Constructing Environments Logbook (Final Submission)

E N V S 1 0 0 0 3(

Constructing(Environments( Logbook(

Clarybelle(Loi(Zer(Lyn((657294)( ((((((

2014(Semester(1(

(

Table&of&Contents& Week+1:+Introduction+to+Construction+........................................................................................................+4( E;Learning+&+Readings+...........................................................................................................................+4( Structural(Concepts(....................................................................................................................................(4( Construction(Systems(.................................................................................................................................(5( Materials(....................................................................................................................................................(5( Studio+....................................................................................................................................................+5( Week+2:+Structural+Loads+and+Forces+..........................................................................................................+9( E;Learning+&+Readings+...........................................................................................................................+9( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(10( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(10( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(12( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+12( Week+3:+Footings+and+Foundations+............................................................................................................+16( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+16( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(16( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(16( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(17( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+19( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+19( Week+4:+Floor+Systems+and+Horizontal+Elements+.......................................................................................+21( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+21( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(21( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(21( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(22( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+22( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+22( Construction+Workshop+............................................................................................................................+26( Week+5:+Columns,+Grids+and+Wall+Systems+................................................................................................+28( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+28( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(28( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(28( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(28( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+29( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+29( Week+6:+Spanning+and+Enclosing+Space+.....................................................................................................+31( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+31( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(31( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(31( Theatre+.................................................................................................................................................+33( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+33( Week+7:+Detailing+Strategies+1+...................................................................................................................+34( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+34( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(34( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 2+ (

Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(34( Week+8:+Openings+.....................................................................................................................................+35( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+35( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(35( Week+9:+Detailing+Strategies+2+...................................................................................................................+36( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+36( Construction(Systems(...............................................................................................................................(36( Materials(..................................................................................................................................................(36( Studio+...................................................................................................................................................+36( Week+10:+When+Things+Go+Wrong+.............................................................................................................+39( E;Learning+&+Readings+..........................................................................................................................+39( Structural(Concepts(..................................................................................................................................(39( Glossary+....................................................................................................................................................+40( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 3+ (

Week&1:&Introduction&to&Construction& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts&

Figure+1:+Knowledge+Map+of+Forces+(Ching,+2008)+

( (

(

Figure+2:+Load+and+Load+Path+(Ching,+2008)+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 4+ (

Construction&Systems&

Brief( • Site(boundaries(

Nature( • Climate( • Sunlight,(wind,( rainfall( • Plants(&(vegetaXon( • Water(features(

Cultural(and( Historic(Aspects(

Users(&(Access(

Site( Analysis(

Views( • Desirable(or(not( desirable(

• Traffic(flow(of( pedestrians(and( vehicles( • Public(transport(

Surroundings(

UXliXes(

• CharacterisXcs/style(of( surroundings(

• Access(to(uXliXes,( faciliXes(&(services(

Topography( • Slopes( • Soil(condiXons(

(

Figure+3:+Knowledge+Map+of+Site+Analysis+(Ching,+2008)+

Materials&

Strength(

Sustainability(

SXffness(

• Impact(

Material( ProperXes( Economic( Sense(

Shape(

• Cost(efficiency( • Availability(

Material( Behaviours( • Isotropic( • Anisotropic(

Figure+4:+Knowledge+Map+of+Material+Properties+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

Studio& Week(one’s(studio(activity(involved(using(blocks(of(Medium(Density(Fibreboard((MDF)(to(build(a(tower(that(has(an( opening.(The(opening(could(be(a(result(of(building(it(as(we(go(along(or(building(a(tower(then(removing(blocks.(We( decided(to(go(with(the(option(of(building(an(archway(as(we(built(the(tower.((

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 5+ (

( (

Figure+5:+Approach+to+Activity+

(

( Figure+6:+Initial+Stages+of+Construction+ ( Our(plan(was(to(make(the(tower(circular(and(lay(the(blocks(in(a(brick(like(manner(where(the(next(layer(of(blocks(are( in(the(middle(of(two(blocks.( ( The(process(of(building(the(arch(consisted(of(offsetting(the(blocks(and(adding(a(block(on(top(of(it(if(it(does(not(hold.(

(

Figure+7:+Process+of+Building+Arch+and+Self+Weight+of+Blocks+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 6+ (

The(same(was(done(on(the(other(side(and(we(eventually(had(an(arch.((

Figure+8:+ Completed+Arch+

Figure+9:+Building+the+Arch+

( ( Then(it(was(just(laying(the(blocks(to(achieve(height(since(that(was(one(of(the(objectives(in(the(brief.(

Figure+10:+Constructing+the+Tower+ ( ( After(a(while,(we(realised(that(it(was(slightly(time(consuming(and(that(we(had(limited(time.(We(decided(to( taper(it(so(that(height(could(be(achieved(more(quickly.(This(was(done(by(alternating(the(orientation(of(the( blocks(and(offsetting(them(slightly,(similar(to(the(process(of(building(the(arch.(( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 7+ (

Figure+12:+Alternate+Orientation+of+Blocks+

Figure+11:+Final+Product+of+Tower+ ( ( Time( was( running( and( we( had( to( start( the( deconstructing( process.( The( other( groups( that( had( to( remove( blocks(for(the(opening(did(so(at(this(point.((( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+13:+Removing+Blocks+for+the+Opening+ ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 8+ (

Contrary(to(what(we(thought,(the(blocks(came(out(quite(easily(without(‘disrupting’(the(entire(structure.(This( might(due(to(the(fact(that(the(weight(of(the(block(on(top(generates(a(force(that(counters(the(weight(of(the( now(offset(block,(not(unlike(building(our(arch.(( ( As( we( attempted( the( deconstructing( process( for( our( tower,( we( found( that( ours( was( not( the( case.( It( was( difficult( for( us( to( remove( individual( blocks.(When( we( applied( the( horizontal( force,( the( side( was( pushed( in( and(the(structure(was(getting(deformed.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+14:+Deformed+Tower+upon+Applied+Horizontal+Force+ ( This(was(probably(because(of(the(layout(of(both(our(towers.(( ( (

& & & & &

Figure+15:+Difference+in+Layout+of+Blocks+

Our(tower,((on(the(left),(had(blocks(which(are(closer(together.(On(the(other(hand,(the(other(group’s(tower( (right)(had(gaps(in(between(blocks.(It(may(be(that(with(a(tighter(arrangement,(the(weights(of(two(blocks(are( holding(the(block(below(in(place.(

Week&2:&Structural&Loads&and&Forces& E8Learning&&&Readings& (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 9+ (

Structural&Concepts& Solid( • compression( structures( • stone,(bricks(

Hybrid(

Structural( Systems(

Membrane( • cover(large( areas( efficiently(

Surface/ Shell(

Skeletal/ Frame(

Figure+16:+Structural+Systems+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

( Construction&Systems&

Enclosure( Systems( • Roof( • Exterior(&( interior(walls( • Windows( • Doors( (

Structural( Systems(

Mechanical( Systems(

• For(supporXng( loads( • columns( • beams( • load(bearing( walls( • floor(&(roof( structures(

• UXliXes( • Water(supply( • Waste( disposal( • HeaXng(&(air( condiXoning(

Figure+17:+Constructions+Systems+(Ching,+2008)+

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 10+ (

Performance( Requirements( • Structural( compaXbility( • Safety(in(use( • AccommodaXon( of(building( movement( • structural( deflecXon( • expansion(and( contracXon( • AcousXcs( • Resistance(to( wear,(corrosion( and(weathering( • Finish,(cleanliness( and(maintenance( requirements(

Regulatory( Constraints(

AestheXc(QualiXes(

• RelaXonship( of(building(to( site( • Preference(in( form,(colour,( texture(and( details(

• Building( codes(

Economic( ConsideraXons(

Environmental( Impact(

• Material(costs( • TransportaXon( costs( • Labour(costs( • Maintenance( • OperaXon(and( energy( consumpXon( • DemoliXon(and( replacement(

• ConservaXon(of( energy(and( resources( through(siXng( and(building( design( • Energy( efficiency(of( mechanical( systems( • Use(of(resource( efficient(and( nonhtoxic( materials(

ConstrucXon( PracXces(

• Safety( requirements( • Industry( standards( • Budget( constraints( • ConstrucXon( equipment( • ErecXon(Xme(

Figure+19:+Considerations+(Ching,+2008)+

Figure+18:+ESD+Strategies+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

& ( & & &

v(

& & &

Roller( Joint(

Pin(Joint(

Fixed(Joint(

& Figure+20:+Structural+Joints+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 11+ (

Materials&

Life(Cycle1( Embodied( Energy( ESD(ConsideraXons(

Recyclability(

Carbon( Footprint(

1&

Figure+21:+ESD+Considerations+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

(

Studio& The(objective(of(today’s(studio( was( to( construct,( with( strips( of( balsa( wood,( the( frame( of( a( tower( that( will( reach(the(ceiling(and(resist(a(reasonable(amount(of(load.(Since(balsa(is(a(soft(material(that(is(easily(subjected( to(buckling,(the(emphasis(of(the(activity(was(on(the(structure(of(the(frame,(with(the(aid(of(glue.(

(

Figure+22:+Initial+Design+Sketch+

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 (Stages( of( life( cycle:( raw( material( acquisition( >( processing/refining( >( manufacturing( >( distribution( >( construction(use(and(maintenance(>(disposal/recycling( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 12+ (

Figure( 22( shows( our( initial( plan( –( ‘stacking’( the( pieces( lengthwise( and( adding( horizontal( pieces( at( certain( intervals( for( the( purpose( of( bracing( the( structure.( Since( we( had( limited( balsa,( not( unlike( having( financial( constraints(in(the(future,(we(had(to(be(conscious(of(the(usage(of(materials(and(to(use(the(balsa(efficiently.( Our( plan( was( to( add( the( horizontal( pieces( where( the( vertical( strip( adjoins( another( vertical( strip,( and( if( necessary,(adding(horizontal(pieces(to(the(middle(of(vertical(strips(as(well.(((

( ( (

Figure+23:+Slit+for+Connecting+Balsa+

Figure+24:+Connection+Detail+of+Balsa+Strips+

We( used( the( method( illustrated( in( Figure( 24( to( connect( the( vertical( strips.( This( connection( was( relatively( stable(which(meant(that(we(could(do(with(little(or(no(glue,(which(was(useful(considering(that(we(would(not( have( to( wait( for( the( glue( to( dry.( But( the( time( pressure( was( on( and( in( an( effort( to( speed( things( up,( we( attempted(to(stack(a(few(vertical(strips(continuously(without(adding(the(horizontal(bracing(pieces(yet.(The( length(of(the(strips(made(it(fragile(and(the(slit(end(was(splintered.( (

&

Figure+25:+Splintered+Strip+

We(fell(back(to(our(original(idea(of(adding(the(bracing(strips(after(we(had(two(vertical(strips.( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 13+ (

Figure+12:+Stacked+Vertical+Strips+

Figure+13:+Adding+Bracing+

At(the(point(in(Figure(12,(we(realised(that(the(base(was(not(stable(enough(and(the(three(‘columns’(moved( around(a(bit(too(much.(We(decided(to(add(a(base.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Figure+26:+Adding+the+Base+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 14+ (

The(structure(was(more(stable(after(we(added(the(base.(This(was(probably(due(to(the(fact(that(the(triangular( base(were(at(a(fixed(length(and(thus(resisted(small(compressive(and(tensile(forces(that( would( occur( should( the( vertical( strips( move(about.(( ( ( ( ( Figure+27:+Connection+Detail+of+Base+ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( The(arrows(in(Figure(27(represent(the(forces(that(the(base(can(resist(relatively(well.(This( meant( that( the( vertical( strips( could( move( around( less.( However,( if( the( forces( have( a( different( sense,( then( a( smaller( force( is( required( to( dismantle( that( particular( joint,( although(it(can(be(remedied(easily.(This(applied(to(the(higher(triangular(frames(as(well.( Our( structure( tapered( towards( the( top( and( shorter( horizontal( strips( were( needed( for( the(higher(triangular(frames.(( ( Our( final( product’s( centre( of( mass( was( at( one( of( the( triangular( frames,( easing( the( transporting(process,(even(making(it(possible(to(lift(it(with(one(hand/finger.(( Figure+28:+Frame+being+Transported+

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 15+ (

Week&3:&Footings&and&Foundations& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts&

Beams(

Walls((Panels)(

Slabs(

• Load(bearing(wall( • Transferring(loads(to( slab(or(fooXng( • Shear(diagphragm(wall( • Bracing(system( • Prevents( overturning(

• FloaXng(slab/plate( • Transerring(loads(in(one( or(two(direcXons( • If(spanned(in(only(one( direcXon(that(may(be( the(more(important( direcXon(

Structural( Elements(

Strut(

Tie(

• E.g.(columns(

(

Figure+29:+Structural+Elements+(ENVS10003,+2014)+

Construction&Systems&

Pad(FooXng(

Individual(columns(or(piers(

Deep(FoundaXons( Wall( FoundaXons(

Shallow(FoundaXons(

FooXngs(

Retaining(Wall(

Resists(horizontal(soil( loads(

Strip(FooXng( Row(of(columns(

Ram(FooXng(

Area(of(columns((might(be( more(economical(than( large(pad(fooXngs)(

Foundations(support(the(structure(above(it(and(transfer(its(dead(and(live(loads(to(the(soil(beneath((Ching,( 2008).(When(the(soil(is(not(suitable,(deep(foundations,(which(extend(to(the(bedrock(beneath(the(soil,(are( required((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( The(footings(transfer(the(dead(and(live(loads(of(the(building(to(the(soil,(through(columns(or(piers.(By(having( the(column(or(piers(on(a(footing,(the(pressure(exerted(on(the(soil(is(reduced(since(the(load(is(spread(over(a( wider(area.(It(is(also(important(that(the(loads(are(distributed(uniformly((Ching,(2008).( ( ( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 16+ (

Materials& ( ProperXes( • Compressive(strength( • Strong(in(compression(but(weak(in(tension( • Good(thermal(mass( • Absorbs(more(heat( • Insulate(well( • Hard( • Resists(abrasion,(scratching(and(are(strong(in( compression( • Durable(

Materials( • Stone( • Earth( • Clay( • Concrete(

Format( • Modular( • Clay(brick,(mud(brick((adobe),(ashlar(stone,( concrete(block( • NonhModular( • Concrete,(rammed(earth,(monolithic(stone(

Mass( ConstrucXon( (

( Terms(

ProperXes(

• Masonry( • Units(of(various(materials,(joined( with(mortar(as(a(bonding(agent( • Bond,(course,(joint,(mortar( • See(glossary(

• Once(set,(the(units(act(as(a(monolithic( whole(

Materials(

Uses(

• Stone(( • Ashlar(blocks.(rubble(stone,(slab( • Earth( • Mud(bricks( • Clay( • Bricks( • Concrete( • Blocks( • Commons((smaller(concrete(blocks)(

• Walls/screens((different(arrangement( of(bricks(so(a(screen(is(achieved)( • Columns/piers( • Beams(and(lintels( • Arches,(vaults(and(domes(

Masonry(

&

Mud(bricks(have(low(costs(but(are(labour(intensive.(The(earth(has(to(be(mixed(into(a(slurry,(poured(into(a( mould(and(let(to(dry,(either(in(the(sun(or(baked(at(low(temperatures((ENVS10003,(2014).(Clay(bricks,(on(the( other(hand,(are(manufactured(and(baked(at(high(temperatures((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( Concrete(blocks(are(usually(two(hand(sized,(unlike(clay(bricks,(which(are(one(hand(sized.(Smaller(concrete( blocks((commons)(and(larger(clay(bricks(are(available((ENVS10003,(2014).( ( With(the(standard(dimensions(of(bricks(and(mortar,(two(stretchers(can(be(laid( on(top(of(two(headers(so(that(all(four(bricks(are(aligned.(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 17+ (

(

& & & & ( (

ProperXes(I( • Hardness( • Hard(but(can(be(scratched(with(a( metal(object( • Fragility( • Reasonable(but(can(be(broken( with(trowel( • DucXlity( • Can't(be(shaped(easily(once(it's( made(

ProperXes(II( • Porosity/permeability( • Medium(to(low( • Absorbs(water(if(in(contact(for(a(long(Xme.(Rain(is(generally(okay( • Advantages( • Water(based(mortar(can(be(used( • Disadvantages( • Can(expand(so(expansion(joints(are(needed(at(regular(intervals( • Medium(density( • Poor(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity(

ProperXes(III( • Durable( • Recyclability( • Easily(reused/crushed(into(aggregates( • Environmental(footprint( • Locally(produced( • But(process((firing(clay(and(water(at(high( temperatures)(adds(to(its(carbon( footprint( • Cost(effecXve(but(labour(intensive(

Colour(

History(of(brickmaking(

• Vary(in(colour( • because(clay(is(a(natural(material( • Less(iron:(pale(cream(colour;(More( iron:(pink/red( • Adding(manganese(dioxide:(grey( and(brown((

• Handmade(h>(machine(pressed(h>( wire(cut(

Bricks( Stone(

Types( • Igneous( • E.g.(Granite,(basalt( • Formed(when(molten(lava(cools( • Usually(very(dense,(very(hard(and(quite(dark(in( colour( • Used(in(fooXngs(of(buildings(where(high( compressive(strength(is(needed( • Quite(impervious( • Sedimentary( • E.g.(Sandstone,(limestone( • Somer,(less(dense,(lighter(in(colour(than(igneous( rocks( • Prone(to(damage(by(wind(and(water( • Somness(means(that(it(can(be(relaXvely(easy(to( carve(and(shape( • Metamorphic( • E.g.(Marble,(slate( • Formed(when(igneous(or(sedimentary(rock(is( subjected(to(high(pressure,(high(temperature,(or( chemical(processes( • Can(be(used(for(building(but(because(of(costs,( marble(is(usually(just(used(as(cladding,(flooring(or( benchtop(

Elements(&(Uses( • Gabion(wall( • Rocks(inside(wire(mesh( • Doesn't(prevent(water(from(passing(through( • Can(be(used(as(screens(or(retaining(walls( • Monolithic( • Large(individual(stones(for(columns((like( stonehenge)( • Difficult(to(transport(and(not(used(so(widely(now( • Compared(to(smaller(units(for(columns( • Ashlar( • Stones(are(carved(into(smaller(modular(elements( (like(bricks)( • Flat(faced( • May(not(be(the(same(size( • Rubble( • Stones(used(as(they(are(found((maybe(apart(from(a( lirle(bit(of(work)( • Not(smoothed(so(evenly( • Used(where(smaller(stones(are(part(of(natural( landscape( • Skilled(labour(might(be(required(to(sort(and(place(

IntroducXon( • Standard(size( • 390(long,(90(wide,(190( high( • Available(in(fracXons(of( this(size( • Due(to(weight((about(11kg),( two(hands(are(needed( • Usually(have(holes(in(them( • reduces(weight( • increases(insulaXon( ability( • enables(us(to(put(in( reinforcement(and(can( then(be(filled(with(grout( • Types( • Hollow(or(solid( • Load(bearing/nonhload( bearing( • load(bearing(known(as( concrete(masonry(unit( (CMU)( • non(load(bearing(can( be(used(for(parXXon( walls( • Similar(properXes(to(clay( bricks(

Manufacturing( • cement,(sand,(gravel(and(water( • process( • mixing(h>(moulding(h>(curing( • colours(and(textures(can(be(added(so(that(it( can(change(from(standard(grey(concrete(

(

ProperXes( • Hardness( • Ranges( • Generally(igneous(hardest,(followed(by(metamorphic(then(sedimentary( • Fragility( • Largely(geometry(dependant( • Thickness(to(suface(area(raXo( • Edges(might(be(fragile(and(can(be(sharered(off( • DucXlity( • Most(stones(have(very(low(ducXlity( • Flexibility/plasXcity( • Most(stones(are(rigid((very(low(flexibility(and(plasXcity( • Porosity/permeability( • Varies( • Pumice(is(porous,(granite(is(not( • Density( • Depends(on(stone(type( • Stones(used(in(construcXon((granite,(marble,(sandstone,(slate)(are(about(2.5(h(3(Xmes(more(dense(than(water( • ConducXvity( • Generally(poor(conductors(of(heat(and(electricity( • Durability/Life(span( • Typically(extremely(durable( • Reusability/Recyclability( • Can(be(dismantled(and(reused(with(no(change(or(rehworked(into(new(shapes(for(new(uses( • Sustainability(&(Carbon(Footprint( • Depending(on(transport(energy( • Stone(sourcing(has(a(high(environmental(cost( • Cost( • Largely(dependent(on(labour(and(scarcity(of(stone(

ProperXes(II( ProperXes(I(

• Porosity/permeability( • medium( • Hardness( • have(to(think(about(what( • mediumhhigh( to(do(with(it( • can(be(scratched(with(a( • some(concrete(blocks( metallic(object( are(sealed(to(reduce( • depends(on(strength(of( the(opportunity(for( concrete( water(absorpXon( • Fragility( • Density( • medium( • memedium( • can(be(broken(with( • about(2h2.5(Xmes( trowel( denser(than(water( • DucXlity( • ConducXvity( • very(low(ducXlity( • poor(conductors(of(heat( • Flexibility/plasXcity( and(electricity( • Very(low(flexibility(and( plasXcity(

ProperXes(III( • Durability/life(span( • typically(very(durable( • Reusability/recyclability( • medium( • someXmes(reused(with(no(change( but(more(omen(crushed(to(be(used(as( aggregate(in(oher(concrete(products( • Sustainability(&(carbon(footprint( • reducXon(in(carbon(footprint(and( increase(in(sustainability(because( recycled(and(waste(products(from( other(processes(is(used( • Cost( • generally(cost(effecive(but(have(labour( costs(

Uses(

Clay(blocks(vs(concrete( blocks( • similar(properXes( • differences( • concrete(shrinks(over( Xme(while(clay(bricks( expand( • concrete(shrinks( because( • the(cement(paste( reduces(in(volume(as( it(hydrates( • drying(shrinkage( occurs(as(water(is( lost(to(the( atmosphere( • clay(bricks(absorb( moisture(frim(the( atmosphere(and( gradually(expand( • movement(joints(are( required(for(each( material(

• walls((load(bearing(and( nonhload(bearing)( • reinforcements(can(be( added(then(filled(with( grout(

Concrete( Blocks(

Custom(made( • new(forms(and(shapes(can(be(created( • though(it(can(be(costly(to(create( special(formwork(and(moulds( • e.g.(egg(block( • 12(variaXons(

& Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 18+

(

Theatre& Studio& Upon( excavation( of( the( basement( under( Lot( 6,( measures( had( to( be( taken( to( strengthen( the( existing( foundation(of(the(building(next(to(it.( ( Underground(car(park( • The(columns(would(have(been(constructed(on(site((in(situ)( • Steel(formwork( o It’s(curved(so(it’s(difficult(to(use(timber(or(plywood(for(the(formwork;(plaster(is(too(weak( o Concrete(takes(the(finishing(of(its(formwork((steel(in(this(case)(and(thus(the(finishing(of(the( column(is(smooth( ! This(can(be(compared(to(a(column(near(arts(west( • Formwork(could(have(been(reused(due(to(the(repetitive(nature(of(the(columns(of(within(a(certain( section((area)( o The( columns( would( probably( have( been( constructed( area( by( area( (i.e.( an( area( (possibly( square)(with(the(formwork(already(having(moulds(for(columns(as(per( the(arrangement(of(columns)( o The( number( of( formwork( sections( required( would( only( be( the( number(of(sections(intended(to(be(constructed(at(the(same(time( • Expansion/control(joint(needed(to(cope(with(expansion(and(contraction(( • We(were(shown(a(concrete(column(where(the(concrete(was(‘coming(out’( o It(is(possible(that(this(was(due(to(the(reinforcements(being(too(close( to(the(surface( ! The( steel( rusts( and( therefore( expands,( ‘pushing’( the( concrete(out( • Designed( so( that( the( tree( roots( have( space( (tree( roots( grow( into( the( columns)( • Featured(in(Mad(Max( ( Arts(West( • Truss(structure( • Column(on(the(outside( This(cable(is(slack(and( o A(rope(finish( may(not(carry(loads( 2( o TiO2(added(to(concrete(to(make(it(white( ( Stairs(at(West(End(of(Union(House( • Cables(are(slightly(slack(so(it(is(possible(that(they(are(not(the( one(carrying(the(dead(and(live(loads(of(the(stairs( 1( • I(beams(and(PFCs(below(the(stairs( ( North(Court( • Membrane(structure( • Essentially(a(roof( 3( • Cables(take(the(load(through(tension( o The(main(load(is(the(wind(which(causes(uplift( ! Cables(are(under(the(membrane(rather(than(above(the(membrane( • Hole(in(the(centre(of(the(membrane((it’s(lower(here(compared(to(the(outer(edges(of(the(membrane)( so(that(water(can(flow(through( o It( was( found( that( the( water( ‘splashes’( out( when( it( falls( through( the( hole( (possibly( when( there’s(a(heavy(rainfall)(so(a(steel(object(is(used(to(channel(the(water(through(to(the(ground( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 19+ (

( Beaurepaire(centre( • Steel(portal(frames( o Repetitive( o Doesn’t(resist(horizontal(forces(in(the(direction(parallel(to(its(frame((Ching,(2008)(so(( • Cross(bracing(on(the(roof( o Resists(forces(perpendicular(to(the(portal(frame( • Walls(at(the(end(are(shear(walls(( • This( sort( of( rigid( frame( is( used( because( we( cannot( use( cross( bracing( for( the( frame( itself( because(we(want(it(to(be(open( o Swimming( pool( needs( the(space(( o Structure(is(visible( ! But(have(to(maintain(and(take(care(of(steel((for(rusting),(especially(under(swimming( pool(conditions( o Usually(used(in(industrial(buildings( • Window(frame( o Usually(aluminium,(steel,(timber,(plastic((PVC)( ! Aluminium(is(lighter,(slightly(softer,(but(a(lot(of(embodied(energy( ( Oval(Pavilion( • Cantilever( o Quite(a(large(scale(one( o Some(of(the(weight(is(counterbalanced(by(the(other(side( • Unusual(for(timber(to(be(supported(by(steel( o Might(be(for(design(purposes( ( ABP(Building( • Cantilever( o Temporary(propping(during(construction( o Diagonal(member(to(take(load(into(building( • Concrete(formwork((Bondek)(remains(when(concrete(casting(is(done( • Variation(in(concrete(colour( • Prehcast(wall(panels( • Galvanised(steel( o Difference( can( be( seen,( in( terms( of( appearances,( between( galvanised( steel( and( steel( that( will(be(covered(later(on( • Shading(outside(windows( o Tilted( ! Might(be(because(of(orientation(of(building(in(relation(to(sun,(possibly(also(because( of(how(much(light(to(let(in( ! It(is(possible(that(it(could(be(adjusted/varied( • John(Wardle(Architects( ( ( ( ( ( ( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 20+ (

Week&4:&Floor&Systems&and&Horizontal&Elements& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& ( & & &

(Primary( beam ( (bearer)(

& & & Column(span( (slab(to(slab)(

&

& y( ndar Seco joist)( (( beam

& &

Construction&Systems&

Thickness/ depth(of( floorboards( as(a(result( of(span(of( joists((and( bearers)( ConsideraXon s(

Depth(of(joists( depends(on( span(

One(way(or( two(way( costs(and( efficiency(

Floor( Systems(

to(keep( cross( secXonal( wall( relaXvely( small(

have(bearers( rather(than( spanning(from( wall(to(wall( Steel(or( concrete(

anXcipated( floor(loads( funcXon( of( distance( building( between( columns(

costs( fire( raXngs(

Concrete( (reinforced( (Ching,(2008))( larger( buildings( (e.g.( hospitals)( concrete( has( higher( fire( raXngs(

longer(spans(and( heavier(loads(than( 4h10(m( spans( onehway(slabs( light(to(medium( greater(spans(might( loads( be(possible(with( Onehway( joist(slab(or( posrensioning( joist(slab( ribbed(slab(with( tensile( closely(spaced( reinforcement(in( joists( ribs( Services(can( Web(of(steel( Open(web( be(carried( (like(a(truss)( joist(framing( through(( spanning(from( top(cord(to( borom(cord( sacrificial(formwork((of( folded(decking,(concrete( Metal( Combined( laid(on(top(of(that( decking( with(concrete( slab(systems( decking(provides( tensile(strength(

One(way( span( Two(way( span(

Heavy( gauge( structural( steel(

Structural( Steel( Framing(

Timber(

Light(gauge( steel( framing( CombinaXon(of( heavy(and(light( member(types(and( materials(depending( on(structural( funcXon( Timber( joists(

Depth( generally( 1/30(the( span(

Onehway( slab(

plypanels( (floorboads(

Joists(support( the(flooring(

decking( etc.(

eg(

usually( floorboards(span( 450(or(600(

Bearers(support( joists(and(spanned( between(other( supports(

piers( concrete( stumps(

quite(closely( placed(together(

etc.(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 21+ (

Materials& Components( • when(cement(is(mixed(with(water( it(binds(sand(and(gravel(aggregates( together( • normal(mix( • 1(part(cement((porland,(lime),(2( parts(fine(aggregates((sand),(4( parts(coarse(aggregates((crushed( rock),(0.4h0.5(parts(water( • Too(much(water:(concrete(won't( be(strong(enough((weak)( • Too(lirle(water:(concrete(( mixture(will(be(too(sXff(and( unworkable(

ConsideraXons( • permeable( • if(steel(is(too(close(to(the( surface,(they(will(oxidise,( causeing(aestheXc(and( structural(degradaXon( • provide(sufficient(cover(over( reinforcement( • poor(vibraXon((to(get(rid(of(air( bubles(which(compromise(the( structural(performance)(of( concrete(during(pouring( process(

Process( • fluid(and(shapeless(before(it( hardens( • can(form(any(shape(we(want( • formwork( • removed(and(reused(or(sacrificial( • built(in(situ(or(precast( • materials( • Xmber,(metal,(plasXc,(formply,( etc.( • needs(to(be(supported(by(props( and(bracings(during(the(curing( process( • weight(of(wet(concrete( • as(the(concrete(sets,(it(carries( its(own(weight,(transferring( load(to(supports((floor,( columns,(other(walls,(etc.( • 75%(of(compressive(strength( in(7(days,(tesXng(for(required( strength(at(28(days(

Provenance( • hydraXon( • when(cement(powder(and( water(are(mixed( • chemical(process(which(forms( crystals(thet(interlock(and( bind(the(sand,(crushed(rock( and(cement/water(paste( together(

Reinforced(concrete( • steel,(which(is(strong(in(tension( (concrete(is(strong(in(compression(but( weak(in(tension),(is(added( • mesh( • bars( • placed(where(there(are(high(tensile( stresses(then(concrete(is(poured( around(reinforcement(to(hold(it(in( place( • fixed/rigid(joints((maybe(between(slab( and(wall)( • reinforcement(starter(bars(extend( out(of(slab(into(wall.(once(the(wall( it's(in(place,(a(rigid(moment(joint( occurs( • amount(of(reinforcement(is(adjusted( according(to(the(amount(of(loads( • reinforcement(quanXty(increases( towards(base(of(building(in(order(to( keep(the(same(column(size(

Concrete( (

ProperXes(I( • Different(properXes(in(plasXc(state( (fresh,(wet)(and(hardened(state( • ProperXes(depend(on(physical( characterisXcs,(chemical( composiXon(and(proporXons(of( components( • Will(adress(hardened(state( • Hardness( • high,(can(be(scratched(with(a( metallic(object( • Fragility( • low,(can(be(chipped(with(a( hammer( • Very(low(ducXlity( • Low(flexibility(and(plasXcity( • high(when(in(plasXc(state(

ProperXes(II( • Mediumhlow(porosity/permeability( • depending(on(proporXons(and( components( • aerated((high(water(raXo)(has(a( high(porosity(vs(waterproof( concrete(that(is(created(when( permeability(reducing(admixtures( are(added( • Mediumhhigh(density.(About(2.5(Xmes( denser(than(water( • Poor(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity(

ProperXes(III( • Durable(if(constructed(well( • Mediumhlow(reusability/recyclability( • not(exactly(reused(but(they(can(be( crushed(to(be(used(as(aggregate(for( new(concrete(elements.( reinforcements(can(be(reused( • Sustainability(&(carbon(footprint( • high(embodied(energy,(non( renewable,(but(long(lasXng( • Costs( • generally(cost(effecXve.(labour( dependant(for(formwork(and( pouring(

Finishes( • sand(blasted( • with(protecXve(sheet( to(form(parerns( • exposed(aggregate( • raked(finish( • bush(hammered( • board(marked( • board(and(baren(

In(Situ(Concrete(

Precast(Concrete(

• Poured(into(formwork(and(cured(on(the(site( • FabricaXon(&(assembly(of(the(formwork,(placing,(reinforcement,( pouring,(vibraXon(and(curing( • Limited(Xme(before(the(concrete(hardens(and(becomes( unworkable( • placed(in(proper(posiXon,(air(bubbles(removed((vibrated),( desired(finish(applied((maybe(screeXng)( • labour(intensive( • congesXon( • more(difficult(to(ensure(quality(as(compared(to(prefabricated( • Uses( • structural(purposes( • self(supporXng(or(as(primary(structure( • fooXngs,(retaining(walls,(non(standard(structural(elements( • someXmes(sprayed(in(place((shotcrete)( • landscapes,(swimming(pools,(basement(walls(between(piers(or( overhead(surfaces( • Joints( • construcXon(joints( • divide(the(constructon(into(smaller(and(more(manageable( secXons(of(work( • control(joints( • absorb(expansions(and(conctracXons(due(to(thermal(variaXons( • concrete(shrinks(over(Xme( • elongaXon/shrinkage(is(proporXonal(to(the(temperaure( differenXal,(material(coefficient(and(the(dimensions(of(the( piece( • Both(construcXon(and(control(joints(are(potenXal(weak(points( • must(be(detailed(appropriately(especially(in(terms(of(water(and( moisture(control(

• Controlled(environemnt(and(then(transported(to(site(for(installaXon( • More(standardised(outcome((avoids(many(of(the(quality(control(issues(of(in(situ)( • Work(on(site(progresses(at(a(much(faster(rate( • Spandrel(panels( • over(doors,(below(floors(can(overhand(openings(up(to(9m( • Uses( • Needs(to(be(supported(in(place(unXl(remaining(structure(is(there( • Retaining(walls,(walls,(columns,(rarely(in(fooXng(walls( • Joints( • ConstrucXon(joints( • Naturally(occuring(when(one(precast(element(meets(another( • or(there(needs(to(be(a(gap(between(one(material(and(another((maybe(because(of(a(maximum(size(a(panel(can(be( cast(in)( • Structural(joint( • how(these(two(are(connected(to(operate(with(each(other( • joining(precast(elements(to(each(other(or(to(other(parts(of(the(structure( • e.g.(brackets/patch(plates((cast(into(place(in(factory,(someXmes(posiXoned(on(site)( • need(for(ability(to(move(one(panel(in(relaXon(to(another( • to(finalise(fixing( • due(to(site(condiXons(and(having(to(work(withtolerances( • type(and(performance(of(the(structural(connecXons(are(criXcal(for(the(overal(performance(of(the(building( • examples/types(of(structural(joints( • bur(joint( • exposed(joint( • someXmes(for(aestheXc(purposes( • be(careful(of(exposing(the(steel((unless(it's(on(the(inside(of(the(wall(and(covered(by(interior(wall(finishes)( • Finishes( • can(be(achieved(with(high(quality(finish(due(to(controlled(environments( • care(to(be(taken(to(ensure(that(they(are(not(damaged(by(transport( • reuseable(silicon(formwork(is(common( • ConsideraXons( • limited(in(size(due(to(transport( • on(site(changes(are(difficult(to(incorporate( • cost(benefits(in(repeXXon(and(being(able(to(reuse(the(same(formwork(for(mulXple(panels(

(

& Theatre& Studio& The(oval(pavilion(drawings(are(divided(into(the(architectural(set(and(the(structural(set.(At(the(end(of(these,( there(are(“technical(reference(sheets”(that(specify(systems,(components(and(products(that(are(referenced(in( the( architectural( and( structural( sets.( The( architectural( drawings( contain( site( plans,( floor( plans,( elevations,( sections,( details( (wall,( material( and( some( other( details),( etc.( The( structural( set( consists( of( notes( and/or( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 22+ (

drawings( on( the( more( ‘technical’( (structural)( aspects( of( the( oval.( The( first( two( sheets( of( notes( give( ‘instructions’(on(the(steel,(concrete(and(timber(used,(reinforcement,(foundation,(formwork,(retaining(walls,( precast(concrete,(ESD(strategies,(etc.(The(drawings(show(details(of(connections,(certain(sections(of(the(oval( (e.g.(canopy(and(roof),(footings(and(foundations,(bracing,(etc.(( ( Each(page(in(the(architectural(set(has(a(title(block(that(has,(where(applicable,(information(such(as( • The(project(name(and(number( • Drawing(title(and(number( • Name(of(the(architect(s)( • Contact(information(of(all(parties(involved( o Including(engineers(in(charge(of(different(fields(and(other(parties(( • Issue,(date(and(revision(history( • Page((sheet)(number( • Orientation((direction)( • Scale( ( The(title(block(of(the(structural(set(has(similar(information.(These(information(make(it(easier(for(those(who( are(perusing(the(drawings(as(these(critical(information(are(found(on(every(page(and(thus(do(not(have(to(be( looked(for.( ( Floor(plans(have/tell(us(the(( • Legend( o What(certain(symbols(represent( ! Some(symbols(which(are(commonly(used(may(not(be(included(in(the(legend( o There(is(also(an(“abbreviation(legend”( ! List(of(abbreviations(used( • Different(elements( o Rooms( ! Named(and(numbered( • They(have(new(numbers(for(each(room(so(that(it’ll(be(easier(to(add/remove( doors/windows.(( o Windows,(doors,(etc.( ! These(are(numbered(most(of(the(time( ! Window/door( number( together( with( room( number(( • Dimensions( o Usually( in( mm( unless( otherwise( stated( in( the(legend(or(anywhere(else(( • Grid(reference( o So( that( certain( (more( important)( sections( can( easily( be( identified( from( other( drawings( (sections,(elevations,(etc.)( • Materials(&(wall(types( • Finished(floor(levels((FFL)( o In(metres,(as(specified(in(the(legend( • References(to(other(drawings(and/or(information( o These(drawings(they(refer(us(to(could(be(sections,(details,(etc.( o At(the(drawings(they(refer(us(to,(they(will(reference(us(to(where(they( referred(us(from( • Some(annotations( o Clouded(areas(show(edits( ( Elevations( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 23+ (

•

•

The(building(as(we(see(it( o i.e.(the(‘front’(from(different(directions( o Compared(to(plans(which(are(tophdown(views( ! Site(plan( • Plan(of(roof(+(surroundings( ! Floor(plan( • Top(down(view(of(a(horizontal(section((horizontal(cut(–(i.e.(cut(that’s(parallel( to(the(ground)( ! We(can(now(observe(height(and(thickness(of(certain(elements((walls,(windows,(etc.( depending(on(where(they(are(facing)( Shows( o Legend(&(abbreviation(legend( o Dimensions( ! Compared(to(dimensions(in(floor(plan( • It( is( easier( to( observe( where( the( dimension( ‘line’( passes( through( (e.g.( whether(it’s(through(the(centre(of(a(column)( • Height(dimensions(can(be(shown( • Thickness(dimensions(can(be(shown(too(but(this(might(be(rare(as(there(is(a( list( of( materials( and( components( with( some( dimensions( on( other( pages( of( the(oval(set( o Levels((floors)( ! Shown(as(how(we(would(see(them,(if(they(are(visible(from(the(outside( ! May(be(accompanied(with(Finished(Floor(Level((FFL)(labels( o Grid(reference( ! Numbered( vertical( lines( on( floor( plan( correspond( to( vertical( lines( on( these( elevations( ! It(is(possible(that(the(dimensions(shown(in(the(elevation(correspond(to(the(distance( from(one(gridline(to(another( o Materials( o Doors(and(windows( ! Labelled( ! Drawn(to(look(like(doors/windows(if(they(are(facing(the(direction(of(elevation( o Annotations( ! Descriptions(and/or(details(that(may(be(difficult(to(show(with(an(elevation( ! Clouded(areas(

( Sections( • Like(an(elevation,(except(that(we’re(now(looking(at(a(vertical(section((vertical(cut.(In(other(words(a( cut(perpendicular(to(the(ground)( • References(to(sections(can(be(found(in(plans(( • We(can(now(see(( o What’s( inside( the( building( (depending( on( what( the( drawing( shows)( rather( than( just( the( exterior(of(the(building.( o The( thickness( of( elements( which( might( have( been( covered( by( the( façade( (walls,( doors,( windows,(materials,(etc.(depending(on(where(they(are(facing)( • Materials(are(not(labelled(here( o Although(we(might(be(able(to(estimate(them(based(on(where(it(is(located,(the(thickness(of( lines,(conventional(representation,(etc.( • Elements(that(are(not(cut(through((‘behind’(the(cut)(may(be(shown(in(faint(lines(to(give(the(section(a( context( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 24+ (

•

Quadrilaterals( with( rounded( corners( and( dashed( borders( indicate( that( the( area( enclosed( by( the( quadrilateral(will(be(shown(in(detail.(The(reference(near(this(quadrilateral(will(refer(us(to(where(the( detail(can(be(found(

( Details( • This(could(be(details(of(windows,(parapets,(junctions,(connections,(etc.( o They(are(larger(than(their(section(counterparts( • Details(of(a(same(element/at(the(same(area(may(be(compressed(using(break(lines(to(show(just(the( necessary(details( o E.g.(Drawing(1(of(A46h01( o This(ensures(that(nearby(elements(connected(by(a(continuous(element(will(be(on(the(same( drawing,(thus(giving(a(context.(Yet(break(lines(save(space(by(omitting(unnecessary(details( • Materials(are(labelled( o We(can(now(see(some(materials(that(cannot(be(seen(from(elevations(and(plans((and(maybe( even(sections)(such(as(sheet(membranes(or(insulations( • We(may(be(referred(to(another(detail( o Some( materials/components( (wall( systems,( etc.)( which( have( been( labelled( in( the( previous( detail(may(not(be(included(in(the(‘new’(detail( ! E.g.( Drawing( 1( of( A46h01( shows( that( the( wall( system( EWSh06( will( be( used( but( in( Drawing(1(of(A60h01,(“EWSh06”(is(not(mentioned( • This( may( be( to( avoid( crowding( the( details( with( information( that( can( be( found(somewhere(else,(thus(making(it(confusing( • Though(information(might(be(repeated(sometimes,(possibly(to(avoid(having( to(flip(through(pages(looking(for(a(particular(piece(of(information( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 25+ (

Construction&Workshop& The(objective(of(this(session(was(to(design(and(construct(a(structure(that(would(be(tested(by(being(subject( to( increasing( amounts( of( loads( until( failure.( The( structure( would( have( to( span( 1000mm,( with( a( height( no( greater(than(400mm.(Each(group(were(given(different(materials(to(work(with(and( it(was(up(to(us(to(make(use(of(our(materials.( ( We( decided( that( it( would( be( best( to( have( the( orientation( of( the( timber( beam( to( have( a( greater(depth.(( ( With(a(simply(supported(beam(and(a(point(load( in( the( centre( of( the( beam,( its( most( likely( failure( method( would( be( by( defection(at(the(point(where(the(load(is(applied.( ( We(figured(that(we(had(to(find(a(way(to(transfer(some(of(the(load(from( the( centre( so( that( the( load( acting( on( the( beam( is( less( concentrated.( Another( possible( way( was( to( attempt( to( ‘strengthen’( the( centre,( although(we(were(unsure(as(to(how(to(do(that.(We(thought(of(adding(a( piece( of( pine( in( the( centre( as( an( additional( support( so( that,( due( to( contraflexion,(the(point(of(max(deflection(will(not(be(directly(below(the( point( load.( However,( we( realised( that( it( was( difficult( for( us( to( add( another(support(if(we(didn’t(know(the(height(of(the(other(two(supports( in(the(testing(cradle.(We(were(back(to(trying(to(transfer(the(load.(( ( A(trusshlike(approach(was(the(first(thing(that(came(to(mind.(However,(we(felt( that( having( to( cut( the( diagonal( members( would( be( time( consuming( and( we( were( under( time( constraints.( We( ended( up( going( with( a( beam( and( column( approach.( Upon( sawing( the( pieces,( we( realised( that( it( was( difficult( to( nail( these(pieces(together.(In(retrospect,(we(could(have(nailed(the(plywood(onto(it(like(how(a(nail(plate(would( have(been(used.( ( In( the( end,( we( had,( as( a( structure,( the( plywood( nailed( to( two( pieces( f( pine( and( another( pine( beam( below( it,( without( being( nailed( to( it( to( reduce( the( likelihood( of( the( structure( failing( due( to( structural(connections.(( ( Photograph(of(structure(and(its(failure(

Max( Load((N)(

Max( Deflection( (mm)(

Failure( Mode(

Notes(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 26+ (

( ( (

350((

55((

Grain( &( structural( connection( (nails)(

Possible( that( this(structure( took( the( greatest(load(

210((

40((

Structural( connection(

Relatively( low( deflection(

320( h 360(N(

70(

Structural( connection(

Greatest( deflection(

310(

38(

Knot(

Low( deflection,( posisbly( because( failure( was( achieved( before( max( deflection( was(achieved(

(

(

(

+ Table+1+

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 27+ (

Week&5:&Columns,&Grids&and&Wall&Systems& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Construction&Systems& FuncXon(

Systems(h(Structural(frames(

• Enclose( • separate( • protect(interior( from(exterior( • moderate( climate(for( interior(use(by( occupants( • filter(out(light( • insulate(from( cold(or(heat( • structural( (carrying(loads( down)(

• Concrete(frames( • grid(of(columns(with( concrete(beams( connexXng(the(columns( together( • city,(largrer(scale( buildings( • Steel(frames( • grid(of(steel(columns( connected(to(steel( girders(and(beams( • UC,(CHS,(RHS( • bracings( • industry(where(fire( raXngs(doesn't(need(to( be(so(high( • Timber(frames((post(and( beam)( • grid(of(Xmber(posts(or( poles(connected(to( Xmber(beams( • bracing(of(members( between(bays(or(at( corners(of(posthbeam( juncXons( • keeping(joints(rigid( • tradiXonal(japanese( architecture,(not(so( common(in(australia( • quite(useful(for(sloping( sites(

Systems:(Load( bearing(walls(I(

• Concrete( • in(situ(or( precast( • panels(may( also(provide( support(for( spandrel( panels(over( and(link(into( other( structural( elements( (floor(slabs,( roof( structure,( etc.)( • someXmes(in( apartments(

Systems:(Load(bearing(walls(II((masonry)(

• Reinforced(masonry( • core(filled(hollow(concrete(blocks(or(grout(filled(cavity(masonry( • bond(beams(over(openings(can(be(created(using(special( concrete(blocks(which(are(filled(with(concrete(to(bond(indiviual( units(together( • alternaXve(to(steel(or(concrete(lintels( • Solid(masonry( • single(or(mulXple(skins( • garages,(fences,(subfloor(level( • water(proofing(not(so(crucial( • Xed(together(with(a(brick(of(different(orientaXon(or(with(wall( Xe( • lintels(can(be(made(out(of(steel( • Cavity(masonry( • when(waterproofing(is(necessary( • 15mm(cavity(in(between(two(skins( • flashing( • allows(water(that(soak(through(outer(panel(to(be(taken( outside(the(building( • at(regular(intervals,(perpend(lem(open(so(water(that(seeps(in(to( run(outside( • weep(holes( • Advantages( • berer(thermal(performance( • opportuniXes(for(insulaXon( • berer(waterproofing( • ability(to(drain(water(from(the(cavity( • opportunity(to(run(services( • presence(of(damp(proof(course(and(weep(holes(tell(us(that(it(is( a(cavity(wall(rather(than(a(solid(wall(

Systems:(Stud(walls(

• light(gauge(steel( framing( • c(secXons,(z( secXons( • Xmber(framing( • very(common(in( australia( • stud(is(quite(close( together( • plasterboard(can( span(from(one( stud(to(another( • bracing((diagonal( bracing(or(sheet( bracing)(required( • elements( • top(plate,( borom(plate,( verXcal(studs,( noggings,(cross( bracing,(ply( bracing( • brick(veneer( • 1(skin(of(non( structural( masonry(and(1( skin(of(structural( fram(wall( • common(in( australia(

(

Materials& Seasoning((drying)( • To(increase(dimensional(stability( • Methods( • air(drying( • very(cheap(but(takes(very(long((6(months(to(2(years(per( 50mm)( • kiln(drying( • 20h40(hours(to(get(to(12%(moisture(content( • solar(kiln( • less(expensive(to(run( • Moisture( • 100%(to(25%( • water(from(cells((free(water)(leave( • parXally(seasoned(at(25%( • 25%(to(15%( • bound(water(leaves( • seasoned(at(15%(

ProperXes( • Strong(and(sXff(in(direcXon(parallel(to( grain( • Weak(in(direcXon(perpendicular(to( grain(

Provenance( • Heartwood((core,(not(so(useful(in(construcXon),(sapwood,( cell(layer,(rings((inner(bark(&(outer(bark)(that(grow(one( ring(per(year((climates,(fire(or(disease(can(produce(an( extra(ring)( • light(rings( • early(wood( • rapid(growth(at(the(beginning(of(growing(season( • thin,(large(cells( • dark(rings( • late(wood( • slower(growth( • omen(limited(by(lack(of(water( • thick(small(cells(

Sawing( • Quarter(sawn( • growth(rings(parallel(to(short(edge( • less(common(in(structural(Xmber( • advantages( • Somwood( • good(grain(shows(on(face( • conifer(species,(spine,(etc.( • hard(wearing(surface(for(floors,(furniture( • Hardwood( • radial(face(preferred(for(coaXngs( • generally(harder(than(somwood((except( balsa(is(a(hardwood(but(quite(som)( • lower(width(shrinkage(on(drying( • eucalyptus(species,(victorian(ash,(oak,(etc.( • useful(for(furniture( • less(cupping(and(warp(than(other(cuts( • can(be(recondiXoned( • disadvantages( • slower(seasoning( • nailing(on(face(more(prone(to(splizng( • Back(sawn( • rings(parallel(to(long(edge( • more(common(in(structural(Xmber( • advantages( • season(more(rapidly( • less(prone(to(spliXng(when(nailing( • wide(secXons(possible( • few(knots(on(edge( • disadvantages( • shrink(more(across(width(when(drying( • more(likely(to(warp(and(cup( • not(such(a(problem(within(structural(Xmbers(in(Xmber(frame( buildings( • collapsed(Xmber(more(difficulet(to(recondiXon( • radial(sawn( • face(is(a(radial(cut( • weatherboard(cladding(system(for(buildings(and(fences( • advantages( • dimensional(stability( • less(prone(to(warping,(cupping( • les(wastage(in(milling( • disadvantages( • wedge(shaped(cross(secXon( • more(difficult(to(detail( • more(difficult(to(stack(

Types((

Wood(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 28+ (

ProperXes(II(

ProperXes(III(

• high(porosity/permeability( • varies(depending(on(seasoning,( finishing/detailing((protecXon)( and(fixing( • varied(density(depending(on( Xmber(type( • poor(conductor(of(heat(and( electricity(

• can(be(very(durable(if(detailed(correctly(and( carefully(selected(for(its(situaXon( • varies(depending(on(type,(seasoning,( finishing((protecXon)(and(fixing( • very(high(reusability/recyclability( • second(hand(Xmber(is(very(desirable( • very(low(embodied(energy,(fully(renewable(if( correctly(sourced( • generally(cost(effecXve( • labour(dependent(for(on(site(work,(but(also( suited(to(highly(efficient(factory(based( manufacturing(processes(

ProperXes(I( • mediumhlow(hardness( • most(Xmbers(can(be(reaonably( easily(marked( • mediumhlow(fragility( • geometry(dependent( • generally(will(not(hsarer(or( break( • low(ducXlity( • some(Xmbers(in(their(green( state(can(be(manipulated(into(a( range(of(shapes( • high(flexibility(and(medium( plasXcity(

Timber(

IntroducXon( • Living(material( • ProperXes(differ(depending(on( type(

Specifying(and(handling( • design(detailing(should(minimise( exposure(to(hazards( • size( • depth(x(breadth( • lengths(go(in(increments(of( 0.3m( • strength(grade( • F(grade(or(MGP( • moisture(content( • seasoned(or(non(seasoned( • seasoned(has(less(variaXon( in(size(over(Xme( • species(of(wood( • treatment(

ConsideraXons( • Knots( • cannnot(be(in(the(tension(part( • availability( • Durability( • ProtecXng(Xmber(from( • Water( • especially(the((ends(of( grain((seal(ends(before( assembly)( • fungal(arack( • swelling,(shrinkage(can( cause(cracks( • methods( • avoid(exposure( • seal(against(moisture( movement( • paint(or(detailing( • insect(arack((termites,(borers)( • chemical(barriers/physical( barriers(between(ground(and( Xmber( • sunlight(and(heat( • direct(sunlight(causes( excessive(drying,(shrinkage( • direct(sunlight(breaks(down( wood/cellulose( • use(light(colour(paints(( • other(hazards( • fire( • chemical(exposure( (

& Theatre& Studio& For( this( week’s( studio,( we( had( to( construct( the( structural( system( of( a( section( of( the( canopy( of( the( oval( pavilion(at(a(1:20(scale.(( ( This( section’s( structural( system( consists( of( steel( trusses( that( are( attached,( at( a( different( plane,( to( the( spine( truss.( We( decided( to( use( balsa( wood( to( represent( these(trusses(as(they(are(easy(to(work(with((can(be(cut(and(shaped(easily).(Balsa( can(be(on(the(fragile(side(but(we(decided(that(its(strength(should(be(sufficient(for( our(purposes,(especially(with(the(aid(of(joints(and(bonding(agents(such(as(glue(or( tape.( ( A( truss( is( an( effective( system( that( transfers( the( loads( on( the( top( cord( to( the( bottom( cord( through( its( diagonal(members.(Some(of(the(members(will(be(in(compression( and( will( be( involved( in( transferring( the( loads.( The( members( in( tension(keep(the(system(together,(while(other(members(are(zero( force( members.( Trusses( are( able( to( transfer( its( loads( effectively,( without(the(need(for(the(additional(material(otherwise(needed(for( a((full)(piece(of(timber,(not(unlike(the(universal(beams,(universal( columns,( hollow( sections( and( other( structural( steel( that( are( used( for( this( truss.( These( structural( steel( are( effective(in(terms(of(material(usage(as(their(strength(is(not(compromised(despite(having(less(steel(compared( to((full)(pieces(of(steel,(which(are(also(heavier.( ( l( ( tua o ( ac s ( t ( d ( on (for(it h resp ( (cor (enoug t o n ( e s e a rg ( :(do be(l (thin ve(to( o o a ( ns(t at(h olum mns(th C ( colu ( om( (bott d n (a due(to(its(lack(of(depth( f(top ( tion(o (

re Incor

e ct(ori

nta

( cords

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 29+

( ( ( After( changing( the( orientation( of( the( top( and( bottom( cords( and( using( 4( kebab( sticks( as( a( single( column( (Figure),(it(was(down(to(measuring(the(member(lengths(and(assembling(the(trusses(before(attaching(those( trusses(to(the(main(truss,(the(spine(truss.(( ( Members( of( spine( truss( thicker( than( other( trusses( –( spine( truss( takes(the(loads( of( the( cantilever(and(transfers(it(to(the(foundation( through(its(three(columns(

Connection(detail(

( ( There( was,( however,( a( truss( whose( section( was( not(shown(in(the(oval(drawings(set(and(we(had(to(assume(it(was(similar(to(one(of(the(other(trusses.(( The(system(was(more(stable(after(the( rim(was(added.(Since(the(balsa(strips( of(the(rim(were(of(a(certain(length,(the( trusses(were(not(able(to(move(as( much.(This(was(effectively(similar(to( bracing,(in(which(the(strips(undergo( tension(to(keep(the(system(rigid.(

Most(of(the(trusses(attached( to(a(column(so(that(the(spine( truss(does(not(have(so(much( load(acting(on(it(

( ( ( We(then(joined(our(part(of(the(canopy(with(the(other(group’s(to(get(the(whole(canopy.( From(the(drawings(and(photographs(of(the(oval,(it(can(be(inferred(that(the(weight(of(the(cantilever(on(one( side(of(the(supports(is(countered(by(the(weight(of(the(cantilever(on(the(other(side,(thereby(making(it(easier( for(the(supports(to(take(the(loads(of(the(cantilever.( ( ( ( (

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 30+ (

Week&6:&Spanning&and&Enclosing&Space& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Concrete(roofs( • flat(plates(of(reinforced(concrete((or( precast(slabs(with(a(topping(of(concrete)( • where(a(flat(surface(is(needed((roof( gardens,(carpacks),(fire(raXngs( • top(surface(sloped(towards(drainage( points(and(the(enXre(roof(surface( finished(with(applied(waterproof( membrane( • maybe(a(protecXve(layer(for( membrane(

Types( • Flat(roofs((1h3)( • Pitched(and(Sloping(roofs((>3)( • ramers( • beams(and(purlins( • trusses( • Decisions( • Xles(need(to(be(a(greater(slope(more( than(15( • sheet(metal(roofing(can(come(to( about(5(degrees( • water(proofing(membrane(for(flat( roofs(

Trussed(roofs( Structural(steel(framed(roofs( • Flat( • combinaXon(of(primary(and(secondary(roof(beams(for( heavier(roof(finishes(such(as(metal(deck/concrete( • or(roof(beams(and(purlins(for(lighter(sheet(metal(roofing( • Sloping( • roof(beams(and(purlins(and(lighter(sheet(metal(roofing( • Portal(frames( • braced(rigid(frames((two(columns(and(a(beam)(with( purlins(for(the(roof(and(girts(for(the(walls( • purlins(cleated(off(the(beams(below(it( • cold(formed(steel((z(secXons(or(c(secXons)( • walls(and(roofs(are(usually(finished(with(sheet(metal(

Roof( Systems(

• Steel(or(Xmber(trusses( • High(strength(to(material(raXo( • Braced(for(stability( • Space(frames( • 3d(plate(type(structures(that(are(long( spanning(in(two(direcXons( • linear(steel(secXons(of(various(cross(secXon( types(are(welded,(bolted(or(threaded( together(to(form(matrixhlike(structures( • members( • CHS,(SHS,(RHS,(pipes,(channel(secXons,(I( beams,(etc.( • large(spaces(like(plazas,(etc.( • Light(framed(roofs( • gable(roofs( • verXcal,(triangular(secXon(of(wall(at(one(or( both(ends(of(the(roof( • common(ramers,(ridge(beams,(ceiling(joists,( outriggers((where(the(roof(overhangs(the( gable(end(wall)( • Xmber,(cold(formed(steel(secXons((and(also( someXmes(heavier(steel((UB(or(PFC)(for( major(beams)( • Hip(roofs( • verXcal,(triangular(secXon(of(wall(at(one(or( both(ends(of(the(roog( • common(ramers,(hip(ramers,(valley(ramers,( jack(ramers,(ridge(beams,(ceiling(joists,( barens((perpendicular(to(ramers(that(will( support(roofing(material((Xle(or(sheet( metal))( • Ching(6.17( • Xmber,(cold(formed(steel(secXons(

( Materials& ProperXes(II( ProperXes(I( • varied(hardness,(depending(on(type( • low(fragility( • generally(will(not(sharer(or(break( • high(ducXlity( • mediumhhigh(flexibility/plasXcity((while( heated)(

• Impermeable(for(light(and(water( • gurering,(flashint( • High(density((from(3x((Al)(to(19x((Au)(more( than(water( • Very(good(conductors(of(heat(and(electricity( • adv(or(disadv(depending(on(locaXon(and( purpose( • electric(wires(but(metal(sheeXng,(metal( window(frames(are(points(of(weakness(in( terms(of(insulaXon.(Also(low(fire(raXngs(

ProperXes(III( • can(be(very(durable(depending(on(type,( treatment,(finishing((protecXon)(and(fixing( • high(reusability/recyclability( • very(high(embodied(energy.(recyclable(and( renewable(if(correctly(managed( • cost(effecXve( • can(be(very(material(efficient(and(an( economic(opXon(

ConsideraXons( Types( • Ferous( • cheap(because(common( • Nonhferrous( • qualiXes( • less(likely(to(oxidise( • Alloys( • iron,(non(ferrous(alloy((bronze)(

(

Metals(

• react(with(other(metals( • galvanic(series( • likelihood(of(corroding((anoding(end( more,(cathoding(end(less(likely)( • reduce(corrosion( • separate(the(metals( • avoid(electrolyXc(condiXons((like( moisture)( • water(related(damage( • keeping(water(away(reduces(oxidaXon( and(corrosion( • methods( • avoid(prolonged(contact/exposure( • seal(against(moisture( • enamel(or(paint( • chemical((galvanised)(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 31+ (

Types(and(uses(of(steel(II( Types(and(uses( • wrought(iron( • decoraXve(elements(but(labour(intensive( • cast(iron( • amer(wrought(iron( • high(compressive(strength(but(heavy(and( comparaXvely(brirle(metal( • columns(or(reproducXon(work( • alloy:(steel( • iron(and(carbon( • other(alloying(elements( • manganese,(chromium,(boron,(Xtanium( • resistance(to(rust( • different(proporXons(gives(different(types(of( steel(with(slightly(different(properXes(

• steel(sheeXng( • cladding(and(roofing((corrugated(iron(or(other( sheet(profiles)( • must(be(protected(from(weather(exposure( • paint,(enamelled(finishes,(galvanisaXon( • stainless(steel(alloys( • chromium(added( • resistant(to(corrosion( • if(surface(is(scratched(it(seals(over(agian( • uses( • sheets,(plates,(wire(in(harsh(environments( • inert(finishes((kitchens,(operaXng(rooms,( etc.)( • wall(Xes(in(cavity(walls(because(stainless( steel(resits(corrosion( • rarely(used(as(primary(strucure(due(to(cost( (only(in(harsh(environments)(

DinsXncXve(properXes(

Types(and(uses(of(steel(I( • structural(steel( • framing( • columns,(beams,(purlins,(stud(frames( • types(of(steel(secXons( • hot(rolled( • shaped(while(metal(is(hot( • more(material(required(for(this(process( • primary(structural(elements( • protected(form(rusXng(and(corroding(by(coaXngs((paint( or(hot(dipped(galvanising)( • joints(are(welded(or(bolted( • cold(formed( • folded(from(sheets(that(have(cooled(down( • secondary(structure((purlins,(etc.)( • protected(by(hot(dip(galvanising( • joints(are(bolted(or(screwed( • reinforcing(bars( • good(tensile(resistance( • used(in(conjuncXon(with(concrete( • deformaXons((not(smooth)(on(the(bars(assist(bonding( with(the(concrete(

Ferrous( metals(

• MagneXc( • very(reacXve((easily(rusts((corrodes))( • good(compressive(strength(

DisXncXve(properXes(of(steel( • very(strong(and(resistant(to(fracture( • transfers(heat(and(electricity( • can(be(formed(into(many(different(shapes( • wires,(panels,(beams,(colums,(secXons,(( • long(lasXng(and(resistant(to(wear((if(properly(protected)(

( Tin( Aluminium(

Lead(

• properXes( • light(compared(to(other(metals( • non(magneXc(and(non(sparkling( • easily(formed,(machined(and(cast( • pure(Al(is(som(and(lacks(strengh(but( alloys(with(small(amounts(of(copper,( magnesium,(silicon,(manganes(and( other(elements(have(very(useful( properXes((including(structural( capabiliXes)( • uses( • extruded(secXons(for(window(framing( and(other(glazed(structures( (balustrades/handrails)( • cast:(door(handles(and(catches(for( windows( • rolled:(cladding(panels,(heaXng(and(AC( systems( • Al(reacts(with(air(creaXng(a(layer(of(Al( oxide(that(keeps(it(from(further( oxidaXon(and(gives(it(a(mare(natural( finish( • other(finish(treatments:(powder(coaXng( and(anodisaXon((which(might(transform( colour(depending(on(metal(used)(

• properXes( • very(som,(highly(malleable,(ducXle( • reaXvely(poor(conductor(of(electricity( • very(resistant(to(corrosion(but(tarnishes(upon( exposure(to(air( • uses( • less(commonly(used(today(due(to(toxicity(when( absorbed(into(body(in(high(enough(dosages( • was(used(for(roofs,(cornices,(tank(linings(and( flashing(strps(for(waterproofing(

Zinc( • properXes( • bluishhwhite( • brirle(at(ambient(temperatures,( malleable(at(100(to(150(celsius( • reasonable(conductor(of(electricity( • uses( • cladding(and(roofing( • galvanising(iron((layers(of(Zn(on(Fe(or( steel)( • especially(useful(for(roofing( material(

Copper( • properXes( • very(malleable(and(ducXle( • good(conductor(of(heat(and(electricity( • green(when(oxidised( • uses( • roofing(material( • hot(and(cold(domesXc(water(and(heaXng( pipework(and(electrical(cabling(

• properXes( • silvery(white(metal( • malleable( • somewhat(ducXle( • highly(crystalline(structure( • resists(disXlled,(sea,(and(som(tap(water,(but( is(aracked(by(strong(aids,(alkalis(and(acid( salts.(oxygen(in(soluXon(accelerates(the( arack( • uses( • very(rare(today(( • only(decoraXve( • was(used(inbuilding(for(lining(lead(pipes( (toxic)(and(occcasionally(as(a(protecXve( covering(for(iron(plate(and(for(small(gas( pipes/tubing(

Titanium( • properXes( • excellent(corrosion(resistance((almost(as(resistant( as(plaXnum)( • high(strength(to(weight(raXo( • light,(strong,(easily(fabricated(metal(with(low( density( • in(thin(sheets,(it's(not(very(sXff(and(appears( 'pillowy'(rather(than(flat( • uses( • strong(light(weight(alloys,(making(an(arracXve(and( durable(cladding(material(but(very(expensive(

Bronze((copper(+(Xn)( • properXes( • corrosion(resistant(but(is(much(harder(than(copper(and( can(be(used(in(engineering(and(marine(applicaXons( • uses( • bronze(parts(are(tough(and(are(used(for(bearings,(clips,( electrical(connectors(and(springs( • was(used(for(external(applicaXons,(prior(to(Al,(due(to(its( toughness(and(resistance(to(corrosion(

Non( Ferrous( Metals( and(Alloys(

Brass((copper(+(zinc)( • properXes( • malleable( • has(a(relaXvely(low(melXng(point( • easy(to(cast( • not(ferromagneXc( • uses( • brass(parts(are(tough(and(are(used(in(elements( where(fricXon(is(required( • locks,(gears,(screws,(valves( • fizngs((knobs,(lamps,(taps,(etc.)(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 32+ (

Theatre& Studio& ConstrucXon(systems(and( processes(

Structural(concepts(and( systems(

• jamb(flashing(to(keep(water(out( • small(piece(of(Xmber(in(between(studs(to(make( the(studs(parallel( • connecXons( • anchor(bolts( • metal(joist(hangers(

Group(1(

ConstrucXon(systems(and(processes(

Structural(concepts(and( systems( • Timber(beams(had(to(be(conXnuously( supported(because(they(are(long( • Tie(for(lateral(bracing( • Underpurlins(

• ant(caps( • white(ants(problem(on(site( • doesn't(exactly(stop(the(white(ants(from('eaXng'( the(Xmber(but(stops(them(from(going(from( Xmber(to(the(next(piece(of(Xmber(so(the(ants( have(to(come(out(into(the(open(for(us(to(use( chemicals(to(get(rid(of(them(

Site( • demoliXon(stage( • latent(condiXons(that(delayed(them( • unexpected(bluestone(foundaXon(

Materials( • Timber(joists(need(veiling(materials( for(fire(resistance(

• masonry(foundaXon(walls( • impact(loads(on(corner(house((in( case(a(car(bumps(into(the(wall)( • just(a(piece(of(the(wall(comes(off( while(the(whole(wall(sXll(stands( (like(studio(acXvity)( • steel(below(lintel(to(resist(tension(

Materials(

Group(2(

• Membrane(to(stop(moisture(from(going( into(bearers(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 33+ (

Week&7:&Detailing&Strategies&1& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Construction&Systems& Keep(water(away(from(openings( • grading((sloping)(roofs( • to(collect(water(in(gurers(which( then(discharge(the(water(to( downpipes(and(stormwater(systems( • overlapping(cladding(and(roofing( elements((like(weatherboards(and(roof( Xles)( • Slowing(window(and(door(sills(and( roof/wall(flashings( • Sloping(the(groud(surface(away(from( the(walls(at(the(base(of(buildings(

Openings( • planned((windows,(doors,(etc.)(or(unplanned((poor(construcXon( workmanship,(deteriorisaXon(of(materials(over(Xme,(etc.)( • techniques(to(remove(openings( • seal(openings(with( • sealants((silicone)(( • eg(in(juncXon(between(window/door(frame(and(brick(wall( • gaskets( • preformed(shapes(made(from(arXficial(rubbers,(etc.( • wrap(around(modules(and(once(compressed,(keep(water(out( • these(two(rely(on(correct(installaXon(and(will(deteriorate(over(Xme( due(to(weathering(

CondiXons(for( water(entering( • opening( • water(present(at( opening( • force(to(move( water(through( openin( • all(condiXons( must(be(met.( remove(one(and( should(be(fine(

Neutralising(forces( • gravity( • slopes(and(overlaps( • flashing( • surface(tension(and(capillary(acXon( • creep(under((like(clinging(onto(surface)( • drip(or(a(break(between(surfaces(to(prevent(water( clinging(to(the(underside(of(surfaces((such(as(window( sill(or(parapet(capping)( • they(break(the(surface(tension(of(the(water(at(drip/ gap(locaXons( • capillary(acXon(movement(of(water(stops(and(the( water(is(released(in(drop(form( • momentum( • wind(momentum(can(push(water( • gaps(constructed(in(more(complex(labyrinth(shapes( • slws(momentum(of(moisture(and(helps(deflect(it(from( gap(entry( • air(pressure(differenXal( • high(pressure(to(low(pressure( • rain(screen(assemblies( • air(barrier(on(the(internal(side(of(labyrinth( • venXlated(and(drained(pressure(equalisaXon( chamber((PEC)(is(created( • water(is(no(longer('pumped'(to(inside(of(assembly(

Detailing( for(Heat( and( Moisture(

Strategies( • remove(openings( • keep(water(away(from( openings( • neutalise(forces(that( move(water(through( openings( • 2(or(more(strategies(as( back(up( • things(do(fail(over( Xme(

Detailing(for(heat( • heat(gain(and(loss(occurs(when( • heat(is(conducted(through(the( building(envelope( • building(envelope(and(building( elements(are(subjected(to(radiant( heat(sources( • thermal(mass(is(used(to(regulate( flow(of(heat(through(the(building( envelope( • effecXve(control(of(heat(gan(and(loss( saves(energy,(money(and(increases( comfort(levels(for(occupants(

Controlling(heat( • conducXon( • thermal(insulaXon(to(reduce(heat(conducXon( • thermal(breaks(made(from(low(conducXve( materials((rubber,(plasXcs)(to(reduce(heat(transfer( from(outside(to(inside((and(vice(versa)(when(using( highly(conducXve(materials( • double(glazing((or(triple)( • air(spaces(between(glass(panes(reduces(flow(of( heat(through(the(glazed(elements( • radiaXon( • reflecXve(surfaces( • lowhe(glass,(reflecXve(materials,(lighter(colours,( etc.( • shading(systems( • verandahs,(eaves,(solar(shelves,(blinds,(screens,( vegetaXon( • from(outside(rather(than(shading(inside.( • blinds(and(curtains(will(be(good(for(controlling( heat(loss( • thermal(mass( • large(areas(of(thermal(mass(absorb(and(store(heat( to(be(released(when(temperatures(drop( • effecXve(when(there(are(large(differences(in(day( and(night(temperatures( • masonry,(concrete,(water(bodies( • controlling(air(leakage( • similar(to(controlling(water(entry((same( condiXons)( • air(entering(will(make(interior(dramy(and(air( leaking(makes(it(difficult(to(mantain(adequate( heaXng( • strategies( • wrapping(building(in(polyethylene(or(reflecXve( foil(sarking(to(provide(an(air(barrier(weather( stripping(around(doors(and(windows(and(other( openings( • sealants(and(gaskets(like(water(controlling(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 34+ (

Week&8:&Openings& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Curtain(walls( • hybrid(between(window(and(wall( • window(system(hung(off(concrete(structure(of( building( • carries(its(own(load(and(transfere(load(ino(the( concrete(

Doors( • Door(and(door(frame(materials( • aluminium( • steel( • security(purposes(

Openings(

Windows( • ornate(windows( • think(about(cleaning( • window(and(frame(materials( • Xmber( • aluminium( • common(in(commercial(buildings( • steel( • not(as(common(now( • can(be(costly( • frames(welded(together( • Carry(loads(around(windows(rather(than( through(windows(

( & & & & & & & & &

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 35+ (

Week&9:&Detailing&Strategies&2& E8Learning&&&Readings& Construction&Systems& Materials&

Al(sheet(composites(

What(

• Al(and(plasXc( • plasXc(core(of(phenolic(resin( (or(a(honeycomb(sheet)(lined( with(2(external(skins(of(thin(Al( sheet( • feature(cladding(material(in( interior(and(exterior( applicaXons( • reduced(amounts(of(Al(are( requied(and(lighter,(less( expensive(sheets(can(be( produced,(which(are(weather( resistant,(unbreakable(and( shock(resistant.(Variety(of( finishes(can(be(specified(and( 'seamless'(details(can(be( achieved(with(careful(cuzng,( folding,(bending(and(fixing(

• combinaXon(of(materials(which( differ(in(composiXon(or(form( • remain(bonded(togerher( • retain(their(idenXXes(and( preoperXes( • act(together(to(provide(specific(or( synergesXc(characterisXcs(not( obtainable(by(any(of(the(original( components(acXng(along(

Timber(composites(

Fibreglass(

Types( • fibrous( • containing(conXnuous(or( disconXnuous(fibres( • laminar( • eg(sandwich(panels( • parXculate( • eg(gravel(and(resins( • hybrid( • combinaXons(of(two(or( more(composite(types(

• mixture(of(glass(fibres(and( epoxy(resins((glass(fibres( omen(used(in(a(fabric(or(tape( form)( • flat(and(profiled(sheet( products(and(formed/shaped( products( • transparent(or(translucent( roof/wall(cladding(and(for( preformed(shaped(products( such(as(water(tanks,(baths,( swimming(pools,(etc.( • fire(resistant,(weatherproof,( relaXvely(light(weight(and( strong(

Fibre(reinforced(cement((FRC)( • cellulose((or(glass)(fibres,(portland(cement,(sand(&(water( • sheet(and(board(products((called(FC(sheet),(shape( products((pipes,(roof(Xles(etc.)( • cladding(for(exterior(or(interior((wet(area)(walls,(floor( panels((under(Xles)( • Fibre(cement(building(materials(will(not(burn,(resistant(to( permanent(waterand(termite(damage,(resistant(to(rozng( and(warping.(Reasonably(inexpensive(

Composite( Materials(

• solid(Xmber,(engineered(Xmber( (solid(and(sheet),(galvanised(pressed( steel( • Xmber(top(and(borom(chords(with( gal.(steel(or(engineered(board/ plywood(webs( • beams((floor(joists(and(roof(ramers)( and(trusses( • minimum(amount(of(material(is(used( for(max(efficiency,(cost(effecXve,( easy(to(install,(easy(to(accommodate( services(

Fibre(reinforcedpolymers( • polymers((plasXcs)(with(Xmber,(glass(or( carbon(fibres( • moulded(or(pultrusion(processed( products( • decking((&(external(cladding),(structural( elements(such(as(beams(and(columns(for( public(pedestrian(bridges(using(glass(or( carbon(fibres,(carbon(fibre(reinforced( polymer(rebar( • high(stregth(FRP(materials(with(glass(or( carbon(fibre(reinforcements(provide(a( strengthhtohweigher(raXon(greater(than( steel.(Corrosion(resistant(

(

Studio& 127h129(Murray(Street(is(a(lowhrise(building(for(28(apartments.(( ( The( structure( has( heavier( elements( at( the( bottom,( using( lighter( elements( on( higher( floors( due( to( the( fact( that( the( lower( floors( and( substructure( has( to( support( the( dead( and( live( loads( of( the( upper( floors( as( well.( Concrete( columns( are( used( at( the( basement,( with( structural( steel( columns( and( timber( framing( on( upper( floors.(( Area( for( car( double( stacker(

Propping( in(tension(

a fe r(s

Ba

rr

ty(

o e(f d ( ica

( The( excavation( of( the( basement( required( a( strong( retaining( wall( because( this( particular( wall( is( at( the( boundary( of( the( Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 36+ (

building(and(needs(to(support(the(soil(and(the(building(next(to(it.(( ( ( ( ( The(wall(on(the(right((beyond(the(photograph)(had(its(concrete(sprayed(on(to(it.(This(has(the(benefit(of(low( permeability( (Sprayed( Concrete( Association,( 1999),( saving( material( costs( of( formwork( otherwise( required,( having( a( quicker( construction( progress( (Portland( Cement( Lifting( points( Association,( n.d.),( thus( saving( labour( costs,( and( can( be( used( for( complex( geometries( and( curves( (Sprayed( Concrete( Association,( 1999)( (although( this( is( not( applicable( on( this(site).(On(this(wall(saw(cuts(were(are(made.(These( are( done( in( an( attempt( to( get( concrete,(whose(cracking(is(unavoidable,(on(the(saw( cuts(itself(and(not(in(a(location(that( will(have(consequences(on(the(structural(integrity(of( the(wall(and(thus(the(system.( ( The( columns( in( this( basement( are( precast( concrete( columns.( These,( in( addition( to( Starter(bar( better( quality( control,( are( easy( to( assemble( and( on( site( labour( costs( can( be( saved.( holes(filled( Starter( bars( are( added( to( the( concrete( slab.( These( are( then( aligned( with( holes( in(with( predrilled( on( the( base( of( the( precast( concrete( and( bent( at( a( 90°( angle( before( concrete( emerging( on( holes( parallel( to( the( face( of( the( concrete.( These( holes( are( then( filled(in(with(concrete.(( ( The(ceiling(of(this(basement(consists(of(a(concrete(slab(without(any(beams.(This(might(mean(that(the(slab( has(to(be(thicker((350mm(in(this(case),(thus(lowering(the(height(of(the(ceiling,(in(addition(to(a(higher(cost(for( the(additional(material(required.(However,(if(the(reduced(vertical(space(is(not(a(problem,(this(option(saves( labour(costs(as(the(slab(is(a(straight(and(flat(surface,(as(compared(to(workers(having(to(add(the(formwork( required(for(beams.(( ( This(particular(project((and(possibly(other(projects(of(this(scale)(is(estimated(to(have(labour(costs(as(70%(of( its( total( costs.( This( might( be( due( to( the( high( labour( costs( in( Australia( or( could( be( due( to( the( fact( that( a( project(of(this(scale(can(make(use(of(economies(of(scale(in(terms(of(material(usage,(reducing(the(proportion( of( material( to( labour( costs.( A( small( scale( residential( has( an( estimated( material( labour( cost( proportion( of( 50%h50%.( This( might( be( due( to( the( costs( of( materials( having( a( higher( proportion( than( that( of( this( site,( possibly(due(to(the(architect(s)(specifying(materials(that(are(more(costly.(This(70%h30%(cost(has(implications( on( how( the( project( proceeds.( Decisions( will( be( made( to( save( labour( costs( rather( than( material( costs,( as( compared( to( other( places( with( cheaper( labour.( A( possible( consequence( of( this( decision( would( be( the( speeding(up(of(the(construction(process,(which(may(result(in(different(trades(of(workers(on(site(at(the(same( time,( working( on( different( areas( of( the( project,( rather( than( having( each( trade( come( in( separately( to( complete(a(particular(area(before(being(called(in(again(to(complete(the(next(area(when(it(is(ready(for(his/her( trade(to(work(on(the(new(area.(( ( Another(priority(when(it(comes(to(labour(in(Australia(is(the(safety(considerations.(For( example,(high(edges(are(barricaded.(With(regards(to(started(bars,(these(are(bent(up(to( prevent(tripping(employees(and(covered(with(a(safety(cap(because(of(its(sharp(edge.(( ( The( lift( and( stair( shafts,( whose( walls( are( made( from( concrete,( are( shear( walls( for( this( building.( Shear( walls( are( said( to( be( “most( efficient( when( they( align( vertically( and( are( supported( on( foundation( walls( or( footings�( and( this( applies( to( the(use(of(shear(walls(on(the(lift(and(stair(shafts(as( Other(two(walls(resist( they(do(line(up(vertically.(( horizontal(forces(from( the(other(direction(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 37+

( Other( instances( of( lining( things( up( in( this( building( are( the( services( (showers,( etc.)( and( the( structural( steel( columns,( which( are( welded( to( the( column( below( and/or( above.( In( order( to( line( these( up( properly,( measurements(have(to(be(very(accurate.(( ( Suspended( slabs( are( used( on( upper( floors.( These( need( Plywood(formwork( proppings( to( support( the( plywood( formwork( until( the( Some(bearers(and( concrete( reaches( its( maximum( strength.( Plywood( as( a( joists(have(already( material(has(low(costs(but(it(is(usually(not(strong(enough(for( been(removed( formwork(and(thus(the(timber(bearers(and(steel(proppings( Bearers(and(joists(are( are( needed( to( support( the( floating( slab( while( the( concrete( colour(coded.(These( could(represent( strengthens.( These( proppings( also( need( to( be( able( to( strength(of(timber(or( support( that(they(are(to(be( removed( the( ( concrete(slab(and(its(plywood(formwork(because(of(the( nature( of( the( suspended( slab.( Suspended( slabs,( unlike( slabs( on( the( ground,( do( not( get( support( from( the( ground.((

On( the( upper( floor,( the( concrete( had( not( been( poured( More(steel(at( in(and(we(were(able(to(see(the( change(of(corners( reinforcement(mesh.(( ( Hole(that(has(to(be( ( covered(before( ( concrete(is(poured(in( ( ( ( ( Reinforcement( doubled( back( to( compensate( for( ( the(lack(of(reinforcement(at(the(edge(of(the(slab.( ( Having(the(reinforcement(too(close(to(the(surface( ( of(concrete(might(mean(that(the(steel(will(expand( ( when(it(rusts,(pushing(the(concrete(out( ( ( An( instance( of( a( detail( is( a( slight( difference( in( floor( levels( in( a( particular( area,( as( per( the( architect’s( request( or( having( the( base( of( the( door( flushed( with( (on( the( same( level( as)( the( floor,( rather( than( having(the(sill(on(top(of(the(finished(floor(level.(((

Seat(for(the( reinforcement(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 38+ (

Week&10:&When&Things&Go&Wrong& E8Learning&&&Readings& Structural&Concepts& Design(strategies( Wind(and(Earthquake(Forces( • Wind(forces( • surface(area(( • load(is(greater(when(it's(higher( • Earthquake(forces( • amount(of(mass(above( foundaXon( • acts(at(base(

Strategies( • Bracing( • Diaphragm( • spreads(the(force(evenly( • Shear(walls( • Transferring(horizontal(into(verXcal(forces( • weight(of(wall(resisXng(overturning( • Moment(joints( • concrete(slabs(into(columns( • horizontal(and(verXcal(acts(together( • moment(resisXng(frames( • Seismic(base(isolator( • metal(plates,(rubber,(to(lim(building(above( ground(

Lateral( Loads(

• Wind( • tall(thin(is(vulnerable(effect( • large(surface(area(to(wind( • CanXlevered(or(large(openings(are(vulnerable( • can(have(uplim( • Earthquake(loads( • don't(use(asymmetry( • slope( • one(end(will(move(more(than(the(other( • use(horizontal(bracing(and(reinforcement(to(reinforce(columns(and(sXffen(one(end(of(the(building( • more(open( • one(will(move(more( • make(them(a(symmetrical( • asymmetrical(buildings((different(heights)( • separate(them(so(they(move(indepently(to(one(another( • otherwise(one(moving(at(a(faster(rate(causes(stress(in(the(centre( • each('new'(building(is(asymmetrical( • U(building( • one(end(sXffer( • use(bracing(to(help(them(move(in(one(enXty( • som(story( • open(foyer( • sXffen(som(story( • rehentrant(corner( • internal(corner( • one(wing(can(move(more(than(the(other( • sXffen(the(internal(corner( • disconXnuous(structural(members( • areas(of(stress(and(weaknesses(when(upper(storey(members(move(disconXnuously(down(to( foundaXon( • no(columns(beneath(the(uper(columns( • add(columns(beneath( • if(not(the(members(just(have(to(be(able(to(resist(the(loads( • if(building(is(treated(symmetrically(it(will(be(able(to(resist(horizontal(forces(more(evenly( • use(shear(walls(at(both(ends(rather(than(just(one(to(resist(torsion(

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 39+ (

Glossary& +

Term( Ashlar(Blocks( Anchor(Bolt( Bearer( Bed(

Bed(Joint(

Bracing( Bond( Collar(Joint( Commons( Consolidate(

Course(

Carbon( Footprint( Differential( Settlement( Eave( Embodied( Energy( Expansion( Joint(

Definition( Square(edged(cut((stone)(blocks((ENVS10003,(2014)( A( bolt( for( securing( a( part( to( masonry( or( other( material( (MerriamhWebster,(n.d.)( A(primary(beam( 1. One(of(the(faces(of(a(brick( 2. “Layer(of(mortar(in(which(a(masonry(unit(is(laid”((Ching,( 2008)(

Illustration( ( ( ( (

+ + Horizontal( joint( between( two( masonry( courses( (Ching,( + 2008)( Red:( one( of( the( few( horizontal( joints( Additional(support(to(prevent(a(member(from(buckling( h( Different( patterns/arrangement( of( bricks( or( other( masonry( h( units((ENVS10003,(2014)( Vertical(joint(between(two(wythes(of(masonry((Ching,(2008)( h( A( concrete( product( smaller( than( concrete( blocks( h( (ENVS10003,(2014)( Soil( beneath( foundation( becomes( more( dense( (air( and( water(in(soil(is(removed)(because(of(the(load(of(the(building( h( (Ching,(2008)( ( ( A(horizontal(row(of(masonry(units((ENVS10003,(2014)( ( Red:(course( Amount( of( greenhouse( gases( generated( during( fabrication,( transportation( and( use( of( a( material/product( (ENVS10003,( h( 2014)( Settlement(that(is(uneven((ENVS10003,(2014)(

h( h(

Head(

An(overhang( Total( energy( (oil,( water,( power)( used( during( all( stages( of( a( material’s(life((ENVS10003,(2014)( Gap( between( concrete( to( allow( for( movement( due( to( thermal(variations( Used( to( transfer( the( loads( from( the( superstructure( to( the( soil(beneath( Wall(where(rocks(are(contained(within(a(mesh((ENVS10003,( 2014)( Top(of(door((

Head(Joint(

Vertical(joint(between(two(masonry(units((Ching,(2008)(

Footing( Gabion(Wall(

h( h( h( h( h( ( ( ( Red:( One( of( the(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 40+ (

few( joints( One( of( the( faces( of( a( brick( (ENVS10003,( 2014).( A( header( refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(header(is(exposed(or( Header( parallel( to( the( surface( (Ching,( 2008).( It’s( laid( on( its( bed,( as( compared( to( being( laid( on( its( stretcher( (rowlock)( (Ching,( 2008)( Header(course( A(course(with(the(header(face(exposed((ENVS10003,(2014)( A( roof( truss( at( an( angle( to( the( other( trusses,( resulting( in( a( Hip(truss( different(plane(of(roof(rather(than(a(gable(roof( Joist( A(secondary(beam( The(path(of(an(applied(load(when(it(is(being(transferred(to( Load(Path( the(ground.(( Work( done( using( stone,( concrete( or( brick( (Merriamh Masonry( Webster)( Night( Air( Opening(windows(at(night(to(replace(warm(air(in(a(building( Purging( with(cool(air.( A(type(of(footing(in(which(a(column’s(loads(are(transferred( Pad(Footing( over(a(wider(area( Vertical( joint( between( two( masonry( units( (ENVS10003,( Perpend( 2014).(Also(a(head(joint((Ching,(2008)( A(wall(that(holds(back(earth,(possibly(because(the(earth(on( Retaining(Wall( one(side(is(higher(than(on(another((ENVS10003,(2014)( A(rowlock(refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(header(is( exposed(or(parallel(to(the(surface((Ching,(2008).(It’s(laid(on( Rowlock( its(stretcher,(as(compared(to(being(laid(on(its(bed((header)( (Ching,(2008)( Rubble(Stone( Roughly(cut(stone((ENVS10003,(2014)( ( ( ( Used( to( describe( a( force.( ‘Direction’( of( a( force( describes( Sense( where(the(force(is(oriented(in(space(while(‘Sense’(of(a(force( describes(which(way(forces(with(the(same(direction(point.(( ( ( Gradual( sinking( of( a( structure( (ENVS10003,( 2014)( because( Settlement( the(soil(consolidates((Ching,(2008)( Sill( Bottom(of(door(or(window( A(soldier(refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(stretcher(is( exposed(or(parallel(to(the(surface((Ching,(2008).(It’s(laid(on( Soldier( its(header,(as(compared(to(being(laid(on(its(bed((stretcher)( (Ching,(2008)( Stud( Vertical(timber(members(in(a(timber(frame(system( One(of(the(faces(of(a(brick((ENVS10003,(2014).(A(stretcher( refers(to(a(brick(that’s(laid(such(that(its(stretcher(is(exposed( Stretcher( or( parallel( to( the( surface( (Ching,( 2008).( It’s( laid( on( its( bed,( as( compared( to( being( laid( on( its( header( (soldier)( (Ching,( 2008)( Stretcher( A( course( with( the( stretcher( face( being( exposed(

vertical(

( h( h( ( h( h( h( h( h( h( ( ( h( ( ( These( forces( have( the( same( direction( but( a( different(sense( h( h( (

h( (

h(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 41+ (

Course( Strip(Footing( Strut( Substructure( Tanking( Tie( Thermal(Mass(

Underpinning(

Underpurlin( Water( Harvesting(

Wythe(

(ENVS10003,(2014)( A(type(of(footing(for(a(row(of(columns(or(a(wall( An( element( that( undergoes( compression( along( its( longitudinal(axis((ENVS10003,(2014)( The( foundation( of( a( building.( It( can( be( below( or( partly( below(the(surface((Ching,(2008)( Placing(a(membrane(around(construction(for(waterproofing( purposes((ENVS1003,(2014)( An( element( that( undergoes( tension( along( its( longitudinal( axis((ENVS10003,(2014)( Measure( of( a( material’s( resistance( to( change( in( temperature.( High( thermal( mass( =( more( heat( absorbed( (AUTODESK)( Rebuilding( or( strengthening( the( foundation( (or( is( it( footing?)( of( an( existing( building( when( the( excavation( of( a( new( adjacent( building( is( deeper( than( its( existing( footing( (Ching,(2008)( Element( that( is( under( and( perpendicular( to( rafters( (Build( Right,(n.d.)( Reusing( water.( Can( be( greywater( harvesting( or( rainwater( harvesting(

h( h( h( h( h( h(

h(

h( h(

( ( “Continuous( vertical( section( of( a( masonry( one( unit( in( h( thickness”((Ching,(2008)( ( (

+

(

Constructing+Environments+Logbook+ 42+ (

References AUTODESK.Sustainability workshop. Retrieved March 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/thermal-mass Build Right.Conventional roof framing. Retrieved May 19, 2014, Retrieved from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/12_roof_systems/02_co nventional_roof_framing/page_008.htm Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.08 - 2.10). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.11). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 2.02 - 2.04). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ching, F. (2008). The building site. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 1.07). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ESD and selecting materials. . (2014, 9 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

Melbourne's bluestone. . (2014, 6 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 19, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/masonry Merriam-Webster.Anchor bolt. Retrieved May 19, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/anchor%20bolt Portland Cement Association.Shotcrete. Retrieved May 17, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/homes/building-systems/shotcrete Sprayed Concrete Association.Introduction to sprayed concrete.

W01 m1 introduction to materials. . (2014, March 5).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W02 s1 structural systems. . (2014, 9 March).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_c1 footings & foundations. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

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w03_m2 introduction to masonry. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m3 bricks. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m4 stone. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_m5 concrete blocks. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03_s1 structural elements. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w03-m1 introduction to mass construction. . (2014, March 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_c1 floor systems. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m1 concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m2 in situ concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w04_m3 pre cast concrete. . (2014, March 25).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w05_c1 walls, grids and columns. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W05_m1 from wood to timber. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W05_m2 timber properties and considerations. . (2014, April 1).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W06_c1 roof systems. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W06_m1 introduction to metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] W06_m2 ferrous metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] W06_m3 non ferrous metals. . (2014, April 9).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W07_c1 detailing for heat and moisture. . (2014, April 16).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003. w08_c1 openings: Doors & windows. . (2014, April 30).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

W10_s1 lateral supports. . (2014, May 13).[Video/DVD] ENVS10003.

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