1960 - A Blast to the Past by Claudia Scheuren

Education Fashion Film & Theatre Food Culture Sports Music Civil Rights Movement Government & Politics Way We Lived Law & Justice Vietnam War Book Review Celebrity Gossip Games

5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14-15 17 18 20 22-23 25 26 27-36 3

Education During the 1960’s, Americans became aware that the nation was suffering from a shortage of citizens whose education met up with the technological advances of modern society. When the Russians launched the Sputnik satellite, not only did it produce an arms race but an education race. Newspaper headlines screamed that the U.S. didn't have enough missiles to defend itself and that we didn't have enough engineers to build the missiles. Schools were pressured to re-emphasize programs in math and science to catch up with the Soviets.

The gap between the learning needs of the country and the capacity of the American educational system to meet those needs was at a crisis point at the beginning of the decade, and the resulting demands for more and better education forced reassessment of every segment of the teaching-learning process. 5

FASHION 1960s fashion was all different in about every way. The early sixties were more a reflection of the 1950s which were conservative and restrained. The late 1960s were the exact opposite: bright, swirling colors. Tie-dye shirts, long hair, and beards were common. Women wore unbelievably short skirts and men wore tunics and capes. The change into fantasy would not have been believed by people just a decade earlier. Hippie fashion included hip hugger bell bottom jeans with fringe at the ankle and with flower patches everywhere. Peasant blouses were common, T-shirts, or just a skimpy halter top all went with jeans. Accessories varied from anything handmade or peace symbols. 6

Film and Theatre

West Side Story

The Sound of Music

(September 15, 1989)

(April 1, 1965)

This movie is a modern adaptation of Romeo and Juliet are involved in New York street gangs. On the harsh streets of the upper west side, two gangs battle for control of the turf, Jets and the Sharks. The situation becomes complicated when a gang member falls in love with a rival's sister.

Maria, played by Julie Andrews, is the tomboyish postulant at an Austrian abbey who becomes a governess in the home of a widowed naval captain with seven children, and brings a new love of life and music into the home. The story is actually based on the real life story of the Von Trapp Family singers during WW II.

Breakfast at Tiffany’s (October 5, 1961)

Based on Truman Capote's novel, this is the story of a young woman in New York City who meets a young man when he moves into her apartment building. He is with an older woman who is very wealthy, but he wants to be a writer. She is working as an expensive escort and searching for a rich, older man to marry.

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Food Culinary wise in the 1960’s was about encouraging showy, complicated food with different influences. WW2 rationing was a thing of the past, and 50’ s casseroles were too boring. Famous icons such as Julia Child and Jacqueline Kennedy had a French influence on American cuisine, teaching of the French ways among American kitchens. From Julia’s TV show, “The French Chef,” came many classic dishes. The growing middle class had money and was more than ready to learn and indulge on this new cuisine. Some of her famous dishes included her Coq au Vin, Boeuf Bourguignon, Mousse au Chocolat and Duck à l’Orange. However while this was going on, hippies against the Vietnam war suffered an unquenchable hunger for unprocessed foods. They avoided anything prepackaged and began making their own products such as fresh bread, peanut butter, tahini, and hummus. Eventually all types of people were interested in this type of food and before long citizens were opening restaurants where they sold vegetarian chili, guacamole, gazpacho, zucchini bread, lemon bars, carrot cake and, of course, granola. 9

CULTURE

The 60’s was known as the decade of change, diversity, music, and fashion. Self-expression emerged during this time and being different became acceptable. Events that occurred during this time period were reflected through art, fashion and music. For example, during 1969 the first man landed on the moon. This event became inspiration for futuristic looking, space inspired clothing and accessories. In 1960, nearly half of America’s population was under 18 years of age. They are recorded to be the most affluent generation in U.S. history. The carefree life of the baby boomers was reflected through this youth's clothing. Many began to wear dropped, waists, mod colour blocking, bell bottoms and bold patterns. Also, feminine ideals changed during this time. Instead of a curvy body, women cherished an androgynous waif like body. The idea of “femininity” was replaced with an androgynous style. Trends like this were payed tribute to 60’s supermodels like Twiggy & Jane Birkin. In music, many people began listening to the sensation of the Beatles. The Beatles are heard everywhere, everyone with a radio would listen to the Beatles. The biggest stars in music are linked to the “British Invasion,” and “Motown Records.” Television dominates the decade being the most important entertainment medium. By the end of the decade 95% of homes have at least one tv. From the tv craze, drivein movie theaters are derived and become a huge success. People began rejecting mainstream religion as they were in favor of a more personal and spiritual experience. By the end of the decade, 60 million peoplewhich were a third of the population- moved to the suburbs to seek a cleaner world. The social climate of the 1960’s involved the civil rights movement. This movement inspired a time of great energy, optimism, and change for the African American society. Many Americans gain knowledge of racial inequality and strive for integration during this movement. The most notable civil rights activists include Martin Luther King Jr., Jackie Robinson, Muhammad Ali, and Maya Angelou. Overall, the 60’s was a decade that showed people the possibilities in life and how one could achieve these possibilities by taking action.

SPORTS VS. Sports started becoming very popular in the 1960’s. One major event that happened during 1967 was the first NFL Super Bowl. This event marked football’s first step into becoming the most popular sport in America. The Green Bay Packers ended up winning 35-10 against the Kansas City Chiefs. The Boston Celtics were all the rage in 1960’s professional basketball. The team won 9 of the 10 possible championships to win during that time! Domination like that has yet to be seen again in professional sports. Also, Wilt Chamberlain, a player for the Philadelphia Warriors, 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers became very well known during this time period. He was the first NBA player to score more than 30,000 points over his career, and the first and only player to score 100 points in a single game.This accomplishment came during 1962, Chamberlains most famous season.

“I Ain’t Got no Quarrel with them Viet Cong” - Muhammad Ali

During the 1960’s Muhammad Ali took the boxing world by storm. Not only did he wow audiences with his fighting styles but also charmed them with his words. In the 1960’s race was becoming a very controversial topic and Ali was not afraid to speak his mind about it. Also, Ali spoke out against other political issues like the Vietnamese war. When he refused to be drafted he was arrested.

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Music

The 60’s was a time where many people decided to turn

to ideals of equality and justice after much distress from conflicts such as the Korean War and upcoming conflicts like the Vietnamese war.. The children of this age, known as the baby boom generation, began making dubious music choices. These music choices often reflected the politics of post-war America and issues revolving civil rights. Many people began

“Life is very short and there is no time for fussing and fighting my friend.”

identifying with civil rights and pacifism which led them to listen to hopeful, light-hearted music. The most legendary band that came about during this time period were The Beatles. The Beatles were an English rock band that formed during the 1960s in Liverpool, England. The four piece ensemble included drummer Ringo Starr, rhythm guitarist John Lennon, lead guitarist George Harrison, and Paul Mccartney, the lead singer and bass player.

The band made a plethora of songs together, some of the most popular ones being Let It Be, Come Together, Yesterday, and many others. Due to their excessive hits, the band adopted the name “the Fab Four” and were declared the leaders of the “British Invasion.” Eventually, the band was acknowledged as being the best-selling band OF ALL TIME with the accords of 10 grammys awards and an estimated 600 million record sales worldwide. The Beatles truly revolutionized rock and roll and will forever be known as the most popular band to have ever formed.

Civil Rights Movement The African-American Civil Rights Movement was an ongoing fight for racial equality that took place for over 100 years after the Civil War. In the North during the 1960’s, there were no Jim Crow laws as opposed to the South. Blacks and whites usually lived in different communities, with their kids in different schools. Blacks did often face prejudice in hiring and housing but nothing compared to the treatment of blacks in the south. In the South, Jim Crows made segregation a way of life. Even with the separate but equal idea, African Americans still had the poorest jobs and faced harsh treatment. It was time to stand up for equality. Activists such as Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, and Jackie Robinson played an important role in being one step closer to being treated equally. However, before that, several African-American leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells joined together to found the NAACP in 1909. The NAACP stands for The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, in hopes of being treated equally. The NAACP won its first major victory in 1915 when grandfather laws were considered unconstitutional.

“I was not prepared for what actually happened." -Elizabeth Eckford, Little Rock 9

The Civil Rights Movement took a turn in the 1950’s when the Supreme Court ruled that segregating schools was unconstitutional is the case of Brown vs. School Board. Shortly after federal troops were brought in to Little Rock, Arkansas to allow the Little Rock Nine to attend a previously all white high school. People protested and even spat on these students, simply for the pigmentation of their skin.

The 50’s and 60’s brought major events for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white man. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, where African Americans refused to use the bus for 381 days and brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the forefront of the movement. 70% of the bus riders were African Americans and then finally it was ruled unconstitutional to segregate buses. Martin Luther King led a number of non violent protests such as the Birmingham Campaign and the March on Washington where King said his famous, “I Have a Dream” speech. Over 250,000 people joined him on August 28, 1963 against discrimination. After events at Birmingham, Kennedy sent Congress a strong civil rights bill. Unfortunately, Kennedy was assassinated before he could get his civil right bill through congress. Lyndon B Johnson however was determined to carry out the legislation and in 1964 he did with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This bill “Love is the only banned discrimination in public facilities, provided faster thing that can school desegregation and protected voting rights. The turn an enemy Voting Act of 1965 was also passed which banned literacy into a friend” tests and allowed federal officials to register voters directly. MLK’s death in 1968 ended the Civil Rights - MLK Jr. 15 Movement but history was made and never forgotten

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Government & Politics The two main presidents of the 1960s were John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. In the election 1960, JFK won one of the closest presidential elections in history, winning by about 100,000 out of 70 million votes cast. At the age of 43, he was youngest person to be elected president. Kennedy’s main goals were to end poverty, fight disease, and ensure justice, however Congress rejected most of his domestic proposals. His most lasting accomplishment was the space program. However, before he could initiate an extensive civil rights legislation, he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. On the day Kennedy was assassinated, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President to finish the term. However, Johnson was reelected the following year in his own right. As President, he set out to make his mark with an ambitious program of economic and social reforms. First he worked to push through legislation that Kennedy had started, including a major civil rights law. He then turned his attention to his own program, The Great Society. The goal of the Great Society was to expend opportunity to provide decent standard of living. Many acts per passed such as Medicare and Medicaid, Economic Opportunity Act, and the Department of House and Urban Development (HUD). It also expanded the role of the federal government. 17

Way We Lived The 1960’s decade was an era of protest. The Civil Rights Movement emerged and black and whites began protesting against the unjust treatment of races. Towards the end of the decade, there was a significant decrease in American support for the Vietnam War. Due to the amount of people dying and the methods being used during the war, Americans did not support the huge draft that forced young and inexperienced American men into it. Also, Americans thought they had no business fighting in a war that wasn’t their own. Many Americans burned their draft-cards to escape the draft. During this time, female activists began demanding more rights for women. Betty Friedan wrote the Feminine Mystique. The instant best-selling book gave insight to how women were secretly unhappy with their limited roles in society and encouraged women to seek careers. The “NOW” feminist organization, was founded by Betty Friedan. She lobbied Congress for laws that would give women greater equality. Social change was reflected in the music of the decade. Singers and bands like Bob Dylan and the Beatles, composed songs that showed the faults in society. The U.S. endured many hardships during the 60’s but also showed their strength and stability as Americans fought for what they believed in.

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Law & Justice During the 1960s, there were many Supreme Court cases. Many of them, were dealing with civil rights. Several of the cases were decided by the Warren Court, lead by Earl Warren. In 1966, there was the case of Miranda v. Arizona where the Court overturned the guilty verdict of Ernesto Miranda. Miranda had been convicted on the basis of a confession obtained without access to a lawyer. It was decided that this was a violation to the 5th Amendment. Now as a result, police must advise arrested persons of their right to remain silent and to have legal counsel. Many people argued that such rulings made it more difficult to combat crime. Another important case, Tinker v. Des Moines School District, extended the concept of freedom of speech expressed in the 1st Amendment. The Court ruled that the administrators had violated the free speech of students by suspending several of them for wearing bands to protest the war in Vietnam.

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Vietnam War The longest war the United States ever faced took place during the 1960s, the Vietnam War. While the war was going on, Americans were bitterly divided about the nation’s involvement in the war. It all started when the French refused to accept Vietnamese’s independence. Soon, the two sides were at war. The United States threw its support behind France, in fear that Vietnam will fall to communism. After eight years of fighting, the Vietminh forced the French to surrender. In addition, the United States saw the Soviet Union as a threat to world peace and as they had feared, China had also fallen to Communism. Many U.S. political leaders feared a widespread Communist takeover in Southeast Asia, known as the domino theory. After the French defeat, an international conference was held determining Vietnam’s fate. Under the resulting Geneva Accords, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two countries, North and South Vietnam. The North Being communistic and the South being democratic. Suddenly, on August of 1964, reports said that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Johnson was determined to act. He asked Congress to for the authority to do whatever was needed to resolve the conflict. The Congress backed him up with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. 22

The Americans who poured into Vietnam were well trained and equipped with the latest weapons. Chemical weapons was commonly used such as napalm, a jelly-like substance that burst into flames when dropped on villages or vegetation and Agent Orange. The use of Agent Orange was controversial because it caused long-term health problems among both the US soldiers and the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese had a high advantage in the war due to their knowledge of the forest terrain. Also, they employed hitand- run attacks, a new concept to American troops where there is no clear battle line. New technology such as helicopters and heavy machine gun fire. Therefore, the United States army came up with a new tactic called search and destroy. The goal of this was not to gain territory but more to kill as many people as possible. More and more Americans argued that the United States should get out of the Vietnam, believing that no matter how many troops the United States sent, we would never win the war. As the war dragged on, the Americans became divided between the Doves and the Hawks. The Doves being those who were against the war and the Hawks being those for the war.

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Book Review

In the 1960’s best-selling novels often reflected society’s most pressing concerns. To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee was by far the decades most valued novel. Written at the start of the decade, the novel was quick to be awarded the Pulitzer prize and is regarded as a classic in American literature. The book’s characters explore civil rights and racism in the segregated Southern U.S. during the 1930’s. The novel is told through the eyes of Scout Finch. She tells the readers the story of her father a lawyer named, Atticus Finch, and how he is determined to prove the innocence of a black man who was accused of the crime of rape. Also, Finch wants to investigate Boo Radley, a mysterious neighbor who saves the lives of Finch’s children. The book is very eye-opening and is a good read for audiences 13+. This book has become apart of American culture as it deals with civil rights and racial prejudice. 25

CELEBRITY GOSSIP! Can you believe that???

TWIGGY’S UP AND COMING FASHION LINE

The world’s first supermodel, Twiggy, was rumored to be launching her first clothing line “Twiggy Dresses” in March! The line was catered to the teen market.

MARILYN AND JFK’S SCANDALOUS AFFAIR! The two were spotted on a romantic getaway in Palm Springs. After this the two were spotted yet again on a motorboat sailing down the Potomac River at Midnight. 26

“Don’t think I’m naive about what you and Jack are doing with all those pretty girls, like Marilyn, sailing on the Potomac under the moonlight.” - Jackie Kennedy

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AFRO HIPPIES TIEDYE

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BELLBOTTOMS MINISKIRTS VIETNAM 27

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Unscramble These Words! EPHIIP OFRA YKNEDEN CEEPA LABESTE EVSOD ASHKW 29

Crossword Puzzle

Across 3. president from 1969-1974 5. president from 1961-1963 until his assassination 7. American Broadcasting Company 9. people for the Vietnam War 10. typically young people who advocated peace

Down 1. president from 1963-1969 after Kennedy 2. location of war that lasted 10 long years 4. popular NBA team in the 60's (Boston) 6. people against the Vietnam War 8. popular English band

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