Clemson SoA Fall 2020 Fluid Studio | Schools from Forests PART 01 by Clemson School of Architecture

LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS

SCHOOLS FROM FORESTS

Clemson School of Architecture | Fall 2020 Fluid Studio | ARCH 3510 + 8570 Professor: Dustin Albright | Sponsor: LS3P

PART 01

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PROJECT OVERVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................................................................1

BACKGROUND RESEARCH THE FORESTS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 FOREST PRODUCTS................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 BUILDING WITH TIMBER.....................................................................................................................................................................................................39

STUDENT DESIGN PROPOSALS GRADUATE PROJECT 01 [GABRIELLE BERNIER].................................................................................................................................................................................55 PROJECT 02 [STEFAN LANGEBEEKE].............................................................................................................................................................................65 PROJECT 03 [HUNTER HARWELL]...................................................................................................................................................................................75 PROJECT 04 [BRYAN HAZEL + AUSTIN WILLIAMS]................................................................................................................................................83

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT

05 [ADDIE CALLAHAN + ELLIE KUTZ].....................................................................................................................................................95 06 [ALYSSA HALLORAN + KATHLEEN CULLEN].................................................................................................................................105 07 [ASHLEY MEADE + STEPHANIE BOWERS]......................................................................................................................................115 08 [ELIZABETH VERA + ZARA SILVA-LANDRY].................................................................................................................................123 09 [EMMA HANSON + MOLLY GLASER + DANNY JARABEK]..........................................................................................133 10 [KARA AMMON + ZAIN SURKA]..................................................................................................................................................143

Innovation in Collaboration: Bridging Academia and the Profession Inspired to create a unique learning opportunity, LS3P teamed up with Clemson’s School of Architecture to establish a new, partnering approach to the topical, Fluid Studio course. The initiative was led by LS3P’s Ignite Knowledge Team, a group dedicated to supporting firm-wide innovation and research. The goals of the studio were twofold: to support student learning for the next generation of architects with a studio that blurred the lines between academia and practice, and to explore the use of mass timber in Southeast construction projects. For K-12 schools, mass timber creates exciting opportunities for school systems to deliver beautiful, inspiring new facilities quickly. Dustin Albright’s work as a founding fellow at Clemson’s Wood Utilization + Design Institute makes him an ideal fit for this type of collaboration, and LS3P was eager to partner with Dustin and his students to delve into potential innovations for mass timber and K-12 design. This unique studio included fourth-year undergraduate and graduate students and eight architects, designers, and principals across several of LS3P’s eight offices. LS3P’s Alchemy Knowledge Team, which is dedicated to design excellence, also provided valuable support throughout the semester. These professionals followed along with the studio as regular reviewers at every design milestone for interim design critiques. The students based their study around a real LS3P project: a new school campus and building at Forest Lake Elementary School in Columbia, SC. The project is located within an existing residential neighborhood, and the students were able to test program, scale, community connectivity, and environmental impact through solutions which redefine the contemporary school. As the students progressed from individual work to teams, each presenting their progress at key design milestones, LS3P offered critique, markups, precedents, and suggestions that students could consider when developing their work for the next milestone. For the students, this collaboration allowed a richer perspective and feedback, with a more in-depth and tailored critique, which advanced alongside each stage of the project from initial design concepts to creating construction details. For LS3P, the studio provided an opportunity for the firm to be introduced to new thinking and approaches for a real project and site. This new format helped bridge academia and the profession for mutual benefit, and has generated new ideas and potential innovations with practical applications. We commend the students on their excellent work, and we look forward to integrating this knowledge in the field in the future! 1

DANNY ADAMS

MATT BARNETT

BRYAN BEERMAN

MARY BETH BRANHAM

design leader, principal

project architect

senior associate

columbia leader, vp, principal

MIKE MARTINEZ

KATHERINE PEELE

BRIA WIGFALL

BRIAN WURST

associate principal

chief practice officer, principal

emerging professional

design leader, vp, principal

“By the time a student graduates from high school, he or she has spent 15,600 hours inside a school, an amount of time second only to that spent at home. For more than 50 million K-12 students in the United States, the time spent in school is also a time of rapid physical growth, hormonal changes, intense learning, and critical neurological and social development.”

“By thepublic time a student graduates from high she or he has spent 15,600 hours inside a school, “...robust health evidence thatschool, environmental exposures in school buildings an amount of time second only to that spent at home. For more than 50 million K–12 students in the United the student time spent health, in school is also a time of rapid physical growth, hormonal changes, canStates, impact student thinking, and student performance.” intense learning, and critical neurological and social development.”

”…robust public health evidence that environmental exposures in school buildings can impact student health, student thinking and student performance.”

- quoted from “Schools for Health: Foundations for Student Success” a report from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2018) -quoted from "Schools for Health: Foundations for Student Success” a report from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2018)

https://www.philipmeadowcroftarchitects.co.uk/copy-of-bales-college

PROJECT BACKGROUND Learning Environments: Schools From Forests Increasingly, educators are understanding and emphasizing the role that the physical learning environment plays in student performance and well-being. According to the 2018 Schools for Health study from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, “by the time a student graduates from high school, she or he has spent 15,600 hours inside a school, an amount of time second only to that spent at home. For more than 50 million K–12 students in the United States, the time spent in school is also a time of rapid physical growth, hormonal changes, intense learning, and critical neurological and social development.” Increasingly, architects and engineers are recognizing the criticality of embodied carbon emissions (as distinct from operational carbon emissions) when it comes to stemming the tide of climate change. Widespread life cycle studies have demonstrated that new “massive” timber structural systems offer unparalleled advantages

for reducing, and even reversing the embodied carbon footprint of our buildings. Moreover, prefabricated mass timber systems offer a host of other intriguing advantages, ranging from rapid and precise construction, to healthier indoor environments, to long-term adaptability / reusability. This research studio sits at the intersection of these topics. We will partner with professionals from LS3P, a leading design firm in our region, to examine the use of mass timber in the design of vibrant, healthy, forward-thinking school buildings. As a vehicle for this larger study, we will take on the design of a new public elementary school for the city of Forest Acres (part of metropolitan Columbia, SC). Sited within an established, walkable neighborhood and adjacent to a diverse “international corridor,” the new school will have a unique opportunity for broad community impact.

“...the school building itself, where students spend a significant portion of their childhood, represents a prime opportunity to intervene and protect the health of children, our most vulnerable citizens.” -quoted from “Schools for Health: Foundations for Student Success” a report from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2018)

IMAGE: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/26/dk-cm-wroughton-academy-cross-laminated-timber-clt-school/ 6

SITE + BUILDING CONSIDERATIONS Phase II | Conceptual Design

CONTEXT

SITE LOGISTICS AND PLANNING

Project Address: 6801 Brookfield Road, Columbia, SC 29206

Existing school must stay in operation while the new school is under construction.

NE Forest Acres community Neighborhood is adjacent to one of Columbia’s designated “International Corridors”, Decker Blvd, a commercial strip with other neighborhoods on either side. The International Corridors are intended to celebrate cultural diversity in the Columbia metropolitan area. Site is located near several rivers that are part of the Gills Creek Watershed. Site runoff prevention is critical to the integrity of the watershed.

Once new school is constructed, the existing school and gym will be demolished. After demolition, the site of the former school and gym will be converted for use for the new school. Uses may include: parking, car drop-off, outdoor playground, park, etc. Existing School District Office may be demolished or retained and repurposed. Existing utility lines must be respected.

New Forest Lake Elementary School to replace the existing school. Existing school originated in 1950’s, with additions in 1989 and 2002, All portions are 1-story

Existing shared Rec Gym must stay in operation until new school gym and/or multipurpose room is operational. Question to consider: Will new gym / multipurpose space(s) support shared community uses?

SCALE School site is in a low-scale residential neighborhood consisting of mostly 1-story houses, and a few 2-story houses. The neighborhood is sensitive to the height of the new school. School can be 2-story. Only 2nd-5th grade classrooms are permitted to be on 2nd floor.

Car “stacking” must be accommodated on-site. 1,500 linear ft (+/-) is needed from site entry to the drop-off and pick-up area. Students may walk to school from existing neighborhoods. Pedestrian access to the site is encouraged and should be well thought out. Sidewalks and sidewalk connectors must be provided.

PHILOSOPHY + CLASSROOM ORGANIZATION Collaborative and project-based learning will be emphasized. The teaching model is geared toward multiple ways of collaborating: between students, between teachers and between administrators Classroom “NEIGHBORHOODS” should be established in the design. Classroom neighborhoods may be grouped by grade level or with multiple grade levels together. Learning “HUBS” will serve as shared spaces among the classrooms in a neighborhood. The hubs are places for collaborative and active learning. SAFETY Unsecured exterior circulation is not permitted. This means that the entire school must be “under one roof” in a manner of speaking. Creative design and integration of outdoor space will be a point of focus.

background research

THE FORESTS FOREST PRODUCTS BUILDING WITH TIMBER

FORESTRY INDUSTRY

FORESTRY PRACTICES

FORESTRY IMPORTANCE

SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY THE FORESTS AND RELATED TOPICS

GLOBAL + EUROPEAN FORESTRY

FORESTRY STATISTICS

FORESTRY INDUSTRY

SC FORESTS

SC FORESTRY OWNERSHIP

FORESTRY PRACTICES

SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT

FORESTRY BENEFITS

FORESTRY IMPORTANCE

FOREST AREA

(MILLION TONNES) NORTHERN AMERICA LATIN AMERICA/CARRIBEAN

OTHER Russia makes up 20% of the world’s forested area

Sweden

with 815 million hectares of forested land.

Finland

Norway Estonia

United Kingdom

Lithuania

-5

CHINA

USA

2014

2015

2016

Belgium

Poland

Germany

Czech Republic Austria

Hungary

Slovenia Croatia

al ug

Serbia Albania

Spain

$42 BILLION

Romania

2015

2016

2017

2018

$15 BILLION

UNITED KINGDOM

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Italy

2014

EXPORTS

CHINA

a ov

Switzerland

old M

France

-10

targets set by the European Commission.

IMPORTS

Ukraine

kia

2018

Owing to demand generated from bioenergy

(BILLION $)

Slova

2017

Wood pellet production has increased dramatically in recent years

LEADING IMPORTERS

Belarus

EUROPE ASIA PACIFIC

Russia ds

erl

th Ne

Po rt

BRAZIL

CANADA

AUSTRALIA DR CONGO

Russia

Latvia

Dan emar

Ireland

INDONESIA

Wood Pellet Trade

Wood Pellet Production

RUSSIA Iceland

$10

Bulgaria

Macedonia

Gree

JAPAN ce

LEADING EXPORTERS

$10.2 $3

CANADA

$22

(BILLION $) 0-20

21-30

31-40

41-50

<50

EXPORTS

FINLAND

IMPORTS

$11

SWEEDEN $2

$12

Europe Forest Percentage by Country

EUROPE FORESTS BY PERCENTAGE PER COUNTRY

FOREST INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

LUMBER CONSUMPTION LUMBER PRODUCTION HOUSING PRODUCTION

ND NH

MA CT

WY IA

NV UT

IL CO KS

2005, followed by the great recession from 2008-2010. 1965

1970

1980

1990

2000

1990

2000

WEST

NORTH

SOUTH

D.C.

1965

1970

1980

2017

Hardwood lumber production started to decline in 2000 which

lead to a decline in the U.S. furniture manufacturing industry.

The industrial production index for paper and products decreased. Paper products are declining as we are moving towards a paperless

This led to increase in Chinese and other Asian imports.

PULP AND PAPER > 1,200

600 - 1200

300 - 600

100 - 300

< 100

LUMBER AND VENEER

14.76% 8.07%

18.81%

4.57%

WOOD CHIPS AND RESIDUALS

2.99%

PANELS

US FOREST BIOMASS

TOTAL ABOVEGROUND LIVE TREE BIOMASS PER STATE

Production of insulation board has been flat since 1993. No growth is expected because competitive prices set for sheathing and other construction uses.

world.

FOREST HARVEST UTILIZATION Total aboveground live tree biomass (Tg)

2010

LUMBER PRODUCTION BY REGION

Housing bubble reached peak production in the year of

MN SD

WOOD FUELS ROUNDPORT EXPORTS

FOREST INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES

50.8%

LUMBER CONSUMPTION

Cherokee

LUMBER PRODUCTION HOUSING PRODUCTION

Pickens

Greenville Spartanburg

York

Oconee

Chester

Union Housing bubble reached peak production in the year of 2005, followed by the great 1965

1970

1990

1980

2000

2010

NORTH

Marlboro

Kershaw

SOUTH

Dillon

Darlington

Newberry Lee

Greenwood

LUMBER PRODUCTION BY REGION WEST

Fairfield

Abbeville

recession from 2008-2010.

Chesterfield

Lancaster

Laurens

Anderson

Saluda

McCorrick

Marion Florence

Richland

Horry

Sumter

Lexington

Edgefield Calhoun

Willamsburg

Clarendon

Georgetown

Aiken 1965

1970

1990

1980

Orangeburg

2000 2017

Barnwell

The industrial production index for paper and products decreased. Paper products are declining as we

Hardwood lumber production started to decline in 2000 which lead to a decline in the U.S.

Production of insulation board has been flat since 1993. No growth is expected because competitive prices set for sheathing and other

are moving towards a paperless world.

furniture manufacturing industry. This led to increase in Chinese and other Asian imports.

Colleton Hampton

Piedmont Region

8.07%

18.81%

LUMBER AND VENEER

Pee Dee Region

4.57%

WOOD CHIPS AND RESIDUALS

21-50

Coastal Region

ROUNDPORT EXPORTS

FOREST INDUSTRY

50.8%

IN THE UNITED STATES

PE R CE N TS O F

SOFTWOOD

BILLION

TREES TOTAL IN SC FORESTS

21% 79%

1920s

OAK-SWEETGUMOAK-SWEETGUMCYPRESS CYPRESS

OAKOAKLOBLOLLY PINE LOBLOLLY PINE

4.3% 4.3%

LONGLEAF LONGLEAF PINE- PINESLASH PINEPINE SLASH

3% 3%

OAK-ASHELM-ASHCOTTONWOOD COTTONWOOD

FOREST LAND AREA (MILLION ACRES)

OAKOAKHICKORY HICKORY

11.6% 11.6%

2005-2016

Decrease of agricultural acres being reverted to forest land.

Decrease in developed land being reverted to forest land.

2001 2006 2011 2016

PEAK

1.4

21-25 YEARS AGO

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

10 6-

-15

PREDOMINANT FOREST TYPES

FOREST CHANGES TIMELINE

“WALL OF WOOD”

1.6

1-5

GENERAL INFORMATION

Increase of forest land being cleared for agriculture use.

Large number of stands established in the same time period.

Fewer stands are being clearcut

0.0

FORESTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA

1968-2016

2 million acre increase in Southern Pine plantations.

DECREASE IN YOUNGER STANDS=

NATURAL TREES

2005-2016

Upward trend of artificial regeneration began.

PLANTED TREES

1.8

14.8% 14.8%

2014

1930s

Sparked interest in reforestation.

(END OF WWI) Majority of SC’s timber was gone.

9.5

SOFTWO OD 48%

ARDWOOD %H S 52

HARDWOOD

OF SOUTH CAROLINA IS FOREST ACRES (12.9 MILLION ACRES)

94% 6%

67%

PERCENTAGE BY COUNTY AND REGIONS

Sumter County was the center of the timber industry.

OUT OF 21% OF PLANTED TREES

66-75 75-<85

50-66

South Carolina Forest Percentage by County

SC FOREST LAND

LATE 1800s

LOBLOLLY LOBLOLLY PINE- PINESHORTLEAF PINE PINE SHORTLEAF

Beaufort

2.99%

PANELS WOOD FUELS

22% 22%

Charleston

Jasper

14.76%

PULP AND PAPER

44% 44%

Dorchester

construction uses.

FOREST HARVEST UTILIZATION

TOTAL ACREAGE OF SC: 20.5 MILLION

Berkeley

Bamberg

Allendale

-2

0 -3

5 -3

-4

-5

-6

0 -7

-8

-9

-10

TREE STAND AGE (YEARS)

FORESTS OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHANGES OVERTIME

07 14

US Department of Forestry

Forest Ownership

Research Headquarters Asheville, NC; St. Paul, MN; Albany, CA; Odgen, UT; Fort Collins, CO; Rio Pedras, PR

Mixed and Federal Owned State Owned

Reginonal Headquarters Atlanta, GA; Milwaukee, WI; Denver, CO; Albuquerque, NM; Missoula, MT; Vallejo, CA; Juneau, AK

Coorpotate Owned

Forest Products Laboratory Madison, WI

Non-Forest

Coorpotate Owned

US FOREST OWNERSHIP AND THE US DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

FOREST GROWTH

HARDWOODS

GROWTH TO REMOVAL RATIO HARDWOODS: 1.8 SOFTWOODS: 1.4 SOFTWOODS

74%

EST LITTER FOR

IL -SO OP

MILLION TONS OF CARBON IN SC FORESTS

LIVE TREES

967.3

REMOVAL OF ALL SPECIES

LOBLOLLY AND SHORTLEAF PINE ACCOUNT FOR:

68%

NET GROWTH OF ALL SPECIES

≈200x

SOUTH CAROLINA IS HOME TO

26 BILLION

CUBIC FEET OF WOOD

THE SIZE OF MEMORIAL STADIUM

NATURAL REGENERATION MANAGEMENT TIMELINE SITE PREPARATION + STAND INITIATION

River bottoms, swamps, mountain areas may be better for growing hardwood. Loblolly pine has best growth in soils with poor surface drainage and a firm subsoil layer

IMPROVEMENT THINNINGS

40-50 YEARS

25 YEARS

15 YEARS

5 YEARS

Reforestation is a silvicultural treatment used to re-establish forest cover. Prompt reforestation allows for the quicker development of forest structure, species composition, and canopy that provides many benefits including wildlife habitat, clean and abundant water, carbon sequestration, forest wood products for consumers, forested recreation opportunities, and maintenance of soil productivity through soil erosion reduction

0 YEARS

STAND AGE

CONSIDER + PLAN FOR REFORESTATION BEFORE ANY CUTTING

ARTIFICIAL ESTABLISHING MANAGEMENT TIMELINE PRE-PLANTING PREP+ PLANT SEEDLINGS

FINAL HARVEST

STAND ESTABLISHMENT +PRECOMMERCIAL THIN

MATCH TREE SPECIES TO SITE

1ST THINNING + STAND ENHANCEMENTS

IMPROVEMENT THINNINGS

FINAL HARVEST

REVIEW ALL USES OF THE FOREST Pine vs. Hardwood have different visual affects and wildlife habitats, for example pines are evergreens while hardwoods tend to lose leaves

POST-PLANTING OPERATIONS

IMPROVEMENT THINNINGS

FOREST PRACTICES

MANAGEMENT TIMELINES - LOBLOLLY PINE

35 YEARS

25 YEARS

20 YEARS

REGROWTH

15 YEARS

HARVEST

12 YEARS

MANAGEMENT PLANNING

5 YEARS

FOREST PRACTICES

0 YEARS

STAND AGE

STAND ENHANCEMENTS

SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY COMMISSION The SC Forestry Commission is the lead agency responsible for publishing + enforcing forestry BMPs. BMP stands for best management practices which is a set of guidelines for building access roads, skid trails, site preparation, timber harvesting + stream crossings. If these are followed the chances of erosion and sedimentation are dramatically decreased.

CLEARCUT

-On perennial streams, ponds, and lakes, maintain a forested, 40-foot streamside management zone (smz) on each side of the stream. The smz filters pollutants and provides shade to the stream. -Never block the flow of streams. Use appropriately sized culverts or temporary bridges to allow water flow. Remove temporary crossings when the operation is complete.

SEEDTREE

-Identify and avoid sensitive sites when constructing forest roads. Design the road system to meet long-term objectives. -Construct roads on the contour and only wide enough to handle the equipment that will use the road. When constructing forest wetland roads, follow the federally mandated best management practices that are included in the south carolina BMPs for forestry manual. Plan to stabilize roads using water control structures such as water bars, turnouts, and broad-based dips.

SELECTION

MAINTENANCE PRESCRIBED BURNING

FOREST PRACTICES HARVEST + MAINTENANCE METHODS

-Keep logging debris out of stream channels and water bodies as the operation progresses. -Minimize the number of road and skid trail stream crossings through advance harvest planning. When stream crossings are necessary, make the crossing at right angles. Stabilize culverts and other stream crossings with rock or vegetation to prevent water quality impacts.

THINNING

FOREST PRACTICES

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)

FSC

SFI

ATFS US + Canada Allows harvest to exceed growth depending on the situation and the long-term plan in place

CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS’S SHARES OF CERTIFIED U.S. FOREST AREAS

SFI

ATFS

54%

Requires formal calculation of longterm harvest Independent non-profit charitable organization

Variations in standards based on local or state laws and other factors

Process + performancebased indicators address environmental, forestry, and economic issues

Requires financial or in-kind support for relevant research

Protects water quality of rivers, lakes, etc.

Depending on situation, allows natural forest to non-forest conversions

SFI

Conserves biodiversity and old-growth

Requires growth to meet or exceed harvest

Standards are uniform worldwide with regional variations

FSC

16%

Global

Prohibits conversion of natural forest to non-forest Clearcuts must mimic natural processes

30% FSC

FORESTRY PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT - CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

STATES WITH THE MOST ACRES OF CERTIFIED FOREST

STATES WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF CERTIFIED FOREST

7.84M

7.83M

0.94M

8.05M

5.87M 1.2M 0M

0.07M

0.12M

4.24M 0M

0.09M

0M 0.81M

10.6%

30.4%

0.7%

2.47M

14.6%

0.99M 4.7M

14.7%

1.35M 1.67M

0.6%

0.8%

WHY IS SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT?

6.8%

7.1%

24.7%

0.5%

6.25M 4.42M

7.8%

3.03M

34%

11.1% 8.4%

4.7%

13.5%

2.12M

27% 19.2%

8.9%

17.26% 17.9% 17.6%

ATFS

FSC

657,995 ACRES 31%

FSC

SOUTH CAROLINA 67% of SC is forest - 12.9 million acres

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT - CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

6.6%

1.33M

0.59M

0.13M

5.09M

46.4%

1.1%

0.54M 0.72M

3.72M

3.2M

44.5% 46.2%

3.7%

19.8% 5.6%

6.18M 0M

0M 0M

7.92M

0.02M

35.4%

FORESTRY PRACTICES

275,259 ACRES 13%

2.12 MILLION CERTIFIED ACRES

about 620,000 acres of national forests

CLEMSON EXPERIMENTAL FOREST 17,500 ACRES OF SFI CERTIED FOREST 0.83%

Sustainable forestry ensures that forests will continue to: - provide clean air, water, and renewable materials - alleviate the effects of climate change and natural disasters - store nearly 40% of the world’s fossil fuel emissions - maintain wildlife habitats - conserve biodiversity - and enrich people’s lives for many generations to come.

17.26% of SC forests are sustainably certified

“What is Sustainable Forestry?” rainforest-alliance.org

SFI 1,182,689 ACRES

usaforests.org

FORESTRY PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT - CERTIFIED FORESTS IN THE US

55.17%

FORESTRY PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT - WHY IT’S IMPORTANT

Europe’s forest concentration: Sweden & Finland

Tree stand age shows a peak of new trees 21-25 years ago.

USA Forests West Coast: Majority federally owned East Coast: Majority state/ private owned

SC forest holds 26 billion cubic feet of wood.

67% of South Carolina is forest acres. Concentration in the upstate region.

Majority of SC forest are private and family owned while majority of Canada’s forests are publically owned.

The global timber industry has become increasingly intertwined as countries rely more on exchanging timber products.

Sustainable forest management ensures that forests will continue to provide for future generations.

90% of American homes are made from timber framing. Lumber production relies heavily on the housing market.

SC forests hold carbon.

Timber harvesting provides wood products and improves the health of forests by improving biological diversity, removing dead trees, and decreasing the risk of forest fires.

CONCLUSION OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION

967.3 million tons of

Carbon trading is a tool used to limit greenhouse gas emissions.

The California Cap and Trade Program is the 2nd largest carbon market in the world.

REFERENCES Slide 2: Europe’s Forests by Percentage Per Country

USDA (page 17) https://www.state.sc.us/forest/pubs/forestsofsouthcarolina2016.pdf

Image from https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/5272/ch9_international_

Carbon Information South Carolina’s Forests 2016 research by the USDA (page 25)

FS2018.pdf

https://www.state.sc.us/forest/pubs/forestsofsouthcarolina2016.pdf

Slide 3: Forest Industry in the World

Slide 9: Forest Ownership Comparison

Forest Area: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/5272/ch9_international_

Information for the map percentages came from:

FS2018.pdf

Canada: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forestsforestry/sustainable-

Wood Pellet Production and Trade: http://www.fao.org/3/ca7415en/ca7415en.pdf

forest-management/forest-land-ownership/17495 ○ US: https://ballotpedia.org/

Value of Imports and Exports: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/5272/

Federal_land_policy_in_South_Carolina

ch9_international_FS2018.pdf

South Carolina: https://www.scforestry.org/PDFs/FORESTRY-FACTS-NOV2019.pdf

Enviva: https://www.envivabiomass.com/

United States Federal Government land ownership information came from: https://

Slide 4: US Forest Biomass, Total Aboveground Live Tree Biomass / State

ballotpedia.org/Federal_land_policy_in_South_Carolina

All the information came from: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58506

Canada’s forest ownership information came from: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/

Slide 5: Forest Industry in the United States

our-naturalresources/forests-forestry/sustainable-forest-management/forest-land-

Lumber Consumption/Production, Housing Production: https://www.fs.usda.gov/

ownership/17495

treesearch/pubs/58506

South Carolina’s ownership came from: https://ballotpedia.org/Federal_land_policy_

Lumber Production by Region: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58506

in_South_Carolina

Forest Harvest Utilization: https://www.forest2market.com/blog/how-much-timber-

Slide 10: US Forest Ownership and the US Department of Forestry

doesthe-us-harvest-and-how-is-it-used#:~:text=In%202018%20

Map Graphic and information came from: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/

Slide 6: Forests of South Carolina, General Information

pubs/58506

Statistics came from: South Carolina’s Forests 2016 research by the USDA (highlights

Types of forests came from: https://www.fs.fed.us/research/highlights/highlights_

page,2,10,11) https://www.state.sc.us/forest/pubs/forestsofsouthcarolina2016.pdf

display.php?in_high_id=628

Tree Images from: https://sorelletreefarm.com/

Slide 11: Forest Ownership in South Carolina

Slide 7: Forests of South Carolina, Changes Overtime

TOP LEFT Chart (13% vs 87%) information came from: https://www.scforestry.org/

Graph from: South Carolina’s Forests 2016 research by the USDA (page 5) https://

PDFs/FORESTRY-FACTS-NOV-2019.pdf

www.state.sc.us/forest/pubs/forestsofsouthcarolina2016.pdf

TOP RIGHT Chart (37% vs 63%) information came from: https://www.scforestry.org/

Timeline from: A Short History of Forest Industry of South Carolina created by the South

PDFs/FORESTRY-FACTS-NOV-2019.pdf

Carolina Forestry Commission https://www.state.sc.us/forest/scindust.htm And South

BOTTOM LEFT Chart (breaking up percentages of forest land programs) information

Carolina’s Forests 2016 research by the USDA (highlights) https://www.state.sc.us/

came from: https://www.state.sc.us/forest/fracons.htm#:~:text=The%20majority%20

forest/pubs/forestsofsouthcarolina2016.pdf

of%20South%20Carolina’s,by%20262%2C000% 20private%20forest%20landowners.

Slide 8: Forests of South Carolina, More Information

BOTTOM RIGHT Circle (94% of forested acres) information came from: https://

Forest Growth and Removal Information South Carolina’s Forests 2016 research by the

www.state.sc.us/forest/fracons.htm#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20South%20 Carolina’s,by%20262%2C000% 20private%20forest%20landowners.

REFERENCES Slide 12: Forest Practices, Management Planning

Slide 19: Forestry Practices, Sustainable Forest Management - Why it’s Important

Information came from: https://www.state.sc.us/forest/sfilg.pdf pages 3-6

https://www.pefc.org/what-we-do/our-approach/what-is-sustainable-forest-

Slide 13: Forest Practices, Management Timelines (Loblolly Pine)

management

Information for timeline came from: https://www.uaex.edu/publications/PDF/

https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs90/gtr-nrs-90-chapter-3.pdf

FSA5023.pdf

https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/what-is-

Slide 14: Forest Practices, Harvest + Maintenance Methods

sustainableforestry#:~:text=Sustainable%20forestry%20balances%20the%20

Information on harvest methods came from: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/timber_

needs,our%20forests% 20for%20future%20generations.&text=The%20Rainforest%20

harvest_methods

Alliance%20is%20the,by %20communities%20and%20indigenous%20groups.

Information on maintenance methods came from: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/

Slide 20: Carbon Sequestration in South Carolina

rmrs_gtr292/1989_wade.pdf and https://www.state.sc.us/forest/sfilg.pdf

Carbon Trading definition: https://www.green-assets.com/4284/south-carolina-

Slide 15: Forest Practices, Best Management Practices

forestlandowners-learn-about-carbon-market/

Information on BMP’s came from: https://www.state.sc.us/forest/rbth.htm#bmplann

Cap-and-trade system explanation: https://www.green-assets.com/4284/south-

and https://www.state.sc.us/forest/bmpmanual.pdf

carolinaforest-landowners-learn-about-carbon-market/

Slide 16: Forestry Practices, Sustainable Forest Management - Certification Programs

California Cap-and-Trade Program + CA-CTP bullets: https://link.springer.com/

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.

article/10.1186/s40663-019-0175-1

html?appid=dfe7da49c651424eb39a14c 61c4d5f7f

Survey of 784 private forestland owners in SC box’s information came from: https://

Slide 17: Forestry Practices, Sustainable Forest Management - Certification Programs

link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40663-019-0175-1

Differences between FSC and SFI: https://www.nrcm.org/wpcontent/

Quote from Michael Dawson: https://www.green-assets.com/4284/south-carolina-

uploads/2013/09/FSCvSFIstandards.pdf and https://snwwood.com/

forestlandowners-learn-about-carbon-market/

Blog/WoodQ-A/FSC-vs-SFI-What-s-thedifference#:~:text=Some%20of%20

Slide 21: Conclusion, Overview of Information

the%20biggest%20differences,organisms%3B%20S FI%20allows%20their%20

Information gathered from previous slides

use&text=FSC%20prohibits%20the%20conversion%20of,of %20wood%20from%20

Icons found on the noun project https://thenounproject.com/

those%20forests

Europe: P Thanga Vignesh | USA: Mehmet I K Berker | SC: Marvdrock | Globe: Fahmi

Slide 18: Forestry Practices, Sustainable Forest Management - Certified Forests in the

| House: Mahmure Alp | Timber Harvesting: Nithinan Tatah | Trees: Alice Design |

Timber: Ben Davis | People: Oksana Latysheva | Sustainability: Diego Naive | Carbon:

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.

Kris Brauer | Greenhouse gases: Anthony Ledoux | Trading 2: Gem Designs

html?appid=dfe7da49c651424eb39a14c 61c4d5f7f https://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/IS-Forestry.pdf

UCTS

SAWMILL PROCESS

MASS TIMBER

FOREST FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS

OVERVIEW

LUMBER

PRIMARY FACILITIES

SAWMILL PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITIES

MASS TIMBER

TIMBER VS LUMBER GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

UNITED STATES TIMBER

EUROPE LUMBER

LUMBER

TIMBER

Timber - unprocessed wood

Lumber - unprocessed wood

(unharvested or recently felled trees still with bark)

GLULAM

Lumber - processed wood products

Timber - processed wood products

NLT

Wood - fibrous substance that makes up a tree

SECONDARY FACILITY

DLT CLT

TIMBER VS LUMBER

SECONDARY PROCESS

WOOD PROPERTIES GENERAL

GRAIN DIRECTION Wood is orthotropic (unique + independent properties in different directions) FIBER DIRECTION

High strength parallel to grain (longitudinal)

RADIAL

More prone to shrinking + swelling in radial or tangential directions

PRIMARY FACILITY

Wood strength + stiffness depend primarily on: •Size of cross section (shape property) LUMBER

•Species of wood (material property)

LONGITUDINAL

TANGENTIAL

•Grade of wood (material property) PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

GRADE

MOISTURE CONTENT

Structural lumber graded into different categories with

Moisture content should be 19% or less prior to use in construction

different expected stress tolerances + performance levels

12-16% or less moisture content for engineered wood products

Take into account any defects

High moisture content = warping and/or excessive shrinkage

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

WOOD PROPERTIES

SAWMILL LOCATIONS GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

PRIMARY FACILITY LOCATIONS

SECONDARY PROCESS

TREE SIZING + CLASSIFICATION

GENERAL

TOP 10 SOFTWOOD LUMBER PRODUCERS

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

COMPANY

PROJ 2020 CAPACITY

WEST FRASER

3,490

GEORGIA-PACIFIC

2,930

WEYERHAEUSER

2,680

CANFOR

2,080

INTERFOR

1,550

REX LUMBER

800

HOOD INDUSTRIES

555

CONIFEX

550

POTLATCHDELTIC

525

JORDAN LUMBER

500

TOP 10 TOT

15,660

SOUTH TOT

23,520

TOP 10% OF TOT SECONDARY FACILITY

67%

Pulpwood mill: 6-9” DBH. Pulpwood trees are chipped into small pieces, chemically treated, and made into paper.

Chip-n-saw mill: 10-13” DBH. By using a combination of techniques, these mid sized trees produce chips for pulpwood as well as small dimension lumber

Sawtimber mill: 14” + DBH. Trees are cut into lumber. Waste material is converted into chips for fuel or paper production

Veneer mills: 16” + DBH. By means of a large lathe, the tree is converted into continuous sheets of thin wood. This is used in the manufacture of plywood and furniture depending on the type of tree.

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

TREE SIZING + CLASSIFICATION

SAWMILL PROCESS FROM HARVEST TO PRODUCT

GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

OVERALL

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT

CLT

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS

SECONDARY PROCESS

SAWMILL PROCESS GENERAL

HARVEST

PRIMARY FACILITY

01 02 03

Trees are selected and prepped for Harvesting. Popular trees in the southeast are Pine, Oak, and Cypress.

FELLING

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

The next step in logging is the felling of the trees. This is generally done with a Tigercat feller buncher on wheels and tracks.

TRANSPORT

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

The logs are then hauled to the logging deck

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS

SAWMILL PROCESS DE-LIMBING

GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

Limbs are removed from logs

LUMBER

SORT

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

Logs and chips are then sort. Logs are transported to sawmills and chips to pulp mills. Sometimes, tops of trees or small trees will go straight to the pulp mill with no chipping on the site.

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS

SECONDARY PROCESS

SAWMILL PROCESS GENERAL

SCALING

PRIMARY FACILITY

06 07 DEBARKING

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT

Afterwards logs are scaled either on the way to the mill or upon arrival at the mill. -Trucks drive across scale -Difference between weights is the green weight of wood (which is generally half water) -Most sawmills prefer to take logs with diameters between 24”-36” and heights between 8’-30’ in 2’ increments

Later the logs are debarked. This is the process of removing bark from the logs. Three commonly used machines for debarking are: -Drum: Loading a lot of logs in a drum, drum begins to spin, and friction between the logs and the metal drum burns the bark off -Rotary: Log placed in cradle that spins it as a knife is dragged across the top, shaving the log -Ring Cutter: Machine has round blades that the log passes through, like a pencil sharpener

DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS

SAWMILL PROCESS GENERAL

SCANNING

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

-Logs are laser scanned to determined the maximum amount of quality lumber that can be harvested. -Scanning takes into consideration defects into the tree such as bowing, or the curve of a tree. -Then it is determined what length of dimensional lumber will be cut from each log, and how many pieces of that lumber will be made. -In the diagram to the right, the smaller circle identifies curvature of the tree and where the most amount of the tree is straight.

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS | DRYING

SECONDARY PROCESS

SAWMILL PROCESS GENERAL

CUTTING

PRIMARY FACILITY

-Lumber is most commonly cut with the flat sawn technique because it is the most inexpensive technique. -Quarter sawn and rift sawn techniques are used for cabinetry, furniture, and flooring, and are more expensive and less common than flat sawn.

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

EDGING

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

Logs are fed into either a Double Length In-feed (DLI) or Carriage Saw to be cut into boards -Boards then flow to a trimmer where they are again scanned and cut to appropriate lengths -Boards are automatically sorted by length, thickness, and width before being stacked for drying

Depending upon the species and quality of the log, the cants will either be further broken down by a resaw or a gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards. Rough cut boards are placed on a conveyor belt that feeds into the edging machine which removes irregular edges and defects PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS | LUMBER

SAWMILL PROCESS GENERAL

PLANING

PRIMARY FACILITY

12 13 14

After lumber is kiln dried, it is passed through a planing machine (see diagram to right) where the thickness of the wood is finalized and faces are smoothed to shipping.

WRAPPING

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

The next step is wrapping the newly planed wood and prep it for shipment. This is now a fully automated process at bigger mills.

TRANSPORT

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT

Lastly the wood gets put on trucks or ships and is sent to retailers or sent directly to a buyer.

CLT

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS | LUMBER

SECONDARY PROCESS

ENERGY + WASTE GENERAL

ENERGY Low Embodied Energy Energy needed to extract, process, manufacture, transport, construct + maintain material or product Minimal Air + Water Pollution

PRIMARY FACILITY

Reduce Carbon Footprint Removes carbon from air + stores it for lifetime LUMBER

Can be recycled after use + continue to store carbon BIOMASS POWER

PRIMARY PROCESS

WOOD HARVESTED

PROCESSED AT SAWMILL

WOOD CHIPS + SAWDUST

40%

BIOMASS FUEL + ANIMAL BEDDING

WASTE 60%

SECONDARY FACILITY

Closed Loop Process GLULAM

NLT

Most waste reused About 65% of wood lost (reused + recycled)

-7% DURING KILN DRYING

-15% CUTTING + PLANING

CLT PANELS FOR DISTRIBUTION

DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

PRIMARY FACILITY PROCESS | ENERGY + WASTE

GENERAL CLT Finland Ltd | Finland

Splitkon | Norway Stora Enso | Norway

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

Hassiacher Noritec Timber | Germany

PRIMARY PROCESS

Binderholz | Germany Eugen Decker | Germany

GERMANY

Stora Enso | Austria Mayr-Meinhof Holz | Austria Lignotrend | Germany

AUSTRIA

Piveteau Bois | France Hasslacher Noritec Timber | Austria KLH Massivholz (2) | Austria

SWITZERLAND

Stora Enso | Austria Binderholz | Austria

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

SECONDARY FACILITY LOCATIONS (EUROPE)

SECONDARY PROCESS

GENERAL

Structure Fusion | Quebec City (Glulam, Hybrid timber beams, Fabrication)

Element 5 | Tripon, Canada (CLT, NLT, LVL, Glulam) Element 5 | Toronto (CLT, NLT, LVL, Glulam beams) Nordic Structures | Montreal, Canada (I-joists, CLT, Glulam beams) Guardian | St. Marys, ON (CLT, Glulam)

PRIMARY FACILITY

Kalesnikoff | Castlegar (CLT, Glulam) Structurlam | Penticton (CLT, Glulam)

Bensonwood | Walpole, New Hampshire (CLT, NLT, Glulam, Fabrication)

Structurecraft | Abbotsford, Canada (CLT, DLT, NLT, Glulam beams, LVL, LSL, PSL) Structurlam | Vancouver (CLT, Glulam)

LUMBER

Katerra | Spokane Valley, Washington (CLT, Glulam, Beams) Vaagen | Colville, Washington (CLT + Glulam) Freres Lumber Co | Lyons, Oregon (Mass plywood panels) DR Johnson | Riddle, Oregon (CLT panels, Glulam beams)

PRIMARY PROCESS

Smartlam | Columbia Falls, Montana (CLT Panels) Euclid Timber Frames | Charleston, Utah (ICLT panels)

Sterling Lumber Company | Phoenix, Illinois (CLT timber + CLT mats)

Lamwood Systems | Denver, Colorado (Glulam, CLT, LVL, LSL, Trusses)

Texas CLT LLC | Magnolia, Arkansas (CLT panels) Sterling Lumber Company | Lufkin Texas (CLT mats)

SECONDARY FACILITY

Smartlam | Dothan, Alabama (CLT panels, Glulam beams)

Structurlam | Oregon, California, Texas, Conway

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY LOCATIONS (NORTH AMERICA)

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS GENERAL

WOOD PROPERTIES

PRIMARY FACILITY

WOOD ADHESIVES

LAMELLA

Strongest with the grain

Fire Safety

Finger joining

Swelling + Shrinking

Bond Strength

Most prove to swelling tangentially + radial

Off-gassing

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

STRENGTH

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | OVERVIEW

SECONDARY PROCESS

GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER [GLULAM] GENERAL

OVERVIEW | REGULATIONS Grain of all laminations runs parallel with lengths of straight members Commonly used as beams and columns Knots are cut out of the boards in advance Allows for “grid” plan which creates an open concept for offices and spaces AITC Certification for Timber Fabricators •Decide whether a fabricator is qualified to manufacture the good based on the International Building code (IBC). Typical beam widths for residential construction: 3- , 3-½, 5- , and 6-¾ inches APA is certifier of wood products which are labeled to ensure they are qualified.

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

ADVANTAGES PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

•Straight and curved members for architectural/design benefit •Large section sizes and long lengths •Structural capabilities •Stronger than solid timber •High degree of dimensional stability •Post and beam allows for open concept while reducing amount of timber applied •Sustainable + Fire resistant

DISADVANTAGES •Higher cost than standard timber structure framing •Standards are not always met •Manufacturers can use substandard timber (darken or come unglued at times) (log houses) •Quality glulam is often more expensive •Less efficient than solid lumber in terms of cost

ATCO Commercial Centre Commons Building | 2018 | Alberta, Canada | Pickard Chilton

Wood Innovation and Design Centre | 2014 | University of Northern British Columbia | Michael Green Architecture

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER [GLULAM]

GLULAM PROCESS GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

FORMING OF LAYERS

PRESSING

CALIBRATING

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER [GLULAM]

GLULAM EXAMPLES GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

Aspen Art Museum / 2014 / Aspen, CO / Shigeru Ban Architects PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT

Cascades Academy of Central Oregon / 2013 / Tumalo, OR / Hennebery Eddy Architects. Inc.

RMIT Garden Building / 2017 / Melbourne, Australia / NMBW

DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER [GLULAM]

NAIL-LAMINATED TIMBER [NLT] GENERAL

OVERVIEW | REGULATIONS

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

Members are laminated together with nails Oldest Mass Timber system One way system (single direction span) Require support beams Tolerance is required for swelling and shrinking 2x4, 2x6, 2x8 most common lumber dimensions used Permitted for walls, floors, roof panels, walls, and shafts •Plywood/OSB can be added for shear capacity Design Options •Species of wood •Lumber grade •Eased/sharp texture •Cross section size

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT

•Appearance options give flexibility with design •Acoustics can be built into panels •Complex curvature is possible •Ease of Fabrication

•Multi-material product •Not easily returned to the environment •Not millable •Currently discontinued by Structurecraft

CLT

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | NAIL-LAMINATED TIMBER [NLT]

SECONDARY PROCESS

NLT PROCESS GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

FIRST LAMELLAS ARE NAILED

ONE LAMELLA IS ADDED

PROCESS REPEATS

PANEL IS FORMED

TYPICAL LAMINATION PATTERN

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

Vance Tsing Tao Pearl Hill Visitor Center / Bohlin Cywinski Jackson

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | NAIL-LAMINATED TIMBER [NLT]

NLT EXAMPLES GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

120 Clay 2017 / Portland, OR / Ankrom Moisan Architecture

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

Bullitt Center 2013 / Seattle, WA / Robert Hull

T3 Minneapolis 2016 / Minneapolis, MN / Michael Green Architecture

NLT DLT CLT

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | NAIL-LAMINATED TIMBER [NLT]

SECONDARY PROCESS

DOWEL-LAMINATED TIMBER [DLT] GENERAL

OVERVIEW | REGULATIONS

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

Only all wood mass timber product Soft wood laminated with hardwood dowels Grains run in one direction Dowels are friction fit achieved with differing moisture content Dowels can also be threaded Has potential to be cross laminated Panels can be as long as 60’ Millable Customizable Acoustics Visual options

ADVANTAGES •On-site fabrication •CNC routable •No negative health impacts •Lower embodied carbon •Less expensive than conventional CLT •Better indoor air quality

DISADVANTAGES •Humidity may cause greater movement than with CLT panels •Panels do not have the same shear strength as CLT products. •Hardwood dowel dimension changes with moisture content

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | DOWEL-LAMINATED TIMBER [DLT]

DLT PROCESS GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

BOARDS ARE PRESSED

HOLES ARE DRILLED

DOWELS ARE INSERTED

PANEL IS FORMED

FRICTION FIT DOWELS

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

VIDEO PROCESS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00LeDN2NgO0

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | DOWEL-LAMINATED TIMBER [DLT]

DLT EXAMPLES GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

111 East Grand 2019 / Des Moines, IA / Neumann Monson

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

Museum of Fine Arts 2018 / Houston, TX / Lake|Flato Architects

T3 Atlanta 2019 / Atlanta, GA / HPA & DLR Group

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | DOWEL-LAMINATED TIMBER [DLT]

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER [CLT] GENERAL

OVERVIEW | REGULATIONS

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

ADVANTAGES •Strength and uniformity properties •Fire Resistant •Insulating Properties •Lighter than concrete •Similar characteristics to pre-cast concrete •Reductions in assembly time and labor •Sound absorption •High aesthetic quality •Easy to erect •Sustainable building material •Static system •Reduces on-site labor up to 50% •Reduce waste

Layers of timber lamellas are glued together with grain alternating at 90 degrees (built up form at least 3 crosswise glued layers) Connections are needed to provide strength, stiffness, stability. Common types: Panel-to-panel: floors, walls, and roofs) Wall-to-foundation Wall-to-wall intersections Wall-to-floor/roof assemblies

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT

All of these products are produced to a national standard to maintain a quality across the board. (PRG 320) The manufacturing and installation regulations include: Vibration performance Fire Performance Duration of Load and Creep Behavior Sound-Insulation of the material Environmental Performance

DISADVANTAGES •More expensive than steel or concrete •Code restrictions on building heights •Lack of wall cavities increase costs of electrical, plumbing, etc. •Higher Architectural/design costs •Higher material transportation cost (currently few manufacturing plants

DLT CLT

Albina Yard | 2016 | Portland, OR | LEVER Architecture

Catalyst Building | 2020 | Eastern Washington University (EWU) | Michael Green Architecture and Katerra

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER [CLT]

SECONDARY PROCESS

CLT PROCESS GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

LUMBER

LAYERING BOARD LAYERS

PRESSING

CALIBRATING

PRIMARY PROCESS

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER [CLT]

CLT EXAMPLES GENERAL

PRIMARY FACILITY

John W. Olver Design Building at UMASS / 2017 / Amherst, MA / Leers Weinzapfel Associates

LUMBER

PRIMARY PROCESS

Common Ground High School / 2013 / New Haven, CT / Gray Organschi Architecture SECONDARY FACILITY

The Andy Quattlebaum Outdoor Education Center / 2020 / Clemson University / Cooper Carry

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER [CLT]

SECONDARY PROCESS

CLT INNOVATIONS GENERAL

The outer layers of CLT panels provide the majority of the strength SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF CROSS-LAYER MIT Study

PRIMARY FACILITY

18% less material RECYCLED LUMBER LUMBER

Oregon Study 3 board compositions

PRIMARY PROCESS

COMPOSITE CLT Bamboo + Hem-fir Bamboo PSL outside

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS | CLT INNOVATIONS

WORKS CITED GENERAL http://www.woodbin.com/ref/softwood-grades/ https://www.lampertlumber.com/blog/lumber/your-guide-to-the-different-grades-of-lumber/ https://www.woodworkerssource.com/hardwood-lumber-grades.html http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Lumber.html https://climate-woodlands.extension.org/timber-production/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi_PD5aZT7Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvbgwdTGoyo https://www.constructiondive.com/news/mass-timber-101-understanding-the-emerging-building-type/443476/

PRIMARY FACILITY

https://www.thinkwood.com/products-and-systems/mass-timber https://www.apawood.org/publication-search?q=&f=Case+Studie https://www.awc.org/pdf/education/des/ReThinkMag-DES610A-MassTimberinNorthAmerica-161031.pdf https://www.timberinnovation.org/masstimber.html LUMBER

https://www.katerra.com/2020/06/23/cross-laminated-timber-performance-testing/ https://research.thinkwood.com/ https://www.structurlam.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/CrossLam-CLT-CA-Design-Guide-1.pdf https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/cross-laminated-timber-manufacturing-process/

PRIMARY PROCESS

http://digitalstructures.mit.edu/files/2018-10/iass18-paper-pmayencourt.pdf?a717952cde https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/hm50tz42q https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_14_1_2160_Wei_Exploratory_Composite_Cross_Laminated_Timber/6643 https://www.makefromwood.com/how-are-trees-made-into-lumber-it-may-surprise-you/ https://www.yorksaw.com/guide-to-sawmills/#what-happens-at-a-sawmill https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6523&context=etd https://www.awc.org/pdf/education/des/ReThinkMag-DES610A-MassTimberinNorthAmerica-161031.pdf https://www.forest2market.com/blog/sawmill-log-procurement-hunting-the-ideal-log

SECONDARY FACILITY

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr48.pdf https://www.pezzolato.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/TM-TB_eng.pdf https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr48.pdf GLULAM

https://www.grandior.net/what-is-the-difference-between-plain-sawn-quarter-sawn-rift-sawn-and-live-sawn-lumber/

DLT

https://structurecraft.com/materials/mass-timber/nail-laminated-timber

CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

https://science.howstuffworks.com/timber4.htm

NLT

https://www.thinkwood.com/products-and-systems/mass-timber/nail-laminated-timber

WORKS CITED GENERAL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00LeDN2NgO0 https://www.thinkwood.com/products-and-systems/mass-timber/dowel-laminated-timber-dlt https://www.ecohome.net/guides/1017/two-new-options-of-mass-timber-panels/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666165919300043 https://structurecraft.com/materials/mass-timber/dlt-dowel-laminated-timber https://vicash.com.au/news/cross-laminated-timber-vs-glue-laminated-timber/#:~:text=Cross%2Dlaminated%20timber%20(CLT)%20is%20when%20'layers%20of,larger%20and%20longer%20length%20members. https://blog.strongtie.com/what-you-should-know-about-cross-laminated-timber-construction/

PRIMARY FACILITY

https://www.homify.ca/ideabooks/1444519/wood-in-your-home-pros-and-cons https://processing-wood.com/processes/mass_timber/ https://www.westernarchrib.com/projects-case-studies/atco-commercial-centre-commons-building https://www.archpaper.com/2019/01/laminated-wood-specsheet/ LUMBER

https://processing-wood.com/processes/mass_timber/ https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/25/katerra-clt-sustainable-low-carbon-architecture-promotion/ https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/engineered-wood-glulam/) https://www.apawood.org/products

PRIMARY PROCESS

https://www.archpaper.com/2019/01/timber-industry-bloom-mapped/ https://www.timber-online.net/blog/biggest-clt-producers.html http://biobus.swst.org/index.php/bpbj/article/viewFile/24/17 http://wood-works.ca/wp-content/uploads/CLT-Overview-FPInnovations.pdf https://www.timber-online.net/holzprodukte/2017/06/brettsperrholz-produktion-in-europa---20162020.html https://www.binderholz.com/en-us/company/locations/ https://duffieldtimber.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-timber-lumber-and-wood https://www.thinkwood.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Think-Wood-Publication-100-Projects-UK-CLT.pdf

SECONDARY FACILITY

GLULAM

NLT DLT CLT SECONDARY PROCESS

Building Codes

BUILDING WITH TIMBER

Building with Timber And Related Topics

Historic Traditions

Construction Process

Building Performance

Other Resources

Building Codes

Phase 1 Research:

Focus:

Wood construction is a longstanding architectural practice. Evidence of its use has been found in archaeological sites in North Africa, Europe, and Asia. Many surviving wood buildings were built for religious purposes, as these tended to be well preserved, and many of these are still in use today. However, wood has been used as a material for building all kinds of structures for many diﬀerent uses.

Building with Timber

Historic Traditions

Japanese Tradition Japanese timber construction diﬀers from other post and beam techniques and is heavily inuenced by ancient Chinese building practices. What makes Japanese wood construction unique is the complex joinery used to connect the large pieces of lumber. Timber was commonly used in construction in this area not only because of its availability, but also because of its exibility making it an ideal material for this area prone to oods and earthquakes. Typical Japanese wood joinery

Scandinavian Tradition

Neolithic Long House

Norweigan Stave Church

Examples of historic wood construction can still be found standing in Northern Europe, specically Scandinavia. One example of this is the few dozen remaining stave churches, most of which are located in Norway. They are made of entirely pieces of lumber in a typical post and beam construction with large, load-bearing poles (“staver” in Norweigan), hence the name. The majority of stave churches were built between 1150 to 1350 and are an important example of wooden Medieval architecture. Horyuji Temple in Japan (oldest wooden structure in existence)

American Tradition

Light Wood Framing

Most pre-Industrial Revolution wooden construction in the United States was directly inuenced by the construction practices that the colonists brought with them from Europe, namely timber framing. It is not until the American Industrial Revolution that new methods of timber construction are seen. Prior to this point in time, the majority of timber framing was done with hand-sawn pieces of lumber and hand-carved joints. However, after industrialization, there was a pivot to using dimensional lumber and manufactured nails and screws. This method of construction became light wood framing and was much faster and cheaper than timber framing. In the 20th century, there was another shift in building practices, and wood construction fell out of favor for use in industrial buildings, due to its perceived vulnerability to natural processes as well as its expense. However, light wood framing is still in use for constructing most residential buildings.

Prior to the popularization of balloon framing for wood construction in the 1890s, most wood construction was timber framed, meaning the lumber had to be hand cut. This process was very time consuming and expensive.

Balloon Framing

As dimensional lumber became more readily available, balloon framing became more common, as this technique uses standardized sizes of lumber. In a balloon frame, lumber is fastened together with nails, not joinery, unlike in heavy timber frames. There is one big drawback in using balloon framing, because of the long pieces of lumber used to connect separate oors, this creates wall cavities that run the entire height of the building, and therefore create a big re risk.

roof framing

second oor

rst oor framing

Platform Framing

After the re risks associated with balloon framing were discovered, around the 1930s, a new type of light wood framing became popular: platform framing. This technique reduced the re risk that is found in balloon framing. This is due to the fact that platform framing uses shorter lengths of lumber and each story is built individually. Additionally, platform framing can be built without scaﬀolding, making it even more accessible for all types of construction.

roof framing

second oor

rst oor framing

typical American heavy timber construction

Light Wood Framing

PHASE 1 RESEARCH Building with Timber

FOCUS: PLATFORM FRAMING PROCESS Advantages: • • •

Balloon Framing

roof framing

•

Disadvantages: second oor

rst oor framing

Platform Framing

• •

Quick erection times Reduced labour Low embodied energy (if local timber) Recyclable Reduced volume of waste on site Fast heating due to low thermal mass

roof framing

second oor

• • •

Exposure to weather Combustability Susceptibility to moisture

Common Use: - Single family homes - Multi family homes - Lite commercial use

1. Sole Plate (slab construction) or Sill Plate (foundation or ﬂoor) 2. Floor joists and beams installed with sub ﬂoor on top. 3. Walls (assembeled as one unit and then raised into place and braced) 4. Second top plate is installed to anchor walls together.

rst oor framing

5. Roof framing is installed last. Step 1 illustration

Step 3 illustration

PHASE 1 RESEARCH

Building with Timber

FOCUS: POST AND BEAM CONSTRUCTION Advantages: • • • • •

Harder to ignite heavy timber More structural stability Minimizes concelaed spaces Reduced volume of waste on site Asthetically pleasing

Disadvantages: • • •

Exposure to weather Combustability Susceptibility to moisture

Common Use: - Churches, Barns, Pavillions, gathering spaces.

Post and Beam Construction is characterized by the use of timbers (typically larger than 4×6) arranged in two-dimensional frames referred to as a bent consistently throughout a building. These two-dimensional frames typically consist of posts connected using beams or trusses, which resist the building’s gravity loads, while lateral forces are resisted by inﬁll walls or bracing. Foundations are typically pads and/or piers as opposed to a continuous strip footing. This creates a large open area without many concealed spaces.

FOCUS: CLT CONSTRUCTION Murray Grove (Stadhaus) Hackney, London Completion in 2009

Waugh Thistleton Architects Timber Engineer: Techniker CLT panels by KLH Murray Grove is the first tall urban housing project to be constructed entirely from pre-fabricated solid timber, from the load bearing walls and floor slabs to the stair and lift cores. Completed within 49 weeks, and delivering 29 fully insulated and soundproof apartments, the project demonstrated for the first time that CLT has the potential to be a financially viable, environmentally sustainable, and a beautiful replacement for concrete and steel in high-density housing. The 9 story structure was assembled by 4 workers in only 27 days. Made entirely from cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels used as load-bearing walls and floor ‘slabs’. There are no beams or columns anywhere in the structure. Instead the buildings structural support is made from a honey comb design. Their interest in using CLT arose from an ‘environmental’ position and a desire to make timber more readily accepted in the UK.

PHASE 1 RESEARCH Building with Timber

FOCUS: HYBRID CONSTRUCTION T3 Minneapolis Minneapolis, MN Completion in 2016

Michael Green Architecture Magnusson Klemencic Associates (MKA) Engineer and wood products Structurecraft T3 (Timber, Transit, Technology) is the ﬁrst commercial property in the United States to use wood for its structure and interior. The 7-storey, 220,000-square-foot building was constructed with 8-foot-by-20-foot panels of wood that were stacked across beams of glued, laminated timber. The panels themselves were constructed using dimension lumber. T3 features a glulam post and beam framework with nail laminated timber (NLT) premade panels for the ﬂoor and roof. In order to maximize the fabrication and erection process the NLT panels were made in a shop in Winnipeg and shipped to Minneapolis.

FOCUS: BUILDING CODES QUESTIONS:

1. When is wood allowed? 2. What are the parameters around its use? 3. How has the building code evolved? 4. How does this apply to school buildings?

Common Ground High School | Gray Organschi

MASS TIMBER An industry term used to identify buildings constructed of a variety of wood elements. Mass timber includes any product currently permitted for use in Type IV construction, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), structural composite lumber, glued-laminated timber, and large section sawn lumber. But today, both mass timber products and the code governing their use is evolving.

WOOD PARAMETERS FIRE PROTECTION

The most restrictive requirement controlling the growth of mass timber construction is ensuring safety from fire.

Created by Maxim Kulikov from the Noun Project

BUILDING HEIGHT

The current IBC standards for building height in wood construction only allows for up to 6 stories without extensive documentation and testing. Created by Bakunetsu Kaito from the Noun Project

TIMBER PERCEPTION

In the US, wood has traditionally been predominant in suburban housing. CLT can change the perception of builders in more project typologies.

Created by Adrien Coquet from the Noun Project

WHY TIMBER BUILDING CODE? Wood is widely recognized as a carbon-neutral building material, but its use as a structural material has been mostly limited to residential and low-rise buildings due to its combustible nature. With emergent research and data done through organizations including the AWC and many other industry leaders, CLT and other engineered wood products are making an imprint on structural design and even international building codes. The exponential growth of projects using mass timber as a structural design has led to the need for an increased response from the ICC and their codified documentation. Responding to environmental trends, the role of mass timber in the upcoming IBC is expanding . “To me, the moral, economic, and strategic arguments all point in the same direction: mass timber is worth celebrating and supporting.” It is important to understand and utilize tools such as the International Building Code to become familiar with the possibilities, restrictions, and areas of growth surrounding mass timber construction. Case studies such as Brock Commons and Common Ground High School are successful examples of maximizing the potential of building codes.

PHASE 1 RESEARCH

ICC/IBC Formation In 1994 the International Code Council (ICC) was formed in order to form an umbrella consolidation of many regional code groups around the country. These groups originated in response to many detrimental fires with the goal of applying a more uniform set of building safety techniques. The ICC released their first set of codes similar to how we know them today in 2000.

1994-2000

FOCUS: HYBRID CONSTRUCTION Carbon 12

Portland, OR Completion in 2018

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 One of many destructive fires in the US that led to declaring the need for a codified system of building practices

CLT Incorporation 2015

In 2015, CLT was incorporated into the International Building Code (IBC), which jurisdictions across the US typically adopt as their default.

ICC Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings The Board of the International Code Council (ICC), created the Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings (AHC-TWB) in 2016 to assess the science of tall wood buildings and to develop code proposals through the ICC process to ensure the safety of tall mass timber buildings. The committee included subject matter experts from the building materials, building design, building regulatory, and fire safety arenas.

Building with Timber

2016

Kaiser + Path Structurlam CLT Munzing Structural Engineering At 85 feet tall, Carbon12 was the tallest cross-laminated timber building in the country when it was built. Kaiser + Path worked with city and state officials to waive restrictive codes limiting the height of wood buildings, making Carbon12 and future tall wood buildings in the US possible. The building employs mass timber, glued laminated timber, and CLT in its structural system. Steel is used in the core and for connecting braces, and concrete for the basement, ground floor and garage. Munzing Structural Engineering selected a core system that would compliment the speed of construction of mass timber, called a buckling restrained brace frame (BRB) system. BRBs are a pre-manufactured, bolted connection system with very high lateral resistance values.The BRB system was integrated into a structural steel core of beams and columns that allowed it to be erected in coordination, and in-step, with the CLT. It also allowed the most flexibility when routing building systems in concealed spaces.

Common Ground High School The first structural cross-laminated timber building completed in the United States by Gray Organschi.

Proposed Code Expansion 2018-2020

Beginning in 2018, and continuing through the present day, there are as many as 17 approved code revisions that specify many expansions in building with wood and engineered wood products.

Sanctioning Tall Timber If approved, the code changes won’t take effect until 2021, when the next edition of the IBC is published. Even then, it will likely be up to several years before all individual jurisdictions adopt it.

2021-

IBC 2018 IBC 2021

EDUCATIONAL APPLICATION Under the IBC, small and medium sized spaces in a school typically fall under Educational Group E occupancy. Although large spaces such as a gymnasium or cafeteria can be classified as Assembly Group A, IBC Section 303.1.3 allows schools to be classified as Group E throughout, and this is a common approach.

CODE CONSIDERATIONS FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION

RULES

Types IIIA, IIIB, IV,

VA, and VB: Structural wood framing permitted throughout.

Types IIIA, IIIB, and IV: Fire retardant-

treated (FRT) wood framing required for exterior walls.

Type IV: Exposed heavy timber permitted for interior elements if they meet minimum size requirements.

Types IA, IB, IIA, and IIB: Several provisions for the use of wood per IBC Section 603, but not typical for wood construction.

PROVISIONS FOR HEIGHT/AREA INCREASE The average school contains a much greater square footage than the base code allows. To alleviate this, there are many built-in provisions that allow for permitted increases.

SPRINKLERS Created by Ayub Irawan from the Noun Project

Additional floor area and even stories are permitted when the building is fully sprinkler equipped.

TYPE IV-A: The mass timber is fully protected with noncombustible materials.

TYPE IV-B: A limited amount of exposed mass timber elements is allowed.

18 STORIES HEIGHT: 270’ AREA: 972,000 SF

TYPE IV-B

TYPE IV-HT: The mass timber is permitted to be unprotected.

Concealed spaces are required to be firerated through applicable coded methods of safety requirements. Even concealed spaces from mechanical space in drop ceilings to building shafts are included.

IBC 2021 GROUP B

12 STORIES HEIGHT: 180’ AREA: 648,000 SF

timber is permitted to be unprotected.

Brock Commons Construction detail visualizing the use of drywall wrapping the structure in order to protect the wood materials.

Drywall coating must be applied to conceal timber structure.

TYPE IV-A

TYPE IV-C: The mass

IBC 2018

9 STORIES HEIGHT: 85’ AREA: 405,000 SF

9 STORIES MAX HEIGHT: 85’ AREA: 324,000 SF

TYPE IV-C

TYPE IV-HT

OPEN FRONTAGE Created by Setyo Ari Wibowo from the Noun Project

Parking lots or major roadways for fire access > 25% of perimeter= up to 75% increase in floor area.

CODE DEFINITIONS Educational Group E

Any buildings or portions of a structure used to educate six or more people through the 12th grade.

Allowable Height/Area

The maximum amount of stories above grade plane or area per story allotted by code. The sizes allowed relate directly to the construction type.

PODIUM

Utilizing wood framing above a ground level of noncombustibile materials and construction style.

Created by Larea from the Noun Project

PHASE 1 RESEARCH Building with Timber

WOOD CONSTRUCTION INFOGRAPHIC GUIDE

FOCUS: BUILDING PERFORMANCE

all coded materials allowed Common Ground HS

educational

GROUP E

BENEFITS OF USING WOOD LEAST RESTRICTIVE CODING FOR CLT

type

III

type

IV IV-A

IV-B

IV-C

mass

timber possible w/ FRT wood

TIMBER I

type

interior exposed wood allowed in non-concealed spaces

wood construction

low restriction

occupancy group STEEL/CONCRETE DEFAULT MATERIAL

noncombustible elements required

QUESTIONS: 1. Why use wood instead of other building materials? 2. What are some potential disadvantages to using wood, and how might they be combated? 3. Why should wood be used in the construction of a school?

construction type

high restriction

REDUCTION OF CARBON EMISSIONS 49% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the building sector, placing great responsibility on those involved to fix this global issue. 50% of wood is stored carbon, so the more trees grown for the production of buildings, the more carbon may be stored within them. The “production” of trees as a building material produces much less waste with between three and five times less carbon emissions per ton than steel and 1.3 times less than concrete. A ton of wood can store a ton and a half of carbon. Responsible harvesting of this material will not be harmful to the forests and beneficial to the planet. HEALTH BENEFITS Beyond smelling nice and being aesthetically pleasing, wood has several other benefits that contribute to overall health and enjoyment while inside the constructed space. A study of 119 people in wood and nonwood offices showed those in the wood office showed less signs of stress after completing the same stressful task as those in the nonwood office. Another study looked at students in wood and non-wood classrooms and showed lower heart rates and decreased evidence of stress from the students in the wood classrooms. A lower heart rate and less stress can lead to many more overall health benefits. CO2

INTERNAL REGULATION With low thermal conductivity, wood serves as an excellent insulator and does not require a break between the structure and the exterior as do steel and concrete. Using products like gluelam and CLT, the thermal protection increases with the thickness of the wood. It is an electrical insulator as well. It does not store static as can steel or plastic. The material is also able to store solar energy during the day which it can release at night. With natural properties such as elasticity, wood is able to withstand high winds quite well.

POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES OF WOOD A C O U S T I C S

Wood does a poor job with sound insulation as a light building material. Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Impact Insulation Class (ICC) requirements must be met for the building to be up to code. Wood may require extra consideration in these categories due to its acoustic properties. The grain of the wood in certain directions can also affect the impact of the sound.

F I R E

As a highly flammable material, wood is often avoided based on this fact. Certain types of wood, such as pinewood which contains resin, are more susceptible to burning without first being treated. In general, light wood construction can be susceptible to fire given its size.

M O I S T U R E

T E R M I T E S

Water can easily cause the degradation of wood or lead to other problems that may cause it to weaken. If wood has a moisture content of greater than 3%, it may be at risk of fungi. Wood generally has a content of 20-35%, requiring changes to be made in order to prevent fungi.

Another main concern regarding wood construction, termites can be detrimental to structures especially in certain environments. Both subterranean and dry wood termites may infest wood with too high a moisture content.

HOW TO COMBAT THESE DISADVANTAGES A C O U S T I C S

F I R E

M O I S T U R E

T E R M I T E S

Wood behaves quite well as a sound absorber. This feature of wood can be capitalized upon in construction, especially in the case of hybrid buildings, with the use of gypsum and other materials. As a sound absorber, wood is often used in concert halls in order to reduce echo. Air gaps, perforations and hybridization can amplify the sonic properties of wood. Wood itself has an important fire retardant property which is charring. Charring is a layer formed around wood when it burns that offers some protection against fire. In addition to this, the wood may be treated with some sort of fire retardant, like a coating or chemical within the wood, or protected with plasterboard, as codes often require.

As long as wood is kept dry, fungi will stay away. Certain types of wood may be chosen in order to prevent decay, such as red cedar and locust trees. In addition to this, wood may be coated to offer water protection. Another option is pressure treated wood which serves to reduce moisture which keeps out fungi.

Keeping wood dry will minimize termite problems of both sorts. They invade when a certain moisture level is reached, so treatments such as those mentioned before, such as wood selection and coating options, should prevent termite infestation. In addition to moisture prevention, other termite barriers are available. These include sheet metal, concrete and pressure treated wood.

PHASE 1 RESEARCH Building with Timber

THE USE OF WOOD IN SCHOOLS

FOCUS: WOOD DESIGN RESOURCES

GOALS OF A SCHOOL While learning objectives may be different between schools, most schools share in three main goals, 1. Safety: Students feel safe in their learning environment. 2. Health: Students and staff benefit from the environment where they learn and work 3. Good Learning Environment

Questions

1. What are publication trends? 2. What do timber specific softwares have that differ from regular design resources? 3. What specific requirements must be taken into analysis while completing a life cycle assessment? 4. Is there a way to have a better LCA in any stage of a material’s life cycle? 5. Do LCAs contribute to LEED points?

COMMON GROUND HIGH SCHOOL GRAY-ORGANSCHI ARCHITECTURE With a pedagogical focus, Common Ground is an excellent case study for part three of the goals outlined above. The school has an environmental approach which merges the outdoor ecology with the indoor learning environment. The building produces energy on-site creating opportunities to learn about green energy.

• • • • • • •

American Wood Council Canadian Wood Council Forest Products Laboratory WoodWorks ThinkWood Clemson’s Wood Utilization and Design Institute TallWood Insitute and more...

American Wood Council: As a trade group it contributes to the development of public policies which allow for the appropriate manufacture and use of wood products. Forest Products Laboratory: The FPL is the national research laboratory of the United States Forest Service, which is part of USDA. It has provided scientific research on wood and wood products . WoodWorks: information on the design, engineering and construction of commercial and multi-family wood buildings in the U.S. Clemson Wood Utilization and Design Institute: A group based on designing advancements in wood-based construction materials to compete with other materials currently used in nonresidential construction.

13 Asia

15 Number of Articles

HOW THESE GOALS ARE MET USING WOOD 1. Safety: First and foremost, the school should consider the safety of the learning space. Using wood provides this safe space when appropriate considerations are made regarding wood types and treatments. Wood provides fire protection, sometimes greater than that of steel when heavy timber is employed, and retains its structural integrity when protected against moisture. 2. Health: The mental and physical health of students is an essential consideration when designing a school. Visible wood construction has been shown to reduce blood pressure and heart rate of occupants and stimulate greater creativity. 3. Good Learning Environment: Schools should be designed to create the best possible learning environments for their students but also to be tools for learning themselves. Wood schools can create these environments. By using a sustainable material in the construction of the school, the students can learn firsthand about sustainability and other benefits that come along with it. The Common Ground High School is an excellent example of this. The school provides opportunities for the students to learn about the environment and sustainable practices within a sustainable school.

Common Publications:

53 North America

7 Australia

LCA Publications Per Region

2010

2012 2014

2016

2018

Publications Trend Over Years -Number of articles is not consistant even though there is a greater interest in low carbon construction and the use of forest based products. -North America is the leading LCA studies despite that other regions are more densely rich in forest resources.

25 Europe 2 South America

Common Softwares: • • •

What is a life cycle assessment (LCA)? “A systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle.”

for architects and engineers Structural Engineering Programs: RISA-2D, RISA-3D, and SimaPro Stand alone Programs: RX-TIMBER and Corrim Carbon Footprint/LCA based Programs (plug ins): Tally, WoodWorks Carbon Calculator, EC3, Athena and Environmental Product Declarations

Specific Categories That Are Used For Analysis:

Advantages to Softwares Specifically Made for Timber Design: For Mass Timber to Light Wood Framing •

Siesmic and Dynamic Anaylsis

•

Parametric Model Generation

•

Product Library with Wood Specifications

Wind Simulations Siesmic Anaylsis

Timber Connections on Timber

Life Cycle Assessment

•

Wind Simulations

•

Designing with Code Standards

•

Timber Connections

•

Economic planning

•

Site viability

•

Shearwalls

•

Planning coordination

•

Direct Spreadsheet Reports

Raw Material Logistics

• • • • •

Output: Emissions

Output: Effluents

Output: Solid Waste

Distribution Logistics

End Use

Disposal

Output: Products

Output: Co-products

Lumber Transportation

60%

40%

20%

through Life Cycle Assessments:

Life Cycle of Forest Materials

Conversion

•

Total primary energy Nonrenewable energy -fossil -nuclear Renewable energy

CLT Manufacturing

80%

Advantages to Understanding Impacts

From Cradle to Grave

Raw Material Extraction

Global Warming Acidification Eutrophication Smog Ozone depletion

Other Categories Include: • •

and Properties Carbon Summary from Wood Works Calculator

• • • • •

Lumber Production 100%

overall human health understanding of climate change such as global warming proper allocation of environmental burdens location of polluted areas brings economic wealth

Global Warming

Acidification

Eutrophication

Smog

Ozone Depletion

Sources of Environmental Impacts for LCA Life Cycle Assessments’ Contribution to LEED Points:

In LEED v4, most users will utilize the Option 4: Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment. The process requires improving building life-cycle impacts by 10 % compared to a baseline building. You may recieve a regional priority credit for additional points. This is available in certain states within the USA and Canada in order to incentivize lower environmental impacts. These states include: • Ohio • Connecticut • Texas • New Hampshire • West Virginia • Maine • Delaware • Virginia • Louisiana • New York • Massachusetts • Illinois Map can be seen to the left. Similar to :

The Wood First Program in British Columbia. The Canadian government also incentivize the use of wood (unless they can prove the need to use a differnt material). This is made possible due to major ownership of forests by the government.

tory-of-wood-and-craft-in-japanese-design_o

https://awc.org/tallmasstimber

https://www.logcabinhub.com/living-with-wood-from-thebeginning-of-time/

https://awc.org/pdf/tmt/MTCC-Guide-Print-20180919.pdf

https://www.tfguild.org/historical-perspectives https://makeitwood.org/documents/doc-1501-wood---nature-inspired-design-report-nal.pdf

Resources

https://www.visitnorway.com/listings/hopperstad-stave-church/7211/ http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/105. html Historic Traditions: https://thecraftsmanblog.com/framing-timber-balhttps://iﬀmag.mdmpublishing.com/heavy-timber-101loon-platform/ part-1-history-and-design/ https://exarc.net/issue-2015-3/aoam/construction-neohttp://buildipedia.com/knowledgebase/division-06-woodlithic-longhouse-model-museum-prehistory-urgesplastics-and-composites/06-10-00-rough-carpentry/06chichtemuseum-mamuz 13-00-heavy-timber/06-13-23-heavy-timber-construction/06-13-23-heavy-timber-construction http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/aaresearch-2012/

Resources

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Resources Building Performance:

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