#,:3."/# primal sneer. 69,/($# 3%5# &2'-(%""=A# N%# "/..*# ,-*# &'/($%*# /$%# 2.::#'-/.#/$%#&+-($5#)-.()'-C#.J%2#$'"#($,'2#,"#$%# *'*#".=#!-#,//%-*,-/#,&&2.,($%*#$'35#,-*#C2'&&%*# his shoulder. Phineas violently shrugged it off. “Don’t you touch me!” He screeched as an at tendant approached him. “I’ll show myself to the *..28#T.+#0+-($#.1#(2,U'%"#,2%#C.'-C#/.#0%#".22'%2# 1.2#/$%#:.""=A#K$%-5#'-#,#"&:'/#"%(.-*5#$%#1%::#'-/.# hysterical laughter. “Happy Thanksgiving.” He kept laughing as he shoved an empty chair over on the way over to the *..25#B$'($#$%#":,33%*#B'/$#,#/$+*=# The Nurse closed her eyes and was grateful that the other residents seemed to be used to his be $,J'.+2=#K,3,2,5# ,"# +"+,:5# B,"# /$%# @2"/# /.# 02%,)# /$%#3..*=#69%::5#B'::#".3%0.*>#&,""#/$%#3,"$%*# potatoes?” K$%># '33%*',/%:># 2%/+2-%*# /.# /$%# /,")# ,/# $,-*5# picking up platters and returning to a comfortable 3+23+2=#!,2.-5#"'F#($,'2"#*.B-5#(,::%*#.+/#/.#K$%# Nurse. “P…p…peas?” he said. The Nurse saw the steaming platter of green pods '-# 12.-/# .1# $%2# ,-*# 2%,($%*# 1.2# /$%3=# K$%# -%F/# %J%-/"#+-1.:*%*#,:3."/#,"#,#*2%,3=#;-*%%*5#'/#1%:/# :')%# ,# *2%,3=#K$%# S+2"%# B,"5# ,/# @2"/5# :'1/'-C# /$%# &%,"# E# ,-*# /$%-5# "$%# B,"# -./=# ;-"/%,*5# $%2# ,23# $.J%2%*# "/'14># '-# /$%# ,'25# 02'%4>5# 0%1.2%# '/# "$+* *%2%*#"/2,'C$/#'-/.#,#(,-*:%=#K$%#$./#B,F#"&:,"$%*# on her arm as the candle rolled into the dropped &%,"=# K$%# 0+2-# 12.3# /$%# B,F# /$%-# 02.+C$/# $%2# rudely into reality. K$%# /,0:%# B,"# '-# $>"/%2'("=# K$%# 4,3%# 12.3# /$%# (,-*:%# $,*# (,+C$/# /$%# (.2-%2# .1# ,# &,&%2# -,&)'-5# "%-*'-C# /'-># 4,3%"# ,2.+-*# /$%# %*C%"=# Q2,(%#

screeched. Henry yelled and jumped back in his ($,'25# "%-*'-C# '/# (,2%%-'-C# ,(2.""# /$%# 4..2=# K$%# others were caught in various stages of shout '-C5#$,-*#B,J'-C#,-*#C%-%2,:#3,>$%35#B$':%#/$%# 4'()%2'-C#.2,-C%#4,3%"#C2%B#/.#,-#,:,23'-C#"'U%# in the middle of the table. 7'-,::>5# K,3,2,# :'1/%*# /$%# &'/($%2# .1# B,/%2# ,-*# thrust it over the napkin. It immediately shrunk '-/.#,#&'/'1+:#0:,()#&':%#.-#/$%#/,0:%5#"'UU:'-C#'-/.# a watery death. K$%#%-*#.1#/$%#@2%#"/+--%*#/$%#/,0:%#'-/.#"':%-(%=# XJ%2>.-%# "/..*5# 0:'-)'-C5# +-/':# K,3,2,# 2%,($%*# over again and righted the fallen candle. 6K$'"#'"#B$>#(,-*:%"#J'.:,/%#/$%#@2%#(.*%#$%2%5A# she chuckled. K$%#($+():%#%F/%-*%*#*.B-#/$%#/,0:%5#3'2/$#3'F ing with the surge of relief. This was a story for /$%#,C%"5#/$%>#(2'%*=#9,'/#+-/':#/$%#)'*"#$%,2#,0.+/# /$'"#.-%=#!#/,-/2+3#12.3#I$'-%,"#,-*#,#@2%5#,::#'-# the same year. K$%># *'*# -./# -./'(%# /$%# S+2"%5# B$.# $,*# -./# stopped staring at her slightly trembling hand. They did not turn when she pushed back from the table and mechanically walked towards the door. And as she felt the cooler air from the hallway $'/#$%2#1,(%5#"$%#*'*#/$%#.-:>#/$'-C#/$,/#"$%#(.+:*# think of doing. She ran. The Nurse could hear her own thundering foot steps as they echoed down the empty hall. She ":.B%*#*.B-#-.B5#,"#"$%#1%:/#/$%#"$,2&#&,'-"#.1# (2,3&"#C2,0#,/#/$%#"'*%"#.1#$%2#2'0"=#7'-,::>5#"$%# "/.&&%*=#!1/%2#(,/($'-C#$%2#02%,/$5#"$%#C,J%#,#&2' 3,:#C2.B:5#":,33'-C#/$%#&,:3#.1#$%2#$,-*#'-/.#,# nearby locker. She welcomed the pain. Then she /+2-%*# $%2# 0,()# ,C,'-"/# /$%# $,::# ,-*# ":'*# *.B-5# curling up into a curve at the bottom of the hall. N%2#02%,/$#(,3%#B'/$#%11.2/5#$%2#(,:3#-%J%2#(,3%=# ?$%#*'*#-./#-./'(%#,-./$%2#@C+2%#(.3'-C#+-/':#,# shadow covered her. She gasped. A startled Aaron stepped back and waved his arms in apology. “S…s….sorry”

The Nurse sighed now. “Just…just don’t sneak up .-#3%#:')%#/$,/#,C,'-5#,::#2'C$/OA# Aaron nodded his head in comprehension. He glanced meaningfully over his glasses. The Nurse opened her mouth and considered. It would be so easy to lie. So easy to blame a bath 2..3# 02%,)5# 0:,3%# ,# 12'C$/%-'-C# '3,C%# 1.2# $%2# &,-'(=# N.B%J%25# B$%-# "$%# :..)%*# .J%25# "$%# B,"# 3%/# B'/$# L+'%/5# '-/%::'C%-/# %>%"5# ,-*# $%2# 2%".:J%# faltered. She offered a weak garble. “I got burned.” 6R',25A#",'*#!,2.-5#"3':'-C=# 6D$5#2'C$/=#T.+#+"%*#/.#*.#/$,/#1.2#,#:'J'-C5#*'*-</# >.+5#-+30%2#&+"$%2OA# She was met with a friendly shove. She chuckled ,-*# :..)%*# +&5# ,-*# B,"# 3%/# ,C,'-# B'/$# ,# "$,2&# C,U%# /$,/# 2%&%,/%*# $'"# &2%J'.+"# L+%"/'.-=# K$%# Nurse sighed and looked away down the darkened hallway. 6I,2)'-".-<"5A#"$%#",'*=#6K$%>#*',C-."%*#3%#B'/$# Parkinson’s last week. I just told my family today. ” ?':%-(%=#?$%#"+**%-:>#(.+:*#-./#"%%#E#$%2#J'"'.-# *'"".:J'-C# '-/.# "&./"# .1# (.:.+2=#!/# @2"/5# '/# B,"# ,# /'():%#,/#/$%#%-*#.1#$%2#-."%=#K$%-5#'/#B,"#,#4+//%2# of the eyebrow. And then she couldn’t stop. The /%,2"5# &..:'-C# '-# $%2# %>%"# 1.2# ".3%# /'3%5# @-,::># spilled over her face. Aaron put his arm around $%25#,#"':%-/#1.2(%#,C,'-"/#$%2#/2%30:'-C#"$.+:*%2"=# 6;<3Y"Y"Y".22>5A#$%#",'*5#"'3&:>=# She broke from his embrace and took in a sharp 02%,/$5# *%"&%2,/%:># /2>'-C# /.# "/%3# /$%# 4.B# 12.3# her eyes. 6;-#/$%#:,"/#B%%)5#;#$,J%#0%%-#'3,C'-'-C#/$'-C"=# XJ%2>#/'3%#;#"$+**%2#'-#*'"C+"/5#%J%2>#/'3%#;# "$'J%2#'-#/$%#(.:*5#%J%2>#/'3%#;#1%%:#/'2%*#'-#/$%# morning and can’t bring myself to get out of bed. I imagine that I’m losing control. And the truth is /$,/#E#".3%*,>#E#;#B'::#:."%#(.-/2.:#,-*#;#B.-</# have to imagine. Like Phineas.” !-./$%2#/%,2#4.B%*#.11#$%2#-."%#,"#"$%#$+CC%*#

her knees. “And that’s not all. When I came to B.2)#$%2%5#;#:.J%*#3>#&,/'%-/"=#R.J%*#B$,/#/$%># were. But I pitied them. Pitied what they lost. !-*#-.B5#;<3#0%C'--'-C#/.#$,/%#/$%3=#;#$,/%# what they make me remember. Even when I love /$%35#;#$,/%#:..)'-C#,/#/$%35#"/,2'-C#,-*#"/2+C C:'-C5#"(,2%*#,-*#*%"&%2,/%5#)-.B'-C#-.B#/$,/# %J%-/+,::>5#'/#B'::#0%#3%=#!-*#".3%.-%#B'::#C.# ahead and pity me instead.” !,2.-#"'C$%*#,"#B%::5#,-*#",/#'-#"':%-(%=#N%#.1 fered a small curve at the corner of his mouth. 6S.Y-Y-Y-.#&'/>5A#$%#",'*=#67Y1Y12'%-*"=A# He pursed his lips in brief frustration and looked seriously in her gleaming eyes. “You’ll…you….” K$%#S+2"%#"3':%*#,/#$'"#%,2-%"/-%""5#02'%4># breaking her streak of emotional drainage. She :%,-%*#$%2#$%,*#0,()#,C,'-"/#/$%#B,::5#,-*#1%:/# /$%#/%F/+2%#.1#/$%#B..*#,C,'-"/#/$%#0,()#.1#$%2# skull. She slowly lifted one hand in front of $%2#1,(%5#4%F'-C#$%2#@-C%2"#.-%#0>#.-%5#1%%:'-C# delight over the curl of each knuckle. “I’m just…going to miss this. Y’know? I know ;<::#$,J%#".3%#/'3%#/.#,*V+"/5#0+/#/$'"YA#?$%# B'CC:%*#$%2#@-C%2"#1.2#%3&$,"'"=#6K$'"#V+"/# never gets old.” She sighed and stood up. Aaron stood up with her and placed a hand on her arm. His eyes wid ened into a sympathetic glance. 6D),>5A#"$%#",'*=# ?'*%#0>#"'*%5#/$%>#2%/+2-%*#/.#/$%#*'-'-C#$,::=# !:/$.+C$#/$%#/%,2"#/$2%,/%-%*#/.#2%W1.235#"$%# )%&/#$%2#C,U%#"/%,*>#,"#"$%#-./'(%*#/$%#1,(%"#'-# /$%#$,::#B'/$#$%2=#Q2,(%5#B$.#-.B#"%%3%*#/.#0%# ($,//'-C#,0.+/#0'2*"=#K,3,2,5#B$.#:,+C$%*#B'/$# Q2,(%==# !,2.-5#B$.#"3':%*#/$2.+C$#'/#,::#,-*#3,*%#'/# back to his seat while the Nurse watched. She :.J%*#/$%3=#?$%#@-,::>#",/#*.B-#,/#/$%#2'C$/#%-*# .1#/$%#/,0:%5#-%F/#/.#N%-2>#H%""-%2=#N%#/+2-%*#/.# her and smiled. 6G,3-5#'/<"#(.:*#/.-'C$/8A#$%#",'*=#6N.B#>,# *.'-<5#*.(OA#

Letter

from

the

alps

Frederic Skargren !"#$%&'()*#+

It seems as if I am writing you a letter, my dear friend. We have always been honest to one another. Thus, to make sure that there is no misunderstanding between the two of us, perhaps I should confess immediately that this is the case. I am writing you a letter! I am writing to you from a wooden cottage on the border between Italy and Switzerland, just by Lake Como and Lake Maggiore. At this moment it is snowing outside. The snowflakes are as big as the stars, and the sky is white. Do not worry dear Mnumba; the cottage is warm which the snowflakes would confirm if they could live to tell. I have a long way to go before I have gathered sufficient specimens to analyse back at the laboratory. I have funding to stay here for two more months and there is little leeway for buying any more office equipment or specimen gathering paraphernalia. I am afraid that my cottage basement is not big enough to harbour the amount of specimens required by the research board. I will have to start storing the samples on the wooden floor in my living space which currently looks as follows: one big room, with a bunk-bed, a desk made of rocks from the local mountain and a shelf made of trees from the rainforest; two windows facing each other on opposite sides of the room and a door which allows one to enter and exit the cottage. O Mnumba, the days feel protracted; and I am often restless â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but I am certainly not lonely! I feel comfortable in knowing that the specimens are well preserved in the basement. I have only to wander outside for a while in the snow, at the foot of the mountains - in order to relinquish my feelings of restlessness and replenish my desires to be lonely. Because, my dear Mnumba, I am not alone in the cottage. I have arranged with the people residing in the nearby village to visit me once a week for a transaction of basic foodstuffs, whiskey, animal protein and moleskins. They send me a different person each time. Sometimes they send a male, sometimes a female, sometimes a teenager, other times it is an elderly person; less frequently they are polite, more often than seldom they speak, and they always come alone. Mnumba, I must tell you about the odd quotations I found lying around in one of the stone drawers of my stone desk. They all seem to be written at various points in history, and differ quite considerably in terms of content. On evenings like this, I amuse myself by reading a few of them while blazing my throat with the lagavulin you bought me; delivered by an elderly villager who happened to speak, but not in a polite manner. The first quote claims to be dated from the 1960s and says:

,-."#/%*0('102%#'3%24(%5600%1$(71+%7."#/%3#3#%#'3%18"%'"91%54$3%5600%1$2%14%$('%5618% 24(,:%

There is another quote which I found just yesterday while looking for my specimen requirements instructions, it says: ,;8"%."$74'%584%186'/7%4<%18"%'"91%3#2%3($6'=%36''"$%5600%*"%"#16'=%5618%8"$%"2"7>%

and claims to be written by an unknown Beylerbeylik of early modern Ottoman period in the year 1406. There are many more, my dear Watson, let me give you but a few more. I believe you will find them of the upmost interest, especially since I found them lying in a drawer made of stone in a cottage in the Alps.

,?#1%04'=%"'4(=8%#'3%24(%5600%1$2@%"#1%)4$"%#'3%18"2%5600%1$2, ,A'%4$3"$%14%.$"36B1%24(%)(71%<4$"7""%#'3%6'%4$3"$%14%'41%*"%.$"36B1"3%24(%)(71'C1, ,;8"%()*!"##$%&'%$%())#%*)!%(+),-+(.%'$/'%(+"%0"$1.%(+"%,23!"##$%&'%(+"%*))#'%!"4"5D 164'%4<%8"$7"0<+%7#27%18"%E$""/+%18"%()*$"00#%67%18"%B$(71%4<%184(=81+%7#27%18"%F4$3% 18#1%$82)"7%5618%""/, ,A'%18"%16)"7%4<%403+%18"2%7#63%'41%14%18")7"0G"7%18#1%18"6$%16)"7%5"$"%403+%*(1%4'02% !"4"5("6%,7)8%+)0%(+"%(&2"%6$(&8-%3"*)!"%(+"2%0$'%"8),-+%()%2$1"%(+"2%(+&81%)*%&(% #7%#="3, ,;8"2%584%761%5618%18"6$%<#B"%#$"%'41%71$#'="$7%14%18"6$%<""1>%

I must make a second confession, Mnumba. As you know I was hoping to get away from my continuous contemplating that seems to plague my mind, by moving to the Alps. The contemplation

repeats itself in the same manner of sequence, every morning: Contemplating about my worries; worrying about my contemplation. Every morning begins with intense contemplation. Which is odd, in fact, as you probably noticed Mnumba, because contemplation is a state of being, you cannot have an intense feeling of contemplation. Yet this is what is happening to me! The others that are occasionally here in the room are the focus of my contemplation. Yes! I believe it must be so Mnumba. It is they, Mnumba! They, the occasional – meaning not frequent - visitors of which I spoke about before, are the original source of my contemplation. My morning exercises end with me sitting with my legs dangling down the ladder of my bunk bed, contemplating about the others; talking about the others and talking to the others, at the same time. I tell the others - imagining them sitting on the silver coloured pillow, with their long yellow hair on the cedar painted floor. I tell them, how I woke up at 08:02 last Monday - the 1st of November. I tell them how I had two slices of baguettes for breakfast, that I ate some Izmir cheese and drank two cups of filter coffee with no milk or sugar. I tell them this, Mnumba, while contemplating and watching how they smirk at my contemplation. However, I continue telling the others that at 10:32, later that day; I went close to Lake Maggiore, in search for more specimens. I saw this man with a black coat and thick black glasses, standing with his back to the lake; he was waving at me. He stood close to a car with no roof. It was an old car; from the fifties I believe, it was red and shiny. I took large but slow paces towards him; chuckling to myself about the oddness of the situation. As I approached him, the oddest thing happened, I must explain to you in detail, Mnumba. It felt odd that he did not greet me in any manner what–so-ever. This fostered my desire to walk closer up to him. As I stood, just a few inches from his face, he stopped waving. The man with glasses took a deep breath and I waited patiently, trying to anticipate the phonetics of his words. (I believe, in retrospective, that the man was a pro tempore of my contemplation.) Nothing came out of his mouth and instead his forehead opened and his brain, stained with black spots, started talking to me with a lowpitched voice in Russian. Surprised by the unexpected development of the situation, I took two steps back in awe and fright a n d I suddenly found myself stuck – no, melted - into a tree. I don’t know h o w I got free from the tree, but I am here now, writing you a letter, and I feel fine. Why a melted tree, the others ask me, and so might even you ask me, my dear Mnumba. To which I reply: You just touched upon the

most rational and easiest part of the event. This, my dear Mnumba, I answer you, and which, by the way, was also my answer to the others. You see, as I came up to him - him meaning the-man-standing-with-black-thick-glassesleaning-against-a-red-and-shiny-car-thatlooked-as-if-it-was-from-the-fifties-whosebrain-had-small-dark-spots-sprinkled-allaround-his-Russian-speaking-brain - there seemed to be, at the exact same moment, something peculiar going on with his thick black glasses. You see, he was sweating, not because it was cold outside, but because his thick black glasses had been set in motion, and sweat was pouring down his forehead. It so happens that his glasses seemed to be locked into his skull bone with two solid nuts made of what looked like steel. In his right hand, he had a copy of a Russian newspaper, the Pravda, which he held in front of him. Finally, I thought to myself, the Pravda, the truth, is about to be revealed. Then, my dear Mnumba, as I attempted to read the headlines, his sweaty skull opened. It sounded to me like small thuds of “click, click, click, click, click” as the steel bolts locked into his forehead started revolving around themselves. The temples of his spectacles where supporting the other half of the skull which was positioned above that yellow mass of goo we call the brain. His glasses made the upper part of his fleshy and bloody skull stay up, you know, so it wouldn’t close again. And the brain explained to me, in Russian, what it said in the newspaper. Mnumba, I just remember something, and I must make another correction to what happened to me. The brain didn’t have any black spots on it, I was wrong. The brain was bathing in red and yellow napkins. The napkins had pieces of fat on them that made greasy impressions; just like the stains you get from wiping your hands after you have eaten freshly grilled chicken. The man with the glasses, whose brain was talking, his face was smiling at me, and his eyes were staring at me. Thus, at this exact instant, I took two steps backwards. The tree must have started to melt the exact moment you touched its bark, the others speculated. Indeed, I replied to the others, and so, Mnumba, the brain was yelling louder and louder in Russian. As you see Mnumba, I never fully answered the question posed by the others! And as I moved backwards I suddenly felt frozen. Melted into a tree, Mnumba! But I am fine now. I will go out and collect some more specimens. Take care! H4($7%-6'B"$"02+ !$:%I$"'/

Ps. another quote I found inscribed in bottom drawer of my desk: “The leftovers of the sea will have its revenge on our thirst by being too salty to drink and too little to hope for” Ds

INFOSPHERE

J a c o b

Levine

uch ink has been spilled, many theories pro‐ posed, indeed, much information has been transmitted with the purpose of delineat‐ ing a theory of informa‐ tion itself. Information has been equated with digits in binary lan‐ guage, as if all mean‐ ing could be translated into computer code and quantified. It has been related to entropy by physicists and analysed as an inverse measure of uncertainty. Neuro‐ scientists speak of the brain as an ‘information processor’ and propose models whereby infor‐ mation is ‘transmitted’ between brain areas. These models treat in‐ formation as a thing or quantity– indeed, the notion of a non‐thing is anathema to science – yet who has ever put his hand on a ‘quantum’ of information? You are holding a per‐ fect‐bound collection of pages bearing text. What about the images do they ‘contain’ infor‐

is accepted; whether they are better than Bowie, however, depends on you. Information is always part of a network of propositions, each of which has its own status derived from its relation to the network and to social consensus about its meaning. Information is there‐ fore a piece of a knowledge system, as an organ is a piece of a body. Human knowledge systems are struc‐ tures built to correspond to the world. Theories of information have been of interest to philosophers of science, be‐ cause scientific theories are our most rigorously tested representations of the world’s structure. It was once thought that science was an endeavour to dis‐ cover true and false propositions – until it was realised that the structure of the world is not organised into propositions at all. According to the philosopher Ro‐ nald Giere, we ought best to conceive of the informative matrices of our theo‐ ries as maps: “Maps have many of the representa‐ tional features we need for understand‐ ing how scientists represent the world. There is no such thing as a universal map. Neither does it make sense to question whether a map is true or false. The representational virtues of maps are different. A map may, for exam‐ ple, be more or less accurate, more or less detailed, of smaller or larger scale. Maps require a large background of human convention for their produc‐ tion and use. Without such they are no more than lines on paper. Neverthe‐

Are you Holding Information?

mation? No doubt, there are patterns to be dis‐ covered in these pages. We could print a page of alternating 1s and 2s and this would be an un‐ informative pattern. For something to be infor‐ mation, it must inform something, and that something is you. In other words, information is a pattern that literally changes the patterns in you. So information cannot exist inde‐ pendently of an interpreter, a pattern that it changes by virtue of being infor‐ mation. Thus all attempts to isolate and objectify information must fail. But surely there is such a thing as ob‐ jective information. At the present date, February 2009, Gordon Brown is Prime Minister of the Queen’s government. We don’t acknowledge any attempts to contradict this information . Daft Punk are the most brilliant musicians since David Bowie. The objectivity of this in‐ formative statement is not so unques‐ tionable. That Daft Punk are musicians

less, maps do manage to correspond in various ways with the real world.” Thus maps are in a certain sense ob‐ jective, without having the contentious property of being either true or false. They just roughly correspond, and are believed to correspond to the extent that they are useful. Maps allow for a plurality of information to be expressed – as, for example, when one adorns a map of Europe with pins denoting the places one has visited. To quote Giere once more: “Rather than thinking of the world as packaged in sets of objects sharing definite properties, think of it as indefi‐ nitely complex, exhibiting many quali‐ ties that at least appear to vary continu‐ ously. One might then construct maps that depict this world from various per‐ spectives.” In this way maps allow for a pluralistic blend of sources: 1) information that is conventionally deemed objective i.e. to correspond to reality; and 2) informa‐ tion derived from the unique function of the subject.

iven the above, I believe that human knowledge systems in general are approximately modelled by the familiar internet tool, Google Maps. Here’s why:

Satellite I Terrain I Road view Google Maps present us with a unified representation of the world that re‐ sponds to the interests of the sub‐ ject or user. Whether looking for a travel route, stalking an ex‐lover’s neighbourhood, or merely excited by bird’s‐eye views of enormous structures, the Google Map is a singular construct that answers according to your concern. If you’re lucky enough to live in one of Google’s favourite cities, you will be able to view transit maps and current traffic updates super‐ imposed on the city’s road maps. Most importantly, if you live in one of these preferred cities you will have access to Street View.

Street view

Street View essentially allows the user to dive into the map, viewing any location from the perspective of a subject who is physically there. As a model of human knowledge systems, this feature is profound. If knowl‐ edge can ultimately not be objectified, then what we want is the ability to dive into each other’s subjectivities, to view reality from as many perspectives as possible. This has been called inter‐subjectivity by some, and it captures an approach to knowledge systems that Giere calls “perspectival realism”. It requires a combination of both perspective and map coordinates to construct an accurate account of knowledge.

Photos

Digging deeper into the subjective, Google Maps allow users to post, to any coordinates of the map, photos they have taken at those locations. Not only do we get a generic perspective, as with Street View, but a highly personal moment in time. More abstractly, this feature is something akin to the hermeneutic tradition in literature ‐the photo as a subjective creation is analogous to text, and the map coordinates provide the means for reach‐ ing an interpretative understanding of the author’s sub‐ jectivity. By this view, human knowledge, i.e. information, con‐ sists of a similar structure whether its domain is art or science. Subjective reports, which can vary in degree of generic character, are posted to objective shared coordi‐ nates, which correspond in some way to the real world. The growth of knowledge occurs through a constant expansion of content appended to the conventionally accepted coordinates; interpretation of information pro‐ ceeds through a comprehension of subjective reports accessed through a shared coordinate system. Informa‐ tion, then, is no thing in itself – it is a piece of a thing. Information is teased out of the map by an interpretative encounter with it: a reading of a text, a scientific explana‐ tion, or a view of the street. This article makes reference to: Giere, R.N. (1994). Viewing Science. PSA: Proceedings of the biennial meeting of the philoso‐ phyofscienceassociation. UniversityofChicagoPress. http://www.jstor.org/stable/192912

At the end of 2007 the social networking site

Today, most online tracking takes place via “cookies,” small files dropped into your computer by sites you use. These help companies remember things about you: your name, your password, when you previously visited their site and what you did there. It is possible to select an “opt-out” button that will delete the cookies. But this can result in a poorer online experience, in which websites are unable to remember who you are and react to your personal interests. There is, thus, a trade off between privacy and utility on the internet. And it is being significantly aggravated by a new generation of tracking technologies.

hat did you last read on the internet? Perhaps you browsed a vintage wine list, planned a holiday or— more in keeping with the times—investigated which newly nationalised bank offers the best rates. Would you object to advertisements popping up for Chateau Latour, Caribbean resorts or Bradford & Bingley? Might you feel your privacy had been violated by new companies able to record your surfing habits and feed you adverts based on where you had been? Or would you welcome this as a useful service? Six months ago I thought the biggest obstacle to “broadband Britain” was our inadequate infrastructure—limited bandwidth, copper wires into houses and slow speeds for the downloading of bulky data such as video. But there has been real progress since then. In September 2008 British Telecom announced a further investment of £1.5bn into broadband networks in return for concessions from its regulator Ofcom. Yet increasingly privacy, not pipes, is the real source of contention in the online world. Technology now exists to track everything we do online. This makes advertisers excited. There’s an old industry adage: half of all advertising is wasted, but no one knows which half. Now we may be on the verge of finding out. Advertisers are willing to fund much of the information and entertainment we receive in the future— but in exchange for knowing precisely how and when we have received their promotional messages. Such intense scrutiny alarms some consumers and is leading to a state of war between commercial pioneers and privacy campaigners. At stake is a potentially huge expansion of the online economy. Facebook tried to introduce a new system called “Beacon.” It allowed online retailers to send Facebook information about people’s purchases. If you bought a pair of trainers online, for instance, the system would allow Facebook to tell all of your friends who use the site. Advertisers loved the idea, hoping it could create “buzz” among networks of young people. But this apparent breach of privacy caused outrage among Facebook users. The ensuing scandal was widely covered both online and in conventional media, while US pressure groups like MoveOn. org led calls for more privacy protection. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s 24-year-old founder, was forced to issue a public apology and make it much easier for users to opt out of the system. Many did. Then, this summer, another furore blew up around a US company called NebuAd. It describes itself as “the leading provider of third generation consumer-centric behavioural targeting solutions that are based on web-wide behaviour.” In other words, it had deals with several internet service providers (ISPs)—the companies like Tiscali and Virgin Media which connect consumers to the internet—to help them track their subscribers’ online behaviour and send them targeted adverts. When this became known, NebuAd was accused of privacy violations. In July 2008 its (now ex) chief executive was hauled in front of a congressional committee. The politicians wanted to know how transparent surveillance should be. Should people be allowed to opt-in, the most transparent option, or only opt-out, which is less clear and open to abuse? Meanwhile, the scandal led NebuAd’s ISP clients to flee, ending its experiment and de-

stroying its business model. Earlier this year, the new wave of privacy scandals reached Britain. It was revealed that BT, TalkTalk and Virgin Media had signed deals with Phorm, a small US company at the forefront of web tracking technology. It had even conducted clandestine trials with BT customers. This led to an unsuccessful campaign to get the company investigated by the police and condemned by the Information Commission. Phorm’s technology works like this. The company assigns ISP subscribers a random number to protect their identity. As they move around online, this number gathers “hats” recording their interest in cars, holidays, cameras and so on. This is “behavioural tracking.” Phorm then sells this number to other websites, who can target adverts directly relevant to these interests. Previous generations of advertising technology provided adverts based on what you happen to be doing at any moment. But Phorm creates a picture of your specific interests over time. If widely adopted, it could mean whenever and wherever you are online, advertisements could be targeted precisely at you. A range of groups—from the Anti-Spyware Coalition to Privacy International—have raised frequent complaints about Phorm and similar organisations. These groups worry that consumers’ consent is not always requested and that, even if they were asked, many know too little about how these technologies work. Some claim it might even be illegal. Despite this, there are positive things about the system. So far the government says Phorm’s method is legal, while Richard Thomas, the information commissioner, has said “there doesn’t appear to be any detriment to users.” Phorm does not need to know your name or IP address, nor the website-specific details of your previous browsing history (it tracks your generic interests rather than the specific sites you’ve visited). As their publicity puts it, “we do not and cannot know who you are.” This should come as a relief. Few people want their personal Google search history exposed. The reason is obvious for salacious searches, but many other web journeys, from surprise presents to vanity Googling about yourself, are best kept secret as well. Phorm actually compares favourably to other websites like Google or Yahoo. These drop cookies onto our personal computers when we first conduct a search. This is fundamental to their ability to provide good results. And if you switch on “personal search” with Google, the service becomes much more specific still. Enter the word “rosemary” and it is able to predict whether you want to find garden centres, recipe sites or the DVD of Rosemary’s Baby. Other Google products also excite privacy concerns. Photographs of every British street will appear in their forthcoming StreetView service. Google’s Desktop records almost everything stored on your computer. Most extraordinary of all is Gmail, the company’s free email service. Here your correspondence is constantly analysed for keywords. You are then served up appropriate adverts based on everything in your inbox. I have even heard about one couple who conducted a fairly extreme email argument and quickly received adverts for marriage counselling services. Many people seem to feel that targeted advertising based on Google use is acceptable, while unsolicited adverts from Phorm are beyond the pale. But in some ways it is the former that is more intrusive. And Google has indeed been a target of the privacy backlash. It used to store records of our search activities for up to two years. But in September, in the face of public pressure, it reduced this period down to nine months. After this the data is only kept anonymously. True believers say that companies like Phorm could revolutionise the media industry to the benefit of businesses and consumers alike. Consumers may not be clamouring for more targeted adverts, but someone has to fund the content they like to receive. As we consume more of our news and entertainment online and traditional models of advertising collapse, the information collected about us will be the key to how our content is funded. Much of this content used to depend on the advertising revenues of ITV, Channel 4 and Five. But commercials on television are now a blunt instrument, easily avoided with the “30 times fast forward button” on Sky Plus. As this model collapses, how can we preserve free programming? Channel 4’s Big Brother illustrates how big is our appetite for free entertainment. In 2005 the channel allowed fans to watch clips of the series online for a fee. About 25,000 people did this. The following year it was free; all you had to do was watch a short commercial beforehand. About 25m people took advantage. There are other ways to fund a free online service, including sponsorship. But separate advertising remains by far the most important. Without it, we may not continue to get Coronation Street and Channel 4 News for free in the future. In television, just as online, new models are developing to solve this problem. Hulu, launched in 2007, is a service developed jointly in the US by NBC Universal and News Corporation. It allows you to download free television shows in return for watching a few commercial messages. It has been as successful as the BBC iPlayer in Britain, which allows users to watch programmes after they have been aired. Hulu is experimenting with collecting information from users to allow targeted advertisements before and during a programme. Other companies have even made it possible digitally to insert products into television shows, for instance a can of Coke on a table or a logo on a bus. British terrestrial networks are now planning a new service, codenamed “Kangaroo,” along similar lines. Hulu represents a new deal between a media company and its viewer: sell me your attention for a personalised 30-second commercial message and you will receive a free edition of Heroes. Young people in particular don’t want to pay for content with money, but they will pay with their personal data. However, like the advertising elsewhere on the web, it has to be done in a way that is transparent and fair. If confidence in the system is destroyed

then great damage could be done to the ecology of online advertising. Is there another option? The music industry has tried and failed to make people pay for content. In the past, bands would run their tours at a loss in order to market their highly profitable CDs. Now, some are giving away CDs to promote their live performances (see Robert Sandall on the economics of pop music, Prospect, August 2007). The catalyst for this change has been peer-to-peer file sharing via technologies like BitTorrent, a popular but often illegal system that allows users to download music, movies and television shows. This has effectively destroyed the market for CDs and is making inroads into DVD sales. Music companies are fighting back. Recently, they persuaded the French government to force ISPs to first warn and then cut off subscribers who persistently download illegally. The companies argue that, once warned, 70 per cent of freeloaders come into line and buy music from legitimate services like iTunes. They have also extracted concessions from British ISPs, who will now send out warning letters. But this effort to turn the tide is almost certainly doomed. A study of Radiohead’s latest album release reveals why. Will Page and Eric Garland, two industry experts, analysed the downloads of In Rainbows, which was made available for any price fans decided it was worth, including for free. Thirty-eight per cent of people paid; the rest took it free. Yet even though you could get the album free legally, twice as many people got it from illegal sites (2.3m “torrents” over three weeks). On the first day about 400,000 people did this, making it the most trafficked piece of musical copyright on an illegal network since file sharing started. So much for the idea that most music fans will fall into line. But instead of accepting the inevitable, the industry is harassing a generation for whom free content is a way of life. Music companies, ISPs and governments may end up having to track internet users to their home addresses, raising new privacy concerns. A different and better model is possible. If privacy concerns can be overcome, we can imagine a system in which owning a piece of content would also mean you have the right to have its use tracked and reported, thus yielding potential advertising revenues. If you are a music company, you could then earn money every time anyone “shared” a free song. Meanwhile you will be encouraging as many web surfers to copy it and pass it on as possible, because the more that happens the greater your revenues. You would be saying, “Yes, please steal me! Steal as much as you can!” Getting this new world right offers other benefits too. Technology from companies like Phorm can help small websites and ISPs compete with Google for a slice of their rapidly growing advertising income. There are now many companies across the world that rely on Google for as much as half of their sales, via paid search and direct response advertising. Those worried by this domination of the paid search market should be supporting this new competition. Additional income for ISPs will also enable them to update their networks for better speed and capacity. The Internet Advertising Bureau and PricewaterhouseCoopers are already forecasting that internet advertising sales will outstrip those for British television by the end of 2009. The balance between privacy and prosperity is a high stakes game. Tim Berners-Lee, the father of the internet, has said he would change his ISP if it tracked his web surfing habits. But a senior employee of one of Britain’s largest media buyers told me: “Without tracking, the internet advertising model collapses.” To prevent this happening, the industry needs to work harder to answer the genuine concerns of users and campaigners about protection of privacy. There are some obvious possible reforms. In particular, consumers could be given more power over their information. Both Google and Phorm currently base their service on an opt-out model. The US congress is considering forcing companies to introduce an opt-in model. There are similar plans for Britain. The online and advertising industries oppose this; privacy campaigners are fighting hard for it. US legislation is not imminent, but in the meantime the issue is in the hands of the Federal Trade Commission. It has laid out three principles to govern websites that collect information for behavioural advertising: they should provide a clear statement about why the data is being collected; ensure reasonable security and only keep it as long as is necessary; and ensure sensitive data is only collected with express consent. This is helpful, but silent on the opt-in/ opt-out issue. It’s a finely balanced argument, but a plausible compromise could be an opt-out regime with clear and regular opportunities to be a refusenik. Meanwhile, privacy groups ought to maintain a sense of balance. Yes, they must pursue their legitimate lobby for privacy and the rights of individuals. They often help stop genuinely dangerous breaches of privacy. But they pay scant regard to how tracking improves our online experience, and more or less ignore how critical behavioural tracking will be to the future economy. Without it, advertising revenues will collapse and with it the media industry. Privacy matters. But privacy groups’ current lack of flexibility is certainly not in the interests of consumers. The answer is to respect some relatively simply principles. Our names, addresses and ISP addresses should be protected. Behavioural advertising must be transparent. Consumers need to be able to choose whether they participate. People must be able to opt-out, to become a sort of “digital vegetarian,” giving up some benefits for the sake of their principles. But, for those who choose the rich meat of the digital world, targeted advertising promises rewarding online experiences. It could unleash extraordinary new growth in online commerce. This is an opportunity privacy absolutists should not be allowed to stall. (originally published in Prospect Magazine, November 2008, republished with permission of the author)

“Take away the right to say ‘fuck,’”

the fact that the technology required simply

said Lenny Bruce, does not exist.

“and you take away the right to say ‘fuck the government” At this point, we are reminded of what Last December, the Secretary of State for Burnham has defended his plans to cen- a brave new world the Internet has led Culture, Media and Sport, Andy Burnham, sor the Internet by arguing that as a father us into. No matter how much governments announced that when it comes to the he does not feel safe leaving his young desire to regulate the Internet, technology Internet, “There is content that should just children alone to access the Internet – stays one step ahead. Technology like not be available to be viewed. That is my “Leaving your child for two hours com- Tor and Freenet already make it posview. Absolutely categorical.” He proposed pletely unregulated on the Internet is not sible to access the Internet and transfer to start deciding what Internet users can something you can do.” He has drawn a data anonymously, and Dr. Vint Cerf, one and cannot view by introducing filters which comparison with the success of the TV of the Internet’s founding fathers, has said would screen Web pages for obscene watershed in protecting children from ob- on numerous occasions that any attempt content. He was, quite literally, proposing to scene content. This is disingenuous for a by governments to control the Internet take away our right to say ‘fuck’. number of reasons. First, Burnham’s paren- are doomed to failure due in part to priJust days earlier, the Internet Watch Foun- tal decision making should not determine vate ownership. In 2007, he said that “it’s dation, the self-regulatory, non-govern- national law. Parents may already select tempting to think that you need a United mental body which regulates the Internet which websites their children are able to Nations-like structure to deal with it, but I in the UK, had blocked the Wikipedia entry view, or indeed to install the kind of filters believe it wil be very hard to accomplish for Scorpions’ 1976 album ‘Virgin Kil er.’ The Burnham is proposing to make mandatory that objective for one simple reason - 99 page was censored because it displayed for the entire country. Second, potential y percent of the Internet, the physical Internet, the album’s cover, which portrayed a the most dangerous areas of the Internet is in private sector hands, operated by the young, naked girl. However, this reason for young children are chat rooms, which private sector.” was never provided, nor was the rest would not be covered by filters that re- Cerf has, however, backed multiple stakeof the page accessible. The web page strict content. Third, pornographic material holder models on control, which would insimply returned a 404 error, meaning that is already marked by age limits, something clude customers, governments and wider users did not even know that they were Burnham is proposing should now cover society. “The Internet is used by a bil ion being blocked. all websites. But what Burnham is seeking users around the world, it’s not strictly a Perhaps most worrying of all is the ongoing to extend censorship to, is not images, but purely governmental thing to control, and case against Darryn Walker over his al- words. The real comparison is not with the that’s why you need this multi-stakeholders leged posting of an explicit story describing TV watershed, but with putting policemen structure to make sure all the prospects are respected.” Cerf is the chair of the the fantasized rape and murder of the pop in public libraries. group Girls Aloud. The worrying aspect of Burnham need only look to Australia if he Internet Corporation for Assigned Names this case is not so much that he is being is seeking a lesson in the complexities of and Numbers (ICANN), the body which prosecuted – while grotesque fan fiction of suppressing Internet content. Recent pro- controls domain names, which Cerf dethis kind is not a new phenomenon, a case posals there for a compulsory Internet filter scribes as, “the first big expert in a glocould certainly be made for him to be tried have been met with widespread protests. bal multi-stakeholders structure.” However, for harassing and intimidating the very real The proposals would make Australia one even ICANN reports to the U.S. Commerce subjects of his story. What is worrying is of the strictest democracies in terms of Department, which has drawn criticism on that he is being tried under the Obscene Internet regulation, with at least 1,300 sites a number of occasions, either for politiPublications Act, the law which tried unsuc- prohibited, based on a list drawn up by cal interference in the Web’s governance, cessfully to outlaw ‘Lady Chatterly’s Lover’ the state and not made public, preventing or for simply being out of touch. In 2006, and the Oz ‘Schoolkids Issue’ in the 60s legal scrutiny. The filter would have two Senator Ted Stevens, Chairman of the and 70s. If successful, the prosecution wil tiers, one which would block the sites on Senate Commerce Committee, expressed set the precedent of making it a criminal the government’s blacklist, the other which his fears that the Internet would slow down act to simply type words that some would would be optional and would block por- due to heavy usage, saying, “The Internet consider ‘obscene’. The case has met with nography by using keywords. When Inter- is not something that you just dump somelittle protest, due in no small part to the net providers pointed out that much of the thing on. It’s not a big truck. It’s a series of fact that there is very little political capital to il egal material which is theoretically being tubes. And if you don’t understand, those be won defending Girls Aloud rape stories. targeted here, such as child pornography, tubes can be fil ed and if they are fil ed, But the unsavory subject matter does not is traded via peer-to-peer networks or when you put your message in, it gets reduce its importance. As Martin Niemöller chat programs, Communications Minister in line and it’s going to be delayed by might have said, “They came first for the Stephen Conroy’s office said a peer-to- anyone that puts into that tube enormous perverts…” peer filter would be considered, despite amounts of material…just the other day an Internet was sent by my staff at 10 o’clock

in the morning on Friday. I got it Tuesday. Why? Because it got tangled up with all these things going on the Internet commercial y.” Governments wil not remain so out of touch with the Internet for long. Burnham has talked of working with Obama to regulate the Englishlanguage Internet, and a recent think tank report entitled ‘Securing Cyberspace for the 44th Presidency’ calls for “strong authentication of identity, based on robust in-person proofing and thorough verification of devices”. The British Government has been scrabbling around desperately for a justification for its much derided identity card scheme, and the Internet may well provide one – a theoretically viable means of authenticating age, and individual agency, on the Internet. Smuggled in under the paranoia which surrounds identity theft, swiping into your computer with your ID card is not a conspiracy theorist’s fantasy, it is a policy option currently being debated. But while the nature of the Internet would suggest that someone, somewhere, wil always find a way of getting around the censors, and while even Thomas Jefferson knew that “taste cannot be controlled by law,” this has not stopped plenty of countries from exercising fierce control over those who seek to take advantage of the freest of free presses. Thirteen countries were placed on Reporters Without Borders’ ‘Enemies of the Internet’ list, including China, where Obama’s inauguration speech was recently censored of any mention of communism, and Egypt, where Kareem Amer remains in prison for critically blogging about Islam and the Egyptian President. Closer to home, LSE itself has a history with online censorship. In ‘A Blogger’s Manifesto,’ former lecturer Erik Ringmar chronicles his experiences with school authorities after he made postings on his personal blog which included salary details and were critical of the way the school is run. He was asked by his department convener to “destroy/cancel your blog entirely and shut the whole thing down until further notice”. The convener’s decision was in turn backed by Howard Davies, who argued that “the issue here is not a policy on blogging, it is whether a colleague can publicly abuse his employer and his colleagues without consequences.” That it is the message being censored, and not the medium, is beside the point. There was once a time when the press was free only to those who owned one, but the Internet has democratised publishing, and this is the situation which is now under threat. As Ringmar himself points out in his book, LSE also has a prouder tradition which predates the Internet. Karl Popper wrote ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’ shortly before taking up a post at the school, and in it he set out his belief that society only moves forward if it has the power to ask questions and the space to listen to dissenting voices. “It is the longing of uncounted unknown men to free themselves and their minds from the tutelage of authority and prejudice. It is their attempt to build up an open society which rejects the absolute authority to preserve, to develop, and to establish traditions, old or new, that measure up to their standards of freedom, of humaneness, and of rational criticism.” This is the tradition that we must now protect. The Internet represents the greatest tool ever conceived for the free exchange of ideas, to challenge the tutelage of authority and prejudice whether it be in Egypt or England, at home or in the workplace. The Internet has revolutionised our access to knowledge, and power, so swiftly that it is easy to take for granted. The cases cited by Burnham and the IWF are difficult to defend – but defended they must be. We do not have to agree with everything that is published on the Internet to realise the value of the space it grants all of us. We all own our own presses, now, and as Albert Camus would put it, “A free press can be good or bad, but, most certainly, without freedom a press wil never be anything but bad.”

013 8'# G#4 9

###56

789:

!"#$%&'()*+,-'$./ !""#$%&#'&('"&#)*+&#&+&,#-.(/.#0(.#1!2&3((-4

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

!"#$%&'

0012A#4

(((,'%%(4'(#-+:,(;+:$<'%=(&9(>7&<"(?"#$#?,'$<@

8'#9

00127#4

((("'%%+(,"'$' (((5556+$4

!"#$%&'

00123#4

(((,#%%B#9CB%+9.BD:&,'B'E?&,'CB&B%&F'B4:<&?5@

!"#$%&'

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

lastair Campbell political blog as a ‘ latter-day Campbell believes that “the sells politicians for Goebbels’, is pragmatic about public are onto [a cynical mea living. His legacy the media’s power. dia] – they may know politias the ultimate ‘spin He refutes the suggestion that cians spin them a line from doctor’ has made our reliance on the manipula- time to time, but they know him one of the most notori- tion of media is quietly creep- the media do it 24 hours a ous figures in British politics. ing into the territory of propa- day.” You may take issue with Since his resignation in 2003, ganda. the rate of spin, but you can’t following the death of David really argue with the underIt’s been overblown to the Kelly, Campbell has gone back standing of middle-Britain that point of becoming meaningto his earlier love: writing. His propelled Campbell to success less,” he says. “It is now used memoirs The Blair Years and as Blair’s chief of communicato describe anything that anyhis new novel All in the Mind tions. one says about anything.” give some insight into the man Campbell is more modest. “I To hold the key to media nowbehind one of the greatest adknow I made a difference, but adays is to be granted unparvertising campaigns in history: in the end he was the leader, alleled power. Video killed the the invention of New Labour. and he was the one making radio star; live TV finished off In 1994 the Labour party were the big calls and leading from the flippant politician. “Twentyailing, and Alastair Campbell the front… Part of his insight as four Seven news has had a showed up like a sharplya modern politician was that generally negative impact on dressed door-to-door salescommunications could not be standards of debate and reman, with a quip for every separate from what he and porting, where volume has led situation and a pitch for every the government did, but into a sacrifice of quality, right solution. Deodorant for that tegral to it. I could not have across the board.” The fact whiff of desperation; support done the job I did without his that Olympic Swimmer Michael tights for the party’s increassupport and that basic underPhelps’s drug use gets more ingly well-fed belly; dumbbells standing of how the media had exposure than the disintegrafor their flabby credibility; and changed and was changing tion of the British economy a Dyson vacuum cleaner to politics.” doesn’t exactly prove Camppush bad news out of the way: bell wrong. To be in the news Nowhere has Blair and CampHe sold Labour the products today, a politician must become bell’s foreof a new generation they so a celebrity: “modern politicians s i g h t b a d l y needed, and he sold can never stop communicat- b e e n New Labour to ing.” the country. “In the UK we have a more But just open democracy than virtually as the any in the world, yet that is media not what most of the media w a s more would have you believe… [It is] t h e vindia bigger, noisier, more aggresc a te d sive and judgemental media cause t h a n than most. In their coverage of o f in the politics in particular, there has Camp2 0 0 9 been a huge shift away from b e l l ’ s American focus on policy and serious der i s e , E le c t i o n : bate to personality and trivia… it was “ [ O b a m a ] The politicians have to be far also his fought a more strategic in how they deal d ownfall . b r i l l i a nt, with this, worry less about the Campbell, modday-to-day, more about the h o w e v e r, e r n medium- and longd e s c r i b e d c a m t e r m . ” by journalist p a i g n , B u t Ia i n Dale in yet a h i s n o n cynical media c h o s e to def i n e

Alastair Campbell

award winning

was once branded the “latter-day Goebbels.” He spins tales of madness to Alexandra White

Photos by BillY Schaefer

it in terms of hope, energy, Mind is a revealing account felt they understood it betthe future.” of his experiences. He ad- ter.” Campbell claims that his mits, “I certainly think that Some readers have not work as a press officer my experience of having been so positive: Campwas to rectify the damage survived a breakdown and bell’s debut novel was caused by an intrusive me- a drink problem helped me recently nominated for dia. “Where there’s public to do the job. I’m convinced the Bad Sex in Fiction goodwill for a party or a I would not have been able Award. A fact not nearly leader in power, sometimes to do it without having gone well known enough is that more can be achieved. It through that.” Campbell began his career will be interesting to watch Campbell clearly draws in- writing pornographic stories President Obama’s early spiration for his cast of de- for Forum men’s magazine, days to see whether that pressed protagonists from under the pseudonym “the global goodwill helps him to his own life. That said, his Riviera Gigolo.” You’d prea good start in making the account of the mindset of sume that to have made decisions needed to deal a rape victim, of a psychia- a living out of it, Campbell with an economic crisis af- trist who regularly visits could write sex with some fecting us all. It could.” prostitutes, and of a man eloquence. Campbell is upSix years on, and Campbell who cheats on his wife, beat, however. “Had I won, just can’t stop. Perhaps engender substantial ques- I was planning to say that he’s angling for a job again; tions about his life. How can I was honoured, because he has said that he misses one articulate these ex- nearly all the sex scenes in it, and that he may want to periences and make them my novel are meant to be understand- bad sex scenes! This would return one day (after all, universally Labour recently brought able? ”Some of the issues have been dismissed as Campbell’s old enemy Pe- and illnesses dealt with I spin, of course.” ter Mandelson back into know about. [The book’s I ask Campbell to complete the spotlight). Perhaps the protagonist] is a depressive, an exercise attempted by Labour Party could use his David Temple, but he gets his protagonist David Temexpertise. Since leaving his depression worse than I do. ple: to imagine what he post in 2003, New Labour’s There is an alcoholic politi- would like written on his public image has nosedived, cian, Ralph, whose drinking gravestone. The world’s with cock-up upon cock-up. habits are more serious most notorious spin-doctor But given perpetual media than mine were. And there has a rather subdued ansurveillance, Campbell’s is a psychotic breakdown swer: “I would like to be experience at the helm where I draw heavily on remembered as a good my own. I have had a lot father, and someone who could prove very helpful. of feedback from people made a difference.” History Alastair Campbell draws who have had similar ex- has a habit of re-evaluating not only upon his profesperiences saying they felt figures regardless of their sional experience, but also it did capture those kinds wishes: but if they say anyhis life experiences. : He has of experiences.” Just as im- thing else of Alistair Campbeen very open about his portant to him, he says, are bell, you can be sure that battles with drink and dethose “who say they have he’ll be, quite literally, spinpression, and his recently never had depression, but ning in his grave. published novel All in the after reading the book they

ell

The Blair Years: The Alastair Campbell Diaries and All in the Mind are published by Random House.

Last summer, Nicholas Carr threw down a gauntlet with his article for The Atlantic,

“Is Google Making Us Stupid?”

n the article, Carr describes a number San Francisco in the Alamo Square/NOPA area of traits of the contemporary internet for under $1000 (or whatever search terms you enabled (or perhaps addled) individual: enter) corresponds to an item. turning to a computer rather than a book for research, skimming text more fre At a certain point, the people who participate quently, and valuing a breadth of information +3& -*1)1& 31-9/,%)& 0<)-& ;"-1,& #3& +0013)1& over depth. While these observations are cor number of items, which must be evaluated rect, it is striking that Carr’s article never con and acted upon quickly. “Acted upon” could :,/3-)&)71$+;$&-1$*3/"/4+1)&-*#-&0+4*-&!1.&91"".& mean: ignored, emailed to a friend and then “making us stupid.” In Carr’s article, the word ignored, read, saved to read later. This is why “Google” acts as a surrogate both for “the inter the internet can be a challenging medium for 31-[&#35&:/,&\]//4"1&^1#,$*.[&#&$/36#-+/3&-*#-& certain types of cultural production, like long is not entirely without reason. But Google (the form essays, critical thought, or, in short, “quiet company) is not the only agent behind the ten spaces,” as Carr calls them. The sheer slowness dencies against which Carr describes. It would of reading a long article is a major hindrance be in bad faith to justify this omission on the -/&;35+34&#&9+""+34&#<5+13$1&-*,/<4*&#3&+-10 evidence that Carr could be a victim of his cen ized medium, where the context of reading one tral revelation: “Once I was a scuba diver in the thing is not a free afternoon, but 500 or more sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like other items waiting to be evaluated. If the in a guy on a Jet Ski.” It’s as if writing an article ternet promises democratization of informa about the internet could be done with the same tion, then the item is a somewhat cynical end amount of care that an internet audience would point: it accords everything the same degree of allegedly take in reading it. In short, the article inattention. fails to actually examine what technologies ex ist. Before thinking about what it would mean Technology acolytes commonly forget that to explore the internet like a “scuba diver,” we wide swaths of people remain entirely unaware must take seriously the technologies that ad of their habits. For many a discussion of these vance this other kind of “Jet Ski” interaction. “items” is undoubtedly vague. Let’s take a step Something is happening to the way that we back to examine some prominent technologies process information, but what? which promote the use of the item online, in a clear and understandable way. There are three Carr is prescient in putting scare quotes around notable services at the moment: Facebook Post the word “content,” which is now used as a ed Items, Tumblr, and Google Reader. These kind of metonymy—in the vernacular of many, three services participate, to different degrees, #35&#")/&+3&-*1&/:;$+#"&01))#4+34&/:&]//4"1_ in an active network of interacting with items for anything which can be consumed online. online. But “content” does not have to sit in search engine indexes waiting to be found. Instead, The Posted Items feature on Facebook is a sim it can be moved quickly through networks ple way to share a link amongst a group of on of people by highlydeveloped technologies. line friends, without the intrusiveness (wheth The use of these networks has created a new, er real or perceived) of emailing the same granular unit of information: the item, which group. The user can add a comment along with is best understood as part of a series, or “feed” their Posted Item, and other Facebook users of many items. The standard for feeds online can leave their comments below it. If the user is called RSS (Really Simple Syndication), is posting a link to YouTube, the video will be and every blog, every Flickr user, and every automatically embedded. Facebook has such a conceivable page on Craigslist has one. An tremendous number of users that Posted Items RSS feed is effectively an open container into +)& #& )+43+;$#3-& $/35<+-& /:& +-10)`& 0+""+/3)& /:& 9*+$*&+-10)&6/9?&A3&/-*1,&9/,5).&1#$*&7/)-&/3& links must pass through it each day. Still, Fa a blog corresponds to an item. Each photo that cebook recently added an important feature a Flickr user uploads corresponds to an item. to Posted Items: a “share” link, which allows Indeed, each new apartment listed for rent in you to take a friend’s Posted Item, and add

+-&-/&2/<,&/93&7,/;"1.&#)&+:&2/<&*#5&7/)-15&+-& they the current mode of transmitting informa yourself. This is an important feature, although tion online, they could very well be rendered certainly not one of Facebook’s own invention. /!)/"1-1&9+-*+3&#&:19&21#,)?&N<-&-*1&-+01&-/&;4*-& against this style of consuming information has A-&*#)&)+43+;$#3-"2&:191,&<)1,)&-*#3&a#$1!//%.& passed; some readers may never regain their but Tumblr has created an impressive platform attention span. With only a few exceptions, for sharing items with its “Reblog” feature, a the content that travels the farthest through possible source of inspiration for Facebook’s these networks is content that can be digested itemsharing feature. Tumblr is nominally a quickly. Lolcats, an internet phenomenon of cat blogging platform, but its interface is heav pictures with joke captions, has been one of the ily geared towards “posting items”—video farthestreaching memes. A site which quickly $"+7).& +0#41).& -1M-& b</-1)& /,& #<5+/& ;"1).& 9+-*& capitalized on lolcats, icanhascheezburger.com, or without a written comment. “Tumblelogs” now employs twelve people fulltime. Towards are available publically, but anyone who regis the end of his article, Carr hints that what’s at ters with the site can “follow” other users. This stake is nothing less than the future of Western just means that all posts by “followed” users culture, and it’s probably true that lolcats will will appear on one screen, the “dashboard.” not be held up as the zenith of the Occident’s The brilliance of Tumblr is that with two clicks, early millennial years. But it’s a bizarre claim to a user can copy any item in their dashboard make, even though technology can be used to directly into their own Tumblelog. This not promote certain shallow tendencies. Where is only publishes the item online, but also to the the place for carefully considered content—re dashboards of everyone who is following the ally, slow content—in this medium? Carr does user on Tumblr. The path any item takes as it not ask this question, but it seems to underlie bounces from one user’s Tumblelog to the next his article. can be tracked through the dashboard; a popu lar item may be reblogged by over 100 users. What’s left for advocates of this content, when This is not a huge number, but it does represent not choosing to ignore the internet, is to use it )+43+;$#3-"2&0/,1&,1#51,)&9*/&9+""&*#B1&)113& without playing the item game. While it does the item. seem unlikely that a blog publishing long es says will travel far through Tumblr or Google But where do items go? How does anyone in Reader, this does not mean that carefully teract with an item? The answer is an RSS read thoughtout content and the internet shouldn’t er, which collects and displays the items from mix. Online activity still provides an excellent RSS feeds. An RSS reader will display the posts chance for people to meet and exchange ide from all of the blogs you read, the photos your as. In the world of photography, a number of friends are uploading on Flickr, and all of those internetonly projects, like ithoughtiwasalone, sub$1000 apartments opening up in Alamo have sprung up to showcase new work and Square, as they are posted, without you having start conversations among artists. It is worth noting that these groups tend to use “slower” to do anything. Content comes to you. analog equipment. Another photographyre Google’s RSS product, Google Reader, takes all lated project, Words Without Pictures, is a site of the elements presented so far and combines which posted eleven long essays by different them in one package. At its most basic level, it authors over the course of 2008. The site had no is a standard RSS reader. However, its most im RSS feed, but readers posted links to it on their portant feature is the ability to “share” items. blogs. Whether the essays found a thought Just like Tumblr’s “reblog,” anyone who sees an ful audience this way is impossible to say, but item in Google Reader can click a button, and Words Without Pictures approached the inter instantly broadcast it to their other “friends” net on its own terms, and was rewarded with using Reader. (In this case, your “friends” are a moderate level of distribution through RSS determined by your contacts in Gmail.) In this based networks. As a form, the internet is wide way, you can create a new, consumable feed of open, and although it is tempting to imagine items, which themselves can be reshared by that everyone online wants to “JetSki”, there others, and thereby transmitted to all of their is still a place for endeavors outside of this for contacts in Google Reader. Like Facebook Post mula. Even online, there are quiet corners for ed Items, it’s also possible to add any content contemplation, and indeed anyone can fashion directly to your shared items, not just things one for themselves. Words Without Pictures that already exist as items in RSS feeds. Out of is not posting any new essays in 2009, but the the three mechanisms presented here, Google “content” on the site will reach a new audience Reader is the most comprehensive: it includes in May 2009, when it is published—as a book. the ability to turn anything on the internet into an item, to share any item among friends, and to do something with items in one place. is a former em ployee of Google. But perhaps you don’t want any of this. Per haps you don’t read blogs. Why do RSS and He lives in Tokyo, and checked Google Reader its itembased permutations matter? Although countless times while writing this article.

Dan Abbe

;$(%OCC-%*)%$% '"0.-0%-.=1"6--%"'% W""71-4%V-%1*<-)%*(% ?"@6"B%$(,%25-2@-,% W""71-%X-$,-0% 2"+(#1-))%#*.-)%I5*1-% I0*#*(7%5*)%$0#*21-4

9-#-0%D$E$17-##-A% C"0(%*(%FGHB%I*,-16% @("I%$)%D$EB%.-,*$% C*7/)5"#%0-)="()*C1-% '"0%.-7$%5*#%D*7% D0"#5-0B%J(#-0(-#% /012*3/4*,

O1$)#$*0%Y$.=C-11% I$)%?"(6%D1$*0Z)% ;*0-2#"0%"'%Y"./ .+(*2$#*"()%$(,% &#0$#-76%'0".%PQQ[% #"%\]]HB%$%3"+0($1*)#B% $(,%$%("<-1*)#4

:)#5-0%U"+(7%*)%("I% )#+,6*(7%$11%#5*(7)% .-,*$B%2"..+(*2$/ #*"(B%$(,%71"C$14% 8+25%"'%5-0%#*.-% 2)()6$3#(034235(*"#( /!*"#(0.7(/34(/%#,

D$0C$0$%W0$(#%)-0<-,% $)%;*0-2#"0%"'%Y"./ .+(*2$#*"()%'"0%#5-% Y*#6%"'%95*1$,-1=5*$% $(,%2"/$(25"0-,%#5-% 8^_:%Y"..*))*"(% V-$0*(7)4

W-"07-%W-0@-%*)% $%.-.C-0%"'%#5-% ;$0@)*,-%K$0.-0)% $(,%+)-)%$%D-0"1%=-(% #"%,"%.$7*24

K0-3$%V`7C$2@% .$@-)%'-.*(*)#% 2".*2)4

8$##%V*11%*)%$%'0--/ 1$(2-%I0*#-0B%5$<*(7% 0-2-(#16%2".=1-#-,% 5*)%D4O4%*(%:(71*)5% !*#-0$#+0-%$#%a-)+)% Y"11-7-B%^g'"0,4

!-(-%!$,%a"5$()-(% *)%$%T"0I-7*$(% )"2*$1*)#B%3"+0($1*)#B% )#+,-(#%$(,%#0$<-11-04% &5-%*)%("I%*(%!$#*(% O.-0*2$B%=0-#-(,*(7% #"%)#+,6%*(%:2+$,"04

8$06%>$1,"0%*)%$% =0"'-))"0%$#%#5-%!&:% $(,%Y"/;*0-2#"0% "'%#5-%Y-(#0-%'"0% #5-%&#+,6%"'%W1"C$1% W"<-0($(2-4

J0.-1*%!$*#*(-(%*)%$% =)625"$($16#*2%#5-0$/ =*)#%$#%8$(25-)#-0% TV&%9)625"#5-0$=6% Y-(#0-4%V-%5$)%0-/ )-$025-,%I".-(%$(,% ,-=0-))*"(4

J.0-%!$@$#")4%,-/ 2-$)-,4%!&:B%=5*1")"/ =5-0%"'%.$#5-.$#*2)% $(,%)2*-(2-B%=-0/ =-#+$116%2"(3-2#+0*(7% 0-'+#$#*"()%#"%9"=/ =-0*$(*).4

a$2"C%!-<*(-%5"1,)%$% 0%)#(4$5%$$(23(3$"%*/ )2*-(2-%$(,%)#+,*-)% C--0%J%.-$(%F=5*1")"/ =56%"'%)2*-(2-Z%$#%#5-% !&:4

?0$2-6%!-I*)/:11*7$(% *)%$(%$))*)#$(#%=0"'-)/ )"0%"'%)"2*"1"76%$#% ;-9$+1%S(*<-0)*#6B% 2+00-(#16%0-)-$025*(7% $(%$C)#*(-(2-/-,+2$/ #*"(%=0"70$.4

!-b(%8$##5*$)A%#*0-/ 1-))%2$.=$*7(-0%'"0% )+C3-2#*<*#6c%2+00-(#% =0"3-2#%*)%#5-%0-."</ $1%"'%O(#50"="1"76% '0".%#5-%S(*<-0)*#6% 2+00*2+1+.4

U$C)-0$%8$02")% 2+00-(#16%I"0@)%'"0% &$<-%?5-%Y5*1,0-(B% :#5*"=*$4%%&5-%I*11%C-% =+0)+*(7%$%.$)#-0Z)% *(%9+C1*2%V-$1#5%*(% O+#+.(4

a*11%9-$6%*)%$%90"'-)/ )"0%"'%!$IB%.-.C-0% "'%#5-%J(#-0($#*"($1% O,<*)"06%D"$0,%'"0% #5-%W+$0,*$()5*=% 90"3-2#4

>-<*(%9-006%1*@-)% I0*#*(7B%#5*(@)%)("I% "(%#5-%C-$25%*)% I-*0,B%-,*#-,%?5-% D-$<-0%$(,%)#+,*-,% )"2*$1%="1*26%$#%!&:4

8*)#-0%X"C%*)%!"(/ ,"(%C$)-,%C+#%C"0(% *(%Y6=0+)%*(%PQd\B% $1I$6)%,0$I*(7B%5-% 5$)%,"(-%)"%'"0% _"7+-B%9$+1%&.*#5% $(,%("I%Y1$0-4

Y5$01*-%X"#C-07A% 1*<-)%$(,%I"0@)%*(% $%I"(@6%5"+)-%*(% 9-2@5$.B%C-'0*-(,)% ).$11%=-"=1-%#"%.$@-% 5*.)-1'%'--1%#$11-04

D*116%&25$-'-0%7""'6% )@$#-,%C$2@)*,-%"<-0% #5-%="(,%$(,%*)%("I% )#+,6*(7%$025*#-2/ #+0-%2*#6%2"11-7-%"'% T-I%U"0@B%V$01-.4

O(3$(%&-(%$(% *(*#*$#"0%"'%#5-%PQRG% !*#-0$06%."<-.-(#% S##$0$,5+(*@B%5$)% =+C1*)5-,%(+.-0"+)% 2"11-2#*"()%"'%="-.)%

K0-,0*2%&@$070-(%*)% ,"*(7%$(%8&2%*(% 9"1*#*2$1%&"2*"1"76% $#%!&:4%L*#5%M#5-% "#5-0)N%5-%I0*#-)%$% )5"0#/)#"06%-<-06%("I% $(,%#5-(4

!"##$%&#$''$()%*)%$% )#+,-(#%$(,%)".-/ #*.-)%$%'0--1$(2-% 3"+0($1*)#4%%&5-%*)% )#+,6*(7%'"0%#5-%8&2% *(%9"1*#*2$1%:2"(".6% "'%!$#-%;-<-1"=.-(#4

$(,%-))$6)4 >61-%?$61"0%1*@-)A% #0$<-11*(7B%70$("1$% C$0)B%="=+1$0%.+/ )*2B%="1*#*2)%$(,%#5-% !"##$%&'()#%*+$,(-'.$( ?$16"0%,*)1*@-)A%$+/ C-07*(-)%$(,%"1*<-)4

a-))*%?$C$1C$%*)% $##0$2#*<-B%\G464"4B% C0"I(%-6-)B%GZ\NB% 2+0<6e.-,*+.%C+*1,% f%W&^V4%L!?8% ?;V%'"0%#-$%f% 2$@-)4

:0*2%Y5"I%*)%$(% $0#*)#*2%)#+,-(#%$#% !&:4

O(($1*)-%?"C-0.$(% *)%$%W"<-0(.-(#% )#+,-(#%$#%#5-%!&:4

cont

ribu tors u b i r nt

co contributo

a"5(%L"00$11%#""@% 5*)%95;%+(,-0% !$@$#")4%O(%!&:% 90"'-))"0B%=$0#*2+1$016% :11-(%O$C"%*)%$(% *(#-0-)#-,%*(%#5-"06/ !&:%70$,+$#-%)#+,-(#% 25$(7-%$(,%20*2@-#4 '0".%^)1"4

contribut

contribut rs

t n o c

o t u rib