CMFNH Multi-Family Energy Guidebook by Heschong Mahone Group

CMFNH Multi-Family Guidebook v2010_01.doc

California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH) Energy Guidebook 2010-2012

This Energy Guidebook is a working document that will be updated regularly by CMFNH staff. The current version will be available on the CMFNH website www.h-m-g.com/multifamily This document is version 2010.01

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENT MAP ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.

CALIFORNIA MULTI-FAMILY NEW HOMES (CMFNH).............................................. 3

PROCESS AND PRACTICES ................................................................................................ 5 1.1. Integrated Design Concepts............................................................................................ 5 Assembling Your Design Team ................................................................................................. 6 Choosing an Energy Consultant ............................................................................................... 6 Other Members of the Design Team ...................................................................................... 8

Architect/Design Consultant .......................................................................... 8 Engineering Consultant .................................................................................. 8 General Contractor ........................................................................................ 9 HERS Rater for Third-Party Verification ......................................................... 9 Energy Efficiency Design Charrettes...................................................................................... 10

Focus on Energy ........................................................................................... 11 Who Should Attend the Charrette? .............................................................. 12 Charrette Participant Preparation and Responsibilities .............................. 12 When Should the Charrette be Conducted?................................................. 13 Meeting Structure and Agenda .................................................................... 13 The Next Steps.............................................................................................. 15 Additional Outcomes and Strategies ........................................................... 15 1.2. Project Phases .................................................................................................................. 16 Schematic Design ....................................................................................................................... 16 Design Development ................................................................................................................. 17 Construction ............................................................................................................................... 18

Construction Documents .............................................................................. 18 Third Party Verification ................................................................................ 19 Post-Construction Activity ...................................................................................................... 20

ENHANCED BUILDING PERFORMANCE ..................................................................... 21 1.3. Building Science Principles and Practices.................................................................... 21 General Building Science Principles ....................................................................................... 22

Heat Transfer ............................................................................................... 22

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Stack Effect................................................................................................................................... 24 Strategies for Enhancing Energy Performance..................................................................... 25

1.4. California Codes and Standards ................................................................................... 27 Building Energy Efficiency Standards – Title 24, Part 6 ..................................................... 27

Compliance Paths ......................................................................................... 28 Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) ................................................................ 29 Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Measures ........................................... 30 Reach Codes ............................................................................................................................... 31 Green Building Standards – Title 24, Part 11 ...................................................................... 31

Optional Tiers I and II ................................................................................... 32 1.5. Energy Modeling / Simulation ........................................................................................ 32 Maximizing Building Efficiency through Packaging Measures............................................ 33 Description of Software ........................................................................................................... 34 Avoiding Common Modeling Mistakes ................................................................................. 34

ENERGY MEASURES............................................................................................................. 36 1.6. Passive Design .................................................................................................................. 36 Building Orientation and Shading ........................................................................................... 36

Title 24 Passive Design Requirements.......................................................... 37 1.7. Building Envelope Materials ........................................................................................... 37 Insulation ...................................................................................................................................... 38

Title 24 Minimum Insulation Standards ....................................................... 38 Quality Installation....................................................................................... 38 Insulating Materials ..................................................................................... 40 Air Sealing — Reducing Infiltration ........................................................................................ 42 Radiant Barrier ............................................................................................................................ 43

Radiant Barrier Products .............................................................................. 44 Cool Roofing Materials ............................................................................................................. 45

Title 24 Cool Roof Requirements .................................................................. 45 Glazing—Windows, Doors and Skylights............................................................................. 46

Title 24 Minimum Requirements.................................................................. 48 1.8. Lighting &

Appliances ............................................................................................. 48

Residential Lighting .................................................................................................................... 49

Title 24 Lighting Standards .......................................................................... 49

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ENERGY STAR® Appliances .................................................................................................. 50

1.9. Domestic Hot Water (DHW) ...................................................................................... 52 Title 24 Standards for Central Domestic Water Heating ............................. 54 Solar Water Heating.................................................................................................................. 55

1.10. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Equipment ......................... 55 Title 24 HVAC Standards .............................................................................. 57 High Efficiency HVAC Equipment ................................................................. 58 Correctly Sizing an Air Conditioner............................................................... 58 Proper Duct Design and Installation ............................................................ 59 1.11. Solar Ready: Designing with Solar in Mind ............................................................. 60 5.

GREEN PROGRAM COORDINATION .......................................................................... 62 1.12. Incentive Programs ...................................................................................................... 62 New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) ............................................................................... 62

Affordable NSHP Program ........................................................................... 63 1.13. Financing Programs ...................................................................................................... 64 Federal Tax Credits ................................................................................................................... 64

Low-rise Multi-family ................................................................................... 64 High-rise Multi-family .................................................................................. 64 Affordable Housing Finance ..................................................................................................... 65

Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) ................................................... 65 HUD .............................................................................................................. 68 U.S. Department of Agriculture Housing Program ...................................... 68 1.14. Green Programs ........................................................................................................... 70 Build it Green, GreenPoint Rated .......................................................................................... 71

LEED Overview ............................................................................................. 71 1.15. Marketing Programs..................................................................................................... 74 ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes ......................................................... 74 ENERGY STAR® Overview ............................................................................. 74 ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes ......................................................... 74 California Requirements for the ENERGY STAR® Label ................................ 76 6.

OPERATIONS AND EDUCATION .................................................................................. 79 1.16. Operations and Maintenance..................................................................................... 79

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Educating and Equipping Building Managers ......................................................................... 79

Training ........................................................................................................ 79 O&M Manuals .............................................................................................. 80 Maintenance Measures for Building Energy Efficiency ....................................................... 80

Building Envelope ......................................................................................... 80 Heating and Cooling..................................................................................... 80 Domestic Hot Water..................................................................................... 81 Lighting ........................................................................................................ 81 Other Measures ........................................................................................... 81 1.17. Tenant Behavior ........................................................................................................... 81 1.18. Tracking Energy Use .................................................................................................... 82 Tools 82

Benchmarking .............................................................................................. 83 Manage Energy and Water Consumption for All Buildings ......................... 84 Set Investment Priorities .............................................................................. 85 Verify and Track Progress of Improvement Projects ........................................................ 85

ENERGY GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................ 86 HVAC............................................................................................................................................ 86 Lighting .......................................................................................................................................... 89 General ......................................................................................................................................... 90 Envelope ....................................................................................................................................... 93 DHW ............................................................................................................................................ 95 Building Science .......................................................................................................................... 95 Solar 96

RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 99

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Resource Bar Throughout this document, we will include resources related to the content of the page. Our first resource for this MultiFamily Energy Efficiency Guidebook is California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH).

Acknowledgments This handbook was made possible through California ratepayor funding and sponsored by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) as part of California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH). The program is implemented by the Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. (HMG). A special thanks HMG staff that contributed to this handbook:

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

DOCUMENT MAP This guidebook was developed in support of California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH). It provides strategies for designing, building, and maintaining energy efficient multi-family buildings. It also provides financing suggestions, information on other programs that encourage energy efficiency and sustainable practices in multi-family buildings, and resources for delving deeper into specific energy efficiency and renewable energy topics. This guidebook was written for multi-family project teams. It should provide value to teams in various stages of the energy efficiency learning curve – from teams beginning to build more efficiently than the energy code requires, to those working toward net zero energy se. The document is organized into the following sections:

Sophia Hartkopf Ashley Heath

1. California Multi-Family Homes (CMFNH) Overview

Marian Goebes

2. Process and Practices

Amy Barr

3. Enhanced Building Performance

Elizabeth McCollum

4. Energy Measures

Linda Murphy Jeff Staller Julieann Summerford

This guide will be updated regularly and the most recent version will be housed on the program website : multifamily.h-m-g.com This document was last updated in October 2010 and is Edition 2010.01

5. Green Program Coordination 6. Operations and Education 7. Energy Glossary 8. Additional Resources

Disclaimer: California consumers are not obligated to purchase any full fee service or other service funded by this program. This program is funded by California utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission, administered by Pacific Gas and Electric Company and implemented by the Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. Los consumidores en California no están obligados a comprar servicios completos o adicionales que esten cubiertos bajo este programa. Este programa está financiado por los usuarios de servicios públicos en California bajo la jurisdicción de la Comisión de Servicios Públicos de California, administrado por la compania de Pacific Gas and Electric

y aplicado por el Heschong Mahone Group, Inc

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

CALIFORNIA MULTI-FAMILY NEW HOMES (CMFNH)

California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH), funded by California ratepayers and sponsored by PG&E, promotes and facilitates energyefficient design in multi-family housing through design assistance, cash incentives, program coordination, and educational opportunities. The Heschong Mahone Group, Inc (HMG) is administering this program as a third-party during the 2010-2012 program years. To qualify for the program, developers must build their project to be at least 15% above California’s 2008 Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency minimum requirements using the performance method. This allows for a ‘whole building’ or ‘integrated design’ strategy. The 2010-12 program offers multi-family developers an escalating incentive for units of energy saved (kWh, therm, and kW) based on percent improvement above Title 24 in addition to incentives for third-party verification by Home Energy Rating System (HERS) raters. Incentives are also available to the energy consultant to offset the cost of building energy modeling. Figure 1 describes how these incentives are broken down:

Program Documents The California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH) website provides numberous resources for download.

Handbook & Process For a full explanation of CMFNH policies and procedures, download the CMFNH Handbook. This document outlines eligibility requirements, steps for participating in the program, and a description of forms. On this page you can also download a Program Process Schematic, which depicts the stepby-step process for CMFNH staff, the multi-family developer, energy consultant, and HERS rater: http://multifamily.h-mg.com/process/

Case Studies Visit the CMFNH website to view Case Studies of previous program participants: http://multifamily.h-mg.com/projects/

Other Resources The CMFNH website also provides a number of web links to related programs and resources: http://multifamily.h-mg.com/resources/

Figure 1. California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH) Incentives

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Program Trainings & Events CMFNH hosts and participates in a number of trainings and events each year related to multi-family energy efficiency

Trainings

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Projects receive a base incentive of $100 per dwelling unit in addition to the performance incentive, which is calculated at a dollar per energy unit rate (kWh, therm, kW) determined by the projectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; percent in excess of 2008 Title 24. This incentive structure is depicted in Figure 2 below.

For a list of free CMFNH trainings and to register, visit: http://multifamily.h-mg.com/training/

Events For a list of free events where you can find CMFNH staff and to download a google calendar that includes event descriptions, visit: http://multifamily.h-mg.com/events/

CMFNH Staff Contacts For more information about CMFNH: Visit our website at: www.h-m-g.com/multifamily/cmfnh Call us toll free at: 866-352-7457. Email us at: cmfnh@h-m-g.com To email specific CMFNH staff members:

Senior Program Manager: Amy Barr, barr@h-m-g.com

Plan Review Manager: Linda S. Murphy, murphy@h-m-g.com

Associate Manager: Sophia Hartkopf, hartkopf@h-m-g.com

Associate Plan Review Manager: Keith Sage, sage@h-m-g.com

Program Associate: Ashley Heath, heathg.com

Figure 2. CMFNH Performance Incentives In addition to cash incentives, projects participating in CMFNH receive the following benefits free of charge:

Expert advice on high-performance multi-family design

Energy design assistance and trainings

Third-party verification of energy measures

Assistance in meeting energy requirements for ENERGY STAR New Homes, New Solar Homes Partnership, and green programs

Projects must complete all enrollment procedures, submit a complete application package and pass the plan review process by November 15, 2012. Projects must complete construction and submit all final documentation to CMFNH staff by December 31, 2015.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

PROCESS AND PRACTICES

1.1.

Integrated Design Concepts

Integrated design describes the process by which the building design is developed through close collaboration between the owner, developer, architect, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, energy consultant and other specialized consultants. Through this team approach, the various building systems can be designed to work together. Integrated design involves making informed decisions based on quantifiable data while striving to achieve commonly agreed upon building performance and aesthetic goals. The integrated design approach generally includes two components: 1. An initial design charrette, followed by 2. Regular project team meetings Design charrettes are an excellent method for developing the design through a team approach. It is especially useful at critical design stages, including the early design programming stage where most of the design priorities are set. Charrettes are described in further detail starting on page 10. Conducting a design charrette and holding on-going meetings will increase design costs. However, the results of an integrated design process ultimately result in fewer change orders due to improved team communication and/or a streamlined permitting process which can reduce the overall cost of the project.

Integrated Design Denfintion: ‘Integrated design,’ otherwise referred to as ‘holistic design’ or ‘integrated product delivery,’ is a project delivery method that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and construction.

Whole Building Design Guide For a deeper explanation of integrated design, visit: www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.p hp

BetterBricks The Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) ‘BetterBricks’ program website includes a number of tools and resources related to the integrated deisgn approach and process: www.betterbricks.com/detailPage .aspx?ID=663

EERE The Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) group has an integrated design resorce document available for download on their website: www1.eere.energy.gov/femp//pd fs/29267-4.1.pdf

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Figure 3 below is a diagram explaining the integrated design process and participation.

Figure 3: Integrated Design Process Flow Chart Assembling an Integrated Design Team The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) houses a checklist of steps towards energy efficient building design, of which assembling your design team is one important step. www.energystar.gov/ia/business/to ols_resources/new_bldg_design/Buil dingDesignGuidanceChecklist_10190 4.pdf

Assembling Your Design Team The first step in the process is assembling a team that is committed and has the necessary skills and experience to create an energy efficient/high performance design. Not only should the team have knowledge of, and expertise in, energy efficient design practices, it should also be receptive and committed to carrying out the energy efficiency goals established through a charrette process. At a minimum, the design team should include the developer, architect, energy consultant, mechanical engineer, contractors, purchasers, and construction superintendent.

Choosing an Energy Consultant ‘Energy consultant’ is a general term with no consistent definition. Required qualifications of these consultants vary by state. To further complicate matters, people can do the work of an ‘energy consultant’ without necessarily calling themselves by this name. For example, a number of mechanical engineers and HERS raters perform energy analysis and modeling. To help ensure that energy consultants have the necessary skills, organizations have begun to issue credentials specific to this role. For California, the California Association of Building Energy Consultants

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

(CABEC) provides two credentials for energy consultants, Certified Energy Plans Examiners (CEPE) and Certified Energy Analyst (CEA). To obtain the CEPE credential, an energy consultant must pass a written test. This test ensures consultants have a thorough understanding of Title 24 requirements, and is offered separately for residential (lowrise multi-family) and nonresidential (high-rise multi-family) standards. With every energy code update (such as the most recent 2008 Title 24 energy code instated in January of 2010), a consultant must take a new test for recertification. Consultants with at least one year of experience performing Title 24 compliance calculations may also qualify for the higher distinction of Certified Energy Analyst (CEA). For compliance with Title 24, there are no professional credential requirements for energy consultants. Any person can legally complete Title 24 compliance documentation. However, most energy efficiency programs require that a CEPE complete the energy analysis or Title 24 documentation. CMFNH is one of these programs, as is the New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) and the California Utility Allowance Calculator (CUAC). While CEPE designation may ensure that someone has the necessary expertise to complete Title 24 requirements, it does not distinguish the ‘compliance professionals’ from ‘high performance analysts.’ A ‘compliance professional’ focuses on meeting Title 24 minimum standards, is typically brought onboard late in the design process, and is minimally involved in project development. Their goal is to get the project through the building department. A ‘high performance analyst’ strives to maximize energy efficiency in the building, exceeding Title 24 requirements, and provides recommendations to the design team throughout the design process. Though the latter may charge more for their services, the energy savings projected will be more reliable, and may qualify a project for programs and incentives. Mechanical engineers bring practical knowledge of mechanical systems that assist in providing feasible energy efficiency recommendations. These professionals, however, will often focus on the mechanical systems and tend to overlook whole-building and load reduction opportunities that a good energy consultant could identify. Through the integrated design process, the energy consultant can share these recommendations, and the mechanical engineer can bring practical knowledge of mechanical systems to complement the energy consultant’s energy efficiency recommendations.

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Lists of CEPEs and CEAs The California Association of Building Energy Consultants (CABEC) hosts a searchable directory of all Certified Energy Plans Examiners (CEPEs) and Certified Energy Analysts (CEAs) at: www.cabec.org

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Beyond credentials, there are a number of questions to ask potential energy consultants to find one that matches your project needs. You should enquire about:

The consultant’s experience in energy efficiency or high performance design

The types and range of projects the energy consultant has worked on (e.g. residential, low rise or high rise – depending on the project being proposed)

The consultant’s special interests or experience (e.g. solar, HERS, Green building, utility programs)

Call references from members of a design team the energy consultant has worked with to ask:

Assembling an Integrated Design Team The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) houses a checklist of steps towards energy efficient building design, of which assembling your design team is one important step. www.energystar.gov/ia/business/to ols_resources/new_bldg_design/Buil dingDesignGuidanceChecklist_10190 4.pdf

What was the nature of the energy consultant’s contribution to the project?

Does the energy consultant work well with other professionals?

Was the energy consultant able to provide cost-effective energy efficiency recommendations?

Other Members of the Design Team Architect/Design Consultant The architect’s role is to integrate spatial, structural and/or aesthetic design with decisions that affect energy, water and resource efficiency and conservation, all of which arecritical to successful energy efficient projects.

Engineering Consultant The engineering consultant’s role is to design high performance mechanical systems, such as those for heating, cooling, ventilation and water distribution. Find an engineer that has experience in maximizing efficiency, and be wary of relying on ruleof thumb, as these rules are often created to avoid tenant complaints but do not necessarily offer the most energy-efficient solution. An engineering consultant should be included in meetings with the design team, the architect and the energy consultant to ensure all specialties are integrated and working toward a common goal.

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General Contractor Design changes in the early stages of a project are always more affordable than those made later, but if such changes are demanded later in a project (e.g., to meet budget), a skilled green contractor should be able to minimize any negative impact on high-value green features. Consider consulting a general contractor during the design phase, either at the design charrette or an early integrated project team meeting (if the contractor is chosen after the charrette). It often proves worthwhile in gaining vital, practical input early enough for the team to consider the full range of green design choices available to them. This arrangement also offers additional benefits to both the general contractor and the team. The general contractor has the opportunity to demonstrate his or her knowledge of green building, while at the same time developing an edge over competitors by gaining a deeper understanding of both the project and your teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dynamics before the bidding phase. The team, on the other hand, has the opportunity to interact with contractor candidates and evaluate their knowledge and communication skills before having to make a final selection.

HERS Rater for Third-Party Verification The role of HERS raters has expanded in recent years, and now HERS documentation is required for a wider range of functions: Title 24 verification, federal tax credit documentation, energy efficiency mortgages, and utility and green program qualification. If your project is participating in a national or local green building or energy efficiency program, it is important to ensure that the HERS rater you choose is certified to inspect for that specific program. You can easily identify your specific program and inspection requirements prior to selecting a HERS rater. The following questions will help define your needs and guide you to a rater experienced in the appropriate areas.

Is your multi-family building low-rise or high-rise (4 or more habitable stories)? Low-rise buildings require a residential HERS rater, while high-rise buildings require that the rater be certified to also inspect non-residential properties.

What types of diagnostic testing are required? Tests could include duct blasting, blower door testing, airflow measurement, and others. Not all raters have the

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Finding a HERS Rater: To find out more information about new construction HERS raters visit the California HERS Provider websites: CalCERTS: www.calcerts.com CHEERS*: www.cheers.org *Please note that as of October, 2010 CHEERS is no longer accepting new projects.

CalHERS The California Association of HERS Raters is a non profit mutual benefit corporation formed to provide advocacy and education to HERS Rater, the public and others regarding energy efficiency and the third party verification process. http://calhers.org/

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

equipment and certification to conduct all diagnostic tests. Be sure to make audit and verification protocols transparent during the hiring process.

Are you participating in any programs or applying for funding that requires special HERS inspections or certifications? There are different HERS certifications. In addition, some programs that include green measures require additional ratings that are specific to their program (Build it Green, LEED for Homes). Select a HERS rater that has all credentials required for participation in programs applicable to the project.

Sometimes the HERS rater and energy consultant are the same person. If this is the case, be sure that the individual meets all qualifications necessary to fill both roles. If the HERS rater and energy consultant are different people, coordination between the two is important to ensure that the HERS rater understands which energy efficiency measures will require verification. The HERS rater must also coordinate closely with the construction manager. The HERS rater will need to conduct diagnostic testing and inspections at key points during construction. If construction proceeds without HERS inspection, the project will likely fail to meet incentive program requirements, and may even fail to meet Title 24 requirements. Correcting this problem may require costly changes to the building to compensate. Design Charrettes Planning and Conducting Integraed Design (ID) Charrettes The Whole Building Design Guide includes best practices for conducting an integrated design charrette. www.wbdg.org/resources/charret tes.phpf

Energy Efficiency Design Charrettes The integrated energy design process is not a rigid formula; rather it is a dynamic process that brings together owners, builders, designers, engineers and contractors to solve problems at the whole building level. Integrated design should start with a design charrette â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a brainstorming session that encourages team members to work together to improve the whole building performance. It is an assembly of all people, skills, and authority involved in the design and building of a project from start to finish, for the purpose of synchronizing understanding of the project, agreeing on project goals, and improving how the different building systems will work together. To orchestrate this process it is advisable to designate one person as the integrated energy design coordinator. Often, it is advantageous

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

to the process if that person is an outside specialty consultant with previous experience with these types of projects. An independent consultant can strike a balance between the competing interests of the other stakeholders and must be willing and able to challenge the design team at times if design decisions start to default to old assumptions and methods. This person’s main job is to champion the ambitions and goals of the building, develop a spirit of cooperation amongst the design team members, and identify opportunities to foster synergies that will advance the project. One method of achieving such synergies is through design charrettes.

Focus on Energy Through a design charrette focused specifically on energy efficiency, all parties involved in the design and building process, from the beginning stages through completion, are able to contribute to and understand energy saving strategies for a particular project. In an energy efficiency design charrette, the team works together to:

Establish energy efficiency as a priority early in the design process — The earlier in the design process the energy efficiency goals are established, the less costly they are to incorporate. Also, as a project progresses, the opportunities to insert additional efficiency measures decrease.

Establish energy efficiency goals — It is essential that all parties involved understand and agree on the concepts and aim of the project. Otherwise, efficient measures may be cut due to misunderstanding or conflict of interest.

Develop strategies to accomplish goals — Having a plan to achieve your goals is as important as setting them. This plan will serve as the basis of your design and equipment specifications, as well as your Request for Bids specifications.

Integrate design solutions — Avoid the checklist approach. The object is not to install the most energy saving measures, but a combination of measures that, when used together, yield cost effective energy savings for your unique project. Use the expertise of your energy consultant, architect, mechanical engineers, and other team members to identify integrated design solutions.

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“The earlier in the design process the energy efficiency goals are established, the less costly they are to incorporate.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Who Should Attend the Charrette?

“The most productive charrette results from all members bringing all possible knowledge and resources to the table.”

To get the most out of an energy efficiency design charrette, all parties involved in the design or building process should be encouraged to participate. At minimum, the design team, as defined above, should attend the charrette. Also, carefully consider who might influence the implementation of energy efficiency design plan. Any person who might contribute to, or even impede energy efficient design should also attend. For example, involving building department officials and community organizations can help reduce permitting time, decrease community opposition, and overcome other challenges. Other key participants may include your marketing team (to understand the marketing value of, and the developer commitment to energy efficiency) and your financing team. Utility or energy efficiency program representatives could contribute to the process of establishing energy efficiency goals. Some project groups hold two charrettes – an initial session for the design team, and a session that includes a larger group of stakeholders, to ensure that everyone has agreed on a common set of goals and the general site and building design.

Charrette Participant Preparation and Responsibilities The most productive charrette results from all members bringing all possible knowledge and resources to the table. This requires some forethought and planning.

Provide a meeting agenda and expectations for participants to research options and be prepared to present ideas

Have a rough schematic of the building design to serve as a starting point

Have your energy consultant model several project-specific baselines or scenarios with various options to present at the meeting

Have a general project budget in mind

Bring ideas and be prepared to provide recommendations

To increase the charrette productivity,, conduct research in advance of the meeting. Ask participants to bring the following resources to the meeting:

Costs and Cost Analysis Tool — Use a simple payback method or cost analysis to determine the least to most costly energy efficiency measures

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Financing: Funding, TCAC, Tax Credits — Research funding programs that reward energy efficiency to factor into your cost and feasibility analysis

Incentive Programs — Research programs and incentive funding available for energy efficiency to factor into your cost analysis

Marketing Opportunities — Identify how energy efficiency can help your project gain acclaim, funding opportunities, and a marketing edge

Establish a low, medium, and high cost alternatives matrix with corresponding funding, incentives, tax credits, and marketing opportunities

Don’t forget to factor the non-energy benefits in to your analysis

When Should the Charrette be Conducted? There is no set formula for when a charrette should be conducted, and the project team will need to use their best judgment. In general, the design charrette should be conducted after a few basic parameters are established, including site location, project size, and general budget, and there is a general building schematic, but before any details have been developed. There should be enough of a framework that discussion can be somewhat guided, but the building plans should still be flexible enough to allow for changes in orientation, site layout, systems design, and in specific energy efficiency measures. Further guidance is provided in the Design Development section.

Meeting Structure and Agenda Initially, a charrette can be very structured, as all team participants are introduced to the different roles and aspects of the project. By following a charrette-like process, eventually this procedure evolves into common practice for the design team, and participants develop a sense of ownership, responsibility, and consensus on energy efficiency goals. Below is a sample agenda for an energy efficiency design charrette:

Project Overview — To ensure that all participants understand the scope of the project and its intentions, provide a detailed explanation of the project and its components

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“The design charrette should be conducted after a few basic parameters are established, including site location, project size, and general budget.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Establish Energy Efficiency Design Goals — The energy goals should be created collectively to make certain all team members are in general agreement and moving in the same direction

Energy Design Options — Once the project goals have been set, specific energy design options can be identified and discussed. The greater part of the charrette is getting into these issues. This includes: •

Getting suggestions from all team members for improving energy efficiency and possibly incorporating on-site generation

•

Working together to decide which energy efficiency measures to pursue, based on cost, feasibility, and how well the measures integrate

Energy Design Options can include, but are not limited to: Site Considerations

Building Envelope

Lighting Appliances

Water Heating System

HVAC Equipment

Climate Solar access Orientation with relation to the sun and wind Insulations Radiant barrier / Cool roof Attic venting Windows and glazing Shading of building and windows Thermal mass Infiltration / exfiltration

Fixtures Controls Refrigerators Dishwashers Clothes Washers Central or individual Storage or tankless Distribution controls Location(s) Central laundry or in-unit Space heating Space cooling Distribution

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Other issues

Photovoltaic systems Parking / Transportation Water efficiency Operations and Maintenance

At the conclusion of the meeting, each person should understand their role in the project’s progress and be in sync with the other team members in achieving the energy efficiency goals established during the charrette.

The Next Steps Following the charrette discussion of project goals and possibilities for energy efficiency, the team can finalize decisions to implement.The next steps are as follows: 1. Finalize energy calculations using tools such as EnergyPro 2. Develop specifications for energy efficiency measures 3. Transfer specifications into schematic and construction documentation 4. Apply for funding and incentive programs In addition, the project team should continue to meet regularly (e.g., monthly) while the project is underway to ensure that project goals are met and that all team members understand the plans and specifications from other team members.

Additional Outcomes and Strategies The success of a well-planned and efficient project may draw attention and set an expectation for future projects. Such examples further promote efforts to increase health and efficiency in the natural and built environments. One of the great benefits of an energy efficiency design charrette is that ideas and principals discovered through the process can be carried into other projects. The process can be evaluated, improved upon, and recycled for energy efficiency and success in future projects. 1. Translate energy efficiency processes and standards into corporate design guidelines 2. Evaluate process 3. Evaluate the outcome (e.g., what did it save or cost?) 4. Improve the process

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“One of the great benefits of an energy efficiency design charrette is that ideas and principals discovered through the process can be carried into other projects.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Project Design Phases HUD Design Advisor The Housing and Urban Development sponsored Affordable Housing Design Advisor provides numerous resources regarding the design of affordable housing projects. One of these resources is the 20 Steps to Design Quality. www.designadvisor.org/how/how_ steps.html

1.2.

Project Phases

Cost-effective project teams consider energy efficiency in all phases of project development and construction. Transparency of goals and intentions and team collaboration are keys to successful project management, from assembling the design team through construction and verification.

Schematic Design Starting the conversation about energy efficiency during the schematic design phase, before any of the building design is penciled out, allows for innovation and maximization of cost-effective measures. The building can be designed around these opportunities, rather than squeezing energy efficiency measures into the design later in project development. Two critical steps in the schematic design phase, include:

Establishing energy efficiency and green goals

Assembling the design team

These steps should not necessarily be taken in sequence, but rather simultaneously, as they are interconnected. For instance, the project energy efficiency and green goals will help in guiding decisions around which energy efficiency or green programs the project will participate in and who should be hired to fill each of the roles. However, including design team members in discussions of project goals can be an effective way of engaging interest and excitement about the project, while generating ideas. Furthermore, understanding energy and green program requirements may influence program goals and determine the qualifications needed on the design team.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Set Energy Efficiency & Green Goals

Assemble Design Team

Connect with Energy & Green Programs

Figure 4: Energy Efficiency Steps in Schematic Design Phase

Design Development The design development phase of the project is when the majority of the decisions around energy efficiency and green measures are made. It is during this phase that the energy consultant will conduct an energy analysis to identify the most cost-effective energy upgrade measures for the building. Communication among the architect, engineer, energy consultant, and other design team members is paramount during this phase. Consequently, it is at this point that the charrette should be held. This coordination is critical because:

The architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design of the building envelope will be modeled in the energy consultants energy analysis, and will influence energy efficiency recommendations and sizing of mechanical systems

The architect must include space in their design for equipment and systems recommended by the mechanical engineer and energy consultant.

The energy consultant will incorporate mechanical systems specified by the mechanical engineer into their energy model, and the mechanical engineer must consider the energy efficiency recommendations associated with the mechanical systems.

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Design Development Stanford Design Development Guide and Checklist Stanford University provides a design development (DD)t checklist which outlines the steps within the DD process. http://lbre.stanford.edu/dpm/sites/ all/lbreshared/files/docs_public/Vol2_92_D esign_Development.PDF

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Commensurate with the level of energy efficiency design effort, it is equally important to make sure efficiency is carried through to construction.â&#x20AC;?

Including the developer and contractor in the early planning can help reduce cost. Bringing the design team together regularly to work out the specifications reduces back and forth communication, and can expedite the decision making process.

Construction Commensurate with the level of energy efficiency design effort, it is equally important to make sure efficiency is carried through to construction. Transparency and communication are key during consruction to minimize errors and change orders. Construction documents must clearly specify energy efficiency measures. Finally, the third-party verification (such as HERS rating) confirms that energy efficiency measures are actually installed, and that they are installed according to product specifications, ensuring that the building meets the original energy efficiency goals. On-going Communication Communication among the project team is as as important as the communication between the team and the construction crew. This ensures the construction crew is clear on the project goals and understands how to carry out design specifications. In other words, the information must be passed down to the people doing the actual work, and not just remain in the heads of the supervisors. This may require additional trades training.

Construction Documents With energy efficiency, water conservation, and/or renewable energy goals in place for a project, it is important to be deliberate in placing requirements for upgraded equipment within all project plans and specifications. Though the construction manager may have been involved in green charrettes for the project, and have a clear and consistent vision for the project with the rest of the design team, it is never safe to assume that those energy or water goals have been communicated to all workers on the job. Many times architects and engineers place minimum specifications for code compliance on project plans, regardless of energy efficiency plans, as a safeguard against having to edit these specifications when changes are made to the planned efficiency of systems. This can potentially cause several problems, including, but not limited to:

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

1. The bidder may not be aware of the energy efficiency and green measures and provide an inaccurate bid, therefore rendering all cost analysis inaccurate as well. 2. The installer may not receive the message that energy efficient equipment is in the unofficial plans for the project. In a case that standard equipment is installed, there is either an additional cost to correct the installation error or the error is not corrected and projected energy savings estimates are not realized. 3. Energy efficiency measures and green measures are too easy to value engineer out, if not officially documented.

Third Party Verification Third-party verification is often required for program participation and rebates or incentives. This verification is not only beneficial to the program or for code enforcement, but it provides quality assurance to the project team that installed green, energy, water, and/or safety measures meet performance expectations. Some contractors charge a premium if their work will be inspected by a third-party, for one of two reasons: 1. They must perform a higher quality of work to pass inspection and avoid reinstallation of measures. 2. If certain diagnostic tests are required, for instance a refrigerant charge test, the contractor may be concerned about an inspectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tampering with the finished installation and treat the inspection as an additional liability. This is workth the added to ensure a quality product installation and realized energy-savings goals. Additionally, some inspections, such as Quality Insulation Installation (QII), require inspection mid-construction, while building and system components are still accessible. In the instance of QII, the insulation must be inspected before the sheet rock is installed. If the contractor is unaware of this requirement, they may close-in the wall before the insulation has been verified, and the project is then unable to qualify for the program or incentives. This illustrates the importance of communication amongst project team members.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Third-party verification is not only beneficial for code enforcement, but it provides quality assurance to the project team that installed green, energy, water, and/or safety measures meet performance expectations.â&#x20AC;?

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Energy savings opportunities do not end with construction completion and verification.â&#x20AC;?

Post-Construction Activity Energy savings opportunities do not end with construction completion and verification. For a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy efficiency potential to be realized, the building operators and occupants must use the building as it was designed to be used. There are a number of conservation measures that can be employed post-construction to save additional energy. Tools and strategies for tracking actual energy use and building performance over time can demonstrate effectiveness of energy efficiency and conservation measures taken in the building.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

ENHANCED BUILDING PERFORMANCE

Buildings designed for high performance and energy efficiency employ integrated design concepts, acknowledging the interconnectedness of:

The local climate and site conditions,

Building shape and orientation,

Exposure and distribution of windows and shading,

The relationship between daylighting and electric lighting,

The efficiency of the envelope,

The effects of thermal mass, and

The type, sizing and efficiency of the mechanical equipment and systems

When these elements are systematically evaluated early in the design process, a developer can maximize whole-building energy performance at no or low added cost. At every decision point in the design process, the energy goals and these synergies guide the decision making process. This section will provide an introduction to basic building science principles, the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, building simulation, and energy efficiency measures that can inform the decision making process in designing high performance building.

1.3. Building Science Principles and Practices Well-designed buildings efficiently respond to fluctuating climates that, in some climate zones, can be extreme. Despite highly variable climate conditions, many buildings are designed and built with disregard for local conditions and instead rely on a mechanical approach to achieving human comfort, through the use of energyhogging mechanical systems to control heat, humidity and ventilation. While HVAC technology is advancing and the performance is improving, the increasing cost to install the systems and the subsequent operating cost should be considered in the design process. Through understanding the science behind human comfort, and the effect different building components and mechanical systems have on one another, we can find the best

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Building Science Building Science Corporation Building Science Corporation hosts numerous resources for those who seek introductory and advanced information on building science. www.buildingscience.com

Building Science Basics This presentation from the DOE Building America program describes the basics of buildings science. www.toolbase.org/pdf/designguides /mdl_2_%20buildingsciencebasics.p df

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

The Science Behind Green Building The resource from GreenBuilding. com explains the forces behind building science in clear terms. www.greenbuilding.com/knowledg e-base/what-green-building-science

resource- and cost-effective strategies for creating comfortable spaces.

General Building Science Principles In general, air moves from hot to cold and from moist to dry. Managing transfer of heat and water into, out-of, and throughout the building is essential in creating comfortable, healthy, and safe living conditions. Heat transfer to and from the body, which establishes human comfort, is primarily controlled by:

Humidity Definition: a moderate degree of wetness especially of the atmosphere (Webster).

Air temperature

Mean radiant temperature

Humidity

Airflow

Energy efficiency and green design rely heavily on physics for maximizing control over these factors.

Heat Transfer Heat always flows from hot to cold. It can be transferred by three methods:

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

The human body can use any of these methods to transfer heat, and so can a building and its mechanical systems. Conduction Conduction Definition: the process by which heat is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature between adjoining regions, without movement of the material (Dictionary.com).

Conduction is the flow of heat through a solid material. An electric stovetop heats a pan through conduction. When a person touches that hot pan with a bare hand, it is through conduction that the heat transfers to the body and creates a burning sensation. In a building, conduction occurs through roof, wall, and floor materials when the outdoor air temperature is different than the indoor temperature. The rate of heat transfer is dependent on material properties, thus the materials and assembly of the building envelope largely affects the transfer of heat into and out of the building. For instance, if a brick and a steel pot are heated to the same temperature, the steel

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

pot will burn your hand more quickly than the brick. One of the downsides of steel frame construction is its high conductivity. There are ways to control heat transfer through conduction, even in steel frame buildings. Much like an ovenmit or pot holder protects your hand from a hot pan, building insulation protects a building from heat transfer through conduction. Heat also flows by conduction into and out of heating and cooling ducts and water pipes, if poorly insulated, affecting the efficiencies of these systems and their ability to control temperature. Convection and Airflow Convection is the flow of heat through a gas or liquid. Ovens use convection to bake or cook food by transferring heat through air. Ducted heating systems use this method of heat transfer by blowing hot or cold air into a room. Heat moves from the hot air to the cold air, distributing warmth.

Convection Definition: the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise , and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat (Oxford).

Though air temperature depends on and influences air flow to distribute heat, air flow can affect human comfort without a change in air temperature. Our bodies use evaporation (perspiration) to cool our bodies when air temperatures are too warm to transfer heat away from our bodies. Increasing the airflow across the skin increases the evaporation rate, therefore increasing the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to dissipate heat. This is why a ceiling fan can affectively cool a person without reducing the air temperature in the room. Infiltration of air through holes, cracks, and gaps in the building envelope also affects thermal comfort through convection, or by airflow alone. When outside temperatures differ from inside temperatures, the heat will transfer through convection through the opening in the building envelope. Radiation and Mean Radiant Temperature Radiation is heat transfer from one surface to another through space, without contact by solid, liquid, or gas. An example of radiation is the warmth you feel on your skin on a sunny day. People can feel cold when they radiate heat to a cold window, or feel hot when a hot window transfers heat to them. The radiant exchange of the human body with its surroundings can account for almost fifty percent of the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to lose heat. Though there are many examples of radiation that negatively affect human comfort in a poorly-built home, primarily associated with a poorly insulated building envelope or inefficient windows, there are ways to use radiant heat transfer to positively affect human comfort.

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Radiation Definition: The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves transmitted as heat, light, electricity (Oxford).

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

An example of this in passive design is the use of exposed, high mass materials, such as concrete, in wall and floor assemblies. Because high mass materials have higher heat capacity, they are able to absorb heat when a space is warm, and release heat when the temperature has cooled, regulating temperature throughout the day. Mechanical radiant heating and cooling systems provide comfort through heating or cooling floor, ceiling, or wall surfaces. Moisture Management In general, moist air should be exhausted from interior spaces to avoid condensation on building materials. The California Building Energy Efficiency Standards and Building Codes encourage the following practices:

Stack Effect Stack Effect – When Buildings Act Like Chimneys Green Building Advisor’s website includes a short yet simple explanation of the stack effect in buildings. www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/sta ck-effect-when-buildings-actchimneys

Stack Effect In Buildings

Include mechanical exhaust for kitchens and bathrooms, which are ducted to the outside.

Never use wall cavity as ductwork. It is less efficient in terms of moving conditioned air, and can cause condensation within wall cavities.

Include moisture barrier to keep moisture in outside air from penetrating building, and seal the building envelope to reduce air infiltration.

Properly size HVAC equipment. This step is discussed in Correctly Sizing an Air Conditioner. Not only will this save energy, but it will help manage moisture in the building.

Stack Effect One type of airflow that is particularly important for multi-family buildings is the stack effect. The stack effect describes how air can move vertically through a building, as hot air rises or cold air sinks. In cooler months, warm air in the building rises and exits through the top floors. This creates a negative pressure that draws air up from the lower floors. Consequently, the top floors receive stale air from the lower floors, as air moves up through the building. In hot months, the air flow reverses – cold air in the building sinks, and the bottom floors receive stale air from the top floors. The stack effect in cooler months is illustrated in the figure below.

National Resource Council Canada has published a detailed article on stack effect.. www.nrccnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building -digest-104.html www.h-m-g.com/multifamily 866.352.7457 Page | 24

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Stack Effect Energy Efficient Ventilation for Apartment Buildings The following Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study highlights energy efficient ventilation for multifamily buildings. http://epb.lbl.gov/publications/ener gy_eff_ventilation.pdf

Figure 5: The Stack Effect. Image courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Energy Efficient Ventilation for Apartment Buildings

The stack effect can cause indoor air quality problems in multi-family buildings, because residents can receive stale air from other parts of the building, rather than fresh air from the outside. Compartmentalizing each unit and sealing off vertical chases can help reduce vertical airflow within the building, which reduces the stack effect.

Strategies for Enhancing Energy Performance The most cost-effective strategies for high building performance follow a two-step cycle:

Reduce loads

Use efficient equipment to meet the remaining loads

As described below, only after both of these strategies are pursued should on-site power generation (e.g., photovoltaics, or PV) be considered. The pyramid approach allows us to follow the two-step cycle, reducing energy loads and increasing efficiency in a logical order. Decisions made for efficiency at each step will influence costs and decisions for energy measures higher in the pyramid. The first step towards energy efficiency in buildings is to design the building to take advantage of natural sun and wind patterns that may provide passive heating and cooling without the use of mechanical equipment. In addition to lower heating and cooling loads, a well-designed building shell will also provide for use of

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“The most costeffective strategies for a high building performance first reduce loads then utilize efficient equipment to meet the remaining loads.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

natural light, reducing the need for electric lighting in interior spaces. Factors to consider include:

â&#x20AC;&#x153;First design the building to take advange of natural climate patterns, then specify the envelope, appliances and lighting, waterheating; Only then specify and size the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC).â&#x20AC;?

Site selection and building orientation

Window placement and shading

Ventilation

The next step is to specify products that insulate, reflect heat, and seal the envelope to prevent unwanted heat gain or heat loss to the interior space, including:

Wall and roof materials

Insulation

Windows and doors

Building air sealing

When efficiency of the building envelope is maximized, the focus shifts to the equipment that will be installed in the building. This includes:

Lighting (both in units and in corridors and common areas)

Appliances

Inefficient lighting and appliances emit heat to the surrounding air and surfaces. Through addressing the efficiency of each fixture and appliance placed in the space, one can minimize the cooling load, while also minimizing the energy needed to run each appliance or fixture. Appliances that use hot water will also impact the load on water heating equipment. Specifying appliances that are also water efficient can reduce hot water demand and possibly the size of the water heating system needed, while keeping water bills low as well. Once appliance efficiency is maximized, domestic water heating should be considered. A well-thought-out water heating system includes several components:

Plumbing design

Insulation

Recirculation controls

Water heater/boiler

Grouping hot water fixtures and appliances together, and near the water heating equipment, will minimize heat loss in transit. This strategy not only reduces the energy needed to heat water, but also reduces the heat gain within the building. Insulation and circulation

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

controls will also impact the water heating loads and heat gain to the space (as discussed in the section Domestic Hot Water). Specifying the boiler or water heater to appropriately meet the water heating load is the final step in water heating system design. If energy efficiency has been maximized at each step in the pyramid, smaller, less expensive equipment is then needed to meet the heating and cooling loads within the building. Appropriate sizing of HVAC equipment and selection of efficient equipment will top off the list of energy efficiency features in the building. With each step, in the pyramid the energy loads on the building get smaller, so that when the design team gets to the point of considering a solar PV system, a smaller system is needed to offset the remaining electric load. Not only is a smaller PV system less expensive, but less roof space is needed to accommodate the system. Feasibility for reaching net zero energy use is far higher with building energy loads minimized and there is ample roof space to meet remaining energy loads with a PV system.

1.4.

California Codes and Standards

California is a leader in energy policy in the United States, with a history of successful implementation of programs and regulations to encourage energy efficiency. However, in order to meet greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions goals defined by Assembly Bill 32, it will need to magnify those efforts. The California Long Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan sets the goal of transforming residential energy use to â&#x20AC;&#x153;ultra-high levels of energy efficiency resulting in Zero Net Energy new buildings by 2020.â&#x20AC;? The California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Reach Codes, and Green Building Standards described in this section all contribute to this effort.

Building Energy Efficiency Standards â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Title 24, Part 6 The California Building Energy Efficiency Standards (BEES) are found in Part 6 of the California Building Code, also known as Title 24. The California Energy Commission (CEC) revisits these standards every three years, increasing stringency and covering more measures, with the purpose of moving buildings on the continuum toward net zero energy. Title 24 includes sections for residential buildings and for non-residential buildings. Buildings with three habitable stories or less are considered low-rise residential buildings. Residential buildings with more than 3 habitable stories are considered high-rise, and they must follow a hybrid of residential standards and nonresidential standards. http://multifamily.h-m-g.com 866.352.7457 Page | 27

California Strategic Long-Term Energy Efficiency Plan This plan sets forth a roadmap for energy efficiency in California through the year 2020 and beyond. It articulates a long-term vision and goals for each economic sector and identifies specific near-term, midterm and long-term strategies to assist in achieving those goals. www.californiaenergyefficiency.com /docs/EEStrategicPlan.pdf

California Building Energy Efficiency Standards The California Building Energy Efficiency Standards otherwise known as Title 24 Part 6 can be downloaded from the link below. The Standard was most recently set as law in 2010 under the 2008 version. www.energy.ca.gov/title24

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

On January 1, 2010 the 2008 Standards replaced the 2005 Standards for building energy efficiency in California. A new low-rise residential building meeting the 2008 code is approximately 15% more efficient than a building meeting the 2005 code. For non-residential and highrise residential, new buildings that meet 2008 code are about 10% more efficient than buildings meeting 2005 code.

“California’s building and appliance standards have saved consumers more than $56 billion in electricity and natural gas costs since 1978 and averted building 15 large power plants.”

According to the CEC, “California’s building and appliance standards have saved consumers more than $56 billion in electricity and natural gas costs since 1978 and averted building 15 large power plants. It is estimated the current standards will save an additional $23 billion by 2013.”

Compliance Paths California’s energy code sets forth mandatory minimum requirements for building envelope, mechanical equipment, and lighting that apply to all residential projects, regardless of climate zone, statewide. In addition, a project must meet the appropriate prescriptive minimum requirements for each of the sixteen CECdefined climate zones to receive a building permit. If a building deviates from the compliance constraints of the prescriptive approach, as defined by Package D, the whole building must comply with the performance approach. The performance approach allows for trade-offs - measures that are less efficient than the package D standard can be used for some components, but energy upgrade measures that are more efficient than the package D standard must be used for other components. For example, a building with higher window to wall ratios than prescriptively required by Title 24 may compensate by installing air conditioning equipment with higher efficiency than required. Compliance is demonstrated through energy simulation modeling. The proposed whole-building design must show an energy budget equal to or less than the energy budget a similar building meeting the prescriptive standard would have.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Climate Zones

Pacific Energy Center Guide to California Climate Zones* This document of climate data was made for designers to inform energy-conscious design decisions. The information for 16 California Climate Zones is summarized and suggestions are given for passive design strategies appropriate to each climate. You can chose your specific region (on the right sidebar): www.pge.com/mybusiness/edusafet y/training/pec/toolbox/arch/climate /index.shtml

Figure 6: Map of California Climate Zones1 A building that meets Title 24 is the least efficient building you can legally build in California. When a project intends to go beyond code with the performance approach, it is measured in terms of ‘percent better than standard.’ Starting in 2001, statewide utility residential new construction programs and the ENERGY STAR® for Homes Program have set 15% better than standard as the program requirement.

Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) Energy use varies over the day and throughout the year. For example, on summer afternoons, there is a high electricity demand as everyone turns on air conditioners. At night, electricity use drops as the need for cooling drops and people turn off lights. The peak energy demand is the maximum amount of energy (either electricity, described in MegaWatts [MW], or natural gas, described in therms) that is used at one time. The peak demand must be met through power generation from power plants and on-site generation. The CEC’s goal is to decrease peak demand because this avoids having to build more capacity (i.e., having to build more power plants). Consequently, it is important for buildings to be designed so their energy use is minimized during peak times. In other words, not only does it matter how much energy is used, but when it is used. For buildings following the performance method for compliance with Title 24, Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) plays an integral role in 1

http://www.calpoly.edu/~sede/casestudyCA.html

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Or view all revions together: www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/a bout/edusafety/training/pec/toolbo x/arch/climate/california_climate_zo nes_01-16.pdf *Please note that the Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards references are out of date (2005 Standard).

Climate Zone By Zip Code To determine your Climate Zone based on your zip code, consult the following PDF: www.energy.ca.gov/maps/CLIMATE _ZONES_ZIPCODE.PDF

California Climate Zone Google Earth View You can view California’s 16 Climate Zones on Google Earth. Visit the CEC website for directions: www.energy.ca.gov/maps/building_ climate_zones.html

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Time Dependent Valuation Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) Methodology Report This document describes the methodology used to determined time dependent valuation. www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005sta ndards/archive/rulemaking/docume nts/tdv/TDV_ECON_METHOD_EXTR ACT.PDF

the energy budget calculation. TDV is a method that assigns high values for on-peak electric savings (e.g. summer afternoons) and low values for off-peak electric savings (e.g. nighttime). TDV was introduced with the 2005 Title 24 standards, and changed how energy is ‘valued’ based on the time of day, the time of the year, and the building’s climate zone. In the 2008 Title 24 code, the difference in valuation of electricity onpeak versus off-peak is larger. Consequently, there is greater Title 24 compliance credit given to peak electric energy saving measures, like high energy efficiency ratio (EER) air conditioners and low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) windows, versus measures that save energy off-peak. Conversely, TDV results in greater Title 24 compliance penalties for building features that cause increased energy consumption during on-peak periods, such as a disproportionately higher percentage of glazing on west-facing facades and oversized, un-shaded windows or skylights.

Figure 7: Graphical Illustration of Time Dependent Valuation Home Energy Rating System

Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Measures

HERS Website

HERS Raters are part of the third-party verification step in the construction process. HERS Raters provide a valuable quality assurance service, ensuring that the equipment or envelope measure specified in the energy calculation is actually installed in the building. Each new cycle of the Title 24 Standards increases the emphasis placed on site verification performed by a certified HERS Rater.

The Home Eneryg Rating System is overseen by the California Energy Commission (CEc). For more information on HERS, visit the CEC website. www.energy.ca.gov/HERS

CalCERTS CalCERTS is currently the only HERS Provider approved by the California Energy Commission to train and oversee HERS raters for residential new construction. Visit CalCERTS for more information or to find a HERS Rater. www.calcerts.com

The 2008 code includes a list of new HERS verification measures, including testing air handlers for air leakage, verifying cooling coil airflow, and quality insulation installation for spray polyurethane foam. Further discussion is presented in the California Codes and Standards section. The following graphic illustrates changes to those measures requiring HERS verification.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

2005 HERS Measures Reduced Duct Leakage Supply Duct Location and Deeply Burried Ducts Duct Surface Area and R-value Improved Refrigerant Charge Thermostatic Expansion Valve Air Handler Fan Watt Draw High EER Maximum Cooling Capacity

New or Revised Measures for 2008 Low Leakage Air Handlers Refrigerant Charge Indicator Light Display (CID) Verified Cooling Coil Airflow Evaporatively Cooled Condensers Ice Storage Air Conditioners Quality Insulation Installation for Spray Polyurethane Foam PV Field Verification Protocol

Adequate Airflow Building Envelope Sealing Quality Insulation Installation

Measures Removed from HERS Testing in 2008 Thermostatic Expansion Valve Adequate Airflow

Figure 8: 2008 Title 24 HERS Measures

Reach Codes The California Energy Commission is developing a ‘Reach Code’ as part of the 2011 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards update. This reach code is a voluntary set of standards to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency than required by Title 24. Through voluntary adoption by local governments, cutting-edge measures and technologies included in the reach code will gain greater presence in the market place and in building practices. Though adoption of the reach code by local governments will be optional, those governments have authority to make reach code measures mandatory within their jurisdictions. Proven cost-effectiveness and feasibility, as a result of market integration, will contribute to the argument for future integration of reach code measures into subsequent editions of the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Reach code measures may also be used for compliance with performance-based investor-owned-utility programs and green certification and labeling programs.

Reach Codes An explanation on the reach code program from the investor-owned utility industry can be found in the following presentation. www.lgc.org/events/docs/seec/seec _webinar03_mariscal_120210.pdf

Local Reach Code Ordinances To view a full list of cities which have adopted reach codes, visit the California Eneryg Commission website. www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008sta ndards/ordinances/

Green Building Standards – Title 24, Part 11

Green Building Standards

In January 2009, California adopted the nation's first mandatory green building standards. Beginning January 1, 2011, all new buildings must comply with the 2010 California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen). CALGreen is also included in Title 24 as Part 11. Until its official implementation date, local jurisdictions may voluntarily adopt the standards, and require new building projects to comply.

Green Building Standard, CalGREEN

Mandatory provisions of CALGREEN for residential buildings include meeting Title 24 energy standards, a twenty percent reduction in indoor water use, diversion of fifty percent of construction waste, and the use of low-pollutant emitting interior finish materials.

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To download the full code language, visit the Building Standards Commission website. www.bsc.ca.gov/CALGreen

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Optional Tiers I and II Tiers I and II of the Green Building Standards are optional paths for taking green building to a deeper level. These tiers can be voluntarily adopted by local governments, and offer a preview of future iterations of CALGREEN. Tier I requires building to be at least 15% more energy efficient than required by Title 24, and divert 65% of waste. Tier II requires energy efficiency at 30% improvement over Title 24 requirements and 75% waste diversion.

1.5.

Energy Modeling / Simulation

Interactions between the site and building parameters mentioned previously are quantifiable, physical processes. There are many building energy simulation tools that can model the energy relationships of the whole building. In essence, in energy modeling, the user enters information about the building (e.g., location, orientation, building components). The software then determines the energy sources and sinks in the building to predict the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy performance. In California, specialized software tools are used to model buildings for compliance with Title 24 requirements. The same software can also be used as a tool to model whole building performance. Building energy simulation is an important tool available to the design team committed to designing a high efficiency building. It is not only a tool for energy analysis; it also has an important role to play in the economic analysis of a project and can play an important role in communication between technical and non-technical members of the team. Building energy modeling is a specialized skill, and accuracy is essential when the results are the basis for major decisions, such as type and size of HVAC equipment and window area, location, shading and glazing performance. For these reasons, it is advisable to hire an experienced energy consultant and budget enough time and money to include the consultant in the design team meetings and for multiple building simulation runs during design development. For the best results, this process must be started early. It is even possible, and in fact desirable, to model a building in the conceptual design stage. At this stage, accuracy is not the most important thing, because the building design will go through many stages before a final design is completed. Instead, the value here is to establish the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s basic energy efficiency profile in its climate zone, and to examine the effects that changing a few essential parameters such as

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orientation, window performance, and insulation levels have on the HVAC sizing requirements.

Maximizing Building Efficiency through Packaging Measures By performing multiple building simulations runs with different combinations of measures, the modeler can identify the sensitivity of the building’s energy use to particular measures. For example, the modeler may find that adjusting one measure has little impact on the overall energy use, while adjusting another measure has a large impact. This kind of parametric analysis becomes useful in later stages of design because the design team as a whole will have a shared knowledge of where the most cost-effective measures to achieve greater energy efficiency can be expected. One of the things that building simulation software can accomplish is to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of multiple measures in combination and compare those results with alternate combinations as well as varying degrees of individual measures. For example, it is well known that in hot climates a significant amount of the cooling load enters the living space through the roof/attic/ceiling areas. One might think that by simply adding insulation, the cooling load could be controlled to any desired level, but insulation is subject to the laws of diminishing returns. Building simulation models show that the combination of a radiant barrier with a comparatively lower level of insulation can often further reduce cooling loads and be a more cost effective solution for a particular climate zone than maximizing insulation alone. It is important to remember that the goal of the integrated design process is not to use the ‘most’ efficient measure for any given building element, but rather to seek a combination of cost-effective and energy efficient measures that will achieve the project energy efficiency goals. Economics is always a prime consideration when selecting a set of measures, and a good energy analysis is never complete without cost analysis. Only by balancing these two elements – first costs and energy savings – can one achieve a combination of measures that will provide comfort to the occupants, low energy usage, and cost savings for the developer. Though it is true that particular measures perform better in certain climates and building designs, the package of measures yielding maximum costbenefit differs from one building to the next.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Description of Software California Approved Title 24 Compliance Software MICROPAS To learn more about the MICROPAS software, visit Enercomp, Inc.’s website: http://micropas.nittler.us/

In California, EnergyPro and MICROPAS are the software tools approved by the California Energy Commission (CEC) to model buildings for performance compliance with the Building Energy Efficiency Standards (also known as Title 24) requirements. An energy consultant typically uses these software programs to prepare documents that demonstrate the building design meets or exceeds those Standards. MICROPAS (Enercomp, Inc.) is currently certified for use with the 2008 low rise residential energy standards (3 stories or less).

EnergyPro To learn more abou the EnergyPro software, visit EnergySoft’s website: www.energysoft.com

CEC List of Approved Computer Program For the most recent list of California Energy Commission approved software programs, visit the CEC website: www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008sta ndards/2008_computer_prog_list.ht ml

EnergyPro (EnergySoft, LLC) is currently certified for use with the 2008 low rise residential energy standards and the nonresidential energy standards (including high rise residential, 4 stories or more). Both software products produce results for Title 24 compliance, all reporting documentation, HVAC sizing calculations, parametric runs and have the ability to model buildings outside of California using different energy codes. Other software products may apply to the California Energy Commission to be certified for use with the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards.

Avoiding Common Modeling Mistakes Some of the most common modeling mistakes in either software are:

The front orientation of the building does not match the site plans

The occupancy type of the building is not correct •

A multi-family building modeled as single family

The envelope of the building doesn’t match the plans: •

Title 24 model shows R-13 insulation in walls, the plans indicate R-15

•

Missing window or glass door area, French doors shown as solid core doors, missing entry doors

•

Floors over unconditioned spaces not shown

The HVAC system is not described properly or completely as needed by the software: •

Wrong system type, not enough information

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

The DHW system is not described properly or completely as needed by the software: â&#x20AC;˘

Wrong system type, incorrect inputs, missing piping or other components

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Passive Design Sustainable Sources Sustainable Sources is a collection of information and sources of materials, assistance, and links for further research on many aspects of sustainable design, visit their website: http://passivesolar.sustainablesourc es.com/

Passive Solar Design Primer The New Mexico Solar Energy Association provides a primer on the basics of passive solar design: www.nmsea.org/Passive_Solar/Passi ve_Solar_Design.htm

ENERGY MEASURES

1.6.

Passive Design

Every building site comes with a unique set of climate conditions. The two main site aspects that impact energy performance are sun and wind, which should be addressed through the orientation and exterior envelope of a building. Creating a building design that responds optimally to site influences should be considered early in the design process so as not to miss this opportunity for costeffective energy savings. Optimal shape and building orientation decrease the need for heating, cooling, and electric lighting. The building meets some of its heating, cooling, and lighting needs ‘passively’ (i.e., through sunlight, shading, and other features that don’t require energy), thereby reducing less of its energy needs from ‘active’ sources (e.g., HVAC equipment, lights). Although there is some additional time required in the design phase, these measures can yield the most cost-effective energy savings. There are no associated materials or installation costs, as there are with mechanical measures, and the consequent savings accumulate over the lifetime of the building.

Building Orientation and Shading Purpose:

The Passive House Institute The Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) is a consulting and research firm working to further the implementation of Passive House standards and techniques in the United States: www.passivehouse.us

To maximize solar gains in winter and minimize solar gains in summer. Performance Metric: Space heating and cooling loads (kBtu/sq. ft./year).

The lower the loads, the better the building performance.

Orienting larger surfaces to the north or south (the long axis of the building facing within 20º of true South) and shading windows on the south and west are the most common mechanism of ensuring energy savings through this method. Properly sized overhangs based on the building’s latitude are a useful measure. These allow direct sunlight to pass through the window during winter times (when the sun is lower in the sky), when heat gain from sunlight is wanted; but they also block direct sunlight from passing through the window in summer (when the sun is higher in the sky), when heat gain is not wanted. To provide protection from wind and reduce ambient temperatures, one can also take advantage of natural shading features on site, such as trees, hills, and surrounding buildings.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Reducing windows and other types of glazing on the west side of the building is also good practice, because this reduces solar gain during the hottest part of the day. For multi-family buildings, this can be challenging, because there are often units along the entire perimeter of the building. Shading for these windows becomes particularly important.

Title 24 Passive Design Requirements

Title 24 Alternative Calculations Method

Title 24 requirements around building orientation and shading are not addressed directly, but are found throughout the standards. They are located within the glazing requirements and are embedded in the performance compliance approach.

The ACM Approval Manuals can be downloaded at the California Energy Commission website.

West facing glazing exceeding 5% glazing area-to-floor area ratio in low-rise buildings, and 40% glazing area-to-wall area ratio in highrise buildings results is a penalty that must be made up through more stringent measures elsewhere in the building design.

Residential (multi-family low-rise): www.energy.ca.gov/2008publication s/...2008.../CEC-400-2008-002CMF.PDF

For project teams that use the performance approach, the compliance software takes passive design element into account when predicting the building’s energy use. The compliance approach uses algorithms, described in the Alternative Calculations Method (ACM) Manual, to calculate the estimated energy budget for a building and compare it to the prescriptive standard. These algorithms are embedded in the California Title 24 compliance software. Thus, a building with good passive design will be credited with lower energy use.

Nonresidential (high-rise): www.energy.ca.gov/2007publication s/.../CEC-400-2007-019-45DAY.PDF

1.7.

Building Envelope Materials

Building professionals refer to the outer layer of a building as ‘the building envelope’ because it envelopes the interior living space. It can refer to a wall, roof, floor, window or door, and is responsible for the Building Envelope most significant loads that affect building heating and cooling energy use. The principles of passive design are also applicable when considering building envelope materials. Through careful material selection, we can keep out a large portion of the summer heat while allowing in some solar radiation in the winter.

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Building Envelope Building Envelope Measures & Concepts This webinar presentation from CMFNH can be accessed on the CMFNH website. Presentation and recording are available. http://multifamily.h-mg.com/documents/2010%20MF%20T raining%20Presentations.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Insulation Definition: The term thermal insulation can refer either to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer (Wikepedia)

Insulation Purpose: Insulation resists the flow of heat by conduction through the building envelope Performance Metric: R-value – a measure of a material’s resistance to heat transfer.

The higher the R-value, better resistance to heat flow.

Insulation resists the flow of heat by conduction through the building envelope. The energy performance specification of insulation is the R-value, a measure of a material’s resistance to heat transfer. The higher the R-value, the greater the resistance to heat flow.

Title 24 Minimum Insulation Standards In 2008 Title 24, maximum prescriptive U-factors for high-rise residential envelope assemblies were revised in certain climate zones. Consequently, metal-framed walls and screw down metal roofs without thermal blocks now require continuous insulation to meet the new requirements. Low-rise residential wall and attic insulation requirements remain consistent with the 2005 Title 24 regulations, with a minimum R-value in walls of R-13 in all climate zones, and a prescriptive requirement ranging from R-13 in climate zones 2 through 10 to R-21 in climate zones 1 and 14 through 16. The prescriptive attic insulation requirement is R-30 in climate zones 2-10, and R-38 in climate zones 1 and 11 through 16. The 2008 Title 24 change also included changes to the Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual to include modeling of attic spaces. The new attic model calculates interactive effects of roof radiant barriers, attic ventilation and attic duct characteristics. In 2005, Title 24 de-rated the effective R-value of an envelope assembly by approximately 13% for ‘standard’ insulation installation in low-rise residential buildings remains in force with the 2008 standards. This addresses the poor quality of typical insulation installation and the resultant decrease in overall R-value of the assembly, discussed in the next section.

Quality Installation Except in the case of continuous insulation sheathing, the rated Rvalues of insulation products are nominal and other factors, such as the percentage of the wall taken up by framing members, and the

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quality of the installation, must be accounted for to calculate the effective R-value of a wall, floor or roof assembly as a whole. Investigations into the performance of buildings often show a significant gap between the specified level of insulation and the actual performance. Thermal performance decreases when insulation:

Is not in contact with the air barrier, creating air pockets through which heat may bypass the insulation

Has voids or gaps, resulting in portions of the construction assembly that are not insulated

Is compressed, creating a gap near the air barrier and/or reducing the thickness of the insulation

When insulation is not in contact with the air barrier, which is generally the back of the drywall on an exterior envelope assembly, convective air movements in these small spaces allow additional heat transfer to occur, reducing overall energy performance. In Title 24, these common problems of sub-standard installation of insulation are addressed with the Quality of Insulation Installation (QII) HERS measure for wood framed walls, ceilings and roof assemblies. A standard R-value calculation method is used for the effective R-value used in Title 24 compliance. If the insulation on a building is not to be inspected by a HERS rater, then this standard value is reduced to assume sub-standard installation. If the insulation is to be inspected by a HERS rater following the procedures of the QII HERS measure, then a Title 24 compliance credit is available which restores the effective R-value to the standard calculation value. For ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes the threshold is raised higher with the mandatory Thermal Bypass Checklist (TBC) requirement. This complments the QII requirements by identifying the 25 areas where heat most commonly bypasses the insulation. Each of these items must be checked and verified by a HERS rater in order for a building to meet the minimum requirements of an ENERGY STAR Qualified Home.2

2 The Thermal Bypass Checklist, as part of the ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes Program, requires visual inspection of framing areas where air barriers are commonly missed and inspection of insulation to ensure proper alignment with air barriers, thus serving as an extra check that the air and thermal barriers are continuous and complete. 2

Exact R-value varies by density; check manufacturer’s specification sheet and follow manufacturer’s installation procedures.

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Quality Insulation Installation (QII)

QII Video Quality Insulation Installation (QII) refers to the proper installation of insulation to meet manufacturers specification. This video descrbes how QII works: www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXqxFzbvUc

Thermal Bypass Checklist The Thermal Bypass Checklist, along with Quality Insullation Installation in California are both requirements for builders/developers looking to obtain the ENERGY STAR® Homes label (under the 2011 Standard). Follow the following link to view a presentation which goes through this checklist with visual examples: www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bld rs_lenders_raters/downloads/ES_20 11_Checklists.pdf A presentation explaining the Thermal Bypass Checklist in more detail can be downloaded from RESNET’s website: http://archive.resnet.us/conference/ 2006/presentations/Parker_Thermal _Bypass.pdf To download the checklist, visit: www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bld rs_lenders_raters/downloads/Therm al_Bypass_Inspection_Checklist.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Choosing Insulation Type Insulation Types The following webpage describes the types of insulation available for new construction applications: www.energysavers.gov/your_home/ insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/myt opic=11510

Green Home Guide The following article discusses the pros and cons of various insulating materials. http://greenhomeguide.com/knowhow/article/choosing-the-bestinsulation-delivers-energy-savings

Insulating Materials In California, insulation is regulated by the California Standards for Insulating Materials, which ensures that insulation products perform to the manufacturer’s published specifications. Figure 9 provides a description for a number of insulation types and products. Though these products are often marked with their overall R-value, they are listed here by R per inch (R/inch) for comparison purposes.

Common Insulating Approx. R / 3 Materials inch

Comments

Blankets

Flexible batts or rolls made from mineral or natural fibers Most common application May contain recycled content

Fiberglass

R-3

EnergySavers The following webpage describes the types of insulation available for new construction applications: www.energysavers.gov/your_home/ insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/myt opic=11510

Fine glass fibers may be hazardous, similar to asbestos Some brands may contain formaldehyde Also known as rock or slag wool

Mineral wool

R-3

Similar to fiberglass but has higher fire resistance Made from recycled cotton fibers

Cotton

R-3

Borate treated for fire and insect resistance Environmentally friendly

NAIMA The National American Insulation Manufacturers Association provides an overview of the different types of insulation products: http://www.naima.org/pages/resour ces/faq/faq_home.html

High Density Fiberglass Blown-in (dry)

R-4

Also known as ‘super-insulation’ for its high performance, R-15 for 2x4 and R-21 for 2x6 walls Loose fibers that are blown into building cavities or attics using special pneumatic equipment; good choice for retrofits.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Insulation Types Fiberglass

R-2.5

R-value reduces as it settles (more reduction than cellulose) Made from recycled newspapers Borate treated for fire and insect resistance

Cellulose

R-3.5

May contain formaldehyde from ink

Fiberglass Defnition: A composite material made of spun unidirectional glass fibers bonded in a high tensile strength.

Commonly used in attics Some R-value reduction as it settles Available in aerosol cans for small scale filling of gaps Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)

R-6

Professional application required for large scale No ozone depleting potential, some global warming potential

Mineral Wool Definition: A man-made wool-like material of fine inorganic fibers made from slag, used as loose fill or formed into blanket, batt, block, board, or slab shapes for thermal and acoustical insulation (Armstrong).

Sprayed-in (wet)

Cellulose Higher quality envelope than drywall Cellulose

R-3.2

Adhesive prevents settling and reduction in wall R-value over time Moisture must be carefully managed per manufacturers’ instructions Also known as ‘blown-in-blanket’

Fiberglass

R-3.8

Cementitious

R-3.9

Adhesive prevents settling and reduction in wall R-value over time Made from minerals extracted from seawater Non-toxic, non-flammable

Foam board

Manufactured by blowing molten liquid or pellets into air spaces using a blowing agent

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Definition: Thermal insulation made from recycled newspaper or other wastepaper; often treated with borates for fire and insect protection (GreenBuilding Advisor)

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Polyisocyanurate

Definition: A form of polyurethane polymer, based on cyanuric acid, formed from a polyhydroxy alcohol and a diisocyanate (Wikipedia).

Polystyrene Definition: A thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of styrene (vinyl benzene).

R-6

Polyurethane

R-6

Closed-cell foam with very high thermal performance No ozone depletion potential, negligible global warming potential Closed-cell foam with very high thermal performance No ozone depleting potential, but does have global warming potential Molded beads

Expanded Polystyrene

R-4

Higher water absorption than other foams No ozone depleting potential, some global warming potential Also known as ‘blueboard’

Extruded Polystyrene

R-5

Lowest moisture absorption of all foam boards Uses ozone depleting blowing agent Foam boards or blocks used as formwork for concrete

Insulating Concrete Forms

varies

Remains permanent part of building structure Can speed construction, light weight

Structural Insulated Panels (SIP)

varies

Foam board sandwiched between structural skins (typically expanded polystyrene or polyisocyanurate foam board with oriented strand board skins)

Figure 9: Common Insulating Materials Air Sealing BuildingScience.com has a number of articles on air sealing, including an article on Understanding Air Barriers. www.buildingscience.com/documen ts/digests/bsd-104-understandingair-barriers

Air Sealing — Reducing Infiltration Purpose: Air sealing prevents the unintentional exchange of conditioned air with unconditioned air through cracks and leaks in the building envelope. Performance Metric: CFM – cubic feet per minute.

The lower the cfm, the less air exchange between conditioned indoor air and unconditioned outdoor air through infiltration.

Loss of conditioned air and the subsequent need to condition the newly infiltrated air represents a significant loss of energy. Sealing

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

these cracks and other leakage sources prevents this loss of energy. It also helps prevent moisture infiltration, making living spaces draft free and greatly improving comfort. Most insulation materials do a poor job of resisting air flow, so they must be contained by an air barrier on all six sides to be effective. An air barrier can be any material that restricts air flow and must continuously enclose the insulation without any holes, cracks or gaps. For the insulation to work effectively, the air barrier must be in full and continuous contact with the insulation. Typically, the air barrier will be the drywall on the inside of the exterior wall or the underside of the ceiling joists, or the floor sheathing. Continuous insulation sheathing can also act as an air barrier. Air leakage can be tested through a blower door test. The test measures the air leakage when the home is pressurized to 50 Pascals. This test is used for Title 24 compliance credit, as well as verification for participation in the ENERGY STARÂŽ for Qualified New Homes program.

Radiant Barrier Purpose: To reflect radiant heat from the sun, preventing heat transfer through the roof. Performance Metric: Reflectance - The ratio of the total amount of radiation, as of light, reflected by a surface to the total amount of radiation incident on the surface. Thermal Emittance - The energy radiated by the surface of a body per second per unit area.

Good radiant barrier products have high reflectance and low emittance.

A simple and cost-effective solution to block the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat from penetrating the roof and heating the attic is a radiant barrier. A radiant barrier is a reflective layer of aluminum foil or plastic film, usually installed in the attic. It can reduce attic heat by up to 30% and block up to 97% of radiant heat gain, saving energy and

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How Radiant Barriers Work The Department of Energy webpage includes a short, information explanation of radiant barriers including information on the types of products available and installation instructions. www.energysavers.gov/your_home/ insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/myt opic=11680

Radiant Barriers: Performance Revealed Read this article from Home Energy Magazine to understand the energy savings potential of radiant barriers. www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem. dis.anl.gov/eehem/00/000915.html

increasing comfort.4 Additional energy savings are achieved in buildings where the HVAC and ductwork are within an attic space with a radiant barrier because it reduces heat gain otherwise incurred by this equipment. The essential characteristic of radiant barriers is that they are high reflectance5 and low emittance6 materials. A radiant barrier can have reflective surfaces on one or two sides. If a one-sided radiant barrier is installed, it must face an air space to be effective. Radiant barriers are most effective in hotter climate zones and lowrise buildings, where there is a higher roof to floor area ratio. When incorporated into a well-thought-out energy efficient design (i.e. with a whole building approach) that can be documented through a building energy simulation program, air conditioners can be downsized, which significantly reduces first costs.

Radiant Barrier Products There are a variety of certified radiant barrier products available. For new construction, OSB (oriented strand board) roof sheathing that is pre-laminated with a radiant barrier foil is popular because there is no additional labor cost for installation. Flexible radiant barriers, with one or two layers of bubble-wrap type material covered on one or both sides with aluminum foil, are also common. This type of radiant barrier is also suitable for use in retrofit applications. Another variant popular in retrofit applications is a scrim-type material covered on both sides with aluminum foil. Once installed radiant barriers are virtually maintenance free. However, if they are installed in a location where they can accumulate dust, they need to be dusted to maintain best performance. This is important maintenance information that should be communicated to the tenants or building manager. For radiant barriers that require an air space to be effective, the tenants or building manager should also be instructed to keep this area clear (i.e., not store items so that they block the air space).

4 Reflectance is The ratio of the total amount of radiation, as of light, reflected by a surface to the total amount of radiation incident on the surface 11 Emittance is the energy radiated by the surface of a body per second per unit area. 12 Emittance is the energy radiated by the surface of a body per second per unit area.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Cool Roofing Materials

Cool Roofs Cool Roof Rating Council

Purpose: To reflect radiant heat from the sun, preventing heat transfer through the roof. Performance Metric: Reflectance – The ratio of the total amount of radiation, as of light, reflected by a surface to the total amount of radiation incident on the surface. Thermal Emittance – The energy radiated by the surface of a body per second per unit area.

Good cool roofing products have high reflectance and low emittance.

Title 24 Cool Roof Requirements Under the 2008 Title 24 code, there are new prescriptive standards for the thermal emittance and reflectance of roofing products. The most significant change includes specifications for steep-sloped roofs, making them similar to the previous requirements for lowsloped roofs. The reflectance for the roofing product must now be ‘aged-reflectance,’ which is the reflectance estimated after threeyears of field use of the product, rather than reflectance of a new roof. For high-rise buildings, these requirements apply to:

Low-sloped roofs in climate zones 10, 11, 13, 14, and 15

For low-rise buildings, they apply to:

Low-sloped roofs in climate zones 13 and 15

Lighter weight steep-sloped roofs in climate zones 10 through 15

Heavier weight steep-sloped roofs in all climate zones

The Solar Reflective Index (SRI) describes a roofing material’s ability to reflect solar gain. The higher a material’s SRI, the higher its reflective properties. A new SRI calculator allows some trade-offs between reflectance and emittance lower than 0.85.

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The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) is an independent, non-profit organization that maintains a thirdparty rating system for radiative properties of roof surfacing materials. www.coolroofs.org

Cool Roof Database The Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) houses a cool roof product database. http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroofs

LBNL Heat Island Group The LBNL Heat Island Group studies how the built environment contributes to the heat island effect. Among theire research is information about cool roofs. http://heatisland.lbl.gov/CoolRoofs

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Glazing The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) NFRC is a non-profit organization that administers the only uniform, independent rating and labeling system for the energy performance of windows, doors, skylights, and attachment products. www.nfrc.org

Glazingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Windows, Doors and Skylights Purpose: To allow for natural light and views while avoiding significant heat gain or loss to the conditioned space. Performance Metric: Insulation value (U-factor)7 - A measure of conductive heat transfer that results from a difference in air temperatures between the outside and inside.

A lower u-factor is better.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)8 - A measure of heat transfer from direct or indirect solar radiation that is independent of air temperature.

Generally a lower SHGC is better; however this is climate dependent and not always the case.

Visibility (Visible Transmittance or VT)9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Although not a measure of energy performance, it is an important consideration when selecting a window; the choice of U-Factor and SHGC will usually affect the VT of the window

Windows, doors, and skylights transmit daylight, which brings health and a sense of well-being into our homes. They also bring a connection to the outside world and the cycles of day and night, winter and summer. However, a single pane glass window, commonly found in older multi-family buildings, has insulation properties that cause it to lose heat ten to twenty times faster than a well-insulated wall. The introduction of dual-glazed windows was a great improvement, almost doubling the insulating value. Beyond the number of glazing layers, other factors, including frame and sash materials, spacers and gases between glazing layers, and coating on glazing layers, also affect window performance. The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) provides comprehensive ratings of window, door, and skylight thermal efficiency. Their

13 thermal transmittance, in Btu/(hr x ft2 x

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r s i i a r s

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

fenestration evaluation system identifies three basic properties to consider for energy performance calculations:

Insulation value (U-factor) 10: a measure of conductive heat transfer that results from a difference in air temperatures between the outside and inside

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 11: a measure of heat transfer from direct or indirect solar radiation that is independent of air temperature

Visibility (Visible Transmittance or VT): although not a measure of energy performance, it is an important consideration when selecting a window; the choice of UFactor and SHGC will usually affect the VT of the window

All three types of heat transfer work in combination in a window, in varying degrees, and depending on the external conditions. Adjusting the U-factor and SHGC has significantly different effects on the energy performance depending on whether the building is in a heating-dominated or cooling-dominated climate. In coolingdominated climates (inland hotter regions), reducing the SHGC will provide larger energy savings than lowering the U-factor. This is because the heat from direct solar radiation coming through windows is a magnitude larger than the heat from conduction through windows. In heating-dominated climates, on the other hand, a reduced U-factor has a relatively larger effect on reducing heating energy. This occurs because heat gains from solar radiation are generally welcome in cold climates, whereas heat losses due to heat conduction from the warm interiors to the cold outdoors contribute to higher energy use. However, window selection is not as simple as selecting a window with the ‘best’, i.e. lowest, performance values, and the same type of windows used in one building should not necessarily be used in another. Each climate zone and building will have its own characteristic mix of heating and cooling days throughout the year, depending on solar exposure, outdoor temperature, and internal loads. In particular, multi-family buildings generally have more

U-factor is the overall coefficient of thermal transmittance, in Btu/(hr x ft2 x F) for the total fenestration product. 17 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestration to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed radiation, which is then reradiated, conducted, or convected into the space

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“In coolingdominated climates, reducing the SHGC will provide larger energy savings than lowering the Ufactor… In heatingdominated climates, on the other hand, a reduced U-factor has a relatively larger effect on reducing heating energy.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

internal heat gains than single family homes, because there are usually more people, appliances (including cooking equipment), lights, and other sources of heat, per floor area. Computer simulation, either with specialized window programs like RESFEN and Window5 or whole house simulation programs, can provide climateand building-specific guidance for the optimal SHGC and U-value.

“The size and orientation of windows are also key energy performance metrics. Larger window area effectively means larger heat flows between the indoors and outdoors, even when using the best windows possible for a given climate.”

The size and orientation of windows are also key energy performance metrics. Larger window area effectively means larger heat flows between the indoors and outdoors, even when using the best windows possible for a given climate (since insulated walls are better than the best windows in terms of thermal performance). Windows facing south and west have more solar gains than those facing north and east. Large west-facing windows are the least energy efficient window design. To this effect, Title 24 has limitations on total window area as a percentage of total floor area for low-rise and of total wall area for high-rise in the prescriptive approach.

Title 24 Minimum Requirements The 2008 Title 24 requirements are more stringent for glazing Ufactor requirements in all climate zones, while SHGC requirements have been lowered in some climate zones. A new NFRC Component Modeling Approach (CMA) is now allowed for modeling of site-built fenestration without physical testing. Other 2005 Title 24 prescriptive requirements remain unchanged in the 2008 Title 24 standards, including:

1.8.

West-facing window-to-floor ratios exceeding 5% results in a compliance penalty for low-rise buildings. In high-rise buildings, west-facing window-to-wall ratios exceeding 40% results in a compliance penalty.

For both low-rise and high-rise buildings, window area of the proposed building is compared to a standard design with identical window area.

Lighting &

Lighting & Appliances

Appliances As our residential buildings become more energy efficient, the field of opportunities for further energy efficiency through changes in building standards begins to shrink. The “low hanging fruit” have all been picked and more effort, and sometimes

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

complexity, is needed to squeeze out the additional savings. Residential lighting and appliances are somewhat of an exception in this regard. Because Title 24 only includes mandatory measures for residential lighting, there are no compliance trade-offs and therefore no incentive for choosing more efficient fixtures. Similarly, title 20 establishes minimum mandatory standards for appliances, but does not offer any incentive for choosing appliances with greater efficiency. Lighting and appliances, however, are responsible for a large portion of energy use in the multi-family building sector. They therefore represent a large opportunity for energy savings, which can translate into lower energy costs for the residents or building manager. In general, efficient lighting and appliances are costeffective energy efficiency measures. They are also incentivized in some green building programs, including LEED for Homes and GreenPoint Rated.

Residential Lighting Purpose: Provide lighting sufficient to safely conduct household activities, without lighting unoccupied spaces or adding excessive heat gain to conditioned space.

Lighting California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) The California Lighting Technology Center's (CLTC) mission is to stimulate, facilitate and accelerate the development and commercialization of energy efficient lighting and daylighting technologies. http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/

Performance Metric: Efficacy - The ratio of the total luminous flux in lumens emitted by a light source over all wavelengths to the total radiant flux in watts.

Higher efficacy is better.

Title 24 Lighting Standards All of the Title 24 lighting standards are mandatory measures. Unlike the standards for heating, cooling and water heating, there are no options for using the performance approach, and no opportunities for trade-offs with other measures. The standards regulate the quality of lighting, measured by its efficiency and quality of construction, but do not regulate the quantity of lighting. The main effect of the standards is to encourage fluorescent lighting technology over traditional incandescent lighting. This is accomplished by setting a minimum requirement for the amount of

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2008 Title 24 Residential Lighting Design Guide The Title 24 Residential Lighting Design Guide is designed to help builders comply with California's 2008 Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. The Residential Lighting Design Guide provides a practical approach to lighting code compliance and design, including a broad array of example designs as well as technical and compliance information. http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/images/docu ments/guides_reports/title24/Title2 4_Residential_Lighting_Design_Guid e_2008.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

light a fixture produces divided by the amount of electricity it consumes. Compact fluorescent lighting uses about one fourth the energy of an incandescent bulb, with the same light output, and lasts about 10 times longer. Although the standards do not rule out other technologies, like light emitting diode (LED) lighting, fluorescents is the most cost effective lighting technology that can currently meet the standards. Mandatory lighting measures require that general lighting fixtures in bathrooms, garages, laundry rooms, and utility rooms are either high efficacy or controlled by occupancy sensors. High efficacy is defined in the standards according to the fixture definitions in Figure 10 below. Additionally, the total wattage from installed high-efficacy fixtures in kitchens must equal or exceed that of the installed wattage from low-efficacy incandescent fixtures. 5 watts or fewer

30 lumens per watt

5 to 15 watts

40 lumens per watt

15 to 40 watts

50 lumens per watt

Over 40 watts

60 lumens per watt

Figure 10: High efficacy definition per Title 24 Standards With the exception of kitchen lighting, there are also alternate ways to meet the standards by using certain controls, such as occupancy sensors and dimmers, in conjunction with incandescent lighting. The energy efficiency benefits of dimming incandescent lighting are not straightforward, since a bulb dimmed to 25% of its light output still uses half the energy, resulting in decreased efficiency when dimmed. One the other hand, the life expectancy of dimmed incandescent bulbs is greatly extended. CFLs do not lose efficiency when dimmed, which makes them a smart choice, but they must be carefully selected to match the dimming control. Occupancy sensors must be of the “manual-on/auto-off” type, where lighting must be manually turned on by a person and then automatically turned off when the space is vacant. ENERGY STAR® Advanced Lighting Package An ENERGY STAR Advanced Lighting Package designation identifies homes equipped with a comprehensive set of ENERGY STAR qualified light fixtures. www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fi xtures.alp_consumers

ENERGY STAR® Appliances Purpose: Meet washing or refrigeration needs while maximizing energy and water efficiency.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Performance Metric: Refrigerators: kWh – Estimated annual energy use of the refrigerator.

The lower the kWh, the less energy the refrigerator is estimated to use.

Dishwashers: Energy Factor (EF) – Cycles per kWh.

The higher the EF, the more efficient the appliance.

Clothes Washers: Modified Energy Factor (MEF) - the quotient of the capacity of the clothes container, divided by the total clothes washer energy consumption per cycle. The higher the MEF, the more efficient the washer. Water Factor (WF) - The quotient of the total weighted per-cycle water consumption, divided by the capacity of the clothes washer.

The lower the value, the more water efficient the appliance

ENERGY STAR® is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program helps consumers save money, while protecting the environment through energy efficient products and practices. The program works by labeling products that meet a specific energy efficiency threshold so that consumers are assured that the product meets a high level of energy performance. The products range from appliances to buildings. To earn the ENERGY STAR label, products may also need to meet additional requirements beyond energy efficiency. For example, to earn the ENERGY STAR label, fans must meet a sound requirement (a maximum sone rating) to ensure that they are quiet. ENERGY STAR® qualified household appliances allow families to save money on energy bills and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, without sacrificing comfort and lifestyle. Results are already adding up. Americans, with the help of ENERGY STAR®, saved enough energy in 2005 alone to avoid greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those from 23 million cars — all while saving $12 billion on their utility bills.

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ENERGY STAR® Wepage Visit the ENERGY STAR® Webpage For more information on ENERGY STAR® appliances, lighting, rebates, and specifications. www.energystar.gov

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

1.9.

Domestic Hot Water (DHW)

Purpose: Meet domestic hot water needs with minimum heat loss and energy use. Performance Metric: Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) – The measure of seasonal or annual efficiency of a furnace or boiler.

The higher the AFUE, the more efficient the boiler

Energy Factor (EF) – the ratio of useful energy output from the water heater to the total amount of energy delivered to the water heater.

The higher the EF is, the more efficient the water heater.

Thermal Efficiency – the fraction of heat input that is converted to net work output. Central DHW Systems in Multifamily Buildings Energy Design Resrouces (EDR) publishes a number of design guides and technical resources for the building sector. This guie discusses central systems in multi-family buildings.. http://www.energydesignresources. com/resources/publications/designbriefs/design-brief-central-dhwsystems-in-multifamilybuildings.aspx

The higher the thermal efficiency, the more efficient the boiler or water heater.

Domestic water heating accounts for a significant portion of the total energy budget in multi-family building, and therefore represents a large opportunity Domestic Hot Water for energy savings. There are various system options and components that can improve performance, and therefore several layers of decisions. For most large multi-family buildings, a central water heating system with a recirculation loop is an effective method of delivering hot water in a reasonable amount of time. A central system allows maintenance to be carried out at a single location, whereas having individual water heaters in units multiplies the number of locations requiring maintenance, creating many more locations within the building where leaks and water damage could occur. Additionally, central water heaters are typically more efficient than individual water heaters. In order to increase the efficiency of the central hot water system, it is important to consider the following:

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Efficiency of the boiler/heater The federal minimum and Title 24 standard for large gas boilers is 80% thermal efficiency. Simple atmospheric boilers can reach a maximum of about 82% thermal efficiency. Condensing boilers can attain thermal efficiencies up to 98% by capturing the sensible and latent heat from the flue gases.

Controlling energy use in recirculation loop pumps Continuous pumping of hot water wastes energy by using electric energy when hot water is not needed. Installing controls, like demand and temperature modulation controls, that turn the pump off when hot water is not needed is an effective energy efficiency strategy.

Pipe location Similar to ducts in unconditioned spaces, pipes (especially when un-insulated) can lose a significant amount of heat to the surrounding air or ground when exposed to the outdoors or buried underground. The best location for pipes is within the building envelope so that heat losses are minimized.

Pipe insulation It is important to insulate pipes, especially in unconditioned and semi-conditioned locations. Underground pipes can cause massive heat loss due to the high conductivity of ground moisture, so they require special watertight insulation. In large hot water distribution systems, heat loss from piping accounts for 15-25% of total domestic hot water gas consumption, so pipe insulation is an important means of reducing energy waste.

Water heaters that serve individual dwelling units available in two basic forms: with and without storage tanks Storage tanks are used to meet peak demand (such as for showers in the morning) by providing a store of hot water. Tankless (â&#x20AC;&#x153;instantaneousâ&#x20AC;?) heaters must be able to meet this demand without the benefit of storage, and therefore have larger burners. Tankless heaters currently have a higher initial cost, but have a number of advantages over storage water heaters, including higher energy factors, occupying less space, less maintenance, and providing unlimited hot water.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

AFUE Defintion: The AFUE is the most widely used measure of a furnace's heating efficiency. It measures the amount of heat actually delivered to your house compared to the amount of fuel that you must supply to the furnace. Thus, a furnace that has an 80% AFUE rating converts 80% of the fuel that you supply to heat. The other 20% is lost out of the chimney.

EF Definition: The measure of the overall (and not relative) energy efficiency of an appliance or equipment. For a water heater the EF is computed based on three factors: (1) how efficiently the energy from the outlet is transferred to the water by the heating element, (2) what percentage of energy is lost during storage of hot water, and (3) how much energy is consumed in cycling between active mode and standby mode. (Bueiness Dictionary)

Different energy performance specifications are used for water heaters than for boilers. This is because storage water heaters can be tested as a complete package, whereas central systems can mix and match components. Water heaters are typically described by an energy factor (EF) while boilers are described by thermal efficiency or by annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE). It is not possible to directly compare EF values with thermal efficiency or AFUE values, because they are calculated using different test procedures. However, energy modeling software allows direct comparisons to be made, in terms of annual Btu consumption, for the purposes of code and program compliance modeling. Both EF and AFUE are determined by U.S. Department of Energy test procedures and can be used in conjunction with local fuel costs to estimate the annual cost of operation. The standard way of specifying the energy performance of a water heater (both storage heaters and tankless heaters) is the energy factor (EF). EF is a measure of efficiency for a typical pattern of annual use, and includes combustion efficiency, standby losses, and cycling losses. Figure 11 shows the energy factors associated with several water heater types.

Water Heater Type

Storage

Instantaneous

Non-condensing, atmospheric draft 0.60-0.63

0.70-0.80

Non-condensing, forced draft, electronic ignition

0.75-0.85

0.64-0.65

Condensing, forced draft, electronic 0.85-0.95* ignition

Not available

Figure 11: Energy Factor (EF) Ranges by Water Heater Type For boilers, energy performance is usually specified by either the thermal efficiency or by the annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE). AFUE is similar to EF because it defines a typical pattern of use and measures the performance of the boiler over that cycle. Thermal efficiency measures only the efficiency of the boiler during steadystate operation. Title 24 requires a minimum 0.75 thermal efficiency for boilers, for prescriptive compliance.

Title 24 Standards for Central Domestic Water Heating In the 2008 Title 24 standards, additional requirements for central water heating systems ensure more efficient operation. It includes

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

new mandatory requirements for either the installation of an air release valve on a riser immediately upstream from the pump or the attachment of the pump on a vertical section of pipe to avoid pump failure from air pockets in the recirculation loop. A hose bib must also be installed immediately downstream of the pump to allow the pump to be primed after maintenance and isolation valves must be provided to allow for easy removal of the pump. In addition, 2008 Title 24 includes a new mandatory requirement to install a check valve on the cold water make-up line into the heater to minimize crossover flows between hot and cold water pipes.12

Solar Water Heating

Purpose: To pre-heat water, offsetting the energy needed by the boiler or water heater to heat the water. Performance Metric: Solar fraction - the amount of energy provided by the solar technology divided by the total energy required to heat the water.

The higher the solar fraction, the less energy needed by the water heater or boiler to get the water to a satisfactory temperature.

Solar water heating is a mature technology that is almost always cost-effective in sunny climates. It provides the additional benefit of reducing cooling load by shading the roof from hot summer sun. Solar systems are especially cost-effective for larger buildings. A great variety of solar systems are available, and most can easily be integrated with a gas-fired central system so that peak loads are met, even when thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no sun. Energy efficiency through use of solar water heating is measured by the solar fraction. The solar fraction is the percentage of total water heating energy use that is offset by the solar water heating system.

1.10. Heating, Ventilating and Conditioning (HVAC) Equipment

2008Title 24, section 113(c)5

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Air

Multi-Famly SWH Factsheet This article from Vermontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy efficiency program, Focus on Energy, explains the application of solar water heating for multi-family buildings. www.focusonenergy.com/files/Docu ment_Management_System/Renew ables/solarhotwatersystemsformulti family_factsheet.pdf

Multi-Famly SWH Consumer Guide This consumer guide from the San Francisoc Department of Environment explains the benefit of solar water heating for multi-family. www.sfenvironment.org/downloads /library/multifamily_swh_consumer _guide.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Purpose: To meet the heating and cooling loads, providing a comfortable temperature for human occupation. Performance Metric: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) – the cooling output in Btu (British thermal unit) during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours during the same period.

The higher the unit's SEER rating the more energy efficient.

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) – the ratio of output cooling (in Btu/hour) to input electrical power (in Watts) at a given operating point (indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity conditions)

The higher the EER, the more efficient the equipment is.

Coefficient of Performance (COP) - the ratio of the change in heat at the "output" (the heat reservoir of interest) to the supplied work Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) – The measure of seasonal or annual efficiency of a furnace or boiler.

The higher the AFUE, the more efficient the furnace.

Space Heating & Cooling

Purchasing a heating and cooling system for new multi-family homes represents a major cost decision. More often than not, the owner/developer needs to rely on professional expertise for guidance. Since the lifetime cost of running heating and cooling equipment can surpass the cost of the home itself, it pays to get the selection right the first time.

Improving energy efficiency with high-efficiency equipment and distribution systems does not have to result in unacceptably higher first costs. When combined with efficient building envelope measures and an accurate building load calculation, mechanical equipment can be properly sized and the resulting cost savings can help pay for other energy efficiency measures. Common techniques for HVAC energy efficiency are the use of higher efficiency equipment, correct sizing of air conditioners, proper duct system

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design and installation, reduced air handler fan power, and adequate airflow over the indoor coil. Selecting an HVAC system is too often based on prior experience and first costs, not a rational energy efficiency decision. Not all types of systems are equal energy users, and different systems make sense for different types and sizes of buildings. Central air conditioners, such as split or packaged systems, and heat pumps are available in higher efficiency ratings than smaller, room air conditioners. Heat pumps, for example, tend to be 40-50%13 more efficient than electric resistance baseboards because: 1. The heat generated is immediately transferred to the air stream and delivered (presumably) to the correct location, and 2. The heat transfer takes place in an enclosed environment, so more heat is transferred to the air stream.

Title 24 HVAC Standards HVAC requirements for the 2008 code are designed to reduce peak load. These include:

Credit for high Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) with HERS field verification

A mandatory minimum Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) of 13.0 for small air conditioners and heat pumps based on the 2007 federal appliance standards

Increased prescriptive duct insulation R-values (except climate zones six through eight)

Prescriptive duct testing in high-rise. Duct testing was a requirement for low-rise buildings prior to the 2008 code change.

Since the residential standards are requiring a tighter building envelope, there must also be a way of ensuring healthy air changes within a home. Consequently, 2008 code additions include mandatory mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation requirements also include proper sealing of walls between garages and dwelling units and exhausting bathrooms, clothes dryers, and HVAC combustion to the outdoors.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Heat pumps, for example, tend to be 40-50% more efficient than electric resistance baseboards as: 1) the heat generated is immediately transferred to the air stream and delivered to the correct location, 2)The heat transfer takes place in an enclosed environment, so more heat is transferred.â&#x20AC;?

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

The standards no longer allow a thermal expansion valve inspection in place of a refrigerant charge test. (Refrigerant charge tests ensure that an air conditioning system has the proper amount of refrigerant in the lines; systems work most efficiently when they are properly charged.) However, the presence of a refrigerant charge light indicator display may be verified in lieu of the refrigerant charge test.

High Efficiency HVAC Equipment The simplest approach to improving equipment efficiency is to choose ENERGY STAR® labeled equipment. Higher efficiencies can be attained by consulting online resources such as the Consortium for Energy Efficiency’s (CEE) Directory of ARI Verified Equipment, which groups equipment in efficiency tiers above and beyond those provided by ENERGY STAR®. Also useful is the Energy Commission’s Appliances Database, which lists equipment certified for use in the State of California in a simpler spreadsheet format. The federal standards look at the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) rating. But in California, it is more important to select an air conditioner based on its Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) rating, especially in the hotter, inland regions. The test conditions for the EER rating are more like California’s hot, dry climate than the SEER rating, making it a better measure of energy efficiency performance in our area. The Energy Commission recognizes this by rewarding high EER equipment with a much higher Title 24 credit than high SEER equipment. This credit is only available when a HERS Rater verifies that the system consists of the properly matched components necessary to achieve the high EER rating. Air Conditioning Righ-Sizing The Elephant in the Room, HVAC for High Performance Homes, An article written by David Butler, explains right-sizing of air conditioning units. . http://optimalbuilding.com/files/ele phant_in_the_room.pdf

Correctly Sizing an Air Conditioner Using a ‘rule of thumb’ approach or past experience to ballpark the equipment size typically results in an oversized air conditioning unit. Oversizing is common because many HVAC contractors believe that it prevents against future customer complaints that the equipment cannot adequately cool or heat one or more rooms. Oversizing, however, is a costly mistake, both in the inflated first cost of equipment with unnecessary capacity and in the long-term cost to run the oversized unit. Oversizing can also lead to customer complaints due to short cycling (i.e. frequently turning on and off). To achieve heating and cooling equipment’s rated efficiency (i.e., the efficiency proclaimed by the manufacturer), the equipment must be properly sized. Short cycling can increase wear and tear on the

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equipment, which reduces life expectancy and increases maintenance costs. In addition, the oversized fans that blast hot or cold air creates uncomfortable drafty conditions and unnecessary noise in equipment that short cycles. Conversely, right-sized systems provide even heating, cooling, and quiet operation. The main benefits, however, are cost and energy savings. Properly sized equipment can reduce energy usage by as much as 35%.14 The bonus is the superior comfort that properly sized and designed systems can provide. ACCA Manual J can be used to properly account for heating and cooling loads in the building to determine the right size equipment in small multi-family buildings. Load calculations for larger multi-family buildings may rely on X

Proper Duct Design and Installation HVAC equipment efficiency is only part of the equation for an energy efficient HVAC system. No matter how efficient the equipment is, if the distribution system is not also well designed and operating properly, the HVAC system as a whole will not be efficient. The first step towards an efficient air distribution system is to include an ACCA Manual D duct design, or equivalent, as part of the construction documents. This will tell the HVAC installer where to install the supply and return registers and what sized ducts should be connected to them. It will also provide critical external static pressure information so the air blower can be sized correctly. There is software available that can automatically calculate duct sizes and airflow requirements. Ducts in Conditioned Space When the duct design process starts early enough, providing time to negotiate duct locations with the architect and structural engineer, it is possible to locate ducts entirely within the conditioned space. This can be particularly cost-effective as there are little to no incremental costs, apart from advanced planning, detailing in the design stage, and coordination between the trades during the installation stage. In multi-family construction, this strategy is best accomplished by locating the duct system within a central dropped ceiling (soffited) area. The equipment is located in an adjoining closet or in the dropped ceiling itself. One of the most important details of this

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approach is to maintain the soffitted area within the thermal and air barriers of the conditioned space, which is often a required detail for fire protection purposes. Ducts in conditioned space can also be accomplished by running the ducting in the structural space between floors. This approach requires early consultation with the structural engineer because they generally require open web floor trusses. Duct Sealing in MultiFamily Buildings This study on duct sealing in multifamily buildngs was prepared by Steven Winter Associates for the New York Research and Development Authority. http://nysl.nysed.gov/Archimages/1 2473.PDF

Sealed and Tested Ducts Duct systems that are not sealed can leak 20% to 40% of their conditioned air in new homes and as much as 40% in existing homes, wasting energy and increasing the cost to the consumer. When ducts are located in unconditioned space (e.g. attic), leakage of conditioned air from supply and return ducts cause significant energy losses because there is less conditioned air reaching the intended space. The situation for leaky return ducts is further complicated by the potential risk to the health of the inhabitant. The air that is sucked in from attics, crawl spaces, or other building cavities can be contaminated by dust, mold, chemicals, and/or airborne pathogens from animals. It is therefore especially important to make sure that the return ducts are sealed. Sealed ducts save energy and money and improve indoor air quality. Duct sealing is assumed in the baseline low-rise Title 24 building model for every climate zone. Buildings that do not have sealed and tested ducts are assumed to leak 22% of their conditioned air and receive a penalty in the code calculations. If a proposed building does not include sealing ducts, other measures must be used to offset the penalty. Wall cavities should never be used as a duct.

1.11. Solar Ready: Designing with Solar in Mind Though the energy measures loading order, places photovoltaic systems at Renewable Energy the top of the pyramid, as a last consideration, designing for maximum PV system efficiency requires planning throughout the design phase. A project should be designed with ample unshaded south or southwest-facing roof surface for PV optimization. Often renewable energy measures are not feasible within a project budget, or not cost affective at the time of construction. As energy costs rise

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and PV equipment prices decrease, installation of a PV system may be feasible in the future. Including PV mounts during roof construction can reduce future installation costs, and pave the way for net zero energy consumption. If the project team has the budget, a PV system should be pursued in an effort to move towards a net zero energy building. This is discussed in the next section.

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Solar Installation in Affordable Multi-Family This article from the Green Affordable Houising Coaltion (GAHC) describes the opportunities and barriers of installing solar on multifamily buildngs. http://frontierassoc.net/greenafford ablehousing/FactSheets/GAHCfactsh eets/14%20Solar%20Financing%20fi nal.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

5. Green Program Matrix For a snapshot of other programs and their costs, incentives, baseline requirements and processes, download the residential program Matrix. This matrix was compiled by the Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. with assistance from the New Solar Homes Partnership, Build it Green, and Davis Energy Group. www.h-m-g.com/multifamily

GREEN PROGRAM COORDINATION

Equipped with the energy efficiency knowledge outlined in previous sections of this guidebook, you can now explore green and renewable program resources. Once you have learned to exceed the energy code, a number of incentive, grant, financing, marketing and certification programs are available to you. Energy efficiency forms the foundation of these programs. In most cases, these programs will require you to exceed Title 24 by a minimum of 15%. This section will outline a number of these energy, green, and solar programs available to the multi-family new construction market in California. Programs highlighted include: Energy Efficiency

ENERGY STAR® New Homes – marketing

Energy Efficiency Based Utility Allowances (EEBUA) and the California Utility Allowance Calculator (CUAC) – financing

Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) – financing

Federal Renewable Energy Tax Credits – financing

New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) – incentives

Solar

Green

Green Communities – certification, financing

GreenPoint Rated (GPR) – certification

LISC Green Loan Fund - financing

LEED for Homes (LEED-H) – certification, financing

1.12. Incentive Programs Additional incentives are available to multi-family new construction projects which install solar photovoltaic technology.

New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) The New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) is part of the statewide California Solar Initiative (CSI), funded the by California Energy Commission (CEC). NSHP is administered by each of the California Investor-Owned Utilities (IOU’s), including: Pacific Gas and Electric

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Company (PG&E), Southern California Edison (SCE), and San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E). Qualifying solar energy systems must service newly-constructed residential buildings, including single family homes (single-unit, duplexes) and multi-family homes (triplexes, condominiums, and other multi-family buildings). Both market-rate and affordable housing projects as well as mixed occupancy (mixed-use) buildings with both residential and nonresidential occupancies can qualify for incentives. Incentives offered through NSHP are distinguished between market rate and affordable housing. The actual incentive amount for a particular solar energy system and installation depends on the EPBI calculation of the system’s expected performance compared to the reference solar energy system. Incentive levels will decline when a specific cumulative MW volume of reservations, in terms of totalprogram capacity, has been reached. The range of incentives are $2.50/watt to .25/watt (when 90MW of capacity have been reached through the program, for market rate) and from $3.50/watt to .35/watt (at 7MW, for affordable). As of September 2010, both affordable and market rate incentives were at the highest levels ($2.50 and $3.50 market rate and affordable, respectively).

Affordable NSHP Program Because affordable housing projects often face unique challenges and costs with adding PV systems to their developments, NSHP offers affordable housing projects higher incentives than standard market rate housing projects. Affordability within NSHP is deined as “at least 20 percent of the project units are reserved for extremely low, very low, lower, or moderate income households for a period of at least 10 years.“ Qualifying systems must be connected to and serving the energy needs of: 1. Residential units subject to affordability requirements, 2. The office and residential unit of the project manager, provided all other residential units in the project are subject to affordability requirements, or 3. The common areas of the project, where all of the project’s units are reserved for extremely low, very low, lower or moderate income households, except for the manager’s unit. Examples of common areas include, but are not

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New Solar Homes Partnership General information about the program is available at the Go Solar California website. www.gosolarcalifornia.org/builders

Participation Steps This link describes the step-by-step process for participating in the NSHP program. www.gosolarcalifornia.org/nshp/ind ex.html

NSHP for Affordable Housing For more information about the NSHP Affordable Housing program, visit: www.gosolarcalifornia.org/affordabl e

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

limited to: hallways, recreation rooms, manager’s unit, and tenant parking. Under the affordable program, residential units can claim incentives (in addition to common areas), even if the units are not individually metered – as long projects utilize virtual net metering.

1.13. Financing Programs There are different types of financing strategies that can be used for financing a multi-family building, including programs for offsetting part of the cost of energy efficiency measures and/or on-site generation. Before these incentive programs are discussed, it is important to distinguish between tax credits and tax deductions. Tax credits are subtracted directly from one's tax liability. Credits reduce tax liability dollar-for-dollar. For example, $1,000 credit in a 15% tax bracket reduces tax liability by $1,000.Tax deductions are subtracted from a taxpayer's total income to compute his or her tax base. Deductions reduce tax liability by the amount of the deduction times the tax rate. For example, a $1,000 deduction in 15% tax bracket reduces taxable income by $1,000, thereby reducing tax liability by $150. As the examples illustrate, tax credits can have a much larger impact than tax deductions. Federal Tax Credits Note that the $2,000 federal energy efficiency tax credits expired as of December 2009. These tax credits were available to single-family and multi-family for-sale properties who were designed and built to exceed the 2004 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) by a minimum of 50%.

Federal Tax Credits The Internal Revenue Service offers a variety of financial incentives – in the form of tax credits and deductions – for installing energy efficient and other measure in your projects.

Low-rise Multi-family For low-rise multi-family (three stories or fewer) in 2010, the only tax credits available to multi-family new construction are for solar photovoltaic (PV) and other renewable installations (geothermal heat pumps and small wind turbines). These credits are only available to for-sale properties (rental properties do not qualify). The tax credit is 30% of cost with no upper limit and expires December 31, 2016

High-rise Multi-family Under the commercial program, there is a tax credit available for up to $1.80 per square foot deduction to owners or designers of new or existing commercial buildings. Commercial buildings include high-rise

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multi-family housing of more than 3 stories (including rental properties). The deduction is available to buildings that save at least 50% of the heating and cooling energy of a building that meets ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001. Partial deductions of up to $.60 per square foot can be taken for measures affecting any one of three building systems: the building envelope, lighting, or heating and cooling systems. Tax deductions are available until December 31, 2013.

Affordable Housing Finance Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) A tax credit is a dollar for dollar reduction of the investor’s federal income tax liability. For example, if an investor owes $10 in federal income taxes and holds $10 in tax credits, the investor’s tax liability for the year is zero. For the developer, the equity created by the sale of tax credits impacts development costs during design and construction and allows a reduction of the properties mortgage. This, in turn, allows the property owner to lower rents, thus making the property more accessible to low-income households. For the investor, the purchase of tax credits yields a stream of tax benefits (typically ten years of credits and fifteen years of losses) with real estate supporting the asset. Because there is a dollar-fordollar reduction of federal tax liability, the investor’s annual credit amount has a positive impact on earnings as tax liability is reduced without compromising earnings. In addition to tax credits, losses are beneficial to the investor as they reduce tax liability by lowering overall corporate earnings. Tax credits are generated when a developer (for- or non-profit) builds affordable housing rental development. The annual credit amount is calculated by multiplying the eligible basis (percent affordable housing) by the applicable credit percentage (in California tax credits are allocated at 4% and 9%). The eligible basis consists of most development costs with the exception of land and associated costs, cash reserves and certain financing costs. In California, Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) are awarded to affordable housing development partnerships by the state agency California Tax Credit Allocation Committee (CTCAC). The credits are granted through a competitive point process. The 2010, 9% tax credit point system includes up to 146 possible points in eight (8)

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Low Income Tax Credits To watch a short video explaining the history of LIHTC’s and how they work, visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= XxwpoLztx70

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

categories. Two categories address green and energy efficient design, land-use, and construction: Sections D.1 and E. Section D.1 ‘Site Amenities’ includes up to 15 points for a ‘Transit Oriented Development Strategy’ (out of 23 possible points). Points are awarded for locating near public transit (train, rail, bus) or implementing a private bus system.

SECTION DESCRIPTION

PTS

A. Cost Efficiency, Credit Reduction & Public Funds

Cost Efficiency A(1)

Credit Reduction A(2)

Public Funds A(3)

B. General Partner & Management Company Experience

General Partner Experience A(1)

Management Company Experience A(2)

C. Housing Needs

D. Site & Service Amenities

Site Amenities D(1)

Service Amenities D(2)

E. Sustainable Building Methods

F. Lowest Income & 10% of Units Restricted @ 30% AMI

Lowest Income F(1)

10% of Units Restricted @ 30% AMI F(2)

Readiness to Proceed

State Credit Substitution

TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS

146

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SECTION NAME

DESCRIPTION

PTS

E. Sustainable Building Methods

Exceed Title 24 by min. 10%

A new construction or adaptive reuse project that exceeds Title 24 energy standards by at least 10%

Energy Star fans, whole house fan, or economizer

Use of Energy Star rated ceiling fans in all bedrooms and living rooms; or use of a whole house fan; or house of an economizer cycle on mechanically cooled HVAC systems

Water-saving fixtures

Use of water-saving fixtures or flow restrictors in the kitchen (2 gal/minute or less) and bathrooms (1.5 gal/min or less)

High efficiency toilets

Use of at least one High Efficiency Toilet (1.3 gal/flush or less) or dual-flush toilet per unit

Low-outgassing interior finishes

Use of material for all cabinets, countertops and shelving that is free of padded formaldehyde or fully sealed on all six sides by laminates and/or a low-VOC primer or sealant (150 grams/ltr or less)

No-VOC paints

Use of no-VOC interior paints (5 grams/ltr or less)

Low-VOC carpeting and adhesives

Use of CRI Green-label low-VOC carpeting and pad and low-VOC adhesives

Bathrooms fans to the outdoors

Use of bathroom fans that exhaust to the outdoors and are equipped with a humidistat sensor or timer in all bathrooms.

Formaldehyde-free

Use of formaldehyde -free insulation

Recycled materials

Use of at least one of the following recycled materials at the designated levels: a) cast-in-place concrete (20% fly ash); b) carpet (25% recycled materials); c) road base, fill or landscape amendments (30% recycled material)

Stormwater management

Project is designed to retain, infiltrate and/or treat on-site the first one-half inch of rainfall in a 24-hour period

Construction IAQ Management

Include in the project specifications a Construction Indoor Air Quality Management plan that requires the following: a) protection of construction materials form water damage; b) capping of ducts; and c) cleaning of ducts upon completion

Construction IAQ Management

Project design incorporates the principles of Universal Design in at least half of the projects units by including: accessible routs of travel to the dwelling units...; accessible full bathroom on primary floor with accessible shower...; accessible kitchen...

Non-smoking sections

Project will contain nonsmoking building or sections of buildings. Nonsmoking sections must consist of at least half of the units within the building, must be contiguous

Historic Tax Credits

The project has proposed to use Historic Tax Credits

Community revitalization plan

The project is located in a qualified census tract (QCT) that contributes to a community revitalization plan.

OR Participation with 3rd Party Program

Develop and commit to certifying the project with any one of the following programs: 1) LEED for Homes, 2) GreenPoint Rated, or 3) Green Communities.

TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS (8 MAXIMUM CAN BE CLAIMED)

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

HUD This notice provides prospective applicants for HUD’s competitive funding with the opportunity to become familiar with the General Section of HUD’s FY2010 NOFAs, in advance of publication of any FY2010 NOFAs. It also describes changes to HUD’s policy priorities based on its new Strategic Plan for FY2010-2015, as well as submission requirements for FY2010. This information is provided to assist prospective applicants in planning successful applications.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Housing Program The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers the housing programs of the Rural Housing Service (RHS). Section 515 addressed multi-family housing (MFH). For Finance Year 2010, the Agency provides scoring points to those proposals that have a goal of reaching a net zero energy consumption level during future project operations. Projects are scored based on participation in:

A third-party utility program

ENERGY STAR New Homes

Department of Energy (DOE) Builders Challenge

Green Program

As well as the goal to reach net zero projects are encouraged to:

Host a charrette

Chose their design team wisely

Compose a tenant education plan

The points will be allocated as follows: (maximum 37 points).

Participate in the Department of Energy’s Energy Star for Homes program (2 points): www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrslendersraters.nh multi-familyunits.

Participate in the Department of Energy’s Builder’s Challenge program (6 points): www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/challenge/about.html

Participation in the following programs will be awarded 5 points for each program with a maximum of 15 points.

Green Communities program by the Enterprise Community Partners www.enterprisecommunity.org)

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

LEED or Homes program by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) www.usgbc.org

The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) ICC 700–2008 National Green Building StandardTM www.nahb.org

Participation in higher certification levels. LEED for Homes and ICC 700–2008 National Green Building StandardTM each have four levels of increasingly challenging certification. Projects will receive an additional 2 points for each higher certification level commitment beyond the baseline of the program. (16 points maximum)

Participate in local green/energy efficient building standards. Applicants, who participate in a city, county or municipality program, will receive an additional 2

Energy Generation. To reach USDA’s goal of net zero energy consumption, it is essential to generate renewable energy on site which will complement a weather tight, well insulated building envelope with highly efficient mechanical systems. Possible renewable energy generation technologies include: Wind turbines and micro-turbines, micro-hydro power, photovoltaics (PV), solar hot water systems and biomass/biofuel systems that do not use fossil fuels in production. Geoexchange systems are highly encouraged as they lessen the total demand for energy and, if supplemented with other renewable energy sources, can achieve zero energy consumption more easily. Energy analysis of preliminary building plans using industry recognized simulation software should document the projected energy consumption of the building, the portion of building consumption which will be satisfied through onsite generation, and the building’s HERS (Home Energy Rating System) score. In order to receive points the energy analysis will need to be submitted with the application. Points under this section will be awarded as follows:

New MFH projects whose preliminary building plans project it will consume no more energy than it produces. (30 Points)

Projects whose preliminary building plans project they will have less than a one hundred percent energy generation commitment (where generation is considered to be the total amount of energy needed to be generated on-site to make the building a net-zero consumer of energy), will be awarded points corresponding to their percent of

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

commitment. (ex. 80 percent commitment to energy generation = 24 points or 80 percent of 30 points).

1.14. Green Programs A green building program includes requirements that must be met for the building to be labeled under that program. While there is often a fee for certifying a building under a program, it can provide benefits. The requirements offer guidance to project teams, such as best practices and energy efficiency measures. The program can also be useful for marketing purposes, because it provides assurance to the owner and tenants that the building is built to deliver actual energy savings or green benefits. Many programs also include marketing materials, which can be used to sell the energy efficient or green features of the building. There are various green building programs available. Most green building programs include the following elements:

Measure requirements. These could include mandatory measures that must be installed, and/or a minimum number of measures that must be installed (for point based systems). These may only include energy requirements, or the program may be a more comprehensive “green” program, with requirements for water efficiency, indoor air quality, site development, and other sustainable practices. Projects are often “rated” based on how well they perform in all categories.

3rd party verification. This refers to the process by which someone that is not part of the project team (an independent 'third party'), usually called a rater, goes on-site to ensure that the measures claimed are actually installed in the buildings.

While the programs have different requirements, there is some effort between programs to align requirements as much as possible. Many (but not all) programs require that multi-family buildings achieve an energy performance of 15% above Title 24. Buildings can be dual-branded under more than one program. Davis Energy Group (one of the LEED for Homes Providers) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Build it Green to calibrate the LEED for Homes and GreenPoint Rated systems for use in California, allowing for cross-training of building professionals, concurrent verification, and the possibility of dual-branded homes. Most program requirements are periodically updated, as building codes are updated. The following programs are available to multi-family buildings in California. There may be other programs available to your project as well, including local programs.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Build it Green, GreenPoint Rated GreenPoint Rated is a California-based green certification program developed by Build It Green (BIG). It includes separate rating systems for single family and multi-family homes - new construction. There is also rating system for existing single family homes, and the BIG is piloting one for existing multi-family homes. A project certified through this program has to meet a minimum of 50 points in five categories (Community, Energy, Indoor Air Quality/Health, Resources, and Water). All measures must be verified by a third-party GreenPoint Rater. The program is developed by the Alameda County Waste Management Authority (StopWast.Org) in partnership with California non-profit Build it Green (BIG). There is a cost to certify your project through Build it Green. Each project certified through the program receives an individual scorecard highlighting their performance in each category. There are minimum mandatory requirements in each category. In the Energy category, the building must exceed 2008 Title 24 by a minimum of 15%. For each additional percent in excess of 15% an additional 2 points are awarded. The GreenPoint Rated system covers a number of areas which will affect the energy efficiency of your building. Such approaches include: advanced framing, highefficiency heating and cooling systems, efficient water heating distribution, renewable (solar hot water, PV), building diagnostic evaluation (duct testing, blower door, QII), ENERGY STAR® appliances, lighting, and home energy monitoring.

LEED Overview Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a thirdparty certification program and rating system developed by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED is a green building program which has several mandatory requirements (“prerequisites”) in various sustainability categories, and then has points for earning “credits” for going beyond these requirements. There are four levels of certification possible (Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum) for earning an increasing number of points. There are several different types of LEED rating systems for different types of buildings or developments. LEED for Homes (LEED-H) serves all single family homes and multi-family buildings 3 stories and lower. Multi-family buildings 4 stories or higher must follow LEED for

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GreenPoint Rated To learn more about GreenPoint Rated, contact a GreenPoint Rated. The rater will direct you to the program, application, policies and next steps. www.greenpointrated.org

GPR Energy Credits To learn more about energy credits available through the 2010 GreenPoint Rated Multifamily Checklist, view a CMFNH presentation from June 2010 www.h-mg.com/multifamily/cmfnh/Events%2 0-%20Presentations/2010-0622%20CMFNH%20Intro%20+%20GP R%20&%20GC%20Webinar%20Prese ntation.pdf

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

New Construction (LEED-NC) – see below. Multi-family buildings 4-6 stories, defined as midrise buildings, also have option of enrolling in the LEED for Homes Midrise pilot program. While LEED-NC and LEED for Homes certifies buildings, LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) is for entire communities. The cost for LEED certification varies for the different programs. LEED for Homes LEED for Homes To learn more about LEED for Homes, visit the USGBC website: www.usgbc.org/homes. Here you can download program documents, find a LEED-H provider in your area, and watch a video on how LEED-H works.

LEED for Homes (LEED-H) serves all single family homes and multifamily buildings 3 stories and lower. Each home is verified by a LEED for Homes rater. The rater ensures that all the measures have been installed, that all performance testing has been completed, and that the home meets the minimum performance benchmark set by the program. LEED-H Providers oversee the documentation and verification of LEED for Homes, and they oversee LEED-H raters Regarding energy performance, LEED for Homes is based on EPA’s ENERGY STAR® New Homes program. For California, this program requires that a home exceed Title 24 by 15%. In addition to exceeding the Title 24 Energy Standards, a home must also achieve Quality Insulation Installation (a HERS verification measure) and right-sizing of Air Conditioning (per ACCA Manual J). Projects that achieve savings greater than 15% beyond Title 24 earn points.

LEED for Homes Midrise Pilot

LEED-H Midrise Pilot Program

For more information, please contact a LEED for Homes Provider: www.usbgc.org/homes.

The LEED for Homes Rating System was originally designed for single family and low rise multi-family residential development. As the program has grown, residential projects in the 4 - 6-story category have shown an interest in using the LEED for Homes criteria. To address this market sector, the USGBC has developed a LEED for Homes Midrise pilot. The LEED-H Midrise Pilot includes some credits from the LEED-H rating system, some credits from LEED-NC, and some new credits. For energy requirements, a project must exceed Title 24 by at least 14%. Projects that exceed it by more earn points.

LEED for Homes Affordable Housing Grants For more information about LEED for Homes Affordable Housing Grants from the Home Depot Foundation, visit: www.homedepotfoundation.org/gra nts.html

LEED-H Initiative for Affordable Housing Grant Program The Initiative for Affordable Housing provides grants to affordable projects that will earn LEED-H certification. It is being funded by a generous grant provided by The Home Depot Foundation. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to assist affordable projects in achieving the benefits of green, including energy efficiency, healthier indoor environments, and sustainability. In this way,

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

USGBC and The Home Depot Foundation will promote sustainable building practices specifically for affordable homes. Preference is given to proposals that include community engagement that result in the production, preservation, or financing of housing units for low- to moderate-income families. The most promising proposals incorporate a number of “green” building design practices. LEED-ND Affordable Green Neighborhoods Grant Program The LEED-H, LEED-H Midrise, and LEED-NC programs certify a building. While this includes the building’s lot, it does include any of the community infrastructure. LEED for Neighborhood Development (ND) certifies an entire community or development. Individual buildings within a LEED-ND development can also be certified under one of the other LEED programs. In 2010, a new affordable housing grant program was developed by USGBC, with support from Bank of America Foundation, titled the ‘Affordable Green Neighborhoods Grant Program’. This awards grants and provides educational resources to affordable housing developers and related public agencies that choose to pursue LEEDND certification. Preference will be given to qualifying projects that meet additional goals, including the redevelopment of infill and previously developed sites, effort to strengthen the surrounding neighborhoods, commitment to engage stakeholders in the development process, and the provision of green housing for a range of income levels. The award will consist of:

$20,000 grant, which may be used to pursue LEED-ND certification

A complementary LEED-ND Reference Guide

Registration for one person to an online LEED-ND webinar series

Registration to two LEED-ND workshops

A discounted membership to the U.S. Green Building Council

Waived registration and exam fees for one employee to pursue the LEED Accredited Professional for Neighborhood Development credential

Refunded LEED-ND project registration fee by GBCI

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LEED-N?D Affordable Green Neighborhoods Grant Program To apply for the Affordable Green Neighborhoods Grant Program, complete an application form and supply USGBC with supplementary material. For more information, download the Program Description and Application Form: www.usgbc.org/affordablegreenneig hborhoods.

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Winning applicants will be announced in a USGBC press release and recognized on the USGBC website

1.15. Marketing Programs ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes

ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The EPA is an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. www.epa.gov

ENERGY STAR® Affordable Housing This webpage highlights resources available to affordable housing. www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=af fordable_housing.affordable_housin g_funding

A Green Home Begins with ENERGY STAR®® Blue This factsheet explains how energy efficiency fits into the green home picture. www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes /Green_Begins_with_ENERGYSTAR_ Blue.pdf

ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes is a voluntary national publicservice energy efficiency labeling program. It is available to single family and low-rise multi-family buildings (a pilot program for highrise multi-family is underway in 2010). An ENERGY STAR® Qualified Home labeled through this program must meet specific energy efficiency requirements which must be verified by a third-party HERS rater. There is no ‘program’ cost to participate with ENERGY STAR. However, you must ensure the project meets the energy efficiency and HERS verification requirements, so project teams must pay HERS raters for their services.

ENERGY STAR® Overview ENERGY STAR® is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) which is aimed at supporting consumers and professionals to “save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and practices.” While the program is well known for equipment energy performance ratings, ENERGY STAR also labels buildings that meet energy efficiency requirements.

ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes EPA-DOE has developed a criterion for rating new single family and low-rise multi-family homes nationwide known as ENERGY STAR® Qualified New Homes. In 2008, the program achieved a national market penetration of 17%. In 2009, the program passed the 1 million homes built mark. The program has had particular success in California.15 To earn the ENERGY STAR® label, a home must meet strict guidelines for energy efficiency making them 20–30% more efficient than standard homes. This level of performance is achieved through a combination of energy–efficient improvements, including:

15 30 ENERGY STAR® 2010. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_milestones

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Effective Insulation Systems

High–Performance Windows

Tight Construction and Duct systems

Efficient Heating and Cooling Equipment

ENERGY STAR® Qualified Lighting and Appliances.

To ensure that a home meets ENERGY STAR® guidelines, third–party verification by a certified Home Energy Rating System rater (HERS) is required. This HERS rater works closely with the builder throughout the construction process to help determine the needed energy saving equipment and construction techniques, conduct on site diagnostic testing and inspections, and document that the home is eligible to earn the ENERGY STAR® label. The ENERGY STAR requirements are continually updated. ENERGY STAR New Homes Version 3.0 is currently being developed.

Multi-family homes will use ENERGY STAR® New Homes Version 2.0 until December 31, 2011. Multi-family homes financed through lowincome housing agencies and permitted prior to January 1, 2011 may use ENERGY STAR Version 2.0 guidelines until January 1, 2013. After that, multi-family homes must use Version 3.0.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

California Requirements for the ENERGY STAR® Label California ENERGY STAR®® New Homes Multifamily Pilot Program The San Francisco Department of the Environment (SFE) and Green Building in Alameda County (GBAC) are partnering with the United States Environmental Protection Agency to launch their ENERGY STAR® High-rise Multifamily (ESHRMF) pilot program in California, and to extend the Indoor Air Plus (IAP) program to multi-family projects. Until now, the ENERGY STAR® label and program have not been available to High-rise Multi-Family projects (four stories or more). The EPA has been successfully offering pilots for this market sector in Oregon, New York, Wisconsin and Colorado. The ENERGY STAR® High-rise Multifamily pilot is now offering the opportunity for California projects to be among the first to achieve this prestigious national label for energy efficiency. Additionally, the EPA’s Indoor Air Plus program (which currently applies to single family homes) is offered to multi-family projects, providing certification that dwelling units meet a rigorous national indoor air quality standard. SFE and GBAC are working with Build It Green’s Green Point Rated program to include the ESHRMF and IAPMF pilots for credit in their certification systems. Requirements: Multi-family high rise buildings with a commitment to energy efficiency are eligible for participation. Projects must meet the following criteria:

Developer/Owner provides the incremental cost of implementing each energy efficiency measure Developer/Owner commits to provide utility bills for a period of two years after completion in order to evaluate the actual (as opposed to simulated) energy performance of the project

Buildings must exceed CA Title 24 by 15% with positive electricity savings

Buildings must meet EPA’s Minimum Performance Specifications

Benefits: The California Multi-Family New Homes program offers technical assistance and cash incentives for developer, energy consultant and HERS rater inspection if projects exceed CA T-24 by at least 15%. Beyond the utility program incentives, benefits to the building owners for participating in the EPA pilot program include:

ENERGY STAR® label and national marketing benefits

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Project profiled in Case Studies to be developed by Stopwaste.org and San Francisco Environment

Earn credit towards GreenPoint Rated certification for meeting pilot requirements

Receive technical assistance with green building measures, including ‘concierge’ service meeting local codes and capturing incentives for green building measures in addition to energy efficiency

Benchmark building in EPA Portfolio Manager to track effectiveness of energy savings measures installed

Optional eligibility to participate in EPA Indoor Air Plus Multifamily pilot program ENERGY STAR® Marketing Toolkit

As part of the ENERGY STAR® partnership program, builder/developers have access to an online database of customizable marketing materials. This Marketing Toolkit can be used by ENERGY STAR® builder partners to create customized materials promoting the features and benefits of their ENERGY STAR® qualified homes. This toolkit has templates available to both home builders and raters. Resources include flyers, web-graphics, and display cards. Templates can also be customized. ENERGY STAR Equipment Residential product ratings are available in the following categories. This label shows that the equipment itself is efficient, and it can help the overall building earn an ENERGY STAR label.

Appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, water coolers)

Building Products (roofing products, windows, doors and skylights)

Computers & Electronics (audio/video, battery chargers, computers, cordless phones, digital to analog converter box, displays, external power adaptors, imaging equipment, set-top boxes and cable boxes, and televisions)

Heating and Cooling (central and room air conditioning, boilers, dehumidifiers, ventilating fans, furnaces, air source and ground source heat pumps).

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Energy Star Partners To find participating ENERGY STAR® builders visit the ENERGY STAR Partner Locator: www.energystar.gov/partnerlocator

ENERGY STAR® Marketing Toolkit For more information, including restrictions for using ENERGY STAR marketing materials, go to: www.energystar.org

ENERGY STAR® Qualified Products To search for qualifying ENERGY STAR® products go to: www.energystar.gov/products

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Lighting and Fans (decorative light strips, ceiling fans, CFL light bulbs, light fixtures, and residential LED lighting)

Plumbing (condensing, heat pump, high efficiency gas storage, solar and whole home gas tankless water heater types)

Ratings are also available for business and government products such as commercial appliances (commercial clothes washers, vending machines, and water coolers). New product specifications are regularly under development.

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CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

OPERATIONS AND EDUCATION

Designing buildings to be energy efficient is the first step to energy reduction, but without subsequent steps of educating building maintenance staff and residents, only a portion of the potential energy efficiency will be realized. People use energy, not buildings. Training to operations and maintenance staff and tenants on proper equipment use and everyday savings techniques can maximize energy savings onsite.

1.16. Operations and Maintenance Building operations protocols are vital in realizing the projected energy savings of energy upgrade measures. Complete and up-todate operations and maintenance manuals are an important component, as well as educating the building managers on how to properly operate and maintain installed equipment for highest efficiency. Proper education, training, and policy implementation among maintenance staff will lengthen the life of building systems and increase building health. Tips for assuring buildings operate efficiently: Train O&M staff in the function, operation, and repair of each building service system Keep all manufacturer’s instructions and manuals in a location easily accessible to maintenance staff. Be sure O&M are in touch with residents and understand their daily needs Keep record log of all checks and procedures Offer feedback on building performance and hold maintenance staff accountable

Educating and Equipping Building Managers Training The Credential for Green Property Management (CGPM) program is offered by the National Apartment Association (NAA) and the National Affordable Housing Management Association (NAHMA). Those trained through this set of courses will learn the latest techniques and technologies for making cost-saving green improvements at their properties, and receive instruction on a variety of green building operations and management topics. CGPM

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“Designing buildings to be energy efficient is the first step to energy reduction, but without subsequent steps of educating building maintenance staff and residents, only a portion of the potential energy efficiency will be realized.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

staff certification also provides a gateway to additional programs and resources. For example, CGPM is required for participation in HUDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Green Initiative program. It also supplies management companies and owners participating in the green Mark-to-Market (M2M) program with a mechanism for meeting the initial and ongoing training requirements of the HUD Office of Affordable Housing Preservation (OAHP).

O&M Manuals

Maintenance Measures for Building Energy Efficiency Building Envelope Maintaining the building envelope seal is as important as maintaining mechanical systems and will increase their effectiveness. Properly sized equipment will have to work overtime to compensate for cracks and gaps in the building envelope. To keep building envelopes well sealed, caulk any openings or cracks, repair holes, and replace cracked or broken windows. Also replace or repair weather-stripping around windows and doors, when the seal is no longer tight. Removal of window air conditioning units in winter and practical use of operational shades and awnings in warmer months will also reduce heat loss and heat gain in the building.

Heating and Cooling Heating and cooling systems require additional attention as outdoor temperature and sun angles shift, and should therefore be adjusted seasonally. Be sure to turn off pilot lights in summer and to adjust thermostats in occupied areas to avoid unnecessary energy use. Check for duct leakage, lubricate equipment, balance steam distribution, and make certain vents and registers remain clean and unobstructed to ensure efficient operation. Keeping system parts, such as burners, filters, heat exchangers, boilers, coils and blowers, clean and free of build-up is also essential to the effectiveness of these systems. Regular attention will both reduce energy consumption and prolong equipment life. The maintenance of HVAC systems should be carried out in conjunction with repairs to the building envelope for maximum energy savings.

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Domestic Hot Water Domestic Hot Water systems require occasional cleaning and sealing to maintain efficiency. Regular maintenance should include repair of any leaks and insulation of exposed pipes. Also flush tanks, clean and adjust burners, and remove any buildup within the system. Lower water temperature to about 120 degrees and reduce water pressure to avoid excessive energy and water use.

Lighting Maintain lighting efficiency by keeping fixtures clean and energy efficient bulbs on hand for replacement. Additionally, keeping walls clean and well painted brightens rooms and helps maintain lighting efficiency. Elimination of unnecessary lamps by removal, or partial use by timer, will also keep energy use to a minimum.

Other Measures Check temperature settings and door seals on refrigerators Reduce ventilation and exhausted air rates Calibrate meters to check accuracy

1.17. Tenant Behavior Though building owners and managers exercise control over infrastructure, equipment and maintenance that contribute to energy conservation, residents are ultimately responsible for efficient use of the building systems. If tenant behavior is not addressed, maximum building energy efficiency may not be realized. Therefore, tenant education is critical to energy efficiency in buildings. Some energy efficiency measures require tenant understanding to achieve best results. For example, programmable thermostats can greatly reduce energy use if programmed for the HVAC system to operate only when the conditioned space is occupied. The programmability of the thermostat is useless if the tenant does not understand how to operate it. Another example is refrigerator temperature setting. If the tenant is able to manipulate refrigerator and freezer settings, being informed of appropriate temperatures for energy efficiency is important. If tenants do not understand the measures that have been taken to reduce energy consumption, they may not realize expected or potential savings.

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HUD Operations and Maintenance For more information on building operation and maintenance tips and procedures, please visit www.hud.gov/offices/pih/programs/ ph/phecc/O&M.cfm

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

Tips for educating tenants:

Create informational materials with climate control instructions

Give residents copies of service and warranty manuals

Involve tenants in building maintenance

1.18. Tracking Energy Use

“By tracking energy use, building owners and managers are able to recognize operational issues and failures quickly and identify further opportunity for energy efficiency improvement.”

By tracking energy use, building owners and managers are able to recognize operational issues and failures quickly and identify further opportunity for energy efficiency improvement. As part of supervising operations and maintenance on your property, one of the best ways to maximize on-site efficiency is to monitor costs and performance over time. This involves tracking utility costs and performance for both energy and water to identify the strengths and weaknesses of your management strategies. Monitoring helps your management team recognize interventions and practices that work well and are worthy of replication across your portfolio. It also allows you to pinpoint poorly performing buildings, investigate and remedy anomalies and make informed improvement decisions concerning your operations and equipment strategy. However, in order to produce these results, accurate data must be used for the monitoring process. It is therefore critical that your team put in place a consistent mechanism for measuring and tracking the performance of your building(s).

Tools The task of developing and implementing such a system can be challenging, particularly in determining which performance metrics are most important, at what phase in the building’s lifecycle these need to be captured, and how to use the data to inform future decisions. Fortunately, there are several management tools available to simplify and streamline the process. Portfolio Manager, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) benchmarking program, is just one example of a system comprehensive enough to meet the needs of most asset management teams (further details are outlined in the following section). Alternatively, you can develop your own monitoring tool tailored to meet the specific requirements of your portfolio. Whatever tool you choose, be prepared to stick with it over the long term, as analyzing performance should be an ongoing task throughout the life of a building. The management team will be monitoring the building’s energy and water consumption, and

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identifying the amount of resources consumed by various building operations (for example, heating, cooling, hot water heating, electricity, etc.) as months and years go by. The team will then compare these consumption levels with benchmarks to assess efficiency and the effectiveness of any improvements and other changes.

Benchmarking Benchmarking is a monitoring tool that estimates energy and water consumption and uses comparisons with other buildings of the same type and location to rate performance. The building’s performance ratings are then tracked over time to identify improvements and deficits. It is a first step in managing energy and water costs and can help save resources and money on its own or serve as the launching point for a more comprehensive program. Benchmarking systems can stay simple, or increase in complexity to include other factors that influence energy use such as plug loads, intensity of use for a building and climate. Benchmarking will make it possible for your asset management team to:

Track and assess energy and water consumption across an entire portfolio of buildings

Track greenhouse gas emission reductions and achievements

Identify under-performing buildings

Set investment priorities

Establish and target efficiency goals

Verify efficiency improvements

Develop an efficiency plan to achieve performance goals

As mentioned above, there are a number of systems you can use to support your benchmarking efforts. In this section of the manual, we will walk through the EPA’s Portfolio Manager, using it as an example of how a benchmarking system works. Portfolio Manager is an interactive energy management tool for tracking and assessing energy and water consumption across an entire portfolio of buildings in a secure online environment. In February 2009 the EPA added multi-family housing space as a “type” option for their Portfolio Manager tool. This feature allows you to input the number of units, square footage, percent heated, percent cooled, market rate versus affordable housing, percent of square footage that is common space, and more. There is not yet

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“Benchmarking is a monitoring tool that estimates energy and water consumption and uses comparisons with other buildings of the same type and location to rate performance.”

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

enough data for the EPA to create a comparative benchmark, but in the future, multi-family buildings will be able to be ENERGY STARÂŽ rated. Specifically, Portfolio Manager will eventually allow building owners to manage energy and water consumption for all buildings in a portfolio of properties, and to set capital expenditure priorities.

Manage Energy and Water Consumption for All Buildings Having entered the amount of energy (electricity, gas, etc.) and water consumed within a specific building, along with the related costs, for a minimum of 12 consecutive months, you will be able to generate a weather-adjusted energy use intensity (EUI), a metric for analyzing energy performance in multi-family housing. If a building has less than 12 months of data available, that data can still be entered and an EUI will be generated when the twelfth consecutive month is provided. The tool also allows you to manipulate the data in a variety of ways. You can identify and investigate spikes or trends in energy consumption; set goals for energy, water, or cost management and track your progress toward them; compare levels of consumption with other buildings; and track consumption against seasonal climate shifts, weather conditions, maintenance personnel changes, resident behaviors, or any other factors you decide are relevant to building performance. These analyses then provide a concrete foundation on which to base the teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategies for saving resources and money. Although it sounds complex, the tool actually functions to streamline your energy and water data, and can organize it both by building and portfolio-wide, depending on your needs. For example, one can:

Track multiple energy and water meters for each facility

Customize meter names and key information

Benchmark facilities relative to their past performance

View percent improvements in weather normalized source energy

Monitor any changes in the cost of energy and water

Share building data with residents and others inside or outside the organization

Enter unique operating characteristics, specific to each categorization of how space is used within a building

Data can be reviewed from within Portfolio Manager or easily exported to Microsoft Excel for the creation of charts or graphic representation.

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Set Investment Priorities Portfolio Manager provides a platform for tracking both consumption and cost of energy and water. This provides a more complete picture of the avoided utility costs associated with increased efficiency. For example, If energy use decreased 10 percent at a particular building, but energy rates increased 10 percent, the asset manager would see the full financial benefit of the increased energy efficiency rather than looking at energy costs as flat. Portfolio Manager also allows asset managers to compare energy performance across their portfolio using ‘weather adjusted energy use intensity’ (EUI). EUI is a measure of energy use per square foot, taking into account weather patterns that may have affected heating and cooling loads. Using this EUI metric, asset managers can identify under-performing buildings, and prioritize energy efficiency investments (starting with larger buildings that have the highest EUIs). The tool also can track energy-efficiency investments alongside savins, providing you with information about which upgrades had the highest benefit-to-cost ratio, and quickest paybacks, which will support future investment decisions. In addition, the built-in financial tool allows you to compare cost savings across buildings in your portfolio, as well as to calculate cost savings for a specific project. Quickly and clearly obtaining figures showing annual energy costs, or the results of cumulative investments in facility upgrades, makes it easier to decide on which management strategies are the right ones for your portfolio.

Verify and Track Progress of Improvement Projects In certain instances involving contracts or real estate issues, a Statement of Energy Performance (SEP) document will be required. For example, SEPs are needed to: Satisfy LEED for Existing Buildings (LEEDEB) requirements Support mortgage, sale and/or lease transactions Document performance in energy service contracts Communicate energy performance with residents/owner/customers Once you have established a record in your benchmarking program, you will be able to generate a SEP for each building in your portfolio as necessary. It will contain a summary of important energy information and building characteristics, such as site and source energy intensity, CO2 emissions and gross floor area.

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EPA’s Portfolio Manager The EPA’s Portfolio Manager is one option to consider using to benchmark your buildings, as well as track energy and water use, greenhouse gas emissions and the financial performance of your portfolio, all at one online location. https://www.energystar.gov/istar/p mpam/

Portfolio Manager Features For a quick overview of Portfolio Manager’s features, visit: www.energystar.gov/ia/business/do wnloads/PM_QuickRefGuide.pdf

Energy Tracking Card This document is an example of an energy savings card that can be used either by residents to track energy consumption within their dwelling unit, or by management to monitor energy consumption for a whole building. Typical energy savings measures are included, in addition to space for recording actual usage. www.climatewise.net.au/Document s/Energy%20tracking%20card.pdf=

CMFNH Energy Guidebook, Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

ENERGY GLOSSARY

HVAC AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) -- A measure of heating efficiency, in consistent units, determined by applying the federal test method for furnaces. This value is intended to represent the ratio of heat transferred to the conditioned space by the fuel energy supplied over one year. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1602(d)(1)] AIR CONDITIONER -- An assembly of equipment for air treatment consisting of a means for ventilation, air circulation, air cleaning, and heat transfer (either heating or cooling). The unit usually consists of an evaporator or cooling coil, and an electrically-driven compressor and condenser combination. ASHRAE -- Acronym for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers. CHILLER -- A device that cools water, usually to between 40 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit for eventual use in cooling air. COOLING CAPACITY, LATENT -- Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioning unit for removing latent heat from the space to be conditioned. COOLING CAPACITY, SENSIBLE -- Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioning unit for removing sensible heat from the space to be conditioned. COOLING CAPACITY, TOTAL -- Available refrigerating capacity of an air conditioner for removing sensible heat and latent heat from the space to be conditioned. COOLING DEGREE DAY -- A unit of measure that indicates how heavy the air conditioning needs are under certain weather conditions. COOLING LOAD -- The rate at which heat must be extracted from a space in order to maintain the desired temperature within the space. COOLING LOAD TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (CLTD) -- A value used in cooling load calculations for the effective temperature difference (delta T) across a wall or ceiling, which accounts for the effect of radiant heat as well as the temperature difference.

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COOLING TOWER -- A device for evaporatively cooling water by contact with air. CFM (cubic feet per minute) -- A measure of flow rate. DUAL-DUCT SYSTEM -- A central plant heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system that produces conditioned air at two temperatures and humidity levels. The air is then supplied through two independent duct systems to the points of usage where mixing occurs. DUCT -- A passageway made of sheet metal or other suitable material used for conveying air or other gas at relatively low pressures. ECONOMIZER AIR -- A ducting arrangement and automatic control system that allows a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to supply up to 100 percent outside air to satisfy cooling demands, even if additional mechanical cooling is required. EER -- (Energy Efficiency Ratio) the ratio of cooling capacity of an air conditioning unit in Btus per hour to the total electrical input in watts under specified test conditions. California Code of Regulations, Section 1602(c)(6). ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATER -- A device that produces heat through electric resistance. For example, an electric current is run through a wire coil with a relatively high electric resistance, thereby converting the electric energy into heat which can be transferred to the space by fans. ELECTRIC RADIANT HEATING -- A heating system in which electric resistance is used to produce heat which radiates to nearby surfaces. There is no fan component to a radiant heating system. ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -- A control system (often computerized) designed to regulate the energy consumption of a building by controlling the operation of energy consuming systems, such as the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting and water heating systems. EVAPORATIVE COOLING -- Cooling by exchange of latent heat from water sprays, jets of water, or wetted material. FORCED AIR UNIT (FAU) -- A central furnace equipped with a fan or blower that provides the primary means for circulation of air. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY -- Natural heat from within the earth, captured for production of electric power, space heating or industrial steam.

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HEAT CAPACITY -- The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given mass one degree. Heat capacity may be calculated by multiplying the mass by the specific heat. HEAT GAIN -- an increase in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from direct solar radiation, heat flow through walls, windows, and other building surfaces, and the heat given off by people, lights, equipment, and other sources. HEAT LOSS -- A decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from heat flow through walls, windows, roof and other building surfaces and from ex-filtration of warm air. HEAT PUMP -- An air-conditioning unit which is capable of heating by refrigeration, transferring heat from one (often cooler) medium to another (often warmer) medium, and which may or may not include a capability for cooling. This reverse-cycle air conditioner usually provides cooling in summer and heating in winter. HEATING DEGREE DAY -- A unit that measures the space heating needs during a given period of time. HEATING LOAD -- The rate at which heat must be added to a space in order to maintain the desired temperature within the space. HEATING SEASONAL PERFORMANCE FACTOR -- A representation of the total heating output of a central air-conditioning heat pump in Btus during its normal usage period for heating, divided by the total electrical energy input in watt-hours during the same period, as determined using the test procedure specified in the California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1603(c). HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) -- A system that provides heating, ventilation and/or cooling within or associated with a building. HYDRONIC HEATING -- A system that heats a space using hot water which may be circulated through a convection or fan coil system or through a radiant baseboard or floor system. OUTSIDE AIR -- Air taken from outdoors and not previously circulated through the HVAC system. SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) -- The total cooling output of a central air conditioning unit in Btus during its normal usage period for cooling divided by the total electrical energy input in watt-hours during the same period, as determined using specified federal test procedures. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1602(c)(11)]

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VAV System (Variable Air Volume System) -- A mechanical HVAC system capable of serving multiple zones which controls the temperature maintained in a zone by controlling the amount of heated or cooled air supplied to the zone. VENTILATION -- The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned or treated. WHOLE HOUSE FAN -- A system capable of cooling a house by exhausting a large volume of warm air when the outside air is cool.

Lighting DAYLIGHTING --The use of sunlight to supplement or replace electric lighting. DIFFUSE RADIATION -- Solar radiation, scattered by water vapor, dust and other particles as it passes through the atmosphere, so that it appears to come from the entire sky. Diffuse radiation is higher on hazy or overcast days than on clear days. FLUORESCENT LAMP -- A tubular electric lamp that is coated on its inner surface with a phosphor and that contains mercury vapor whose bombardment by electrons from the cathode provides ultraviolet light which causes the phosphor to emit visible light either of a selected color or closely approximating daylight. FOOTCANDLE -- A unit of illuminance on a surface that is one foot from a uniform point source of light of one candle and is equal to one lumen per square foot. LUMEN -- A measure of the amount of light available from a light source equivalent to the light emitted by one candle. LUMINAIRE -- A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the power supply. California Code of Regulations, Section 2- 1602(h)]. OCCUPANCY SENSOR -- A control device that senses the presence of a person in a given space, commonly used to control lighting systems in buildings. PHOTOCELL -- A device that produces an electric reaction to visible radiant energy (light).

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General AVERAGE COST -- The revenue requirement of a utility divided by the utility's sales. Average cost typically includes the costs of existing power plants, transmission, and distribution lines, and other facilities used by a utility to serve its customers. It also included operating and maintenance, tax, and fuel expenses. AVERAGE DEMAND -- The energy demand in a given geographical area over a period of time. For example, the number of kilowatthours used in a 24-hour period, divided by 24, tells the average demand for that period. BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS -- California Code of Regulations (California Code of Regulations), Title 24, Part 2, Chapter 2-53; regulating the energy efficiency of buildings constructed in California. CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION -- The state agency established by the Warren-Alquist State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Act in 1974 (Public Resources Code, Sections 25000 et seq.) responsible for energy policy. The Energy Commission's five major areas of responsibilities are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Forecasting future statewide energy needs Licensing power plants sufficient to meet those needs Promoting energy conservation and efficiency measures Developing renewable and alternative energy resources, including providing assistance to develop clean transportation fuels 5. Planning for and directing state response to energy emergencies

Funding for the Commission's activities comes from the Energy Resources Program Account, Federal Petroleum Violation Escrow Account and other sources. CLIMATE ZONE -- A geographical area is the state that has particular weather patterns. These zones are used to determine the type of building standards that are required by law. (U.S.) DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (US DOE) -- The federal department established by the Department of Energy Organization Act to consolidate the major federal energy functions into one cabinetlevel department that would formulate a comprehensive, balanced national energy policy. DOE's main headquarters are in Washington, D.C.

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- Using less energy/electricity to perform the same function. Programs designed to use electricity more efficiently - doing the same with less. For the purpose of this paper, energy efficiency is distinguished from DSM programs in that the latter are utility-sponsored and -financed, while the former is a broader term not limited to any particular sponsor or funding source. "Energy conservation" is a term which has also been used but it has the connotation of doing without in order to save energy rather than using less energy to do the same thing and so is not used as much today. Many people use these terms interchangeably. EFFICIENCY -- The ratio of the useful energy delivered by a dynamic system (such as a machine, engine, or motor) to the energy supplied to it over the same period or cycle of operation. The ratio is usually determined under specific test conditions. ENERGY BUDGET -- A requirement in the Building Energy Efficiency Standards that a proposed building be designed to consume no more than a specified number of British thermal units (Btus) per year per square foot of conditioned floor area. KILOWATT (kW) -- One thousand (1,000) watts. A unit of measure of the amount of electricity needed to operate given equipment. On a hot summer afternoon a typical home, with central air conditioning and other equipment in use, might have a demand of four kW each hour. KILOWATT-HOUR (kWh) -- The most commonly-used unit of measure telling the amount of electricity consumed over time. It means one kilowatt of electricity supplied for one hour. In 1989, a typical California household consumes 534 kWh in an average month. LIFE-CYCLE COST -- Amount of money necessary to own, operate and maintain a building over its useful life. LOAD -- The amount of electric power supplied to meet one or more end user's needs. LOAD MANAGEMENT -- Steps taken to reduce power demand at peak load times or to shift some of it to off-peak times. This may be with reference to peak hours, peak days or peak seasons. The main thing affecting electric peaks is air-conditioning usage, which is therefore a prime target for load management efforts. Load management may be pursued by persuading consumers to modify behavior or by using equipment that regulates some electric consumption.

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MARGINAL COST -- In the utility context, the cost to the utility of providing the next (marginal) kilowatt-hour of electricity, irrespective of sunk costs. NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING -- any building which is heated or cooled in its interior, and is of an occupancy type other than Type H, I, or J, as defined in the Uniform Building Code, 1973 edition, as adopted by the International Conference of Building Officials. PEAK LOAD OR PEAK DEMAND -- The electric load that corresponds to a maximum level of electric demand in a specified time period. PEAK LOAD -- The highest electrical demand within a particular period of time. Daily electric peaks on weekdays occur in late afternoon and early evening. Annual peaks occur on hot summer days. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING -- means any hotel, motel, apartment house, lodging house, single and dwelling, or other residential building which is heated or mechanically cooled. SOLAR THERMAL -- The process of concentrating sunlight on a relatively small area to create the high temperatures needs to vaporize water or other fluids to drive a turbine for generation of electric power. SOURCE ENERGY -- All the energy used in delivering energy to a site, including power generation and transmission and distribution losses, to perform a specific function, such as space conditioning, lighting, or water heating. Approximately three watts (or 10.239 Btus) of energy is consumed to deliver one watt of usable electricity. TAX CREDITS -- Credits established by the federal and state government to assist the development of the alternative energy industry. Beginning in 1976, California had a solar tax credit. From 1978 to 1985, both California and the federal government offered tax credits for alternative energy equipment. The state provided a 55 percent tax credit on solar, wind, geothermal and biomass for residential applications. However, the residential tax credits were reduced by applicable federal credits. State commercial tax credits for alternative energy systems in commercial and industrial sectors ranged from 10-15 percent. During this same time, the federal government offered a 40 percent tax credit on residential applications and a 10-15 percent credit on commercial and industrial applications. California in 1990 instituted a new 10 percent tax credit for commercial solar systems in excess of 30 watts of electricity per device. This credit expired December 31, 1993.

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Envelope BUILDING ENVELOPE -- The assembly of exterior partitions of a building which enclose conditioned spaces, through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, unconditioned spaces, or the ground. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5302] DIRECT RADIATION -- Radiation that has traveled a straight path from the sun, as opposed to diffuse radiation. DIRECT SOLAR GAIN -- Solar energy collected from the sun (as heat) in a building through windows, walls, skylights, etc. DOUBLE GLAZING -- Windows having two sheets of glass with airspace between. EMISSIVITY -- The property of emitting radiation; possessed by all materials to a varying extent. EMITTANCE -- The emissivity of a material, expressed as a fraction. Emittance values range from 0.05 for brightly polished metals to 0.96 for flat black paint. FENESTRATION -- In simplest terms, windows or glass doors. Technically fenestration is described as any transparent or translucent material plus any sash, frame, mullion or divider. This includes windows, sliding glass doors, French doors, skylights, curtain walls and garden windows. FRAMING EFFECTS -- The effect of framing (wood or metal studs, joists, beams, etc.) on the overall U-value of a wall, roof, floor, window or other building surface. Framing generally increases the U-Value and decreases the R-Value of insulated surfaces. FRAMING PERCENTAGE -- The area of actual framing in an envelope assembly divided by the overall area of the envelope assembly. This percentage is used to calculate the overall U-value of an assembly. HEAT TRANSFER -- Flow of heat energy induced by a temperature difference. Heat flow through a building envelope typically flows from a heated or hot area to a cooled or cold area. INFILTRATION -- The uncontrolled inward leakage of air through cracks and gaps in the building envelope, especially around windows, doors and duct systems. INFILTRATION BARRIER -- A material placed on the outside or the inside of exterior wall framing to restrict inward air leakage, while permitting the outward escape of water vapor from the wall cavity. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5302] http://multifamily.h-m-g.com 866.352.7457 Page | 93

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INSULATION, THERMAL -- A material having a relatively high resistance of heat flow and used principally to retard heat flow. See R-VALUE. LOW-E -- A special coating that reduces the emissivity of a window assembly, thereby reducing the heat transfer through the assembly. OVERHANG -- Any horizontal projection that serves as a shading element for a window. R-VALUE -- A unit of thermal resistance used for comparing insulating values of different material. It is basically a measure of the effectiveness of insulation in stopping heat flow. The higher the Rvalue number, a material, the greater itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s insulating properties and the slower the heat flow through it. The specific value needed to insulate a home depends on climate, type of heating system and other factors. RADIANT BARRIER -- A device designed to reduce or stop the flow of radiant energy. SOLAR HEAT GAIN -- Heat added to a space due to transmitted and absorbed solar energy. SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTOR -- An estimate used in calculating cooling loads of the heat gain due to transmitted and absorbed solar energy through 1/8"-thick, clear glass at a specific latitude, time and orientation. THERMAL MASS -- A material used to store heat, thereby slowing the temperature variation within a space. Typical thermal mass materials include concrete, brick, masonry, tile and mortar, water, and rock or other materials with high heat capacity. U-value or U-factor -- A measure of how well heat is transferred by the entire window - the frame, sash and glass - either into or out of the building. U-value is the opposite of R-value. The lower the Ufactor number, the better the window will keep heat inside a home on a cold day. VAPOR BARRIER -- A material with a permeance of one perm or less which provides resistance to the transmission of water vapor. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5302] VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE -- The ratio of visible light transmitted through a substance to the total visible light incident on its surface.

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DHW BOILER -- A closed vessel in which water is converted to pressurized steam. STANDBY LOSS -- A measure of the losses from a water heater tank. When expressed as a percentage, standby loss is the ratio of heat loss per hour to the heat content of the stored water above room temperature. When expressed in watts, standby loss is the heat lost per hour, per square foot of tank surface area. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1602(f)(5)] STORAGE TYPE WATER HEATER -- A water heater that heats and stores water at a thermostatically controlled temperature for delivery on demand. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1602(f)(6)] WATER HEATER -- An appliance for supplying hot water for purposes other than space heating or pool heating. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Section 1602(f)(8)]

Building Science AZIMUTH -- The angular distance between true south and the point on the horizon directly below the sun. Typically used as an input for opaque surfaces and windows in computer programs for calculating the energy performance of buildings. AMBIENT -- The surrounding atmosphere; encompassing on all sides; the environment surrounding a body but undisturbed or unaffected by it. COMFORT ZONE -- The range of temperatures over which the majority of persons feel comfortable (neither too hot nor too cold). CONDITIONED FLOOR AREA -- The floor area of enclosed conditioned spaces on all floors measured from the interior surfaces of exterior partitions for nonresidential buildings and from the exterior surfaces of exterior partitions for residential buildings. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5302] CONDITIONED SPACE -- Enclosed space that is either directly conditioned space or indirectly conditioned space. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5302] CONDITIONED SPACE, DIRECTLY -- An enclosed space that is provided with heating equipment that has a capacity exceeding 10 Btus/(hr-ft2), or with cooling equipment that has a capacity exceeding 10 Btus/(hr-ft2). An exception is if the heating and cooling

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equipment is designed and thermostatically controlled to maintain a process environment temperature less than 65 degrees Fahrenheit or greater than 85 degrees Fahrenheit for the whole space the equipment serves. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2- 5302] CONDITIONED SPACE, INDIRECTLY -- Enclosed space that: (1) has a greater area weighted heat transfer coefficient (u-value) between it and directly conditioned spaces than between it and the outdoors or unconditioned space; (2) has air transferred from directly conditioned space moving through it at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour. CONDUCTION -- The transfer of heat energy through a material (solid, liquid or gas) by the motion of adjacent atoms and molecules without gross displacement of the particles. CONDUCTIVITY (k) -- The quantity of heat that will flow through one square foot of homogeneous material, one inch thick, in one hour, when there is a temperature difference of one degree Fahrenheit between its surfaces. CONVECTION -- Transferring heat by moving air, or transferring heat by means of upward motion of particles of liquid or gas heat from beneath. PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY -- Use of the sun to help meet a building's energy needs by means of architectural design (such as arrangement of windows) and materials (such as floors that store heat or other thermal mass). PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEM -- A solar heating or cooling system that uses no external mechanical power to move the collected solar heat.

Solar California Solar Initiative (CSI) -- The California Solar Initiative program pays incentives to solar photovoltaic (PV) projects in the three California IOU service territories. The program was authorized by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and Senate Bill 1 (SB 1). Responsibility for administration of the CSI Program is shared by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Southern California Edison Company, and the California Center for Sustainable Energy (CCSE, formerly known as San Diego Regional Energy Office) for SDG&E customers. California Utility Allowance Calculator (CUAC) -- A project based utility allowance calculator that takes into account specific energy

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efficiency measures and PV installations that affect tenant-paid utility bills. The CUAC was developed by the Energy Commission to help developers make more accurate estimates of tenants’ utility costs. It can help affordable housing developers realize a reasonable rate of return on their investments in energy efficiency and PV, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will make the investments. Checkpoint Requirements -- Status check points will take place every six months to ensure the project’s progress is on schedule and provides for sufficient time for the installation of the PV system. Energy Efficiency Based Utility Allowances (EEBUA) -- Alternative utility allowance schedules adopted by local housing authorities (PHAs) for third-party verified energy efficient projects, and meant to represent a conservative estimate of energy efficiency for the typical kinds of projects built in the PHA’s territory. EEBUAs bring utility allowances more in line with utility costs for energy efficient projects. Expected Performance Based Incentive (EPBI) -- This incentive determines the expected performance of your solar system based on geographic location, orientation, tilt, shading and equipment for solar PV systems. The amount of the incentive is based on the PV Calculator. It is a specific dollars-per-watt amount. HERS Rater -- A HERS Rater is accredited by one of the HERS Providers to perform independent third-party field verification and diagnostic testing of the energy system. Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Provider – One of the three entities authorized by the California Energy Commission to accredit HERS Raters. The HERS system includes field verification or efficiency measures, performance analysis, and diagnostic testing of energy efficiency measures, including solar systems. See the Energy Commission’s web site for more information on approved HERS Providers. Net Metering -- Refers to the ability of the customer to use electric generation at their own site to offset consumption over a billing period – by allowing electric meters to turn backwards when the site produces electricity in excess of demand. CPUC rules require that all new multi-family dwellings have individual electric meters so developers who want to incorporate solar in multi-family projects are faced with choosing between individual net-metered systems, PV that serves the common area only, third-party-owned systems with a PPA, or virtual net metering. See Section 4.2 for a more complete explanation of each of these paths.

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New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP) -- Provides financial incentives and other support for installing eligible solar photovoltaic systems on new residential buildings that receive electricity from specified investor-owned utilities. NSHP PV Calculator -- The NSHP PV Calculator generates an estimate of monthly kWh production and annual TDV (kWh) production for the specified solar system. It also determines the appropriate incentive amount as calculated by the expected performance based incentive. www.GoSolarCalifornia.org/nshpcalculator/index.html Photovoltaic (PV) -- Refers to the panels (cells) of semiconductor material that absorb sunlight and turn it into electricity that provide energy for solar systems. Project-Specific Utility Allowance (PSUAs) -- See CUAC definition. Threshold Basis Limits (TBL) -- The maximum allowed project cost for which tax credits can be earned.

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RESOURCES

1.19. Programs Energy Efficiency & Green California Energy Efficiency Programs http://www.californiaenergyefficiency.com Listing of different energy-efficiency programs administered by the four major IOUs (PG&E, SCE, SDG&E, SCG) in California.

Pacific Gas & Electric Energy Efficiency & Rebate Program http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/rebates/

Single-family

Multi-family

Retrofit

Southern California Edison Residential Rebates and Savings http://www.sce.com/residential/rebates-savings/ The Residential Multifamily Energy Efficiency Rebate Program offers property owners and managers incentives on a broad list of energy efficiency improvements in lighting, HVAC, insulation and window categories. These improvements are to be used to retrofit existing multi-family properties of two or more units. Design for Comfort (DFC) http://www.designedforcomfort.com/ DFC is an affordable multi-family and supportive housing incentives program, capturing one of California's most critical areas for energy savings - the older building stock. Eligible properties must be within the service territories of the two California investor-owned utility companies (Southern California Gas Company and/or Southern California Edison) and include existing, affordable multi-family buildings and/or special needs housing.

New Solar Homes Partnership http://www.gosolarcalifornia.org/nshp/index.html

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The California Energy Commission's NSHP is part of the comprehensive statewide solar program, known as the California Solar Initiative. The NSHP provides financial incentives and other support to home builders, encouraging the construction of new, energy efficient solar homes that save homeowners money on their electric bills and protect the environment.

Build It Green â&#x20AC;&#x201C; GreenPoint Rated http://www.builditgreen.org/greenpoint-rated/ GreenPoint Rated rewards building professionals and homeowners who create green homes by allowing them to brand their products with a recognizable, trustworthy seal of approval.

LEED for Homes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; California http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1554 LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics. Providers:

Architectural Energy Corporation

Davis Energy Group

Energy Inspectors Corp.

Guaranteed Watt Saver

Sonoran LEED for Homes

California Green Builder http://www.cagreenbuilder.org/ The California Green Builder program encourages voluntary partnerships between builders and local governments to build costeffective, green homes that benefit homebuyers and the community at large.

National Green Building Program (NAHB) http://www.nahbgreen.org/ NAHB's Program offers builders, remodelers, developers, and other home building professionals a variety of services to learn, incorporate, and market green building.

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Flex Your Power http://www.fypower.org/ Flex Your Power is California's statewide energy efficiency marketing and outreach campaign. Flex Your Power is a partnership of California's utilities, residents, businesses, institutions, government agencies and nonprofit organizations working to save energy.

Municipality (?) (See CA Utility Program)

1.20. Trainings Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. (HMG) http://www.h-m-g.com/multifamily/training/default.htm

Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) http://www.pge.com/stocktonclasses/ Energy Efficiency Classes

Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) https://usage.smud.org/ETCstudent/classlist.asp Energy Efficiency Workshops

California Building Performance Contractors Association (CBPCA) Building Science Academy Training Schedule http://www.cbpca.org/contractors/trainingcalendar.html

1.21. Funding Home Depot Foundation Grant http://www.homedepotfoundation.org/grants.html The Home Depot Foundation administers millions of dollars in grants each year to nonprofit organizations whose missions align with the

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Foundation's interests in supporting the production preservation of affordable, efficient and healthy housing.

and

LIHTC http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing/training/web/li htc/basics/ The LIHTC Program is an indirect Federal subsidy used to finance the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households.

Enterprise Planning & Construction Grants http://www.greencommunitiesonline.org/tools/funding/grants/plan ning.asp Grants up to $75,000 to cover planning and construction expenses including additional costs of architectural work, engineering, site surveys and costs associated with items such as a more efficient HVAC system, green materials and energy efficient appliance.

LIHEAP â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/index.html The mission of the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) is to assist low income households, particularly those with the lowest incomes that pay a high proportion of household income for home energy, primarily in meeting their immediate home energy needs.

ENERGY STARÂŽ Green Community Grant (?) 1.22. Government Organizations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) http://www.epa.gov/

Learn the Issues

Science & Technology

Laws & Regulations

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U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/

Buildings Program

Solar Program

U.S. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) http://portal.hud.gov/portal/page/portal/HUD

Housing Program

Energy

Housing Research and Data Sets

HUD Homes

Resources

California Energy Commission (CEC) http://www.energy.ca.gov/index.html

Appliance Efficiency Program

Appliance Efficiency Database

Building Efficiency Standards (Title 24)

Efficiency Research

Green Building Initiative

Home Energy Rating System (HERS)

California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/

Energy Efficiency Programs

California Solar Initiative (CSI) Program

SMART Grid

Resources

California Housing and Community Development http://www.hcd.ca.gov/

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Codes and Standards

Financial Assistance

Housing Policy Development

1.23. Other Organizations American Council for an Energy- Efficient Economy (ACEEE) http://www.aceee.org/

Energy Policy

Programs

Consumer Resources

Publications

Alliance to Save Energy http://ase.org/

Appliance and Equipment Standards

Buildings

Financing Energy Efficiency

Home Energy Assessments

Insulation

Lighting

Windows

American Solar Energy Society (ASES) http://www.ases.org/ American Solar Energy Society (ASES) is the nation's leading association of solar professionals & advocates.

Consortium for Energy Efficiency http://www.cee1.org/ CEE is a consortium of efficiency program administrators from across the U.S. and Canada who work together on common approaches to advancing efficiency.

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) http://www.lbl.gov/

Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) http://www.pathnet.org/ PATH catalogs the best resources on advanced building technologies and practices to emerge from the decade-long public-private partnership, which ended in 2008.

National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) http://www.nrdc.org/ NRDC uses law, science and the support of 1.3 million members and online activists to protect the planet's wildlife and wild places and to ensure a safe and healthy environment for all living things.

U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) http://www.usgbc.org/ The U.S. Green Building Council is a non-profit community of leaders working to make green buildings available to everyone within a generation.

Global Green USA http://www.globalgreen.org/ Global Green was created to foster a global value shift toward a sustainable and secure future by reconnecting humanity with the environment.

California Building Industry Associate (BIA) http://www.cbia.org/go/cbia/ The California BIA is a statewide trade association based in Sacramento representing more than 5,000 companies, including homebuilders, trade contractors, architects, engineers, designers, suppliers and other industry professionals.

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Architects/Designers/Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR) http://www.adpsr.org/ ADPSR promotes environmental protection, ecological building, social justice, and the development of healthy communities.

Urban Land Institute (ULI) http://www.uli.org/ The ULI is a nonprofit research and education organization supported by its members and represents the entire spectrum of land use and real estate development disciplines, working in private enterprise and public service.

Housing California http://www.housingca.org/ Housing CA has worked to increase the supply and variety of decent, safe, and affordable homes for homeless and low-income families.

ENC (?) 1.24. Newsletters/Articles Home Energy Magazine http://www.homeenergy.org/ Home Energy magazineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission is to disseminate objective and practical information on residential energy efficiency, performance, comfort, and affordability.

Housing Zone http://www.housingzone.com/ A website for the residential construction industry.

Cool Roof Rating Council http://www.coolroofs.org/

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The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) is an independent, non-profit organization that maintains a third-party rating system for radiative properties of roof surfacing materials.

National Fenestration Rating Council http://www.nfrc.org/ NFRC is a non-profit organization that administers the only uniform, independent rating and labeling system for the energy performance of windows, doors, skylights, and attachment products.

California Public Utilities Commission Energy Division News and Resources http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Resources/

1.25. Title 24 California Association of Building Energy Consultants (CABEC) http://www.cabec.org/ CABEC is a non-profit organization founded to foster professional development and ethics in the field of energy compliance through sponsorship of educational programs for industry professionals on building energy efficiency.

California Building Performance Contractors Association (CBPCA) http://www.cbpca.org/ CBPCA delivers integrated training in energy efficiency, indoor comfort, healthier indoor air, and a safer, more durable building.

CalCERTS https://www.calcerts.com/ CalCERTS, Inc. is a private organization that provides service, support, training and certification to HERS raters.

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California Home Energy Efficiency Rating System, Inc. (CHEERS) http://cheers.org/ CHEERS is a California statewide 501 (C) (3) non-profit organization dedicated to promoting energy efficiency.

Energy Soft LLC http://www.energysoft.com/ EnergySoft specializes in Building Energy Performance Modeling.

MicroPas http://micropas.com/ The most popular software tool for showing compliance with the California Residential Energy Standards.