NETWORK by Politecnico di Milano

NETWORK

NETWORK by Benjamin MACAIRE

Didactic exercise Fall Semester 2010

Interior worlds : Network Main Editor Gennaro Postiglione Course of Interior Architecture Faculty of Architettura e SocietĂ Politecnico di Milano www.lablog.org.uk Editor Benjamin MACAIRE

only for pedagogic purpose not for commercial use

INDEX 00_NETWORK by Paul SMITH ‘01_The World’s Fair, Paris 1900 ‘02_The Ford T, Detroit 1900 ‘03_The Metropolitan, Paris 1900 ‘04_The Gare de Lyon, Paris 1900 ‘05_The Flat-Iron Building, New York 1900 ‘06_Municipal Theater of Tunis, Tunis 1902 ‘07_The Saint Jude Sanctuary, Montreal 1903 ‘08_Newspaper L’Humanité, Paris 1904 ‘09_Budapest Parliament, Budapest 1904 ‘10_The Grand Central Terminal, New York 1910 ‘11_Hotel Carlton, Cannes 1911 ‘12_ Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia 1912

‘13_Fagus Factory, Afeld 1913 ‘14_House bench for the new town, 1914

‘31_Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, San Francisco 1931 ‘32_John W McCornack Post Office and courthouse, Boston 1931

‘15_Parc Güell, Barcelone 1914 ‘33_Cinema Le grand Rex, Paris 1932 ‘16_Lake View Store, Duluth 1915 ‘34_Mercato Generale, Genova 1934 ‘17_Indistrial City, 1917 ‘35_Orvieto Sheds, Orvieto 1935 ‘18_Bauhaus School, Weimar 1919 ‘36_Bay Bridge, San Francisco 1936 ‘19_Bridge release, Villeneuve-sur-Lot 1919

‘37_Garage des Nations, Genève 1936

‘20_City Hall, Rotterdam 1920

‘38_Intourist Parking, Moscou 1936

‘21_Tour SHOKHOV,Moscou 1922

‘39_Water station north, Moscou 1937

‘22_Lakes Highway, Milan 1924

‘40_Esso Manual, USA 1938

‘23_Cafe de Unie, Rotterdam 1925

‘41_Villa Mairea, Noormarkku 1941

‘24_Pessac housing estate, Pessac 1926

‘42_Hatch Shell, Boston,1941

‘25_Warehouse Union Brauerei, Dortmund 1927

‘43_ Economic and Social Council, Paris, 1946

‘26_Market Hall, Leipzing 1929

‘44_ Administration Building University of Chicago, Chicago, 1946

‘27_Renault Factory, Boulogne 1929 ‘28_Zuev House of culture, Moscou 1929

‘45_Stade Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid 1947

‘29_Burevestnik Factory Club, Moscou 1930

‘46_ Kaufman Desert House, Palm Spring 1947

‘30_Cloverleaf, USA 1930

‘47_ Case of Study House n°8, Pacific Palisades, 1949

‘48_Circle Galery, San Francisco, 1949

‘66_Highline Subway, New York 1968

‘49_Maison de Verre, New Canaan 1950

‘67_Gaz station, Deitingen 1968

‘50_Port Authority Bus Terminal, New York, 1950

‘68_Royal Library of Belgium, Bruxels 1969

‘51_Gatty Wool Factory, Rome 1951

‘69_Cap 3000, Nice 1969

‘52_Unité d’habitation, Marseille 1952

‘70_Urban station Charles de GaulleEtoile, Paris 1970

‘53_Esso Kiosk, Utrech 1953 ‘54_Northland Shopping Center, Detroit 1954

‘71_Papal audience hall, Vatican City 1971

‘55_Piazza del Municipio, Le Havre 1954

‘72_Phillips Exeter Library, New Hampshire 1972

‘56_Mackinac Bridge, Michigan 1957

‘73_Montparnasse Tower, Paris 1972

‘57_Pavillon de la danse, Cologne 1957

‘74_Blaser Swisslube AG, Bern 1973

‘58_CNIT, Puteaux 1958

‘75_World Trade Center, New York 1973

‘59_Guggenheim Museum, New York 1959

‘76_Roissy Terminal 1, Paris 1974 ‘77_Miro Foundation, Barcelona 1975

‘60_Coop distribution center, Wanger Bei Olten 1960

‘78_Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris 1977

‘61_TWA Terminal, Brooklin 1962 ‘79_Totem Tour, Paris 1978 ‘62_Philharmonique, Berlin 1963 ‘80_Forum des Halles, Paris 1979 ‘63_Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia 1963

‘81_Folies La Villette Parc, Paris 1983

‘64_Mt Blanc Tunnel, Chamonix 1965

‘82_McDonald’s Coporation, Illinois 1983

‘65_Tricorn Center, Portsmouth 1966

‘83_Brno central bus station, Brno 1984

‘84_HSBC headquarter, Hong Kong 1984 ‘85_Tour TOTAL, La Defence 1985 ‘86_Lloyds Bank, Londres 1986 ‘87_Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris 1987 ‘88_Louvre Pyramid, Paris 1989 ‘89_Children’s Museum, Himeji 1990 ‘90_W W Stool 1990 ‘91_BIGO,Genova 1992 ‘92_Stuttgart Airport, Stuttgart 1992 ‘93_Bus stop, Hannover 1994 ‘94_Fabrica Benetton, Trevise 1994 ‘95_Alameda Subway Station, Valencia 1995 ‘96_French terminal of the Channel Tunnel, Calais 1995 ‘97_Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam 1996 ‘98_Saint Exupéry TGV station, Lyon, 1996 ‘99_Dominus Winery, Younthville 1997 ‘00_Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao 1997 ‘My design_ Digital connection

Network by Paul Smith

Abstract NetWork NetWork has emerged from a contemporary worldwide phenomenon, culturally manifested as a consequence of globalization and the knowledge economy. It is in this context that the internet revolution has prompted a radical re-ordering of social and institutional relations and the associated structures, processes and places which support them. Within the duality of virtual space and the augmentation of traditional notions of physical place, the organizational structures pose new challenges for the design professions. Technological developments increasingly permit communication anytime and anywhere, and provide the opportunity for both synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. The resultant ecology formed through the network enterprise has resulted in an often convoluted and complex world wherein

designers are forced to consider the relevance and meaning of this new context. The role of technology and that of space are thus intertwined in the relation between the network and the individual workplace. This paper explores a way to inform the interior design process for contemporary workplace environments. It reports on both theoretical and practical outcomes through an Australia-wide case study of three collaborating, yet independent business entities. It further suggests the link between workplace design and successful business innovation being realized between partnering organizations in Great Britain. Evidence presented indicates that, for architects and interior designers, the scope of the problem has widened, the depth of knowledge required to provide solutions has increased, and the rules of engagement are required to change. The ontological and pistemological positions adopted in the study enabled the spatial

dimensions to be examined from both within and beyond the confines of a traditional design only viewpoint. Importantly it highlights the significance of a trans-disciplinary collaboration in dealing with the multiple layers and complexity of the contemporary social and business world, from both a research and practice perspective.

Paper Network Paul Smith Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (Australia) Networks have changed the way society is organized and how individuals interact within it. Whilst they are not new structures of human practice, through the interconnection of individual nodes, powered by the information transfer capabilities of linked technologies, they have taken on a totally new significance. According to Bullock and Trombley â&#x20AC;&#x153;a network comprises a field of social relations, understood as being made up of different elements linked through multiplex relationships and comprising both interactional and structural criteria.â&#x20AC;? (1)

Network enterprises, epitomized by corporate collaborations, joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnerships, and supply chain optimization, have transformed business management into networks of cooperation. These herald the emergence of a new kind of sociotechnical pattern of interaction between humans and technology, enacted by the person to person networks established. It would be naive to assume that such new patterns of social interaction do not also require an assessment of the role played by the built environment and those responsible for its creation and design. This places interior design and thus interior designers firmly within an emergent context and also as critical participants involved in a discourse around which the future is germinating.

The world we live in Today’s networks have emerged from within a contemporary worldwide phenomenon, culturally manifested as a consequence of globalization and the knowledge economy. It is in this context that the internet revolution has prompted a radical re-ordering of social and institutional relationships and the associated structures, processes, and places to support these. Within the duality of virtual space and the augmentation of traditional notions of physical place, organizational structures pose new challenges for the design professions. Technological developments increasingly permit communication anytime and anywhere, and provide the opportunity for both synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. The resultant ecology formed through the network enterprise has resulted in an often convoluted and complex world wherein designers are forced to consider the relevance and meaning of this new context. The role of technology and that of space are thus intertwined in the relationship between the network and the individual workplace. Globalization refers to a range of significant world changes encompassing social, cultural, political, religious, and economic issues. Castells referred to globalization as “the process by which human activity in its different dimensions becomes selectively and asymmetrically organized in interactive networks of performance that function on a planetary scale in real time.” (2) It can be linked to two distinct phenomena, the information technology revolution and the major socio-economic restructuring of western society that began taking place in the mid 1970s. As the global marketplace and the knowledge economy expand into the twenty-first century,

the amount of accompanying information appears also to be growing exponentially. Work, education, family life, and politics are all responding to the possibilities opened up by the enormous expansion as well as the speed and subtlety of its processing. A A new social structure The new social structure of the network society is made up of networks of production, consumption, power, and experience. Within this, productivity and competitiveness are the commanding processes of the economy. It is believed that productivity stems from innovation, whereas competitiveness is dependent on the capacity to be flexible. Thus firms, regions, countries, economic units of all kinds, are inclined to gear their production relationships to maximize innovation and flexibility. This has resulted in a dynamic world of hyper-competition, the pressure for companies to be innovative, the realignment of corporate activities, and the resulting re-invention of business, all now dominating organizational life. The creation of new knowledge, the effective capture of existing knowledge, and the efficient transfer or dissemination of this knowledge both internally and externally, are the characteristics which are permeating companies at the dawn of the new century. (3) (4) Knowledge management theory regards the level of information connection in organizations as an important part of the knowledge creation process and interaction in an office environment is seen as essential to enhance people’s knowledge. (5) Modern organizations are increasingly being perceived and described as ecosystems in which tacit knowledge is developed and exchanged through conversations, formal and informal. Communication, in the broad sense of an exchange of meaning may even be the fundamental production process

of the knowledge economy. Workplace design is increasingly being perceived by both management and workers to be one of the main organizational factors in either the facilitation of, or as an impediment to the transfer of knowledge. (6) (7) Social networks The concept of social networks and the ability to facilitate their creation and maintenance has implications for the built environment and the physical infrastructure of organizations. Physical closeness or propinquity is often critical to encouraging interaction, in breaking down the barriers between tribes within organizations, and in facilitating opportunities for face-to-face meetings. In the distant past, networks began as face-to-face encounters and conversations. That legacy continues today. Virtual-teams, tele-commuters, and employees who utilize hot-desking facilities represent a special challenge in today’s organizations. It is necessary to create places and reasons for people to encounter each other. Unwin (8) made reference to the importance of the ancient hearth as a place for establishing relationships and face-to-face encounters. It appears that the ancient art of managing networks around the hearth is making a comeback precisely because of the challenges faced by working virtually. The challenge for interior designers is to understand what organizational members interpret as today’s equivalent of the ancient hearth in terms of actual physical space or the symbols which supplement the lack of place. Application to workplace design The micro-level processes of how knowledge is enabled in firms is still very much in the exploratory stage but insights being realized through research are highlighting that

the issues of network management, social networks, and the network of spatial implications are important for the future of organizations. Of particular relevance for architects and interior designers is the need for a reconsideration of the spaces and places within which firms undertake their operations. Unlike information, knowledge is embedded in people and knowledge creation occurs in the process of social interaction. This was noted by Wiig in his findings that “people and their behaviors contribute much more to the enterprise success than conventional assets”, (9) and confirmed by Burgess (10) in his PhD dissertation on the social factors impacting on supply chain innovation. It is apparent that future organizations will still be comprised of communities but the extended organizations of the knowledge economy may well be comprised of communities with potentially different social dynamics. These will require new interpretations of places and spaces by interior designers, encompassing permanent and temporary physical settings, together with virtual venues, and the meanings that these take on will depend on the interactions within the various networks. A case of being-at-work The phenomenon of new inter-organizational contexts enabled the identification of a gap in the knowledge relative to workplace design. The literature and research available indicated that there had always been a monoorganizational focus in relation to the strategies driving workplace design. (11) The specific investigation across inter-organizational contexts in a network configuration, prior to the NetWorkPlaceTM© study, had not been attempted. (12) This study became a critical component of an over-arching supply chain optimization research initiative involving an

investigation which encompassed three corporations, extending a distance of over 12,000 kilometers across Australia. It was conducted over a twoyear period by a trans-disciplinary team comprising a collaborative partnership between industry practitioners and academic researchers from four different universities. The NetWorkPlaceTM© study sought to investigate issues pertaining to organizational, sociological, technological, and spatial perspectives in order to uncover the complex dynamics of the network setting. Subsequent to this, a recent research collaboration with a U.K. University in supply chain innovation being implemented by the British Ministry of Defence, has revealed a significant amount of evidence and as yet unpublished results which indicate that physical collocation of network members is generating improved performance efficiencies. The supply chain management literature (13) makes it clear that innovation gains are embedded in socio-economic networks. The Ministry of Defence is now working closer with suppliers to achieve innovative acquisition solutions and it is apparent that there is a need to foster more social engagement. While no definitive answer has yet emerged about how to guarantee an increase in the intangible assets such as trust and collaboration in order to increase innovation, there is a lot of evidence to suggest that spatial elements and workplace design do and will continue to play a role. The hype surrounding multi-disciplinary research in recent times appears to have captured the imagination of the management, information technology, and design disciplines amongst others. The belief is that by combining disciplines and incorporating

multiinstitutional collaboration, greater creativity and innovation can be achieved. Multi-disciplinary research connotes the involvement of a group of individual researchers from different specialty areas, combining their efforts towards a common outcome without any integration of the disciplines throughout the process. Newell and Swan described such an approach as the individuals being like “pieces of a jigsaw, where the pieces fit together but are not changed by being part of the jigsaw.” (14) The term trans-disciplinary research is deemed in the NetWorkPlaceTM© study to infer that the research experience in some way influences the disciplinary participants or at least impacts on the way they are liable to operate in the future. It posits a post-experience transition in attitude and how researchers and practitioners then apply their own disciplinary knowledge. This approach has been reinforced by Stegmeier’s (15) publication focusing on innovations in office design which reports on both a methodology and a number of successful case studies. The design of workplaces must be adapted to the ways that the structure and social complexions of organizations are being transformed through the requirements and trends associated with the knowledge economy. Design must correspond to the strategic and operational requirements of organizations both individually and as collaborative partners in the form of the network enterprise. The reshaping of space will rely heavily on new information technologies, not necessarily as the only or the primary cause of change, but certainly as a significant medium to facilitate the transformation and/ or creation of workplace settings in the network context. The roles that interior designers need to play in the workplace design process as a consequence of the network context requires a shift in the

traditional methods of investigation and the ways of engaging with clients, users, and trans-disciplinary collaborators. It follows that for architects and interior designers, the scope of the problem has widened, the depth of knowledge required to provide solutions has increased, and the rules of engagement are required to change to accommodate these. This places a responsibility on the profession at large to respond to the demands created by the network context. It is obvious then that networks is a key word in which the future is germinating. It is part of the morphology of an emerging vocabulary and a critical field of discourse for the discipline of interior design. It is a multi-dimensional descriptor, thus providing both the content and context to be embraced by designers for research and practice in the future.

(1) Bullock and Trombley 1999, 576. (2) Castells 1996, 198. (3) Von Krogh, Nonaka and Nishiguchi 2000. (4) Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt 2001. (5) Palmer and Richards 2000. (6) Kupritz 2002. (7) Elsbach and Bechky 2007. (8) Unwin 1997. (9) Wiig 1999, 164. (10) Burgess 2008. (11) Duffy 2001. (12) Smith 2008. (13) Burgess, Singh and Koroglu 2006. (14) Newell and Swan 2000, 1233. (15) Stegmeier 2008.

References Paul Smith He is Lecturer in Architecture and Interior Design and is currently Study Area Coordinator for the Interior Design Program at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Prior to this, he was an independent architectural practitioner for over 25 years and holds a PhD and an MBA. He has also worked in management consulting and corporate strategic planning roles. His trans-disciplinary research interest brings together experience and theory from the fields of architectural design, business, and human behavior. Bullock, Alan, and Stephen Trombley. 1999. The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. London: Harper Collins Publisher. Burgess, Kevin. 2008. The Role of the Social Factors in Generating Innovation within Mature Industry Supply Chains? A Case Study. PhD diss. RMIT University. Burgess, Kevin, Singh, Prakash. and Rana Koroglu. 2006. Supply Chain Management: A Structured Literature Review and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Operations&Production Management 26, no. 7: 703-729. Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Duffy, Frances. 2001. Office Environments: Where to Now? Architectural Record 189, no. 6: 143145. Elsbach, Kimberly D., and Beth A. Bechky. 2007. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s More than a Desk: Working Smarter Through Leveraged Office Design, California Management Review 49, no. 2: 80-101. Kupritz, Virginia W. 2002. The Relative Impact of Workplace Design on Training Transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly 13, no. 4: 427447. Newell, Susan, and Jacky Swan. 2000. Trust and Inter-organizational Networking. Human Relations, The Tavistock Institute 53, no. 10: 12871328.

Palmer, Joy, and Ian Richards. 2000. Get Knetted: Network Behaviour in the New Economy. Journal of Knowledge Management 3, no. 3: 191202. Smith, Paul. 2008. Workplace Design in the Knowledge Economy: A Case of the NetWorkPlaceTMÂŠ. PhD diss. Queensland University of Technology. Stegmeier, Diane. 2008. Innovations in Office Design: The Critical Influence Approach to Effective Work Environments. New York: John Wiley&Sons Inc. Tidd, Joe, Jhon Bessant, and Keith Pavitt. 2001. Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. New York: John Wiley&Sons. Unwin, Simon. 1997. Analysing Architecture, London: Routledge. von Krogh, Georg, Ikujiro Nonaka, and Toshihlro Nishiguchi. 2000. Knowledge Creation: A Source of Value, London: Macmillan Press Ltd. Wiig, Karl M. 1999. What Future Knowledge Management Users May Expect. Journal of Knowledge Management 3, no. 3: 155-165.

Network

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;01/Network/1900 Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fair

The Universal Exhibition of 1900 in Paris, is a presentation to the general public, multidisciplinary research involving researchers from various specialties. The aim of this international fair is to connect different disciple. The effect of this interconnection is expected to initiate the beginnings of the future functioning of our societies.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;02/Network/Ford T

The FORD T is the symbol of the birth of mass production. Is the consequence of a desire to increase productivity and production. It must then reorganize the method and design work. These changes will strongly influence how to design workspaces and how to consume American society.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;03/Network/Paris underground

Built for the Universal Exhibition of 1900 he was inaugurated a few months after the start of it. The Metropolitan is a new way to move very quickly in the city but als o represents a technological and cultural innovation. A new network was created. The architects of this innovation are Fulguence BienvenĂźe and Edmont Huet

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;04/Network/Paris Gare de Lyon

Gare de Lyon is one of the 5 main stations of Paris. The third stage of construction was completed in 1900 for the Exposition Universelle. It then becomes a node connection between the lines of national railways and the new Metropolitan of Paris. This promoting the exchange of goods and people.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;05/Network/Flat-Iron Building

The Flat Iron Building is an example of how to design a new space and the construction of a building. Externally the building contains the codes of a conventional design for its time with a Florentine-style facade, but structurally it is using a new method based on metal industry. It is this linking of different construction techniques that will enable the realization of a building so tall for the time. This is a new model in which the various techniques interact without alteration to form a united whole.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;06/Network/Municipal Theatre of Tunis

The Municipal Theater of Tunis is a new place to encourage social interaction within the city. The completion of this building has direct consequences for social and urban environment. He created a new urban centrality, a meeting place for different flows, a new physical proximity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;07/Network/Saint Jude Sanctuary

A church is always a place of social gathering which is very important inside a district. The design of its places of social interaction must correspond to the identification of the church as an equivalent of the old home by the protagonists, in terms of actual physical space or symbolically.

‘08/Network/Newspaper L’Humanité

The press was always a reason to seek to provide formal information. In order to transcribe the facts of society and the various structures of human practice. The consequence is to link the various social networks operating in the society such ecosystems and the breasts which knowledge are” exchanged through formal and informal conversations”.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;09/Network/Budapest Parliament

The parliament in Sofia was built to express the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sovereignty. The idea is to provide a new spatial support for the institutions of power to reorganize social relations and institutional, of the various structures involved. These new social interactions between the parties take place inside the building but also in the new urban area that it generates.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;10/Network/Grand Central Station

Grand Central Station can be considered as a node for different networks that can be found in New York. Grand Central is an urban entity, in this megalopolis. Crossroads in which the flows interact, where individual and collective spheres are confronted, Grand Central Station is characterized by its ability to accommodate these interactions and then throw them in the rest of the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;11/Network/Hotel Carlton

The Carlton Cannes is one of those institutions that act as lighthouses in his city. Their identities important, do they become spatial landmarks for the people. The Carlton is a magnet that connects social networks present in the region. The hotel offers a physical environment that is similar to the old home, a space to build relationships and encounters in situ. There is a reason, a place.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;12/Network/Alexander Nevsky Cathedral

Alexander Nevski Cathedral is a place of social gathering very important. The Cathedral acts as a centrality in the city. It is a center of important social interaction between various social entities. The completion of this building was made possible, by linking different fields of specialty. This interconnection multidisciplinary allowed the achievement of architectural entity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;13/Network/Fagus Factory

The Fagus factory designed by Gropius and Meyer is an illustration of the new way to design the workspace. The workplace is no longer an area impervious to outside influences. The workspace becomes a bright, warm, which interferes with its external environment. This new multidimensional structure promotes exchanges between these different social spheres.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;14/Network/house bench for the new town

The graphic expression of SANTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ELIA is an interpretation of the habitat of the new city. A thought in which the construction techniques would mix, providing a habitat designed like a massive power-house. Surpassing the urban habitat would no longer be a liability. It would become a permanent place of turmoil, active, mobile and dynamic. The habitat becomes a separate business area of the urban network.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;15/Network/Parc GĂźell

Parc Guell was designed initially as a city. This thought is reflected in the overall organization and space in the architectural elements that compose it. We assume the presence of a network built around a central position which is the great central square. The architecture of urban elements of the place encourages face-to-face, private and public flows interpenetration. The elements of the park movement architected to help create that interaction among social networks.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;16/Network/Lake View Store

The commercial center of Lake View is part of the first modern shopping centers in the world. The genesis and development of these new platforms multidisciplinary passes, can be attributed to the arrival of the automobile mass. Using more and more of this new transportation system by the American society, will generate a review of the concept of distance and space, thus supporting the emergence of a new type of social and business platforms.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;17/Network/Indistrial City

The industrial city of Tony GARNIER is a thought on the general organization of the future city. Or how to promote social effervescence. The town is built around a central core comprising the sporting and cultural activities on one side. On the other side one finds a vast area of social gathering, political and parliamentary. The idea of this vision is to articulate the city center around a public interaction center. He refocuses the flow in the heart of the city to promote trade and social gatherings.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;18/Network/Bauhaus School

The school of Bauhaus Founded by Walter Gropius Is an example of MultiDisciplinary interconnection. When You Look At The school program We Understand How the founders Have Connected The Different subjects and discipline of architecture. The school building, Which Promote Co-localization Of The protagonists, & the school program has generated strong Have Successfully creative emulation. This school was a center of interconnection of different disciplines.

‘19/Network/Bridge release

The bridge of liberation is one of the three downtown bridges of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. A bridge is an illustration of a physical connection. It connect the two parts of the city separated by the River. It is a major flows of goods and people moving into the city. But a bridge is not only a means of crossing. It is also a place that has a strong attraction. It’s a meeting place and social life. We don’t walk on a bridge like if we were in a street.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;20/Network/City Hall

The city hall belongs to the places needed in a city. The city hall has an important social, economic and political importance. The Town hall is the center of the city network. It is a space of engagement, of conflict, and social relations. The City Hall is the core of a city and generates around it, a major economic and social activity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;21/Network/Tour SHOKHOV

The Shokhov tower was originally planned for scientific experiments. Today it serves as transmitter of radio and television. The Shokhov tower is used to allow the dissemination of information and enable communication between different social spheres.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;22/Network/Lakes Highway

The highway of the lakes is an private initiative born from an Italian engineer. Its creation is a futuristic idea because at that time the automobile network is not well developed. His idea was to create a fast lane reserved for cars. This expressway is structured as a network of roots, main axis upon which are hooked branches.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;23/Network/Cafe de Unie

The CafĂŠ de Unie of J.J.P. OUD is an example of a place of social interference. It responds with against, with an esthetic provocative for its time, because based on the De Stijl movement. OUD therefore seeks to create a place that can meet the criteria of interactions and structures. His answer is poetic functionalism.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;24/Network/Pessac housing estate

Garden City Pessac designed by Le Corbusier at the request of the Industrial Fruges Henry is the epitome of an interpenetration of private and professional spheres. This is a formal approximation of the spaces devoted to work and those devoted to family life. This was intended to, connected the workers, not only at work but also on where they live. Creating a small working community.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;25/Network/warehouse Union Brauerei

With the evolution of society towards a society of mass consumption, the actors of the distribution networks have been forced to change their organization. They had to create a network storages near the city center in order to respond quickly to consumer demand.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;26/Network/Market Hall

The market hall in Leipzig is a transdisciplinary space. It is a place of strong social interaction, but also a place offering a multidisciplinary approach in terms of practice. It is a platform on which, can work several type of social categories , providing a potential multi-dimensional interaction.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;27/Network/Renault Factory

The Renault factory in Boulogne is a symbol of social struggle of the working classes. It was a place of very important social protest in the 30s, but also the symbol of this new emerging industrial networks. The plant located on the Ile Seguin, is also a place of social attraction for Parisians. The island offers a perfect platform for connecting different social networks of Paris along the Seine River.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;28/Network/Zuev House of culture

The Zuev House of Culture of Moscow, is a meeting place for the arts. Designed by architect Alexandrovich Golosov it fits into the urban landscape as a building atypical. The architecture of the house is clearly different than the architecture of a classical building, the use of large floor on the upper floors give a remarkable space. itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Created a multidisciplinary space capable of accommodating all kinds of activities.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;29/Network/Burevestnik Factory Club

This club was created in the late 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. It is part of a series of clubs for workers made by Melnikov in Moscow. Those theaters were platforms combining the functions of community center, educational and propaganda. Melnikov designed these theaters, not as a rigid platform, but as spaces which can be combined to form one large space. He designed each of these clubs for workers in different ways, so as to give each place, a type of specific functionality.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;30/Network/Cloverleaf

The cloverleaf highway interchange is an illustration of a connection node between different flows. This new structure emerged in the United States during the 30â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. It makes it possible to relate flows from different backgrounds. It allows the creation of networks that can then branched to cover a wider area of social networks.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;31/Network/Pacific Coast Stock Exchange

The Pacific Coast Stock Exchange is a stock exchange established in the early 30s. It is part of a global network of exchanges. Stock markets worldwide are involved in the interlocking spheres of common interest around the world. These centers generate around themselves a major economic and social activity within a city.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;32/Network/John W McCornack Post Office and courthouse

The postal sevice is the distribution system most important. The post office is a place with a strong social connotation. It is a place of trade in goods and money, but also and above all a place of social connection. It is just like the City Hall, a building used as a landmark in the urban space.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;33/Network/Cinema Le grand Rex

The Grand Rex cinema is a place of entertainment of the masses. A meeting place between individuals, a place of social cohesion which combines public and private spheres. The cinema is also a means of opening and information about the world. The cinema is an entity within the city, it generates around him of economic activities, a social interaction and cultural

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;34/Network/Mercato Generale dei Fiori

The mercato dei fiori generali is a place designed to welcome and create a strong social and economic activity. This tray is designed to receive and to relate different flows of people and goods. The market and the public space that accompanies it is considered a node in the urban network. The market is a place that hosts a very heterogeneous social activity, involving very different social networks to make them interact.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;35/Network/Orvieto Sheds

With the development of transport technology, industrial architecture must respond to new needs in terms of infrastructure and require the use of new techniques. These new techniques should answer at the new structural constraints increasingly important. Nervi uses concrete beams as a mesh network that allows to master this new constraint and leave on the supports.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;36/Network/Bay Bridge

The Bay Bridge is another illustration of the architectural development of transport networks. In this period about reviewing of the spaces and distances it is necessary to generate new traffic routes. The new steel building techniques allow the development of these new networks express transportation.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;37/Network/Garage des Nations

The arrival of the automobile mass will lead to the design of new commercial space. Gas stations have become strategic locations on roads. The gas stations Creating new spaces for interaction on the outskirts of cities because of their mere presence. The station became a landmark social and spacial for the motorist.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;38/Network/Intourist Parking

The parking Intourist Moscow designed by Melnikov, is one of those new urban areas attached to hubs. It help the flux and social interactions occurring within the node.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;39/Network/Water station north

The Diversification of urban transport techniques required the development of a multimodal structure, that can accommodate and distribute its urban flows.The North Station of Moscow is a major trade hub of the city. The station is a structure designed to direct flow through but also to generate economic and social activity within a centrality.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;40/Network/Esso Manual

Cover of the manual Esso promoting the Esso service station network. He shows the architectural concept developed to meet the expectations of transient flux The station is no longer simply a place of service becomes a flagship building of the urban landscape.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;41/Network/Villa Mairea, Noormarkku

The villa Mairea Alvar Aalto is a villa-edge in relation with his time and interconnected with the natural environment. The villa imposes a centrality to the countryside where it is located. This centrality imposed by the home does not come at the expense of the countryside, because the villa is as interconnect with it.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;42/Network/Hatch Shell

The Open Air Theatre, Boston Hatch Shell is a major and central public space in the city. There is a connecting link between the park where it is, and the social spheres of Boston. During representation, urban space adjacent to the park is transformed into an entity ephemeral during the time of a show.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;43/Network/Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council of Paris is a node of social and economic interactions. It is a center for studying the development of social and economic policies. Decisions taken in this central place of social networks are a reflection of the stairs, delicate.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;44/Network/Administration Building University of Chicago

The administrative center of the University of Chicago is the central node of the administrative system of the university. It is the center of trade between the different social actors present on the site. The largely glass building surfaces that facilitate interaction between the spheres and meet face to face.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;45/Network/Stade Santiago BernabĂŠu

The Santiago BernabĂŠu stadium is a city-stadium located in the city of Madrid. The stadium is a unique place in Madrid. It is the center of social interaction and the most important economic Madrid. The stade imposes its rhythm of life in neighborhood around its creating a centrality.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;46/Network/Kaufman Desert House

The Kaufman Desert House is in relation with the time of the explosion of Palm Springs. Palm Springs is becoming a new center for some social networks in California. This home in appearances isolated and disconnected from the world is nevertheless a center very active social life. It is a place to meet face to face and interaction between people.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;47/Network/Case of Study House nÂ°8

The Case Study House No. 8 is an realisation in a linking of ideas from different stakeholders of the architecture comptemporaine. Following this interaction between the parties, a program to build modern houses and economic is introduced. Eventually the villa of Charles and Ray Eames made part of a network of 36 villas built on the same principle.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;48/Network/Circle Galery

The Circle Gallery is a place for exhibition. Just like a museum gallery itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;is part of a network of artistic exchange and interaction. It is a place of creativity, learning, discoveries and encounters. The architecture of the place reinforces this idea of interdisciplinary learning center

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;49/Network/Maison de Verre

The Glass House by Philip Johnson could be the symbolic representation of what should be a social network. A structure like that of reassuring the former home built around the fireplace. Living space open to the outside world but at the same time protecting and intimate

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;50/Network/Port Authority Bus Terminal

The Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York is like Grand Central Station, a multimodal interchange hub that hosts a multitude of transmission line. It is a place of transit major user of public transport but also people used public space in New York. It interfaces directly with the public space that encourages interaction and exchanges ..

‘51/Network/Gatty Wool Factory

Gatty’s wool factory is a factory designed by Italian architect Carlo Cestelli GUIDI. It makes like NERVI a structural network to wear its floors. The beams form a geocentric networks whose center heads poles

‘52/Network/Unité d’habitation

The dwelling of Le Corbusier is orchestrated around a structure that could be called network. Within this structure there is sliding of the housing units creating a system of interlocking structural system and habitat. The whole building forms an architectural entity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;53/Network/Esso Kiosk

The Esso station shows a new approach to designing a service station. This Esso kiosk, located downtown does not offer all the elements of interactions of a suburban gas station. But it nevertheless contributes to the creation of a network, instead of crossing and interaction mandatory for motorists

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;54/Network/Northland Shopping Center

The North Land Shopping Center is the first world commercial Mall. It includes among its members a network of shopping arcades protected. The North Land Shopping Mall also responds to a new logic of urban displacement flow outside the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;55/Network/Piazza del Municipio

Piazza del Municipio designed by Auguste Perret in Le Havre, is an area of interference. The place is characterized by the activity developed around it. It is then a place of welcome for this activity, it becomes a meeting structure, a free interaction between communities conducive to contacts.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;56/Network/Mackinac Bridge

The Mackinac Bridge is an indisputable connection on Lake Michigan. He is one of the main places of transit flows of goods and people. He is a true connector between the various parties present. It interacts with these communities by transforming their urban landscape and social practices.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;57/Network/Pavillon de la danse

The Pavilion of the dance is a true multidisciplinary platform. The pavilion is a place of support for the social interaction of the city. The building generates the interconnection and the meeting of different social organizations.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;58/Network/CNIT

The CNIT is a change in human practice. The CNIT is a multifunctional space that has been grafted to an urban node. The idea is to slide the diverse urban but also provide new spaces for free trade and communications. Create a social place.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;59/Network/Guggenheim Museum

The Guggenheim is a landmark space for people who traveling to New York. Difficult not to see the center of artistic New Yorkers. It generates around him a strong commercial activity and social interaction all the more important.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;60/Network/Coop distribution center

COOP center is a clearinghouse multimodal. This is a warehouse used by Cooper. The platform is directly interconnected with the transmission networks. In fact it will have a response capability that can cope with demand.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;61/Network/TWA Terminal

Terminal 1 of the TWA is an important place of interconnection within the JFK Airport. It is a center of trade in goods and people but above all a center connecting the spheres from around the world. Its design gives it a very fluid warmth that is reminiscent of the old home.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;62/Network/Philharmonique

The Berlin Philharmonic is one of those places who generate momentum around them. The Philharmonic is a very important cultural center of Berlin, which allows the linking of a sphere from around the world. It is a place where human codes of practice time are suspended for a concert.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;63/Network/Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel

The CBBT is not the need to cross of flux that they were unaffected. The CBBT is a process of multi-disciplinary research in which we combine these different specialty, was to enable the realization of this work, showing interconnections of flows.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;64/Network/Mt Blanc Tunnel

The Mont-Blanc is an important connection center in Europe. It supports the flow of goods and people but also connects the two countries. The Mont-Blanc is one of the nodes in the European road network.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;65/Network/Tricorn Center

The Tricorn is a multi-modal business platform. It is a dynamic center of Portsmouth, a center of social interaction but also important node u of the urban network of the city. With his car in turn becomes a landmark space for people.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;66/Network/Highline Subway

The skytrain New York is the good evolution of the transportation system from New York. A need to connect again and again to resize the map distances and thus offer a new opportunity for social interaction. Highline New York is a strong element of the urban landscape of the city and remains a meeting place of the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;67/Network/Gaz station

This service station Deitinger built by Hanz Isler, acts as a ÂŤturn signalsÂťin the highway landscape. It inspires with its architecture, a monumental reassuring place to live and encounter. This monumental architectural suggests the presence of an interactive pole in its midst. It is a reassuring landmark for motorists of the road network.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;68/Network/Royal Library of Belgium

The Royal Library of Belgium is a place for exchanges of knowledge, a place of learning but also a place of social distraction. She host within its walls, a social im portant. It is a center that supports the social network thanks to its constantly changing. It is an institution under the influence of new distribution channels of information, knowledge and support.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;69/Network/Cap 3000

Cap 3000 is the first commercial platform multimodal France. Opened in late 60s he prevail soon as a new center for local consumption channels. Its location at a crossroads in fact a major circulatory pole very attractive.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;70/Network/Urban station Charles de Gaulle-Etoile

The urban station Paris Charles de GaulleEtoile is an interchange hub for users of public transport. But it is also a strategic location due to its geographical location. It is the support of social interactions and networks linking Paris.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;71/Network/Papal audience hall

The Papal Audience Hall is the center of meetings of the Vatican City. It is the support of political activity, social, economic and spiritual. There is also a symbol of power of the church worldwide.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;72/Network/Phillips Exeter Library

Exeter Library is a high-knowledge, knowledge of the campus of the University of Exeter. It is within the campus a pole very important for social interaction between students. A living center includes the network of the university but also the network of the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;73/Network/Montparnasse Tower

La Tour Montparnasse Tower in Paris flagship. It is a landmark in the urban space, a symbol of urban node interconnection. It focuses on business, leisure and transport. It is a center of social interference between people.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;74/Network/Blaser Swisslube AG

The Blaser Swisslube is a repository of goods. It is an important commercial node in interference with other shopping centers of Switzerland and Europe. It is a flexible platform allowing a high reactivity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;75/Network/World Trade Center

The World Trade Center was the representation of an urban node, comprising some commercial activities, tertiary activities and urban transport networks. It is a multidimensional platform at the heart of which are held important social interactions. It was a visual cue of the New York cityscape. It was a pole across the city but also throughout the world.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;76/Network/Roissy Terminal 1

The Terminal 1 of Roissy is a representation of the various streams operating within an airport. Flux that cross, which sometimes enter in contact, but in all cases interact formally and informally in the terminal.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;77/Network/Miro Foundation

Miro Foundation is an art and cultural center located on the hill Montjuic. The foundation is an important center of cultural interaction in Barcelona. She participates in the implementation of the connection the artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work with local communities.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;78/Network/Centre Georges Pompidou

The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris is a building that is pure entity. The center is detached from the urban environment because of its shape and color but there is also very attached to the piazza. The Centre Pompidou succeeds in creating an urban center with this empty space that is a remarkable place. Piazza becomes a dazzling space, which create a significant interaction between the various urban ecosystems

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;79/Network/Totem Tour

The Totem Tower is part of a complex of highrise building in central Paris. The aim was to create an urban center comprised of a specific entity. The buildings were connected by a network of public space and garden to foster social cohesion in the neighborhood.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;80/Network/Forum des Halles

The Forum des Halles is the largest multi-center Paris. It is the core interconnect Parisian. It is a place where every day is confronted millions of individual and collective spheres. It is the centrality of Paris in terms of importance of flow and the quality of its network connections.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;81/Network/Folies La Villette Parc

The follies of the Parc de la Villette Bernard Tschumi are like little tripods that come to map the Parc de la Villette. They have created small centrality within the Park. These small centralities to act as final hosts an interactive network of places of social dynamics.

‘82/Network/McDonald’s Coporation

McDonald’s is probably, the best known global network today. It has developed over time in the world today, leaving a vast legacy of entity distributed worldwide. Now forming a mesh planetary influences human practices and social spheres.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;83/Network/Brno central bus station

The central bus station in Brno is a very important place of transit. The metal roof of the station evokes a metal frame forming a dense network. The printing of density, is however, offset by a feeling of lightness of the whole suggesting a certain lightness of the whole.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;84/Network/HSBC headquarter

HSBC is one of the largest banking networks in the world. It is a network of interaction among people around the world with implications for human practices and the surrounding ecosystems. These global networks of influence are, at the origins a radical reorganization of social relations, institutional and organizational structures involved.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;85/Network/Tour TOTAL

For each network there exists a necessarily a central decision maker. Otherwise the network can operate. We need a place to control the various communities which interact in real time and this informally or formally within the network. The headquarters is this total control entity.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;86/Network/Lloyds Bank

The Lloyds Bank of London is a center influencing many global networks. It generates a real-time human activity. Asymmetric activity, organized by overlapping and multidimensional globally active networks.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;87/Network/Institut du Monde Arabe

The Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris is a forum on crops. It is a gateway to the Arab-Muslim world. The institute is a place of cultural interaction of lighting knowledge and exhibition of Arab culture. .

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;88/Network/Louvre Pyramid

The pyramid of the Louvre redraw the urban space in the Louvre. She helped create a centrality and an upgrading of public space in the Louvre. This architecture work was accompanied by a very important work on creating a platform for multidisciplinary underground. In order to connect the Louvre to the existing communication network.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;89/Network/Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Museum

The Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Museum is the demonstration of the interaction between man and nature. This architecture directly related to its natural environment is a representation of the constant interaction between man and nature. How to evolve into one another without alterations.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;90/Network/W W Stool

This chair by Philippe Starck is probably currently still one of the most famous creations. It is an illustration of a selective and local human activity who has an important impact on consumer societies globally.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;91/Network/BIGO

The BIGO is a structure placed in the port of Genoa. This struture made of metal to the distinction of being animated. It serves as a lookout for tourists. The work of Renzo Piano created with the oceanographic museum in a dynamic center of the port.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;92/Network/Stuttgart Airport

The structure of the Stuttgart airport resembles a treelike network. The pylons adopt a branched structure in their summit. This interpenetration of vegetal field in the field of construction is quite unusual. The purpose of this connection is to copy the model of the plants to obtain a structure as thin as possible.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;93/Network/Bus stop

The bus stop is one of key places of the urban network. It is so often neglected when it may become an area of attraction. It has a potential interactive and social development,as scottsass improve it. A new way of affirming the importance of the urban network as a service to public and social interest

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;94/Network/Fabrica Benetton

The manufacture of Tadao Ando is the headquarters of the Benettonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s group . So a forum to facilitate meetings, dialogues, the individual or collective initiative. The library was designed in this vision of exchanges between the actors of the site. It offers intimate spaces but also collectives areas. The environment of the library curve tends to lead interactions at the turn of a roundness.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;95/Network/Alameda Subway Station

Almeda station is a center of urban interconnections. It was designed so that different communities is never disconnected from each other. With canopy in glass even when youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re in the subway station you still have the feeling of being in relationship with the outside.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;96/Network/French terminal of the Channel Tunnel

The French terminal of the Channel Tunnel is a place of passage for some communications and transportation networks. It is conceived as both a passageway for the flow passing there, but also as an attractive place at the local level.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;97/Network/Erasmus Bridge

The Erasmus Bridge is a major channel of communications for the city. It serves as a connecting link between the two river banks. It is also a place where there is social activity. The bridge is regarded here as a building because of its particular feature. This consideration of the bridge make that it is a place for social interaction.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;98/Network/Saint ExupĂŠry TGV station

The TGV train station by Santiago Calatrava has become a new support for different flows passing through the airport. She is behind new networks of connections who develop the existing platform. This new multidisciplinary structure create new focus of interaction.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;99/Network/Dominus Winery

The Dominus Winery is an image of the establishment of new global networks. The development of its new networks is accompanied by the creation of new multidisciplinary structures important to meet global expectations

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;00/Network/Guggenheim Museum

The arrival of the Guggenheim Bilbao in highly modified human practices established in the city. The museum has become an entity, generating around him an interactivity that promoted the development of the city. The museum Creat a new network within the city of Bilbao to promote meetings and interactions between different communities.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;My Design/Network/Digital network

This image is a representation of the world today. A world in which different networks interwoven with the help of new digital technologies and those at high speed.

REFERENCES ‘01 : 1900 World’Fairs, Paris www.culture.gouv.fr, Célébrations Nationales 2000, Image courtesy of Musée d’Orsay. ‘02 : Ford T, Detroit www.guardian.co.uk, The US car industry in Michigan - then and now, December 2008, Image by AFP/GETTY images. ‘03 : Métropolitan, Paris Fulguence BIENVENUE and Edmont HUET, www.cpa-bastille91.com, Paris,Une Station de Métropolitain, Editor LL. Image by Anonymous, 1910. ‘04 : Gare de Lyon, Paris Marius TOUDOIRE, www.voyagesvoyages.net, Paris au fil de l’eau, Image by Anonymous, 3 April 2009. ‘05 : Flat Iron, New York Daniel BURNHAM www.guideduroutard.fr, Guide du Routard, New York, Image by Nicolas GAZIN, April 2006. ‘06 : Municipal Theater of Tunis, Tunis Jean-Émile RESPLANDY, clairedelunefilms.com, Filming Hedi Jouini Centenary, 16 June 2009, Image by Anonymous.

‘07 : Saint Jude Sanctuary, Montreal Alphonse PICHE, www.imtl.org, Buildings, Saint Jude ‘Sanctuary, Image by Alexis HAMEL. ‘08 : L’Humanité, Paris Jean JAURES, www.atelierdecreationlibertaire.com, L’Humanité 1905, Avril 2008 par JMD, Image By L’Humanité. ‘09 : Budapest Parliament, Budapest Imre STEINDL, www.linternaute.com, Parlement De Budapest, August 2002, Image by Philippe LEPRINCE. ‘10 : Grand centrale Terminal, New York WARREN & WETMORE and REED & STERN, www .wikipedia.org, Article Grand Centrale Terminal, Image by Fcb981, 19 January 2008. ‘11 : Hotel Carlton, Cannes Charles DALMAS and Marcellin MAYERE, www.intercontinentale.com, Carlton Cannes, Image by anonymous. ‘12 : Cathédrale Alexandre Nevski, Sofia www.fotopedia.com, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Image by Jaime PEREZ.

‘13 : Usine Fagus, Afeld Walter GROPIUS and Adolf MEYER, structurae.eu, Fagus-Werk, Image by C. Jansen / M. Reiss, 2007. ‘14 : House bench for the new town, drawing Sant’ELIA, Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thames & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image p.89. ‘15 : Parc Güell, Barcelone Antonio GAUDI, www.greatbuildings.com, The Great Buildings Collection, Kevin MATTHEWS, 2001, Image by Johnson Architectural Images. ‘16 : Lake View Store, Duluth ww.perfectduluthday.com, First ShoppingMall in the United States by Cory FECHNER, Images courtesy of Wolfsonian – Florida International University. ‘17 : Indistrial City, drawing Tony GARNIER, Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thames & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image p.102. ‘18 : Bauhaus School, Weimar Walter GROPIUS, artcontemporainmalaquaisien.blogspot.com, Histoire de l’art comptemporain, d’une école à l’autre, Mme DARO, October 2007. ‘19 : Bridge release, Villeneuve-sur-Lot Eugene FREYSSINET, www.structurae.de, ouvrage d’art, le pont de la libération, October 2002, image by Jacques MOSSOT.

‘20 : City Hall, Rotterdam Henri EVERS, www.structurae.de, ouvrage d’art, hotel de ville Rotterdam, May 2008, Image by T Houdijk, 2006. ‘21 : Tour SHOKHOV,Moscou Vladimir CHOUKHOV, fr.academic.ru, tour shokhov, Image by anonymous. ‘22 : Lakes Highway, Milan www.wikipedia.org, article Autoroute des lacs A8, A9, Image by Darkone, 2004. ‘23 : Cafe de Unie, Rotterdam J.J.P. OUD, Architettura moderna, Vincent SCULLY Jr. Jaca Book, 1985, Image p.130 by Henry-Russel HITCHCOCK Jr. ‘24 : Pessac housing estate, Pessac Le Corbusier, Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON Thomas & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image by anonymous. ‘25 : Warehouse Union Brauerei, Dortmund Emil MOUG, www. structurae.de,ouvrage d’art, Entrepot de l’Union Brauerei, September 2005, Image by Nicolas JANBERG, 2005. ‘26 : Market Hall, Leipzing Hubbert RITTER, Leipzig Historischen Führer zu stadt und land, Lutz HEYDICK, 1989. ‘27 : Renault Factory, Boulogne Marc BARANI, www.iledefrance.fr, Boulogne-Billancourt Régie Nationale des Usines Renault.

‘28 : Zuev House of culture, Moscou Ilia Alexandrovie GOLOSOV, Architectural guide to Moscou, by A.V. ANISIMOS, Uitgeverij 010 Publisher,1993, Image by anonymous.

‘35 : Orvieto Sheds, Orvieto Pier Luigi NERVI, anengineersaspect.blogspot.com, Pier Luigi Nervi Structures, October 2009 by Nanette South Clark Image by anonymous.

‘29 : Burevestnik Factory Club, Moscou Stepanovitch MELNIKOV, Architectural guide to Moscou, by A.V. ANISIMOS Uitgeverij 010 Publisher,1993 Image by anonymous.

‘36 : Bay Bridge, San Francisco Ralph Modjeski www.davidklein.com, Bridge, Image by David Klein.

‘30 : Cloverleaf, USA fr.academic.ru, échangeur autoroutier, échangeur autoroutier complet en trèfle, Image by anonymous.

‘37 : Garage des Nations, Genève Maurice et Pierre BRAILLARD, ifpo.revues.org, Mondes pluriels et controversés. Entrer dans la fabrique du patrimoine, by Ola SODERSTROM, Image by BOISSONNAS.

‘31 : Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, San Francisco MILLER & PFLUEGER, www.corbisimages.com, Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, Image by Morton Beebe, 1984.

‘38 : Intourist Parking, Moscou Stepanovitch MELNIKOV Architectural guide to Moscou, by A.V. ANISIMOS, Uitgeverij 010 Publisher,1993 Image by anonymous.

‘32 : John W McCornack Post Office and courthouse, Boston James A. WETMORE, www.gsa.gov, John W. McCormack U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Boston, MA, Image by anonymous, 2003.

‘39 : Water station north, Moscou Vladimir Fedorovitch KRINSKY and A. M. ROUTCHYDLEV fr.academic.ru, Style architectural stalinien Image by anonymous.

‘33 : Cinema Le grand Rex, Paris Auguste BLUYSEN, www.legrandrex.com, histoire du cinéma, Image by Le grand Rex. ‘34 : Mercato Generale dei Fiori, Genova Paride CONTRI, Dal Mercato ambulante al’outlet luoghi, architetture per il commercio, Marina FUMO Editrice compositori, 2004. Vintage photographie

‘40 : Esso Manual, USA Architettura in movimento, Architecture in motion, Susanna CACCIA Edizioni ETS, 2009 Image p.25 By Esso Nederland b.v. Historical archives Rotterdam. ‘41 : Villa Mairea, Noormarkku Alvar AALTO www.alvaraalto.fi, Villa Mairea, Image by Heikki HAVAS, Alvar AALTO Museum.

‘42 : Hatch Shell, Boston NOTTER, FINEGOLD & ALEXANDER, Inc. www.hatchshell.com, history, Image by Robin BERGHAUS, 2009. ‘43 : Economic and social council, Paris Auguste and Gustave PERRET www.skyscrapercity.com, Le Conseil Economique et Social, Paris 16e, Place d’Iena, By Fred DATON, Image by anonymous. ‘44 : Administration Building, University of Chicago, Chicago Mies Van Der ROHE www.uchicago.edu, history of the university, Image by anonymous, 2006.

‘49 : Maison de Verre, New Canaan Philip JOHNSON nccsc.net, Remembering Philip Johnson, by Steven W. SEMES, Image by anonymous. ‘50 : Port Authority Bus Terminal, New York Port Authority of New York and New Jersey fr.academic.ru, Port Authority Terminal, Image by Peter Cincotti, 2008. ‘51 : Gatti Wool Factory, Rome Carlo CESTELLI GUIDI www.demasiado.com, Short History of Concrete, historia, Image by anonymous.

‘45 : Stade Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid Antonio and Carlos LAMELA www.erealmadrid.com, stade Santiago Bernabéu, Image By ASPORA, 2004.

‘52 : Unité d’habitation Marseille, LE CORBUSIER Modern architecture a critical history, Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thomas & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image by Le Corbusier.

‘46 : Kaufman Desert House, Palm Spring Richard NEUTRA carriecan.blogspot.com, Little house in the desert, by CARRIER, Image by Julius SCHULMAN and Juergen NOGAI.

‘53 : Chiosco Esso/ Kiosk Esso, Utrech Architettura in movimento, Architecture in motion, by Susanna CACCIA, Edizioni ETS, 2009. Image p.61 By Esso Nederland b.v. Historical archives Rotterdam.

‘47 : Case Study House n°8, Pacific Palisades Charles and Ray EAMES www.taschen.com, Shulman Portfolio, by Julius SHULMAN, Image by Julius SHULMAN, 1999.

‘54 : Northland Shopping Center, Detroit www.urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com, Birth, death and shopping, by Richard Layman, 2 January 2008, Image courtesy of Wayne State University.

‘48 : Circle House, San Francisco Frank Lloyd WRIGHT www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca, The Circle Gallery, By Terri Meyer BOAKE, Image by Terri Meyer BOAKE.

‘55 : Piazza del Municipio, Le Havre Auguste PERRET Architettura moderna, Vincent SCULLY Jr, Jaca Book, 1985, Image p.125 by CHEVOJON.

‘56 : Mackinac Bridge, Michigan Dr David B. STEINMAN www.mackinacbridge.org, History of the Bridge, Image by 2011 Mackinac Bridge Authority. ‘57 : Pavillon de la danse de la Bundesgantenschau, Cologne Frei OTTO www.structurae.de, Ouvrages d’art / Pavillon de danse de la Bundesgartenschau, 2006 Image by Yoshito ISONO, 2001. ‘58 : CNIT, Puteaux Robert Edouard CAMELOT, Jean de MAILLY and Bernard Louis ZEHRFUSS anengineersaspect.blogspot.com, Pier Luigi Nervi Structures, October 2009 by Nanette South Clark Image by anonymous. ‘59 : Guggenheim Museum, New York Frank Lloyd WRIGHT Architettura moderna, Vincent SCULLY Jr. Jaca Book, 1985 Image p.141 by George CSERNA. ‘60 : Coop distribution center, Wanger Bei Olten Heinz ISLER fr.structurae.de, ouvrage d’art, coop distribution center, 2007, Image by Yoshito ISONO, 1997. ‘61 : Twa terminal, Brooklin Eero SAARINEN www.nyc-architecture.com, image by NYT. ‘62 : Philharmonique de Berlin, Berlin Hans SCHAROUN operacritiques.free.fr, les orchestres (et opéras) berlinois, Image by David Le MARREC, 2009.

‘63 : Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia SVERDRUP & PARCEL www.cbbt.com, History of the cbbt, Image by courtesy of cbbt company. ‘64 : Tunnel du Mont Blanc, Chamonix Bouygues Construction, Dumez-GTM, Freyssinet International, Impregilo S.p.A.and Vinci Construction Grands Projets www.atm.fr, l’histoire du tunnel, Image by anonymous 2008. ‘65 : The Tricorn Center, Portsmouth Owen LODER mrtommywalker.wordpress.com, The Destructive Nature of ‘Taste’, 2010, Image by Tommy WALKER. ‘66 : Highline Subway New York, New York New York Transport Authority www.nyta.com, History of the Highline, Image by Jean-Baptiste JUNG 1998. ‘67 : Station service de Deitingen, Deitingen Heinz ISLER fr.structurae.de, Ouvrages d’art / Station service de Deitingen, 2007, Image by Yoshito ISONO, 1997. ‘68 : Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles www.kbr.be, histoire, Image by Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 2009. ‘69 : Cap 3000, Nice www.wikipedia.org, article Cap 3000, Image by Djordje JEVTOVIC, 2006. ‘70 : Gare Charles de Gaulle-Etoile, Paris Pierre DUFAU www.sncf.fr, histoire des gares parisiennes, Image by RATP.

‘71 : Papal Audience Hall, Vatican city Pier Luigi NERVI anengineersaspect.blogspot.com, Pier Luigi Nervi Structures, October 2009, by Nanette SOUTH CLARK, Image by anonymous.

‘78 : Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris Richard ROGERS and Renzo PIANO Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thames & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image p. 285 by Martin CHARLES.

‘72 : Phillips Exeter Library, New Hampshire Louis I. KAHN Architecture et complexité, le 3eme labyrinth Alain FAREL Collection cupilanos, Edition PARENTHESES, 2008, Image p.96.

‘79 : Tour Totem, Paris Michel ANDRAULT and Pierre PARAT paris1900.lartnouveau.com, le front de seine, Image by Claudia.

‘73 : Tour Montparnasse Paris Jean SAUBOT, Eugène BEAUDOUIN and Urbain CASSAN parisinfo.com, Tour Montparnasse, Image by anonymous. ‘74 : Blaser Swisslube AG, Bern Heinz ISLER www. structurae.de, ouvrage d’art, Blaser Swisslube AG, 2008, Image by Yoshito ISONO1997. ‘75 : World Trade Center, New York www.wtc.com, gallery, Image by Tiffany NGUYEN, 1999. ‘76 : Terminal 1 Roissy Charles de Gaulle, Paris Paul ANDREU www.aeroportsdeparis.fr, Roissy Charles de Gaulle, Histoire, Image by ADP. ‘77 : Fondation Miro, Barcelone Josep Lluis SERT www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org, building, Image by Fundació Miró.

‘80 : Forum des Halles, Paris Claude VASCONI et Georges PENCREAC’H paris1900.lartnouveau.com, le forum des halles, Image by VEINVI, 2008. ‘81 : Folies de La Villette, Paris Bernard TSCHUMI www.citédessciences-paris.fr,parc de La Villette, Image by anonymous. ‘82 : McDonald’s Corporation, Berwyn The Master Architect Series VI, Site identity in density, By Tom WOLFE, Images Publishing, 2005, Image p.79. ‘83 : Gare routiere central de Brno, Brno J. DOHNAL www. structurae.de, ouvrage d’art, Gare central routiere de Brno, 2009, Image by Yoshito ISONO, 2003. ‘84 : HSBC Headquarter, Hong Kong Sir Norman FOSTER www.dwell.com, HSBC Hong Kong headquarter, Image by Dwell Media LLC, 2004.

‘85 : Tour Total, La Défense MENKES, WEBB and ZERAFA www.total.com, Bureau La Défense, Image by Nicolas JANBERG 2009. ‘86 :Lloyds Bank, Londres Richard ROGERS www.essex2let.co.uk Image by Tanto VIENI. ‘87 : Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris Jean NOUVEL www.jeannouvel.com, projet, chronologie, 1987, Institut du Monde arabe, Image by Atelierjeannouvel. ‘88 : Pyramide du Louvre Leoh Ming PEI www.louvre.fr, Histoire du Carrousel du Louvre, Image by anonymous. ‘89 : Chlidren’s Museum, Himeji Tadao ANDO Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thames & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image p.342. ‘90 : W W Stool, France Philippe STARCK www.vitra.com, w w stool, Image by Vitra. ‘91 : Colombus “92 BINGO”, Genes Renzo PIANO, Olaf de NOOYER and Shunji ISHIDA en.comuni-italiani.it, Genova’s harbour, Image by anonymous.

‘92 : Stuttgart Airport, Stuttgart Sir Norman FOSTER, The architecture of stations and terminals, Francisco ASCENSIO CERVER, Hearst Book International, 1997, Image p.66 by Richard BRYANT/Arcaid. ‘93 : Bus stop, Hannover SCOTTSASS The architecture of stations and terminals, Francisco ASCENSIO CERVER, Hearst Book International, 1997, Image p.179 by Thomas DEUTSCHMANN. ‘94 : Fabrica Benetton, Treviso Tadao ANDO www.fabrica.it, image by Sebastiano SCATTOLIN. ‘95 : Alameda Subway Station, Valencia Santiago CALATRAVA The architecture of stations and terminals, Francisco ASCENSIO CERVER, Hearst Book International, 1997, Image p.163 Paolo ROSSELLI. ‘96 : Terminal Francais du tunnel sous la manche, Calais Paul Andreu www.paul-andreu.com, cité europe 1995, Image by courtesy of Paul Andreu Architecte Paris. ‘97 : Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam Ben Van BERKEL www.guideamsterdam.org, Rotterdam Erasmus Bridge, Image by Admin, 2010.

‘98 : TGV Station at the airport Lyon SaintExupéry, Lyon Santiago CALATRAVA The architecture of stations and terminals, Francisco ASCENSIO CERVER, Hearst Book International, 1997, Image p.74 by Ralph RICHTER/Architekturphoto. ‘99 : Dominus Winery, Younthville Jacques HERZOG and Pierre de MEURON Modern architecture a critical history, by Kenneth FRAMPTON, Thames & Hudson world of art, 2007. Image p.371. ‘00 : Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Frank GEHRY www.guggenheim-bilbao.es, image by FMGB Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa, 2011. My design : Digital Connection

INTERIOR WOR[L]DS. This work is a part of a collection of books realized by the students of the course Interior Architecture, class 20102011, abd edited by Professor Gennaro Postiglione. It takes its origins from the participation in the second Interiors World Forum, 4-5 October, hosted by Politecnico di Milano. Every student selected a paper among the words presented at the IFW and chose 99 projects, represented by just one image, covering 99 years, from 1901 to 2000; the100th images had to be a personal interpretation of the word chosen.

Cover image, STAMIN / STAMAX www.peripheriques-architectes.com Anne-Franรงoise JUMEAU, Emmanuelle MARIN-TROTTIN, David TROTTIN. Image by : Franck TALLON

The word I chose is the word NETWORK, from the book IWF written by Paul Smith. The society has always been shape and reshape by the Networks .They transform our tools, our spaces and our working methods. The Networks interfere in our appointments, they guide our way to move and to think within the structures of social interaction. This permanent confrontation with the networks is necessary. It allows to change the overall organization of our societies. It is incumbent upon the profession to initiate this radical change with the new tools we have.