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MA Architecture+Urbanism STUDIO THESIS Studio B+Studio C 2020 Yiyin Liu 19003729
DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the research paper has been submittedin support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or toany other university or other institute of learning. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission of thecopyright holder, the author.
CONTENTS ABSTRACT SITE LOCATION POINT OF INTEREST CLIMATE TIMELINE SITE ANALYSIS PROBLEM SURROUNDING TYPOLOGY OF ROUNDABOUT CASE STUDIES FIELD RESEARCH OF SKATEPARK PEOPLE PEOPLE ACTIVITY INTERVIEW TUNNEL SERIAL VISION TRANSPORTATION TRAFFIC LEVEL VEHICLE BICYCLE
FACTS ABOUT CYCLING TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT DESIGN PLANT CATALOGUE METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL PROTOTYPE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PLAN PATH EXPLORE ELEVATION WITH FUNCTIONS SECTION SUNSHINE ANALYSIS TRAFFIC VISION SCENARIO AERIAL VIEW POSSIBILITY BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ILLUSTRATION VIDEO FILM
ABSTRACT
The architectural perception of the city presented in this project is based on the idea of a city consisting of clearly defined areas, the roundabout. The main framework of the project is to reinterpret the typological characteristics of the roundabout and establish a connection between the centre and the periphery. “From Non-places to Places.� The project has the potential to be implemented elsewhere in Manchester or any roundabout in the city. However, the methodological approach of the project is each time dependent on a reconsideration of the context and a design based on its concrete urban typologies and artefacts. The project will act as a catalyst for the architectural development of the urban area, as a new block, a hybrid, capable of being implemented in several places around the city.
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SITE
LOCATION
The United Kingdom
The Greater Manchester
Manchester city centre
Cambridge Street Junction
The white dotted line in the map represents the boundary, Inner Relief Route, between Manchester city center and the surrounding area, and the approximate range of the site is outlined by the black dotted line. This site is located in the transition zone from the city centre to the surrounding area. The population distribution has changed here, so it has a high value for reconstruction. It can become an iconic window from the urban area to the surrounding area, and it can also be The perfect transition from work to life.
Population density
The population composition of the city centre is dominated by young people. The project site located in the transitional area can mainly cater to the bold design style of young people. The city centre is not the main distribution of car owners, which shows that people who work in the city centre need other transportation to a large extent, so the rich facts of Manchester City bicycle traffic are introduced in subsequent studies.
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Population aged 0 - 15
Population aged 16 - 34
Population aged 35 - 64
Population aged >65
Households with no cars
Households with 1 car
Households with 2 cars
Households with >3 cars
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POINTS OF INTEREST
Accommodation / eating / drinking
Commercial services
Attractions
Sports and entertainment
Education and health
Public infrastructure
Manufacturing and production
Retail
Transport
CLIMATE
CLIMATE CHARTS: Weather Manchester Airport, United Kingdom Of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
TIMELINE
Before 1840
World
The First Industrial Revolution was in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Manchester
Manchester began expanding at an astonishing rate as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
1840-1850
In 1868, Rowley Turner, a sales agent of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (the Coventry Machinists Company), brought a Michaux cycle to Coventry, England.
Manchester Oxford Road railway station opened in 1849 and was rebuilt in 1960. It is the second busiest of the four stations in Manchester city centre.
Site
Around the site
A map of Hulme
1850-1860-1870
Hulme
1880-1890
1890-1900
The Second Industrial Revolution was f from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States.
Bicycles and horse buggies were the two mainstays of private transportation just prior to the automobile in the late 19th century.
1900-1910
The First World War was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
In 1903, the Victoria University of Manchester is independently chartered following dissolution of the federal Victoria University.
All Saints Drinking Fountain
Oxford road and palace theatre
1910-1920
All Saints Park
1920-1930
1930-1940-1950
1950-1960
The Second World War was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe.
Skateboarding started in California in the late 1940s or early 1950s. Companies started manufacturing skateboards in 1959.
The “Christmas Blitz� took place on the nights of 22/23 and 24 December 1940. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed.
1960-1970
Cotton processing and trading continued to fall in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983. The Mancunian Way was officially opened by Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, on 5 May 1967. There is an unfinished slip road (stub) before the junction with the A34.
Moss Side and Hulme
Mancunian Way under construction
1970-1980
1980-1990
1971 to 1984 was the Golden Age of New York graffiti. In the 1970s, modern graffiti began to reach European countries from New York.
1990-2000
2000-Present
Skateboarding during the 1990s became dominated by street skateboarding. By 1992, it produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters.
Skateboarding will make its Olympic debut at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, with both men’s and women’s events. Competition will take place in the street and park.
Manchester is prominent in elite cycling, the National Cycling Centre was built in 1994 and contains Britain’s first indoor cycling track, which has hosted many other events. The building sitting on the south-side of the Mancunian Way opened in September 2012 to house the UK’s largest university business school, with more than 5,500 students.
the UoM’s Business School
Oxford Road Train Station
Cambridge Street Block A
SITE ANALYSIS
Buildings
Heritage
Education
Sport
Natural Landcover
Manmade Landcover
Parks
Water Features
Motorways
Trunk Roads
Primary Roads
Secondary Roads
Tertiary Roads
Other Roads
Mainline Railway
Light Rail or Tram
PROBLEM
Muddy path
No sense of community
Lack of management
Bicycle unfriendly
Not enough facility
No use
Garbage accumulation
Road interruption
Feeling unsecure
SURROUNDING
TYPOLOGY OF ROUNDABOUT Landmark
• • •
Monument Museum Sightseeing
Architecture
• •
Cinema Cafe
Transportation
• •
Trains Station Subway Services
Landscape
•
Green Land
Trunk
Size
Function
Arc de Triomphe
Place Charles de Gaulle, Paris, France
ODEON BFI IMAX
1 Charlie Chaplin Walk, South Bank, Waterloo, London, UK
Old Street Station
Old Street, London, UK
Manchester Road Junction
Stockport, Greater Manchester, UK
Place
Exterior
Interior
Address
CASE STUDIES Madrid, Spain EI Campo de Cenada YEAR
2011-present
TYPE Collective project that reutilises a site in the city centre which was formerly occupied by the swimming pool of the La Latina neighbourhood CLIENT Self-initiated OTHER CONTRIBUTORS N/A AREA
2,300 m2
Dublin, Ireland Granby Park YEAR 2013 TYPE Community park including classroom space, thirty artist installations, cafÊ, children’s play area, 300-person amphitheater, graffiti wall, and boulespitch, surrounded by planting and furniture CLIENT UpStart Collaborative Ltd. AREA ca. 3,000 m2
FIELD RESEARCH OF SKATEPARK
Skatepark in Detroit, US
Skatepark in Manchester, UK
Skatepark in Sheffied, UK
PEOPLE
PEOPLE ACTIVITY 07: 00 08: 00 Identity 09: 00 10: 00 11: 00 Frequency
12: 00 13: 00
14: 00 15: 00
Problem
16: 00 17: 00 18: 00 Will 19: 00
18 January 2020
20:00
Number of people
INTERVIEW How do you think of this roundabout? It doesn’t look nice.
It looks messy.
It is not good enough.
It is a place with the wrong feeling.
Bad.
What is other problem in this roundabout? Drug dealing.
It is dark at night.
Quiet and scary.
How do you think of the urban graffiti in this roundabout? It’s art.
Looks good, it is a creative expression and not doing any harm.
Better than nothing on the wall.
It Adds colour to what could be a very dull place otherwise.
It’s an expression or inner coy culture, artistry. Best embraced and encourage.
What do you need in this roundabout? We need cameras.
Litterbin.
What suggestion do you have for the transformation of the roundabout? Filled in with green space.
A public space used for events.
More facility for people.
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Open it more.
No Traffic light to wait.
TUNNEL
Entrance and Tunnel
Entrance A-F /Tunnel a-d
Flow of people b to d & d to b: 48%
a to b & b to a: 2% c to d & d to c: 1% b to c & c to b: 6%
a to c & c to a: 28%
Route Utilisation between Tunnel a-d a to d & d to a: 15%
A sample survey showed that between the four underground tunnels at the intersection, the Route Utilisation of the paths “Tunnel b to Tunnel d” and “tunnel a to Tunnel c” were significantly higher than those of other paths. Therefore, the project chose A-E and C-F, which are containing these two paths as the main focus, for using Serial Vision to conduct further analysis.
Routes of Serial Vision
Serial Vision takes its ultimate form when architecture and urban design take shape to form public art forms. In this project, Serial Vision displays how users of the site are active here, such as passing workers, students on the surrounding campus, graffitiers, parents with children, dog walkers, photographers and models, etc.
SERIAL VISION C to F
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
E to A
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TRANSPORTATION
TRAFFIC LEVEL
VEHICLE
BICYCLE
FACTS ABOUT CYCLING
G B G G: Greater Manchster residents / B: Bike riders
Percentage of people that feel safe during the day
B
Percentage of people that think safety needs to be improved
G
B
Transport capacity of a 4m wide lane (Unit: person / hour)
Leisure & tourism: 3,262,000 - 9% Sport & entertainment: 8,094,000 - 23%
Work: 12,920,000 - 37%
Number of cycling trips in 2016
Shopping & other purpose: 6,826,000 - 20%
School: 1,350,000 - 4%
21% say they generally think positively about people riding bikes
21% say Greater Manchester would be a better place to live and work if more people cycled
22% say things would be better if people in general cycled more
Perceptions of cycling are positive
4+ bikes: 4%
19% say things would be better if their friends and 17% feel they should cycle more
2 bikes: 17%
3 bikes: 5%
College or University: 2,323,000 - 7%
1 bike: 24%
Bike ownership in Greater Manchester No bikes: 50%
Studies suggest riding a bicycle rather than driving frees up road space. This helps to keep Greater Manchester moving. Source: Litman, 2017. Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts. Based upon Eric Bruun and Vuchic, 1995. The Time-Area Concept.
Judging from the conclusions of the traffic surveys, the morning rush hour has a busier traffic than the evening, so the morning peak is more congested. Therefore, a one-way bicycle path from outside to inside is needed to relieve the morning commuting pressure in the city centre. This project is to be understood as a transformation of the site, based on a systematic morphological reading of the city and its context.
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5% of Greater Manchester residents usually cycle to and from work
25% of people live within 125m of a cycle route
27% think cycling safety is good
48% of Greater Manchester residents’ cycle trips are for work or education
54% would like to start riding a bike, or could ride their bike more
65% of people would find protected roadsidecycle lanes very useful to help them cycle more
69% say our city region would be a better place to live and work if more people cycled
76% of people would like to see more money spent on cycling
77% of residents support building more protected roadside cycle lanes, even when this could mean less other road
TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT
The most important transport challenges take place when urban transport systems, for a variety of reasons, cannot satisfy the requirements of urban mobility. Especially the Urban Transportation at the Crossroads. Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Source: The Geography of Transport Systems. FIFTH EDITION (2020)
Many existing urban problems are caused by traffic problems. In order to ensure traffic safety and efficiency, layered traffic can become the main trend of urban design in the future. It is a great idea to operate a roundabout‘s traffic when different transportation don’t have to interfere with each other when they meet at the junction.
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DESIGN
CATALOGUE Richard Brook and Martin Dodge (2012)
The catalogue examines four major post-war infrastructure projects in Manchester: the Mancunian Way motorway, the unbuilt Picc-Vic railway tunnel, the Guardian underground telephone exchange and the speculative designs for a city centre heliport. It encompasses the fortunes of Britain in the post-war era and lurches wildly from far reaching vision and ambition, to failed dreams and urban disappointments.
Richard Reynolds (2017)
This book analyses the construction flaws in elephants and castles’s ‘road improvement‘ as a controversial intersection in London. It has claimed the lives of two people, caused at least 21 accidents, increased traffic congestion for all users, and increased air pollution.
Scott Burnham (2018)
Featuring 44 projects from 17 countries Reprogramming the City shows how people are making cities more livable and resilient by using existing urban objects in new ways. 214 pages with over 300 color photos and illustrations. Reprogramming the City is a global overview of ways existing urban elements are being reimagined and repurposed for new use.
Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020)
The mobility of passengers and freight is fundamental to economic and social activities. Each movement has a purpose, an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, and a destination. Mobility is supported and driven by transport systems which are composed of infrastructures, modes, and terminals. Understanding how mobility is linked with the geography of transportation is the main purpose of this textbook.
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Infra_MANC: Postwar Mancunian Infrastructures
Unsafe & Unpleasant: The Designed-In Dangers of The Elephant & Castle ‘Road Improvement‘
Reprogramming the City: Adaptive Reuse and Repurposing Urban Objects for New Use
Urban Transport Challenges
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PLANTS
Cherry
Fraxinus excelsior
Pterocarta fraxinifolia
Platanus acerifolia
Erigeron canadensis
Achillea millefolium
Tulip Tree
Aesculus
English Oak
Thrift
Poa annua
Red clover
Trees play an incredible role in combating climate chaos by removing planet-wrecking emissions from the air around us. Despite their importance, just 13% of the UK’s total land area has tree cover (compared to an EU average of 35%). Source: Manchester Friends of the Earth. (2019) Give Trees a Chance.
Gactatas glomerata
Yellow archangel
Ranunculus arvensis
Common knapweed
Devil’s-bit scabious
Common comfrey
Verbena
Honeysuckle
Dandelion
Oxeye daisy
Bog star
Cow parsley
Based on the utmost preservation and care of the existing plants, the project tried different layered traffic possibilities while retaining the Mancunian Way. Due to various conditions during the epidemic, the project used recyclable materials in daily life to simulate the design concepts in different states, such as using garlic-like mesh packaging to show the staggering nodes of steel structure, taking cardboard core tubes of a paper roll to make the ring-shaped architectural form and letting a disposable cotton swab to display the triangular frame column across the overpass, etc. The starting point is the number of building entrances. Possibilities include high-rise buildings, blur buildings, sky gardens and so on. They exemplified the rich possibility of intersections with distinctive styles and even formed the prototype of typology, which could be transformed into other similar roundabout.
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METHODOLOGY
Overbridge / Aerial Junction / Landscape
Exhibition / Stadium / Landmark
Pedestrian Concrete Structure
High-rise Building Steel Structure
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Overbridge / Spiral tunnel
Overbridge / Arched tunnel
Pedestrian Steel Structure
Pedestrian Steel Structure
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Food court / Cinema / Landmark
Exhibition / Experiment / Dynamic device
High-rise Building Steel Structure
Blur Building Steel Structure
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Overbridge / Aerial Junction / Landscape
Entertainment / Landmark / Layered transport
Pedestrian Concrete Structure
High-rise Building Concrete Structure
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Exhibition / Landmark / Layered transport
Overbridge / Garden / Landscape
High-rise Building Steel Structure
Pedestrian Concrete Structure
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PROPOSAL
PROTOTYPE
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
PLAN
-1st Floor
Ground Floor
1st Floor
Top Floor
The main body of the building consists of four floors. The multi-function theater with stepped seats is located at the center and just under the overpass, it runs through the -1st and ground floors. Toilets, restaurants and stores are surrounding the theater, such as a skate store that echoes the skatepark on the 1st floor. The vehicles in the roundabout could be parked near the building by the platform on the east side of the building. The parking platform is connected to the gentle slope to the entrance of the -1st floor, forming a barrier-free passage and an emergency fire passage, at the same time, it has more functions like convenient merchants unloading. On the north and south wings of the building, there are a spiral staircase and a spiral ramp around trees. The ground floor is mainly composed of cafes with openair balconies. The 1st floor has a skatepark and lounge area, also, there is an entrance in the south to the green space on the top floor.
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PATH
Cycleway & Pedestrian
Vegetation & Plants 58
EXPLORE
A
A’
59
ELEVATION WITH FUNCTIONS
SECTION
SUNSHINE ANALYSIS
Sunrise
Sunset
The UK has fantastic natural resources for renewable energy. As numerous reports indicate, provided that we reduce our energy demand and cut wasteful usage, the UK can meet its energy needs with 100% renewable energy, becoming entirely self-sufficient.
The materials used in building new buildings and in retrofitting existing ones have changed. Knowledge and information about the embodied energy and carbon of construction materials, as well as the health and well-being benefits of ‘natural materials’, have become widely available and well understood.
Source: Hooker-Stroud et al., 2013; Pöyry, 2011; Mackay, 2008; DECC, 2013a; Friends of the Earth, 2012; WWF, 2011; Quiggin and Wakefield, 2015; RSPB, 2016.
Source: Shepherd, A. (2017) Zero Carbon Britain: Making it Happen. England: CAT Charity Ltd. 62
TRAFFIC VISION
Driving Vision
Cycling Vision
SCENARIO
1st Floor
Multi-function Theater
Ground Floor
Pop-up Market
-1st Floor
Indoor Skatepark
The project is to be understood as a conceptual framework, an idea of a new collective roundabout in Manchester. The idiom of the project is based on a re-interpretation of the existing typologies in the city. The inspiration originated from the idea of more alive public space within the city. One understands how life in the block will unfold in relation to movement, venues, activities etc. The project has both an architectural and an urban intent. Here intends to show the possibilities and life in the new roundabout. Since the project is wanted to visualise an idea and a concept rather than a finalised building, using the expression of scenario was a graphical decision taken early in the project. A scenario is a tool used by many architects to express an idea rather than to dictate a final truth. One gives both the project and the viewer a free space for their own development and interpretation. The functions of the project are based on the questionnaire, interview and data statistics during the previous survey. While solving site problems and protecting the existing conditions to the greatest extent, public spaces corresponding to the need of users in different surrounding groups were created.
Playground
Outdoor Cafe
Public Park
This project was designed according to the scale of the urban fabric following sustainable principles. The intervention aims to return the public space to its citizen. The process of urban regeneration is complex and tackles problems of the local community. With the attractive public areas and functions this project offers, the neighbourhood would be an innovative place where people feel safe and respected. This project is trying to connect the city centre to the surrounding area, with the help of a large pedestrian garden. The urban void was redefined by tracing a new north-south axis and connecting the street grid. All of the existing fabric, functions and transport routes were taken into consideration – for example, taking the underground tunnel as a design articulation. The intertwining plates were accessible by ramps or stairs. The result is a 3D urban hub inspired the gardens of the roundabout. The multifunctional space is an expression of Manchester’s unique creative energy and how the reuse of infrastructure can support new forms of public life.
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AERIAL VIEW
POSSIBILITY
The bottom-up research method was adopted through the program. It became a foundation of convincing practices that anticipate its future use and evolution as a public space. For instance, the reuse of a covered space of highway infrastructure and the updated completeness inner-city cycle loop were all transformation projects that can effectively enhance people’s daily experience in urban renewal. This proposal emphasises and demonstrates that potential solutions. The idea is to make sure everyone profits – dwellers, street users, the city and the environment.
Roundabouts look decidedly organic. The concept grows and brings unlimited possibilities. Whether it is a three-way intersection, a five-way intersection or more branch, the optimisation plan of running a roundabout is able to be derived through typology.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE
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ILLUSTRATION Do you know the grim truth about Manchester’s All Saints Park? New exhibition reveals the 16,000 bodies buried underfoot - Manchester Evening News https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/all-saints-park-cemetery-manchester-13959732 All Saints Drinking Fountain https://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/gone/allsaintsfountain.html Manchester_Oxford_Road_station_exterior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824756.jpg (640×457) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Manchester_Oxford_Road_station_exterior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824756.jpg 37 Snapshots of Manchester In The 1970s – Flashbak https://flashbak.com/37-snapshots-manchester-1970s-393058/ File: Cambridge Street Block A, Manchester.jpg-Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_Street_Block_A,_Manchester.jpg Mancunian Way under construction - Manchester Evening News https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/nostalgia/gallery/mancunian-way-under-construction-9906142 File:Manchester oxford road and palace theatre 01.jpg - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_oxford_road_and_palace_theatre_01.jpg History-eXHuLMe-Old Hulme https://www.exhulme.co.uk/ Infra_MANC_catalogue.pdf https://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/Infra_MANC_catalogue.pdf London is hacking its traffic lights to slash waiting times | WIRED UK https://www.wired.co.uk/article/traffic-lights-uk-london 10 Bike Lanes So Depressingly Crappy They’re Almost Funny | Momentum Mag https://momentummag.com/bad-bike-lanes/ Crap cycle lanes | Environment | The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2009/oct/20/crap-cycle-lanes#/?pic74
ture=354515426&index=0 Junction with 42 traffic lights is confusing and could cause crash say experts - Mirror Online https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/junction-42-traffic-lights-confusing-8210747 Bus Detour Sign With A Red Arrow Attached To A Stop Sign Stock Photo - Image of arrow, roads: 80230846 https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-bus-detour-sign-red-arrow-attached-to-stop-sign-temporary-duct-taped-indicates-buses-should-turn-right-follow-image80230846 Cars Stop At A Traffic Light And Wait For Green Light In Bangkok Editorial Photo - Image of lights, skytrain: 79648341 https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-cars-stop-traffic-light-wait-green-light-bangkok-thailand-may-sukhumvit-road-jam-major-image79648341 China’s ‘Bicycle Skyway’ is the longest elevated cycleway in the world - Business Insider https://www.businessinsider.com/china-elevated-cycleway-xiamen-2017-7?r=US&IR=T WilkinsonEyre and Morphis win international design… | WilkinsonEyre https://www.wilkinsoneyre.com/news/wilkinsoneyre-and-morphis-win-international-design-competition-at-shenzhen-bay-china Future Food Production Centers: Traffic Roundabouts https://reprogrammingthecity.com/buzzbuilding-stockholm/ Travel to Italy – Rome and Venice | I Live Italy https://www.iliveitaly.it/travel-italy-rome-venice/ Olmsted–Designed Parks : NYC Parks https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/olmsted-parks 12 beautiful summer wildflowers to spot | The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside https://www.lancswt.org.uk/blog/charlotte-varela/12-beautiful-summer-wildflowers-spot Lamium galeobdolon (Yellow Archangel) - BBC Gardeners’ World Magazine https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/lamium-galeobdolon/ 75
File:Starr-080531-4788-Poa annua-habit-Charlie barracks Sand Island-Midway Atoll (24282610234).jpg - Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-080531-4788-Poa_annua-habit-Charlie_barracks_ Sand_Island-Midway_Atoll_(24282610234).jpg Wildflowers | Brockholes Nature Reserve https://www.brockholes.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers?page=2 Grasses, sedges and rushes | The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside https://www.lancswt.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/grasses-sedges-and-rushes Biological Flora of the British Isles: Aesculus hippocastanum - Thomas - 2019 - Journal of Ecology Wiley Online Library https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2745.13116 English Oak Tree Facts & Pictures http://www.treetopics.com/quercus_robur/index.htm RP Seeds: Platanus acerifolia (London Plane) 30 seeds £1.70 https://www.rpseeds.co.uk/products/plat Pterocarya fraxinifolia | Nangle and Niesen | Tree Nursery http://nangleandniesen.ie/pterocarya-fraxinifolia/ Fraxinus excelsior - EUFORGEN European forest genetic resources programme http://www.euforgen.org/species/fraxinus-excelsior/ Conyza canadensis http://www.robsplants.com/plants/ConyzCanad Seeds of Common Yarrow - ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM - The Original Garden https://theoriginalgarden.com/p/seeds/flowers/wild-flowers/seeds-achillea-millefolium-yarrow liriodendron tulipifera , Tulip poplar Seeds, Tulip tree Seeds http://www.seedvendor.com/10litutupose.html pw-aring.jpg (1200×961) https://www.roads.org.uk/sites/default/files/ringways/background/pw-arin 76
VIDEO Barbican, 1969 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLPlJsoVq8k&feature=youtu.be Steve Millington Mancunian Way part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFlCQvul-AI Steve Millington Mancunian Way part 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfcyLGe4aSo Mancunian Way. Manchester 24/07/18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylXnDc6lP9Q Happy Birthday to the Mancunian Way https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1tST1AHJb8 The Mancunian Way (1967) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3drTk6rAzVI Manchester to Chorlton Cycleway - CYCLOPS junction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FBncwFDVHk&feature=youtu.be&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=SocialSignIn Three Projects and Their Models - Claudio Molina Camacho https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=119&v=WY7CKiByHSk Road rules: roundabouts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCXtcXD17qU See How an Insane 7-Circle Roundabout Actually Works | WIRED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OGvj7GZSIo 5 minutes of traffic on a Dutch roundabout with bi-directional cycling lanes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR5l48_h5Eo 13 Craziest Roundabouts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C94GfArmGbY Cities: Skylines - Realistic European/UK City [EP.16] - Huge inner city roundabout with pedestrians https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RfDnT-5zS8 77
FILM Playtime, film produced by Bernard Maurice and RenĂŠ Silvera, France and Italy, (Directed by Jacques Tati, 1967) 70mm, 124mins.
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