URBAN REPORT

PARRAMATTA 20 50

CITY ALONG THE RIVER

Nivin Cleatus

Akshaisankar Sabu

Surbhi Chhabra

Aprajita Gupta

Yu Zou

In developing this strategic plan, the authors of the report wish to acknowledge the traditional owners and custodians of the land on which the plan is to be realised and pay respects to their elders past and present.

Introduction.....6

Context Analysis.....8

Demographic Research.....10

Policy Context .....12

Character Mapping.....14

SWOT Analysis.....16

Vision & Objectives.....28

Action Plan.....30

Priority Areas.....40

Two Design Options.....42

Evaluation.....48

Final Strategy....51

Theme Refinement.....62

Focus Areas.....74

Appendix .....86

Case Studies.....93

CONTENT

CITY ALONG THE RIVER

The Greater Sydney Region has proliferated over time with increased demand for housing, jobs, a healthy environment, places to relax all which are better connected and served to result in increased pressure on the existing urban centres. Given the diminishing capacity of Sydney city to accommodate more growth and maintain its liveability, the Greater Sydney Region has come up with the ‘Metropolis of Three Cities’ to develop new centres so as to relieve pressure on the existing centres. Parramatta has emerged as a part of the Central City District Plan to be developed as the second CBD of Greater Sydney providing diverse housing, jobs, recreational areas, vital services within a healthy environment which are better connected. The site consisting of Parramatta CBD, North Parramatta and Westmead burgeoned around the Parramatta River provides an opportunity to develop an urban centre taking advantage of its strategic central location. The city along the river is a notion to develop the area into a vibrant and thriving place taking advantage of its essential natural asset which is the Parramatta River catering to the needs of the existing and growing population.

This strategic plan is developed as a comprehensive document to bring ‘city along the river’ into realisation by focusing on its strengths, characteristics, and history to evolve into a city which is globally recognised for its world-class features and also serve as the second CBD to the Greater Sydney Region. The report begins with a scrupulous analysis of site context in reference with its relative location within Greater Sydney Region, probing into the existing policies within which the site exists along with a brief snapshot on the demographics statistics. The detailed analysis of the site provides a framework for the development of an inclusive vision for ‘city along the river 2050’ comprising exhaustive structure to achieve it. The inclusive vision for the city is developed encompasses major ve themes which are further elaborated in detail in the report.

MACRO CONTEXT

The site lies at the geographic centre of the Greater Sydney Region with ‘Eastern Harbour City’ on the east and the ‘Western Parkland City’ on its west. Its strategic location provides a competitive advantage in attracting investment and providing east to west connection.

With an estimated doubling of population in the Western City along with limited growth in the employment opportunity, people are forced to travel for jobs. The Central City forms a gateway to attract new investments to create jobs thus balancing the mismatch in the jobs and population growth (CoP 2018). Further, with the opening of the Western Sydney Airport, the Central City would reap more economic bene ts.

The Central City forms the part of GPOP economic corridor connecting the site to the Sydney Olympic Park thus enabling economic strength.

Western Parkland City Central River City Eastern Harbour City

The site lies at the geographic centre of the Greater Sydney Region with ‘Eastern Harbour City ’ on the east and the ‘ Western Park land City ’ on its west. I ts strategic location provides a competitive advantage in attracting investment and providing east to west connection.

With an estimated doubling of population in the Western City along with limited growth in the employment oppor tunity, people are forced to travel for jobs. The Central City forms a gateway to attract new investments to create jobs thus balancing the mismatch in the jobs and population growth (CoP 2018). Fur ther, with the opening of the Western Sydney Airpor t, the Central City

The Central City forms the par t of GPOP economic corridor connecting the site to the Sydney Olympic Park thus enabling economic strength.

The site is located approximately 25 km west of the Sydney CBD. The site boasts its natural assets such as the Parramatta River as well as the Parramatta park along with its diverse and rich heritage and culture. The Parramatta river forms the central spine by providing scenic views, enabling waterfront recreation activities and by providing connectivity to the Circular Quay. The site majorly lies under the ‘City of Parramatta’ local government area. The site comprises of three signi cant precincts:

North Parramatta: The area comprises heritage area which includes indigenous as well as non-indigenous items (CoP 2019b). With infrastructure development, the area has the potential of developing into a notable tourist place.

Parramatta CBD: The CBD has signi cance as a metropolitan in terms of employment the area generates. The CBD provides the maximum number of jobs in the area. It consists of a mix of industries i.e. professional jobs as well as a local business. The CBD is bustling with continuous activity due to an increase in development of various residential and commercial activities in the area (CoP 2018).

Westmead: The precinct is located to the north-west of the Parramatta CBD (GSC 2016). It is the health and the education precinct of the site consisting of world-class health and research facilities producing 18000 knowledge-intensive jobs. The health and education precinct is still under expansion and would evolve into one of the major health and research destinations creating about 50000 jobs by 2036. (Deloitte 2016)

People Of Parramatta

To develop an all-inclusive strategic plan, it is essential to apprehend in-depth resident composition of the area being analysed. These statistics enable us to understand the current trends in the area and identify critical areas requiring special attention. Further, these statistics allow all stakeholders to develop comprehensive strategies which are place-speci c and re ect the area’s characteristics. The data gathered is based on the SA1 statistics and is collected from Community ID for the census year 2016 and the comparison has been made with previous census year 2011.

As it is with all Australian cities, the population of Parramatta has signi cantly increased at a rate of 18%, with 40% of this population having university quali cation. About half of the population is born overseas, which points to the need for social infrastructure fostering spaces catering to di erent needs of diverse culture. More than half of the population are aged between 25 and 69, with the largest age group between 30-34 years old. This population generally constitutes the working population and indicates the demand for employment facilities. Further, about 12% of the people are aged between 15-24 and are enrolled in formal studies indicating a signi cant student population in the area which in turn re ects the need for services to support students. With a maximum population living in high-density housing, about 32% are a couple with children, this justi es the need for creating safe and walkable neighbourhoods with an accessible network of parks, playgrounds and other recreational spaces. Also, there is a dominance of medium-income households with about half of the population as private renters. This socio-economic analysis of the site population is important to understand the housing market trend to estimate a ordable housing provisions. With most of the population living outside the Parramatta CBD, the preferred mode of travel in the study area is private vehicles indicating car dominance in the area, with less than 10% of the population using walking and cycling for travelling. This indicates the need for better transport options of active and public transport. Therefore, Parramatta is full of young, educated and diverse population and should be developed catering to support the current demographics.

Centenary Square Parramatta

POLICY CONTEXT

There exists a series of planning policies at various levels which has informed the development ‘City along the river 2050’ and a snapshot of which is presented below:

Regional Plans

The region plans described below were all introduced in the year 2018, with consistent vision and high level of integration to achieve it.

Greater Sydney Region Plan

The regional plan for Greater Sydney has envisioned it to be a city comprising three main strategic centres. The plan aims to accommodate the growing population, economic development across the proposed three centres such that the growth and opportunities are balanced across Greater Sydney and not concentrated in one centre. Further, one of the main objectives within the plan identi es Westmead and CBD as critical areas for fostering skills and jobs given the areas existing infrastructure and output. (GSC 2018)

Central City District Plan

The Central district plan further elaborates the directions of GSRP with reference to the areas falling under the Central city. The plan indicates Greater Parramatta as a signi cant area of development in terms of economic growth and housing market. The plan further suggests the strengthening of GPOP to improve the overall development with the adjacent strategic centres. The plan further suggests the incorporation of strategies to achieve a 30-minute city.(GSC 2018a)

State Infrastructure Strategy

The plan is developed based on land use and infrastructure integration. The plan acknowledges the region plan for Greater Sydney thus supporting the idea of three cities. It identi es parramatta as a focus area towards which investment shift is required to develop the necessary infrastructure to support the growing population.

Future Transport 2056

The transport strategy for Greater Sydney envisions to develop transport infrastructure as an “enabler of economic and social activity” (Future Transport 2056 2018). To achieve this, there are a list of factors developed which are in accordance with the directions of Greater Sydney Region Plan, supporting economy, sustainability, promoting safety and creating places. The plan identi es Greater Parramatta as a signi cant area where the transportation needs to be improved and expanded

Greater Parramatta Olympic Peninsula (GPOP)

The GPOP envisions to develop an urban hub encompassing the Greater Parramatta Olympic Peninsula to foster economic development i.e. a job hub at the heart of Greater Sydney which is accessible by skilled workers which investors nd attractive and the natural assets are celebrated. The Greater Parramatta area is one of the key areas which is identi ed to be developed into a major health and Education Precinct.

Local Plans

The plan envisioned a city that is liveable, productive and sustainable responding to the diverse community of Parramatta. The plan aims to invest in new and more diverse opportunities of jobs, infrastructure and housing. Further, it intended to develop a safe and attractive CBD with an improved public transport network to connect it with other local centres and neighbourhoods throughout the Greater Sydney Region. (CoP 2018)

Community Strategic Plan (CoP)

The plan envisioned a city that is liveable, productive and sustainable responding to the diverse community of Parramatta. The plan aims to invest in new and more diverse opportunities of jobs, infrastructure and housing. Further, it intended to develop a safe and attractive CBD with an improved public transport network to connect it with other local centres and neighbourhoods throughout the Greater Sydney Region. (CoP 2018)

Local Planning Strategic Statement

The plan aims in making Parramatta a smart, innovative and highly creative city supported by a diverse residential neighbourhoods and strong productive employment sectors. It advocates on building the capacity of Parramatta CBD, strategic centres and employment lands to become more competitive and identi ed GPOP as an important area to accommodate housing growth. It further laid priorities to strengthen waterways and to enhance green infrastructure to improve liveability and ecology of the Parramatta. (CoP 2019a)

Theme Based Policy Documents

Economic Development Plan 2017-2038 (CoP)

The document aims to develop and increase the number of jobs in Parramatta LGA. This is to be done by improving the transport accessibility along with increasing the transport option.The plan

seeks to increase the visitor economy along with increasing the commercial space. Further, the plan suggests that as much as the professional and specialised jobs are essential it is equally important to develop the small and local business industry. It is essential to maintain the diversity in economic activities. (CoP 2017a)

Environmental Sustainability Strategy 2017

The strategy aims in bene ting the city growth by strengthening the natural environment and providing better places for the community to live and play. This is to be done by integrating nature with the built environment. The plan encourages walking, cycling and public transport options to provide health bene ts to the community and to reduce heat and carbon emissions. The plan seeks to adopt sustainable design solutions to e ciently manage water, energy and waste, to reduce the implementation cost while improving the environmental performance. Further, the plan suggests including policies to mitigate the impact of climate change, addressing urban heat and ooding issues in the area. (CoP 2017b)

Local Housing Strategy

The strategy states a cohesive vision of bene ting the city’s economy and environmental performance while meeting the housing needs. It envisioned a welcoming neighbourhood that respects its history and celebrates its diversity.It indicates the need of housing which is aligned with the growth of infrastructure, supports the economic development of the city and considers environment performance measures to mitigate climate change impacts. The strategy further suggests the need of incorporating a ordable housing and housing diversity to meet the needs of future growth and demographics. (CoP 2019)

Community Infrastructure Strategy

The document articulates the issues of existing infrastructure capacity and growing needs coming with future population growth. The strategy aims to conduct a deep understanding of the existing community pro le and future residents in aims to provide adequate inclusive and high quality community infrastructure to support social, recreational and educational use. Benchmarks and potential gaps are provided to indicate important facilities which need to be provided in accordance to local needs. And the restraints of provision in speci c sites have been outlined to better guide future decision making processes. (CoP 2019)

Parramatta Bike Plan

The plan supports the vision of making the City of Parramatta sustainable, liveable and productive and to become a central city of Sydney. The strategy aims to support the livability of the city by providing people with a healthy and low-cost alternative of transport which can further help in reducing the congestion. The plan also suggests various policies that support bicycle friendly design, dedicated bicycle lanes, speed controls and various other policies that would help in adapting to a cycling environment. (CoP 2017d)

Other plans which have supplemented the above documents along with informing the ‘A city along the River’ are described below:

Project Level: PNUT, Westmead Innovation District: Building Western Sydney’s jobs engine, Parramatta Night City Framework, Parramatta Ways, Sydney Green Grid, Parramatta Park Conservation and Management Plan, Parramatta Local Environmental Plan 2005, Social Infrastructure Strategy 2017,

CHARACTER MAPPING

Initially, 8 zones were identi ed within the site based on the morphology, visual character density and population distribution. The area available for development (excluding the area for roads, conservation land, green spaces, recently developed land and strata owned land from total area), LEP capacity, and population density etc. were calculated for each zone. This helped us to analyse the development pattern and redistribute the development density within the site. Using the character based zoning throughout the planning process helped us to respond to the local character e ectively.

It was found that some of the zones had really less population density compared to the international cases. Moreover, most of the major development currently is concentrated towards the Parramatta CBD and Westmead zone, whereas most of the other remain unaddressed in terms of connectivity, social infrastructure, housing and economy. The major planning approach was to strategically increase the density in all zones.

The character based zoning was used as a major tool in analysing and preparing the planning options

ECONOMY

Parramatta is the economy house of Central City with about $14 billion worth of economy which is the second largest economy in NSW (City of Parramatta, n.d.). The Parramatta CBD and Westmead Health and Education Precinct provides most of the jobs in the area. Further Parramatta is on the pathway of becoming a second CBD for Greater Sydney Region comprising specialised jobs in nance, health and government services. (CoP 2017a)

Central City is growing at astonishing speed with almost 50,000 residents being added every year. However, the pace of job growth which is 6000 per year within the local government area is not in alignment with the population growth. As a result, the majority of people living within the area have to commute outside for employment purposes. Parramatta being the part of GPOP, comprising the CBD and Westmead and Health and Education Precinct and having the central strategic location is deemed to be the realizable area which can alleviate the jobs de cit in the area. The Economic Development Plan states that the job creation needs to be doubled to overcome the mismatch in the

population and job growth. (CoP 2017a)

Over the period of time the industry of employment has evolved with a substantial growth in the sectors of health, nance and education (City of Parramatta, n.d.). This signi es that these are the new signi cant sector of growth and the new development should be in alignment to the requirements of these speci c industries.

(Source: https://www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/economy)

“Located 25km west of Sydney's CBD, Parramatta is now Australia's tiger economy and the infrastructure capital of the world.”

STRENGTH

The strategic position of the site i.e. in the centre of ‘Easter Harbour City’ and ‘Western Parkland City’ provides an added advantage as it forms a business gateway to the Western City.

The site comprises two of the major economic hubs in the LGA of Parramatta.The Parramatta CBD is a signi cant employment hub which generates maximum employment in the area. Most of the professional jobs such as nance and public administrative jobs are located within the Parramatta CBD. The other economic hub Westmead Health and Education Precinct comprises 400,000 sq m (NSW Government 2017) provides knowledge intensive and health specialised jobs. Also, there exists a large number of people in the working age group signifying a pool of people which can contribute to economic growth.

There are several major universities which exist on the site such as the Western Sydney Westmead campus, the CBD Campus, University of New England along with the vertical high school in the CBD provides a competitive advantage in the education sector thus attracting domestic as well international students. Moreover, there is diversity in industry of employment including specialised industry, retail industry, local small business with each having the potential to further grow and expand.

WEAKNESSES

Although the site consists of two major economic hubs i.e. the CBD and Westmead Health and Education Precinct, these lacks physical connectivity which hampers the continuous economic ow. Further, within these economic hubs, there are streets which lack activities because of inadequate density and absence of day-time economic activities. It is further worsened by the lack of night time-economic activities. Moreover, there exists abundant heritage sites within the site which have not yet been capitalised by the tourism sector to boost visitor economy.

The sites outside the economic hubs do not possess any economic activities and even if it does they are negligible. More signi cantly the areas around the railway station such as the Westmead and Wentworthville Stations have minimum or no economic activities.

OPPORTUNITIES

The site consists of Parramatta CBD and Westmead Health and Education precinct which have the potential to be further strengthened and expanded. The proposed northward expansion of the CBD in previous CBD development strategies by the City of Parramatta would enable more commercial and retail space thus developing in accordance with the evolving industry. Presence of Industrial land has the capacity to provide employment land stocks. The industrial land towards the north of the Westmead Health and Education precinct has the potential to be developed into an area of specialized health and research jobs.

Given the current trends of heavy private motor usage, the proposed light rail connecting the site with the existing railway network would enhance overall connection to and from the other metropolitan and strategic centres. The new proposed infrastructure provides better connectivity options for the skilled labourers to access jobs. Further, the new transport nodes provide the opportunity to develop into A-Grade o ce space which is lacking in the entire Parramatta LGA.

The rich heritage background provides the opportunity to capitalise on the tourism industry. Further, there is a proposal of developing ‘Parramatta Cultural Precinct’ to enhance the arts and cultural economy. The mixed use zone adjacent to the river provides the opportunity to develop river facing commercial and employment spaces. The site forms the part of the GPOP corridor which seeks to enhance jobs and skills further strengthening the economy.

THREATS

Given the continuous increase in the population, there has been a constant demand for residential development in the area to house the growing population resulting in a number of strategic sites including the existing industrial lands are under the pressure of residential development.

Presence of established Harbour CBD and other successful business parks such as the Macquarie Business Park and similar other options provides a luring option for the new businesses. Further, the in ux of specialised and professional jobs into the CBD area particularly may force out the local businesses because of a ordability and space issues.

(Source: Author)

Figure : Junction of Philip Street and Dirrabarri Lane on a Sunday late noon at 3.45.

Figure : Junction of Philip Street and Dirrabarri Lane on a Sunday late noon at 3.45.

(Source: Author)

(Source: Author)

Figure : ‘An empty cafe on the Marsden Street on a Sunday late noon around 3pm.

Proposed light rail would enhance the local connectivity

CONNECTIVITY

Sydney Metropolitan area is experiencing a rapid increase in population, with an estimated doubling in Western City. This bring in immense potential for development of Parramatta as a major urban area. Its strategic location to the heart of Greater Sydney further adds on to the development potential. Now, as the urban zone start expanding and developing there comes a signi cant growth in jobs and dwellings which put pressure on the existing transport infrastructure. So, as the city grows it needs to be well connected both, within the city and to the larger context in an e cient manner.

In case of Parrammatta CBD, it has the fourth busiest railway station in Greater Syndey (AECOM, 2016), and along its periphery runs the major highways as A40, M4 and A28. So, furthur development would bring in more pressure to the existing transport infrastructure.

Future Transport Startegy 2056 along with Central City plan even though focuses on enhancing the existing transport infrastructure, it won’t su ce to meet the needs of the growing popuation in the Parramatta urban region. As most of the proposals are focused on connecting the East-West corridor and very few links towards the North-South strategic centres. Moreover as per study conducted by City of Parramatta most of people depend on private vehicles for commuting (Figure), this higlights the car

regional transport network concentrated towards south

dominance in the streets. However, when we take the statistics of harbour CBD ( gure), the public transport is major option used for commute. So, this could be used as a benchmark while further developing the transport

Diagram shows how peope who work in Parramatta employment area commute to their seleceted employment destination

(Source: https://www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/connectivity)

Diagram shows how peope who work in Harbour CBD employment area commute to their seleceted

“Transportation is an underlying force in the growth and developmnet of any city”

Rail forms the spine of public transport system.

Figure : Combined SWOT Connectivity

STRENGTH

The geographic location of Parramatta, close to the centre of greater Sydney helps substantially to capitalise on its strategic location. Rail forms the spine of public transport network in Parramatta, served by T1 westrern, T5 Cumberland and Blue mountain lines. Further, bus and ferry also contributes to enhnace the connectivity to the region to larger context. This also provides user with various options to travel to, from and within the city.

Major higways connecting the north-south and east-west corridor of Greater Sydney runs along the fringes of the site forming an outer ring road around the site without disturbing the neighbourhood tra c.

WEAKNESSES

Most of the regional public transport lies towards the south of the site making it less accessible from the other parts of the site. Moreover, alternative modes of transport such as buses and ferries are unreliable. Hence, large number of people depend on private vehicles for commute.

The large impermeable block in both Parramatta CBD and Westmead makes it less pedestrian friendly. Further lack of proper crossing, car dominance in street, disconnected cycle path especially along the river and lack of street amenities adds on to this.

Currently the vision of GSC’s 30 minute city is incompatible, as observed from the travel time assesments from from various stategic location to Parramatta.(Table, Appendix)

(Source: source:https://www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/connectivity)

OPPORTUNITIES

30 minute city is a long term aspiration and this would achieved through the integration of land use and transportation planning. Moreover the proposed Sydney metro would enhance the connectivity from Parramatta to the harbour CBD.

An extended light rail network and transit ways along with the outer and inner ring roads would act as a catalyst for urban renewal by enhancing the connectivity within and around the region. Further, the Green Grid Parramatta proposes of improvising the existing pedestrian, cycle and improvisation of street amenities. This would add on to improvising and promoting active mode of transport in the region.

Long term proposals for connecting Parramatta to strategic centres as Epping and Norwest to north & Kogarah and Bankstown to the south bring in opportunities for further development.

THREATS

Converging of major roads (A28, A40, A44, and M4 Highways) in the Greater Parramatta entangles the local, cross region and freight movement. Further with the increase in travel demand and dependency on private vehicles this congestion would increase causing a threat to connectivity. Increase in number of private vehicles further would constraint the e ciency of the light rail. Moreover, the catchment of the proposed light rail is constrained to the central zone of Parramatta which disconnects the Norther fringes from the rest of the corridor.

In addition to these the extreme weather condition and natural hazards could hinder the e ciency of the transport system.

(Source: https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/parramatta-powerhouse-site- ooded-20200209-p53z6p.html)

Diagram : The number of people using the Parramatta railway station has increased.

(Source: Google)

Figure : Parramatta Train and bus inter change

(Source: Author)

Figure : Car dominant streets

(Source: Author)

Figure : Lack of proper pedestrian and bicyle crossing with poor street amenities.

(Source: Google)

Figure : Parramatta Train and bus inter change

Figure : Flooding of Parramatta river

(Source: Google)

Figure : Parramatta Train and bus inter change

Riverfront development can provide more executive housing

Parramatta will be requiring an additional 19,000 dwellings by 2050

HOUSING

Parramatta is one of the fastest growing housing centres in Greater Sydney. In the last 5 years, the Parramatta has seen the most dwelling completions of any LGA in Greater Sydney. Residential growth is anticipated to be generated predominantly from the Parramatta CBD and Westmead Innovation precinct developments.

The site is currently home to almost 42,690 people who livein aproximately 15,800 dwellings (ABS 2016). City of Parramatta has a high proporion of detached dwellings a 3 bedrooms units compared to City of Sydney and Inner west councils. 52% of households were purchasing or fully owned their home, 34.1% were renting privately, and 5.2% were in social housing in 2016. According to Parramatta Local housing Strategy 2019 , the current delivery of housing lacks diversity – 70% of all dwellings in 2036 may be apartments if the current trend is continuing without major interventions (City of Parramatta, 2019)

The site will be having a population of 90,722 by 2050 and will need and additional 19000 dwellings. The housing targets are easily achievable with the theoretical dwelling capacity of the current planning controls. The new transporaion development will be opening up more areas for densi cation.

Housing growth: yearly approvals and completions, (Source: City ot of Parramatta, 2019)

Housing Typology: comparison diagram, (Source: City of Parramatta, 2019)

Housing pressure from Westmead development

Large green spaces

Housing diversity Precinct

Figure :

Figure :

The site houses the three major growth precincts that is Parramatta CBD, North Parramatta and Westmead, still the median rent on the site is comparatively a ordable than City of Sydney and Inner West Council. The housing market and the pace of current housing supply shows the positive trends. Moreover, the rental stress is also declining on the site. As the CBD is developing at the fast pace there is an adequate amount of community infrastructure has been proposed on the site, which provides bene ts for the growth of the housing. The proposed transport infrastructure on the site further provides positive circumstances to accommodate well connected and accessible housing developments.

Over the time the demographics of the site has been changed however there is no change in housing typologies this imbalance between demographic and housing typology has led to the undersupply of one bedroom dwellings and under occupancy of larger house dwellings. Further the property rates on the site are continuously increasing, hence the availability of purchase stocks for moderate income is very low. The rental stock available for low income groups is only 17%. Moreover, there is an undersupply of social and a ordable housing on the study site.

The signi cant amount of the land on the site is conservation land and hence, cannot be utilised for housing activities. Furthermore, the lack of social infrastructure in the precinct of Westmead and North Parramatta and the lack of connectivity to the North-east residential areas, hinders the growth of housing development.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

The urban renewal of CBD brings opportunity to accommodate mixed-use buildings, residential towers and shop-top units. The riverfront development can accommodate more executive housing that will be bene ted with the splendous views of Parramatta river. There is an opportunity to develop a high density transit oriented development along the proposed light rail corridor bringing the work and stay closer. North Parramatta being closer to the Western Sydney university can house more of student accommodation. There’s an opportunity to integrate in ll developments in North Parramatta. The student housing can further be accommodated in the Westmead precinct in mid-high density developments catering to the students of Westmead hospital, Sydney university and western sydney university.

As Parramatta is evolving at a higher pace there is a signi cant shift in jobs from manufacturing to more professional jobs. This shift towards the higher order jobs is creating a pressure on a ordable housing. This further led to the increase of rent in the area especially the areas along the transit corridor as people prefer to live near to the public transport. The gentri cation is further causing the workers to be pushed out of the housing market.

As the area is growing so is the extent of the compact housing. This increase in compact housing in high growth areas is causing the backyards to disappear and even causing the open spaces to shrink out. Moreover, high pressure on housing can also be threatening to the economic signi cance of the place as the industrial land is getting converted into residential to meet the high demands of housing supply.

Figure : Parramatta Park Source : (https://www.parrapark.com.au/)

Figure : Source : (https://safetylinejalousie.com.au/portfolio/altitude-by-meriton-nsw/)

Figure : Average sales price 2008-2018, City of Parramatta Inner West Council and City of Sydney Source : (City of Parramatta, 2019)

Figure : Rental Stress comparison Source : (City of Parramatta, 2019)

2011 2016

Figure : DPIE Housing Tool, Source: ABS, 2018

population and job growth. (CoP 2017a)

ECONOMY

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The unprecedented scope of change in the Central City and City of Parramatta brings opportunity to provide better public spaces and social infrastructure for people. At the same time, it is a challenge because of limited council owned land, rapidly increasing population and diverse needs. According to the population projection provided by the City of Parramatta council, there will be 215,000 additional people living in the city by 2036. (Draft Community Infrastructure Strategy, City of Parramatta) To serve this amount of population growth and change the existing insu cient provision, new and innovative approaches need to be addressed.

Parramatta is the economy house of Central City with about $14 billion worth of economy which is the second largest economy in NSW (City of Parramatta, n.d.). The Parramatta CBD and Westmead Health and Education Precinct provides most of the jobs in the area. Further Parramatta is on the pathway of becoming a second CBD for Greater Sydney Region comprising specialised jobs in nance, health and government services. (CoP 2017a)

of households and households with children may also increase in the future. This kind of strategy is to ensure that the necessary social infratructures will be well provided in accordance to current and future community needs. At the current stage, most social infrastructures including schools, libraries, clinics and entertainment facilities are located around the CBD area, and facilities like community spaces and preschools are under recommended levels of provision. Percentage of green coverage is su cient, however, most green spaces are underutilized with poor permeability. (Social Infrastructure Strategy August 2017, City of Parramatta)Besides, soft infrastructure includes services and culture programs also need to be considered during the planning and design process.

Parramatta CBD

People born overseas

Central City is growing at astonishing speed with almost 50,000 residents being added every year. However, the pace of job growth which is 6000 per year within the local government area is not in alignment with the population growth. As a result, the majority of people living within the area have to commute outside for employment purposes. Parramatta being the part of GPOP, comprising the CBD and Westmead and Health and Education Precinct and having the central strategic location is deemed to be the realizable area which can alleviate the jobs de cit in the area. The Economic Development Plan states that the job creation needs to be doubled to overcome the mismatch in the

People are proud of the rich history and cultural diversity of Parramatta. As the pie chart shows in 2016, there are 48% people in the Parramatta CBD who were born overseas as the Indian, Arabic, Korean and Chinese community this strengthen the characteristics and diversity of the broader community. All this cultural features as well as heritage items need to be understood, protected and promoted, in aims to get positive outcomes for everyone.

In the case of Parramatta CBD, the young workforce takes up a large percentage of population growth, which means the projected number

Over the period of time the industry of employment has evolved with a substantial growth in the sectors of health, nance and education (City of Parramatta, n.d.). This signi es that these are the new signi cant sector of growth and the new development should be in alignment to the requirements of these speci c industries. (Source: https://www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/economy)

“Located 25km west of Sydney's CBD, Parramatta is now Australia's tiger economy and the infrastructure capital of the world.”

STRENGTH

The natural assets include Parramatta River and Parramatta Park serving as important recreational space and enhancing community identity and engagement. The enormous quantity of heritage and archaeological items presents the richness of culture and history in this area.

Parramatta CBD contains Bankwest Stadium, Riverside Theatre and Artists’ studios to support sport, cultural and artistic activities in this area. The presence of Westmead Health precinct, several universities and research institutes make this place a collaborative, inclusive and innovative place. Moreover, future transport connections will also strengthen the linkages between Parramatta CBD to key destinations such as Olympic Park

Coming to the essential facilities, there are kindergartens, primary and high schools, clinics, churches and aged care centers located dispersively to support community needs. The City of Parramatta council also supports diverse cultural and social programs to strengthen the livability of the area. Signi cant public events like ‘Tropfest’ which is hosted in Parramatta Park attract thousands of people to participate, and thus improving community engagement and vitality.

WEAKNESSES

At current stage, the provision of social infrastructure is under the requirement level, especially child care centers and recreational space, and the existing infrastructures located too concentrated in Parramatta CBD area. As population increases, the potential gap of infrastructure provision will become larger, more social infrastructures need to be provided to support the local community.

Existing heritage items and places are underutilized with poor access and maintenance, and the existing green spaces are disconnected and pools facilitated. Pedestrian connections to these important places are weak and need to be improved.

The active streets reveal an inconsistent pattern, and it is not well managed at current stage, people may feel unsafe during night since the lack of night activities and lighting facilities.

(Source:

(Source: https://www.parrapark.com.au /things-to-do/whats-on/?startd=13+%2F05%2F2017&searchQuery= &start=12

OPPORTUNITIES

The housing development around North Parramatta and Westmead area will bring opportunities to provide more social infrastructures in these areas to satisfy community needs. New schools, museums, university campuses are planned to be constructed, which bring more related facilities to make the community more vibrant. Incorporating with the NSW Share Our Space program will improve the usability of spaces and bene t both schools and local communities.

Proposed river foreshore transformation will bring more people to the waterways to enjoy the natural assets and recreational areas. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings will bring it new life and attract visitors, and thus improve community engagement. Besides, as local small businesses are encouraged, the street will become more active.

THREATS

(Source:

The idea of making the street a place to meet with an in ux of increasing population may make the streets overcrowded. And the pressure of meeting housing needs may lead to less focus on infrastructure development, since the council only owns limited land. Increasing housing prices make the place not a ordable anymore and is pushing the aboriginal community away. Moreover, the ooding issue has negative impacts on the access of social infrastructure.

(Source:

Figure

(Source: https://www.dailytele-

(Source: https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/parramatta-powerhouse-site- ooded-20200209-p53z6 p.html

(Source:

Figure : ‘Tropfest’-iconic cultural events hosted in Parramatta Park.

Googlemap)

Figure : Narrow and unpleasant pedestrian pavements near major transport node. foreshore

Googlemap)

Figure : Streetscape of the George Street. development..

Author)

Figure : Fence around the Parramatta Park. development..

graph.com.au/)

: ‘Heavy lifting’ for growth may push vulnerable people away. development..

Figure : ‘Parramatta Powerhouse site ooded in February,2020.

Googlemap)

Figure : 19 Grose Street, potential heritage site for adaptive reuse.

Potential

Existing nature reserves

Areas with surface temp. value> 38° C

(Source:

ENVIRONMENT

Parramatta is truly a city in nature surrounded by Parramatta park, Parramatta river and various bushlands. Parramatta river is one of the iconic waterways of Australia re ecting its rich indeginious and colonial history. However, low-lying topography of Parramatta is a ected by the Parramatta river and its tributaries and is prone to severe ooding. Moreover, the Central city is drier and hotter and lack of tree plantation along streets makes it more prone to urban heat. The e ect is most prevalent in the areas of the GPOP and Greater Parramatta. (GSC 2018a).

Today, Parramatta is growing through a greater change and transformation. Growing population and intensive urban development is putting pressure on the natural environment. With increase in high density living patterns there is a need for more natural places for people to relax and play. Bushland and green spaces help communities to connect with nature and are proven to bene t human health and wellbeing. Furthermore, increase in growth is directly a ecting the demand of natural resources. It is expected in the next 20 years with all the new development coming up the rise in demand of water and energy will grow by 50% and 42% respectively. (CoP 2017b)

Hence, the above signi es the need of enhancing the natural assets for the city ecology and the community, and to nd a balance between economic growth and liveability of the Parramatta by strengthening its natural environment.

“Green infrastructure is fundamental to creating a high quality of life and is important in creating a region that is climate resilient and adaptable to future needs.”

Opportunity to grow green links

Prone to high risk of ooding and urban heat island

Threat of urban heat island

Opportunity to grow green links

STRENGTH

The biggest strength of the site comes with the presence of natural assets in the form of the Parramatta River, Parramatta Park, Baludarri Wetland and many other bushlands and creeks. Parramatta Park and Parramatta river also serve as major hotspots for the biodiversity of the area and houses several indeginious species of local ora and fauna. There are ample green spaces in the form of parks, playgrounds and reserves providing adequate amounts of spaces to play and gather. Hence, these spaces not only serve the purpose of amenity and wellbeing for the residents, but also supports the ecosystem of the area.

WEAKNESSES

However, the site has plenty of green spaces but these spaces are not well connected and lack in quality. Moreover, there is a lack of trees and vegetation along the major streets especially in CBD, Westmead and North Parramatta. This lack of vegetation in the study area not only a ects the pedestrian movement but also increases the surface temperature in the area leading to the urban heat island e ect (CoP 2017b). The site also has an abundance of hardscaped surface car parkings, which further adds to the extreme climate conditions. The quality of the river water is also poor which hinders the option of recreation and is threatening the local biodiversity. Moreover, the site is car dominated and lacks in good pedestrian and bicycle links which contributes to high carbon emission in the area.

OPPORTUNITIES

The opportunities for the environment lies in implementing the green grid networks within the site. This will help in enhancing the already existing green network in the site and will also encourage the development of new bicycle and pedestrian links contributing towards the sustainable means of transportation. Enhancing the potential of Parramatta park as a connector between Westmead, CBD and North Parramatta by providing more accessible and pedestrian friendly connections will provide residents with more opportunities of recreation within a safe and liveable environment. As the area lacks urban tree cover, increasing canopy cover in the public domain and adopting green roofs and green walls as methods of increasing the green will not only enhance the pedestrian comfort but will also help in mitigating the extreme weather conditions and stormwater runo . Further, the redevelopment of Parramatta river corridor for improving water quality will increase the vibrancy and recreational use of the foreshore. This will further strengthen the ecosystem of the site.

THREATS

(Source: Author)

(Source:

Climate change and increasing severe weather conditions threatens the study area. Flooding is the major concern in the site with CBD being the highest ood risk area. The other major threat to the site is Urban heat island which is increasing rapidly due to the lack of vegetation cover and high concentration of impervious spaces. Furthermore, growing demand for housing and infrastructure may cause pressure on natural assets.

(Source: https://architectureau.com/articles/green-civic-link-planned-for-parramatta-1/)

(Source: Author)

Figure : Lack of vegetation in the streets of CBD

Figure : Flood Wanings on the site near Baludarri Wetland of CBD

Figure : Green civic link planned for Parramatta

Author)

Figure : Extent of Surface Parking in CBD

(Source: Author) Figure : Parramatta River

(Source: Author) Figure : Parramatta Park

Source: https://www.wxystudio.com/projects/architecture/anable_basin

VISION

Parramatta will be a city along the river celebrating its history, diversity and centrality

OBJECTIVES

ECONOMY

Enhance the economic growth by an e cient blend of local business and specialised jobs

CONNECTIVITY

To optimise and enhance the existing transport network to improve the connectivity

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

To enabling proportionate delivery of community facilities aligned with housing and economic growth.

HOUSING

To maintain housing supply aligned with the infrstructure development and ensure housing diversity.

ENVIRONMENT

To strengthen resilience by bringing together nature and the built environment.

Parramatta has evolved over time and so has been the industry. The jobs in manufacturing have signi cantly dropped whereas the professional jobs such as in the nance and administration sector have substantially increased. Also, the presence of Westmead Health and Education Precinct, renders jobs which are specialised in Healthcare. Additionally, the location of major universities such Western Sydney University and upcoming University of Sydney along with other universities provides professional and knowledge intensive jobs. To continue and enhance the trend of economic growth it is essential to develop strategies such that the professional and specialised jobs are retained and further generated.

Given the majority of professional and specialised jobs in the area along with new developments being established in accordance with the requirements of the big businesses in desirable places, there is a threat of small and local businesses to be pushed out of the site. To maintain the diversity in the employment industry it is vital to preserve these local businesses. Strategies and programs which encourage the local businesses to come forward needs to be devised.

The site is largely residential dominated where many blocks of developments are devoid of economic activities. It is essential to incorporate economic activities in these areas to

activate them to enhance economic growth. In addition to lack of night-time economic activities, the site, even the CBD lacks day time economic activities which makes it dull contrasting the vibrant Eastern Harbour City CBD, thus proving to be less inviting to the investors and businesses.

Enhance the economic growth by an e cient blend of local business and specialised jobs.

SUB-OBJECTIVE 1

Generate new and safeguard existing specialised and professional jobs

precedents

actions

A B C D E F

SUB-OBJECTIVE 2

Empower and support small and medium business enterprises.

precedents

Generate new and safeguard existing specialised and professional jobs. Expand the Parramatta CBD. Create commercial and o ce spaces utilising the proposed transport infrastructure.

Enable improvement of public domain to improve the business environment. Improve connectivity within and beyond the site.

Expand Westhead H&E precinct.

actions

A B C D

SUB-OBJECTIVE 3

Improve economic activities to underpin both day and night economy.

precedents A B C D E

Empower and support small and medium business enterprises.

Minimising constraints such as administration work through policy supports.

Promote small events to encourage local businesses to come forward.

Develop enterprise corridors for continuous economic ow .

actions

Improve economic activities to underpin both day and night economy.

Enhance heritage sites to develop the visitor economy.

Develop local centres within residential areas.

Provide mixed uses along the Church Street having a combination of day and night-time economy.

Improve public domain and amenities considering safety particularly for night-time activities.

Figure : Bocca Lupo Jeveve, Brazil

Figure

Creative Footprint, Berl

Figure : Edmonton, Canada

CONNECTIVITY

Central City is situated at the heart of Greater Sydney Region and to enhance its productivity and connect to other major metropolitan centres, it is essential to enhance and expand Parramatta’s connectivity beyond the site to the major metropolitan centres. It would enable the skilled workers outside the city to be well connected with jobs and other services in the area. Also, given the presence of Australia’s major health precinct is in the site and needs to be connected beyond it.

As signi cant are the connections beyond the site, equally are the connections within the site. The connections within the city are majorly concentrated along the CBD area with options of heavy rail, proposed light rail and T-ways. However, the rest of the site lacks connections, and even if there connections they lack options limited to few bus stops. A city this diverse needs to have transport options which are suitable to the character they are being developed in. The Brick eld and North Parramatta neighbourhoods are mostly residential and lack any frequent connectivity options

These critical areas require more attention along with CBD and Westmead where the existing options need to be updated.

The highest percentage of transport mode used in Parramatta LGA is private vehicles giving rise to urban heat islands in the area. To mitigate these and strengthen the environment it is necessary to increase the share of active mode of transportation such as walking and cycling. To ensure this, infrastructure and amenities to support active mode of transportation

“

OBJECTIVE Optimise and enhance the existing transport network to improve the connectivity.

Improvise the regional connectivity of Parramatta to East and west CBD as well North & South strategic centres

precedents actions

Increase the capacity of the existing heavy rail

SUB-OBJECTIVE 2

Enhance the local connectivity by introducing diverse commute options.

(Source: https://www.accessibletravelnl.com/travel/Canal-Cruise-Amsterdam)

SUB-OBJECTIVE 1 A A

Extending the proposed metro further west towards greater Penrith and adding new lines towards Liverpool, Epping, Norwest, Kogarah & Bankstown

C

Enhancing the existing ferry services by increasing the frequency.

(Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-04-13%2Fsydney-cbds-light-rail-woes-pre dicted-six-years-ago)

SUB-OBJECTIVE 3

(Source: https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudades-sostenibles/es/sistemas-brt/)

Strenthening and promoting active mode of transport.

precedents

(Source: https://www.renewablecities.ca/dialogues-projects/global-learning-forum-2017/session%20/vancouver-cycling-city-a-community-in-tr ansition)

(Source: https://www.southernthunderer.com.au/minister-inspects-progress-on-stage-2-extension-of-gold-coast-light-rail/)

B B A B C D

precedents actions actions

Adding on to the existing T-ways to enhance connectivity within the neighbourhood

Extending the proposed Light rail north towards the church street

Boulevards and Pedestrian priority zones within CBD with enhanced street amenities and crossings to create a Adding on to the existing bicycle lanes to integrate with regional network Developing the pedestrian link between Westmead H&E precinct and Parramatta CBD to improve east west connectivity.

Disintegrate large urban blocks to create a pedestrian friendly environment

Figure : Vancouver promoting active mode of transport

Figure : George street, Pedestrian prioroty area

Figure : LIght rail George Street, Sydney

Figure : Canal Cruise, Amsterdam

Figure : Curitiba BRT system

consider the student housing given the signi cant number in which they are present.

One of the major threats in the area is gentri cation which might force the vulnerable group specially the people belonging to the lower socio-economic background out of the area because of high demand of housing. Keeping in consideration the diversity of the area it is essential to include the vulnerable group while developing housing.

Housing is an essential aspect required for e cient city development. The population of Parramatta has seen a signi cant jump and is on a continuous rise. Along with the population growth, economic development has also observed a substantial growth over time. To accommodate current and growing populations such that they are in alignment with economic development, it is essential to develop housing strategically.

Currently there is a mismatch between Housing typologies and family community pro le. Given the diversity of population ranging from individuals to large families, professionals to small business workers, it is essential to provide housing which is suitable for all. It includes di erent housing typology from detached to high density housing based on the current and predicted trends in the area. Also, these dwellings need to cater to di erent households size which prevails in the area and provide diversity in housing which ranges from houses of 4 bedroom to studio units depending upon the requirements and demands in the area. Further, while providing diversity in housing it is essential to maintain the balance between di erent kinds of housing so that they are suitable to the character in which they are being proposed and developed. It is important to

“

OBJECTIVE

To maintain housing supply aligned with the infrastructure development and ensure housing diversity.

SUB-OBJECTIVE 1

To provide a proportionate number of housing typologies supporting di erent household sizes

precedents

actions

A B C D

SUB-OBJECTIVE 2

To create a balanced mix of high, medium and low denity housing

precedents

Guidelines for more 1 bedroom dwellings for lone persons and families without children

Guidelines for more student accommodation Aged care homes in Health and education precinct

Adding more multi dwelling houses and dual occupancies in low density areas

Housing diversity precincts to accommodate more detached houses and mid-rise apartments for families

actions

Rezoning the land on Northern side of the river to accomodate more medium density development

Conserving the existing detached houses

Provision for high density housing along trasit corridor and in l developments

SUB-OBJECTIVE 3

To ensure an adequate supply of a ordable housing to support key workers and students

precedents

D A B C

Creating mixed density housing estates around identi ed green open spaces.

actions

Incorporate SEPP 70 to achieve the a ordable housing delivery targets in growth precincts

Employ VPAs to deliver a ordable housing in locations where SEPP 70 cannot apply

Provisions for a ordable student hostels in North and East Parramatta

Alternate proposal for Waterloo Estate

Tietgen Dormitory in Copenhagen

The Living Space development in Cockburn, Western Australia

Shipping container student homes in Sdero, Israel

Neighbourhood Center

Potential shared facilities

Potential Schools

Existing Early Education LDC (Long Day Care)

Potential LDC

Existing Early Education OOSH (Out-Of-Hours-School Care)

Potential OOSH

Existing Community Space

Potential Community Space

Activation of Streets

Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Building

SOCIAL

Potential History Walk (Improve Accessibility)

Heritage Building Museum

Improve Accessibility

Riverforeshore Revitilisation

Key Destinations

Open Space with Improved Facilities

Potential Green Space

INFRASTRUCTURE

Parramatta LGA is on its pathway to develop as the second CBD of Greater Sydney Region resulting in signi cant increase in population growth. There has been considerable development in the residential and commercial sector to accommodate the growing population and to promote economic growth for the population to sustain. However, the development of social infrastructure such as places for social interaction, recreational spaces have not been in alignment with the other developments to serve the growing population. There is a need to update such developments such that they e ciently cater to the current and upcoming residents.

Parramatta is known for history because of its development history comprising signi cant heritage sites. These sites indicate and demonstrate its history and several incidents which have taken place over the time and are re ected in characteristics of the area which have been elaborated in character mapping. However, these sites have been neglected over time and can be developed into

destinations which can further support the tourism economy. Apart from its history, the site comprises signi cant open spaces which lack amenities and hence are underused. It is essential to enhance these areas such that they are used in their full potential providing amenity to the residents.

“

OBJECTIVE

To provide inclusive, diverse and vibrant places for people to access.

SUB-OBJECTIVE 1

To enable proportionate delivery of community facilities (both hard and soft) aligned with housing and economic growth.

actions

Update schedules of works for growing areas to ensure proper understanding of growing needs.

Create and develop neighborhood centers to support immediate community.

https://www.archdaily.com/606304/publicspace-in-gora-pulawska-3xa/54f8fec1e58ece08 b40002e1-1505-0001_l-jpg

SUB-OBJECTIVE 2

https://www.theexpressnewspaper.com.au/ local-news/community-garden-comes-to -life-at-school/

precedents A B C D

Enhance destinations which support heritage places and community characteristics.

precedents

St James Church, free lunchtime concert and co ee shop

SUB-OBJECTIVE 3

Maximise the use of existing open spaces and provide new open spaces.

precedents

Cheonggyecheon, Seoul, Korea

https://www.thecity xbrasil.org/2015/02/05/rodovias-urbanas-sao-melhores-depois-de-destruidas/

Introduce more soft and hard social infrastructure according to local demographic characteristics and future population growth.

Guidelines of decision making, staging and funding mechanism to ensure the provision of community facilities.

actions

use

https://www.hawkesburygazette.com.au/story/ 5337204/school-grounds-to-be-open-forcommunity-use-during-holidays/#slide=1

A B C A B C

Develop active street frontages with concern of vibrancy and safety.

Promote access to key heritage destinations like female factory, old government house and retained heritage precinct.

Introduce history walk programmes, and enhance adaptive reuse of heritage sites to promote local characteristics and identity.

actions

Improve pedestrian access to existing open spaces and water foreshore.

Provide varied facilities to encourage reacreational and passive activities, and sport and cultural events.

Incorporate programs to make school facilities available for community during holidays and weekends.

Community Garden, Mareeba State School

Public Space in Gora Pulawska

ENVIRONMENT

The Parramatta Local government area in recent times have experienced major development and is in the process of being further developed in terms of new infrastructure to establish as the second CBD of the Greater Sydney Region. The unprecedented development has neglected the environmental aspect giving rise to the Urban Heat Islands. Additionally, the excess use of private vehicles due to lack of connectivity have further given rise to the urban heat islands worsening the situation. The urban heat islands have many negative impacts not only on the environment but also impacts human health. It is essential to develop strategies to combat this issue.

The new development as well as the use of private vehicles results in greenhouse emissions which in turn are harmful for the environment and human health. Measures to reduce emissions such as a minimum rating system for new development and promotion of mode of transportation needs to be developed.

The Parramatta River, which is one of the signi cant natural assets in the site, results in ash oods in the area impacting the city functioning for a brief period of time.

Alleviating the impacts of ash oods considering the natural topography of Parramatta is crucial in development of the area. Apart from Parramatta River, there exists a plethora of natural reserves and parks in the site which needs to be protected and preserved not only for recreation purposes but for enhancement of the biodiversity which ourishes in the site.

OBJECTIVE

To strengthen resilience by bringing together the nature and the built-environment.

SUB-OBJECTIVE 1

Mitigating the e ect of Urban Heat and reducing the risk of Flash Floods.

actions

Increase urban tree canopy and use permeable pavements along the major streets.

Replace the existing hard-surfaced car parking areas with permeable green spaces like bio-swales and rain gardens.

Integrate water squares with social infrastructure and residential areas.

Green Alleys, Chicago

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/ sep/25/what- ood-proof-city-china-dhakahouston#img-7emplein

SUB-OBJECTIVE 2

Water Square Benthemplein, Rotterdam

precedents A B C D

http://www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=wat erplein-benthemplein

Maintain and enhance green and blue networks for the community and biodiversity.

precedents

Floating Wetlands, Chicago (SASAKI 2020)

SUB-OBJECTIVE 3

Reduce carbon emission by adopting sustainable options.

precedents

https://urbannext.net/one-central-park/

Green Roofs

https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/ assets/pdf_ le/0006/109383/Green-roof-resou rce-manual-full-version.pdf

Adopt green roofs and green walls along high density new developments.

actions

A B C D A B

Implementing green grid to establish green connections throughout the site.

Protect and conserve existing conservation belts and natural reserves along the Parramatta river and Toongabbie creek.

Increase diversity of trees along the major roads and public spaces.

Reduce the impact of pollutants from storm water runo and drainage overow to improve water quality.

actions

Integrate Bicycle networks with transport infrastructure along the major roads.

New developments to achieve BASIX targets.

One Central Park, Sydney

Educating the community of aquatic ecosystem (SASAKI 2020)

COMBINED PRIORITY MAP

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE CONNECTIVITY

BAU

Based on the existing policy documents and proposals, the possible pattern of development is marked in the diagram. The housing and economic targets are realistic considering the current supply rate and is achievable within the current LEP controls.

The BAU model was then analysed using the character zoning and the our priority areas mapping. The major drawback of the model was the development is focused too much on 2 centres- Westmead and Parramatta CBD (for example 75% of the housing supply falls within only 3 of 8 character zones, while other zones also lacks social infrastructure supply). In fact this can be considered as a polished version of concentric circles model

So the main idea behind the alternate planning options is the ‘redistribution’ of this development pressure.

The surrounding zones seem to have really less density compared to the benchmarks. So the new option aims for density, utilising the potential of strategic centres

M T

Existing Heavy rail line

Light rail

Metro station

Railway station

T-ways

Commercial Core Mixed-Use

Westmead H & E Precinct

Western Sydney University

Enterprise Corridor

Industrial Jobs

Recreation

High Density Residential

Medium Density Residential Areas of Stability*

CONCEPT

The option 1 is developed keeping in consideration the current development pattern across the site. The river (which is the identity of Central River City) which is one of the signi cant natural assets of the site has given the centre stage along which all development is proposed. In this option, economic development has been kept in focus followed by other themes. The idea here is to establish economic hubs which further attracts the businesses and new residents thus eventually transforming the entire site. The already existing economic hubs i.e. the Parramatta CBD and the Westmead Health and Education Precinct, are further expanded along the river to enhance the economic growth thus generating more jobs.

This model is a compact model with concentration of economic activities along the river which makes it a high density model with pressure along the river fronts. Given that the model follows the existing trend of development with agglomeration along the existing economic hub, the overall development footprint of this model is low with maximum preservation of the existing site farthest from the river, maintaining the existing low density developments in these areas.

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

The second option is based on the concept of decentralisation where it aims to depressurise the existing economic centres by introducing new centres across the site particularly along transport nodes and large residential blocks of development. Unlike the BAU and option 1, the development starts from multiple nodes of the sites and gradually establishes a strong network of centres. The centres are identi ed according to their strategic location, potential for development and location of open spaces. These centres are further proposed to be linked by strong transportation networks and high density corridors. The idea behind this model is to enhance the liveability of the area by focussing on liveable principles where the job creation is kept in the background with projection rate adjusted to medium growth and priority is given to improve the living conditions. The economic growth rate is later increased because these areas would gradually develop once the residents begin to settle in.

The model would generate medium density developments scattered across the site with economic activities ourishing through them. Given that the model diverges from the current trend of development in existing economic hubs, it would change the current character of most of the neighbourhoods in the site with more development footprint compared to the rst option.

DECECENTRALISED MODEL

RIVER CITY MODEL

PHASING

PHASE 1 2020 2027

Economy: The stage 1 of the option involves maximising the utilisation of the economic centre i.e. the CBD to accommodate job growth. It consist of developments in the areas which have potential to grow and expand. The strategies involves a couple of changes to existing land controls and uses including increasing the low FSR in the CBD area such that it meets area character along with providing more space for jobs. Further, few land use changes are initiated for the second phase development to make space for more in ux of jobs.

Housing: focuses on more housing developments within the economic centre ( shop-top houses and mixed use towers).

Transport: 1st stage focus developing the already proposed light rail and metro along the southern corridor. Further the T-ways would be added to link the residential edges and boulevards would be added along Darcy Rd., O’Connell St, Pennant hill road, Isabella st.Victoria Rd and george street .The existing rail capacity would be increased by 20%.

Environment: Initial development would focus on enhancing the existing green spaces. Further the canopy coverage along the major streets of CBD would be increased and potential developments would be identi ed to advocate green infrastructure( Green walls and green roofs ) in high ood risk zones.

Social Infrastructure: the provision of social infrastructure and upgrade of open space aligned with economic and housing growth, rst develop around the proposed economic corridor, and area near westmead station.

PHASE 2

Economy: The second stage involves expansion of the CBD towards north and to the east along the proposed light rail stations and the expansion of the Westmead Health and Education Precinct towards the north to provide for more space for health care specialised jobs. Further, the second stage involves adaptive reuse along the CBD for small and medium business to t in. This stage also involves the change in the controls such as the increase in the FSR and initiated land use change for the development in the third stage.

Housing: More mid-rise high density units are added along the economic corridors in second phase. More dwellings in East Parramatta and development of high grade residences along the river. Medium density developments near Westmead hospital

Transport: In the second stage the metro would be added to the North towards church street connecting the northern strategic centres and the light rail would be extended towards church street and T-ways would run along the fringes of the site. The heavy rail capacity would be increased by 40%.

Environment: Canopy coverage would be increased along the streets of North Parramatta along the residential and transport infrastructure. The Church street would be enhanced by integrating permeable greening along with the bicycle links.

PHASE 3

Economy: Complete north and eastward expansion of the CBD with northmost areas to be kept for the small and medium businesses. The northward expansion with inclusion of the mixed use buildings promotes vibrancy and encourages night time economy activities.The eastward expansion along the light rail provides the opportunity to consolidate the land make space for A grade o ce developments. The views to the river further makes the area desirable to work in. Housing: More developments in Westmead and North Parramatta (with the development of health and education precinct). Wentworthville developed into denser residential areas catering to Westmead. More detached houses and dual occupancies in Brick eld hill and Victoria Rd. neighbourhood

Transport: By the third stage almost major connectivity development would be achieved except the existing light rail which would be increased to a capacity of 60% to attain the travel requirements.

Environment: Third stage would advocate the urban greening of Westmead integrating green solutions and increasing the extent of bicycle networks.

Figure : River city model, Phasing 1

Figure : River city model, Phasing 2

Figure : River city model, Phasing 3

DE CENTRALISED MODEL

PHASING

PHASE 1

Housing: Initial development of high density housing development in Brick eld hill around the open spaces. More developments near Westmead station

Transport: The major focus would be to develop the proposed Metro in Parramatta CBD and Westmead along with the light rail. New boulevards would be introduced along the major streets as Victoria Rd, Isabella Rd., Macarthur Street, O’connell street, Church Street, Pennant Hill road and darcy street. T- ways would be introduced to connect the new centres. The existing heavy rail capacity would be increased by 20%.

Environment: The rst phase will cater the development of green infrastructure along with the CBD and Victoria street to cater the ood risk zones and along with the economic centers.

Economy: The stage 1 begins with maximising the space utilisation in the CBD to accommodate for growing jobs. This stage involves initiating extensive land use changes across the site majorly along the Victoria Road for development of decentralised centres across the site.

Social Infrastructure: develop aligned with economic and housign growth,

PHASE 2

Housing: Mixed and high density development along Victoria road. More development near Wentworthville and Westmead station. Medium density developments and student housing in North Parramatta.

Transport: Second stage focus on extension of light rail along the Victoria road and extension of T-ways along the fringes of site. Metro station would be added on to the North Parramatta region along church street connecting the northern strategic centres. The capacity of existing heavy rail would be increased by 40%.

Environment: The second stage would further address the canopy coverage and green infrastructure in North Parramatta and Wentworthville. Advocating and integrating bicycle networks with green links and infrastructure.

Economy: Begin development along the Victoria road along with initiating land use change further towards WSU on Victoria Road and near the Wentworthville station. It also includes the expansion of the Westmead H&E Precinct towards the north.

PHASE 3

Housing: Centres getting denser. High density housing in Brick eld Hill neighbourhood. High density development near Wentworthville and Westmead transportation nodes. Mid rise-high density development along connection corridors between centres.

Transport: Major connectivity development would be completed by the third stage. Further the heavy rai capacity would be increased by 60% completing the phase.

Economy: Development in the areas where land use was initiated in the previous stage. The stage on completion will re ect economic decentralised centres spread across the site

Environment: The last phase will advocates the development of green infrastructure along the Westmead precinct.

Figure : Decentralised model, Phasing 1

Figure :Decentralised model, Phasing 2

Figure : Decentralised model, Phasing 3

EVALUATION INDICATORS

Economy

Diversity

The evaluation framework was developed based on the objectives of each theme and its associated Multi Criteria Analysis (refer Appendix) A indicator representing each sub-objective was identi ed and the options are rated according to how much the strategies are responding to them. It was identi ed that the option 1 performs better in terms of economy and environment, whereas the option 2 performs better in terms of livability.

The indicator advocates for diversity in types and time of jobs. Both options are quite diverse, but the option 1 have better adaptive reuse strategy to provide space for more diverse type of businesses.

Connectivity

The indicator describes continuity in the economic development and their accessibility to the transit nodes. The rst option has better connectedness and continuity along economic areas. Most of the economic areas are well accessible with light rail, metro, railways and t-ways. As for option 2, based on decentralised ideology is quite accessible but the does not have a continuity as the option 1.

Distribution

Distribution indicators evaluates the options based on the extent to which the economic areas cater to other areas i.e. how well they are distributed within the site. Although the option 2 ranks better having even distribution but in reality it is less viable.

Both the design options perform equally well based on the priority they are based on, with option 1 having better economic outcomes on the other hand option 2 is more liveable and centrality

OPTION 2 DECENTRALISED MODEL

Connectivity:

Accessibility

Even though the regional connectivity is increased in option 1 the local connection still remains weak as compared to option 2. The major connectivity corridor in option 1 lies along the river whereas in option 2 the connectivity is enhanced towards the fringes with focus on active transport. Option 2 provides better accessibility especially in local level.

Permeability

With the distribution of development to east and west option 2 creates a highly permeable zone which promotes active mode of transport and enhance the overall connectivity in the site. Whereas in option 1 the development is focused along the river hence the east and west still remain partly disconnected from the central core.

Active Transport

Option 2 with the redistribution of development along the corridor creates more active frontages and option for people to walk. Proposed boulevards help in enhancing and promoting active mode of transport in both the options. Overall option 2 performs better in terms of connectivity.

Social Infrastructure:

Equity

Although not all proposed infrastructures are marked out because of its small scale, we can still see that Option 2 provides better sense of community. Economy and housing are addressed in clusters, so there will be separate zones and the infrastructures will be provided accordingly. For option 1, the continuous developing mode may cause the problem of unevenly distribution.

Identity

For option 1, the strong vertical economic corridor is consistent with sequential heritage items, and the potential history walk. Adaptive reuse of existing heritage buildings as small business will attract more visitors, and it will also contributes to the activation of streets, hence improve community identity. For option 2, the church street will not be as strong and active compared to option1, it has negative in uence on the sequential experience, but create a sense of close community.

Accessibility

The accessibility is the main problem of local green space because of the concentration of green spaces at Parramatta Park and northern east, the problem of accessibility can be mitigated by adding scattered open spaces and enhance facilities. In option 2, integrated transport network strengthen the connection between east and west, thus enhance accessibility to major green space.

Housing:

Diversity

Even though the option 1 conserves more existing detached dwellings,Option 2 has more distributed housing development and achieves a better balance of dwelling typologies

Density Mix

The option 1 the densities are unevenly distributed. Option 1 allows the development of more medium density development, which is currently lacking in site.

A ordability

Both options perform equally in terms of a ordability. Both the models increases the housing density in major job centres to provide more number of a ordable housing. No speci c areas are marked for a ordable housing. Scope for inclusionary zoning and VPAs.

Overall option 2 has more percentage of houses compared to number of jobs. And it scores better in achieving the objectives.

Environment

Resilience

The indicator evaluates the options in providing better solutions in coping the threats of urban heat and ash oods in the area. Both the options stands equal evaluating this indicator.

Green

The indicator describes the measure of green infrastructure in the form of green grids, active transport and green solutions which is very much diverse in both the cases. However, option 1 provides better strategy to employ urban greening as it runs along the natural assets.

E ciency

The indicator measures the adoption of energy e ciency solutions across the options by addressing the BASIXS requirements,carbon emission from transport and water management systems, which results a little better in rst option.

OPTION 1

PROS CONS

Aligned with the existing (or already proposed) transportation corridor

Less footprint (minimum impact on existing low rise area)

Increased access to river

High-quality transport with less investment

Reduced car dependency

Highly mixed-use corridor

OPTION 2

Pressure on river

Inactive edges (boundaries) of site

Pressure on green areas

More high rise developments

PROS CONS

Less pressure on growth centres

Neighbourhood character with midrise buildings

Activating the edges of the site

Better connectivity

More distributed social infrastructure

+ More Resilient to pandemics

More feeder buses

High footprint of development

More zoning changes

The current situation of pandemic has disrupted the normal functioning of the city making it crucial to incorporate associated measures for its systematic functioning today as well as in the future

FINAL STRATEGY

Combining the best of two options developed in the previous section along with consideration of pandemic this section presents the Hybrid Model with details on its realisation on the site. It includes the theme based detailed action plan along with the associated policies required to develop the city which can be known as the second CBD of the Greater Sydney Region.

THE HYBRID MODEL

OPTION 3

The hybrid model is developed taking into consideration the best of both ‘option 1River City Model’ and ‘option 2 - Decentralised Model’. The option 1 demonstrates best economic output with more number of jobs compared to option 2 and BAU. Further, the option 2, represents better living conditions with better output in terms of liveability. Also, given the current scenario of pandemic, option 2 provides the opportunity to develop self-sustained communities which in a given similar situation would better facilitate the resident movement. The self-sustained communities would comprise of the services which are required on a daily basis by the residents.

The hybrid model from option 1 takes the development along the river wherever it is feasible which is around the CBD and the Westmead Health and Education Precinct. From option 2, the decentralised centres are identi ed based on the existing infrastructure and extent of inactivity in the area.

PHASE 1

Given the Covid 19 situation, the rst phase aims to stabilize the current economy and take measures to ensure the identi ed neighbourhoods are self-sustained if such situation arises again. The rst phase of the hybrid model focuses on advocating the changes required to develop decentralised centres across the site for making the identi ed neighbourhoods self-sustained. It includes rezoning the land uses in the Victoria Neighbourhood and Brick eld HIll neighbourhood from predominantly a residential area to a mixed-use area to incorporate diverse economic activities. It includes the addition of mixed-use development that would not only provide in ux of economic activities but would increase the vibrancy of the neighbourhoods. Other decentralised centres include rezoning of land in North Parramatta, Toongabbie Creek and Wentworthville neighbourhoods. Further the plan aims at strengthening the jobs in the existing economic hubs which i.e. in the CBD and the Westmead Health and Education Precinct. It follows the approach of development along the river where the rezoning is initiated eastward of the CBD along the river and on the north of river in the case of Westmead H & E precinct which is also along the river. The improvement in public domain along the Church Street would enhance the business environment and further make area desirable attracting more

investment. Apart from stabilising the economy the plan targets at providing su cient social infrastructure to cater to the current diverse and growing population. It involves improvement of the existing educational centres in the CBD along with providing waterfront recreational areas which would eventually foster economic growth. Given the threat of ooding and urban heat islands particularly in the CBD, the plan includes policy of increasing and improving the existing tree canopy. Also, the inclusion of water sensitive design along the riverfront would aid in alleviating the issue. To further physically connect the two existing economic hubs the amenity along the green link within the Parramatta Park is to be improved. To house the increasing population and provide diversity in housing options, new medium and high-density housing along the transport nodes i.e. Westmead and Wentworthville railway station within in mixed use buildings is proposed. To improve the connectivity around and from the CBD to other neighbourhoods with new proposed economic centres in Brick eld Hill, Parramatta North and Toongabbie Creek, new T-Ways connection along with the light rail are proposed. Further, an increase of 20% in heavy rail capacity is proposed.

Figure

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Greenspace development

Residential

Social Infrastructure

Northern and Eastern extension of CBD

Strengthening connectivity on fringes

PHASE 2

After stabilising the economy in the phase 1, the phase 2 is focussed on enhancing the economic growth by promoting increase in all sectors of jobs along with matching population growth by providing su cient housing, social infrastructure and e cient transport system in a sustainable environment. To promote diversity a mix of measures have been adopted. Initiating the rezoning along the proposed light rail to the east for further expansion of the CBD towards the Clay Cli creek neighbourhood. In the Brick eld Hill and Victoria Road Neighbourhood along the newly developed T-ways, adjacent to the expanded CBD, a range of mixed-use developments are proposed to foster day as well night-time economy. These developments would have a mix of commercial and residential use increasing vibrancy of the area. Further towards northward expansion of the CBD, a new commercial core around the proposed light rail stations providing su cient place for A-Grade o ces will be developed. The new business development north of Westmead H&E precinct, would render space for new research and health practices. The new decentralised economic centre along the Victoria Road, would contain a mix of o ce, business, retail spaces. To overcome the Covid 19 situation policies suggesting the provision of co-working space is promoted to provide a place to work within the neighbourhood. To provide commercial space for the

Development of local centres

Social infrastructure developement in Central parramatta

small and medium businesses within the CBD, the adaptive reuse of the heritage conservation area is proposed. Also programs such as CoP ‘Easy to do Business’, would be enabled to encourage the local and small businesses to come forward. Along the Church street adjacent to the adaptive reuse development, the emergence of new USYD campus and existing Bankwest Stadium strengthen its character as a future culture precinct. Cultural events and heritage walk will also be introduced in this area. Apart from these new proposals maximising the potential of existing green parks is proposed. Incorporation of ‘NSW Share Our Program’would enable the upgraded school facilities to share be shared by the all members of the community on weekends and holidays. These initiatives would cater to the social needs for the growing population. Further, for new decentralised centres rezoning around the Wentworthville railway station is initiated. A major housing project along in the Brick eld Hill neighbourhood encompassing the Doyle Ground is proposed. The new high density housing with increased FSR would provide the opportunity to develop the VPA for capturing a part of total pro t towards the a ordable housing contribution. The addition of student housing adjacent to the

small and medium businesses within the CBD, the adaptive reuse of the heritage conservation area is proposed. Also programs such as CoP ‘Easy to do Business’, would be enabled to encourage the local and small businesses to come forward. Along the Church street adjacent to the adaptive reuse development, the emergence of new USYD campus and existing Bankwest Stadium strengthen its character as a future culture precinct. Cultural events and heritage walk will also be introduced in this area. Apart from these new proposals maximising the potential of existing green parks is proposed. Incorporation of ‘NSW Share Our Program’ would enable the upgraded school facilities to share be shared by the all members of the community on weekends and holidays. These initiatives would cater to the social needs for the growing population. Further, for new decentralised centres rezoning around the Wentworthville railway station is initiated. A major housing project along in the Brick eld Hill neighbourhood encompassing the Doyle Ground is proposed. The new high density housing with increased FSR would provide the opportunity to develop the VPA for capturing a part of total pro t towards the a ordable housing contribution. The addition of student housing adjacent to the

upcoming University of Sydney Campus would increase housing diversity for students in the area. Further an in ux of high density housing along the Westmead and Wentworthville would cater to the population growth. These new developments is proposed to be connected by new T-way connection that would run along the periphery of the site connecting to the previously proposed T-ways. Further, new light rail station in between the Toongabbie Creek and North Parramatta neighbourhood along the Church Street is proposed to serve these neighbourhoods and provide grounds for further development. Moreover, an increase of 40% in the heavy rail is suggested. Policies for the new developments to comply with the sustainable guidelines developed based on the typology is to be introduced to minimise energy emissions and to promote the waste management & water harvesting system. Residential buildings to comply with BASIX targets with commercial buildings required to achieve 5 star NABERS rating. Further, in the Brick eld Hill neighbourhood, to mitigate ooding, water square along the proposed high density housing is to be introduced.

upcoming University of Sydney Campus would increase housing diversity for students in the area. Further an in ux of high density housing along the Westmead and Wentworthville would cater to the population growth. These new developments is proposed to be connected by new T-way connection that would run along the periphery of the site connecting to the previously proposed T-ways. Further, new light rail station in between the Toongabbie Creek and North Parramatta neighbourhood along the Church Street is proposed to serve these neighbourhoods and provide grounds for further development. Moreover, an increase of 40% in the heavy rail is suggested. Policies for the new developments to comply with the sustainable guidelines developed based on the typology is to be introduced to minimise energy emissions and to promote the waste management & water harvesting system. Residential buildings to comply with BASIX targets with commercial buildings required to achieve 5 star NABERS rating. Further, in the Brick eld Hill neighbourhood, to mitigate ooding, water square along the proposed high density housing is to be introduced.

Figure :

Greenspace development

Residential development

Mixed use development

Initiating land use change/ Amalgamation

The nal phase includes the full development of the decentralised models in the Brick eld Hill, Westmead and Wentworthville neighbourhoods. Further the development of the entreprise corridor along Western Sydney University and the upcoming University Campus would provide the students a a ordable space to growth their small businesses and startups. The enterprise corridor along the universities would provide with an opportunity and a successful place for networking with professionals working in the CBD and Westmead. To cater to increasing population more housing and associated social infrastructure is further proposed. High density housing along the new economic centres in the Westmead and Wentworthville, along with medium density housing along the economic belt of Church Street and north of Parramatta River provides with diverse housing options. With increase in the residences the existing open spaces are suggested to be improved along with provision of new parks. Further, with the new University of Sydney Campus, more social infrastructure within and outside the campus is to be provides accessible to whole community. To alleviate the pressure on the public transport predicted because of the

development of the enterprise corridor along church street along with the upcoming university campus and to serve the visitors and the increasing population new metro station is to be developed along the church street. Additionally a increase of 60% in heavy rail capacity is proposed. Expanding green links in areas of high density housing (brick eld hill development, westmead and wentworthville economic centres). Further, adoption of green solutions such as green walls and green roof in high density developments particularly in CBD and Westmead to mitigate the impact of urban heat island and oodings is proposed.

Existing Heavy rail line

Existing T-way

Proposed T-way

Light rail

Extension of Light rail

Boulevards

Metro station

Railway station

T-ways

Public Domain Improvements

Commercial Core

Mixed-Use

Westmead H & E Precinct

Neighbourhood Centre

Local Centre

Adaptive Reuse - Small Business Enterprise Corridor

Business Development

Industrial Jobs

Adaptive Reuse - Night Market

Cultural Precincts

Areas of Stability*

High Density Residential

Medium Density Residential

Urban Greening

Educational Use

Proposed Green Space

Recreational Space

FSR Change

Tree Canopy

PHASING

PHASE 3

Figure : Phasing

The structural phasing maps are combined with the character mapping of the site which demonstrates the development priority in each neighbourhood. The advocacy period presented in the bar diagram represents time given for changes in status of the land. It includes rezoning of land, amalgamation of plots, disintegration of blocks, Community consultation, funding management and similar proposals. The development period depicts the actual physical development on the site. The neighbourhoods for developments are prioritised based on the existing infrastructure

Westmead

Central CBD

Brick eld

Parramatta North

Toongabbie Creek

Victoria Rd. Neighbourhood

Claycli Creek

Wentworthville

Claycli Creek Development

Figure : Key Map

Figure : Phasing

Response to Planning Priorities :

C7, C8, C9, C11, C12

Public Domain Improvements

Commercial Core

Mixed-Use

Westmead H & E Precinct

Neighbourhood Centre

Local Centre

Adaptive Reuse - Small Business

Enterprise Corridor

Business Development

Industrial Jobs

ACTIONS

Sub-objective 1

Generate new and safeguard existing specialised and professional jobs.

Action 1A. Expand the Parramatta CBD.

Parramatta CBD generates most of the jobs in the area. The expansion of the CBD would promote generation of professional jobs such as the jobs in the nance and public administration sector. The Parramatta is identi ed to be expanded towards the north and the east along with the proposed Light Rail network. It would provide an opportunity to develop high density commercial space along the stations

Action 1B. Create commercial and o ce spaces utilising the proposed transport infrastructure

The proposed connections – T –ways around in the Victoria and Brick eld neighbourhoods provides connection to the CBD. These spaces are identi ed to be rezoned from residential to mixed use vibrant zones. Further, the areas around the proposed metro and light rail stations are to be realised into A-Grade o ce spaces which are lacking in the site.

Action 1C. Enable improvement of public domain to improve the business environment.

The existing public domain in the CBD commercial core does not support economic activities rendering dull streets. The public domain improvements particularly in the commercial core and in the Westmead area is identi ed as a priority action to improve business environment thus attracting more businesses. .

Action 1D. Improve connectivity within and beyond the site. Improving connectivity beyond the site allows skilled workers to access jobs. The proposed metro stations, new T-ways and the proposed light rail strengthens commuting experience within and beyond site.

Action 1E. Expand Westhead H&E precinct.

The Westmead H&E Precinct comprises healthcare jobs and expansion towards the north on the existing industrial land would enable more space for research and healthcare services.

Sub-objective 2

Empower and support small and medium business enterprises.

Action 2A. Minimising constraints such as administration work through policy supports.

Opening up businesses requires an enormous administration work which discourages the small businesses from coming forward given they do not have any external help to handle the administration work. Programs such as the City of Parramatta’s ‘Easy to do Business program’ enable the council to minimise the administration work to reduce complexities for small business owners.

Action 2B. Promote small events to encourage local businesses to come forward.

Temporary events which do not require space to be rented for long contracts are a ordable and attract small businesses. Events such as the farmers’ market, night market and fresh produce markets are few options which enable small businesses to access a ordable space in highly desirable areas.

Action 2C. Develop enterprise corridors for continuous economic ow.

The enterprise corridors allow small and medium enterprises to use the space as warehouses for storage. These are especially suitable for online businesses. The areas adjacent to the existing Western Sydney University and upcoming University of Sydney are identi ed as the areas for development of Enterprise corridor. These enterprise corridors along the universities would provide an opportunity and a successful place for networking with professionals working in the CBD and Westmead.

Sub-objective 3

Improve economic activities to underpin both day and night economy

Action 3A. Enhance heritage sites to develop the visitor economy. The development of heritage sites into destinations increases visitor numbers thus promoting tourism economy. It further, provides cultural connectedness within the community. Parramatta is known for its rich history and associated heritage sites which provides an opportunity to enhance visitor economy which also responds to planning priorities of the Central City District Plan.

Action 3B. Develop local centres within residential areas.

The development of local centres in the sites is developed as a measure to overcome any situation such as the current pandemic scenario. The residential neighbourhoods – Brick eld Hill, Victoria and Wentworthville are identi ed to incorporate local centres to stir economic activities. It is further suggested that these local centres include co-working space which allows people to work within the neighbourhood so as to combat any such pandemic situation in the future..

Action 3C. Provide mixed uses along the Church Street having a combination of day and night-time economy

Church Street is a dull street which lacks both day as well as night economy. Mixed uses make the street vibrant and provide a sense of security for the pedestrians. It enables easy transition to night-time economic activities. Church Street is identi ed as a strategic street as the light rail is proposed and has the opportunities to incorporate mixed uses around it.

Action 3D. Improve public domain and amenities considering safety particularly for night-time activities.

Security is one of the major issues associated with the night-time economy in Parramatta. Church Street along with the streets along with the light rail development is identi ed to be provided with CCTVs for continuous monitoring. Further improvement in public domain in terms of amenities are also suggested.

The Westmead H&E Precinct comprises healthcare jobs and expansion towards the north on the existing industrial land would enable more space for research and healthcare services.

CONNECTIVITY

Response to Planning Priorities : C1, C9

Existing Heavy rail line

Existing T-way

Proposed T-way

Light rail

Extension of Light rail

Boulevards

Metro station

Railway station

T-ways

Public Domain Improvements

ACTIONS

Sub-objective 1

Improvise the regional connectivity of Parramatta to East and west CBD as well North & South strategic centres.

Action 1A. Increase the capacity of the existing heavy rail

Heavy rail is at present the major transportation connecting the site beyond it. It is going to be a signi cant mode of transportation connecting more people than ever. It is suggested the current capacity of the heavy rail will be increased gradually. 20% addition in capacity in the phase 1 of development followed by 40% increase in phase 2 and lastly 60% increase in the capacity in the third stage

Action 1B. Extending the proposed metro further west towards greater Penrith and adding new lines towards Liverpool, Epping, Norwest, and Kogarah & Bankstown.

Parramatta CBD is going to be the second CBD and linking it to the adjacent centres is essential in terms of providing safe and e cient commuting experience. Also, connecting the site with adjacent strategic centres allows economic growth beyond site. The proposed metro station on Church Street in the North Parramatta neighbourhood would not only connect beyond the site but would serve the students and other residents.

Sub-objective 2

Enhance the local connectivity by introducing diverse commute options

Action 2A. Adding on to the existing T-ways to enhance connectivity within the neighbourhood.

The site lacks internal connectivity to form the existing economic centres. Victoria Road, Isabella Street, Pennant Hills Road and O’Connell Street have been identi ed where new T-ways are to be established. These would have high frequency and stops in close vicinity providing e cient and quick travel within the site. Also, these T-ways lay down the ground to connect the future decentralised centres. These new T-ways along with the existing T-ways would strengthen the within site movement.

Action 2B. Extending the proposed Light rail north towards the church street

The north Parramatta is identi ed as an area of several interventions. It involves the PNUT enabling development of heritage sites thus more visitors. Further, the upcoming University of Sydney Campus would increase the student population and thus the pressure on the existing modes of the transportation. The expansion of the light rail towards the north would facilitate the visitor, student as well as the resident movement.

Sub-objective 3

Strengthening and promoting active mode of transportation

Action 3A. Pedestrian priority zones within CBD with enhanced street amenities and crossings to create a walkable environment.

Parramatta has high proportions of private vehicle usage. It is further worsened by the lack of walkable streets. Church Street, Victoria Road, George Street and Hawkesbury road are identi ed to incorporate road amenities such that the pedestrian feels safe.

Action 3B. Adding on to the existing bicycle lanes to integrate with regional network

There are no signi cant bicycle networks within the site. Introduction of the bicycle network will promote active transportation and reduce the bicycle accidents in the area. Further, as mentioned in GSRP, these networks would further be connected to the Principal Bicycle network enhancing connectivity beyond the site.

Action 3C. Developing the pedestrian link between Westmead H&E precinct and Parramatta CBD to improve east west connectivity.

Westmead Health and Education Precinct and CBD are the main economic hubs and lack connectivity. There exists a link through Parramatta Park but due to lack of amenities it is underused. This link is proposed to be improved to incorporate new amenities such that it is used to its full potential.

Action 3D. Disintegrate large urban blocks to create a pedestrian friendly environment

To increase the permeability of the site for more pedestrian friendly experience, the large locks wherever possible are proposed to be disintegrated. Areas adjacent to the waterfront towards the south of the river are identi ed to incorporate pedestrian access which would further lead to the river

VISIONHOUSING

Response to Planning Priorities : C5

Areas of Stability*

High Density Residential

Medium Density Residential

*Low density areas with minimum changes. Policies to conserve the existing detached dwellings

ACTIONS

Sub-objective 1

To provide a proportionate number of housing typologies supporting di erent household sizes

Action 1A. Providing more 1 bedroom dwellings for lone persons and families without children.

The demographics of Parramatta is changing with the increase in the number of lone people without children. However, the site lacks one bedroom units owing to its existing character. To provide suitable housing for them, 1 bedroom units are proposed.

Action 1B. student accommodation towards Westmead and North Parramatta

The higher education is expanding and so is the number of students in the site. To house them and provide them with housing diversity, student accommodations are proposed. In north Parramatta, adjacent to the upcoming University of Sydney, the area is identi ed for developing student accommodation and whereas in Westmead the housing is proposed adjacent to the Western Sydney University Campus.

Action 1C. More multi dwelling houses and dual occupancies. Given the low density character of the site, transition to high density near the centres needs to be smooth. Medium density housing such as the multi dwellings and dual occupancies are to be developed in the transition zones. These dwellings increase the density without transforming the overall character of the site.

Action 1D. Housing diversity precincts to accommodate more detached houses and mid-rise apartments for families.

The site has a very low density character towards the north and the east. To preserve the character and overall identity, in ll detached and courtyards apartments are proposed to increase density without much disruption.

Action 2C. Provision for high density housing along the transit corridor and in ll developments.

Supporting the vision of a 30 minute city, it is crucial to locate maximum new residential developments along the transit corridor. High density housing along the proposed light rail on the Church Street is proposed in the form of mixed use developments

Action 2D. Creating mixed density housing estates around identi ed green open spaces. Development around already existing greenspace would increase the vitality of the space. Doyle Ground Housing development is one such development proposed in the Brick eld Hill neighbourhood.

Sub-objective 3

Action 3A. Incorporate SEPP 70 to achieve the a ordable housing delivery targets in growth precincts.

To alleviate the negative impact of gentri cation such as displacement of the people belonging to the lower socio-economic groups, a contribution for a ordable housing as well as a ordable rental housing is made.

Action 3B. Employ VPAs to deliver a ordable housing in locations where SEPP 70 cannot apply.

To prevent the vulnerable group from being pushed out of the site due to increasing rent and property prices because of high demand, it is essential to provide a ordable housing. The major housing developments such as the Doyle Ground Project, where the FSR are signi cantly increased, the developer has to enter into a VPA to contribute towards development of a ordable housing.

Action 3C. Provisions for a ordable student hostels in North and East Parramatta.

To provide students with a ordable housing, dedicated student housing adjacent to the upcoming university of Sydney campus is proposed towards the north of the site. Further, towards the east the a ordable student housing is proposed near the Western Sydney University Campus.

Sub-objective 2

To create a balanced mix of high, medium and low-density housing

Action 2A. Rezoning the land on the Northern side of the river to accommodate more medium density development.

The south of the river is characterised by high density developments whereas the north of the river is majorly categorised by low density housing. The area north of the river along the Victoria Road is undergoing major transformation resulting in increased FSR. In the north of Parramatta, to keep pace with the adjacent development and mark smooth transition from south of the river, medium density housing is proposed.

Action 2B. Conserving the existing detached houses

The north and east of the site – Toongabbie Creek Area, North Parramatta, and Brick eld Hill and Victoria neighbourhoods - are characterised as low density housing developments. Detached housing provides identity to the area and needs to be preserved when the whole of the site is undergoing transformation. The farthest north and east area is proposed to be preserved with the exception of in ll detached housing.

To ensure an adequate supply of a ordable housing to support key workers

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Response to Planning Priorities :C3, C4, C6

Public Domain Improvements

Local Centre

Adaptive Reuse - Night Market

Cultural Precincts

Educational Use

Proposed Green Space

Recreational Space

ACTIONS

Sub-objective 1

Enable proportionate delivery of community facilities aligned with housing and economic growth.

Action 1A. Update schedules of works for growing areas to ensure proper understanding of growing needs.

Identify and target areas with new developments particularly the areas with high density developments to incorporate required social infrastructure. The Housing development near the Doyle Park, area adjacent to the upcoming University of Sydney campus and the high rise developments near the transportation nodes –Westmead and Wentworthville are some of the critical areas identi ed to be developed as priority.

Action 1B. Create and develop neighbourhood centres to support immediate community.

Identify the areas with minimum or no activity zones in integration with the economic growth opportunity to propose neighbourhood centres. Areas such as Victoria, Brick eld Hill, North Parramatta, and Wentworthville are zones of minimum or no activities and are identi ed to incorporate neighbourhood centres.

Action 1C. Introduce more soft and hard social infrastructure according to local demographic characteristics and future population growth.

Identifying the percentage of various age groups and ethnic groups, amenities and infrastructure suitable to all should be developed. Students, children, and the working population are the major identi ed groups in di erent neighbourhoods.

Action 1D. Guidelines of decision making, staging and funding mechanism to ensure the provision of community facilities.

An integrated framework incorporating other developments should be delivered to channelize proper funding to ensure proportional social infrastructure.

Action 1E. Develop active street frontage with concern of vibrancy and safety.

To foster vibrancy by using streets as places as mentioned in the Central City District Plan, the CBD streets with no minimum active frontages are identi ed to incorporate economic and other activities. It includes the Philip Street, George Street, Marsden Street and Macarthur Street are identi ed for urban realm improvements to be used as a place.

enhance the visitor economy in the site but would also foster cultural connectedness within the community. Heritage sites such as the Female Factory, Old Government House, Fleet Street Heritage Precinct, Lancer Barracks, George Street Gate House and many more can be converted into tourist sites for dual bene ts of increasing the visitor economy and fostering a sense of belonging within the community.

Action 2B. Introduce history walk programmes and enhance adaptive reuse of heritage sites to promote local characteristics and identity.

Establishing heritage walk programmes by connecting the heritage sites listed above via interactive route would further attract the visitors into the site thus enhancing the visitor economy. The maintenance of heritage conservation areas and converting them into structures to be suitable for possible uses such as cafes, boutiques would not only retain the character and identity of the site, but further maintain the environmental sustainability as it reduces the development footprint by reusing the area for new use.

Sub-objective 3

Maximise the use of existing open space and provide new open space.

Action 3A. Improve pedestrian access to existing open spaces and water foreshore

Improving pedestrian access responds to the healthy social infrastructure underpinned by the Central City District Plan. Further, open spaces and water shores provide the opportunity to develop recreational and socialising space. A policy ‘Riverfront Development’ is developed which aims to develop the river fronts incorporating space for community events along with restaurants fostering economic development as well.

Action 3B. Provide varied facilities to encourage recreational and passive activities, and sport and cultural events.

Development of recreation, sport and cultural activities foster social connectedness within the community. Identify areas where such events are feasible and can be organised to develop area speci c policies. Given the cultural diversity of Parramatta, a policy named ‘Culturally diverse Parramatta’ is devised which focuses on maintaining the area’s diversity by organising theme based events respecting all cultures.

Action 3C. Incorporate programs to make school facilities available for the community during holidays and weekends

Sub-objective 2

Enhance destinations which support heritage places and community characteristics.

Action 2A. Promote access to key heritage destinations like female factory, old government house.

Developing and providing access to the heritage sites will not only

Sharing existing facilities enables the entire community to feel socially connected. Spaces such as the lecture rooms, open spaces, grounds, libraries, sports facilities of a school or university can be utilised on the weekends by the community to socially interact with each other by organising di erent activities such open sky movies, weekend markets etc. A policy ‘NSW share our space’ program is an example which allows to share such facilities and should be incorporated by the universities and schools where feasible.

VISION ENVIRONMENT

Response to Planning Priorities

: C13, C16, C17, C19, C20

Public Domain Improvements Green Street

Proposed Green Space

Recreational Space

Proposed Wetlands/ Water plazza

ACTIONS

Sub-objective 1

Mitigating the e ect of Urban Heat and Reducing the risk of Flash Floods

Action 1A. Increase urban tree canopy and use permeable pavements along the major streets.

Parramatta CBD is prone to ash ooding being developed along the river. Urban tree cover provides water retention properties and should be incorporated in the identi ed areas. George Street, Philip Street, Macquarie Street. Smith Street and O’Connell Roads are identi ed to be most impacted from the ash oods and increase of the canopy cover is suggested.

Action 1B. Replace the existing hard-surfaced car parking areas with permeable green spaces like bio-swales and rain gardens.

Provision of permeable surfaces have water retention qualities thus provision of the same can mitigate impacts of ash oods. Provision of permeable surfaces along the streets identi ed for urban tree cover provides additional bene ts. Replacing hard surface with permeable surface further also aids in mitigating urban heat islands.

Action 1C. Integrate water squares with social infrastructure and residential areas.

Water squares provide dual bene ts as a place for social interaction and in times oods can hold water thus preventing oods. A similar approach near the Doyle Ground Housing Project is applied where a sunken place for social interaction is proposed which in case of oods would prevent the immediate damage

Action 1D. Adopt green roofs and green walls along high density new developments.

Urban Head Island is another major issue in the site because of the rapid development which the site has experienced. The urban heat islands can be mitigated by adopting measures such as the green roofs and walls.

Sub-objective

2

Maintain and enhance green and blue networks for the community and biodiversity.

Action 2A. Implementing green grid to establish major green connections throughout the site.

Environmental sustainability is enhanced by connecting the existing green spaces. GSRP has further stated the advancement of the Sydney Green Grid connecting the green spaces throughout Greater Sydney. Identifying the green spaces such as the Doyle Ground, PM Je ery Reserve, Barton Park and Dan Mahoney Reserve in Brick eld Hill neighbourhood are to be connected green connection

Action 2B. Protect and conserve existing conservation belts and natural reserves in the area.

Parramatta is home to a number of reserves and conservation belts. These are home to several biodiversity species. Various riverfront developments threaten these species and need to be

conserved. Parramatta River, Hunts Creek, Toongabbie creek and Mills Creek are identi ed as the water foreshore areas in critical need for conservation strategies.

Action 2C. Increase diversity of trees along the major roads and public spaces.

To ourish the biodiversity requires diversity in ora. The streets identi ed for urban tree canopy cover enhancement are further to include diverse ora options.

Action 2D. Reduce the impact of pollutants from stormwater runo and drainage over ow to improve water quality.

The Parramatta River provides recreational services for the community. It is essential to maintain and improve its water quality. Measures along the stormwater drains are proposed to cease the ow of pollutants. This is in line with the vision of the City of Parramatta’s River Strategy.

Sub-objective 2

Reduce carbon emission by adopting sustainable options

Action 3A. Integrate Bicycle networks with transport infrastructure along the major roads.

Integrating with the Connectivity actions, the bicycle network is proposed along the major roads, along the Parramatta River connecting various public spaces thus minimising the carbon emissions. Further, these networks are to be connected with the Principal Bicycle network.

Action 3B. New developments to achieve BASIX targets and NABERS rating.

To improve environmental sustainability along with continuous development in the area, it is essential to incorporate minimum rating systems for new developments in the area. The residential developments are proposed to achieve a certain minimum rating whereas the commercial developments are suggested to achieve a certain minimum NABERS ratings which are based on e cient management of energy, water and waste.

Commercial Core

Mixed Use

Enterprise Corridor

High Density Residential

Medium Density Residential

Westmead H&E Precinct

Educational uSE

Industrial Jobs

Business Development

Neighbourhood Centre

Local Centre

Adaptive Reuse

FOCUS AREAS

The site has undergone enormous transformation in terms of new developments and interventions to develop the site into an important strategic centre of the Greater Sydney Region. The transformations are signi cantly based on promoting diversity and development along the river. The three focus areas picked for further detailing are such chosen that are greatly transformed and require critical urban design details

3.Church Street

2.Brickfield Hill

1.Riverwalk

PRIORITY AREA: 1

RIVER WALK

The existing riverfront of the Parramatta River serves as a route for pedestrians and cyclists with minimal or no waterfront activities and lacks vibrancy. Hence, the area is proposed to provide a vibrant waterfront experience by amalgamating economic activities, social infrastructure and natural environment.

The development of river walk is guided by various policies targets in enhancing riverfront development, all-time economy and managing blue and green networks. Riverwalk would be supported by mixed-use development, to promote diversity in economic activities and community spaces to increase the vibrancy of the area. Integration of permeable pedestrian access to the river would also enhance the river city experience for the public. The provision of food outlets along the river walk would foster the economy of the area which would be supported by improvement in public realm to provide a sense of safety at the night time. Further to mitigate the urban heat island and ooding issues in the area the river foreshore would be enhanced by water sensitive urban design and the new developments in the area are to be achieved high-performance standards to reduce energy emissions.

The precedent of Chicago riverfront development has helped in envisioning a vibrant river walk that amalgamates the bene ts of ecology, economy and recreation all together.

Riverfront Development:

Provision of event space along the river to increase vibrancy. Provision of mixed use developments to promote diversity in economic activities.

Increase access to the river by making area permeable for easy pedestrian access.

All time economy:

Develop A-grade o ce space near the public transport nodes and providing views of the Parramatta river.

Encourage food outlets along the river front development with eastward expansion of CBD. This would foster day as well as night-time economy.

Improved public realm to provide sense of safety particularly at night time.

Managing Blue and Green:

Increase in the urban tree canopy cover to alleviate the threat of ooding and urban heat island.

Provision of permeable pathways to mitigate ooding. New developments along the river to achieve the high performance standards to reduce energy emissions and have minimum impact on river.

Mixed-Use

Source:https://www.theurbanlist.com/brisbane/a-list /brisbane-new-waterfront-dining-precinct

Figure 1: Chicago River front development Source:https://www.sasaki.com/projects /chicago-riverwalk/

Figure 2: Water Front Food precinct, Brisbane Proposed development

Figure 3: Kingstreet Wharf, Sydney Source: http://kingstreetwharf.com.au/

Figure 3: Water front development, Wenzhou,China Source: https://www.archdaily.com

Figure 3: West Melbourne Waterfront development Source: https://architectureau.com/articles/council-approval-paves-ways-for-28ha-mixed-use-development-in-industrial-west-

PRIORITY AREA:2

BRICKFIELD HILL

Brick eld Hill houses a poorly managed and underutilized green space. However, the area has great potential to develop into a dynamic place to cater to the growing population in the area. Hence, the strategic plan visualized the place to be a high-density residential development supported by the adequate amount of community facilities and pedestrian amenities.

The brick eld development is supported by the policies to enhance economic diversity, housing for all, blue-green management, active connectivity, and inclusive infrastructure. These policies would guide Brick eld to grow into a highly walkable high-density residential neighbourhood adjacent to the economic centre. The development is similar to the precedent of Waterloo estate development and would be bene ted by the inclusion of an already existing network of green open spaces. The upzoning of the area would also facilitate inclusion of a ordable housing emplying SEPP 70. The adjacent enterprise corridor would promote local businesses and coworking spaces to cater to university students and young professionals in the area. Further, the development would encourage people to walk and cycle by improvising street connections and pedestrian amenities. Also, the water square integrated with community plaza would also help in water harvesting at the times of ooding, similar to the precedent of Water Square Benthemplein. The water square would act as a place of public recreation on normal days, but would also provide the bene t of storing water at the time of heavy rainfalls to prevent the area from ooding.

Policies

Housing for All:

Provide high density housing adjacent to economic center to develop into a walkable neighbourhood.

Inclusion of A ordable housing in terms of contribution or physical stock.

Economic Diversity: Managing Blue and Green:

Development of small business and retail outlets to boost local economy.

Encourage co-working spaces that caters to the university students and young professionals in the area

Inclusion of water sensitive measures to mitigate ooding. Increase in the urban tree canopy cover to alleviate the threat of ooding and urban heat island.

Active connectivity:

Strengthening public transport networks to better connect the residential to work and recreation.

All land use zones will contain objectives which articulate a desire to encourage walking and cycling.

All routes involving roundabouts are to consider best practice possible to cyclist visibility and safety.

Inclusive infrastructure:

Provision of plazas in adjacent high density development to cater to commercial and recreational activities for people of all ages and disabilities.

Enhancing existing open space with new amenities to serve the growing population.

http://www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfo-

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-15/bentley-360-neigh-

https://www.buildsydney.com/mel-

Figure : Melrsoe Park Proposed Development, Sydney Source:

rose-park-development/urb-of-freiburg-im-92549670.html

Figure : Bentley 360 neighbourhood park, Western Australia Source:

bourhood-park/9763094?nw=0l

Figure : Water Square Benthemplein, Rotterdam Source:

lio=waterplein-benthempleinl

CHURCH STREET

Brick eld Hill houses a poorly managed and underutilized green space. However, the area has great potential to develop into a dynamic place to cater to the growing population in the area. Hence, the strategic plan visualized the place to be a high-density residential development supported by the adequate amount of community facilities and pedestrian amenities.

The brick eld development is supported by the policies to enhance economic diversity, housing for all, blue-green management, active connectivity, and inclusive infrastructure. These policies would guide Brick eld to grow into a highly walkable high-density residential neighbourhood adjacent to the economic centre. The development is similar to the precedent of Waterloo estate development and would be bene ted by the inclusion of an already existing network of green open spaces. The upzoning of the area would also facilitate inclusion of a ordable housing emplying SEPP 70. The adjacent enterprise corridor would promote local businesses and coworking spaces to cater to university students and young professionals in the area. Further, the development would encourage people to walk and cycle by improvising street connections and pedestrian amenities. Also, the water square integrated with community plaza would also help in water harvesting at the times of ooding, similar to the precedent of Water Square Benthemplein. The water square would act as a place of public recreation on normal days, but would also provide the bene t of storing water at the time of heavy rainfalls to prevent the area from ooding.

Leveraging Cultural and Heritage Assets:

Provision of diverse cultural facilities and programs including heritage walk and night markets promoting local identity, character and boost economic growth.

Promote the cultural life particularly focus on O’Connell Street , strengthening existing key historic and cultural precincts. Adaptive reuse of existing heritage conservation area for small and medium local businesses promoting economic diversity.

All time economy:

Provision of plazas in key areas near future transportation nodes to support cultural, commercial and recreational activities for people of all ages and disabilities.

Enhance the walking experience along the Church street promoting pedestrian connectivity between the economic spine and western recreational and cultural precincts. Identify potential heritage sites as future place to provide more social infrastructure for people with all backgrounds in responding to growing population.

Managing Blue and Green:

Increase in the urban tree canopy cover to alleviate the threat of urban heat island.

Connecting existing parks to the green links.

Early Education/Out-of-Hours-School care

Community Services

Community Space

Library&Community Hub

Adaptive Reuse Night Market

Proposed Plaza

Key Map

N

Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-tram-in-the-centreof-vauban-a-sustainable-suburb-of-freiburg-im-92549670.html

Source: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/ 823947694309661744/?nic_v1= 1al87csOaUWLaf61zqLUnOCL6ByvcTO79NXh UXP4oLEaRshUqcX-

Source: https://www.shoppingcentrenews.com.au/

Figure : Light Rail in Vauban, Freiburg Germany

Figure : Tramways, Rems, France

Figure : Rouse Hill Town centre development, Sydney

Indicators

Phase 1

Diversity Strengthening existing professional jobs and promoting visitor economy

Distribution Initiated rezoning for decentralised centres

Connectivity

Public Domain Improvements and green link between CBD & W estmead

Accessibility Enhancing the local connectivity and diverse mode for commuting

Phase 2

Programs for SMEs & local businesses and promoting policies for all round economy

Further rezoning for enterprise corridor and decentralised centres

Intervention around existing and proposed light rail and T-Ways

Improvising the connectivity along the fringes

Permeabilit y Disintegration of large urban blocks Green links

Active Transport Initiation for Boulevards, Cycle Path improvement and safety policies

Equity Prepare inclusive social infrastructures strategy aligned with schedules of development

Identity Identify potential heritage sites for future use

Accessibility Preparation of important pedestrian links while new development happens

Density Mix Initiating rezoning for medium density

Diversity Shop-top houses

Pedestrian priority zones and street amenities improvised

Concentr ated provision of infrastructure in the cultural precinct

Adaptive reuse of existing heritage sites as social infrastructure and business use

Promote pedestrian connections between economic corridor and cultural precincts

Brickfield hill housing estate

Student housing

Phase 3

Commercial space development for local and specialised jobs

Development of decentra lised centres

Development around heavy rail stations with public realm

improvement

Enhancement of the Regional connectivity

Improvising connection between westmead and North Parramatta

Extending the cycle network to the regional level

Provide proportionate social infrastructures

According to local needs

Enhance the new cultural precincts around USYD campus

Promote pedestrian connections to local centres

Development of new local centres

Family housing and single bedroom units in Toongabbie Creek, conservation policy for detached houses

Affordability Pr eparation and testing for housing contribution scheme

Resilience Improvising river foreshores by adopting water sensitive design solutions

Green Enhancing the existing green spaces

Efficiency Initiation for Boulevards and Cycle Path improvement

Incorporating SEPP 70 at Brickfield Hill

Efficient stormwater management to alleviate flooding

Implementing the green grid

Linking new bicycle networks with green grid

VPAs in North Parramatta

Increasing green cover to mitigate urban heat island

Adopting green solutions s uch as green roofs and green walls

Achieving sustainable targets for the new developments

Commercial

Green

Commercial Space: 400.8 ha Community Space: 15000 sqm

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Appendix 1-MultiCriteria Evaluation

Number of Employment in Each Area

The initial projection is calculated by calculating the average for last 10 years. The further calculation is based on the BIS report which listing the slow, medium and high growth rates.

* Based on the comparison with Eastern City CBD from the Productivity Profile 2017.

Appendix2-Employment Calculation

Employment Area Calculation

Employment Area Calculation

Local Sta� ons

Peak

journey � me to Parama�a(minutes)

Dwelling Calculations

Appendix5-Social Infrastructure Calculation

The caluculation of existing social infrastrucure is based on information provided by City of Parramatta council in the ‘Social Infrastructure Strategy August 2017 ‘documentent . (City of Parramatta,2017) In this document, the City of Parramatta has been divided to 6 catchment areas for futher analysis. Catchment 4 includes eastern area of the site, and catchment 1 contains western part.

Precedents include City of Melbourne was reviewd for better understanding of the benchmark. (City of Melbourne, 2014)And the benchmarks in table are cited from ‘The Draft Community Infrastructure Strategy’(City of Parramatta, 2019)which referred to various sources. For better understandng of place based situations, the area has been divided into Parramatta CBD, North Parramatta and Westmead to show the existing situations. Open space is calculated as a whole. (SixMap, n.d.)

Analysis of existing Green Space catchment. (250m)

Calculations based on projected population for two options.

1.Project - Gold Coast Light Rail Location - Gold Coast, Queensland Year - 2014

Gold coast is one of the fastest growing cities in Australia. The project of Light Rail aims in improving the public transport network in the city while reducing congestion. The project is spread over 20.3 km connecting over the 19 stations (Gold Coast Australia n.d.). The project is proposed to improve connectivity between the major activity centers of the city which mainly include beaches as they are the hot-spots for the tourists in the area. The light rail is planned to provide a seamless connection between buses, trains and trams.

(Plenary Group 2020)

The tram station is highly innovative fitted with new technology to provide ease for the passengers.The urban design enhances the public amenity by including weather canopies, seatings, bike storage, waste bins and commercial kiosk. (Gold Coast Australia n.d.)

The project has proven to be sustainable as it has reduced the greenhouse gas emissions by 114,000 tonnes and the 10% trips by private vehicle. Further, the project is a reliable and affordable alternative to traveling by car. (Plenary Group 2020)

(source: https://plenarygroup.com/projects/asia-pacific/gold-coast-light-rail) (https://www.goldcoastaustralia.com/g-link-gold-coast-light-rail.html)

2.Project - The City of Copenhagen (Bicycle Strategy 2011-2025) Location - Copenhagen, Denmark

The strategy envisioned a more liveable city by encouraging the use of bicycles in everyday life of people. It aims in creating a bicycle friendly city that has more space, healthy citizens and a great economy. In Copenhagen, streets are designed to encourage walking and bicycling through safe, effortless and comfortable street networks. The strategy aims to make Copenhagen Carbon neutral by 2025 , by bicycle contributing to 36% of modal share of the trips in the city.

The city uses the major strategy of reducing travel time by incorporating an integrated network of bicycle routes with no or fewer missing links and safe intersection design. A connected network of wider and dedicated bicycle lanes is generated linking residences to the major services, social infrastrastructure and commercial areas of the city. The bicycle lanes are integrated with the major transportation hubs and parking spaces for bicycle or cargo bikes are incorporated with all the major facilities and infrastructure. The strategy also promotes the use of e-bikes and bike share facilities. Further, the streets are designed with major urban design interventions with pedestrians and bicyclists at the center, hence, inducing safety and comfort throughout the journey.

Parramatta being a car oriented city, here it is important to develop an integrated bicycle network to encourage people to use sustainable transport options to stay active and healthy. (City of Copenhagen 2011)

(source: https://urbandevelopmentcph.kk.dk/artikel/city-cyclists)

Figure: People area waiting for the light rail.

Figure: Rush hour in Copenhagen.

Figure: Cycling in winter too. (source: https://youngzine.org/news/societyarts/copenhagen-cyclists-paradise)

Case Study-Economy

3.Project - Queen Victoria Night Market Location - Melbourne, Victoria

Queen Victoria Market Precinct is one of the iconic market precincts of Melbourne. The market has served the people of Melbourne for over 140 years and is a part of the National Heritage List (Queen Victoria Market 2020). The market has been serving the people with fresh and local produce while providing local traders with job opportunities. In 2013, the City of Melbourne announced to renew the markets to meet the growing needs of the city economy while preserving its heritage and traditional atmosphere.(City of Melbourne 2015)

The plan proposal is strongly focused on the needs of community, traders and customers, enhancing the experience by amalgamating open spaces, event places, eateries with an accessible network of bicycle paths and pedestrian links. (City of Melbourne 2015)

The market not only works at day time but the inclusion of summer night market and the winter night market has made the Queen Victoria Market a remarkable tourist destination. About 12000 jobs are accommodated in the night markets of Queen Victoria Market, adding not only to the vibrancy of the place but also boosting the local economy of the place. (Terra 2018)

4.Project - Financial Street, Shanghai Location - Shanghai

Architect - Goettsch Partners and Lead 8

The project is a design of a mixed-use financial street developed around a railway station. The project is developed in two parcels with western parcel hosting the retail, office space, loft apartments and cultural centre, whereas the other parcel has commercial space, loft apartments and small retails.

The financial streets provide an opportunity of developing a highly vibrant mixed-use commercial space offering A-grade offices just near to the railway station. It creates a sustainable urban environment that includes compact densities while encouraging walkability. The prime location of the street adjacent to major railway interchange make the street serve as a major attractor bringing people from nearby cities and neighbourhoods. The design is further strengthened by integrating shared public space, green environment and various entertainment activities to provide visitors with a unique experience and serve as a major destination for the city. The same approach would help in integrating more A-grade office space in Parramatta. (archello 2019)

Figure: View of the central open space.

Figure: Queen Victoria night market. (source: https://www.visitvictoria.com/regions/Melbourne/Things-to-do/Shopping/Markets/Queen-Victoria-Market)

Figure: Lighting facilities and active phenomenon make people feel safe

Case Study-Social Infrastructure

5. Project-Sidewalk Toronto Location-Toronto, Canada

Proposed by-Waterfront Toronto

Year-2017

The project began with the request from Waterfront Toronto to transform an existing waterfront industrial site into a vibrant place supported by renewable energy and high-tech infrastructures. The other partner of this project is Sidewalk Labs to engage with the development plan of this excellent urban transformation project.

A civic assembly design was conducted to encourage social cohesion and engagement in urban context. In aims to provide a live-work community, aligning with current zoning, the site is mainly for residential uses and 20 percent affordable housing will also be guaranteed though the market will be in charge of the developing process. Otherwise, it calls for 33 percent of the ground floor areas for non-residential uses including office space, commercial area and social space for schools and community groups. Co-located arrangement of health care and community services, elementary school and childcare centre, and the integration of library, online resource and jobs program will enhance the livability of the place. (Sidewalk Toronto n.d.)

Although the Sidewalk Labs’ CEO announced to drop this plan in May, 2020, the design principles of this project are still informative to our project, especially for focus area1.

(source: https://www.sidewalktoronto.ca/midp/)

6.Project- The Boatbuilders Yard Location- Cargo Shed 4, South Wharf Maritime Precinct, Melbourne, VIC

Proposed by-the Victorian Government and Plenary Group

The Boatbuilders Yard is a heritage adaptive reuse project which maintained a link to the area’s maritime past and providing cafe and restaurant services with excellent river view. It is a good example of retaining and reusing the old structures as well as reintroducing a ‘fine grain’ by relating it to local history. The site is located near the new Melbourne Convention Centre which contains large scale commercial facilities. Similar to the heritage precincts of our site, it has large potential to become an extension of the future economic corridor, attracting small business and visitors and serving local residents.

There are some aspiring approaches as an adaptive reuse example include:’ the adaptive reuse of the cargo sheds, conservation of the dry docks, and the design of the riverside promenade formed part of the extended works associated with the convention centre.’ (The sheds are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register) (Heritage Council Victoria n.d.)

( source: https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/research-projects/industrial-heritagecase-studies/boatbuilders-yard/ https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TheBoatbuilders-Yard-Case-Study.pdf)

Figure: Riverside Recreational Space

Figure: Community Space at Ground Floor

Figure: Outside dining area-part of extension associated with the conventional centre.

Figure: The retained cargo sheds with water view.

Case Study-Housing

7.Project - Waterloo Housing Estate Location - Waterloo, Sydney

Proposed by - City of Sydney

Year - 2019

The redevelopment of Waterloo estate is a project by NSW Land and Housing Corporation that is set to provide a mix of private, social and affordable housing.

The proposal is carried forward with an alternative approach to develop 5300 new dwellings and to ensure the quality of apartments. The proposal suggests in reducing the height of the buildings to have a good distribution of building mass and density so to have good solar access. Further the plan is strengthened by the integration of quality green spaces and tree lined streets. The aim of the whole approach is to provide a better place neighbourhood by incorporating open spaces and enhancing streetscapes.

The plan follows the major principles of balancing the built mass ratio, strengthening the pedestrian connections, respecting the existing green grid, integrating the public open space and respecting the history and heritage of the area. The similar principles are adopted to develop the residential precinct of North Parramatta. (City of Sydney 2020)

8.Project - Sustainable Urban District, Vauban Location - Freiburg, Germany

Proposed by - City of Freiburg

Year - 1994

The project was started with an aim of developing a mixed use housing project on a 42 hectare of land to house 5000 people and to provide 600 jobs (Fraker 2013). Started as a transit oriented development the district has achieved the goal of adapting a car-free living. Today, Vauban is a low energy sustainable neighbourhood integrated with an abundance of green spaces and playgrounds. (Urban Sustainability Exchange n.d.)

The residences are arranged at a right angle with the natural green spine providing access and views along all the residences and beyond. It is a mixed-used development with commercial at the ground floor and residential on above providing a two-way perspective of commercial street from the sides while residential space to the green spine. The whole plan is highly open, porous and walkable with adequate access to the shops, greens and community spaces. Vauban is a densely built but green neighbourhood with public open spaces integrated carefully with urban densities. The natural green spine serves more than a place to rest and play by incorporating tram-way tracks along the spine. Further, the greening of the neighbourhood is enhanced by integrating green roofs and green walls with a purpose of aesthetic as well as cooling, rain water retention and solar energy generation. (Fraker 2013)

The major policies developed for Vauban were focused on achieving ‘social cohesion’ (Ramos 2010). These strategies included the bottom-up approach of citizen participation, division of plots into smaller size to prioritise owner buying, inclusion of subsidised affordable housing and development of cohousing units to accomodate people from various groups. Parramatta being a socially and culturally diverse city, the similar approach would help in promoting the sustainable development of residential areas.

(Fraker 2013)

Figure: Residential neighbourhoods with excellent view of green space.

Figure: Recreational activities.

Figure: View of Vauban in Freiburg, Germany.

9.Project - Water Square Benthemplein

Location - Rotterdam, Netherlands

Year - 2013

The Benthemplein square was used to be an irregular public space surrounded by a high density area has turned into a water square that holds three large tanks to collect rainwater. The square serves as a public recreational space at the time of dry weather, and at the time of heavy rainfall it gets converted into an aesthetically pleasant water cascade. (public space 2014)

The space is provided with two large stainless steel gutters that take the water to the underground build water basins. While two shallow basins receive water from immediate surroundings the other only works at the time of cloud-burst or large durations of heavy rainfall to prevent flood. The water square further includes green spaces and tree canopies. Hence, the water square acts as a dynamic space that not only facilitates the recreational activities or acts as public plazza for people to chat and relax, but also supports the area at the time of urban flooding.

Integrating water squares with the high density development in flood areas of the study site would help in alleviating the effect of flood by promoting stormwater/rainwater retention. (DE URBANISTEN n.d.)

10.Project - Chicago Riverwalk

Location - Chicago, IL, USA

Year - 2016

Size - 3.5 acres

The project aims to provide ecological, recreational and economic benefits to the city of Chicago. The riverwalk is supported by commercial corridors, public spaces and green spaces and provides opportunities to engage people in recreational activities while introducing them with local biodiversity and its benefits. Each block is designed to take the form of river based typology and vegetation buffers are integrated for the purpose of storm water retention. Floating wetlands are integrated to provide a healthy habitat for the native species of fish species. This further engages the community by educating them with the aquatic ecosystem of the river and providing them with a benefit of observing and interacting with the fish species.

The same can be imitated while developing the riverfront of Parramatta to integrate the ecological benefits along with the benefits of economy and social infrastructure. (SASAKI 2020)

Case Study-Environment

Figure: Integration of wetlands to benefit the aquatic ecosystem.

Figure: The stepped plaza with tree canopies for water retention.

Figure: View of water square as a recreational space.

Figure: View of water square converted into a water pool.