Constructing Environments Logbook (Final Submission) by cllzl

E N V S 1 0 0 0 3(

Constructing(Environments( Logbook(

Clarybelle(Loi(Zer(Lyn((657294)( ((((((

2014(Semester(1(

(

Table&of&Contents& Week+1:+Introduction+to+Construction+........................................................................................................+4( E;Learning+&+Readings+...........................................................................................................................+4( Structural(Concepts(....................................................................................................................................(4( Construction(Systems(.................................................................................................................................(5( Materials(....................................................................................................................................................(5( Studio+....................................................................................................................................................+5( Week+2:+Structural+Loads+and+Forces+..........................................................................................................+9( E;Learning+&+Readings+...........................................................................................................................+9( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(10( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(10( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(12( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+12( Week+3:+Footings+and+Foundations+............................................................................................................+16( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+16( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(16( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(16( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(17( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+19( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+19( Week+4:+Floor+Systems+and+Horizontal+Elements+.......................................................................................+21( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+21( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(21( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(21( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(22( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+22( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+22( Construction+Workshop+............................................................................................................................+26( Week+5:+Columns,+Grids+and+Wall+Systems+................................................................................................+28( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+28( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(28( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(28( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(28( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+29( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+29( Week+6:+Spanning+and+Enclosing+Space+.....................................................................................................+31( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+31( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(31( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(31( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+33( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+33( Week+7:+Detailing+Strategies+1+...................................................................................................................+34( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+34( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(34( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 2+ (

Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(34( Week+8:+Openings+.....................................................................................................................................+35( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+35( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(35( Week+9:+Detailing+Strategies+2+...................................................................................................................+36( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+36( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(36( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(36( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+36( Week+10:+When+Things+Go+Wrong+.............................................................................................................+39( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+39( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(39( Glossary+....................................................................................................................................................+40( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 3+ (

Week&1:&Introduction&to&Construction& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts&

Figure+1:+Knowledge+Map+of+Forces+(Ching,+2008)+

( (

(

Figure+2:+Load+and+Load+Path+(Ching,+2008)+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 4+ (

Construction&Systems&

Brief( •  Site(boundaries(

Nature( •  Climate( •  Sunlight,(wind,( rainfall( •  Plants(&(vegetaXon( •  Water(features(

Cultural(and( Historic(Aspects(

Users(&(Access(

Site( Analysis(

Views( •  Desirable(or(not( desirable(

•  Traﬃc(ﬂow(of( pedestrians(and( vehicles( •  Public(transport(

Surroundings(

UXliXes(

•  CharacterisXcs/style(of( surroundings(

•  Access(to(uXliXes,( faciliXes(&(services(

Topography( •  Slopes( •  Soil(condiXons(

(

Figure+3:+Knowledge+Map+of+Site+Analysis+(Ching,+2008)+

Materials&

Strength(

Sustainability(

SXﬀness(

• Impact(

Material( ProperXes( Economic( Sense(

Shape(

• Cost(eﬃciency( • Availability(

Material( Behaviours( • Isotropic( • Anisotropic(

Figure+4:+Knowledge+Map+of+Material+Properties+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

Studio& Week(one’s(studio(activity(involved(using(blocks(of(Medium(Density(Fibreboard((MDF)(to(build(a(tower(that(has(an( opening.(The(opening(could(be(a(result(of(building(it(as(we(go(along(or(building(a(tower(then(removing(blocks.(We( decided(to(go(with(the(option(of(building(an(archway(as(we(built(the(tower.((

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 5+ (

( (

Figure+5:+Approach+to+Activity+

(

( Figure+6:+Initial+Stages+of+Construction+ ( Our(plan(was(to(make(the(tower(circular(and(lay(the(blocks(in(a(brick(like(manner(where(the(next(layer(of(blocks(are( in(the(middle(of(two(blocks.( ( The(process(of(building(the(arch(consisted(of(offsetting(the(blocks(and(adding(a(block(on(top(of(it(if(it(does(not(hold.(

(

Figure+7:+Process+of+Building+Arch+and+Self+Weight+of+Blocks+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 6+ (

The(same(was(done(on(the(other(side(and(we(eventually(had(an(arch.((

Figure+8:+ Completed+Arch+

Figure+9:+Building+the+Arch+

( ( Then(it(was(just(laying(the(blocks(to(achieve(height(since(that(was(one(of(the(objectives(in(the(brief.(

Figure+10:+Constructing+the+Tower+ ( ( After(a(while,(we(realised(that(it(was(slightly(time(consuming(and(that(we(had(limited(time.(We(decided(to( taper(it(so(that(height(could(be(achieved(more(quickly.(This(was(done(by(alternating(the(orientation(of(the( blocks(and(offsetting(them(slightly,(similar(to(the(process(of(building(the(arch.(( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 7+ (

Figure+12:+Alternate+Orientation+of+Blocks+

Figure+11:+Final+Product+of+Tower+ ( ( Time( was( running( and( we( had( to( start( the( deconstructing( process.( The( other( groups( that( had( to( remove( blocks(for(the(opening(did(so(at(this(point.((( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+13:+Removing+Blocks+for+the+Opening+ ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 8+ (

Contrary(to(what(we(thought,(the(blocks(came(out(quite(easily(without(‘disrupting’(the(entire(structure.(This( might(due(to(the(fact(that(the(weight(of(the(block(on(top(generates(a(force(that(counters(the(weight(of(the( now(offset(block,(not(unlike(building(our(arch.(( ( As( we( attempted( the( deconstructing( process( for( our( tower,( we( found( that( ours( was( not( the( case.( It( was( difficult( for( us( to( remove( individual( blocks.(When( we( applied( the( horizontal( force,( the( side( was( pushed( in( and(the(structure(was(getting(deformed.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+14:+Deformed+Tower+upon+Applied+Horizontal+Force+ ( This(was(probably(because(of(the(layout(of(both(our(towers.(( ( (

& & & & &

Figure+15:+Difference+in+Layout+of+Blocks+

Our(tower,((on(the(left),(had(blocks(which(are(closer(together.(On(the(other(hand,(the(other(group’s(tower( (right)(had(gaps(in(between(blocks.(It(may(be(that(with(a(tighter(arrangement,(the(weights(of(two(blocks(are( holding(the(block(below(in(place.(

Week&2:&Structural&Loads&and&Forces& E8Learning&&&Readings& (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 9+ (

Structural&Concepts& Solid( • compression( structures( • stone,(bricks(

Hybrid(

Structural( Systems(

Membrane( • cover(large( areas( eﬃciently(

Surface/ Shell(

Skeletal/ Frame(

Figure+16:+Structural+Systems+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

( Construction&Systems&

Enclosure( Systems( • Roof( • Exterior(&( interior(walls( • Windows( • Doors( (

Structural( Systems(

Mechanical( Systems(

• For(supporXng( loads( • columns( • beams( • load(bearing( walls( • ﬂoor(&(roof( structures(

• UXliXes( • Water(supply( • Waste( disposal( • HeaXng(&(air( condiXoning(

Figure+17:+Constructions+Systems+(Ching,+2008)+

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 10+ (

Performance( Requirements( • Structural( compaXbility( • Safety(in(use( • AccommodaXon( of(building( movement( • structural( deﬂecXon( • expansion(and( contracXon( • AcousXcs( • Resistance(to( wear,(corrosion( and(weathering( • Finish,(cleanliness( and(maintenance( requirements(

Regulatory( Constraints(

AestheXc(QualiXes(

• RelaXonship( of(building(to( site( • Preference(in( form,(colour,( texture(and( details(

• Building( codes(

Economic( ConsideraXons(

Environmental( Impact(

• Material(costs( • TransportaXon( costs( • Labour(costs( • Maintenance( • OperaXon(and( energy( consumpXon( • DemoliXon(and( replacement(

• ConservaXon(of( energy(and( resources( through(siXng( and(building( design( • Energy( eﬃciency(of( mechanical( systems( • Use(of(resource( eﬃcient(and( nonhtoxic( materials(

ConstrucXon( PracXces(

• Safety( requirements( • Industry( standards( • Budget( constraints( • ConstrucXon( equipment( • ErecXon(Xme(

Figure+19:+Considerations+(Ching,+2008)+

Figure+18:+ESD+Strategies+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

& ( & & &

& & &

Roller( Joint(

Pin(Joint(

Fixed(Joint(

& Figure+20:+Structural+Joints+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 11+ (

Materials&

Life(Cycle1( Embodied( Energy( ESD(ConsideraXons(

Recyclability(

Carbon( Footprint(

Figure+21:+ESD+Considerations+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

Studio& The(objective(of(todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(studio( was( to( construct,( with( strips( of( balsa( wood,( the( frame( of( a( tower( that( will( reach(the(ceiling(and(resist(a(reasonable(amount(of(load.(Since(balsa(is(a(soft(material(that(is(easily(subjected( to(buckling,(the(emphasis(of(the(activity(was(on(the(structure(of(the(frame,(with(the(aid(of(glue.(

(

Figure+22:+Initial+Design+Sketch+

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 (Stages( of( life( cycle:( raw( material( acquisition( >( processing/refining( >( manufacturing( >( distribution( >( construction(use(and(maintenance(>(disposal/recycling( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 12+ (

Figure( 22( shows( our( initial( plan( â&#x20AC;&#x201C;( â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;stackingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;( the( pieces( lengthwise( and( adding( horizontal( pieces( at( certain( intervals( for( the( purpose( of( bracing( the( structure.( Since( we( had( limited( balsa,( not( unlike( having( financial( constraints(in(the(future,(we(had(to(be(conscious(of(the(usage(of(materials(and(to(use(the(balsa(efficiently.( Our( plan( was( to( add( the( horizontal( pieces( where( the( vertical( strip( adjoins( another( vertical( strip,( and( if( necessary,(adding(horizontal(pieces(to(the(middle(of(vertical(strips(as(well.(((

( ( (

Figure+23:+Slit+for+Connecting+Balsa+

Figure+24:+Connection+Detail+of+Balsa+Strips+

We( used( the( method( illustrated( in( Figure( 24( to( connect( the( vertical( strips.( This( connection( was( relatively( stable(which(meant(that(we(could(do(with(little(or(no(glue,(which(was(useful(considering(that(we(would(not( have( to( wait( for( the( glue( to( dry.( But( the( time( pressure( was( on( and( in( an( effort( to( speed( things( up,( we( attempted(to(stack(a(few(vertical(strips(continuously(without(adding(the(horizontal(bracing(pieces(yet.(The( length(of(the(strips(made(it(fragile(and(the(slit(end(was(splintered.( (

Figure+25:+Splintered+Strip+

We(fell(back(to(our(original(idea(of(adding(the(bracing(strips(after(we(had(two(vertical(strips.( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 13+ (

Figure+12:+Stacked+Vertical+Strips+

Figure+13:+Adding+Bracing+

At(the(point(in(Figure(12,(we(realised(that(the(base(was(not(stable(enough(and(the(three(â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;columnsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;(moved( around(a(bit(too(much.(We(decided(to(add(a(base.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+26:+Adding+the+Base+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 14+ (

The(structure(was(more(stable(after(we(added(the(base.(This(was(probably(due(to(the(fact(that(the(triangular( base(were(at(a(fixed(length(and(thus(resisted(small(compressive(and(tensile(forces(that( would( occur( should( the( vertical( strips( move(about.(( ( ( ( ( Figure+27:+Connection+Detail+of+Base+ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( The(arrows(in(Figure(27(represent(the(forces(that(the(base(can(resist(relatively(well.(This( meant( that( the( vertical( strips( could( move( around( less.( However,( if( the( forces( have( a( different( sense,( then( a( smaller( force( is( required( to( dismantle( that( particular( joint,( although(it(can(be(remedied(easily.(This(applied(to(the(higher(triangular(frames(as(well.( Our( structure( tapered( towards( the( top( and( shorter( horizontal( strips( were( needed( for( the(higher(triangular(frames.(( ( Our( final( productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s( centre( of( mass( was( at( one( of( the( triangular( frames,( easing( the( transporting(process,(even(making(it(possible(to(lift(it(with(one(hand/finger.(( Figure+28:+Frame+being+Transported+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 15+ (

Week&3:&Footings&and&Foundations& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts&

Beams(

Walls((Panels)(

Slabs(

•  Load(bearing(wall( •  Transferring(loads(to( slab(or(fooXng( •  Shear(diagphragm(wall( •  Bracing(system( •  Prevents( overturning(

•  FloaXng(slab/plate( •  Transerring(loads(in(one( or(two(direcXons( •  If(spanned(in(only(one( direcXon(that(may(be( the(more(important( direcXon(

Structural( Elements(

Strut(

Tie(

•  E.g.(columns(

(

Figure+29:+Structural+Elements+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

Construction&Systems&

Pad(FooXng(

Individual(columns(or(piers(

Deep(FoundaXons( Wall( FoundaXons(

Shallow(FoundaXons(

FooXngs(

Retaining(Wall(

Resists(horizontal(soil( loads(

Strip(FooXng( Row(of(columns(

Ram(FooXng(

Area(of(columns((might(be( more(economical(than( large(pad(fooXngs)(

Foundations(support(the(structure(above(it(and(transfer(its(dead(and(live(loads(to(the(soil(beneath((Ching,( 2008).(When(the(soil(is(not(suitable,(deep(foundations,(which(extend(to(the(bedrock(beneath(the(soil,(are( required((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( The(footings(transfer(the(dead(and(live(loads(of(the(building(to(the(soil,(through(columns(or(piers.(By(having( the(column(or(piers(on(a(footing,(the(pressure(exerted(on(the(soil(is(reduced(since(the(load(is(spread(over(a( wider(area.(It(is(also(important(that(the(loads(are(distributed(uniformly((Ching,(2008).( ( ( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 16+ (

Materials& ( ProperXes( •  Compressive(strength( •  Strong(in(compression(but(weak(in(tension( •  Good(thermal(mass( •  Absorbs(more(heat( •  Insulate(well( •  Hard( •  Resists(abrasion,(scratching(and(are(strong(in( compression( •  Durable(

Materials( •  Stone( •  Earth( •  Clay( •  Concrete(

Format( •  Modular( •  Clay(brick,(mud(brick((adobe),(ashlar(stone,( concrete(block( •  NonhModular( •  Concrete,(rammed(earth,(monolithic(stone(

Mass( ConstrucXon( (

( Terms(

ProperXes(

•  Masonry( •  Units(of(various(materials,(joined( with(mortar(as(a(bonding(agent( •  Bond,(course,(joint,(mortar( •  See(glossary(

•  Once(set,(the(units(act(as(a(monolithic( whole(

Materials(

Uses(

•  Stone(( •  Ashlar(blocks.(rubble(stone,(slab( •  Earth( •  Mud(bricks( •  Clay( •  Bricks( •  Concrete( •  Blocks( •  Commons((smaller(concrete(blocks)(

•  Walls/screens((diﬀerent(arrangement( of(bricks(so(a(screen(is(achieved)( •  Columns/piers( •  Beams(and(lintels( •  Arches,(vaults(and(domes(

Masonry(

Mud(bricks(have(low(costs(but(are(labour(intensive.(The(earth(has(to(be(mixed(into(a(slurry,(poured(into(a( mould(and(let(to(dry,(either(in(the(sun(or(baked(at(low(temperatures((ENVS10003,(2014).(Clay(bricks,(on(the( other(hand,(are(manufactured(and(baked(at(high(temperatures((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( Concrete(blocks(are(usually(two(hand(sized,(unlike(clay(bricks,(which(are(one(hand(sized.(Smaller(concrete( blocks((commons)(and(larger(clay(bricks(are(available((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( With(the(standard(dimensions(of(bricks(and(mortar,(two(stretchers(can(be(laid( on(top(of(two(headers(so(that(all(four(bricks(are(aligned.(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 17+ (

(

& & & & ( (

ProperXes(I( •  Hardness( •  Hard(but(can(be(scratched(with(a( metal(object( •  Fragility( •  Reasonable(but(can(be(broken( with(trowel( •  DucXlity( •  Can't(be(shaped(easily(once(it's( made(

ProperXes(II( •  Porosity/permeability( •  Medium(to(low( •  Absorbs(water(if(in(contact(for(a(long(Xme.(Rain(is(generally(okay( •  Advantages( •  Water(based(mortar(can(be(used( •  Disadvantages( •  Can(expand(so(expansion(joints(are(needed(at(regular(intervals( •  Medium(density( •  Poor(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity(

ProperXes(III( •  Durable( •  Recyclability( •  Easily(reused/crushed(into(aggregates( •  Environmental(footprint( •  Locally(produced( •  But(process((ﬁring(clay(and(water(at(high( temperatures)(adds(to(its(carbon( footprint( •  Cost(eﬀecXve(but(labour(intensive(

Colour(

History(of(brickmaking(

•  Vary(in(colour( •  because(clay(is(a(natural(material( •  Less(iron:(pale(cream(colour;(More( iron:(pink/red( •  Adding(manganese(dioxide:(grey( and(brown((

•  Handmade(h>(machine(pressed(h>( wire(cut(

Bricks( Stone(

Types( •  Igneous( •  E.g.(Granite,(basalt( •  Formed(when(molten(lava(cools( •  Usually(very(dense,(very(hard(and(quite(dark(in( colour( •  Used(in(fooXngs(of(buildings(where(high( compressive(strength(is(needed( •  Quite(impervious( •  Sedimentary( •  E.g.(Sandstone,(limestone( •  Somer,(less(dense,(lighter(in(colour(than(igneous( rocks( •  Prone(to(damage(by(wind(and(water( •  Somness(means(that(it(can(be(relaXvely(easy(to( carve(and(shape( •  Metamorphic( •  E.g.(Marble,(slate( •  Formed(when(igneous(or(sedimentary(rock(is( subjected(to(high(pressure,(high(temperature,(or( chemical(processes( •  Can(be(used(for(building(but(because(of(costs,( marble(is(usually(just(used(as(cladding,(ﬂooring(or( benchtop(

Elements(&(Uses( •  Gabion(wall( •  Rocks(inside(wire(mesh( •  Doesn't(prevent(water(from(passing(through( •  Can(be(used(as(screens(or(retaining(walls( •  Monolithic( •  Large(individual(stones(for(columns((like( stonehenge)( •  Diﬃcult(to(transport(and(not(used(so(widely(now( •  Compared(to(smaller(units(for(columns( •  Ashlar( •  Stones(are(carved(into(smaller(modular(elements( (like(bricks)( •  Flat(faced( •  May(not(be(the(same(size( •  Rubble( •  Stones(used(as(they(are(found((maybe(apart(from(a( lirle(bit(of(work)( •  Not(smoothed(so(evenly( •  Used(where(smaller(stones(are(part(of(natural( landscape( •  Skilled(labour(might(be(required(to(sort(and(place(

IntroducXon( •  Standard(size( •  390(long,(90(wide,(190( high( •  Available(in(fracXons(of( this(size( •  Due(to(weight((about(11kg),( two(hands(are(needed( •  Usually(have(holes(in(them( •  reduces(weight( •  increases(insulaXon( ability( •  enables(us(to(put(in( reinforcement(and(can( then(be(ﬁlled(with(grout( •  Types( •  Hollow(or(solid( •  Load(bearing/nonhload( bearing( •  load(bearing(known(as( concrete(masonry(unit( (CMU)( •  non(load(bearing(can( be(used(for(parXXon( walls( •  Similar(properXes(to(clay( bricks(

Manufacturing( •  cement,(sand,(gravel(and(water( •  process( •  mixing(h>(moulding(h>(curing( •  colours(and(textures(can(be(added(so(that(it( can(change(from(standard(grey(concrete(

(

ProperXes( •  Hardness( •  Ranges( •  Generally(igneous(hardest,(followed(by(metamorphic(then(sedimentary( •  Fragility( •  Largely(geometry(dependant( •  Thickness(to(suface(area(raXo( •  Edges(might(be(fragile(and(can(be(sharered(oﬀ( •  DucXlity( •  Most(stones(have(very(low(ducXlity( •  Flexibility/plasXcity( •  Most(stones(are(rigid((very(low(ﬂexibility(and(plasXcity( •  Porosity/permeability( •  Varies( •  Pumice(is(porous,(granite(is(not( •  Density( •  Depends(on(stone(type( •  Stones(used(in(construcXon((granite,(marble,(sandstone,(slate)(are(about(2.5(h(3(Xmes(more(dense(than(water( •  ConducXvity( •  Generally(poor(conductors(of(heat(and(electricity( •  Durability/Life(span( •  Typically(extremely(durable( •  Reusability/Recyclability( •  Can(be(dismantled(and(reused(with(no(change(or(rehworked(into(new(shapes(for(new(uses( •  Sustainability(&(Carbon(Footprint( •  Depending(on(transport(energy( •  Stone(sourcing(has(a(high(environmental(cost( •  Cost( •  Largely(dependent(on(labour(and(scarcity(of(stone(

ProperXes(II( ProperXes(I(

•  Porosity/permeability( •  medium( •  Hardness( •  have(to(think(about(what( •  mediumhhigh( to(do(with(it( •  can(be(scratched(with(a( •  some(concrete(blocks( metallic(object( are(sealed(to(reduce( •  depends(on(strength(of( the(opportunity(for( concrete( water(absorpXon( •  Fragility( •  Density( •  medium( •  memedium( •  can(be(broken(with( •  about(2h2.5(Xmes( trowel( denser(than(water( •  DucXlity( •  ConducXvity( •  very(low(ducXlity( •  poor(conductors(of(heat( •  Flexibility/plasXcity( and(electricity( •  Very(low(ﬂexibility(and( plasXcity(

ProperXes(III( •  Durability/life(span( •  typically(very(durable( •  Reusability/recyclability( •  medium( •  someXmes(reused(with(no(change( but(more(omen(crushed(to(be(used(as( aggregate(in(oher(concrete(products( •  Sustainability(&(carbon(footprint( •  reducXon(in(carbon(footprint(and( increase(in(sustainability(because( recycled(and(waste(products(from( other(processes(is(used( •  Cost( •  generally(cost(eﬀecive(but(have(labour( costs(

Uses(

Clay(blocks(vs(concrete( blocks( •  similar(properXes( •  diﬀerences( •  concrete(shrinks(over( Xme(while(clay(bricks( expand( •  concrete(shrinks( because( •  the(cement(paste( reduces(in(volume(as( it(hydrates( •  drying(shrinkage( occurs(as(water(is( lost(to(the( atmosphere( •  clay(bricks(absorb( moisture(frim(the( atmosphere(and( gradually(expand( •  movement(joints(are( required(for(each( material(

•  walls((load(bearing(and( nonhload(bearing)( •  reinforcements(can(be( added(then(ﬁlled(with( grout(

Concrete( Blocks(

Custom(made( •  new(forms(and(shapes(can(be(created( •  though(it(can(be(costly(to(create( special(formwork(and(moulds( •  e.g.(egg(block( •  12(variaXons(

& Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 18+

(

Theatre& Studio& Upon( excavation( of( the( basement( under( Lot( 6,( measures( had( to( be( taken( to( strengthen( the( existing( foundation(of(the(building(next(to(it.( ( Underground(car(park( • The(columns(would(have(been(constructed(on(site((in(situ)( • Steel(formwork( o It’s(curved(so(it’s(difficult(to(use(timber(or(plywood(for(the(formwork;(plaster(is(too(weak( o Concrete(takes(the(finishing(of(its(formwork((steel(in(this(case)(and(thus(the(finishing(of(the( column(is(smooth( ! This(can(be(compared(to(a(column(near(arts(west( • Formwork(could(have(been(reused(due(to(the(repetitive(nature(of(the(columns(of(within(a(certain( section((area)( o The( columns( would( probably( have( been( constructed( area( by( area( (i.e.( an( area( (possibly( square)(with(the(formwork(already(having(moulds(for(columns(as(per( the(arrangement(of(columns)( o The( number( of( formwork( sections( required( would( only( be( the( number(of(sections(intended(to(be(constructed(at(the(same(time( • Expansion/control(joint(needed(to(cope(with(expansion(and(contraction(( • We(were(shown(a(concrete(column(where(the(concrete(was(‘coming(out’( o It(is(possible(that(this(was(due(to(the(reinforcements(being(too(close( to(the(surface( ! The( steel( rusts( and( therefore( expands,( ‘pushing’( the( concrete(out( • Designed( so( that( the( tree( roots( have( space( (tree( roots( grow( into( the( columns)( • Featured(in(Mad(Max( ( Arts(West( • Truss(structure( • Column(on(the(outside( This(cable(is(slack(and( o A(rope(finish( may(not(carry(loads( 2( o TiO2(added(to(concrete(to(make(it(white( ( Stairs(at(West(End(of(Union(House( • Cables(are(slightly(slack(so(it(is(possible(that(they(are(not(the( one(carrying(the(dead(and(live(loads(of(the(stairs( 1( • I(beams(and(PFCs(below(the(stairs( ( North(Court( • Membrane(structure( • Essentially(a(roof( 3( • Cables(take(the(load(through(tension( o The(main(load(is(the(wind(which(causes(uplift( ! Cables(are(under(the(membrane(rather(than(above(the(membrane( • Hole(in(the(centre(of(the(membrane((it’s(lower(here(compared(to(the(outer(edges(of(the(membrane)( so(that(water(can(flow(through( o It( was( found( that( the( water( ‘splashes’( out( when( it( falls( through( the( hole( (possibly( when( there’s(a(heavy(rainfall)(so(a(steel(object(is(used(to(channel(the(water(through(to(the(ground( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 19+ (

( Beaurepaire(centre( • Steel(portal(frames( o Repetitive( o Doesn’t(resist(horizontal(forces(in(the(direction(parallel(to(its(frame((Ching,(2008)(so(( • Cross(bracing(on(the(roof( o Resists(forces(perpendicular(to(the(portal(frame( • Walls(at(the(end(are(shear(walls(( • This( sort( of( rigid( frame( is( used( because( we( cannot( use( cross( bracing( for( the( frame( itself( because(we(want(it(to(be(open( o Swimming( pool( needs( the(space(( o Structure(is(visible( ! But(have(to(maintain(and(take(care(of(steel((for(rusting),(especially(under(swimming( pool(conditions( o Usually(used(in(industrial(buildings( • Window(frame( o Usually(aluminium,(steel,(timber,(plastic((PVC)( ! Aluminium(is(lighter,(slightly(softer,(but(a(lot(of(embodied(energy( ( Oval(Pavilion( • Cantilever( o Quite(a(large(scale(one( o Some(of(the(weight(is(counterbalanced(by(the(other(side( • Unusual(for(timber(to(be(supported(by(steel( o Might(be(for(design(purposes( ( ABP(Building( • Cantilever( o Temporary(propping(during(construction( o Diagonal(member(to(take(load(into(building( • Concrete(formwork((Bondek)(remains(when(concrete(casting(is(done( • Variation(in(concrete(colour( • Prehcast(wall(panels( • Galvanised(steel( o Difference( can( be( seen,( in( terms( of( appearances,( between( galvanised( steel( and( steel( that( will(be(covered(later(on( • Shading(outside(windows( o Tilted( ! Might(be(because(of(orientation(of(building(in(relation(to(sun,(possibly(also(because( of(how(much(light(to(let(in( ! It(is(possible(that(it(could(be(adjusted/varied( • John(Wardle(Architects( ( ( ( ( ( ( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 20+ (

Week&4:&Floor&Systems&and&Horizontal&Elements& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& ( & & &

(Primary( beam ( (bearer)(

& & & Column(span( (slab(to(slab)(

& y( ndar Seco joist)( (( beam

& &

Construction&Systems&

Thickness/ depth(of( ﬂoorboards( as(a(result( of(span(of( joists((and( bearers)( ConsideraXon s(

Depth(of(joists( depends(on( span(

One(way(or( two(way( costs(and( eﬃciency(

Floor( Systems(

to(keep( cross( secXonal( wall( relaXvely( small(

have(bearers( rather(than( spanning(from( wall(to(wall( Steel(or( concrete(

anXcipated( ﬂoor(loads( funcXon( of( distance( building( between( columns(

costs( ﬁre( raXngs(

Concrete( (reinforced( (Ching,(2008))( larger( buildings( (e.g.( hospitals)( concrete( has( higher( ﬁre( raXngs(

longer(spans(and( heavier(loads(than( 4h10(m( spans( onehway(slabs( light(to(medium( greater(spans(might( loads( be(possible(with( Onehway( joist(slab(or( posrensioning( joist(slab( ribbed(slab(with( tensile( closely(spaced( reinforcement(in( joists( ribs( Services(can( Web(of(steel( Open(web( be(carried( (like(a(truss)( joist(framing( through(( spanning(from( top(cord(to( borom(cord( sacriﬁcial(formwork((of( folded(decking,(concrete( Metal( Combined( laid(on(top(of(that( decking( with(concrete( slab(systems( decking(provides( tensile(strength(

One(way( span( Two(way( span(

Heavy( gauge( structural( steel(

Structural( Steel( Framing(

Timber(

Light(gauge( steel( framing( CombinaXon(of( heavy(and(light( member(types(and( materials(depending( on(structural( funcXon( Timber( joists(

Depth( generally( 1/30(the( span(

Onehway( slab(

plypanels( (ﬂoorboads(

Joists(support( the(ﬂooring(

decking( etc.(

eg(

usually( ﬂoorboards(span( 450(or(600(

Bearers(support( joists(and(spanned( between(other( supports(

piers( concrete( stumps(

quite(closely( placed(together(

etc.(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 21+ (

Materials& Components( •  when(cement(is(mixed(with(water( it(binds(sand(and(gravel(aggregates( together( •  normal(mix( •  1(part(cement((porland,(lime),(2( parts(ﬁne(aggregates((sand),(4( parts(coarse(aggregates((crushed( rock),(0.4h0.5(parts(water( •  Too(much(water:(concrete(won't( be(strong(enough((weak)( •  Too(lirle(water:(concrete(( mixture(will(be(too(sXﬀ(and( unworkable(

ConsideraXons( •  permeable( •  if(steel(is(too(close(to(the( surface,(they(will(oxidise,( causeing(aestheXc(and( structural(degradaXon( •  provide(suﬃcient(cover(over( reinforcement( •  poor(vibraXon((to(get(rid(of(air( bubles(which(compromise(the( structural(performance)(of( concrete(during(pouring( process(

Process( •  fluid(and(shapeless(before(it( hardens( •  can(form(any(shape(we(want( •  formwork( •  removed(and(reused(or(sacrificial( •  built(in(situ(or(precast( •  materials( •  Xmber,(metal,(plasXc,(formply,( etc.( •  needs(to(be(supported(by(props( and(bracings(during(the(curing( process( •  weight(of(wet(concrete( •  as(the(concrete(sets,(it(carries( its(own(weight,(transferring( load(to(supports((floor,( columns,(other(walls,(etc.( •  75%(of(compressive(strength( in(7(days,(tesXng(for(required( strength(at(28(days(

Provenance( •  hydraXon( •  when(cement(powder(and( water(are(mixed( •  chemical(process(which(forms( crystals(thet(interlock(and( bind(the(sand,(crushed(rock( and(cement/water(paste( together(

Reinforced(concrete( •  steel,(which(is(strong(in(tension( (concrete(is(strong(in(compression(but( weak(in(tension),(is(added( •  mesh( •  bars( •  placed(where(there(are(high(tensile( stresses(then(concrete(is(poured( around(reinforcement(to(hold(it(in( place( •  ﬁxed/rigid(joints((maybe(between(slab( and(wall)( •  reinforcement(starter(bars(extend( out(of(slab(into(wall.(once(the(wall( it's(in(place,(a(rigid(moment(joint( occurs( •  amount(of(reinforcement(is(adjusted( according(to(the(amount(of(loads( •  reinforcement(quanXty(increases( towards(base(of(building(in(order(to( keep(the(same(column(size(

Concrete( (

ProperXes(I( •  Diﬀerent(properXes(in(plasXc(state( (fresh,(wet)(and(hardened(state( •  ProperXes(depend(on(physical( characterisXcs,(chemical( composiXon(and(proporXons(of( components( •  Will(adress(hardened(state( •  Hardness( •  high,(can(be(scratched(with(a( metallic(object( •  Fragility( •  low,(can(be(chipped(with(a( hammer( •  Very(low(ducXlity( •  Low(ﬂexibility(and(plasXcity( •  high(when(in(plasXc(state(

ProperXes(II( •  Mediumhlow(porosity/permeability( •  depending(on(proporXons(and( components( •  aerated((high(water(raXo)(has(a( high(porosity(vs(waterproof( concrete(that(is(created(when( permeability(reducing(admixtures( are(added( •  Mediumhhigh(density.(About(2.5(Xmes( denser(than(water( •  Poor(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity(

ProperXes(III( •  Durable(if(constructed(well( •  Mediumhlow(reusability/recyclability( •  not(exactly(reused(but(they(can(be( crushed(to(be(used(as(aggregate(for( new(concrete(elements.( reinforcements(can(be(reused( •  Sustainability(&(carbon(footprint( •  high(embodied(energy,(non( renewable,(but(long(lasXng( •  Costs( •  generally(cost(eﬀecXve.(labour( dependant(for(formwork(and( pouring(

Finishes( •  sand(blasted( •  with(protecXve(sheet( to(form(parerns( •  exposed(aggregate( •  raked(ﬁnish( •  bush(hammered( •  board(marked( •  board(and(baren(

In(Situ(Concrete(

Precast(Concrete(

•  Poured(into(formwork(and(cured(on(the(site( •  FabricaXon(&(assembly(of(the(formwork,(placing,(reinforcement,( pouring,(vibraXon(and(curing( •  Limited(Xme(before(the(concrete(hardens(and(becomes( unworkable( •  placed(in(proper(posiXon,(air(bubbles(removed((vibrated),( desired(finish(applied((maybe(screeXng)( •  labour(intensive( •  congesXon( •  more(difficult(to(ensure(quality(as(compared(to(prefabricated( •  Uses( •  structural(purposes( •  self(supporXng(or(as(primary(structure( •  fooXngs,(retaining(walls,(non(standard(structural(elements( •  someXmes(sprayed(in(place((shotcrete)( •  landscapes,(swimming(pools,(basement(walls(between(piers(or( overhead(surfaces( •  Joints( •  construcXon(joints( •  divide(the(constructon(into(smaller(and(more(manageable( secXons(of(work( •  control(joints( •  absorb(expansions(and(conctracXons(due(to(thermal(variaXons( •  concrete(shrinks(over(Xme( •  elongaXon/shrinkage(is(proporXonal(to(the(temperaure( differenXal,(material(coefficient(and(the(dimensions(of(the( piece( •  Both(construcXon(and(control(joints(are(potenXal(weak(points( •  must(be(detailed(appropriately(especially(in(terms(of(water(and( moisture(control(

•  Controlled(environemnt(and(then(transported(to(site(for(installaXon( •  More(standardised(outcome((avoids(many(of(the(quality(control(issues(of(in(situ)( •  Work(on(site(progresses(at(a(much(faster(rate( •  Spandrel(panels( •  over(doors,(below(floors(can(overhand(openings(up(to(9m( •  Uses( •  Needs(to(be(supported(in(place(unXl(remaining(structure(is(there( •  Retaining(walls,(walls,(columns,(rarely(in(fooXng(walls( •  Joints( •  ConstrucXon(joints( •  Naturally(occuring(when(one(precast(element(meets(another( •  or(there(needs(to(be(a(gap(between(one(material(and(another((maybe(because(of(a(maximum(size(a(panel(can(be( cast(in)( •  Structural(joint( •  how(these(two(are(connected(to(operate(with(each(other( •  joining(precast(elements(to(each(other(or(to(other(parts(of(the(structure( •  e.g.(brackets/patch(plates((cast(into(place(in(factory,(someXmes(posiXoned(on(site)( •  need(for(ability(to(move(one(panel(in(relaXon(to(another( •  to(finalise(fixing( •  due(to(site(condiXons(and(having(to(work(withtolerances( •  type(and(performance(of(the(structural(connecXons(are(criXcal(for(the(overal(performance(of(the(building( •  examples/types(of(structural(joints( •  bur(joint( •  exposed(joint( •  someXmes(for(aestheXc(purposes( •  be(careful(of(exposing(the(steel((unless(it's(on(the(inside(of(the(wall(and(covered(by(interior(wall(finishes)( •  Finishes( •  can(be(achieved(with(high(quality(finish(due(to(controlled(environments( •  care(to(be(taken(to(ensure(that(they(are(not(damaged(by(transport( •  reuseable(silicon(formwork(is(common( •  ConsideraXons( •  limited(in(size(due(to(transport( •  on(site(changes(are(difficult(to(incorporate( •  cost(benefits(in(repeXXon(and(being(able(to(reuse(the(same(formwork(for(mulXple(panels(

(

& Theatre& Studio& The(oval(pavilion(drawings(are(divided(into(the(architectural(set(and(the(structural(set.(At(the(end(of(these,( there(are(“technical(reference(sheets”(that(specify(systems,(components(and(products(that(are(referenced(in( the( architectural( and( structural( sets.( The( architectural( drawings( contain( site( plans,( floor( plans,( elevations,( sections,( details( (wall,( material( and( some( other( details),( etc.( The( structural( set( consists( of( notes( and/or( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 22+ (

drawings( on( the( more( ‘technical’( (structural)( aspects( of( the( oval.( The( first( two( sheets( of( notes( give( ‘instructions’(on(the(steel,(concrete(and(timber(used,(reinforcement,(foundation,(formwork,(retaining(walls,( precast(concrete,(ESD(strategies,(etc.(The(drawings(show(details(of(connections,(certain(sections(of(the(oval( (e.g.(canopy(and(roof),(footings(and(foundations,(bracing,(etc.(( ( Each(page(in(the(architectural(set(has(a(title(block(that(has,(where(applicable,(information(such(as( • The(project(name(and(number( • Drawing(title(and(number( • Name(of(the(architect(s)( • Contact(information(of(all(parties(involved( o Including(engineers(in(charge(of(different(fields(and(other(parties(( • Issue,(date(and(revision(history( • Page((sheet)(number( • Orientation((direction)( • Scale( ( The(title(block(of(the(structural(set(has(similar(information.(These(information(make(it(easier(for(those(who( are(perusing(the(drawings(as(these(critical(information(are(found(on(every(page(and(thus(do(not(have(to(be( looked(for.( ( Floor(plans(have/tell(us(the(( • Legend( o What(certain(symbols(represent( ! Some(symbols(which(are(commonly(used(may(not(be(included(in(the(legend( o There(is(also(an(“abbreviation(legend”( ! List(of(abbreviations(used( • Different(elements( o Rooms( ! Named(and(numbered( • They(have(new(numbers(for(each(room(so(that(it’ll(be(easier(to(add/remove( doors/windows.(( o Windows,(doors,(etc.( ! These(are(numbered(most(of(the(time( ! Window/door( number( together( with( room( number(( • Dimensions( o Usually( in( mm( unless( otherwise( stated( in( the(legend(or(anywhere(else(( • Grid(reference( o So( that( certain( (more( important)( sections( can( easily( be( identified( from( other( drawings( (sections,(elevations,(etc.)( • Materials(&(wall(types( • Finished(floor(levels((FFL)( o In(metres,(as(specified(in(the(legend( • References(to(other(drawings(and/or(information( o These(drawings(they(refer(us(to(could(be(sections,(details,(etc.( o At(the(drawings(they(refer(us(to,(they(will(reference(us(to(where(they( referred(us(from( • Some(annotations( o Clouded(areas(show(edits( ( Elevations( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 23+ (

•

The(building(as(we(see(it( o i.e.(the(‘front’(from(different(directions( o Compared(to(plans(which(are(tophdown(views( ! Site(plan( • Plan(of(roof(+(surroundings( ! Floor(plan( • Top(down(view(of(a(horizontal(section((horizontal(cut(–(i.e.(cut(that’s(parallel( to(the(ground)( ! We(can(now(observe(height(and(thickness(of(certain(elements((walls,(windows,(etc.( depending(on(where(they(are(facing)( Shows( o Legend(&(abbreviation(legend( o Dimensions( ! Compared(to(dimensions(in(floor(plan( • It( is( easier( to( observe( where( the( dimension( ‘line’( passes( through( (e.g.( whether(it’s(through(the(centre(of(a(column)( • Height(dimensions(can(be(shown( • Thickness(dimensions(can(be(shown(too(but(this(might(be(rare(as(there(is(a( list( of( materials( and( components( with( some( dimensions( on( other( pages( of( the(oval(set( o Levels((floors)( ! Shown(as(how(we(would(see(them,(if(they(are(visible(from(the(outside( ! May(be(accompanied(with(Finished(Floor(Level((FFL)(labels( o Grid(reference( ! Numbered( vertical( lines( on( floor( plan( correspond( to( vertical( lines( on( these( elevations( ! It(is(possible(that(the(dimensions(shown(in(the(elevation(correspond(to(the(distance( from(one(gridline(to(another( o Materials( o Doors(and(windows( ! Labelled( ! Drawn(to(look(like(doors/windows(if(they(are(facing(the(direction(of(elevation( o Annotations( ! Descriptions(and/or(details(that(may(be(difficult(to(show(with(an(elevation( ! Clouded(areas(

( Sections( • Like(an(elevation,(except(that(we’re(now(looking(at(a(vertical(section((vertical(cut.(In(other(words(a( cut(perpendicular(to(the(ground)( • References(to(sections(can(be(found(in(plans(( • We(can(now(see(( o What’s( inside( the( building( (depending( on( what( the( drawing( shows)( rather( than( just( the( exterior(of(the(building.( o The( thickness( of( elements( which( might( have( been( covered( by( the( façade( (walls,( doors,( windows,(materials,(etc.(depending(on(where(they(are(facing)( • Materials(are(not(labelled(here( o Although(we(might(be(able(to(estimate(them(based(on(where(it(is(located,(the(thickness(of( lines,(conventional(representation,(etc.( • Elements(that(are(not(cut(through((‘behind’(the(cut)(may(be(shown(in(faint(lines(to(give(the(section(a( context( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 24+ (

•

Quadrilaterals( with( rounded( corners( and( dashed( borders( indicate( that( the( area( enclosed( by( the( quadrilateral(will(be(shown(in(detail.(The(reference(near(this(quadrilateral(will(refer(us(to(where(the( detail(can(be(found(

( Details( • This(could(be(details(of(windows,(parapets,(junctions,(connections,(etc.( o They(are(larger(than(their(section(counterparts( • Details(of(a(same(element/at(the(same(area(may(be(compressed(using(break(lines(to(show(just(the( necessary(details( o E.g.(Drawing(1(of(A46h01( o This(ensures(that(nearby(elements(connected(by(a(continuous(element(will(be(on(the(same( drawing,(thus(giving(a(context.(Yet(break(lines(save(space(by(omitting(unnecessary(details( • Materials(are(labelled( o We(can(now(see(some(materials(that(cannot(be(seen(from(elevations(and(plans((and(maybe( even(sections)(such(as(sheet(membranes(or(insulations( • We(may(be(referred(to(another(detail( o Some( materials/components( (wall( systems,( etc.)( which( have( been( labelled( in( the( previous( detail(may(not(be(included(in(the(‘new’(detail( ! E.g.( Drawing( 1( of( A46h01( shows( that( the( wall( system( EWSh06( will( be( used( but( in( Drawing(1(of(A60h01,(“EWSh06”(is(not(mentioned( • This( may( be( to( avoid( crowding( the( details( with( information( that( can( be( found(somewhere(else,(thus(making(it(confusing( • Though(information(might(be(repeated(sometimes,(possibly(to(avoid(having( to(flip(through(pages(looking(for(a(particular(piece(of(information( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 25+ (

Construction&Workshop& The(objective(of(this(session(was(to(design(and(construct(a(structure(that(would(be(tested(by(being(subject( to( increasing( amounts( of( loads( until( failure.( The( structure( would( have( to( span( 1000mm,( with( a( height( no( greater(than(400mm.(Each(group(were(given(different(materials(to(work(with(and( it(was(up(to(us(to(make(use(of(our(materials.( ( We( decided( that( it( would( be( best( to( have( the( orientation( of( the( timber( beam( to( have( a( greater(depth.(( ( With(a(simply(supported(beam(and(a(point(load( in( the( centre( of( the( beam,( its( most( likely( failure( method( would( be( by( defection(at(the(point(where(the(load(is(applied.( ( We(figured(that(we(had(to(find(a(way(to(transfer(some(of(the(load(from( the( centre( so( that( the( load( acting( on( the( beam( is( less( concentrated.( Another( possible( way( was( to( attempt( to( ‘strengthen’( the( centre,( although(we(were(unsure(as(to(how(to(do(that.(We(thought(of(adding(a( piece( of( pine( in( the( centre( as( an( additional( support( so( that,( due( to( contraflexion,(the(point(of(max(deflection(will(not(be(directly(below(the( point( load.( However,( we( realised( that( it( was( difficult( for( us( to( add( another(support(if(we(didn’t(know(the(height(of(the(other(two(supports( in(the(testing(cradle.(We(were(back(to(trying(to(transfer(the(load.(( ( A(trusshlike(approach(was(the(first(thing(that(came(to(mind.(However,(we(felt( that( having( to( cut( the( diagonal( members( would( be( time( consuming( and( we( were( under( time( constraints.( We( ended( up( going( with( a( beam( and( column( approach.( Upon( sawing( the( pieces,( we( realised( that( it( was( difficult( to( nail( these(pieces(together.(In(retrospect,(we(could(have(nailed(the(plywood(onto(it(like(how(a(nail(plate(would( have(been(used.( ( In( the( end,( we( had,( as( a( structure,( the( plywood( nailed( to( two( pieces( f( pine( and( another( pine( beam( below( it,( without( being( nailed( to( it( to( reduce( the( likelihood( of( the( structure( failing( due( to( structural(connections.(( ( Photograph(of(structure(and(its(failure(

Max( Load((N)(

Max( Deflection( (mm)(

Failure( Mode(

Notes(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 26+ (

( ( (

350((

55((

Grain( &( structural( connection( (nails)(

Possible( that( this(structure( took( the( greatest(load(

210((

40((

Structural( connection(

Relatively( low( deflection(

320( h 360(N(

70(

Structural( connection(

Greatest( deflection(

310(

38(

Knot(

Low( deflection,( posisbly( because( failure( was( achieved( before( max( deflection( was(achieved(

(

+ Table+1+

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 27+ (

Week&5:&Columns,&Grids&and&Wall&Systems& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Construction&Systems& FuncXon(

Systems(h(Structural(frames(

•  Enclose( •  separate( •  protect(interior( from(exterior( •  moderate( climate(for( interior(use(by( occupants( •  ﬁlter(out(light( •  insulate(from( cold(or(heat( •  structural( (carrying(loads( down)(

•  Concrete(frames( •  grid(of(columns(with( concrete(beams( connexXng(the(columns( together( •  city,(largrer(scale( buildings( •  Steel(frames( •  grid(of(steel(columns( connected(to(steel( girders(and(beams( •  UC,(CHS,(RHS( •  bracings( •  industry(where(ﬁre( raXngs(doesn't(need(to( be(so(high( •  Timber(frames((post(and( beam)( •  grid(of(Xmber(posts(or( poles(connected(to( Xmber(beams( •  bracing(of(members( between(bays(or(at( corners(of(posthbeam( juncXons( •  keeping(joints(rigid( •  tradiXonal(japanese( architecture,(not(so( common(in(australia( •  quite(useful(for(sloping( sites(

Systems:(Load( bearing(walls(I(

•  Concrete( •  in(situ(or( precast( •  panels(may( also(provide( support(for( spandrel( panels(over( and(link(into( other( structural( elements( (ﬂoor(slabs,( roof( structure,( etc.)( •  someXmes(in( apartments(

Systems:(Load(bearing(walls(II((masonry)(

•  Reinforced(masonry( •  core(filled(hollow(concrete(blocks(or(grout(filled(cavity(masonry( •  bond(beams(over(openings(can(be(created(using(special( concrete(blocks(which(are(filled(with(concrete(to(bond(indiviual( units(together( •  alternaXve(to(steel(or(concrete(lintels( •  Solid(masonry( •  single(or(mulXple(skins( •  garages,(fences,(subfloor(level( •  water(proofing(not(so(crucial( •  Xed(together(with(a(brick(of(different(orientaXon(or(with(wall( Xe( •  lintels(can(be(made(out(of(steel( •  Cavity(masonry( •  when(waterproofing(is(necessary( •  15mm(cavity(in(between(two(skins( •  flashing( •  allows(water(that(soak(through(outer(panel(to(be(taken( outside(the(building( •  at(regular(intervals,(perpend(lem(open(so(water(that(seeps(in(to( run(outside( •  weep(holes( •  Advantages( •  berer(thermal(performance( •  opportuniXes(for(insulaXon( •  berer(waterproofing( •  ability(to(drain(water(from(the(cavity( •  opportunity(to(run(services( •  presence(of(damp(proof(course(and(weep(holes(tell(us(that(it(is( a(cavity(wall(rather(than(a(solid(wall(

Systems:(Stud(walls(

•  light(gauge(steel( framing( •  c(secXons,(z( secXons( •  Xmber(framing( •  very(common(in( australia( •  stud(is(quite(close( together( •  plasterboard(can( span(from(one( stud(to(another( •  bracing((diagonal( bracing(or(sheet( bracing)(required( •  elements( •  top(plate,( borom(plate,( verXcal(studs,( noggings,(cross( bracing,(ply( bracing( •  brick(veneer( •  1(skin(of(non( structural( masonry(and(1( skin(of(structural( fram(wall( •  common(in( australia(

(

Materials& Seasoning((drying)( •  To(increase(dimensional(stability( •  Methods( •  air(drying( •  very(cheap(but(takes(very(long((6(months(to(2(years(per( 50mm)( •  kiln(drying( •  20h40(hours(to(get(to(12%(moisture(content( •  solar(kiln( •  less(expensive(to(run( •  Moisture( •  100%(to(25%( •  water(from(cells((free(water)(leave( •  parXally(seasoned(at(25%( •  25%(to(15%( •  bound(water(leaves( •  seasoned(at(15%(

ProperXes( •  Strong(and(sXﬀ(in(direcXon(parallel(to( grain( •  Weak(in(direcXon(perpendicular(to( grain(

Provenance( •  Heartwood((core,(not(so(useful(in(construcXon),(sapwood,( cell(layer,(rings((inner(bark(&(outer(bark)(that(grow(one( ring(per(year((climates,(ﬁre(or(disease(can(produce(an( extra(ring)( •  light(rings( •  early(wood( •  rapid(growth(at(the(beginning(of(growing(season( •  thin,(large(cells( •  dark(rings( •  late(wood( •  slower(growth( •  omen(limited(by(lack(of(water( •  thick(small(cells(

Sawing( •  Quarter(sawn( •  growth(rings(parallel(to(short(edge( •  less(common(in(structural(Xmber( •  advantages( •  Somwood( •  good(grain(shows(on(face( •  conifer(species,(spine,(etc.( •  hard(wearing(surface(for(floors,(furniture( •  Hardwood( •  radial(face(preferred(for(coaXngs( •  generally(harder(than(somwood((except( balsa(is(a(hardwood(but(quite(som)( •  lower(width(shrinkage(on(drying( •  eucalyptus(species,(victorian(ash,(oak,(etc.( •  useful(for(furniture( •  less(cupping(and(warp(than(other(cuts( •  can(be(recondiXoned( •  disadvantages( •  slower(seasoning( •  nailing(on(face(more(prone(to(splizng( •  Back(sawn( •  rings(parallel(to(long(edge( •  more(common(in(structural(Xmber( •  advantages( •  season(more(rapidly( •  less(prone(to(spliXng(when(nailing( •  wide(secXons(possible( •  few(knots(on(edge( •  disadvantages( •  shrink(more(across(width(when(drying( •  more(likely(to(warp(and(cup( •  not(such(a(problem(within(structural(Xmbers(in(Xmber(frame( buildings( •  collapsed(Xmber(more(difficulet(to(recondiXon( •  radial(sawn( •  face(is(a(radial(cut( •  weatherboard(cladding(system(for(buildings(and(fences( •  advantages( •  dimensional(stability( •  less(prone(to(warping,(cupping( •  les(wastage(in(milling( •  disadvantages( •  wedge(shaped(cross(secXon( •  more(difficult(to(detail( •  more(difficult(to(stack(

Types((

Wood(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 28+ (

ProperXes(II(

ProperXes(III(

•  high(porosity/permeability( •  varies(depending(on(seasoning,( ﬁnishing/detailing((protecXon)( and(ﬁxing( •  varied(density(depending(on( Xmber(type( •  poor(conductor(of(heat(and( electricity(

•  can(be(very(durable(if(detailed(correctly(and( carefully(selected(for(its(situaXon( •  varies(depending(on(type,(seasoning,( finishing((protecXon)(and(fixing( •  very(high(reusability/recyclability( •  second(hand(Xmber(is(very(desirable( •  very(low(embodied(energy,(fully(renewable(if( correctly(sourced( •  generally(cost(effecXve( •  labour(dependent(for(on(site(work,(but(also( suited(to(highly(efficient(factory(based( manufacturing(processes(

ProperXes(I( •  mediumhlow(hardness( •  most(Xmbers(can(be(reaonably( easily(marked( •  mediumhlow(fragility( •  geometry(dependent( •  generally(will(not(hsarer(or( break( •  low(ducXlity( •  some(Xmbers(in(their(green( state(can(be(manipulated(into(a( range(of(shapes( •  high(ﬂexibility(and(medium( plasXcity(

Timber(

IntroducXon( •  Living(material( •  ProperXes(diﬀer(depending(on( type(

Specifying(and(handling( •  design(detailing(should(minimise( exposure(to(hazards( •  size( •  depth(x(breadth( •  lengths(go(in(increments(of( 0.3m( •  strength(grade( •  F(grade(or(MGP( •  moisture(content( •  seasoned(or(non(seasoned( •  seasoned(has(less(variaXon( in(size(over(Xme( •  species(of(wood( •  treatment(

ConsideraXons( •  Knots( •  cannnot(be(in(the(tension(part( •  availability( •  Durability( •  ProtecXng(Xmber(from( •  Water( •  especially(the((ends(of( grain((seal(ends(before( assembly)( •  fungal(arack( •  swelling,(shrinkage(can( cause(cracks( •  methods( •  avoid(exposure( •  seal(against(moisture( movement( •  paint(or(detailing( •  insect(arack((termites,(borers)( •  chemical(barriers/physical( barriers(between(ground(and( Xmber( •  sunlight(and(heat( •  direct(sunlight(causes( excessive(drying,(shrinkage( •  direct(sunlight(breaks(down( wood/cellulose( •  use(light(colour(paints(( •  other(hazards( •  ﬁre( •  chemical(exposure( (

& Theatre& Studio& For( this( week’s( studio,( we( had( to( construct( the( structural( system( of( a( section( of( the( canopy( of( the( oval( pavilion(at(a(1:20(scale.(( ( This( section’s( structural( system( consists( of( steel( trusses( that( are( attached,( at( a( different( plane,( to( the( spine( truss.( We( decided( to( use( balsa( wood( to( represent( these(trusses(as(they(are(easy(to(work(with((can(be(cut(and(shaped(easily).(Balsa( can(be(on(the(fragile(side(but(we(decided(that(its(strength(should(be(sufficient(for( our(purposes,(especially(with(the(aid(of(joints(and(bonding(agents(such(as(glue(or( tape.( ( A( truss( is( an( effective( system( that( transfers( the( loads( on( the( top( cord( to( the( bottom( cord( through( its( diagonal(members.(Some(of(the(members(will(be(in(compression( and( will( be( involved( in( transferring( the( loads.( The( members( in( tension(keep(the(system(together,(while(other(members(are(zero( force( members.( Trusses( are( able( to( transfer( its( loads( effectively,( without(the(need(for(the(additional(material(otherwise(needed(for( a((full)(piece(of(timber,(not(unlike(the(universal(beams,(universal( columns,( hollow( sections( and( other( structural( steel( that( are( used( for( this( truss.( These( structural( steel( are( effective(in(terms(of(material(usage(as(their(strength(is(not(compromised(despite(having(less(steel(compared( to((full)(pieces(of(steel,(which(are(also(heavier.( ( l( ( tua o ( ac s ( t ( d ( on (for(it h resp ( (cor (enoug t o n ( e s e a rg ( :(do be(l (thin ve(to( o o a ( ns(t at(h olum mns(th C ( colu ( om( (bott d n (a due(to(its(lack(of(depth( f(top ( tion(o (

re Incor

e ct(ori

nta

( cords

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 29+

( ( ( After( changing( the( orientation( of( the( top( and( bottom( cords( and( using( 4( kebab( sticks( as( a( single( column( (Figure),(it(was(down(to(measuring(the(member(lengths(and(assembling(the(trusses(before(attaching(those( trusses(to(the(main(truss,(the(spine(truss.(( ( Members( of( spine( truss( thicker( than( other( trusses( â&#x20AC;&#x201C;( spine( truss( takes(the(loads( of( the( cantilever(and(transfers(it(to(the(foundation( through(its(three(columns(

Connection(detail(

( ( There( was,( however,( a( truss( whose( section( was( not(shown(in(the(oval(drawings(set(and(we(had(to(assume(it(was(similar(to(one(of(the(other(trusses.(( The(system(was(more(stable(after(the( rim(was(added.(Since(the(balsa(strips( of(the(rim(were(of(a(certain(length,(the( trusses(were(not(able(to(move(as( much.(This(was(effectively(similar(to( bracing,(in(which(the(strips(undergo( tension(to(keep(the(system(rigid.(

Most(of(the(trusses(attached( to(a(column(so(that(the(spine( truss(does(not(have(so(much( load(acting(on(it(

( ( ( We(then(joined(our(part(of(the(canopy(with(the(other(groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(to(get(the(whole(canopy.( From(the(drawings(and(photographs(of(the(oval,(it(can(be(inferred(that(the(weight(of(the(cantilever(on(one( side(of(the(supports(is(countered(by(the(weight(of(the(cantilever(on(the(other(side,(thereby(making(it(easier( for(the(supports(to(take(the(loads(of(the(cantilever.( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 30+ (

Week&6:&Spanning&and&Enclosing&Space& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Concrete(roofs( •  flat(plates(of(reinforced(concrete((or( precast(slabs(with(a(topping(of(concrete)( •  where(a(flat(surface(is(needed((roof( gardens,(carpacks),(fire(raXngs( •  top(surface(sloped(towards(drainage( points(and(the(enXre(roof(surface( finished(with(applied(waterproof( membrane( •  maybe(a(protecXve(layer(for( membrane(

Types( •  Flat(roofs((1h3)( •  Pitched(and(Sloping(roofs((>3)( •  ramers( •  beams(and(purlins( •  trusses( •  Decisions( •  Xles(need(to(be(a(greater(slope(more( than(15( •  sheet(metal(roofing(can(come(to( about(5(degrees( •  water(proofing(membrane(for(flat( roofs(

Trussed(roofs( Structural(steel(framed(roofs( •  Flat( •  combinaXon(of(primary(and(secondary(roof(beams(for( heavier(roof(finishes(such(as(metal(deck/concrete( •  or(roof(beams(and(purlins(for(lighter(sheet(metal(roofing( •  Sloping( •  roof(beams(and(purlins(and(lighter(sheet(metal(roofing( •  Portal(frames( •  braced(rigid(frames((two(columns(and(a(beam)(with( purlins(for(the(roof(and(girts(for(the(walls( •  purlins(cleated(off(the(beams(below(it( •  cold(formed(steel((z(secXons(or(c(secXons)( •  walls(and(roofs(are(usually(finished(with(sheet(metal(

Roof( Systems(

•  Steel(or(Xmber(trusses( •  High(strength(to(material(raXo( •  Braced(for(stability( •  Space(frames( •  3d(plate(type(structures(that(are(long( spanning(in(two(direcXons( •  linear(steel(secXons(of(various(cross(secXon( types(are(welded,(bolted(or(threaded( together(to(form(matrixhlike(structures( •  members( •  CHS,(SHS,(RHS,(pipes,(channel(secXons,(I( beams,(etc.( •  large(spaces(like(plazas,(etc.( •  Light(framed(roofs( •  gable(roofs( •  verXcal,(triangular(secXon(of(wall(at(one(or( both(ends(of(the(roof( •  common(ramers,(ridge(beams,(ceiling(joists,( outriggers((where(the(roof(overhangs(the( gable(end(wall)( •  Xmber,(cold(formed(steel(secXons((and(also( someXmes(heavier(steel((UB(or(PFC)(for( major(beams)( •  Hip(roofs( •  verXcal,(triangular(secXon(of(wall(at(one(or( both(ends(of(the(roog( •  common(ramers,(hip(ramers,(valley(ramers,( jack(ramers,(ridge(beams,(ceiling(joists,( barens((perpendicular(to(ramers(that(will( support(rooﬁng(material((Xle(or(sheet( metal))( •  Ching(6.17( •  Xmber,(cold(formed(steel(secXons(

( Materials& ProperXes(II( ProperXes(I( •  varied(hardness,(depending(on(type( •  low(fragility( •  generally(will(not(sharer(or(break( •  high(ducXlity( •  mediumhhigh(ﬂexibility/plasXcity((while( heated)(

•  Impermeable(for(light(and(water( •  gurering,(ﬂashint( •  High(density((from(3x((Al)(to(19x((Au)(more( than(water( •  Very(good(conductors(of(heat(and(electricity( •  adv(or(disadv(depending(on(locaXon(and( purpose( •  electric(wires(but(metal(sheeXng,(metal( window(frames(are(points(of(weakness(in( terms(of(insulaXon.(Also(low(ﬁre(raXngs(

ProperXes(III( •  can(be(very(durable(depending(on(type,( treatment,(finishing((protecXon)(and(fixing( •  high(reusability/recyclability( •  very(high(embodied(energy.(recyclable(and( renewable(if(correctly(managed( •  cost(effecXve( •  can(be(very(material(efficient(and(an( economic(opXon(

ConsideraXons( Types( •  Ferous( •  cheap(because(common( •  Nonhferrous( •  qualiXes( •  less(likely(to(oxidise( •  Alloys( •  iron,(non(ferrous(alloy((bronze)(

(

Metals(

•  react(with(other(metals( •  galvanic(series( •  likelihood(of(corroding((anoding(end( more,(cathoding(end(less(likely)( •  reduce(corrosion( •  separate(the(metals( •  avoid(electrolyXc(condiXons((like( moisture)( •  water(related(damage( •  keeping(water(away(reduces(oxidaXon( and(corrosion( •  methods( •  avoid(prolonged(contact/exposure( •  seal(against(moisture( •  enamel(or(paint( •  chemical((galvanised)(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 31+ (

Types(and(uses(of(steel(II( Types(and(uses( •  wrought(iron( •  decoraXve(elements(but(labour(intensive( •  cast(iron( •  amer(wrought(iron( •  high(compressive(strength(but(heavy(and( comparaXvely(brirle(metal( •  columns(or(reproducXon(work( •  alloy:(steel( •  iron(and(carbon( •  other(alloying(elements( •  manganese,(chromium,(boron,(Xtanium( •  resistance(to(rust( •  different(proporXons(gives(different(types(of( steel(with(slightly(different(properXes(

•  steel(sheeXng( •  cladding(and(roofing((corrugated(iron(or(other( sheet(profiles)( •  must(be(protected(from(weather(exposure( •  paint,(enamelled(finishes,(galvanisaXon( •  stainless(steel(alloys( •  chromium(added( •  resistant(to(corrosion( •  if(surface(is(scratched(it(seals(over(agian( •  uses( •  sheets,(plates,(wire(in(harsh(environments( •  inert(finishes((kitchens,(operaXng(rooms,( etc.)( •  wall(Xes(in(cavity(walls(because(stainless( steel(resits(corrosion( •  rarely(used(as(primary(strucure(due(to(cost( (only(in(harsh(environments)(

DinsXncXve(properXes(

Types(and(uses(of(steel(I( •  structural(steel( •  framing( •  columns,(beams,(purlins,(stud(frames( •  types(of(steel(secXons( •  hot(rolled( •  shaped(while(metal(is(hot( •  more(material(required(for(this(process( •  primary(structural(elements( •  protected(form(rusXng(and(corroding(by(coaXngs((paint( or(hot(dipped(galvanising)( •  joints(are(welded(or(bolted( •  cold(formed( •  folded(from(sheets(that(have(cooled(down( •  secondary(structure((purlins,(etc.)( •  protected(by(hot(dip(galvanising( •  joints(are(bolted(or(screwed( •  reinforcing(bars( •  good(tensile(resistance( •  used(in(conjuncXon(with(concrete( •  deformaXons((not(smooth)(on(the(bars(assist(bonding( with(the(concrete(

Ferrous( metals(

•  MagneXc( •  very(reacXve((easily(rusts((corrodes))( •  good(compressive(strength(

DisXncXve(properXes(of(steel( •  very(strong(and(resistant(to(fracture( •  transfers(heat(and(electricity( •  can(be(formed(into(many(diﬀerent(shapes( •  wires,(panels,(beams,(colums,(secXons,(( •  long(lasXng(and(resistant(to(wear((if(properly(protected)(

( Tin( Aluminium(

Lead(

•  properXes( •  light(compared(to(other(metals( •  non(magneXc(and(non(sparkling( •  easily(formed,(machined(and(cast( •  pure(Al(is(som(and(lacks(strengh(but( alloys(with(small(amounts(of(copper,( magnesium,(silicon,(manganes(and( other(elements(have(very(useful( properXes((including(structural( capabiliXes)( •  uses( •  extruded(secXons(for(window(framing( and(other(glazed(structures( (balustrades/handrails)( •  cast:(door(handles(and(catches(for( windows( •  rolled:(cladding(panels,(heaXng(and(AC( systems( •  Al(reacts(with(air(creaXng(a(layer(of(Al( oxide(that(keeps(it(from(further( oxidaXon(and(gives(it(a(mare(natural( ﬁnish( •  other(ﬁnish(treatments:(powder(coaXng( and(anodisaXon((which(might(transform( colour(depending(on(metal(used)(

•  properXes( •  very(som,(highly(malleable,(ducXle( •  reaXvely(poor(conductor(of(electricity( •  very(resistant(to(corrosion(but(tarnishes(upon( exposure(to(air( •  uses( •  less(commonly(used(today(due(to(toxicity(when( absorbed(into(body(in(high(enough(dosages( •  was(used(for(roofs,(cornices,(tank(linings(and( ﬂashing(strps(for(waterprooﬁng(

Zinc( •  properXes( •  bluishhwhite( •  brirle(at(ambient(temperatures,( malleable(at(100(to(150(celsius( •  reasonable(conductor(of(electricity( •  uses( •  cladding(and(rooﬁng( •  galvanising(iron((layers(of(Zn(on(Fe(or( steel)( •  especially(useful(for(rooﬁng( material(

Copper( •  properXes( •  very(malleable(and(ducXle( •  good(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity( •  green(when(oxidised( •  uses( •  rooﬁng(material( •  hot(and(cold(domesXc(water(and(heaXng( pipework(and(electrical(cabling(

•  properXes( •  silvery(white(metal( •  malleable( •  somewhat(ducXle( •  highly(crystalline(structure( •  resists(disXlled,(sea,(and(som(tap(water,(but( is(aracked(by(strong(aids,(alkalis(and(acid( salts.(oxygen(in(soluXon(accelerates(the( arack( •  uses( •  very(rare(today(( •  only(decoraXve( •  was(used(inbuilding(for(lining(lead(pipes( (toxic)(and(occcasionally(as(a(protecXve( covering(for(iron(plate(and(for(small(gas( pipes/tubing(

Titanium( •  properXes( •  excellent(corrosion(resistance((almost(as(resistant( as(plaXnum)( •  high(strength(to(weight(raXo( •  light,(strong,(easily(fabricated(metal(with(low( density( •  in(thin(sheets,(it's(not(very(sXﬀ(and(appears( 'pillowy'(rather(than(ﬂat( •  uses( •  strong(light(weight(alloys,(making(an(arracXve(and( durable(cladding(material(but(very(expensive(

Bronze((copper(+(Xn)( •  properXes( •  corrosion(resistant(but(is(much(harder(than(copper(and( can(be(used(in(engineering(and(marine(applicaXons( •  uses( •  bronze(parts(are(tough(and(are(used(for(bearings,(clips,( electrical(connectors(and(springs( •  was(used(for(external(applicaXons,(prior(to(Al,(due(to(its( toughness(and(resistance(to(corrosion(

Non( Ferrous( Metals( and(Alloys(

Brass((copper(+(zinc)( •  properXes( •  malleable( •  has(a(relaXvely(low(melXng(point( •  easy(to(cast( •  not(ferromagneXc( •  uses( •  brass(parts(are(tough(and(are(used(in(elements( where(fricXon(is(required( •  locks,(gears,(screws,(valves( •  ﬁzngs((knobs,(lamps,(taps,(etc.)(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 32+ (

Theatre& Studio& ConstrucXon(systems(and( processes(

Structural(concepts(and( systems(

•  jamb(ﬂashing(to(keep(water(out( •  small(piece(of(Xmber(in(between(studs(to(make( the(studs(parallel( •  connecXons( •  anchor(bolts( •  metal(joist(hangers(

Group(1(

ConstrucXon(systems(and(processes(

Structural(concepts(and( systems( •  Timber(beams(had(to(be(conXnuously( supported(because(they(are(long( •  Tie(for(lateral(bracing( •  Underpurlins(

•  ant(caps( •  white(ants(problem(on(site( •  doesn't(exactly(stop(the(white(ants(from('eaXng'( the(Xmber(but(stops(them(from(going(from( Xmber(to(the(next(piece(of(Xmber(so(the(ants( have(to(come(out(into(the(open(for(us(to(use( chemicals(to(get(rid(of(them(

Site( •  demoliXon(stage( •  latent(condiXons(that(delayed(them( •  unexpected(bluestone(foundaXon(

Materials( •  Timber(joists(need(veiling(materials( for(ﬁre(resistance(

•  masonry(foundaXon(walls( •  impact(loads(on(corner(house((in( case(a(car(bumps(into(the(wall)( •  just(a(piece(of(the(wall(comes(oﬀ( while(the(whole(wall(sXll(stands( (like(studio(acXvity)( •  steel(below(lintel(to(resist(tension(

Materials(

Group(2(

•  Membrane(to(stop(moisture(from(going( into(bearers(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 33+ (

Week&7:&Detailing&Strategies&1& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Construction&Systems& Keep(water(away(from(openings( •  grading((sloping)(roofs( •  to(collect(water(in(gurers(which( then(discharge(the(water(to( downpipes(and(stormwater(systems( •  overlapping(cladding(and(rooﬁng( elements((like(weatherboards(and(roof( Xles)( •  Slowing(window(and(door(sills(and( roof/wall(ﬂashings( •  Sloping(the(groud(surface(away(from( the(walls(at(the(base(of(buildings(

Openings( •  planned((windows,(doors,(etc.)(or(unplanned((poor(construcXon( workmanship,(deteriorisaXon(of(materials(over(Xme,(etc.)( •  techniques(to(remove(openings( •  seal(openings(with( •  sealants((silicone)(( •  eg(in(juncXon(between(window/door(frame(and(brick(wall( •  gaskets( •  preformed(shapes(made(from(arXﬁcial(rubbers,(etc.( •  wrap(around(modules(and(once(compressed,(keep(water(out( •  these(two(rely(on(correct(installaXon(and(will(deteriorate(over(Xme( due(to(weathering(

CondiXons(for( water(entering( •  opening( •  water(present(at( opening( •  force(to(move( water(through( openin( •  all(condiXons( must(be(met.( remove(one(and( should(be(ﬁne(

Neutralising(forces( •  gravity( •  slopes(and(overlaps( •  flashing( •  surface(tension(and(capillary(acXon( •  creep(under((like(clinging(onto(surface)( •  drip(or(a(break(between(surfaces(to(prevent(water( clinging(to(the(underside(of(surfaces((such(as(window( sill(or(parapet(capping)( •  they(break(the(surface(tension(of(the(water(at(drip/ gap(locaXons( •  capillary(acXon(movement(of(water(stops(and(the( water(is(released(in(drop(form( •  momentum( •  wind(momentum(can(push(water( •  gaps(constructed(in(more(complex(labyrinth(shapes( •  slws(momentum(of(moisture(and(helps(deflect(it(from( gap(entry( •  air(pressure(differenXal( •  high(pressure(to(low(pressure( •  rain(screen(assemblies( •  air(barrier(on(the(internal(side(of(labyrinth( •  venXlated(and(drained(pressure(equalisaXon( chamber((PEC)(is(created( •  water(is(no(longer('pumped'(to(inside(of(assembly(

Detailing( for(Heat( and( Moisture(

Strategies( •  remove(openings( •  keep(water(away(from( openings( •  neutalise(forces(that( move(water(through( openings( •  2(or(more(strategies(as( back(up( •  things(do(fail(over( Xme(

Detailing(for(heat( •  heat(gain(and(loss(occurs(when( •  heat(is(conducted(through(the( building(envelope( •  building(envelope(and(building( elements(are(subjected(to(radiant( heat(sources( •  thermal(mass(is(used(to(regulate( ﬂow(of(heat(through(the(building( envelope( •  eﬀecXve(control(of(heat(gan(and(loss( saves(energy,(money(and(increases( comfort(levels(for(occupants(

Controlling(heat( •  conducXon( •  thermal(insulaXon(to(reduce(heat(conducXon( •  thermal(breaks(made(from(low(conducXve( materials((rubber,(plasXcs)(to(reduce(heat(transfer( from(outside(to(inside((and(vice(versa)(when(using( highly(conducXve(materials( •  double(glazing((or(triple)( •  air(spaces(between(glass(panes(reduces(flow(of( heat(through(the(glazed(elements( •  radiaXon( •  reflecXve(surfaces( •  lowhe(glass,(reflecXve(materials,(lighter(colours,( etc.( •  shading(systems( •  verandahs,(eaves,(solar(shelves,(blinds,(screens,( vegetaXon( •  from(outside(rather(than(shading(inside.( •  blinds(and(curtains(will(be(good(for(controlling( heat(loss( •  thermal(mass( •  large(areas(of(thermal(mass(absorb(and(store(heat( to(be(released(when(temperatures(drop( •  effecXve(when(there(are(large(differences(in(day( and(night(temperatures( •  masonry,(concrete,(water(bodies( •  controlling(air(leakage( •  similar(to(controlling(water(entry((same( condiXons)( •  air(entering(will(make(interior(dramy(and(air( leaking(makes(it(difficult(to(mantain(adequate( heaXng( •  strategies( •  wrapping(building(in(polyethylene(or(reflecXve( foil(sarking(to(provide(an(air(barrier(weather( stripping(around(doors(and(windows(and(other( openings( •  sealants(and(gaskets(like(water(controlling(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 34+ (

Week&8:&Openings& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Curtain(walls( •  hybrid(between(window(and(wall( •  window(system(hung(oﬀ(concrete(structure(of( building( •  carries(its(own(load(and(transfere(load(ino(the( concrete(

Doors( •  Door(and(door(frame(materials( •  aluminium( •  steel( •  security(purposes(

Openings(

Windows( •  ornate(windows( •  think(about(cleaning( •  window(and(frame(materials( •  Xmber( •  aluminium( •  common(in(commercial(buildings( •  steel( •  not(as(common(now( •  can(be(costly( •  frames(welded(together( •  Carry(loads(around(windows(rather(than( through(windows(

( & & & & & & & & &

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 35+ (

Week&9:&Detailing&Strategies&2& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Materials&

Al(sheet(composites(

What(

•  Al(and(plasXc( •  plasXc(core(of(phenolic(resin( (or(a(honeycomb(sheet)(lined( with(2(external(skins(of(thin(Al( sheet( •  feature(cladding(material(in( interior(and(exterior( applicaXons( •  reduced(amounts(of(Al(are( requied(and(lighter,(less( expensive(sheets(can(be( produced,(which(are(weather( resistant,(unbreakable(and( shock(resistant.(Variety(of( finishes(can(be(specified(and( 'seamless'(details(can(be( achieved(with(careful(cuzng,( folding,(bending(and(fixing(

•  combinaXon(of(materials(which( diﬀer(in(composiXon(or(form( •  remain(bonded(togerher( •  retain(their(idenXXes(and( preoperXes( •  act(together(to(provide(speciﬁc(or( synergesXc(characterisXcs(not( obtainable(by(any(of(the(original( components(acXng(along(

Timber(composites(

Fibreglass(

Types( •  ﬁbrous( •  containing(conXnuous(or( disconXnuous(ﬁbres( •  laminar( •  eg(sandwich(panels( •  parXculate( •  eg(gravel(and(resins( •  hybrid( •  combinaXons(of(two(or( more(composite(types(

•  mixture(of(glass(fibres(and( epoxy(resins((glass(fibres( omen(used(in(a(fabric(or(tape( form)( •  flat(and(profiled(sheet( products(and(formed/shaped( products( •  transparent(or(translucent( roof/wall(cladding(and(for( preformed(shaped(products( such(as(water(tanks,(baths,( swimming(pools,(etc.( •  fire(resistant,(weatherproof,( relaXvely(light(weight(and( strong(

Fibre(reinforced(cement((FRC)( •  cellulose((or(glass)(ﬁbres,(portland(cement,(sand(&(water( •  sheet(and(board(products((called(FC(sheet),(shape( products((pipes,(roof(Xles(etc.)( •  cladding(for(exterior(or(interior((wet(area)(walls,(ﬂoor( panels((under(Xles)( •  Fibre(cement(building(materials(will(not(burn,(resistant(to( permanent(waterand(termite(damage,(resistant(to(rozng( and(warping.(Reasonably(inexpensive(

Composite( Materials(

•  solid(Xmber,(engineered(Xmber( (solid(and(sheet),(galvanised(pressed( steel( •  Xmber(top(and(borom(chords(with( gal.(steel(or(engineered(board/ plywood(webs( •  beams((floor(joists(and(roof(ramers)( and(trusses( •  minimum(amount(of(material(is(used( for(max(efficiency,(cost(effecXve,( easy(to(install,(easy(to(accommodate( services(

Fibre(reinforcedpolymers( •  polymers((plasXcs)(with(Xmber,(glass(or( carbon(fibres( •  moulded(or(pultrusion(processed( products( •  decking((&(external(cladding),(structural( elements(such(as(beams(and(columns(for( public(pedestrian(bridges(using(glass(or( carbon(fibres,(carbon(fibre(reinforced( polymer(rebar( •  high(stregth(FRP(materials(with(glass(or( carbon(fibre(reinforcements(provide(a( strengthhtohweigher(raXon(greater(than( steel.(Corrosion(resistant(

(

Studio& 127h129(Murray(Street(is(a(lowhrise(building(for(28(apartments.(( ( The( structure( has( heavier( elements( at( the( bottom,( using( lighter( elements( on( higher( floors( due( to( the( fact( that( the( lower( floors( and( substructure( has( to( support( the( dead( and( live( loads( of( the( upper( floors( as( well.( Concrete( columns( are( used( at( the( basement,( with( structural( steel( columns( and( timber( framing( on( upper( floors.(( Area( for( car( double( stacker(

Propping( in(tension(

a fe r(s

ty(

o e(f d ( ica

( The( excavation( of( the( basement( required( a( strong( retaining( wall( because( this( particular( wall( is( at( the( boundary( of( the( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 36+ (

building(and(needs(to(support(the(soil(and(the(building(next(to(it.(( ( ( ( ( The(wall(on(the(right((beyond(the(photograph)(had(its(concrete(sprayed(on(to(it.(This(has(the(benefit(of(low( permeability( (Sprayed( Concrete( Association,( 1999),( saving( material( costs( of( formwork( otherwise( required,( having( a( quicker( construction( progress( (Portland( Cement( Lifting( points( Association,( n.d.),( thus( saving( labour( costs,( and( can( be( used( for( complex( geometries( and( curves( (Sprayed( Concrete( Association,( 1999)( (although( this( is( not( applicable( on( this(site).(On(this(wall(saw(cuts(were(are(made.(These( are( done( in( an( attempt( to( get( concrete,(whose(cracking(is(unavoidable,(on(the(saw( cuts(itself(and(not(in(a(location(that( will(have(consequences(on(the(structural(integrity(of( the(wall(and(thus(the(system.( ( The( columns( in( this( basement( are( precast( concrete( columns.( These,( in( addition( to( Starter(bar( better( quality( control,( are( easy( to( assemble( and( on( site( labour( costs( can( be( saved.( holes(filled( Starter( bars( are( added( to( the( concrete( slab.( These( are( then( aligned( with( holes( in(with( predrilled( on( the( base( of( the( precast( concrete( and( bent( at( a( 90Â°( angle( before( concrete( emerging( on( holes( parallel( to( the( face( of( the( concrete.( These( holes( are( then( filled(in(with(concrete.(( ( The(ceiling(of(this(basement(consists(of(a(concrete(slab(without(any(beams.(This(might(mean(that(the(slab( has(to(be(thicker((350mm(in(this(case),(thus(lowering(the(height(of(the(ceiling,(in(addition(to(a(higher(cost(for( the(additional(material(required.(However,(if(the(reduced(vertical(space(is(not(a(problem,(this(option(saves( labour(costs(as(the(slab(is(a(straight(and(flat(surface,(as(compared(to(workers(having(to(add(the(formwork( required(for(beams.(( ( This(particular(project((and(possibly(other(projects(of(this(scale)(is(estimated(to(have(labour(costs(as(70%(of( its( total( costs.( This( might( be( due( to( the( high( labour( costs( in( Australia( or( could( be( due( to( the( fact( that( a( project(of(this(scale(can(make(use(of(economies(of(scale(in(terms(of(material(usage,(reducing(the(proportion( of( material( to( labour( costs.( A( small( scale( residential( has( an( estimated( material( labour( cost( proportion( of( 50%h50%.( This( might( be( due( to( the( costs( of( materials( having( a( higher( proportion( than( that( of( this( site,( possibly(due(to(the(architect(s)(specifying(materials(that(are(more(costly.(This(70%h30%(cost(has(implications( on( how( the( project( proceeds.( Decisions( will( be( made( to( save( labour( costs( rather( than( material( costs,( as( compared( to( other( places( with( cheaper( labour.( A( possible( consequence( of( this( decision( would( be( the( speeding(up(of(the(construction(process,(which(may(result(in(different(trades(of(workers(on(site(at(the(same( time,( working( on( different( areas( of( the( project,( rather( than( having( each( trade( come( in( separately( to( complete(a(particular(area(before(being(called(in(again(to(complete(the(next(area(when(it(is(ready(for(his/her( trade(to(work(on(the(new(area.(( ( Another(priority(when(it(comes(to(labour(in(Australia(is(the(safety(considerations.(For( example,(high(edges(are(barricaded.(With(regards(to(started(bars,(these(are(bent(up(to( prevent(tripping(employees(and(covered(with(a(safety(cap(because(of(its(sharp(edge.(( ( The( lift( and( stair( shafts,( whose( walls( are( made( from( concrete,( are( shear( walls( for( this( building.( Shear( walls( are( said( to( be( â&#x20AC;&#x153;most( efficient( when( they( align( vertically( and( are( supported( on( foundation( walls( or( footingsâ&#x20AC;?( and( this( applies( to( the(use(of(shear(walls(on(the(lift(and(stair(shafts(as( Other(two(walls(resist( they(do(line(up(vertically.(( horizontal(forces(from( the(other(direction(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 37+

( Other( instances( of( lining( things( up( in( this( building( are( the( services( (showers,( etc.)( and( the( structural( steel( columns,( which( are( welded( to( the( column( below( and/or( above.( In( order( to( line( these( up( properly,( measurements(have(to(be(very(accurate.(( ( Suspended( slabs( are( used( on( upper( floors.( These( need( Plywood(formwork( proppings( to( support( the( plywood( formwork( until( the( Some(bearers(and( concrete( reaches( its( maximum( strength.( Plywood( as( a( joists(have(already( material(has(low(costs(but(it(is(usually(not(strong(enough(for( been(removed( formwork(and(thus(the(timber(bearers(and(steel(proppings( Bearers(and(joists(are( are( needed( to( support( the( floating( slab( while( the( concrete( colour(coded.(These( could(represent( strengthens.( These( proppings( also( need( to( be( able( to( strength(of(timber(or( support( that(they(are(to(be( removed( the( ( concrete(slab(and(its(plywood(formwork(because(of(the( nature( of( the( suspended( slab.( Suspended( slabs,( unlike( slabs( on( the( ground,( do( not( get( support( from( the( ground.((

On( the( upper( floor,( the( concrete( had( not( been( poured( More(steel(at( in(and(we(were(able(to(see(the( change(of(corners( reinforcement(mesh.(( ( Hole(that(has(to(be( ( covered(before( ( concrete(is(poured(in( ( ( ( ( Reinforcement( doubled( back( to( compensate( for( ( the(lack(of(reinforcement(at(the(edge(of(the(slab.( ( Having(the(reinforcement(too(close(to(the(surface( ( of(concrete(might(mean(that(the(steel(will(expand( ( when(it(rusts,(pushing(the(concrete(out( ( ( An( instance( of( a( detail( is( a( slight( difference( in( floor( levels( in( a( particular( area,( as( per( the( architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s( request( or( having( the( base( of( the( door( flushed( with( (on( the( same( level( as)( the( floor,( rather( than( having(the(sill(on(top(of(the(finished(floor(level.(((

Seat(for(the( reinforcement(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 38+ (

Week&10:&When&Things&Go&Wrong& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Design(strategies( Wind(and(Earthquake(Forces( •  Wind(forces( •  surface(area(( •  load(is(greater(when(it's(higher( •  Earthquake(forces( •  amount(of(mass(above( foundaXon( •  acts(at(base(

Strategies( •  Bracing( •  Diaphragm( •  spreads(the(force(evenly( •  Shear(walls( •  Transferring(horizontal(into(verXcal(forces( •  weight(of(wall(resisXng(overturning( •  Moment(joints( •  concrete(slabs(into(columns( •  horizontal(and(verXcal(acts(together( •  moment(resisXng(frames( •  Seismic(base(isolator( •  metal(plates,(rubber,(to(lim(building(above( ground(

Lateral( Loads(

•  Wind( •  tall(thin(is(vulnerable(effect( •  large(surface(area(to(wind( •  CanXlevered(or(large(openings(are(vulnerable( •  can(have(uplim( •  Earthquake(loads( •  don't(use(asymmetry( •  slope( •  one(end(will(move(more(than(the(other( •  use(horizontal(bracing(and(reinforcement(to(reinforce(columns(and(sXffen(one(end(of(the(building( •  more(open( •  one(will(move(more( •  make(them(a(symmetrical( •  asymmetrical(buildings((different(heights)( •  separate(them(so(they(move(indepently(to(one(another( •  otherwise(one(moving(at(a(faster(rate(causes(stress(in(the(centre( •  each('new'(building(is(asymmetrical( •  U(building( •  one(end(sXffer( •  use(bracing(to(help(them(move(in(one(enXty( •  som(story( •  open(foyer( •  sXffen(som(story( •  rehentrant(corner( •  internal(corner( •  one(wing(can(move(more(than(the(other( •  sXffen(the(internal(corner( •  disconXnuous(structural(members( •  areas(of(stress(and(weaknesses(when(upper(storey(members(move(disconXnuously(down(to( foundaXon( •  no(columns(beneath(the(uper(columns( •  add(columns(beneath( •  if(not(the(members(just(have(to(be(able(to(resist(the(loads( •  if(building(is(treated(symmetrically(it(will(be(able(to(resist(horizontal(forces(more(evenly( •  use(shear(walls(at(both(ends(rather(than(just(one(to(resist(torsion(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 39+ (

Glossary& +

Term( Ashlar(Blocks( Anchor(Bolt( Bearer( Bed(

Bed(Joint(

Bracing( Bond( Collar(Joint( Commons( Consolidate(

Course(

Carbon( Footprint( Differential( Settlement( Eave( Embodied( Energy( Expansion( Joint(

Definition( Square(edged(cut((stone)(blocks((ENVS10003,(2014)( A( bolt( for( securing( a( part( to( masonry( or( other( material( (MerriamhWebster,(n.d.)( A(primary(beam( 1. One(of(the(faces(of(a(brick( 2. “Layer(of(mortar(in(which(a(masonry(unit(is(laid”((Ching,( 2008)(

Illustration( ( ( ( (

+ + Horizontal( joint( between( two( masonry( courses( (Ching,( + 2008)( Red:( one( of( the( few( horizontal( joints( Additional(support(to(prevent(a(member(from(buckling( h( Different( patterns/arrangement( of( bricks( or( other( masonry( h( units((ENVS10003,(2014)( Vertical(joint(between(two(wythes(of(masonry((Ching,(2008)( h( A( concrete( product( smaller( than( concrete( blocks( h( (ENVS10003,(2014)( Soil( beneath( foundation( becomes( more( dense( (air( and( water(in(soil(is(removed)(because(of(the(load(of(the(building( h( (Ching,(2008)( ( ( A(horizontal(row(of(masonry(units((ENVS10003,(2014)( ( Red:(course( Amount( of( greenhouse( gases( generated( during( fabrication,( transportation( and( use( of( a( material/product( (ENVS10003,( h( 2014)( Settlement(that(is(uneven((ENVS10003,(2014)(

h( h(

Head(

An(overhang( Total( energy( (oil,( water,( power)( used( during( all( stages( of( a( material’s(life((ENVS10003,(2014)( Gap( between( concrete( to( allow( for( movement( due( to( thermal(variations( Used( to( transfer( the( loads( from( the( superstructure( to( the( soil(beneath( Wall(where(rocks(are(contained(within(a(mesh((ENVS10003,( 2014)( Top(of(door((

Head(Joint(

Vertical(joint(between(two(masonry(units((Ching,(2008)(

Footing( Gabion(Wall(

h( h( h( h( h( ( ( ( Red:( One( of( the(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 40+ (

few( joints( One( of( the( faces( of( a( brick( (ENVS10003,( 2014).( A( header( refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(header(is(exposed(or( Header( parallel( to( the( surface( (Ching,( 2008).( It’s( laid( on( its( bed,( as( compared( to( being( laid( on( its( stretcher( (rowlock)( (Ching,( 2008)( Header(course( A(course(with(the(header(face(exposed((ENVS10003,(2014)( A( roof( truss( at( an( angle( to( the( other( trusses,( resulting( in( a( Hip(truss( different(plane(of(roof(rather(than(a(gable(roof( Joist( A(secondary(beam( The(path(of(an(applied(load(when(it(is(being(transferred(to( Load(Path( the(ground.(( Work( done( using( stone,( concrete( or( brick( (Merriamh Masonry( Webster)( Night( Air( Opening(windows(at(night(to(replace(warm(air(in(a(building( Purging( with(cool(air.( A(type(of(footing(in(which(a(column’s(loads(are(transferred( Pad(Footing( over(a(wider(area( Vertical( joint( between( two( masonry( units( (ENVS10003,( Perpend( 2014).(Also(a(head(joint((Ching,(2008)( A(wall(that(holds(back(earth,(possibly(because(the(earth(on( Retaining(Wall( one(side(is(higher(than(on(another((ENVS10003,(2014)( A(rowlock(refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(header(is( exposed(or(parallel(to(the(surface((Ching,(2008).(It’s(laid(on( Rowlock( its(stretcher,(as(compared(to(being(laid(on(its(bed((header)( (Ching,(2008)( Rubble(Stone( Roughly(cut(stone((ENVS10003,(2014)( ( ( ( Used( to( describe( a( force.( ‘Direction’( of( a( force( describes( Sense( where(the(force(is(oriented(in(space(while(‘Sense’(of(a(force( describes(which(way(forces(with(the(same(direction(point.(( ( ( Gradual( sinking( of( a( structure( (ENVS10003,( 2014)( because( Settlement( the(soil(consolidates((Ching,(2008)( Sill( Bottom(of(door(or(window( A(soldier(refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(stretcher(is( exposed(or(parallel(to(the(surface((Ching,(2008).(It’s(laid(on( Soldier( its(header,(as(compared(to(being(laid(on(its(bed((stretcher)( (Ching,(2008)( Stud( Vertical(timber(members(in(a(timber(frame(system( One(of(the(faces(of(a(brick((ENVS10003,(2014).(A(stretcher( refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(stretcher(is(exposed( Stretcher( or( parallel( to( the( surface( (Ching,( 2008).( It’s( laid( on( its( bed,( as( compared( to( being( laid( on( its( header( (soldier)( (Ching,( 2008)( Stretcher( A( course( with( the( stretcher( face( being( exposed(

vertical(

( h( h( ( h( h( h( h( h( h( ( ( h( ( ( These( forces( have( the( same( direction( but( a( different(sense( h( h( (

h( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 41+ (

Course( Strip(Footing( Strut( Substructure( Tanking( Tie( Thermal(Mass(

Underpinning(

Underpurlin( Water( Harvesting(

Wythe(

(ENVS10003,(2014)( A(type(of(footing(for(a(row(of(columns(or(a(wall( An( element( that( undergoes( compression( along( its( longitudinal(axis((ENVS10003,(2014)( The( foundation( of( a( building.( It( can( be( below( or( partly( below(the(surface((Ching,(2008)( Placing(a(membrane(around(construction(for(waterproofing( purposes((ENVS1003,(2014)( An( element( that( undergoes( tension( along( its( longitudinal( axis((ENVS10003,(2014)( Measure( of( a( material’s( resistance( to( change( in( temperature.( High( thermal( mass( =( more( heat( absorbed( (AUTODESK)( Rebuilding( or( strengthening( the( foundation( (or( is( it( footing?)( of( an( existing( building( when( the( excavation( of( a( new( adjacent( building( is( deeper( than( its( existing( footing( (Ching,(2008)( Element( that( is( under( and( perpendicular( to( rafters( (Build( Right,(n.d.)( Reusing( water.( Can( be( greywater( harvesting( or( rainwater( harvesting(

h( h( h( h( h( h(

h( h(

( ( “Continuous( vertical( section( of( a( masonry( one( unit( in( h( thickness”((Ching,(2008)( ( (

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 42+ (

References AUTODESK.Sustainability workshop. Retrieved March 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/thermal-mass Build Right.Conventional roof framing. Retrieved May 19, 2014, Retrieved from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/12_roof_systems/02_co nventional_roof_framing/page_008.htm Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.08 - 2.10). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.11). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.02 - 2.04). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building site. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 1.07). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ESD and selecting materials. . (2014, 9 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. Melbourne's bluestone. . (2014, 6 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 19, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/masonry Merriam-Webster.Anchor bolt. Retrieved May 19, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/anchor%20bolt Portland Cement Association.Shotcrete. Retrieved May 17, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/homes/building-systems/shotcrete Sprayed Concrete Association.Introduction to sprayed concrete. W01 m1 introduction to materials. . (2014, March 5).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W02 s1 structural systems. . (2014, 9 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_c1 footings & foundations. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 43+ (

w03_m2 introduction to masonry. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m3 bricks. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m4 stone. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m5 concrete blocks. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_s1 structural elements. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03-m1 introduction to mass construction. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_c1 floor systems. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m1 concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m2 in situ concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m3 pre cast concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w05_c1 walls, grids and columns. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W05_m1 from wood to timber. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W05_m2 timber properties and considerations. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W06_c1 roof systems. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W06_m1 introduction to metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] W06_m2 ferrous metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] W06_m3 non ferrous metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W07_c1 detailing for heat and moisture. . (2014, April 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w08_c1 openings: Doors & windows. . (2014, April 30).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. W10_s1 lateral supports. . (2014, May 13).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 44+ (