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Table of Contents 1 Overview
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Site Analysis
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Design Process
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Atlanta Trip
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Master Plan
142
Project Briefs
150 Citations
The graduate architecture studio instructed by Nathan Howe in conjunction with HOK Kansas City (Howe + HOK Studio) has developed a semester long Master Plan for the downtown Atlanta, Georgia region, redefining major gaps in their exhausted infrastructure. Our master plan is a phased proposal that takes a closer look at key issues for Atlanta, specifically an area of the downtown sector known as “The Gulch.” This field of asphalt in the center of downtown is straddled by railroads and topography that make this an undesired and undervalued location for the inhabitants of the city has historically grown vertically in layers on top of one another, the concrete bones of the city still beneath the feet of the current inhabitants. The team has elected to analyze, interpret and resolve the major issues with the railway, topography as well as the lacking commercial and residential areas that are vital to a downtown
core’s survival. We have proposed to embrace the issues headon and use them to our advantage when recreating such a large, forgotten portion of the city. By utilizing the vast amount of level change in the area created by the layers of abandoned infrastructure, we have worked to stitch the city together using green space and pedestrian traffic. All that follows is a compilation of the team’s efforts to take the downtown area of Atlanta, Georgia and give it new life through careful and analytical planning by creating a vibrant Master Plan Proposal.
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Overview 2 The Past
4 The Present
6 The Future
8 Music
History of Atlanta For the team in Howe + HOK 2016 Fall studio to best understand the selected city of Atlanta, Georgia, an understanding of the history of the area is vital and essential.
Howe + HOK Studio
Overview
Atlanta 2040
The Past
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The great city of Atlanta was founded in the year 1837 and was established to be not only the transportation hub for the eastcoast of the time, but the “end of the line” for the Western & Atlantic Railroad line.1 This fact also drew the name of the city: Atlanta, the feminine form of the name Atlantic, signifying the original railroad that was present. This became the “Zero Mile Post” city signifying the beginning of the soon-to-come journey westward. The city of Atlanta for more than half a century also became a place for the voice of civil rights. With Atlanta being one of the largest cities in the south during the period of civil unrest in the United States, naturally it became home to many of its movements, including a recently completed museum erected in remembrance of what transpired during that period. Furthermore, the city of Atlanta has been experiencing exponential growth in its surrounding area. Population increases of such have never occurred here in the South, but the city is accepting the growth and is adapting accordingly. The inner city has maintained a population of just over 400,000 but the immediate surrounding area has grown 40 percent in the last decade from 2.9 million to 4.1 million. 2
Atlanta 2040 Overview Howe + HOK Studio Atlanta Roadhouse Deconstruction - 1866
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Atlanta 2040 Overview Howe + HOK Studio
Downtown Atlanta
The Present
Currently the city of Atlanta, Georgia acts not only as the transportation hub for the east coast of the United States, but for the world as well. Atlanta is connected to the entire world via its direct flights to three major continents, bringing together over 1000 international businesses and 13 Fortune 500 companies in one city. 2 Atlanta has been quoted as “a city of the future with strong ties to its past.” 2 The roots of the city literally coming up through the forgotten submerged layers of concrete and infrastructure below the feet of those who inhabit the ever-growing city. Overall, the current city is still one plagued by segregation. Though Atlanta is considered “the city too busy to hate”, it is not one to overlook racial divisions. The downtown core is split almost perfectly about a datum through the middle of the city. This division line helps create however, the different districts and neighborhoods present in the Atlanta area. The neighborhoods of Atlanta vary greatly not only due to their physical location, the demographic associated with the area,
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as well as the economic standing of the area. Furthest north is the economically booming Centennial Hill and Centennial Park that bridge over to Fairlie Poplar and South Downtown using Peachtree Center. The area of downtown Atlanta is also one that looks closely at mass transit. They have in place already a MARTA Subway system and bus system, city bike, and now a brand new streetcar system that is expected to expand in the next few decades. These mass transit lines all converge at one point in the downtown district known as Five Points.
SONO English Avenue CENTENNIAL HILL
Atlanta 2040
Old Fourth Ward
HOTEL DISTRICT CENTENNIAL PARK
Vine City
PEACHTREE CENTER
Overview
FAIRLIE-POPLAR
GEORGIA STATE FIVE POINTS
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Sweet Auburn
Atlanta University Center
SOUTH DOWNTOWN Castleberry Hill Oakland
Capitol Gateway
Grant Park Medchanicsville
Summer Hill
Neighborhoods Diagram
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BeltLine Park Map
6 Howe + HOK Studio
Overview Atlanta 2040
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Atlanta 2040 In 2013 the city of Atlanta voted the Atlanta BeltLine 2030 Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP) unanimously. This will be a continuation of the previous 7 years of major development, specifically regarding the BeltLine that currently hugs the right side of the downtown area in the Old Forth Ward area. With the initial portion of the BeltLine constructed, it had a 3:1 return on investment and generated over $1 billion in private redevelopment The BeltLine not only serves as a continuous park, but it also facilitates transit, affordable housing, streetscape improvement, and economic development. By 2030 the BeltLine will consist of 22-miles of linear trail that will connect 45 different neighborhoods (shown above).3
Overview
The Future
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Beltline Park Rendering
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Piano Photograph
8 Howe + HOK Studio
Overview Atlanta 2040
While hip-hop is the dominate genre in Atlanta, there are many other genres of music that are produced out of the area. Second to hip-hop is gospel, specifically urban contemporary gospel, or southern gospel. Atlanta is the center for these styles and continues to host annual events for them that are nationally recognized. 5
Overview
Sequentially, because the music scene is so rooted in the downtown Atlanta area, there is a abundance of music venues for artists of any scale to perform. Ranging from the Cobb Energy Performance Centre for theatrics, to Phillips arena for anthem-style shows, down to the historic Tabernacle, a restored historic building in the heart of the city where smaller artists come to perform.
Howe + HOK Studio
The music scene in Atlanta is one that has been abundant and prevalent for decades. Of the 400,000+ residents for the downtown area, nearly 20 percent of them are students studying music or are receiving a music-related education.4 Famous musicians from nearly every genre in music have stemmed from Atlanta’s thick music roots, dating back to the early 20th century. In 2009 the New York Times quoted Atlanta as “hiphop’s center of gravity,” producing artists such as Ludacris, Toni Braxton, Usher, Cee Lo Green whose singles reached number one on the Billboard charts multiple times.5 Hip-Hop/R&B/Rap is by far the most prominent genre in Atlanta due to its roots there. Southern hip-hop, the kind that originated in the south, specifically Atlanta, is a more funk and soul based hip-hop, as opposed to the hip-hop style of the northern east coast.
Atlanta 2040
Music
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Long before the design process took place we began with a general site analysis. We knew only that our project would be in the downtown region of Atlanta, but we did not yet know precisely where in that area our intervention would take place. In order to decide on the best site – and before that, to understand the overall area, its complexities, and the forthcoming complications – strict and rigorous analysis was conducted. Our studio focused on a specific number of potential site locations within the downtown and studied a variety of issues: demographics and its relationship to the local economy, current zoning and its successes as well as it failures, future zoning plans. We also looked closely at public amenities available in and around the potential sites, and current public transit situations including trains, buses, streetcars,
bicycles, and how they all attempted to tie into pedestrian flows and major destinations throughout the area. Eventually our analytical studies led us to unanimously select the area known as The Gulch and its immediate surroundings, as the location for our Master Plan proposal. This section provides the process we took to arrive at that final decision.
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Site Analysis 12 Climate
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Demographics
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Overview & Potential Sites
26 Transit
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Zoning & Points of Interest
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Site Selection & Conditions
Climate
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
The following diagrams serve as a brief summary of Atlanta’s general climatic conditions. The Wind Rose Diagram below shows how many hours per year the wind blows from a particular direction. We can see that the wind spectrum is especially prevalent from the East. On the top-right is a diagram describing Average Temperatures and Precipitation per month. The Mean Daily Maximum shows the maximum temperature of an average day each month, while the Mean daily minimum refers to the average minimum temperature. Hot Days and Cold Nights show the average hottest and coldest days of each month of the last 30 years. On the
bottom-right is a diagram revealing information for Cloudy, Sunny, and Precipitation Days per month. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are categorized as Sunny, 20-80% is Partly Cloudy, and more than 80% cloud cover is Overcast.
Wind Rose Diagram: Hours Per Year In Each Direction
N NNE
NNW 9.00 m/s
NE
NW
8.10 m/s
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7.20 m/s
ENE
WNW
6.30 m/s 5.40 m/s 4.50 m/s 3.60 m/s
E
W
2.70 m/s 1.80 m/s
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WSW
ESE
0.90 m/s 0.00 m/s
SW
SE SSW
SSE S
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5 in.
80 °F
4 in.
60 °F
3 in.
40 °F
2 in.
20 °F
1 in.
0 °F
0 in. Jan.
Feb.
Precipitation
Mar.
Apr.
May
Mean Daily Maximum
June
July
Aug.
Mean Daily Minimum
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Cold Nights
Dec. Hot Days
Site Analysis
100 °F
Atlanta 2040
Average Temperatures and Precipitation
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Cloudy, Sunny, and Precipitation Days 30 days 25 days 20 days 15 days 10 days 5 days 0 days Jan. Sunny
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Partly Cloudy
May Overcast
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Precipitation Days
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Demographics segregation
Atlanta 2040
The demographics of Atlanta are some of the most diverse in the entire country, and they are changing rapidly in today’s world. Back in the 1960’s the majority of Atlanta’s population was white and there weren’t many minority groups except for African Americans.6 However, today African Americans have become the majority race in the city. People of other ethnic groups are also moving to the city in increasingly large numbers.7 Racial Distribution in Atlanta
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Site Analysis
White
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Segregation of the population still plays an integral role in how Atlanta is divided, with a strong correlation between north and south. This segregation is starting to mix and gentrify in many areas, but total desegregation will certainly take time.7 The Atlanta of the future will become one of the prime examples of a melting pot in America.
African American Hispanic Asian Other
2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960
Greater Atlanta Context: Segregation
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Income Rates
Atlanta 2040
When realizing that Atlanta’s poverty rates is quite high, it’s not difficult to deduce that the income rate is subsequently low compared to the national average as well. Since the 1980’s gross household income has increased for many of Atlanta’s residents, but it is still almost $20,000 lower than the income of typical American citizens.8 One explanation for the divide between the national average versus Atlanta relates
Atlanta VS. National Average Incomes
Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio
People VS. Income Percentage
$80k 300k 250k
$70k
200k 150k 100k
$60k
50k 0
$50k Bottom 5%
$40k
$30k
$20k
$10k
1980
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with the income divide within the city. The bottom 5% of Atlanta only makes $14,000 per year, while the top 5% makes upwards $280,000 per year. This situation results in a very powerful upper class that is divided from the city’s extremely impoverished population group.9
1990
2000
2010
Top 5%
125,819 77,865
53,902
94,125
43,570
64,583
72,762
63,594 65,255
24,028
69,018
56,320
60,722
Atlanta 2040
105,938
51,098
32,453
35,250
19,912
30,500
21,932 19,808
30,458
30,107
15,172
56,190
31,607
63,750 32,847
71,875
64,671
47,941
23,791 48,699
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19,840
Site Analysis
53,623 13,056
10,785 57,670
22,372
58,485
18,778
18,722
12,475
78,438
16,310 20,900
91,250
20,345
20,150
23,398
Downtown and Surrounding Areas: Incomes
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poverty and segregation
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Atlanta’s poverty rate has always been high, especially when compared to the national average, which has always been 10% lower.7 Breaking these statistic down even further and examining race, one begins to see the ethnicities of who are in the bottom 15% of the overall population. African Americans have consistently represented the majority of people under the poverty line throughout history.
In recent years, Hispanics have fallen under the line in larger numbers as well, further increasing the financial divide between minority groups and the white population.7 This led our design team to the conclusion that potential sites should strive to weaken the disparity between all these groups.
People Groups In Poverty White African American Hispanic Asian
30%
Other
25% 20% 15% 10% 5%
1970
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1990
2010
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio Downtown and Surrounding Areas: Poverty by Race
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overview & Potential Sites Atlanta neighborhoods
The city’s central core is in the Downtown neighborhood, and over time its growth has expanded radially outwards with emphasis on northward growth spike. Since Atlanta is a radial city, it uses a beltway as a perimeter and has inward ‘spokes’ carrying traffic in and out of its inner urban areas.
rie
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Georgia Tech
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
The city of Atlanta is divided into 24 officially designated neighborhoods within the city limits. These neighborhoods are a mix of traditional neighborhoods, subdivisions or groups of subdivisions, and core areas such as Downtown, Midtown, and Buckhead.10
Midtown
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tA
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English Avenue Old Fourth Ward
Downtown
Vine City
Sweet Auburn
Atlanta University Center Castleberry Hill
Mechanicsville
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Oakland Capitol Gateway
Summerhill
Greater Atlanta Context: Neighborhoods
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
our main options
Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Our team narrowed down our choices to four potential locations in the downtown area of Atlanta for a major redevelopment through a new planning venture. These sites were chosen based on but not exclusively: location, lot availability, and transit options. Throughout our site analysis, the pros and cons of each were weighed against one another to determine the best location for our future Master Plan Proposal.
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1. Sweet Auburn
3. WestSide
Our studio considered site Option 1, the Sweet Auburn area, primarily because of its proximity to the highway system. We supposed that due to the high concentration of daily vehicular traffic on the adjacent highway, site visibility is high and people would be drawn to the site. The area contains very few existing structures and of those many were abandoned; otherwise there is a green space and many surface lots. However, our team concluded that this site is too small in area to accomplish our goals of a revitalization based Master Plan Proposal.
For site Option 3, Westside, our team made the decision to reject direct adjacency to the highway, determining that our program elements alone would draw people in. Currently the site is filled with low income housing and apartment complexes, and sprinkled with vacant lots and buildings. This site was also immediately adjacent to the Convention Center and the new Atlanta Falcons Stadium, therefore providing a connection the sports.
2. Northside
4. The Gulch
Option 2, Northside, was selected not only for its proximity to the major highway, but also because of its lack of existing structures. Primarily the space is largely devoted to a local country club and its adjacent green park space. Finally, the area is also immediately adjacent to the front door of the Convention Center, which would have brought extra business to the area. Once again, however, we concluded that this site is also too small in area for the intervention scale that we have in mind.
The site that our team elected to propose a Master Plan for was site Option 4 known to the people of Atlanta as: The Gulch. The site is primarily a large valley of asphalt and vacant structures that is used primarily as a parking surface for adjacent businesses. This forgotten portion of the city is in direct proximity to many of downtown Atlanta’s major attractions and transportation lines. Its sectional features will allow for the Master Plan to hold unique and experiential architecture.
Atlanta 2040
4 Site Analysis
1
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2
3
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Population increases between the year 2000 and 2005 indicate the largest growth is occurring along interstate 85, north of the Atlanta’s downtown core, however shows a scarcity of population growth in the core itself, in an overall city that already is growing very quickly.11 This trend stresses the importance to attract this existing population to new developments within our scope while also modifying the settlement trends south into the central core. From the information gathered here, our design must address the issue of PLAY within the city to make it more liveable and attract
more people. If we are able to successfully provide aspects of PLAY within our design, we will have to address the LIVE component as well due to the demand for downtown living. The central core is already a hot spot for WORK so it is likely that less emphasis will be needed on that aspect of design.
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Current Population Trends
Indicates Population Increase of 40 Persons
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projected trends
Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Population increases by the year 2030 paint a brighter picture for the future of the Downtown core of Atlanta. We see the trends in 2005 continuing but also moving southward into the central core.11 Projections such as this indicate a need for a master plan that both invites the heavy growth and effectively houses this influx of people. It is also crucial that our design fosters this growth and makes projections like this a reality. To do so it will be important to not only address the current needs but to try to address the needs of those in the year 2030.
Indicates Population Increase of 40 Persons
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Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Transit
Greater Atlanta - Free Flow: 6:30am
Traffic density
In Atlanta there are three average periods of rush traffic in the city: Morning (~6:30am - ~10:30am), Lunchtime (~12:00pm - ~1:00pm) and Evening (~3:30pm - ~7:00pm).12 These times can vary greatly depending on the days of the week; for example, Mondays tend to have a longer morning rush, Fridays have a longer evening rush, and weekends are altogether different. These maps simply aim to represent the traffic density during an average day of the working week. This information is based on a time-lapse video created in a study by Georgia Tech.13 It
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Greater Atlanta - Morning Rush Hour - 8:30am
offers an example of traffic flow on a typical working day in the greater Atlanta area. In this particular case, the data was harvested from Tuesday, January 28th, 2014.
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Greater Atlanta - Evening Rush Hour - 4:30pm
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Greater Atlanta - Lunch Rush Hour - 12:30pm
Speed of Travel By Car: Typical Weekday Fast Medium Slow
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intersecting Street Grids
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
The neighborhood of Downtown Atlanta is composed primarily of three distinct grid street systems.14 The Five Points cultural district is based on a 30 degree clockwise grid street system; additionally, the South Downtown cultural district incorporates much of this street geometry. The streets of the Fairlie-Poplar cultural district run at a 40 degree angle. Much of the Peachtree and Hotel district run on a traditional North-South and East-West gridded street system.
Current Street Grid System
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These grid shifts occur because rail lines (pictured on this page) existed in the region before the streets did, which were derived by following topographic high grounds and wagon trails.14 Roads would later follow along Peachtree Ridge to the north and south and run parallel to the railroad in the east-west direction. The streets that form the Five Points intersection are Peachtree Street, Marietta Street, Decatur Street, and Edgewood Avenue.
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio Original Main Roads
s
Historical Context: Railroad Tracks
Original Railroad Lines
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public Transit
Stretching across 48 miles and 38 train stations, the MARTA Rail transports over 230,000 riders on a daily basis.15 The tracks connection downtown Atlanta to its immediate suburbs but only on a North/South and East/West axis. This divides the city into quadrants, leaving only the bus routes to support these voids.
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Job Accessibility
A study ranked 50 of the largest metro areas in the United States for job accessibility by public transportation, and Atlanta was ranked #30 on that list.16 Using Census data about where people reside, the study calculated the estimated number of jobs that are accessible to commuters. The two images below show the density of jobs that are accessible by public transit within 30 minutes during the morning rush hour from a given point. Each color is a category that represents a
total number of jobs accessible in the designated time frame. Therefore, each colored region of the map represents a piece of the larger job pool of its respective category. Reachability is clearly high in the center of Atlanta’s Downtown, but the further one travels out of the immediate area the fewer jobs there are within the 30-minute window of travel. These maps suggest a couple of possibilities: that a greater number of working Atlanta residents are clustered around the Downtown and in nearby suburbs, or that the accessibility (or number) of jobs becomes poorer the further away from the downtown one resides. Based on the current layout of public transit, as well as the other population trends we have examined, our team thinks it is possible that there is some truth to both of these criteria.
Jobs Accessible By Public Transit (Morning Rush Hour, 30 minutes)21 500k - 750k 250k - 500k 100k - 250k 25k - 100k 7.5k - 25k 1k - 7.5k 0k - 1k
Greater Atlanta Context
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Downtown Context
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio Public Transit in Downtown Atlanta
Five Points Station
Streetcar Stop
MARTA Rail
MARTA Rail Station
Bus Stop
Streetcar Rail
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cycling
side streets. Second, it appears that cycling is following the developing bicycle infrastructure system in Atlanta. Overall, the studio has concluded that when designing our street systems, we need to consider cycling traffic in conjuncture with vehicular traffic.
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Peachtree
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
The following image is a heat map that reveals the current cycling activity in Atlanta.17 Where the lines turn red, it indicates the greatest concentration of cycling activity. This examination of cycling activity reveals several key locations where it is most prevalent in the downtown area: the streets of Marietta, Auburn, and Peachtree. This revealed two important factors: first, that cycling is following some of the major streets that flow with transit activity rather than the
Auburn
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Downtown Atlanta: Cycling Activity
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Running
When the team looked at both running and cycling activities together, it was evident that the two thrived together along the same paths; many of the high concentration points occurring at the same locations. Our studio’s conclusion was that this occurs where there is built infrastructure, wide sidewalks, safe areas, and presence of larger numbers of people.
Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
This second heat map shows the abundance of pedestrian runners around the city of Atlanta.17 In its highest concentration, running activity occurs along major roads and public spaces within the inner core of the city. Little to no activity is occurring in many neighborhoods adjacent to the downtown area due to the residents’ perception of public safety and overall quality of those neighborhoods.
Downtown Atlanta: Running Activity
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zoning & Points of interest Zoning
Atlanta 2040
Zoning laws determine a city’s layout structure: what type of services and functions can go in which location in the city, and so forth. Zoning varies between different cities and state. The different categories existing in downtown Atlanta are listed below.18
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Site Analysis
Greater Atlanta Zoning Context
SPI - Special Public Interest Historical & Cultural Industrial Mixed Use Live - Work Commercial Neighborhood Commercial Office Institutional Planned Development Residential - Single Family Residential - Duplex Residential - Multi-Family Residential - Limited Commercial
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The most common designation around our potential sites is land categorized under SPI - Special Public Interest. It is a basic zoning type which goes all the way down the Peachtree corridor and continues extending north. Since SPI can be defined as the main core of the downtown zone, the various zoning types around it can be viewed as supporting areas. Those surrounding zoning types include Historical & Cultural, Residential, Commercial, Office Institutional, etc. These are located close to the SPI zone and are laid out to follow with the city traffic patterns. Zoning Types which require a larger area are located further away from the downtown central core and the SPI designations. These areas include categories such as Industrial and Residential - Single Family. Two of our potential sites (Westside, The Gulch) are located almost entirely within the SPI zoning region, which leaves a lot of room for potential redevelopment choices and even some new zoning requirements. One site (Northside) falls in the Industrial Zone, which makes it the least ideal location of the group. Finally, our last site (Sweet Auburn) is in a zoning region for Residential-Multi Family, which offers another interesting opportunity for development.
Downtown Zoning Context
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Historic Sites
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Atlanta is home to an abundance of historically protected buildings and sites recognized by either the AUDC (Atlanta Urban Design Commission) or the National Register of Historic Places.11 The National Register aims identify and help to protect significant historical assets across the United States. The National Register began to be implemented with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and is administered by the National Park Service. The city of Atlanta followed suit in establishing its own similar organization called the Atlanta Urban Design Commission established in 1975 by an ordinance from the City of Atlanta. A further historic preservation ordinance was enacted in 1989 and since then over 60 individual properties have been protected. Both
organizations have guidelines for renovations and editions to ensure the work being done is keeping with the historic character of the building or district. In the city of Atlanta the highest concentration of these buildings and sites is located in the downtown core and extending north up the Peachtree corridor. It will be important to identify the sites that will be impacted or in close proximity and ensure that their historic presence is respected.11
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio Downtown Historical Sites
AUDC Registered Site National Historic Registered Site
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Nodes & Anchors
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Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
As noted in the map below, there are some major destinations scattered all throughout the site as well as nodes, or junctures of common pathways, scattered throughout the downtown area of Atlanta; each with varying functions and programs creating a unique experience.19 With varying functions and programs, each attraction provides a unique or necessary experience. Places noted include major tourist attractions such as The World of Coca-Cola, The Georgia Aquarium, and Centennial Park. Also within this proximity are institutional
Distribution of Nodes & Anchors
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destinations such as the local colleges of Georgia Tech University and Morris Brown College. Our team studied all of these major nodes and took their proximity into account when deciding on a final Master Plan site. Areas where there were large clusters of attractions proved to be more desirable locations for visitors and residents, which led us to believe that people will come to the site if they have a reason to be there.
Civic & Green Spaces
urban spaces. Finally, with respect to public transportation, a half mile radius is shown around the Five Points MARTA Station to give an indication on walking distance.
Site Analysis
IUS AD R E
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HA LF MI L
Atlanta 2040
Downtown Atlanta is home to many different building types and uses, including those that provide citizens with a wide variety of services. One service provided are educational institutions which serve all age groups, and specifically there is a large cluster surrounding Georgia Tech University. Religious institutions are located throughout the neighborhood. There are libraries, some of which are public, others which are private to universities. There is also a variety of parks and green
Distribution of Civic Centers and Green Spaces
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Site selection & Conditions Final Choice: The Gulch
Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
Through much discussion, research and analytical studies, Howe + HOK Kansas City studio has elected to propose a Master Plan for option 4, The Gulch. This site has many of the major nodes and attractions in or adjacent to it. The Gulch also has a unique sectional quality to it, as there is a valley of asphalt parking lots running the majority of our selected site’s length. Our team views this forgotten piece of Atlanta as a prime opportunity to have a big impact on the downtown area without displacing much existing infrastructure.
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The Gulch also is situated within or immediately adjacent to many of the prevalent transit stops. From the MARTA subway system, bus routes, the new Atlanta Streetcar. Secondly, The Gulch has the most pedestrian activity by walking, cycling and running. We also made the decision to expand the original boundaries we set around The Gulch region, so that our plan of intervention will encompass roughly three-times the size of area we had originally supposed. This way we can better respond to the needs of the site and create a more cohesive solution. In conclusion, The Gulch site out-spoke all the other options by far. Its rare and uncommon conditions, matched with its connection to the greater city made this the most viable option for a Master Plan Proposal.
The Original Four Choices
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio The Gulch: New (Expanded) Boundary vs. Original Boundary.
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Existing Site Conditions
Howe + HOK Studio
Site Analysis
Atlanta 2040
As we move into discussing our master plan, it is important to examine the conditions which we were starting from. Downtown Atlanta, once a bustling city, is stagnant and slowgrowing today. With many issues facing the city such as homelessness, poverty, and vacancies, it’s easy to see why the downtown is suffering. Much of the existing infrastructure is heavily vehicular based, with surface parking lots plaguing the street life. Pedestrians are thought of last, and public transit isn’t as well connected as it should be.
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Many businesses have gone out of business or fled to other districts because of the disappearing clientele base. All of this leaves an empty context of chained and boarded-up buildings and a dystopian “ghost town” feel in places. Without an intervention soon, Downtown Atlanta will most likely fall into a state of disrepair in the next few decades.
Atlanta 2040 Site Analysis Howe + HOK Studio The Gulch: a word cloud composed of all the negative aspects of the area.
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The process of creating a master plan for downtown Atlanta stemmed from our interpretation of the data collected, interviews, and site studies amongst many others. The studio initially was organized into teams of different important aspects of the master plan such as but not limited to: Zoning, Transportation, Master Plan Graphics, and Neighborhoods and Context. These teams brought a certain level of learned expertise for our first iteration of the master plan, synchronizing design with data collection to land on a final Master Plan Proposal. Through a series of design iterations, further data collection, and presentation the studio progressed through a wide variety of obstacles and design opportunities to find the aspects of the site that need to be addressed and how we plan to overcome them.
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design process 46 Main Ideas
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Connectivity
50 Districts
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Destinations
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Implementing
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Design Process
Atlanta 2040
main ideas
A view of the gulch showing both the vertical and horizontal disconnects.
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Destinations
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Districts
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
Connectivity
The driving forces
Many physical factors proved challenging while master planning the site. The “gulch� is a void within the urban fabric of downtown Atlanta that disconnects the city and provides little back to the community. In order to combat these issues, three main ideas were initially established to reconnect the neighborhood. Connectivity, districts, and destinations each will drive the development in the concentrated area. We cocluded, by connecting major venues, destinations, and places of interest, the site links the missing parts of the city. Districts establish an identity in the neighborhood while promoting development
and overall viability. Destinations create hot spots within the site that encourage user interaction and catering as a gathering space for the community. These three main ideas will drive the master planning process while promoting design opportunities along the way.
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Howe + HOK Studio
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
connectivity
Various amenities and districts are shown to better connect BeltLine system witht the downtown context.
a new link in the city
Atlanta’s signature Beltline trail system is a multi-use trail sitting on top of a former railway corridor around the core of Atlanta. Today, the Beltline connects a series of parks around the city, yet there is no connection into the city center. A green strip is incorporated into the master plan to link the north end of the site to the south end. Our studio noted that there should be some connection from our site to the Beltline trail system. Without an inward connection the site would only be welcoming to those in the downtown neighborhood. The team elected that the Beltline trail system must be linked to our site. In the site, a linear park
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spans and connects districts and places of concentration along the way. Once patrons are connected to the site, it was crucial that there were a link to the city and the streets. Greenery was incorporated to promote walkability and form a link.
Main street perspective
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Design Process
Atlanta 2040
BE LT LI N
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Districts
Howe + HOK Studio
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
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Identity
To better connect the site with the rest of the city, our team proposed districts to add a sense of identity, promote the local economy, and program new parts of the downtown neighborhood. Districts of all sizes were incorporated into the master plan to tackle issues of different scales. For example, the sports district contains many large-scale venues and destinations and requires development on a sizeable scale. Within each district, focus is drawn to given establishments that bring people to the district. A sense of identity is strong in the districts due to each of their unique characters. The major
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districts within the master plan are: sports, commercial, plaza, governmental, hotel, music, arts, and beltline park. The central connection among the districts is the beltline park that links the north end of the site to the southern end. The new districts promote walkability and revitalization in the area.
The Multi-Modal District
The Commercial Distirct
The Arts District
The Arts District
The Music District
Howe + HOK Studio
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
The Sports & Entertainment District
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Howe + HOK Studio
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
Destinations
Bringing it all together
Destinations are one of the driving forces that will bring people to our site. Whether its a venue for 5,000 or a green, open space, destinations will bring the people. The beltline connection will link most of the destinations and places of interest. The sports district is calling for an entertainment hub for anything related to sports in Atlanta. The multi-modal district is calling for new hotels and a transportation hub. The music district will feature an earth-integrated amphitheater. Destinations and venues like these will not only bring people into our site, but also encourage growth within the downtown neighborhood of Atlanta. A large
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concentration of destinations is located in the north of the site near the sports district and multi-modal district. At the southern end of the site, a smaller concentration of venues is available.
Nodes centered around Beltline Promenade
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Howe + HOK Studio
Design Process
Atlanta 2040
implementing
Design Process
The sectional qualities of our site are quite dramatic, and one of our teams main reasons for selecting this site. Within the center of the city, a large void is present where railway lines and the natural topography of the site converge. From the top of the void to the bottom of the void is a thirty-five foot difference that physically divides the city. Currently, in the void are six railway lines that run in the north/south direction. In the middle of the site, this large rail yard is a dangerous and under-developed area within the downtown neighborhood. The only way to access the lower level of the site is to enter from the south end or take a ramp to the parking lot on the lower level of the north end. The studio decided to bridge that gap in the void by burying the railway lines. With underground being utilized by the railway lines, everything above them is now open space and can be given back to the city; however, there is still a large gap of about thirty-five feet that separates street level with the bottom of the site.
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta 2040
bridging the gap
To combat this issue, the drop in site elevation will be gradually implemented to connect the street level with the bottom level of the site. By providing a smooth transition from the streetscape into our site, the space becomes more welcoming and encourages walkability throughout.
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35’ Lowering the trains to be completely under the gulch
Design Process Howe + HOK Studio
35’
Atlanta 2040
Original condition in the gulch with the large void for train usage
Added countouts to bring pedestrians from street level to gulch level
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To fully understand The Gulch beyond remote resources and data collection, the Howe + HOK Kansas City studio team visited the city of Atlanta to further our research. We did many site visits and walkthroughs during our time there, as well as using Smart Citizen sensors as a way to measure vital data points like average air temperatures and light levels at certain locations. The team also utilized a drone to obtain video flyovers of our site and full site still photographs for rendering purposes. The visit to Atlanta also gave us unique information that could not have been obtained without physically being there, and that was the demeanor and emotion inflicted by the site. Seeing first hand the sea of asphalt that is The Gulch proved to us how disconnected and uninhabitable the area is. This along with the raw data collected, enabled our studio to derive a final Master Plan Proposal.
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Atlanta Trip 58
The Site in Person
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Data Collection
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Aerial Views
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Take Aways
The Site in Person larger in person
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta Trip
Atlanta 2040
The studio trip to Atlanta provided our studio with an experience of the gulch up close and allowed us to realize how large this void in the urban fabric really was. The majority of the northern end of the site is devoted to structured parking. The parking primarily serves the downtown area, CNN, and the sporting venues. Our team was initially taken back by how large our site really is and how much of it is actually layered. The structured parking eventually ends and a railway line emerges from beneath spanning to the south end of the district.
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Seeing the railway lines up close and personal provided us with a sense of how far separated the lines are as well. For example, they run parrallel for muc of the span, and then brannch off and span great distances. The railway lines are exposed at the south end of the site and gradually integrate into the earth as they near the center of the city, and remain underground until it is further north of the major portion of downtown Atlanta.
Atlanta 2040 Atlanta Trip Howe + HOK Studio
View of site looking south from on top of the CNN parking garage
View of site looking south from the Mitchell Street Bridge
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Data Collection Background
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta Trip
Atlanta 2040
Initiated in Barcelona, Spain, Smart Citizen is a platform to get people more involved in the urban environment. The Smart Citizen Platform relies on small sensors the size of your hand that collect sensor readings over time. The sensors may be programmed through the Arduino IDE Software by using the code from Smart Citizen. Each sensor is basically two arduino’s wired to many small sensors that take readings simultaneously. These data levels over time include Temperature, Humidity, Light, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Noise.
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Procedure
Before arriving in Atlanta we prepared a deployment strategy for the data collection. Given our short site visit we plotted out 61 points of collection that we saw pertinent to the Master Plan Proposal. As a class of twelve we broke up into six teams of two and divided collection points evenly. Each team of two was instructed to spend five minutes (or ten readings) at each collection point they were responsible for. All times were recorded so that travel time could be purged later. Our
collection time for all 61 data points was under two hours. Using Rhino/Grasshopper/Bumblebee, excel files were merged and meticulously associated with their respective point in space. After all data was merged into one master list, the values for each category were averaged and remapped to a domain of 100300 (x) for optimal visualization. Each point in space was then extruded vertically (x) distance, given a sphere with (x) radius, and color coded by (x) distance. Raw data found on next page.
Atlanta 2040 Atlanta Trip Howe + HOK Studio Pathways taken by students to collect sensor data
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Temperature
67°
108°
24%
71%
Humidity
Humidity is often looked at in tandem with temperature to calculate comfort levels. Atlanta gets to be dangerous in places around the MLS stadium where the air temperature and the humidity levels are simultaneously high. In the summer, heat stroke or sun stroke is highly likely under these conditions.
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta Trip
Atlanta 2040
In areas of our site that are exposed to the sun more, such as the Beltline Promenade and MLS Stadium, thermal comfort should be carefully considered. At the high end of the spectrum, the 108 degrees reading might be skewed because of direct solar gain on the sensors themselves.
Light
At the low end of the light spectrum found in our site, it is equal to the recommended indoor lighting levels supermarkets, mechanical workshops, office landscapes. At the high end of spectrum, it meets recommended indoor light levels for the performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size for prolonged periods of time. It shall be noted that the lowest value we recorded well exceeds the recommended outdoor street lighting level.
693 lx
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5856 lx
carbon monoxide
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84dB
95dB
nitrogen dioxide
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Atlanta Trip
The data in this category shows about 1.2 nitrogen dioxide parts per million or .0012 parts per billion. Luckily this is nowhere near 100 ppb (the minimum value considered dangerous in 1 hour). This means that our site is well below the benchmark for danger in the area.
Atlanta 2040
The highest values we recorded throughout our site are 1012 parts per million (ppm). According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, values above 9 ppm should not be exceeded for more than 8 hours more than once a year. Residents in this area may be exposed to dangerous levels of carbon monoxide according to our readings.
noise
All noise levels fall within the range of possible to likely damage in an 8 hour exposure within Atlanta. Causes of noise at the low end of this spectrum likely are or could be compared to factories, trains, diesel trucks, compactors, while the high end are boeing 737 aircraft, power mowers, and/or motorcycles. At the high end of the spectrum, noise levels are considered to likely damage hearing after long exposure.
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Aerial Views A view from above
Our studio team was also granted access to the viewing deck in one of the nearby high-rise structures to collect photos. The views obtained overlooked the site where districts will converge with the beltline park on what is currently a series of strucuted parking. These still images will provide the studio with unique and personal backdrops for both individual site and overall renderings.
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta Trip
Atlanta 2040
Before leaving for the trip to Atlanta, our team had arranged to bring a Yuneec Typhoon-H RealSense drone for aerial imagery. The drone provided us with video and still imagery showing the full extent of the site. We were able to fly the drone and record video to make oberservations and see what we could not on the computer. The images the drone provided directly show how the railway lines are integrated into the void and later submerged under the surface.
Picture of Yuneec Typhoon-H drone used for aerials 1
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Atlanta 2040 Atlanta Trip Howe + HOK Studio
Aerial view of site looking southwest
Aerial view of the site looking north
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Take Aways the apparent issues
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta Trip
Atlanta 2040
After the studio trip to Atlanta, it became clear how vast our selected site was. Furthermore, we were not fully aware of how this large urban void would create so many issues. We observed how dramatic of a presence the railway lines have within our site, and concluded that this would be a major contextual issue needing solved. The southern portion of our site was much more vacant and under-utalized than we had thought; this provided us with the idea to revitalize the area and make it more prominent.
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The transition from densely urban to moderate densite occurs directly within our selected site. The north end of our site is highly urban and busy, while the southern end of our site is more flat and spacious. This opportunity provides the studio with a gradient of design options as one moves along the site.
Atlanta 2040 Atlanta Trip Howe + HOK Studio
Aerial view of site looking southeast toward Five Points
Aerial view of the site looking north
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After several advancements and iterations, Howe + HOK Kansas City developed a final Master Plan Proposal. As our team did with the Master Plan Process, we again broke into teams to cover all aspects of the final master plan. These rolls included many of the previously assigned roles such as: Zoning, Transportation, Master Plan Graphics, and Neighborhoods and Context. Team members were also assigned specific areas of the Master Plan to develop consisting of: The Beltline Promenade green space, the varying district layouts and many others. Also as a part of the Final Master Plan process, a portion of the team was commissioned to build a to-scale model of the designated site for a three dimensional representation of our final solutions. This artifact in conjunction with the final publication of the work thus far, has led the studio to complete our Final Master Plan.
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Current Problems
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Five Concepts
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The Master Plan
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Beltline Promenade
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Sports District
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Arts and Music District
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Multimodal District
Current Problems
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
A Divided City
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Our site is located on the dividing line that separates Atlanta socio-economically. In the upper half, infrastructure growth and job growth is climbing. Midtown and Buckhead are prominent neighborhoods in the north that are economical centers of the city, with thousands of available jobs for residents. The people who reside here have high incomes and the majority race is white. Below the dividing line, the growth of the city is minimal, with the majority of the population being black and of a low-income status. Neighborhoods like Sweet Auburn and Cabbagetown are home to a large number of impoverished families, due to lack of jobs, infrastructure, and good education. What were once paradises for black culture and civil rights are now disregarded and left out.20 This divide within Atlanta has been present almost since its conception, though progress has been made over the years.
Many civil rights era activists started in the area, with Martin Luther King Jr. being one of them. Though literal segregation of whites and blacks in public places (buses, restrooms, and stores) has disappeared, a new income segregation has taken its place. This segregation makes creates two worlds in the north and south of Atlanta. These two worlds, the rich and the poor, have an ever-growing divide which is fueled by the gap between them. People belonging to these groups feel ostracized and out of place in neighborhoods outside their own.21 Downtown is the one connector that can connect between the north and the south. Through our master plan, we bridge the gap between the two halves, and begin diversifying a new standard in Atlanta.
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Stable Growth high income white majority
Howe + HOK Studio
slow Growth low income black majority
Division Line of Atlanta
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Inhabiting the city
Current Population - 2016
The metropolitan region of Atlanta, which includes a 20-county region around the central core, has a current population of 5.5 million people. Of that, 420,000 people live within the proper city limits of Atlanta.21
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Projected Population - 2040
The ARC (Atlanta Regional Commission) projects that the metro population will grow by 2.5 million over the next 25 years, for an overall population of 8 million.21
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residents residents
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Atlanta 2040
million million
People living within the city Projected Site Population Research shows that 15% of the US population wants to live in a city. Using this ratio, it is estimated that 1.2 million of Atlanta’s metro population will live within city limits.21
If you scale the projected city population to the size of our site, we get around 17,000 total future residents, up from the 2,500 current residents.21
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Uniting The beltline
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
The Beltline, one of Atlanta’s greatest success stories, is 33 miles of pedestrian friendly bike paths encircling the city. The first two miles of development have spurred over $2.5 billion worth of development.22 It seems inevitable that such success will make its way into the downtown area in the next twenty years.
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While the beltline currently does not make its way into the inner city, freight/transit trains do. Atlanta was founded on trains; it’s no surprise that the trains have a solid connection to the heart of downtown. Our team saw this as an opportunity to use the
extra space next to existing train infrastructure to move people to and from the beltline and downtown. The same strategy may be used on existing roads by adding bike lanes.
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
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Existing BeltLine route with missing links to the city
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missing links Vertical Disconnect
Train Disconnect
Several freight and subway lines disconnect horizontal movement on the ground level, prohibiting movement across the site.
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
A 35 ft. drop from street level to the ‘gulch’ level disconnects street life to the ground beneath.
East-West Disconnect
A lack of cross-roads in the southern part of the site block vehicular and pedestrian traffic from crossing the site.
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Existing link issues caused by the trains
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When looking at Atlanta, particularly in the downtown context, it’s hard to miss the presence of emptiness in the neighborhood. Vacancies are prevalent around all of Atlanta, particularly in the south, but the largest concentration is downtown. What was once a bustling hub of energy is now a dilapidated core of the city. The persona and character of downtown is now absent, lacking of buildings and context. Once busy retail centers and storefronts are closed down with ‘For Sale’ signs in windows. Surface parking lots have plagued the area, with vehicles controlling how the city is shaped. The dependence on the vehicle is the largest driving force for planning around downtown. Bringing back the focus to pedestrians and interactions between activities is a large goal to help enliven downtown. A boost in public transit and other sustainable modes of transit will help to break the reliance on the vehicle. By enticing people to inhabit the downtown core once again, offices and retail can once again populate the abandoned properties.
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
An empty context
Empty Surface Lots
Vacant Buildings
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Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Empty surface lots and vacant buildings in our site
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Impervious areas
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Atlanta unlike most other major cities was not founded next to a major body of water. It was founded next to train tracks. The diagram below shows how most major bodies of water divert around the City of Atlanta. This essentially makes Atlanta a waterless landscape and a nightmare for water runoff. The map on the right shows the impervious areas to water runoff in blue. The areas that water can permeate back into the ground are shown as the voids.
Lack of natural water around Downtown Atlanta
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Impervious surfaces around our site
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Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Five concepts [re] planning
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
atlanta
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The five concepts of our main ideas for our Master Plan Proposal have been distilled down into these categories: Re-Inhabit, Re-Unite, Re-Link, Re-Use, and Re-Claim. These pillars of our master plan have driven the design into a cohesive and holistic design scheme that addresses many of Atlanta’s problems. Continuing with the theme of ‘Re-Planning,’ we have created these concepts to think of many of Atlanta’s problems as new opportunities for solutions.
[re] inhabit [re] unite
To reinhabit Atlanta, we will work to provide more housing and lodging around the downtown core and gulch area.
To reunite Atlanta, we will provide more connections to the rest of the city and to the beltline.
To reclaim our site, we will look at current vacancies and problems in downtown and work on adapting and reclaiming dilapidated sites.
To reuse water in our site, we will implement a strategy for collecting and cleaning water while giving water access to the public.
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040 To relink our site, we will address the disconnection issues of the gulch with strategies to reconnect the missing link.
Howe + HOK Studio
[re] link [re] claim [re] use
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Master Plan Atlanta 2040
The Master Plan
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Atlanta 2040
The plan
Future Development
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Tabernacle
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Sports District
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International Plaza Atlanta United FC
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Mercedes-Benz Stadium Transportation Hub
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Beltline Promenade
Atlanta 2040
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Master Plan
Centennial Olympic Park
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Howe + HOK Studio
The Master Plan Proposal by Howe + HOK (shown right) shows all of the major nodes contained within our site as well as major district concepts. We are proposing large future development sites alongside a major MLS Stadium, a reconstruction of the Five-Points Transportation, a Hotel District, amphitheater, as well as an entertainment district. The studio wants to unify all these major destinations around the Beltline Promenade, a large centralized green space with active trails and recreation spaces throughout.
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Hotel District
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MARTA Remodel
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Amphitheater
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Brewery
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Art Core (Mixed-Use)
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Entertainment
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Hard Rock Hotel
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Proposed Master Plan with destinations
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+17,000 NEW RESIDENTS
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Adding Housing
According to numbers found from the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC), our team are projects that the site of our Master Plan Proposal will be incorporating new 17,000 residents.21 These residents, coming by 2040, will be housed throughout our site. On the west side, in Castleberry Hill, housing infrastructure will likely be low to mid-rise buildings. This area will tend to attract many artists and a younger demographic because it is located within our Arts and Music district. On the east side, in the multimodal district, several mid to high rise buildings will be used for high density and multifamily housing. These housing units will likely attract more families and professional employees that have jobs within the area. Many
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government and corporate jobs are located in downtown, so those workers might live downtown to have immediate access. With many of the buildings being mixed-use, the housing may just be integrated into upper floors of many buildings.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Buildings that will contribute to the necessity for added housing
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Adding Lodging
15,000
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
LODGING FOR
When master planning a downtown core as diverse as Atlanta’s, considering tourism demands are vital. With three major stadiums in the area, lodging for event-goers is a basic necessity that they require. Mercedes-Benz is the major league football stadium for the Atlanta Falcons, Philips Arena is the major league basketball stadium for the Atlanta Hawks, and the new major league soccer stadium will be home to Atlanta United FC. Mercedes-Benz stadium is the largest arena in the area, seating around 70,000 people for every Falcons game. In an interview with Jeff Verkamp, an architect of the stadium with HOK, it was said that they had researched and planned on providing lodging for 13,000 of the spectators based on the number of out-of-
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town vs. in-town tickets sold in the upcoming years.23 Since this stadium has the largest capacity of seats out of the three, we plan on using this same figure as a baseline for the master plan, adding some more to supplement new buildings such as the amphitheater and MLS stadium. Lodging will now be provided for 15,000 people, split up between 20-30 hotels.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Buildings that will contribute to the necessity for added hotels and lodging for visitors
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
The inward connection of the beltline to the center of the city will run along existing infrastructure. When available, the beltline connection will run parallel to the MARTA tracks and/ or exiting roadways. These already cleared paths provide ample space alongside to support the beltline connection. By taking advantage of existing infrastructure, the beltline can be expanded into downtown where several of the paths will meet.
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Uniting paths
Connection to the BeltLine using MARTA infrastructure
Sections showing proposed connecting trails next to existing MARTA infrastructure
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Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Connection to the BeltLine using MARTA infrastructure
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Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan Atlanta 2040
Beltline Promenade
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
beltline promenade
As the Beltline surrounding Atlanta has gained success, an extension of this park system into the Promenade became apparent and necessary. The extension runs the entire length of our Master Plan Proposal, and through the heart of the Promenade’s park space. Within this park space are many pathways connecting the different nodes, a large bioswale to treat water runoff, and multi-sport courts. The Promenade is for all of Atlanta and connects to it using the Beltline.
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Beltline Promenade
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Park Connections
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
A goal of the Beltline Promenade was to better connect Atlanta. Previously there were very few connections across what was known as the Gulch. The new Beltline Promenade has created many new connections running all ways. These new links are created by the Beltline extension and the Beltline Promenade which has many pathways. These new connections link all of the major nodes of the Beltline Promenade together.
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The diagram to the right shows just some of these connections. The circles on the next page are five minute walking distances from five of the major nodes. The connections to each other are represented by the red arrows. The connections that are shown are just a few of all of the newly added connections within the Beltline Promenade.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Linking major nodes with Beltline Promenade
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linking holistically
Street Level Plaza Level
Northern Condition: The northern portions of the gulch are large parking lots and train lines 30-40 feet below street level. By building up to double-decker train level (21 feet), the vertical disconnect may be softened to
allow pedestrian flow across the gulch. Building up the topography allows for a large amount of underground parking to feed the new Beltline Promenade.
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Gulch Level
Street Level Gulch Level Train Level Transition Condition: The middle portion of the Beltline Promenade is sloping towards the south to carry pedestrians from the north end of the site to the south end. This is also where the train lines are transitioning
from their buried positions below the Arts and Music District back up to their original Gulch level.
Street and Gulch Level Train Level Southern Condition: South of the vertical problems, a horizontal one is more apparent. Topography is relatively flat here but four train lines block pedestrian and vehicular traffic for over half a mile. By burying the
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trains, this half mile land may be reclaimed for vehicles and pedestrians. A new park may also be formed, stitching together both sides of the train lines.
Three different train conditions: North, Transition, and South
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Southern
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Transition Northern
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
pedestrian paths
Sunken plaza that can be accessed from street level creates more walkability Downtown
Currently in Atlanta, there is not a strong street life presence to urge people to walk around the city. Our master plan proposes to fix this issue in two ways: by redesigning the streetscape and by providing pedestrian paths through city blocks. Redesigning the streets will help this effort tremendously because the new street designs will be more pedestrian friendly by adding street furniture, supplemental zones, greenspace, wider sidewalks, and bike lanes. To further address this issue of walkability, our master plan also considers how large city blocks are and provides paths through blocks to allow pedestrians more connections around the city. Some of these additional paths are derived from the current MARTA bus and Train stop locations to ensure connectablity between public transit and different amenities.
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Proposed Bus Stops
MARTA Train Stations
MARTA Bus Stops
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Creating pedestrian paths around the site
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proposed streets
1. Extension of Andrew Young International Blvd in front of the Georgia World Congress Center. This will provide better connection to the Sports and Entertainment District for visitors coming to the area. 2. A new road that connects Beckwith St to Trinity Ave. This provides more West-East connection across the gulch and also provides more access to the college demographic on Beckwith St. 3. A road that connects Fair St to Spring St to give more WestEast connections and also to connect the Art and Music District areas.
Howe + HOK Studio
Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
These are our proposed streets that serve to reconnect the Gulch. Providing more East-West connections helps solve traffic issues while also serving to connect the different districts in the area. Below are descriptions of how we have changed these streets and why:
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
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Three street proposals to link the Promenade east-west
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Master Plan
Atlanta 2040
Main streets
Arterial 10’ Sidewalk
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20’ 2 Driving Lanes
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5’ 5’Arterial Main 10’Street
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Collector 19’ Sidewalk, Supplemental Zone, and 5’ Rain Garden
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Local 10’ Sidewalk
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needs. Bike lanes are also provided on these streets as a way to make Atlanta as pedestrian and bike friendly as possible. Arterial Mains have medians that are often bioswales to help with the cities permeability issues.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Arterial, collector, and local main streets
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Mixed Transit Streets serve cars, street cars, people, and bicyclists. Atlanta currently has one street car loop that our master plan will further develop in a phase 1 plan on Peachtree St. and Fair St., and a phase 2 plan on International Blvd. and Northside Dr. These streets have wide sidewalks to allow for supplemental zones where stores and cafes can spill out onto the street.
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Existing Street Car Phase 1 Street Car Addition Phase 2 Street Car Addition
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Existing, phase 1, and phase 2 mixed transit streets
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typically are service roads for the stadiums and all the added program around Beltline Promenade, however wide sidewalks and greenery is still provided for occasional pedestrian traffic.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Collector industrial streets providing access to parking underneath the BeltLine
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As a strategy to deal with the vast number of abandoned properties in Downtown Atlanta, out team will reuse and reimagine these spaces into new functions. An adaptive reuse approach has been taken to convert these properties in a noninvasive manner to the context of the city. A few of these projects have been undertaken by our studio to reconvert. Firstly, a new transit hub, serving as an infrastructural hub for subways, trains, buses, and people, will be located where the current Five-Points station is. A mixed-use marketplace with housing and offices will live within the old Norfolk Southern office building along the Beltline Promenade. Next is a small historic building, located south of the Garnett MARTA station, will be converted into a music and film soundstage to supplement the music district. With projects like these, some of the history of Atlanta can be preserved and transformed to be successful in the modern age.
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Section of typical bioswale condition in Beltline Promenade
Due to the fact that there is no body of water is located in the City of Atlanta, a way in which water can be cleanly and safely released back into the environment was needed. Our team has proposed the use of bioswales on streets and within the Promenade. Bioswales can take the place of some medians on arterial main streets and arterial residential streets. This will help the city of Atlanta with a welcoming street presence as well as help with permeability. Smaller rain gardens can also be incorporated
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on wider sidewalks in addition to the street trees and planters. All of these combined will allow the once desert-like Atlanta to flourish with more readily available water.
Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Bioswales and rain gardens added around the Beltline
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Defining districts Sports District: This new district is the premier destination for anything and everything related to sports in Atlanta. New mixeduse development will include restaurants, bars, office space, hotels, apartments, and shops. Featuring several new mid-tohigh-rise buildings, the district will be an around the clock hub for sports and entertainment. With three professional sporting venues, the country’s third-largest convention center, and much more development, this thriving district will attract those of all ages for a new type of sporting experience. Arts and Music District: While citizens throughout Georgia visit these Atlanta icons, locals are entertained by a core of art studios, salons, bars, and restaurants, all within a five minute walk of the Beltline Promenade. Both surrounding and contained within the art core of the district, resides multi-unit housing and other commercial properties. To support healthy living for this district’s residents, a series of multi-sport recreational courts sit on the western edge of the Beltline Promenade. Multimodal District: The Multimodal District is comprised of three elements: hotels, mixed-used, and the biggest piece – the new Transit Hub. This district is mainly concerned with how people enter the city, where they go, and where they stay. It provides infrastructure for these functions and facilitates connections to the rest of the site.
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The new Sports & Entertainment District will maintain its SPI zoning designation as it will host a variety of uses: hotels, mixeduse development, commercial, and the new International Plaza. The central hub for the district will be the sports-goers dream. In terms of program density, the Sports and Entertainment District would primarily consist of low, mid, and high-rise structures. The ultimate function of this district will be to enhance the gameday experience for sports fans, but there will also be an opportunity to incorporate residential housing into the mix.
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With three of Atlanta’s four professional sporting venues in or immediately adjacent to our site, the connection between them and throughout the neighborhood is very important. Most patrons will arrive to the district via MARTA. From the station, it will become apparent on which way to go in route to the desired destination. Large open spaces are available for groups to congregate before, during, and after games. Wayfinding will become second nature to the users as clear signage will be made available. Additionally, the connection between the stadiums will feature large pedestrian promenades to naturally gather the flow of traffic and direct it toward the venue.
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Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Existing adjacent site program in the Arts and Music District
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Composing the southwest region of the Master Plan Proposal, the Arts and Music District offers a variety of housing, recreation, entertainment, and business. Previously an often vacant and unwalkable space, this area of Atlanta now gives its locals and visitors endless reasons to gravitate south. The Beltline Promenade comfortably connects the downtown core to the southern end of the site, leading pedestrians to an amphitheater, brewery, and multi-sport courts, promoting an active lifestyle. Behind these amenities, one finds a series of mixed-use, lowrise buildings supporting residential, commercial, and office space. While art studios, salons, stores, and restaurants invite ground-level pedestrians, offices and residences occupy the upper floors and peak over street activity. For those not living in the immediate area, a walkway bridges from the MARTA Rail station on the east side to the district’s core. A hotel adjacent to the art core accommodates hundreds of individuals looking to rest in historic Atlanta.
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Located in the southern portion of the Beltline Promenade, the Amphitheater faced many obstacles, but even more opportunities. To the venue’s north lies a street bridging the districts to the east and west sides of the promenade. This street, thought to be a significant acoustic issue, was transformed into one of the site’s advantages. To separate vehicles from pedestrian and amphitheater activity, a tunnel encloses the automotive traffic. This tunnel allowed for the amphitheater’s lawn to slope up and over the traffic. Such designs account for the acoustic barrier needed to silence off-site sources and reflect desired sounds produced by performers. While benefiting the venue’s site, burying vehicular traffic reduces any nonpedestrian disruptions in the Beltline Promenade’s south.
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Atlanta 2040 Master Plan Howe + HOK Studio Connecting the music amphitheater to the rest of the BeltLine Promenade
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The ultimate function of this district will be in regards to transportation and its related needs (commercial destinations and temporary lodging), but there will also be an opportunity to incorporate residential housing into the mix. Any area marked with (3) on the map indicates an area where residential could be incorporated. The category of (3) refers to any building or set of buildings that would be designated for multiple functions: therefore, a single structure could include a hotel, a section of residential apartments, and commercial enterprises.
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The new Multimodal District will maintain its SPI zoning designation as it will host a variety of functions: hotels, mixeduse commercial, and the new Transit Hub. The vision is that hotels will be located at the core of the region, tying back to the monolithic hub structure. In terms of program density, the Multimodal District would primarily consist of Mid-rise buildings with some High-rise structures sprinkled throughout (there are some pre-existing ones around the Transit Hub).
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Each team member of Howe + HOK Kansas City has selected one specific site in the Master Plan Proposal and will develop a program and design that will enhance the Downtown Atlanta area. Each individual project will look at key design factors that will interact with the larger context as well as the other proposed programs. Project programs range from hospitality such as hotels, entertainment such as an MLS Stadium and music venues, even a brewery and a bazaar.
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sports and entertainment performance centre
the new international plaza
Design Proposal by: Trevor Ricketts
Design Proposal by: Andrew Friedmeyer
The proposal for the Atlanta Performance Centre will epitomize a space for music to come alive. Using design principles such as EXPERIENTIAL DESIGN, PARAMETRIC ACOUSTICS, and SCALE CONSIDERATION the structure will be a beacon of music expression. It will fuse together the poetics of music with the serenity of nature to bridge proposed green spaces over existing intersecting infrastructure. The Centre will create a sense of diverse community by stitching together different programs and users under one roof; encompassing one city.
Located at the confluence of all the major venues in the Sports and Entertainment District, a communal gathering space is needed for people to congregate and watch the game together. Whether before, during, or after games, thousands can come together and celebrate in the local sporting traditions. Fans and visitors alike need a place to eat, drink, and be entertained near their destinations; they need a place to do so both when there are home games, and when there are away games. Incorporating mixed-use development to enhance the sportgoers’ game day experience will prove beneficial with its wide variety and stimulate the local economy. With restaurants, bars, entertainment venues, shops, and various other spaces, the New International Plaza is the central hub for everything related to sports in Atlanta.
RESIDENTIAL TOWERS Design Proposal by: Alexander Blair With the recent development of the beltline promenade through Downtown Atlanta, future population growth inevitable. Stemming from the idea of: Live, Work, Play , the residential towers aim to create a place in which people can live in the downtown area, while creating spaces for business and companies to operate, all within a short walk of the places we often seek out for entertainment. These places include sports stadiums, music venues, restaurants and others, but more specifically, the new Atlanta United FC Stadium. As a major attraction in the Beltline Promenade area, the new stadium will be a point in which development is centered around. On the same site, there will be two residential towers anchoring the southwest and southeast corners of the site. Each tower will sit on a pedestal and spans from the street level to the sunken plazas of the beltline promenade. These spaces will be filled with restaurants, offices, retail stores and other attractions that engage the various spaces with the public.
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atlanta united fc stadium
Mixed-Use Hotel
The Mixed-Use MLS Stadium will be essential to design the stadium and surrounding site to maximize revenue and become a social gathering spot around the clock. The site was chosen based on its large area, capable of holding a stadium program and its close proximity to the other sports venues and related entertainment. To make the project more feasible we will be maximizing mixed use development within the site to increase the revenue generated. In doing so, we can create a destination within the city and a stadium that interacts with the urban environment, avoiding the stigma of stadiums being inward facing and scarcely used. Public and civic spaces are also an important part of the program helping to make the area around the stadium more public oriented, while at the same time capitalizing on incentives for increased mixed use development as a result of the public spaces. The end goal for the project will be to increase the energy of the game inside the stadium while creating an abundance of amenities outboard of the stadium activating the site all hours of the day.
Thinking about the tradition of sports in the city of Atlanta, the city already owns four major league professional teams (Falcons in NFL, Braves in MLB, Hawks in NBA and United FC in MLS) as well as several college sport teams. Also, considered the events are going to be held in the new Mercedes-Benz stadium which is adjacent to the beltline promenade. (2018 NCAA Football Playoff National Championship, 2019 Super Bowl and 2020 NCAA Basketball Final Four) There is a large population of sports fans going to visit downtown Atlanta, from both local and non-local during game seasons.
Project Briefs
To make up for the shortage of hospitality service and also contribute to the local residents in the downtown (Castleberry Hill district), a new mixed-used urban hotel is proposed to be built right next to the Beltline Promenade linear park and three major sport facilities. One of the challenges is the relationship between the program and site. The nearby amenities include a mid-rise hotel and several residential apartments. As the designer, I will have to think about how to use the program to cooperate with other similar amenities to make the neighborhood more livable, walkable and manageable with local businesses around, and also to create a direct connection between the program and the beltline promenade both visually and physically.
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Design Proposal by: Ruilin Zhang
Howe + HOK Studio
Design Proposal by: Andrew Huss & Steven Banovetz
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Arts and music Performing arts center
Design Proposal by: Ryan Gustafson
Design Proposal by: Curtis Mueller
Outkast, Usher, Zac Brown Band, and John Mayer, all owe gratitude to Atlanta for commencing their dominant music careers. This short list of four is only a spec on a page in the plethora that is Atlanta’s rich music history. Such prevalent talent in a warm climate would suggest the presence of a large scale outdoor amphitheater in the downtown region, but this is not the case. Fortunately, a perfect opportunity to solve this problem lies in the southern portion of the Beltline Promenade. The amphitheater, Amplify Atlanta, will connect the arts district west of the Promenade and the music district to its east. With a capacity of 20,000 and a site nearing 300,000 square feet, this will become the largest development in the master plan’s south. If designed as a dynamic, multi-use space, the amphitheater will flourish as the southern core of the city’s outdoor activity.
In today’s world technology is constantly updating to the next big thing, we however don’t always know what the next big thing is. The performing arts is not excluded from this. A space is needed that is not restricted to just one layout for its entire life but one that can be transformed day to day. The Performing Arts Center will be able to host any type of performance or event within in its many constantly changing spaces. Going from a full Broadway Performances one night, a one man band the next, and next gallery style showing.
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Located next to the Beltline Promenade Park and within the same plaza space in which the new amphitheater is located it will be a prime host of new and familiar ways of entertainment for Atlanta. This location is key as it can be used in conjunction with the Amphitheater for large events, hold its own events, or become a support space for events happening within the Beltline Promenade.
beltline brewery
Project Briefs Howe + HOK Studio
The Atlanta Brewery will provide a unique attraction for the city that Downtown Atlanta is currently lacking: the brewery will be both a brewery and a pub. The brew house will hold all of the manufacturing lines and ingredients necessary to produce up to 100,000 barrels of beer a year. This will enable the brewery to be a regional size brew house: to supply Atlanta as well as the surrounding states. The brewing process will be displayed on the pub side of the brewery to provide visitors with a unique dining experience and knowledge of the art of brewing. The pub side of the brewery will have three major functions: the beer hall, the restaurant, and the beer garden. The beer hall is where most patrons will spend their time enjoying our craft beers and the typical pub food menu. The restaurant will provide patrons the opportunity to enjoy higher quality food prepared by the house chef as well as the highest quality beers and wines offered. This will help stitch the demographic divide of the city by offering affordable and luxury options in the same location. Lastly, the beer garden will be a major attraction for visitors because it is directly connected to Beltline Promenade. This allows the brewery to have both a street life presence as well as a park presence, which is important for the culture and sustainable goals of the brewery.
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Design Proposal by: Chloe Gomez
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Multimodal transit hub
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Atlanta 2040
Design Proposal by: Lucille Zdenka Sadlon The new Transit Hub is going to be a state-of-the-art structure that will be multi-functional, multi-dimensional, and will serve as a kind of architectural monument that signifies a better future for a new Atlanta. In contrast to the old Five Points Station design – which is failure due to a cold, unfriendly design, and an utter lack of site relationship and connectivity – the new Hub is going to be visually and spatially dynamic. It is going to be designed with the understanding of its importance as the new entry to the city; that the architecture will serve as a first impression of Atlanta to anyone passing through. The design will include the unification of four major things. First, it will unify the two separate parcels of land that are separated by Peachtree Street using a dynamic design that can physically bridge the gap and bring the plots together under one shared roof. Second, it will unify all modes of transit by providing services for each one. Third, it will unify pedestrians and architecture by facilitating activities through design elements such as a well-designed plaza space. Fourth, it will unify the relationship between transit, hotels, and commercial by facilitating clear connections to the hotels in the Multimodal Hub while also providing an abundance of commercial opportunities within the Hub itself. Ultimately, the goal is to create a new impression for Atlanta through beautiful and well-planned design.
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Mixed-use bazaar Design Proposal by: Tara Sears
A bazaar is defined as an enclosed marketplace where goods and services are sold. In most cases, bazaars are the social and economic hubs of cities, bringing people and products together. The intent of this bazaar is to stitch together various communities and people within downtown Atlanta to a central commodity and shopping destination. Being close to the Beltline Promenade, an existing abandoned building was chosen as the site to provide an opportunity for an adaptive reuse project. Looking forward, the design must be flexible yet stringent to meet all the criteria needed to make the bazaar a successful and vibrant place. Not only will this project become a lively and sought after destination, it should perform additional functions in order to sustain itself. Housing will be provided to help populate downtown Atlanta and to create users for the bazaar. Office spaces also help to promote and bring people to this building, and provide places for professional work and interactions to be done. Site support spaces will also be included to help run the entire ‘organism’ as smoothly and efficiently as possible. Moving forward, one can only hope that this bazaar will provoke interactions, collaborations, and connections that wouldn’t be possible before.
Atlanta Recording studios
Project Briefs
Music comes in all forms and therefore will never be obsolete. Through spatial relationships and community engagement, Atlanta Recording Studios will epitomize a space where creativity and passion flourish.
Howe + HOK Studio
Atlanta is known for its rich history and culture. Boldly calling out its musical history, that history has and continues to influence the music industry and the immediate community of Atlanta, young and old. Because of its direct adjacency to the Marta and Greyhound Stations, the existing Garnett Station Place was chosen as the site for an adaptive reuse project. Locally, Atlanta Recording Studios will ENGAGE and UNITE the people of Atlanta with one of the deeply rooted passions of the city by the various education and collaborative programs it has to offer. Universally, Atlanta Recording Studios will DRAW and ACTIVATE the surrounding cities by the facilities and accommodations it houses.
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Design Proposal by: Amanda Thao
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Image Citations
Text citations Overview
1. “History of Atlanta.” Wikipedia. Accessed November 10, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Atlanta. 2. “History.” City of Atlanta. Accessed November 10, 2016. http://atlantaga.gov/index.aspx?page=1064.
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Citations
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3. Atlanta Beltline. PDF. Atlanta, December 2013. http:// beltlineorg.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/03/Beltline_Implementation-Plan_web.pdf. 4. “Home - School of Music.” Home - School of Music. Accessed November 18, 2016. http://music.gsu.edu/. 5. “Music of Atlanta.” Wikipedia. November 9, 2016. Accessed November 15, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_ Atlanta.
Site Analysis
6. United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 1960 Census of Population and Housing. 1962. Accessed September 7, 2016. https://earlyushistory.net/ georgia-census-data/. 7. United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. August 2012. Accessed September 7, 2016. https:// earlyushistory.net/georgia-census-data/. 8. United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 1980 Census of Population and Housing. July 1982. Accessed September 7, 2016. https://earlyushistory.net/ georgia-census-data/.
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9. “Once Again, Atlanta Is Ranked No. 1 for Income Inequality - Atlanta Magazine.” Atlanta Magazine. 2015. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.atlantamagazine.com/newsculture-articles/once-again-atlanta-is-ranked-no-1-for-incomeinequality/. 10. “Boundaries - Neighborhoods.” Map. ArcGIS. Accessed September 12, 2016. http://kstate.maps.arcgis.com/h ome/ webmap/viewer.html?webmap=8cf1cf2095e94abc8a52e3d44 69922a8. 11. Shelby, James E., and Charletta Wilson Jacks. “City of Atlanta Urban Redevelopment Plan.” Atlanta.Gov. November 2010. Accessed September 9, 2016. http://www.atlantaga.gov/ index.aspx?page=378. 12. Bowlin, Ben. “Driving in Atlanta: The Art of Traffic Zen.” Not For Tourists (blog), October 31, 2005. Accessed September 16, 2016. http://www.notfortourists.com/Features. aspx?city=at&id=299. 13. Rehm, Todd. “Timelapse: Atlanta Traffic Maps Tell the Story.” GaPundit: Georgia Politics, Campaigns, and Elections. January 30, 2016. Accessed September 16, 2016. http:// gapundit.com/2014/01/30/timelapse-atlanta-traffic-maps-tellthe-story-www-ajc-com/. 14. Etienne, Harley F., and Barbara Faga. Planning Atlanta. Chicago: American Planning Assoc., Planners Press, 2014. 15. “MARTA at a Glance.” Itsmarta. Accessed September 18, 2016 http://www.itsmarta.com/MARTA-at-a-Glance.aspx. 16. Owen, Andrew, and David Levinson. Access Across America: Transit 2014. PDF. Angie Schmitt. StreetsBlog USA (blog). October 7, 2014. Accessed September 16, 2016. http:// usa.streetsblog.org/2014/10/07/the-10-best-and-worst-citiesto-catch-a-bus-to-work/
17. Strava Global Heatmap. Accessed November 18, 2016. http://labs.strava.com/heatmap/#15/-84.38890/33.75615/ blue/bike.
20. Moving Beyond Sprawl: The Challenge for Metropolitan Atlanta. Publication. The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Brookings Institution. Washington,, DC: Brookings Institution, 2000. 1-52. 21. Keane, Tim. Aspiring to the Beloved Community. Atlanta City Design. AtlantaGA.gov. Fall 2016. Accessed October 12, 2016. http://www.atlantaga.gov/modules/showdocument. aspx?documentid=23341. 22. City of Atlanta. Atlanta Meetings, Atlanta. http://beltline. org/progress/planning/implementation-plan/.
Citations
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19. “Atlanta Georgia.” Map. Google Maps. Accessed August 20, 2016. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Atlanta, GA
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18. Department of Planning and Community Development Office. “ Zoning Map.” Fulton County Geographic Information System. February 7, 2013. Accessed September 17, 2016. http://gis.fultoncountyga.gov/apps/ ZoningLandUseMapViewerPublic.
Jeff Verkamp. “Tour of Mercedes-Benz Stadium.” Interview by author. October 5, 2016.
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image citations Unless otherwise noted, images and data were taken or collected by our studio. Citations appear in order of appearance based on what chapter they are located in.
Overview
Page 3: “History of Atlanta.” Wikipedia. Accessed November 10, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Atlanta.
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Citations
Atlanta 2040
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Site Analysis
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Page 16: United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 1980 Census of Population and Housing. July 1982. Accessed September 7, 2016. https:// earlyushistory.net/georgia-census-data/.
Page 24-25: Shelby, James E., and Charletta Wilson Jacks. “City of Atlanta Urban Redevelopment Plan.” Atlanta.Gov. November 2010. Accessed September 9, 2016. http://www.atlantaga.gov/ index.aspx?page=378.
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Page 26-27: Rehm, Todd. “Timelapse: Atlanta Traffic Maps Tell the Story.” GaPundit: Georgia Politics, Campaigns, and Elections. January 30, 2016. Accessed September 16, 2016. http://gapundit.com/2014/01/30/timelapse-atlanta-trafficmaps-tell-the-story-www-ajc-com/.
Page 17: “Wheat.” Wheat. Accessed November 18, 2016. http:// opendata.atlantaregional.com/datasets?q=*.
Page 28: Etienne, Harley F., and Barbara Faga. Planning Atlanta. Chicago: American Planning Assoc., Planners Press, 2014.
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Citations
Page 29: “Historical Maps.” Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Accessed October 6, 2016. http://www.libs.uga.edu/ hargrett/maps/index.html. Page 30: Owen, Andrew, and David Levinson. Access Across America: Transit 2014. PDF. Angie Schmitt. StreetsBlog USA (blog). October 7, 2014. Accessed September 16, 2016. http:// usa.streetsblog.org/2014/10/07/the-10-best-and-worst-citiesto-catch-a-bus-to-work/]
Howe + HOK Studio
Page 18: United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. August 2012. Accessed September 7, 2016. https:// earlyushistory.net/georgia-census-data/.
Atlanta 2040
Page 16: United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. Georgia 1990 Census of Population and Housing. April 22, 1992. Accessed September 7, 2016. https:// earlyushistory.net/georgia-census-data/.
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Atlanta 2040
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Page 52: Mercedes-Benz Event. Digital image. Mercedes Benz Stadium. 2016. Accessed November 11, 2016. http:// mercedesbenzstadium.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ configuration-concert-1200x1126.jpg. Page 52: Children play at Centennial Olympic Park in August 2013. Digital image. Reporter Newspapers. 2013. Accessed November 11, 2016. http://www.reporternewspapers. net/2016/07/04/atlanta-celebrates-olympic-moment-month/.
Atlanta Trip
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Howe + HOK Studio
Citations
Page 39: Google Earth Pro: A 3D Interface to the Planet. Map. Page 41: U.S. Geological Survey. “Downtown Atlanta January 1993.” Map. Google Earth Pro. January 26, 1993. Accessed October 28, 2016. Page 43: Tagul. Computer software. Tagul - Word Cloud Art. 2009. Accessed October 25, 2016. https://tagul.com/.
Design Process
Master Plan
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Page 46: “Looking East across The Gulch from Centennial Olympic Park Drive Just North of Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd.” Digital image. Wikipedia. Accessed December 13, 2016. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gulch_(Atlanta).
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Atlanta 2040
Page 126: “HOK Reveals Design Details for FC Barcelona’s New Palau Blaugrana Arena.” Digital image. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.hok.com/about/news/2016/03/16/hokreveals-design-details-for-fc-barcelonas-new-palau-blaugranaarena/. Page 127: Rogers Place. Digital image. Rogers Place. Accessed December 13, 2016. www.rogersplace.com/. Page 127: Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Digital image. Inspired Design. Accessed December 13, 2016. http:// mercedesbenzstadium.com/stadium-info/inspired-design/.
Citations
Page 96: Steacy, Will. High Line Park. New York, New York. Digital image. Tversover. Accessed October 30, 2016. http:// tversover.no/
Page 124: Texas Live! Digital image. Texas Live! - A Mixed-use District in Arlington, TX. Accessed December 13, 2016. texaslive.com/.
Howe + HOK Studio
Page 81: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. MMPT Study Area Base Plan - Impervious Surfaces. September 2, 2012. Raw data. Fulton County, Georgia, Atlanta
Page 124: Emaar Square. Digital image. Emaar. Accessed December 13, 2016. https://www.emaar.com/en/what-we-do/ communities/turkey/emaar-square.aspx.
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Page 130: Stowie, Adam. “Beautiful Dollhouse Salon.” Googlemaps. September 2016. Accessed November 13, 2016. https://www.google.com/maps.
Howe + HOK Studio
Citations
Atlanta 2040
Page 132: “Triple 7 Restaurant and Microbrewery.” Main Street Station Casino Brewery Hotel. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://www.mainstreetcasino.com/dine/triple-7-restaurant-andmicrobrewery. Page 132: Welch, Adrian. “Coney Island Ampitheater, New York, Asser Levy Park - E-architect.” Earchitect RSS. 2014. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://www.e-architect.co.uk/new-york/ coney-island-amphitheatre. Page 132: “NYC Parks.” Twitter. July 12, 2016. Accessed November 13, 2016. https://twitter.com/NYCParks/ status/752988801396576256. Page 134: Fletcher, Jemma. “Secrets in the Garden.” Weekendnotes.com. Accessed November 13, 2016. http:// www.weekendnotes.com/secrets-in-the-garden/. Page 135: “12 Amazing Animal Bridges Around the World.” TwistedSifter. July 23, 2012. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://twistedsifter.com/2012/07/animal-bridges-around-theworld/. Page 135: EMW Staff. “Photo Recap: Lollapalooza 2013.” Electronic Midwest. August 04, 2013. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://electronicmidwest.com/news/photo-recaplollapalooza-2013/. Page 138: Google Earth Pro: A 3D Interface to the Planet. Map.
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Page 140: Karissa Rosenfield. “Synthesis Design Architecture Wins Competition to Design Pavilion for Volvo.” ArchDaily. July 16, 2013. Accessed November 07, 2016. http://www.archdaily. com/402963/synthesis-design-architecture-wins-competitionto-design-pavilion-for-volvo/. Page 140: Vinnitskaya, Irina. “Transbay Transit Center in San Francisco / Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects.” ArchDaily. April 13, 2013. Accessed November 07, 2016. http://www.archdaily. com/356982/transbay-transit-center-in-san-francisco-pelliclarke-pelli/ Page 140: Oh, Eric. “WALL Designs New Paveletskaya Transit Hub for Moscow.” ArchDaily. February 04, 2016. Accessed November 07, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/781323/wallarchitectural-bureau-designs-new-paveletskaya-transit-hub-formoscow.
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Citations
Atlanta 2040