COMMUNITY AS DESIGNERS, DESIGNERS AS PART OF THE COMMUNITY: CONSTRUCTING POSSIBLE FUTURES IN SANT BOI DE LLOBREGAT Claudia Misteli & Mi Sun Na ELISAVA Barcelona School of Design and Engineering Barcelona, Spain cmisteli@elisava.net / mna@elisava.net
Avoiding this academic standardization, we decided to apply participatory driven research methodologies, such as Research through Design (RtD) and Participatory Action Research (PAR). This four-month applied investigation— with, through and for the community of Sant Boi de Llobregat—can be seen as an openended process where every design activity is considered to be part of a larger research initiative. As a result, new knowledge has been created, and most importantly, this knowledge is capable of being transferable from one project to another. We believe that design has great power to support social change, and that researching through design reveals and facilitates a deeper understanding of peoples behaviors, needs and dreams. “As a matter of fact, design has all the potentialities to play a major role in triggering and supporting social change and therefore becoming design for social innovation”(Manzini, 2015). The community we work with is based in the municipality of Sant Boi de Llobregat, a small town located on the periphery of Barcelona, in the Spanish State of Catalonia. The site is a square in Sant Boi de Llobregat, where an old abandoned kiosk has been reclaimed by a group of social educators, not to sell newspapers or magazines, but rather to be a space for culture, education and art.
ABSTRACT Community as designers, designers as part of the community: Constructing possible futures in Sant Boi de Llobregat is a real community-based investigation project that stations itself in the category of the role of designers in a social innovation framework. This investigation explores different ways of interacting with a community in Sant Boi de Llobregat (Catalonia, Spain) applying participatory driven research methodologies, such as Research through Design (RtD) and Participatory Action Research (PAR). KEYWORDS Social Change, Applied Design Research, Research Though Design, Participatory Action Research, Sense of Place, Design Ethnography, Social Innovation, Co-Design INTRODUCTION This research explores different ways of interacting with and through design in a community-based project aiming to facilitate a step towards a better way of living.
We start from the basis that design research should avoid methodological standardization and instead enhance design’s inherent capability for exploring, speculating, singularizing, diversifying and expressing results in a completely different way; a research methodology that can be conceptually varied, imaginative and even poetic. This is, perhaps, most apparent when the object of investigation is not focused on objects or services, but has a direct impact on people's lives. "1
Through our project we ask:
FES KIOSK project. As we discussed the type of methodologies we wanted to bring to the project, such as Research though Design and Participatory Action Research, the concept appeared to be too abstract for them. Methodologies where the final result is not the aim, but rather the process. A research methodology where we should “take the problem outside design and use design to address it”(Jonas, 2007).
What kind of design actions could we apply to make it easier for the community of Sant Boi de Llobregat to appropriate its kiosk and decide which future they want for it? How can we create the conditions so that the community will be able to make their own choice willingly, seeing that the kiosk as a step towards a better way of living in their neighborhood?
It was very important at this initial point of the project that our partner CoBoi, understood what we wanted to perform through design and appreciated enormously it’s power to transform including the innovation for social change. They agreed with the ideas of two design research students, and this reinforced the approach giving more confidence to the Circula Cultura association, responsible of the management of the FES KIOSK project. But still, the process began quite open, we needed a challenge and a community to work with and our potencial community doubted of working together, also due to the fact of crisis within the association.
CONTEXT OF THE INVESTIGATION In 2015 the municipality of Sant Boi de Llobregat had a need to reuse empty spaces in the city. They opened a public call called in Catalan “Espais Buit” (Empty Spaces) so that the civil society could re-appropriate those spaces fostering development and social innovation. CoBoi acted as bridge and facilitator between the municipality and the civil society during the period of granting those spaces. The association Circula Cultura won the license of managing an abandon kiosk in Sant Boi de Llobregat with the project FES KIOSK. This association is run by young social educators that share concerns about how public space can act as a spark for education, participation, intercultural exchange and art. The aim of the “FES KIOSK” project is to convert an old newsstand into a cultural meeting point to accommodate the transformation of the community. The project was well received within the community, especially from the inhabitants of the Marianao neighborhood in Sant Boi de Llobregat, where the newsstand itself is located.
We finally agreed to meet again, provide them with a proposal, and see if it was possible to join forces and work together to revive the FES KIOSK project. Our collaboration with the Circula Cultural association started slowly with informal meetings, discussing one another’s plans, sitting down in a cafeteria or in a bar near an agreed metro station, talking about the studies, etc. Those meetings did not have any kind of “well structured or workshop” format. The conversations began very casual, and our approach as investigators was to go slowly, step by step, in order to gain their confidence, not trying to rush into a solution but rather letting the understanding develop through the conversations.
Soon after we partnered with CoBoi as design investigators for the FES KIOSK project, we realized after discussing all together, that this group of social educators needed support. The energy of the FES KIOSK project appeared to be decreasing, the group that ran the association was getting smaller, and the kiosk was not open as much as initially planned.
When we refer to community, we are thinking about ties, about people who shares a sense of place geographically but also that this place represent something meaningful and vital for them. Seeing the community through the eyes of a designer, we might then consider as Sean Donahue described, a “community is almost exclusively invoked to
During the first conversation, we noticed that the Circula Cultura association did not fully understand how design could help the "2
suggest a positive connotation of cohesion, to refer to a geographically close group of people (and by extension places and things in those places), or to characterize a practice where a designers works directly with people, as in community-driven design”(Donahue, 2014).
capacity to give us this material; it is then important that we learn and acquire new knowledge from that, and in that way, we can perform another design action to move the process in the right direction. Mapping We understand the word place in the way that author David Kolb(Kolb, 2008) mentioned as places-where-we-do-something rather than places-where-something-is. Considering this, the sense of place that people identify with its territory is not because they are physically there, it is because they interact, they live the place. “Moreover, it could be that the sense of place does not only emanate from prolonged and stable relationships with a physical location, but can also be acquired through mobile, transitional and even ephemeral experiences”(Nogue, 2017).
Researching through Design with a community has a lot to do with negotiation, building relationships and engagement with the people involved. Everything within the process was potentially reviewed and reconsidered throughout. As Donna J. Haraway comments, design can be a medium of negotiating uncertainty and complexity and the way it can be done is because we as designers are quite good as in staying with the trouble, going with the bizarre and logical of the world, and not staying with for example business models”(Haraway, 2016). This element of continuous change and mutation is not seen has something problematic or negative, instead it is seen as something that enriches the process and makes the results more unexpected and human. METHODS AND MATERIALS What kind of design actions could we make to encourage the community to take ownership of the future of the kiosk and the generosity of the five Circula Cultura volunteers that make the kiosk happen? It is not about doing things directly for the community of Sant Boi, it is about doing things with them. Therefore this helps them do it for themselves’. “People’s behavior cannot be design. However, it is possible to create conditions that make some ways of being and doing things more probable than others”(Manzini, 2015). Sometimes we do not find words for what people want to do, and here is where design can be very powerful, because it can help us use other ways to express what is important.
(Fig 1) Two hand-drawn maps merged.
We, as designers will act as facilitators using design actions and strategies. Our job is to look at inspirational material and work out what could we do next, how can we go further, because people won't tell us what to do, but they will give us insights into who they are and what is important to them. Researching through Design has the "3
The idea behind this, was that each participant would receive a different sheet of paper, and that the individual pieces of paper did not represent anything complete, but all the pieces together created the whole picture of the Kiosk. During the activity we did not say to the participants that the individual sheets of paper, when put together, made up the whole picture. We wanted to give this to the community later on, at the annual party of the neighborhood, and observe the resulting surprise of what arose from all the drawings when put together.
We were interested in mapping these mobile, transitional and ephemeral things happening at the square. We needed to understand the relationship that exists between the kiosk, the square and the people. Using the mapping methodology at the start of the investigation, it made us visualize something which is there, but at the same time which is invisible: how people move, the dynamics and interactions within space and time. Understanding these flows in the square and the hidden dynamics of the community, made us reflect critically on the use of this public space and how it related to our design activities we wished to implement. It also gave us the confidence in further decisions involving which locations would be preferred by the community for particular activities. For the Circula Cultura association FES KIOSK project it was also easier to understand why we as design researchers wanted to do a design activity in one specific place.
Some days later we put the drawings of all the children and participants together. The result was unexpected and beautiful. With all the drawings now together, we then made a real puzzle of it, which was then given to the community as a gift at the annual neighborhood party. Objectives: - To create awareness and move people through children’s art. - Engage and begin conversations by playing and drawing. - Intervine the ordinary landscape. - Reinforce the natural cohesive strength in the community. - Surprise people at the annual neighborhood party with the vision of a new future visualized by children. - To create awareness amongst grown ups and the elderly. - Help children imagine.
Play and ludic “To play is to be in the world. Playing is a form of understanding what surrounds us and who we are, and a way of engaging with others. Play is a mode of being human” - Miguel Sicart. (Sicart, 2014) We called our first organized design activity “Lets make Puzzle”. It was mainly designed for children, but it was also opened for everyone interested in participating. Before doing the activity, we explained our idea in detail to the Circula Cultura association, and reaching out to them to participate as facilitators and/or participants. The Circula Cultura were themselves all social educators and had a similar imaginative ability; but with our participation we were also giving them new tools in how to be more effective in their imagination.
Data collection and interview The aim of this design activity was to collect data and information regarding the possible future that the kiosk could have and get as much detail about it as possible. We made cardboard boxes consisting of three levels and each level was going to be used to ask a general question: “If you could decide what to do in the kiosk when it is closed, what would you do?
We drew a huge Kiosk, including elements of the square such as flowers, trees and of course, the sun. Then we cut the entire sheet of paper into 20 different parts.
We presented the following future scenarios which were inspired by the conversations, interviews, and observation we had done up until then. But we also left a blank face of "4
the cardboard open to any other scenario that could be proposed by the community.
Making tangible and vivid these two scenarios, and enacting with them in a very spontaneous way, new ideas started emerging. The participants were engaging more and more with the conversations, debating and having critique dialogues.
One scenario expressed a need that the community had, of the kiosk being a meeting point for the inhabitants of the neighborhood, where they could talk about their problems and challenges as a community. Another scenario presented a need from the elderly people who lived in the geriatric centre, to use the kiosk as a meeting place for playing cards, chess, dominos and just spending time together. The last scenario talked about the kiosk being used a meeting point for facilitating integration of the foreign community.
At the end of this exercise the Circula Cultura association, they themselves were surprised of the ideas and even some solutions that came to discussion. Ideas that they confessed they have never thought about, as for instance putting a sign on the street indicating the location of the square, and also creating a network of friends of the kiosk that could rotate the keys opening the kiosk and making different activities together with the Circula Cultura association.1
Objectives: - Imagine new uses for the kiosk, listen for the"insights of the people”. - Collect information(name, age and desires about the future use of the kiosk). - Foster a space for conversation. - Reflect on the value of the kiosk as a meeting point for cultural cohesion and integration.
Visualizing a probable and plausible future for the kiosk through puppets and theater, made them at the end of the activity a little bit nervios. They saw visualizing the oneshot videos a real solution that came from the community though them with puppets. They told us that they needed time to digest what they have arrived to; but at the same time they were very grateful to us for letting them speak though the voice, reality, and context of the community of Sant Boi. To letting them imagine in a completely different way.
Tangible Future scenarios Once we had organized all the answers into the categories, we began asking ourselves questions that began with “what if”. Questions then emerged from the previous exercise of organizing the answers into the categories. The idea behind this exercise was to list all the possible “what if’” that came into our minds, and then choose only two that we felt could be used to transform into something tangible and real: What if the kiosk was open every day and what if we create a network of kiosk friends, who can help manage activities for the kiosk?
In the process of researching through design, we were also interested in using the future as a tool to better understand our present. A tool that can help discuss and debate the future that the community of Sant Boi wants for their kiosk, but also the future that they do not want. “For us futures are not a destination or something to be strived for but a medium to aid imaginative through—to speculate with. Not just about the future but about today as well, and this is where they become critique, specially when they highlight limitations that can be removed and loosen, even just a bit, reality’s grip on our imagination”(Dunne & Raby, 2013).
(Fig 2) Graphs of the information gathered from the “Lets imagine” activities.
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You can watch the videos here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6lxDZ587Ko&t=283s; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wofpfOtZdsE; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6lxDZ587Ko
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people from the inside. Music is another way to communicate.
Ethnographic design We were invited to participate by the Circula Cultura association, as a way to understand the community we were working with. As facilitators and researchers, we decided to participate as active listeners rather as as active speakers. We decided to do it this way because, by hearing peoples’ stories of the past, anecdotes of their square, stories of their families and friends, etc., it was a better way of understanding their culture, their feelings, and their history, and also an objective way to observe the passage of time and the sense of transformation of that the square and kiosk. “‘Knowing the user’ in their lived and felt life involves understanding what it feels like to be that person, what their situation is like from their own perspective”(Wright & McCarthy, 2008).
Co-design with the community Each year the Marianao neighborhood in Sant Boi de Llobregat celebrates their local party in the “Plaça de la Generalitat” square. Since the beginning of this investigation we knew about this event, and also that the FES KIOSK project would had the space to do something. Together with the Circula Cultura association we co-designed an exhibition for that day. Our idea was to divide the exhibition in three parts: past, present and future. On the past site, there were boxes with photographs and explanations of all the actions made by the FES KIOSK project during the year (radio programs, cinema, conversations, etc). In the present site, with the help of the children, we put together the puzzle made by them on the activity, “Lets make Puzzle”. The song composed with all the voices of the community also sound continuously from the loudspeakers located at each side of the kiosk. On the future site, the tower of boxes designed for the activity “Lets imagine” was there so that people can continue participating answering the question “If you could decide what to do in the kiosk when it is closed, what would you do?”.
Being able to visualize the peoples’ stories of the past, enables the design research to configure and give continuity to a new future construction. In this sense, engaging people to tell their stories, an opening a space of “urban storytelling” make the ethnographic experience of the researcher much fun and human. “This Experience, like many others, shows how storytelling, can contribute to the rebuilding of relationship between people and the space they live in, and thus rebuilding the idea of place”(Manzini, 2015). Once the “Lets make memory” conversation concluded, the CirculaCultura association together with us, discussed and reflected on the stories that came out. We were very excited to hear the memories from the square and the kiosk spoken in first person. The square has an incredible power of cohesion and integration for the community, but also reflect a surprising resilient capability of transformation.
We all together created a universe composed of memories, sounds, music and images. A universe were children played with the puzzle made by the community, people listened to the music, and also laughed because some of them recognized their own voices; even some children recognized the voices of their parents. Other people were interested in reading the post-its answering the question of the future of the kiosk.
With all these memories and anecdotes from the community, and also sounds that we captured from the square, we composed a music track2. Music has a great power to transport people back in time. To evoke and revive memories and feelings. Music penetrates the body in a very literal way (for example moving the eardrum) and touching 2
The future of the kiosk song: https://soundcloud.com/claudia-misteli/el-futur-del-kiosk
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KIOSK project’s new future could be for them during this investigative process. So that we could fulfill our role best as design investigators; we were not primarily focused on helping the FES KIOSK project work better for the community, but instead help the community develop the FES KIOSK project into what they needed. The kiosk model With the aim of transferring the positive experience of the “The never-ending KIOSK story” scheme (Fig.3), we developed a model that could replicate our experience in other contexts. We are aware that our research approach to a specific place, context and need (as in our case the FES KIOSK project), is unique and could hardly be a case that shares exactly the same characteristic with others. But still we found a flow and some kind of a pattern that was capable of being brought to another context.
(Fig. 3) The circular road map scheme of the investigation.
All these elements brought together, and the result from the interactions of the community with those elements, made us all reflect on the importance of having the kiosk alive. The kiosk acts as a catalyst for the community to understand their past, to enjoy their present with ludic and play, and to better understand the construction of their future as a community. RESULTS The never-ending KIOSK story scheme The first stage of this journey into a life project began when we tried to imagine it. A journey that starts from a need to find a new possible future for the kiosk but does not ends finding a solution, or publishing the results of its investigation. Ends in the sense of giving up to our believes and passion. We designed a circular road map of our investigation representing a journey (Fig.3), detailing the main steps that we wanted to do in order to perform the Research through Design investigation. “To make people think, the interesting things is to explore an issue, to figure out how to turn it into a project, how to turn the project into some design ideas, how to materialize those design ideas as prototypes, and finally, how to disseminate them through exhibitions or publications”(Koskinen et al., 2011).
(Fig 4) The kiosk model.
The aim of the Kiosk Model, is to help civil society, communities, initiatives, organizations, or any similar body that wish to become, or is in need of support, or a driver for social change through design actions. By answering the questions that we received on the Kiosk Model during the initial stage of the project, and adding those answers we gave, this would give an overview of how the
It was crucial that the community of Sant Boi, along with the support of the Circula Cultura association and the help of CoBoi, work together to help realize what the FES "7
journey and indeed the whole process would look.
diffuse in the HWA community, they were seeing more as facilitators. “When you approach creative communities as a designer, you often do not need to design something new. The good ideas are already there, embedded in the practice, and you have to facilitate, support and scale up what these groups are already doing”(Manzini, 2007). During their collaboration process, everything was in constant transformation, and solutions and outcomes came in many occasions from the community with the support and guidance from the The Living Lab Neighborhood(Ehn et al., 2014).
In other words, the exercise would be to prototype the project into one day and if repeated, you would have the framework, something tangible in which people can visualize, understand and rely on. It is also a way of deconstructing complexity thus giving the process a simple flow, a way to visualize all the stages of the project and adapt it to each situation. DISCUSSION This investigation has demonstrated that design itself is a mode of knowledge production. By applying design through participatory driven research methodologies, such as Research through Design and Participatory Action Research, the whole process of investigation could develop its own language of understanding.
We also learned that design methodologies in the process of investigation are able to destabilize a same way of imaging. The members of the Circula Cultura association came all from the same background, they were all social educators. By making them play with a puzzle made from the community, or by role-playing with puppets the futures scenarios of what the kiosk could be, or even by hearing the music composed with the memories of the people, they were able to imagine out of their logic of social educators, letting new and surprising ideas emerge.
We learned that to navigate the relationship between the Circula Cultura association, the community and us, we as designers needed to become part of the community, and the community and the Circula Cultura association became in a way designers. Labels of the strict roles of designers should be diffuse so that real bottom-up forms of collaboration arises. A good example of this last idea is the Herrgård’s Women’s Association in Malmö, Sweden. The members of this organization have backgrounds of Iran, Iraq, Bosnia and Afghanistan. They organized themselves to find solutions for challenging problems in their neighborhood, including social exclusion, limited skills in Swedish language, lack of higher education, isolation, etc. The Living Lab Neighborhood is a platform that facilitates social innovation and collaborative services with a design approach in Malmö.
But we also understood, that the process enriches itself even more, when the investigation though design is led by a multidisciplinary team. A group of people that understands the language of design, but comes from different backgrounds, nationalities or even cultures. Mi Sun Na is a south Korean designer and Claudia Misteli is a Swiss-Colombian communicator and journalist. Both shared the language of design, but came from completely different cultures, backgrounds, and places. Adding this complexity to the approach of designing for social innovation certainly helped us as researchers to make us think and imagine differently.
The HWA together with The Living Lab Neighborhood started collaborating together in line with Nabeel Hamdi’s argument (Nabeel, 2004) that over design often inhibits progress and development. They tried to create a balance between defining a direction in how to proceed, and the emerging ideas that spontaneous came from the HWA itself. Their label as designers was
For example the mapping activity came as an idea of Mi Sun Na which had previously mapped the flows of people in public spaces with the aim to design furniture. Her idea to adapt the mapping to the context in Sant Boi gave us as researchers a very valuable insight in how people interact with their physic space. Claudia Misteli has an intrinsic capacity to dialogue, to sew "8
conversations in a way that people opens themselves to talk and share their feelings. The idea to make “an ethnographic song” with the memories of the people previously interviewed, came as an initiative from her. The ideas and initiatives that came from both directions as design researchers, surprised them both, stimulating also their own engagement during the investigation process.
community wants to see open and active every day. A kiosk in which the Circula Cultura association would manage but together with the participation and implication from the most engage people of the community. This research does not stop here, the journey continues. We still need to make it real, to make it happen what the community told us they want their kiosk also to be. Our compromise is to continue supporting this will of transformation which is so much needed to ensure the continuity of the FES KIOSK project. A project that the people of Sant Boi loves and need, in order to continue strengthening the ties and the sense of place within the community.
It is also important to highlight that when applying participatory driven research methodologies through design in a community-based project, design actions should be adapted to the specific social, cultural, and territorial context. This adaptation should be done in a very gradual way, giving emphasis in an initial stage in creating strong ties of confidence, and later proceed with design actions. We began conversations with the Circula Cultura association quite informal and without any clever workshop format in mind; but after gaining her confidence we began to interact with design actions. We understood that when design meet social needs, it can act as a catalyst to create new social relationships of collaborations. “In other words, they are innovations that are both good for society and enhance society’s capacity to act”(Manzini, 2015). The Circula Cultura association felt empowered by enacting with the future in the present time, bringing into discussion how to collaborate with the different stakeholders in order to give the kiosk a life of its own. We finally learned that designing for social innovation, is not about repeating formats, ideas, or proceedings from other experiences. Designing for social innovation through design must continuously “support the construction of new questions in new contexts with new contributions”(Yelavich & Adams, 2014). During these four-month research through design trajectory, we encouraged the Circula Cultura association and explore their capacities in finding all together an alternative future for the kiosk. We together though the community found points of reference, insights on what that possible future should look like. A kiosk that the "9
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