Satellite induced ionization observed with the doploc system

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mi Iill MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. 1362 AUGUST 1961

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SATELLITE-INDUCED IONIZATION

O "eg"

OBSERVED WITH THE DOPLOC SYSTEM ARPA Satellite Fence Series

Harold T. Lootens

*oV Report No. 23 In the Series

Department of the Army Project No. 503-06-011 Ordnance Management Structure Code No. 5210.21.14303

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES ?™?™?Ba,,Ba!aele»«MS^^ "■ii'ii" 'iriVn

iV;.:^-^.-^.^^^

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND ■:

i'

ASTIA AVAILABILITY NOTICE Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from ASTIA,

This report will appear in a journal and will be available to the public.

.■:,■

/ ■■ ■■■<.:.

-■"

BALLISTIC

RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. I562

AUGUST I96I

SATELLITE-INDUCED IONIZATION OBSERVED WITH THE DOPLOC SYSTEM

ARPA Satellite Fence Series

Harold T. Lootens

Ballistic Measurements Laboratory

Report No. 25 in the Series

Department of the Army Project No. 5O5-O6-OII Ordnance Management Structure Code No. 5210,21.1^503

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND,

MARYLAND

BALLISTIC

RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. I362

HTLootens/bjk Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. August I96I

SATELLITE-INDUCED IONIZATION OBSERVED WITH THE DOPLOC SYSTEM

ABSTRACT This report presents a series of constant frequency Doppler reflections obtained with the DOPLOC "dark" satellite tracking system.

These reflections, termed "flats", are associated with satellite Doppler reflections and are of the type that would be received from a large, low velocity, ionized cloud.

A tabulation of flats recorded

at times other than satellite pass times is also given and a discussion of meteor-induced ionization is included.

.

,.,■.:,,..:

v.:;;;..,..:- —^.^.v.-;,.

XABIE ÜF CONTENTS PAGE I. II. III.

IV.

V. VI. VII.

HfPRODUCTION DOPLOC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

11

DATA FORMAT

12

A.

Doppler Recording

12

B.

Signal Strength .....

12

C.

Multiple Antenna Records

IJ

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1^

A.

"Flats" Associated with Satellite Passage

1^

B.

"Flats" During Random Periods

16

C.

Meteor-Induced lonization

kh

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX I.

, s

9

3RL-D0PL0C REPORTS

. . . , ,

k3 1^

,....,

Vf 1^9

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 1.

2.

3. k.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

15.

Ik, 15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

25.

2k, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 50.

Basic Interim DOPLOC System AJRPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 59 Kappa, Rev. 183 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 8386 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 66k5 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 8683 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 8719 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9009 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9^72 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9503 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9716 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9826 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9832 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9937 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 10001 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 59 Lambda, Rev. 96 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 59 Lambda, Rev, 1516 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 2, Rev. iVf ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 2, Rev. 303 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 6, Rev. 301 Flats and Satellite Passes, 22 - 26 July 59 Flats and Satellite Passes, 15 - 17 Sept 59 Flats and Satellite Passes, 15 - 21 Dec 59 Flats and Satellite Passes, 12 - l6 Jan 60 Flats and Satellite Passes, 31 Mar - 6 Apr 60 Flats and Satellite Passes, 6 • • 10 Jun 60 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 59 Epsilon 1, Rev. 532 XRPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 873I1 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 99^3 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 9959 ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 10Ö07

31, ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 58 Delta 2, Rev. 10023 32. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 2, Rev. 356 35. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 1, Rev. 386

I.

INTRODUCTION

During the period 1 January 1959 to 1 July i960, the Bailiatlc Research Laboratories, under funding from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA Order 8-58), operated a three-station, reflection Doppler satellite tracking system, extending across the southrcentral United States from Tennessee to New Mexico.

This system, known as

DOPLOC, (DOppler Phase IflCk), provided a means of detecting and tracking radio-silent, or "dark" satellites.

Detailed reports outlining the

planning, implementation, operation and administration of the DOPLOC system have been published1'2'5^ so no further space will be devoted to it here.

A transmitting station was located at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and receiving stations were located at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico and at Forrest City, Arkansas.

The three stations were initially

manned on a twenty-four hour, seven-day-per-week basis, as a part of the nation-wide satellite surveillance net.

Following permission from ARPA

to discontinue routine twenty-four hour operation, the White Sands station was deactivated and a nominal eight-hour work day was adopted at the Forrest City and Fort Sill stations on 1 October I959.

The primary objective of the DOPLOC system was to detect and track non-transmitting (dark) satellites but the flexible schedule under which the field stations operated also provided considerable data from known satellites. Unidentified Flying Objects and meteors.

In addition, the

system provided much useful data relative to the satellite-induced ionization theory.

It is the purpose of this report to present data on this highly controversial subject of satellite-induced ionized trails or clouds.

Several workers in the field, notably Kraus et al. at Ohio State University

5

' '7, and Liszka et al. at the Kiruna Geophysical Observatory

in Sweden , have reported the existence of satellite-induced ion trails, Many othem in this field doubt the existence of such trails or are dubious about the reported magnitude and persistence of the trails.

.

^ed lonlMtloa theory, hut rather vm preeent reaction date oht-uned fro. . ^e, ^ „^^ ^^ ^^ tjpe presented In tht3 report are de« „<.-., . ..* ,,,,. äeflnltely not from satellites, since =o Tf'*"**- "" the fMt ttot ^ "lotion, occur a, a patent »oppier fre^ncy at the hiss .re^enc. level Inzestes th!t ZZT^ ™ "" ^ " ~ -^ «— - the .ronnd

10

II.

DOPLOC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The DOPIXXJ system consisted of a 50-kw continuous wave, 108 nc transmitter located at Fort SlU, Oklahoma, which fed one of three highgain antennas.

These high-gain antennas emitted narrow, fan-shaped

beams, one directed 20 degrees ahove the northern horizon, one directed vertically and one directed 20 degrees above the southern horizon (see Figure l).

The signal reflected from a satellite passing through the transmitter beam was received at one or both of the receiving stations.

Each receiving station had three high-gain antennas oriented to "see" the space volume illuminated by the transmitter.

The reflected signal

was fed through a receiver and a bank of fixed audio frequency filters, known as the Automatic Lock-On (ALO), to a narrow-band, phase-locked tracking filter.

The tracking filter then tracked the Doppler signal

as the satellite passed through the antenna beam.

A satellite which

crossed the base line joining the transmitter and receiver traversed each of the three fan-shaped antenna beams.

This resulted in three

separate Doppler records, one for each of the three antennas, separated In time by 5O-60 seconds.

The length of the Doppler records varied,

averaging about 7 seconds in the center antenna and 15-25 seconds In the north and south antennas.

Data outputs were Doppler frequency as

a function of time in a digital and punched tape format, as well as strip chart recordings of Doppler analog frequency and signal strength with respect to time.

A complete and detailed description of the

DOPLOC instrumentation system is available", so no further discussion of it will be presented here.

When the DOPLOC system assumed twenty-four,hour operational status in January 1959^ the transmitter at Fort Sill served as the illuminator for both receiving stations.

When the White Sands station was deacti-

vated in the fall of 1959^ the antennas at Fort Sill and Forrest City were re-oriented in azimuth to produce a greater overlapping of the beams and better coverage.

All data presented in this report were

recorded at the Forrest City station.

1-1

III. DATA FOBMAT A,

Doppler Recording The typical form in which DOPLOC data are recorded is shown in

Figure 2.

The upper portion of the chart is an analog record of

tracking filter output frequency.

The short, evenly spaced marks

indicate the sucessive frequencies at which the tracking filter is set while the system is in the search mode.

Figure 2 shows the

tracking filter output when the ALO Is scanning a 12 kc range.

The

AIX) can also he adjusted to scan a 4 kc or 2 kc range.

The transition from step scanning to continuous phase-locked tracking is shown in Figure 2 at ITU:58 Z time.

Concurrently, the

digital counter and printer is started and the period of 1000 cycles of the Doppler signal is printed at one second intervals on paper tape.

The Doppler period count for Revolution 185 of 59 Kappa, corresponding to the Doppler frequency analog record, is shown at the top left of Figure 2.

The right five digits represent the period count, while

the left iix digits represent Universal Time in hours, minutes and seconds.

B.

Signal Strength The lower part of the chart in Figure 2 is a record of the AGO

voltage from the tracking filter.

While in the search mode, the AGO

is shorted, producing the clean, straight line at 2 mm deflection.

When a signal is detected, the AGO voltage first decreases due to'an initial threshold voltage of opposite polarity existing on the AGO line.

Then, as the signal amplitude increases, the AGO voltage in-

creases as shown by the scale calibration.

The chart is calibrated

in received signal input power (in dbw) at the receiver input terminals and also in relative signal in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output, i.e. in db below 1:1

12

S/N

at the receiver output.

C.

Multiple Antenna Records This one pass of 59 Kappa has been treated In considerable detail '

to explain the nature, quality and quantity of DOPLOC data and, consequently, the discussion has been devoted to data received by the vertically directed center antenna.

In the next section of this report,

examples of satellite passes recorded by more than one antenna win be presented.

During the 18-month operation of the DOPLOC system, 111 satellite reflections were received, resulting from observations of 89 individual satellite passes (8 passes were received by two antennas and 7 passes by all three antennas).

Of these 111 reflections, 67 were received

by the center antenna alone or by the center antenna in combination with the north or south antenna.

13

IV. A.

EXPERIMENTAL RESUIITS

"Flats" Associated with Satellite Passage Approximately 25^ of the satellite passes recorded by the DOPLOC

center antenna (17 of 6?) revealed a constant frequency reflection, either preceding or following the Doppler signal reflected from the satellite.

These constant frequency reflections, termed "flats"

appear on the analog records as a horizontal line, close to or equal to the bias frequency of 7 kc^ indicating zero velocity.

These

Doppler frequency flats, which indicate an apparent zero velocity target^ could be caused either by a large ionized mass moving through the antenna beam at a very low velocity, or by a stationary ionized mass having a lifetime equal to the duration of the observed signal.

On 9

of the records the flats produced a stronger signal level than the corresponding satellite reflection.

The average signal strength of

the flats (-170 dbw) is slightly stronger than the average signal strength of the satellites observed (-I71 dbw).

Reproductions of DOPLOC satellite

reflections showing evidence of flats are presented in Figures 3-I9 and a tabulation of the data is given in Table I. Of the 17 satellite records which reveal flats, 12 are reflections {from 58 Delta 2 (Sputnik III).

The other passes displaying flats are

records of 59 Lambda (Discoverer VIII), 60 Epsilon 2 (Sputnik IV rocket) and 60 Epsilon 6 (Sputnik IV fragment).

About 65^ of the flats occur

after (or before and after), the satellite has passed through the antenna beam, and all of the flats appear in the center antenna.

Perhaps a brief

explanation of the antenna switching procedure is desirable at this point, to indicate which antenna was in use when the flats were recorded.

In Figures 13, Ik and 17, an abrupt shift in the ALO frequency scan is visible. to the next.

This shift represents the transfer of power from one antenna For example, in Figure 15, the ALO scans the 2-5 kc range

as the satellite approaches and is tracked through the south antenna.

Following loss of signal by the south antenna, power is switched to the center antenna and the AH) scans the 6-9 kc range. .

shown at 0641:46 Z time.

This transition is

This scan is continued until the satellite has

traversed the center beam and then a switch is made to the north antenna

Ih

TABLE I - DOPLOC SATELLITE REFLECTIONS POSSESSING FLATS Satellite

Rev.

58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 58 Delta 2 59 Lambda 59 Lambda 60 Epsilon 2 60 Epsilon 2 60 Epsilon 6

8386

Average

86if3 8683 8719 9009 9^72 9503 9716 9826 9832 9937 10001 96 1516 147 303 501

Altitude Miles 172 156 1*13 186 15^ 130 150 285 189 110 158 12k 12k

137 2k0

213 iQk

15

â&#x20AC;˘Peak Signal in dbw Satellite Flat -I67 -170 -175 -171 -175 -172 -170 -176 -176 -171 -I62 -169 -I69 -I67 -175 -175 J^Z5

-174 .172 -I65 -172 -170 -163 .175 -I'jk -172 -159 -168 .175 .i'jk -174 -16k -174 ^173

-171

-170

Flat Before/After Satellite Pass Before and After After Before After Before After After Before and After Before After Before and After Before Before After After After After

and a 10-15 kc scan range at 06lÂť3:12 Z time. deflection was adjusted at

06'I'J:00

The chart recorder pen

Z time and the satellite was subse-

quently tracked through the north antenna. switching and recording cycle for this pass.

This completes the antenna Antenna switching was

performed simultaneously at the transmitter and receiver and synchronized "by teletype communication.

In Figure 12, similar switching was performed

as indicated at l3l2:5J* Z time, and the pen deflection subsequently adjusted to center the trace in the upper portion of the chart.

It is

probable that the flats observed in Figures 12, IJ, and 1? would have been longer in duration if the recording had not been interrupted by antenna switching.

B.

Flats During Random Periods In an attempt to determine if a correlation actually exists between

satellite passage and the occurrence of flats, it was decided to chart all of the fiats and satellite passes which occurred during several arbitrarily selected periods between July 1959 and July i960.

The resulting

charts are presented in Figures 20-25 and an explanation of them follows.

The original records were recorded on ^wo-channel Sanborn chart paper. Type 651-52.

During the operation of the DOPLOC system, over 300

complete rolls of this paper were utilized, amounting to more than 6000 hours of recordings.

The six one-week periods chosen for this random

examination are a representative sample of the total amount of data recorded.

The first DOPLOC satellite reflection was received in August 1959, so the initial period to be studied was selected in July 1959, Just prior to the first reflection.

Five additional samples were chosen at approximately 1-2

month intervals, covering the time until the DOPLOC system was deactivated in July i960.

Each period examined consisted of.five consecutive

days, with the exception of the charts in Figures 22 and 2k.

The days that

were omitted on these charts (19-20 Dec 59 and 2-5 Apr 60) fell on Saturday and Sunday, and the station was operating only on a five-day week at that time.

16

Each chart represents five complete days, and each day is divided into four segments of six hours each, with the horizontal scale reading from left to right in Universal Time.

The short, vertical marks rep-

resent flats, with no regard for their duration.

The flats vary in

length from several seconds to a minute or more, but each one is represented by a single mark regardless of duration.

A tabulation of all

flats, including duration and signal strength values, is given in Tables II - VII. The long, vertical marks represent satellites which were predicted for the DOPIĂ&#x2013;C system during the period.

Each is identified with the

year of launch and the Greek letter assigned by Space Track Control Center.

In addition, the altitude of each pass as it crossed the base

line is given.

The periods labeled "NO MTA" represent periods when the

station was not operating; at all other times the station was manned and continuous recordings were made. markedt .

Several of the satellite passes are

Here, the passage of the satellite through the antenna beam

was recorded and reproductions of these Doppler frequency observations are presented in Figures 6, 15, 26-53.

Attention is called to the small number and random distribution of the flats in Figures 20 and 21.

There is no correlation* with satellite passage

in Figure 20 and only slight correlation in Figures 21, 2k and 25.

In

Figures 22 and 25, however, a number of excellent correlations are visible in connection with 58 Delta 2, perhaps because of the size and configuration of this satellite.

Table VIII presents a summary of the number of passes

in each period, together with the number of correlations and their

iden-

tification.

In Figures 22-25, the occurrence frequency profile of the flats is radically different.

Instead of a small number of flats randomly distributed,

these charts show an increase in the number of flats by a factor of 3 or k, * ?°rr^lation denotes a minimum of two flats occurring in the period from 10 minutes before pass time until 20 minutes after pass time. These passes are underlined in Figures 20-25.

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TABLE'VIII - SATELLITE PASSES AND CORRELATED FIATS

Period Examined

Number of Satellite Passes in Period

20

22-26 Jul 59

11

0

21

15-17 Sep 59

15

5

58 Delta 2 (2) 59 Epsilon 1 (5

22

15-21 Dec 59

6

5

58 Delta 2 (5)

25

12-16 Jan 60

6

k

58 Delta 2 (k)

2k

51 Mar-6 Apr 60

6

2

58 Delta 2 (l), 60 Beta 1 (l)

1

60 Epsilon 2 (1)

Fls No. ;

25

6-10 Jun 60

10

Number of Correlations»

Identification of Correlations

•-

* Correlation denotes a minimum of two flats occurring in the period from 10 minutes before pass time, until 20 minutes after pass time.

ho

and a distribution characterized by email, compact groups separated by long periods of little or no activity.

Such a distribution might Indicate

that these flats were caused by a distinct event, ouch as the movement of a satellite or meteor shower.

To examine the relationship between satellite altitude and flats, a tabulation was made of all flats occurring in a 50-minute period* In the vicinity of each of the underlined satellite passes in Figures 20-25.

These data are presented in Table DC. Regarding the effect of satellite altitude on the formation of flats, It is noted that of the 6? satellite reflections recorded by the DOPLOC center antenna, 1? (or 2556) show evidence of flats near the satellite pass time (see Table l). of l8h miles.

These 1? satellite passes have an average altitude

It cannot be concluded from these data, however, that flats

are more frequently associated with the lower altitude satellites, since the average altitude of all the center antenna satellite reflections is only 201 miles.

The range limitations of the interim DOPLOC system made

reception of the higher altitude passes marginal and, consequently, the satellite reflections that were received were from the lower altitude passes.

In Figures 20-25, however, there are a total of 52 satellite passes charted, ranging in altitude from 95 to 658 miles.

These passes represent

all of the satellite crossings that were predicted for the DOPLOC system during these periods.

Of these 52 passes, 1? (or 555t) show evidence of

several flats near satellite pass time and the average altitude of these 17 satellite passes is 552 miles (see Table IX).

It should be pointed

out that the limitations of the DOPLOC system do not apply here, since we are concerned only with observations of flats, as opposed to flats and satellites.

Since flats are assumed to be considerably larger than the

associated satellite, it is felt that reflections would be obtained from flats at high altitudes even though no reflection would be received from the satellite itself.

* i^rom 10 minutes before pass time until 20 minutes after pass time.

'

hi

Comparison of the data In Tables I and IX Indicates that formation of flats Is apparently not entirely dependent on altitude, since by more than tripling the altitude range of the data examined, the flats observed only increased by approximately 836.

Based on these data, it would appear

that flats may be observed almost aa frequently associated with satellltea at low altitudes as at high altitudes.

■

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TABLE IX - SATELLITE AlfTITUDE VS NUMBER GF FIATS

Date

Satellite

Altitude Miles

Ik Sep 59

58 Delta 2

17 Sep 59

58 Delta 2

UJO 658

15 Dec 59

58 Delta 2

U92

16 Dec 59

58 Delta 2

U85

17 Dec 59

58 Delta 2

1*82

18 Dec 59

58 Delta 2

U78

21 Dec 59

58 Delta 2

19k

12 Jon 60

58 Delta 2

15 Jan 60

58 Delta 2

Ih Jan 60

58 Delta 2

MO 186 186

16 Jan 60

58 Delta 2

l»01

k Apr 60

58 Delta 2

95 210 Xhl IkO

15 Sep 59

59 Epsilon 2

111 Sep 59

59 Epsilon 2

16 Sep 59

59 Epsilon 2

5 Apr 60

60 Beta 1

6 Jun 60

60 Epsilon 2 Average

451 201

Number of Flat8# in 30-Mln. Period

2 5 6 7 12 5 It 5 7 2 11 2 1* 3 2 10 5

532

*From 10 minutes before pass time until 20 minutes after pass time«

.■

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C.

Meteor-Induced lonlzatiou Reflections from meteor trails may account for some of the flats

observed, particularly in the December and June samples (Figures 22 and 25).

The Ursid meteor shower normally occurs during the period

17-24 December with the maximum activity on 22 December.

During this

maximum, a radio-observed rate of 15 meteors/hour has been reported.10 Similarly, the daytime Arietid and daytime Perseid showers reach their maximum on 8 June and 9 June, respectively, which would place them in the interval charted in Figure 25.

For these showers, the

maximum hourly radio-observed meteor rate is 66 and k2, respectively.

A meteor passing through the ionosphere forms Initially a large, cylindrical, ionized column, and maximum reflection or signal scattering is experienced when the incident wave is normal to the long axis of the cylinder.

The passage of a great number of meteors (as in a shower)

could quite conceivably form many large, ionized columns which, upon diffusion, would overlap and effectively blanket a considerable area with a slow moving ionized cloud.

From a cloud of this type having a

reasonably uniform density, we might expect to observe a single, continuous, long duration flat with a strong signal level.

However, if

the cloud was patchy and non-uniform, then the reflections received might be intermittent, with shorter durations and varying signal strengths.

kk

V. CONCLUSIONS Baaed on the data presented in this report, several conclusions appear rather firm.

First, when a flat Is observed In connection with

a known satellite passage, the signal level received from the flat Is usually stronger than the signal level received from the associated satellite.

This would Indicate that the dimensions of the reflecting

mass are comparable to or larger than those of the satellite.

Secondly, satellite passage cannot be accurately determined by merely charting the occurrence of flats against a time reference.

The

appearance of a large number erf flats in a short time Is not a reliable indication that a satellite has passed, evidenced by the data presented in Figures 22-24.

Attention is called to the many groups of flats, not

associated with a satellite crossing, which appear very similar to those groups of flats observed in the vicinity of a satellite pass.

Thirdly, satellite altitude does not appear to be a factor In the foimatlon or detection of flats.

The DOPLOC system recorded flats

associated with satellites at various altitudes, ranging from 110 miles to more than 600 miles.

HAHOLD T. LOOTENS

^

:'

â&#x2013;

â&#x2013;

REFERENCES 1

*

?! tey*1" <*â&#x20AC;˘, Richard, V. W., Hodge, A. H., Pattoa, R. B., Adems, C. L. First Semi-Annual Technical Summary Report, Il850(l959)ly 1958 " 51 December 1958- mL Me,no ReP01"* No-

2.

de Bey, L. G., Richard, V. W., Fatten, R. B. Second SemiAnnual Technical Summary Report, Period 1 January 1959 - TO June 1959. BRL Memo Report No. 1220 (1959).

5.

de Bey, L. G. Third Technical Summary Report, Period 1 July 19^9 - 50 June i960. BRL Memo Report No. 128? (i960).

k.

Hodge, A. H. Final Summary P-nort on the BRL-D0PL0C Prelect.

BRL Report No. I.I56 (1961).

5.

Kraus, J. Evidence of Satellite-Induced lonization Between Hemispheres. Proc. IRE, hQ, 1913-1911+ (i960).

6.

Kraus, J., Higgy, R. The Relation of the Satellite lonization Phenomenon to the Radiation Belts. Proc. IRE, 1*8, 2027-2028

7.

Kraus, J., Higgy, R., Crone, W. The Satellite lonization Phenomenon. Proc. IRE, 1+8, 672-78 (i960).

8

^nk-%L' V^6 of Variation of the Signal Strength from 1958 uelta 2 (Sputnik 5). Nature, 185, I385-I384 (1959).

9.

Adams, C. L. The DOPLOC Instrumentation System for Satellite Tracking. BRL Report No. 1125 (1961).

'

10.

Whipple, F. L. Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory Oorrespondence with author dated 25 May 1961.

k6

^;^,^.v:i^!.:^:-:i:^^.-::^:-L:^-;;y;j:.;..i;.,1^L,;i,(^^^

._

_

VII.

Coova., Sao Feb 196x7

Ma8o,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

cISÄ^.^"^.^^: ^i^?-

^put,liJt

ni

>

,,,ade

" Klruoa Oeophyalcal Observatory,"

^ wT$Th*-£$r& %4:^ "Iteai0 E"e«1°" " «laat Satemtea," 9

3 ' In VZiX» "Ä ^strr f , ^"oä by tbeir mnuaaoe pre8ented

Colorado, Del ijeö.

*'

" Joint UHSI-IBE Meeting, BouUer,

l»7

APPENDIX I BRL-DOPLOC REPORTS No. 1

BRL Memo Report No. 1055 - October 1958 v?>?Plpr l1**?* ^ AnteQna Orientation for a Doppier ßyßtem"

by L. P. Bolgiano, Jr., CONFIDENTIAL J' "

No. 2

BRL Memo Report No. II85 - January I959 First Semi-Annual Technical Summary Report Period 1 July 1958 - 31 December I958

by L. G. deBey, V. W. Richard, A, H. Hodae R. B Pa+ton n tt0n, (BML 59-60) CONFIDENTIAL ' ^

T

A^ » - *****•'

L

No, 5

BRL Tech Note No. 1265 - June 1959 "Orbital Data Handling and Presentation"

by R. E. A. Putnam., UNCIASSIFIED

No. 4

BRL Tech Note No. 1266 - July 1959 "An Approach to the Doppler Dark Satellite Detection Problem"

by L. G. deBey., CONFIDENTIAL

No. 5

BRL Memo Report No. 1220 - July 1959 Second Semi-Annual Technical Summary Report Period 1 January - 30 June 1959

by L. G. deBey, V. W. Richard and R. B. Patton., (BML 208-59) CONFIDENTIAL

No. 6

BRL Teqh Nate N0..I278 - September 1959 "Synchronization of Tracking Antennas"

by R. E. A. Putnam., UNCIASSIFIED

No. 7

BRL Memo Report No. 1237 - September I959 A Method of Solution for the Determination of Satellite Orbital Parameters from DOPLOC Measurements" vrui^aj.

by R. B. Patton, Jr., UNCIASSIFIED

No, 8

BRL Memo Report No. IO93 - March i960 "The Dynamic Characteristics of Phase-Lock Receivers"

by Dr. Keats Pullen., UNCLASSIFIED

No. 9

"Station Geometry Studies for the DOPLOC System"' Stanford Research Institute., UNCIASSIFIED

N0

"^^em^esS^^ ^^ ^"^ " ^ ^

by W. E. Scharfman, H. Rothman, H. Guthart, T, Morlta., UNCLASSIFIED

'

10

No. 11

Philco Corporation - h May i960 "Polystation Doppler System", UNCLASSIFIED

k9

BRL-DOPLOC REPORTS (cont'd) No. 12

Space Science Laboratory, General Electric Co. - October i960 "Orbit Determination of a Non-Transmitting Satellite Using Doppler Tracking Data"

by Dr. Paul B. Richards., UNCLASSIFIED

No. 13 Fined Technical Report - University of Delaware - June 15, i960 "Quantum Mechanical Analysis of Radio Frequency Radiation"

by L. P. Bolgiano, Jr. and W. M. Gottschalk., UNCIASSIPIED No. Ik Final Report F/157, Columbia University - February 11, i960 "Summary of the Preliminary Study of the Applicability of the Ordir System Techniques to the Tracking of Passive Satellites", UNCIASSIFIED No. 15

BRL Report No. 1110 - June i960 "Precision Frequency Measurement of Noisy Doppler Signals"

by W. A. Dean., UNCIASSIPIED

No. l6 Third Technical Summary Report - Period July 1959 through June JO, i960 BRL Memo Report No. 1287

by A. L. G. deBey., UNCLASSIFIED No. 17

Columbia University Tech. Report No. T-l/157 - August 1, 1959 "The Theory of Phase Synchronization of Oscillators with Application to the DOPLOC Tracking Filter"

by E. Kreindler., UNCIASSIPIED

No. 18 BRL Tech Note No. I3I+5 - August i960 "DOPLOC Receiver for Use with Circulating Memory Filter"

by K. Patterson., UNCIASSIPIED No. 19

BRL Tech Note No. 155^ - October i960 "Parametric Pre-Amplifier Results"

by K. Patterson., UNCIASSIPIED

No. 20

BRL Tech Note No. I367 - December i960 "Data Generation and Handling for Scanning DOPLOC System"

by Ralph E. A. Putnam

No. 21 BRL Report No. 1125 - January 1961 "The DOPLOC Instrumentation System for Satellite Tracking"

by C. L. Adams., UNCIASSIPIED No. 22

BRL Memo Report No. I55O - March 1961 "DOPING Observations of Reflection Cross Sections of Satellites"

by H, T. Lootens., UNCIASSIPIED

No. 23 BRL Memo Report No. 1362 - August I96I "Satellite-Induced lonlzatlon Observed With the DOPLOC System"

by H. T. Lootens., UNCIASSIPIED 50

■.

.

,

■

■

■

.

;

.

■ V:-

.

■

'.

■

■

■

■

■

•■■.■■■■■■■

BRL-DOPLOC BEPORTS (cont'd) In Preparation No. 2k

"DOPLOC Comb yliter" by R. Vltek

No. 25

"Final Summary Report on the BRL-DOPLOC Project"

by Dr. A. H. Hodge

51

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DISTRIBUTION LIST No. of Copies

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Organization

No. of Copies

Organization

Chief of Ordnance ATTN: ORDTB - Bal Sec Department of the Army Washington 25, D. C.

Commanding Officer U. S. Army Communications Agency The Pentagon Washington 25, D. C.

Commanding Officer Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories ATTN: Technical Information Office Branch 012 Washington 25, D. C.

Commanding General White Sands Annex - BRL White Sands Missile Range New Mexico Commanding General Army Ballistic Missile Agency ATTN: Dr. C. A. Lundqulst Dr. F. A. Speer Redstone Arsenal, Alabama

Commander Armed Services Technical Information Agency ATTN: TIPCR Arlington Hall Station Arlington 12, Virginia

Director Advanced Research Projects Agency Department of Defense Washington 25, D. C.

Commander Air Force Systems Command ATTN: SCTS Andrews Air Force Base Washington 25, D. C.

Director National Aeronautics & Space Administration 1520 H Street, N.W. Washington 25, D. C.

Commander

Electronic Systems Division L. Q. Hanacom Field Bedford Massachusetts

Chief of Staff, U. S. Army Research and Development Division Director/Special Weapons-Missile and Space Division Washington 25, D. 0.

Comraander Air Proving Ground Center ATTN: PGAPI Eglin Air Force Base, Florida

Office Chief Signal Officer Department of the Army Research and Development Division Washington 25, D. C.

Army Research Office Arlington Hall Station ATTN: Mrs. F. Whedon Arlington, Virginia

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