Marzano’s 9 Effective Teaching Strategies Identifying Similarities and Differences Similarities and differences can carry a 45 percentile gain on student achievement. This strategy is surmised in four areas with comparing being the easiest and analogies being the most difficult. x Comparing x Contrasting x Metaphors x Analogies
Summarizing and Note Taking Summarizing and note taking can carry a 34 percentile gain on student achievement. Using summary frames help students have a specified process in summarizing the information learned. x The Narrative Frame x The Topic-‐Restriction-‐Illustration Frame x The Definition Frame x The Argumentation Frame x The Problem/Solution Frame x The Conversation Frame Reciprocal Teaching involves summarizing and can be included as an example as well. Note Taking should be considered a work in progress and periodically added to when new information is given. They should be used as study guides for the test and the more the better.
LANGUAGE! Talking Points LANGUAGE! interweaves similarities and differences throughout lesson through the following: x Use of T-‐charts x Venn diagrams x Classifying x Analogies x Cause and effect links x Compare and contrast organizers
In LANGUAGE!, teachers use explicit instructional techniques before releasing support to students. The use of summarizing and note taking occur in the following: x Summarization techniques x Identify key concepts x Bullets x Outlines x Narrative organizers x Journal summaries x Create simple reports x Quick writes x Graphic organizers x Column notes
LANGUAGE! supports teachers in order to establish and utilize the following within the classroom: x Hold high expectations Reinforcing effort and providing recognition can x Display finished products carry a 29 percentile gain on student achievement. x Praise students’ effort Praise for accomplishing higher level tasks motivate x Encourage students to share ideas and express their thoughts students, directing reinforcing effort. x Honor individual learning styles x Conference individually with students x Create authentic portfolios LANGUAGE! gradually releases the responsibility of learning to the student through direct, explicit Homework and Practice instruction. By doing so, students are able to practice and complete homework when assigned: Homework and practice can carry a 28 percentile x Homework when assigned is appropriate and purposeful gain on student achievement. Homework must x Reviews what was taught in the lesson – crucial for intervention articulate clearly the purpose and outcome. It can x Parents are encouraged to participate in their students learning and understanding with clear be used for practice or preparation and directions and models of how to support their student elaboration. Practice must happen in two ways, massed and distributed. The first four sessions are crucial as students gain 47.9% toward 80% mastery of skills. The next four sessions of correct practice adds another 14% toward competency.
Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition
Nonlinguistic Representations Nonlinguistic representations can carry a 27 percentile gain on student achievement. Nonlinguistic representations can include graphic organizers, making physical models, generating mental pictures, drawing pictures and pictographs, and engaging in kinesthetic activities.
LANGUAGE! employs a multisensory approach in teaching students to read. By utilizing all the pathways to a student’s brain, learning increases and students retain what they have learned. Some of the common multisensory strategies in the curriculum include: ͻ Visual: Drawing pictures of word meanings and common expressions; using color tiles to represent sounds; using concept maps and multiple meaning maps; examining images to infer meaning ͻ Auditory: Listening for word parts and sounds; Choral readings and read alouds; oral fluency activities; targeted class discussion; explicit oral instruction ͻ Kinesthetic/Tactile: Using letter and word cards to construct words and sentences; using arm/hand movements to learn concepts. In addition, students have the opportunity to explore the motivational technology suite that targets
Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning can carry a 27 percentile gain on student achievement. Cooperative learning has three main categories: 1. Informal 2. Formal 3. Base groups
Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback Setting objectives and providing feedback can carry a 23 percentile gain on student achievement.
Generating and Testing Hypotheses Generating and testing hypotheses can carry a 23 percentile gain on student achievement. This strategy has six ways to generate and test hypotheses: System Analysis: Students predict what would happen if part of the system changes. Problem Solving: Students develop various solutions they think might work. Historical Investigation: Students construct plausible scenarios for events from the past, about which there is no general agreement. Invention: Invention is a process that involves development of an idea, then test it to see if it works. Experimental Inquiry: Students predict, experiment, and explain results to determine what
specific student needs; work in pairs to increase fluency; and read engaging text selections. LANGUAGE! integrates content and language through the following: x Group engagement x Shared readings x Writing x Plays x Scaffolded instruction modeled and practiced in each lesson
LANGUAGE! provides objectives for each lesson and every step of the way. x Teachers articulate and display learning goals x KWL charts x Personal learning goals x Teacher feedback is immediate, specific and corrective LANGUAGE! has generating and testing hypotheses embedded throughout each lesson x Thinking processes x Constructivist practices x Investigate (IDENTIFY IT) x Explore (EXPLORE IT) x Social construction of knowledge x Use of inductive and deductive reasoning x “Ask yourself” thinking bubbles in the student text
would happen. Decision Making: Students reflect on and use a broad range of knowledge related to the topic.
Questions, Cues, and Advanced Organizers Questions, cues, and advanced organizers can carry a 22 percentile gain on student achievement. Questions, cues, and advanced organizers should illicit inferences and should be focused on what is important, not unusual.
Teachers focus on critical information and understanding of content using the following: x Graphic organizers x Provide guiding questions before each lesson x Think alouds x Inferring x Predicting x Drawing conclusions x Skimming chapters to identify key vocabulary, concepts and skills x “Ask yourself” bubbles in student text cue and question students