Planning Local Waste Management by Co-PLAN

Planning Local Waste Management

This publication is prepared by Decentralization and Local Development Programme (dldp), with financial supportby of Decentralization SDC This publication is prepared and Local Development Programme (dldp), with financial support of SDC

Prepared by: Prepared by: Redion Biba, Konalsi Gjoka, Teida Shehi, Dritan Shutina, Aida Ciro, Altin Mihali Co - PLAN, Institute for Habitat Tirana, Albania Redion Biba, Konalsi Gjoka, Teida Shehi,Development, Dritan Shutina, Aida Ciro, Altin Mihali Co - PLAN, Institute for Habitat Development, Tirana, Albania Valbona Karakaçi, Arben Kopliku Decentralization andKopliku Local Development Programme, Shkodër, Albania Valbona Karakaçi, Arben Decentralization and Local Development Programme, Shkodër, Albania Felix Schmidt CSD INGENIEURS SA, Lausanne, Switzerland Felix Schmidt CSD INGENIEURS SA, Lausanne, Switzerland

This publication reflects the view of its authors and not necessarily of SDC. This publication reflects the view of its authors and not necessarily of SDC. Published by Decentralization Published by and Local Development Programme (dldp), HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Albania Copyright © HSI and Albania 2012 Decentralization Local Development Programme (dldp), HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Albania Copyright © HSI Albania 2012 L. Kongresi Permetit, Rr.Oso Kuka, Nr. 11 Shkodër, Albania L. Kongresi Permetit, Rr.Oso Kuka, Nr. 11 Shkodër, Albania www.dldp.al www.dldp.al

List of Abbreviations AAM AAC ABO ALL BPEO CBOs C&DW DLDP EU FCA IBRD HSI KfW LGU LSWMP LSWM METE MI MoEFAW MoH MoPWTT MRF MTB NWS NGOs NWMP O&M PCP PWSS REA REC RWSC SADC SWOT TS ToR URI WAG WCP WCTS WM

Albanian Association of Municipalities Albanian Association of Communes Area Based Organizations Albanian LEK Best Practice Environmental Option Community Based Organization Construction and Demolition Waste Decentralization and Local Development Program European Union Full Cost Accounting International Bank for Reconstruction and Development HELVETAS Swiss Inter-Cooperation KfW- Entwicklungsbank-Office in Tirana Albania Local Government Unit Local Solid Waste Management Plan Local Solid Waste Management Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy Ministry of Interior Ministry of Environment, Forests and Administration of Waters Ministry of Health Ministry of Public Works Transport and Telecommunications Material Recovery Facility Medium Term Budget National Waste Strategy Non-Governmental Organizations National Waste Management Plan Operational and Maintenance Public Collection Points Primary Waste Separation Schemes Regional Environment Agencies Regional Environmental Center Recyclable Waste Separation Center Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Transfer Station Terms of Reference Urban Research Institute Waste Area Group Waste Collection Point Waste Collection and Transportation Schemes Waste Management

Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 3 I. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................9 Waste Management Planning in Albania ............................................................................ 9 What is a Local Solid Waste Management Plan? .............................................................. 10 LSWMP: A Strategic Perspective ........................................................................................11 About the Manual .............................................................................................................11 1.4.1 Objectives and Benefits of the Manual........................................................................11 1.4.2 Target Group................................................................................................................11 1.4.3 The Manual Methodology.............................................................................................12 1.4.4 How to Use this Manual...............................................................................................12

II. 2.1

(STEPS TO) DEVELOPING A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN...........................................13 The waste management planning process.........................................................................14 2.1.1 Basic Planning Considerations.....................................................................................14 2.1.2 Getting started: Establishing Administrative Structures................................................14 2.1.3 Baseline Assessment .................................................................................................18 2.1.4 Waste Management Planning......................................................................................20 2.1.5 Waste Management Financing.....................................................................................22 2.1.6 Implementation...........................................................................................................22 2.1.7 Revision of the plan....................................................................................................23 2.2 Contents of LSWMP...........................................................................................................24 III. 3.1

WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL PLANNING.........................................................25 Organization of Services Provision and Operations.............................................................26 3.1.1 Choice of Public or Private Solution.............................................................................26 3.1.2 How to upgrade Public Service Provision.....................................................................28 3.1.3 How to upgrade Private Service Provision....................................................................30 3.1.4 Inter-LGU Cooperation and Regional Organization........................................................32 3.2 Waste collection and Transportation Systems..............................................................33 3.2.1 General and Technical Information on the Waste Area.................................................34 3.2.2 Waste Collection and Transportation Schemes.............................................................39 3.2.3 Transfer Station...........................................................................................................51 3.2.4 Waste Separation.........................................................................................................54 3.3 WasteTreatment..........................................................................................................64 3.3.1 Recycling....................................................................................................................65 3.3.2 Composting.................................................................................................................70 3.3.3 Waste Disposal and Landfills.......................................................................................73 3.4 Waste Management Scenarios...........................................................................................78 3.5 Street Cleaning..................................................................................................................79 3.6 Inert and C&D Waste..........................................................................................................83 3.7 Maintenance.......................................................................................................................87

IV. 4.1 4.2

FINANCIAL PLANNING....................................................................................................89 Current and Future Local Financing of WM........................................................................90 Overall Waste Management Costs Analysis.........................................................................91 4.2.1 Preparatory Phase.......................................................................................................91 4.2.2 Determine the Investments.........................................................................................93 4.2.3 Estimate Waste Management Costs.............................................................................96 4.3 How to build an Annual Budget?.........................................................................................103 4.4 Strategy on Cost Recovery.................................................................................................103 4.4.1 Establishment of a Fair and Straightforward Cost-recovery Revenue System.............104 4.4.2 Establishment of an effective Tariff Collection Scheme..............................................108 4.4.3 Final Recommendations ...........................................................................................110 4.4.4 Monitoring, Reporting and Financial Indicators...........................................................110 V. ANNEXES........................................................................................................................111 ANNEX 1: Organizational and Administrative Structures........................................................112 Administrative Structures and Roles.................................................................................112 Examples of Inter-LGUs in Albania....................................................................................115 ANNEX 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol..........................................................................118 Monitoring and Evaluation .............................................................................................118 A model for Monitoring and Evaluating the LSWMP- Matrix of Objectives Evaluation.......123 A model for Monitoring and Reporting of Cleaning Services by District Representatives..124 Models of job Description for Different WM staff..............................................................125 Evaluation model: Efficiency of Waste Collection and Transportation versus Population size....128 ANNEX 3: Awareness, Information and Public Participation Protocol...................................130 Awareness, Information and Public Participation ............................................................130 Public Participation Model for Developing a LSWMP........................................................133 Model of Information Package to Citizens........................................................................134 A model of “How to develop an Information and Awareness Program”............................135 ANNEX 4: Regulation and Contracting Protocol........................................................................137 Local Rules Considerations..............................................................................................137 A Model of Local Regulation on WM................................................................................138 A Contract Model for the City Cleaning Services..............................................................154 VI.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS...................................................................................................171

VII.

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:...................................................................................175

List of Recommendations

Recommendation 1: Outline and elements of the LSWMP (Co-PLAN, 2010-2011).............................24 Recommendation 2: Start by reaching consensus among most interested LGUs...............................32 Recommendation 3: Specific information required for defining urban infrastructure..........................35 Recommendation 4: On the appropriate waste audit method............................................................39 Recommendation 5: Start-up solution for inexperienced local authorities..........................................40 Recommendation 6: The placement/location of the waste collection points.......................................41 Recommendation 7: Definition of the distance thresholds for WCP placement...................................41 Recommendation 8: Reduce the number of WCP for small communes..............................................41 Recommendation 9: Average distances of collection points for different urban areas........................42 Recommendation 10: Considerations for final decision of WCP..........................................................42 Recommendation 11: Collection frequencies based on climate conditions and the type of the containers......................................................................................................43 Recommendation 12: Selection of the appropriate type of container..................................................44 Recommendation 13: Ensuring hygiene of the containers..................................................................44 Recommendation 14: How to calculate the need for containers (required capacity and number of containers)..............................................................................45 Recommendation 15: Checking procedure to evaluate the need for new containers..........................46 Recommendation 16: How to avoid numerous emptying of the containers in commercial areas........48 Recommendation 17: Initial solution for waste collection routes and the gradual extension of it........49 Recommendation 18: Maximize the use of the waste trucks.............................................................49 Recommendation 19: Organization of waste collection hours in big cities.........................................49 Recommendation 20: The need for maintenance of the trucks and containers..................................50 Recommendation 21: Introduction of adequate waste segregation system........................................55 Recommendation 22: Initial steps to establish a waste separation scheme.......................................57 Recommendation 23: Preferable waste separation system (number of waste stream).......................59 Recommendation 24: The location of the secondary waste separation facilities................................61 Recommendation 25: Management of the recycling centers..............................................................61 Recommendation 26: Immediate recommended measures on supporting informal sector include....62 Recommendation 27: Local activities to support/induce recycling.....................................................65 Recommendation 28: Economic tools/incentives to support recycling.............................................69 Recommendation 29: Regional approach for the construction of composting plant...........................71 Recommendation 30: Specific measures and actions proposed on waste disposal............................74 Recommendation 31: The closure of the local dumpsites..................................................................74 Recommendation 32: The use of existing dumpsites for inert waste disposal....................................75 Recommendation 33: The use of local rules and penalties................................................................75 Recommendation 34: The use of manual and mechanical methods...................................................81 Recommendation 35: The determination of the sites for disposal of inert waste................................84 Recommendation 36: Financing the management of inert waste.......................................................85 Recommendation 37: Appropriate operation and maintenance measures for trucks..........................88 Recommendation 38: The use of FCA for calculating WM costs.........................................................93 Recommendation 39: When it is better to rent a truck.......................................................................95 Recommendation 40: Evaluation of the financing affordability for investments..................................96 Recommendation 41: Monitoring indicators and responsibilities.....................................................122

List of Figures Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6:

Waste management overall plan process scheme, Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010).....14 Waste Sub-zones of the city of Koplik.................................................................................36 WCP network of the City of Koplik.......................................................................................40 Adequate placement of the WCP.......................................................................................48 Illustrative photos of a Municipal Waste Transfer station (Storage discharge type)..............54 Example of Separation/Recycling facility in Hercegnovi, Montenegro and in Landfill of Bushat.................................................................................63 Figure 7: Steps to plan a Recycling Program.......................................................................................66 Figure 8: Cost and benefits from recycling activities......................................................................67 Figure 9: Quality and quantity considerations.....................................................................................68 Figure 10: Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g. grinders, rotating screens, mixers, windrow turners and front-end loaders................................................................73 Figure 11: The variation of landfill cost from population......................................................................77 Figure 12: Main steps toward planning of effective cleaning services..............................................80 Figure 13: Classification of streets into categories of cleanining services.............................................81 Figure 14: Inert collection and local collection points.....................................................................86 Figure 15: Part of the municipal budgets which goes for waste services in Albanian........................90 Figure 16: Scheme of Financial Management and Policy Framework of MSWM.................................104 Figure 17: Institutional chart for a local government unit in Albania...................................................115 Figure 18: Various means of communication...................................................................................130

INTRODUCTION I.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Waste Management Planning in Albania Since 1994, waste collection and treatment as well as other cleaning services were delegated to the local authorities. These authorities are now fully responsible for their management, and have inherited a system that consists of the collection of solid urban waste as one waste stream with no attempt and segregation, and the transportation of the waste to the local disposal sites. The responsibility for this task, despite the gradual improvements observed, has proved challenging for the local authorities; they are faced with a lack of the necessary environmental management instruments, a lack of technology and investments, combined with inadequate human capacities and financial resources. Planning, along with Education, Financial Resourcing and Legislation, has been defined as one of the four main policy pillars crucial to the implementation of the National Waste Management Plan (NWS) at a national, regional and local level. In fact, planning was viewed as the first step in the implementation of the national policy. The lack of a waste management plan can affect local government units (LGU) in several ways. In certain circumstances when small communes do not have a waste management plan, they are unable to offer even basic waste collection services. In other cases, in the absence of a plan, municipalities are unable to offer efficient and qualitative waste collection services. 7 approved earlier in 2011, as per a Council of 9 A National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) was Ministers Decision No.175, dating 19.01.2011, to be duly followed by the preparation of 12 regional waste management plans, and the development of local waste management plans by each local authority.

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management other cases, in the absence of a plan, municipalities are unable to offer efficient and qualitative waste collection services. A National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) was approved earlier in 2011, as per a Council of Ministers Decision No.175, dating 19.01.2011, to be duly followed by the preparation of 12 regional waste management plans, and the development of local waste management plans by each local authority. To date, a few local authorities have finalized the development process of their local waste management plan, such are the Municipalities of KorĂ§a, DurrŃ&#x2018;s and Fier. The remaining, are currently in the process of developing and approving their plans including the local authorities supported by dldp phase 1 and phase 2 programs. As a consequence of the work conducted by DLDP it became evident that there was a need to develop a guidance note for the preparation, by LGU, of waste management plans.

1.2 What is a Local Solid Waste Management Plan? A Local Solid Waste Management Plan (hereinafter referred to as LSWMP) is a local planning document that enables the implementation of both the national waste strategy and the national waste management plan at a local level. More specifically, a LSWM plan, at best, aims to deliver: (i)

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

(vii)

Conformity with the National Waste Strategy and the National Waste Management Plan (hereinafter referred to as the NWS and the NWMP) and its objectives: contributing to waste management policy implementation and national objectives achievement; Local waste data gathering: providing a description of the waste stream and responsibility on it, the volume to be managed and waste characteristics, as well as the definition of geographical extension of the plan, etc; An assessment of existing waste collection schemes, equipments and personnel involved, and disposal and recovery installations: to define the baseline of existing waste management services and activities; Waste management options: in order to enable waste collection and treatment in accordance with national objectives and local context; Quality of the service: determine the ways and instruments to guarantee the quality of services, such as key performance indicators, procedures, human/financial resources, skills, rules, etc; Institutional, organizational and regulatory framework: recommends measures and instruments for the improvement of organisation components, public and private contribution and responsibilities for waste collection, transport, disposal, recycling, treatment, etc; Financial needs and investments: defining and describing financial needs and investments that are necessary for the implementation & sustainable delivery of waste management services and processes;

(viii) Financial sources for investments and a local strategy for covering the cost: creating a favourable environment to secure funding from government waste funds and external sources, and to establish a local strategy on cost recovery.

1.3

LSWMP: A Strategic Perspective

10 Current national policy on waste management, including the legislative framework currently in place2 oblige the authorities on a central, regional and local level to compile waste management plan. Since the strategic planning documents at national level have been accomplished3 as an initial

(viii) Financial sources for investments and a local strategy for covering the cost: Introduction creating a favourable environment to secure funding from government waste funds and external sources, and to establish a local strategy on cost recovery.

1.3

LSWMP: A Strategic Perspective

Current national policy on waste management, including the legislative framework currently in 2 place the authorities on ainvestments central, regional to compile waste management (viii)oblige Financial sources for andand a local local level strategy for covering the cost: plan. creating a favourable environment to secure funding from government waste funds and Since the strategic planning level on have been accomplished3 as an initial external sources, anddocuments to establishata national local strategy cost recovery. phase, it will be pursued by the second phase of preparing of regional plans (within a year after approval of National Plan of Waste) and local plans within a year after approval of regional plan of waste.

1.3

LSWMP: A Strategic Perspective

Local authorities will be asked to include in their waste management plans projects for clean-up Current national places policy on the legislative framework currently in of unauthorised forwaste wastemanagement, disposal, andincluding rehabilitation of authorized locations. These place2should oblige be thefollowed authorities central, regional local level compile waste management plans by on theacompilation of theand guidelines andtostandards, and in addition by plan. technical support to enable their efficient implementation. Since the strategic planning documents at national level have been accomplished3 as an initial phase, it will be pursued by the second phase of preparing of regional plans (within a year after 1.4 About the Manual approval of National Plan of Waste) and local plans within a year after approval of regional plan of waste.

1.4.1 Objectives and Benefits of the Manual

Local authorities will be asked to include in their waste management plans projects for clean-up of unauthorised places Local for waste disposal, and rehabilitation of practical authorized locations. This manual Planning Waste Management, comes as a guide for all These LGUs plans should be followed by the compilation of the guidelines and standards, and in addition by dealing with waste management issues. technical support to enable their efficient implementation. The primary objective of this manual is to provide a practical and comprehensive guidance to local governments considering developing a local solid waste management plan, covering 1.4 About the Manual drafting, implementing and monitoring process of the plan itself. In addition, this manual can also serve as a resource for the local authorities wishing to analyse the current situation, 1.4.1 Objectives and options, Benefitsmethodologies of the Manual and scenarios, defining costs and financing identifying and evaluating needs, establishing regulations and organization at every stage of waste management, from This manual Planning Local Waste Management, comes as a practical guide for all LGUs waste generation through to final disposal. dealing with waste management issues. Another objective of this manual is to highlight and disseminate good local experiences, projects The primary objective thisdeveloped manual is over to provide a practical and comprehensive guidance to and practices, which of have a series of training, coaching and consultation local governments a local management plan,have covering sessions with LGUs,considering particularly developing in the Shkodra and solid Lezhawaste region. Such practices been drafting, implementing and monitoring process of ofthe itself.toInmake addition, manual can used to illustrate the technical and guiding steps theplan manual it as this user-friendly as also serve asinaorder resource for theother localsimilar authorities wishing analyse the current situation, possible, and to stimulate initiatives in thetoregions. identifying and evaluating options, methodologies and scenarios, defining costs and financing needs, establishing regulations and organization at every stage of waste management, from 1.4.2 Targetthrough Group to final disposal. waste generation This manual is intended to be used by: Another objective of this manual is to highlight and disseminate good local experiences, projects The competent departments andover local aofficials local and regionaland government; and practices, which have developed serieswithin of training, coaching consultation All local experts engagedininthe preparing management plans practices or/and responsible sessions with LGUs, particularly Shkodrawaste and Lezha region. Such have beenfor 2 The Law on Integrated Waste Management, No. 10463 Dated 22.09.2011; Law No.8934, dated organizing and monitoring waste management activities; used to illustrate the technical and guiding steps of the manual to make it as user-friendly as 05.09.2002, article 66/ç; Guideline No.6, dated 27.11.2007 Other authorities playing asimilar role to ininitiatives the planning and implementation process of WM, 3 possible, and and inlocal order to stimulate the regions. National Plan Strategy on Waste,other according the Officialin Bulletin on 17 January, 2011 such as local municipal councils and decision-makers, administrative staff and planners, contractors and different stakeholders; 9 1.4.2 Target Environmental Group Regional Agencies. This manual is intended to be used by: 2

1.4.3 The Manual Methodology

The Law on Integrated Waste Management, No. 10463 Dated 22.09.2011; Law No.8934, dated 05.09.2002, article 66/ç; Guideline No.6, dated 27.11.2007reflects the experiences gained during the The manual Planning Local Waste Management 3 National Plan and Strategy on Waste, according Official Bulletin on 17 January, development and implementation process toofthe the waste management plans2011 for a number of

11 9 Feedback and technical inputs from different actors involved were also considered in the preparation of this manual, namely from, MoEFWA, MoPWT, MI, SELEA, KfW, URI, REC,

LGUs in the region of Shkodra and Lezha.

All local experts engaged in preparing waste management plans or/and responsible for organizing and monitoring waste management activities; Other local authorities playing a role in the planning and implementation process of WM, such as local municipal councils and decision-makers, administrative staff and planners, contractors and different stakeholders; Regional Environmental Agencies.

1.4.3 The Manual Methodology The manual Planning Local Waste Management reflects the experiences gained during the development and implementation process of the waste management plans for a number of in The departments local officials within local and regional government; LGUs thecompetent region of Shkodra and and Lezha. All local experts engaged in preparing waste management plans or/and responsible for organizing and monitoring management activities; Feedback and technical inputs waste from different actors involved were also considered in the Other of local playing a role MoEFWA, in the planning and implementation process WM, preparation thisauthorities manual, namely from, MoPWT, MI, SELEA, KfW, URI,ofREC, such as local municipal councils decision-makers, staff and Regional Environmental Agencies, Theand Albanian Associationadministrative of Municipalities, The planners, Albanian contractors and different Association of Communes, and stakeholders; Local Authorities of Region of Shkodra and Lezha. Regional Environmental Agencies. This manual relies on extensive use of international literature review, such as handbooks, guidelines and materials4 on local waste management planning, technologies and practices on waste management sector. 1.4.3 The Manual Methodology The manual Planning Local Waste Management reflects the experiences gained during the development and 1.4.4 How to implementation Use this Manualprocess of the waste management plans for a number of LGUs in the region of Shkodra and Lezha. In this manual, the reader will find a structured and practical document, helping him/her to Feedback technical inputs frommanagement different actors involved in the appreciate and the importance of waste planning as awere first also step considered in the process of preparation of integrated this manual, namely from, MoEFWA, developing an waste management system. MoPWT, MI, SELEA, KfW, URI, REC, Regional Environmental Agencies, The Albanian Association of Municipalities, The Albanian Association and Local Authorities of Region of Shkodra and Lezha. The manual of is Communes, organized into five sections: This manual relies on extensive usethe of reader international handbooks, Section 1: Introduction – Provides with anliterature overviewreview, of thesuch wasteasmanagement 4 guidelinesinand materials on localexplains waste management planning, technologies andplan practices on situation Albania and it further what constitutes a waste management and then wastethe management sector.and legislative context. It additionally includes a basic section on this sets scene in a policy manual and how to make best use of it; Section 2: (Steps to) Developing a Waste Management Plan– introduces the reader to a general thethis process of developing a local waste management plan. Further, this 1.4.4overview How toofUse Manual chapter focuses on the methodological aspect and explains the way basic planning steps are performed. It concludes withwill thefind ‘preparation’ stage of practical planning document, and monitoring andhim/her reviewing In this manual, the reader a structured and helping to process of the appreciate theplan; importance of waste management planning as a first step in the process of Section 3: an Waste Management Operational Planning–focuses on the technical planning developing integrated waste management system. issues. It provides steps and instructions on how to deal with the technical aspects of waste management as service-planning, The manual is such organized into five sections: waste collection and transportation, transfer and disposal, waste processing and minimization, etc; Section 4: Planning – addresses the financial of waste management 1: Financial Introduction – Provides the reader with an considerations overview of the planning well as advice on howexplains to enable local authorities to improve their financial situation as in Albania and it further what constitutes a waste management plan practices and then 4 on waste management, such aslegislative cost estimation, investments, revenue, sets theatscene in a policy and context.budget, It additionally includes a basicetc; section on this Listed the References and resources Annexes: resources manual andprovide how tofurther make best use oftoit;the LGU in terms of the content of sections 2, 3 & 4 and about issues organization and administrative structure, monitoring the andreader evaluation, 10 Sectionthe2:key (Steps to)like Developing a Waste Management Plan– introduces to a contracting and legal participation, information and awareness, as well this as general overview of theaspects, processpublic of developing a local waste management plan. Further, Glossary of Terms, References and Resources. These should bebasic used planning in order steps to further chapter focuses on the methodological aspect and explains the way are facilitate theItplan development process. performed. concludes with the ‘preparation’ stage of planning and monitoring and reviewing process of the plan; In essence, section Management 2 of this manual provides a Planning–focuses road map to the successful development of a Section 3: Waste Operational on the technical planning waste plan and including the key stepstoand points toaspects fulfil the basic issues. management It provides steps instructions on how dealthe withaction the technical of waste elements necessary to develop a waste management plan. Sections 3 and 4 provide detailed management such as service-planning, waste collection and transportation, transfer and technical on the issues operational and disposal, advice waste processing andofminimization, etc;financial planning. The annexes provide additional considerations and examples on the key issues of waste management at local level. 4

Listed at the References and resources

(STEPS TO) DEVELOPING A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN The (STEPS TO) DEVELOPING A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN section has been designed to guide LGUs to develop, implement and review their local waste management plans and strategy, in line with the national waste management plan. It provides a methodology on how to perform basic planning steps, how to organize and consult with main actors and local stakeholders; it also provides an introduction to the processes, activities and issues to be elaborated for the development of the local waste management plan.

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

2.1 2.1

The Waste Management Planning Process The Waste Management Planning Process

2.1.1 Basic Planning Considerations

2.1.1 Basic LSWMP in its Planning entirety isConsiderations a continuous cyclic process, and comprises of components, such as: overall planning, implementation and plan revision. The plan should be revised minimally in fiveLSWMP in its entirety is a continuous cyclic comprises ofthe components, suchcan as: be year-intervals; however in the event of process, significantand developments plan revision overall planning,The implementation and plan revision. The planobjectives should beand revised minimally in five-the anticipated. revision includes the evaluation of the measures, following year-intervals; the event of significant developments the plan revision can be entire overallhowever planning in cycle. anticipated. The revision includes the evaluation of the objectives and measures, following the entire Theoverall overallplanning planningcycle. process may be broken down into the following phases: mobilization of the planning process and evaluation of the current situation (baseline including audits, public Thesurveys, overall planning processplanning may be broken down into theplanning following(at phases: the etc.), strategic and on-the-ground short mobilization and mediumofterms), planning process and evaluation of theand current situation including audits, public consultation process, implementation, monitoring and (baseline plan revision. surveys, etc.), strategic planning and on-the-ground planning (at short and medium terms), consultation process, implementation, and monitoring and plan revision.

Figure 1: Waste management overall plan process scheme, Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) Figure 1: Waste management overall plan process scheme, Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) Figure 1: Waste Management Overall Plan Process scheme

STEP 1: Establishing STEP 1: Establishing StepStructures 1: Establishing Administrative Administrative Structures Administrative Structures 13 2.1.2 Getting Started: Establishing Administrative Structures

13 The Establishing Administrative Structures phase constitutes the first step in the planning process, serving as the foundation for both the planning and implementation phases. From the outset, it is of crucial importance to: 14

1. Define the main actors to engage in the overall planning process 2. Involve the necessary stakeholders, be they directly or indirectly affected by the future waste management plan.

(Steps to) Developing a 2.1.2 Getting Started: Establishing Administrative Structures waste management plan

The Establishing Administrative Structures phase constitutes the first step in the planning process, serving as the foundation for both the planning and implementation phases. From the outset, it is of crucial importance to: 1. Define the main actors to engage in the overall planning process 2. Involve the necessary stakeholders, be they directly or indirectly affected by the future management 2.1.2waste Getting Started: plan. Establishing Administrative Structures decisions on important matters through all preparatory stages so that to ensure that the initiative is both managed effectively is Structures providing maximum benefit. This phase comprises of aand number of activities designed to give to the the planning The Establishing Administrative phase constitutes themomentum first step in process. thethe main activitiesfor are: process, Some servingofas foundation both the planning and implementation phases. From the From an point of view, outset, it isorganizational of crucial importance to: this group consists of: Preliminary consultations 1. Define The leader/ the head oftothe group/inchief, a position filledprocess by the Mayor Stakeholder analysis the main actors engage the overall planning 2. Involve Local Council Representatives, who have thedirectly overall responsibility to decide Defining organizational roles and responsibilities the necessary stakeholders, be they or indirectly affected by the future waste Optional: An internal body of consultants, which comprises of a manager(s) and a External expertise management plan. coordinator(s)6, head of public services departments and companies (public and private) including with and external stakeholders. The paragraphs Annex provide adesigned detailed listgive of institutional which This following phase comprises of contacts aand number of1secondary activities to momentumstructures to the planning can be established to main support the development of the LGU waste management plan. process. Some of the activities are: Working Group As the name implies this group is responsible for guiding and conducting all the activities; offering expertise and commitment andofpreparing waste plan.the Part of It is essential that the head the LGU the haslocal acknowledged legal Preliminary consultations Action Point 1: their are: gathering useful data,waste identifying and analyzing obligation andinformation the need toand prepare a new management plan, or responsibilities Stakeholder analysis Preliminary obstacles, opportunities, etc; and assessing costs and tothreats, revise anidentifying existing one. Followingalternatives; this ‘need’analyzing identification, and Defining organizational roles and responsibilities the and covering methods; recommendwith adequate etc. In order the Consultation commitment to proceeding either measures of the options, the for Mayor cost-collecting External expertise Working Group to function properly, itthe is important that roles, responsibilities and task allocation commences consultation process with local departments within of Workingparagraphs Group are clearly defined from athe start, and agreed on bypurpose their respective municipality and Municipal Council members. The of which these Thethe following and Annex 1 provide detailed list of institutional structures institutions. consultation processes of is to: can be established to support the development the LGU waste management plan. The process of setting up Working initiated by the Mayor, who also oversees the Highlight the necessity and Group importance ofofwaste management planning in legal their It isa essential that theis head the LGU has acknowledged the Action 1: forlocal work andPoint pushes processes particularly on aacommunal level. The groupplan, should respective context;to advance, obligation and the need to prepare new waste management or Preliminary have for one. the local waste management), who should a leader Create(manager, a mutual understanding of the waste management problems andalso the todirectly reviseresponsible an existing Following this related ‘need’ identification, and beConsultation part of the steering committee. ThetoWorking Groupwith comprises and necessity for action; commitment proceeding either of of experienced the options,planners the Mayor waste practitioners, and it is advised that the following combination of skills and management Ultimately gain their support and commitment for initiating the plan preparation process. commences the consultation process with local departments within backgrounds are considered: municipality and Municipal Council members. The purpose of these It is essential that, both consultation the Municipalprocesses Council and the local authorities agree from the outset on is to: Management, or planning and/or its further improvement. the importance of goodorganizational local waste management Institutional knowledge andand legal expertise of waste management planning in their Highlight the necessity importance Technical (collection, transportation, disposal, landfill design, engineering) respectiveskills: local context; Point Social, and financial expertise This phase constitutes basismanagement of the planning process, and isand related Create a mutual understanding of thethe waste related problems the Action 2: economic Administrative support to the allocation of human resources and the definition of their roles and Definingnecessity for action; 5 following for model is only of how roles Ultimately gainresponsibilities. their support andThe commitment initiating the an planexample preparation process. organizational The Working Group must maintain close links with the Steering Committee in order to translate and responsibilities can be defined within the organization: roles and the thethe Steering Committee into the practical measuresagree for action, while at the It is requirements essential that, of both Municipal Council and local authorities from the outset on same time informing thelocal Steering Committee on progress key issues. the importance of good waste management and/or itsand further improvement. Steering Committee constitutes an important group, which takes the role of leading, supporting From an operational of view, Working Group should organize from a mobilization/inception and decision making point throughout thethe process, and obtains the mandate the general public. decisions on important matters through Among all preparatory stages so that todiscussion ensure that the initiative meeting with the Steering the issues the should Therefore, a Steering Committee’s role is to provide direct to the planningagenda process, take ThisCommittee. phase constitutes the main basis of support the in planning process, and is related Action Point 2: isbe: both managed effectively and is providing maximumWho benefit. stakeholder analysis and public participation: should be involved in the planning to the allocation of human resources and the definition of their roles and Defining 5 process and how? Time schedules andThe work plans; the importance waste management responsibilities. following model is only of anthe example of how roles organizational 5From an organizational point of view, this group consists of: plan. and responsibilities can be defined within the organization: IBRD/World Bank, 2000, Strategic Planning Guide for Municipal Solid Waste Management roles and The leader/ the head of the group/ chief, a position filled by the Mayor Should it be deemed necessary, workshops can 14 be organized at a later stage for the Working Local Council Representatives, who have the overall responsibility to decide group, Steering Committee and other stakeholders, once thetakes plan starts taking shape.supporting Steering Committee constitutes an important group, which the role leading, Optional: An internal body of consultants, which comprises of aof manager(s) and a and decision making throughout process, and obtains the mandate from the general 6 coordinator(s)6, head ofthe public services departments and companies (publicpublic. and The Stakeholder Group represents antoimportant structure fortoitthe is planning designed to provide Therefore, a Steering Committee’s rolesecondary is provide support process, take private) including contacts with anddirect external stakeholders. consultation and support during the plan development process. This group, which is selected by the Steering Committee, is designed to receive ideas, exchange information on aspects of Working Group As the name implies this group is responsible for guiding and conducting all 5 2000, Strategicand Planning Guide for and Municipal Solid Waste Management theIBRD/World activities; Bank, offering expertise commitment preparing the local waste plan. Part of 6 Responsible for managing and coordinating activities and human resources their responsibilities are: gathering information and useful data, identifying and analyzing 14 obstacles, opportunities, threats, etc; identifying and assessing alternatives; analyzing costs and 15 15 the cost-collecting and covering methods; recommend adequate measures etc. In order for the Working Group to function properly, it is important that roles, responsibilities and task allocation of the Working Group are clearly defined from the start, and agreed on by their respective

From an organizational point of view, this group consists of: The leader/ the head of the group/ chief, a position filled by the Mayor Local Waste Management Manual: Local Planning Council Representatives, who have the overall responsibility to decide Optional: An internal body of consultants, which comprises of a manager(s) and a coordinator(s)6, head of public services departments and companies (public and private) including contacts with secondary and external stakeholders. Working Group As the name implies this group is responsible for guiding and conducting all the activities; offering expertise and commitment and preparing the local waste plan. Part of their responsibilities are: gathering information and useful data, identifying and analyzing obstacles, opportunities, threats, etc; identifying and assessing alternatives; analyzing costs and the cost-collecting and covering methods; recommend adequate measures etc. In order for the Working Group to function properly, it is important that roles, responsibilities and task allocation of the Working Group are clearly defined from the start, and agreed on by their respective institutions. The process of setting up a Working Group is initiated by the Mayor, who also oversees the work and pushes for processes to advance, particularly on a communal level. The group should have a leader (manager, directly responsible for the local waste management), who should also be part of the steering committee. The Working Group comprises of experienced planners and waste management practitioners, and it is advised that the following combination of skills and backgrounds are considered:

Management, organizational or planning Institutional knowledge and legal expertise Technical skills: (collection, transportation, disposal, landfill design, engineering) Social, economic and financial expertise Administrative support

The Working Group must maintain close links with the Steering Committee in order to translate the requirements of the Steering Committee into practical measures for action, while at the same time informing the Steering Committee on progress and key issues. From an operational point of view, the Working Group should organize a mobilization/inception meeting with the Steering Committee. Among the main issues in the discussion agenda should be: stakeholder analysis and public participation: Who should be involved in the planning process and how? Time schedules and work plans; the importance of the waste management plan. Should it be deemed necessary, workshops can be organized at a later stage for the Working group, Steering Committee and other stakeholders, once the plan starts taking shape. The Stakeholder Group represents an important structure for it is designed to provide consultation and support during the plan development process. This group, which is selected by the Steering Committee, is designed to receive ideas, exchange information on aspects of waste planning, decisions, objectives and expected outcomes, as concluded in the stakeholder 6analysis. Ultimately, upon plan [draft] completion, the Stakeholder Group can intervene through Responsible for managing and coordinating activities and human resources consultations and provide feedback on the document. 15 From an organizational point of view, this group may comprise of all individuals and groups with an interest on waste management issues (mentioned at stakeholder groups), and that are not part of the Working Group or the Steering Committee. This group can include the head of local and regional institutions (like Prefecture, Qark, and government agencies), public actors from local community, private entrepreneurs, local industry, NGO’ s etc. Action Point 3: Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder analysis constitutes an important integral tool of the plan development, and should be conducted in regular intervals throughout the process cycle, starting from the outset and through to the implementation and monitoring of the plan.

16 The purpose of the stakeholder analysis is to identify both stakeholders and their interests, and analyze the latter following these steps:

(i)

Identify key persons, groups or institutions with an interest in the plan (from the

consultations and provide feedback on the document. From an organizational point of view, this group may comprise of (Steps all individuals and groupsawith to) Developing an interest on waste management issues (mentioned at stakeholder and thatplan are not wastegroups), management part of the Working Group or the Steering Committee. This group can include the head of local and regional institutions (like Prefecture, Qark, and government agencies), public actors from local community, private entrepreneurs, local industry, NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s etc. Action Point 3: Stakeholder Analysis

The purpose of the stakeholder analysis is to identify both stakeholders and their interests, and analyze the latter following these steps: (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) (v)

Identify key persons, groups or institutions with an interest in the plan (from the outset) e.g., main waste producers (key groups of individuals, business, etc) private sector or potential interested and experienced companies for collection, separation, recycling and treatment of waste, possible knowledge and expertise in the area (engineers, managers, etc) within municipality or other actors in regional level, neighbor communes and the authority (s) that manage the landfill, local NGOs, etc. Assess how their interests may affect its success and how their requirements are addressed: most of the stakeholders have direct and indirect interests on the implementation of the plan, which may consist of, for e.g. local priorities, general and specific requirements (e.g., good services at lower tariff, etc,) which should be considered from the plan or which interests may affect its implementation. Identify conflict of interests between stakeholders: foresee potential conflict between stakeholders and the overall local WM system, for e.g., the interest of waste pickers to collect recyclables directly from waste points is contrary with public and local authorities interests to keep them clean, etc. Identify relations between stakeholders that can be built upon to improve success: for e.g. recycling companies or local authorities should work closely with public and key groups to have success on upcoming recycling schemes. Assess the most appropriate way that different stakeholders should participate at different stages of the process: for e.g., define where (workshops and public meeting) and how different stakeholders are required to participate, involved in decision making, consulted, or be part of the implementation phase, etc.

The findings and results from the stakeholder analysis will be further used in evaluating the existing waste management situation, establish needs and priorities, as well defining the measures and responsibilities on plan implementation. Annex 3 provides the LGU with a suggested strategy for communicating with stakeholders. Action Point 4: Assess the need for external expertise

There are certain activities that need external expertise for e.g. defining the methodology or needs for qualified assistance to carry out activities, as well as there are cases where internal resources are sufficient to guarantee success and16effectiveness of activities. The need to involve external expertise for added professional support and expertise to the working group should be assessed and defined in this phase.

To ensure that external expertise is appropriate to the needs, and quality it is necessary to clarify it in terms of responsibilities, activities, outcomes and products. For this purpose establishment of clear terms of reference is recommended prior starting the hiring process. Should external expertise be required, the Steering Committee can proceed with the selection through an auction.

Step 2: Conduct a Baseline Assessment 2.1.3 Baseline Assessment

working group should be assessed and defined in this phase. To ensure that external expertise is appropriate to the needs, and quality it is necessary to clarify it in terms of Local responsibilities, activities, outcomes and products. For this purpose Manual: Planning Waste Management establishment of clear terms of reference is recommended prior starting the hiring process. Should external expertise be required, the Steering Committee can proceed with the selection through an auction.

2: Conduct a Baseline StepStep 2: Conduct a Baseline There are certain activities that need external expertise for e.g. defining Assessment Assessment the methodology or needs for qualified assistance to carry out activities,

Action Point 4: Assess the need as well as there are cases where internal resources are sufficient to for2.1.3 external Baseline Assessment guarantee success and effectiveness of activities. The need to involve expertise expertise for added professional support andand expertise to the The aim of this section external of the plan is to obtain a general and detailed overview evaluation of working group should be assessed and defined in this phase. the current state of the local waste management. Through this step and its associated action points, local authorities can set timelines and goals aligned with investments to facilitate To ensure that external expertise is appropriate to the needs, and quality it is necessary to achievement of local objectives. clarify it in terms of responsibilities, activities, outcomes and products. For this purpose establishment of clear terms of reference is recommended prior starting the hiring process. Through this step, the Working Group collects and analyses all data and information on the Should external expertise be required, the Steering Committee can proceed with the selection current situation on the waste management field (technical, economic, environmental and through an auction. social, legal and institutional aspects). The collection and analysis process entails obtaining all municipal documentation on waste management7, performing site visits and interviews with managers and technical staff involved. Other source of information may result from reviewing waste services, carrying out public surveys and waste audits.

Step 2: Conduct a Baseline Assessment

The analysis will need to pay particular attention to all the relations and consequences resulting from other plans, (e.g. urban regulatory plan or strategic development plan, etc.), regional and local studies on environmental field as well as considerations regarding the national waste plan.

2.1.3 Baseline Assessment

Having assessed the current state of the local waste management, it is The aimPoint of this Action 1: section of the plan is to obtain a general and detailed overview and evaluation of important to acquire a clear picture the step waste area its consumer the current state of the local waste management. Throughofthis and its and associated action Profiling the groups. Profiling the consumer and waste area entails: gathering useful points, local authorities can set timelines and goals aligned with investments to facilitate Consumer and general and detailed information on households, commercial units, achievement of local objectives. the Waste Area industries (including tourism) and institutionsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; seasonal and/or temporary customers (e.g., coastal communes haveand additional inhabitants Through this step, the Working Group collectscities and or analyses all data information on the and waste businesses during summer as a results of the holiday season)and or current situation on the management field (technical, economic, environmental permanent period time, urban characteristics typology, social, legal and institutional aspects). Theofcollection and analysis process such entailsas obtaining all 7, infrastructure, urban characteristics, resources, municipal documentation on waste management performingand sitenatural visits and interviewssociowith economic and environmental elements etc. managers and technical staff involved. Other source of information may result from reviewing waste services, carrying out public surveys and waste audits. 7

Nature and types of documentation required are The described detail later inand manual. waste production isthis the amount of waste The analysis will need to pay particular attention to all in the relations consequences resulting from other plans, (e.g. urban regulatory planproduced or strategic development plan, etc.), regional by the city (people, businesses etc); and 17 local studies on environmental field as well as considerations regarding the national waste plan. This quantity is estimated, based on a daily

production per capita; Having assessed the current state of the local waste management, it is production varies during year; important to acquire aThe clearwaste picture of the waste area and the its consumer e.g. monthly the city of groups. Profiling the consumer and waste waste production area entails:ingathering useful general and detailedShkodra information onthat households, commercial shows a peak production can beunits, industries (including tourism) and institutionsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; seasonal and/or temporary expected the summerhave period, with some 10 customers (e.g., coastal cities orincommunes additional inhabitants more weight the of average production and businesses during%summer as a than results the holiday season) or permanent period of time, urban characteristics such as typology, infrastructure, urban characteristics, and natural resources, socioeconomic and environmental elements etc. Other useful information about waste area Discusses/adapt/approves the Municipal Council includes the organizational aspect of local budget and prioroties based

Action Point 1: Profiling the Consumer and the Waste Area

(45 councillors) of the Mayor Nature and types of documentation required are described in detail lateron in the thisreport manual.

management, political, administrative and executive levels including description of the 17 Mayor+Vice Mayor public enterprises or involvement of the private sector and the ongoing regional

Take the decisions based on the proposals done by the Public Service Directorate

Shkodra shows that a peak production can be Shkodra a peak production can be expected shows in the that summer period, with some 10 expected in thethan summer period,production. with some 10 % more weight the average Developing a % more weight (Steps than theto) average production.

waste management plan

Other useful information about waste area

Other useful information about waste area Other information about waste Other useful information about waste area includes the organizational aspect ofarea local Municipal Council includes the organizational aspect of local includes organizational aspect of local includes the organizational aspect of local authorities and especially on waste (45 councillors) authorities and especially on waste manageauthorities and especially on waste management, political, administrative and ment, political, administrative and executive management, political, administrative and management, political, administrative and executive levels including description of the levels including description of the public enexecutive including description ofof the executive levels including description of the public levels enterprises or involvement the Mayor+Vice Mayor terprises orenterprises involvement ofinvolvement the private sector public enterprises or orinvolvement ofregional public ofthethe private sector and the ongoing and the sector ongoing regional cooperation. The private and thetheongoing regional private sector and ongoing regional cooperation. The existing legal framework on existing legal framework on local environment cooperation. The existing legal framework onon cooperation. The existing legal framework Public services local environment and especially on waste Directorate and especially on waste management is delocal enviro nment and especially on waste local environment and especially on waste management is described in detail as well as (5 employees) scribed in detail well all arrangements management is described in detail asrelated management isasdescribed in detail aswell wellasas all arrangements and as contracts to and contracts related tocontracts waste management all all arrangements and related toto arrangements and contracts related waste management with private sector, Administrative units with private sector, neighbor local governwaste management with private sector, waste management with private sector, neighbor local governments or other (1 head of quarter + neighbor local governments or other 2 inspectors) ments or otherlocal cooperation andinpartnerships neighbor governments other cooperation and partnerships theor region. cooperation partnerships in in thethe region. in the region.andand cooperation partnerships region.

Discusses/adapt/approves the budget and prioroties based on the report of the Mayor Take the decisions based on the proposals done by the Public Service Directorate Makes the planning and executive management of the public services Make the reporting of the work done and the problems

As part of the waste area and consumer profiling, The Working Group should also collect As part of the waste area and consumer profiling, The Workingwaste Groupquantity, should and alsoa collect information on generalization, typology, characteristics, generated clearinformation typology, characteristics, generated quantity, and a clearcut groupingonofgeneralization, the waste types for which the local authorities are waste responsible. Following, it is cut grouping of thea waste types for which are responsible. Following, it is important to make rough prediction about the the local futureauthorities waste generation in the short and medium important to make a rough prediction about the future waste generation in the short and medium term based on current trend and on socio-economic development, and on the community term based on current trend and socio-economic behavior in relation to production andon generation of waste.development, and on the community behavior in relation to production and generation of waste. Information about waste services, facilities, equipment, etc. will help to Action Point 2: Information about waste services, facilities, equipment,practices etc. will on helpthe to Action Point 2: understand the application of waste management Understanding understand the application of limitations waste management practices on the Understanding ground, to identify problems, and constraints as well as SWM and its ground, to on identify problems, limitations and constraints as well as advantages local services provision. SWM and its Elements advantages on local services provision. Elements The analysis comprises of the investigation of the performances on streets cleaning, waste The analysis comprises and of the investigation of the(landfills, performances on streets cleaning,human waste collection, processing treatment facilities dumpsites), equipment, collection, processing and treatment facilities (landfills, dumpsites), equipment, human resources (operators, managers, etc.). This investigation should also include the longresources managers, This ainvestigation include especially the longabandoned (operators, or illegal landfills, whichetc.). constitute potential riskshould for the also environment, abandoned or soil, illegal landfills, which constitute a potential riskoffor thetoenvironment, ground water, water andeconomic the health risksfinancial of the people living close the landfill. especially Existing practices about the and aspect waste management are of ground interest. water, soil, water and the health risks of the people living close tobudgets, the landfill. significant The investigation should encompass past and current expenditures Existing practices about the economic and financial aspect of waste management are of on waste issues, cost The units for existingshould wasteencompass services, level service tariffs expenditures for different significant interest. investigation past of andthe current budgets, typeonofwaste consumer, the construction of the tariffs current procedures on tariff collection, actors issues, cost units for existing waste18 services, level of the service tariffs for different involved, etc., and the level of the actual cost-coverage. 18 type of consumer, the construction of the tariffs current procedures on tariff collection, actors involved, etc., and the level of the actual cost-coverage. Inquiry about about management management and and financing, financing, Current Currentbudget, budget, contact supervision: contactand and supervision: Inquiry Municipality of Shkoder (CSD, 2008) Municipality of Shkoder (CSD, 2008) Inquiry about management and financing, Current budget, and supervision: Currentbudget budget contact (2002 = 57’000’000 Current tariffs and its collection: • Current (2002toto2007) 2007)= Municipality of Shkoder (CSD, 2008) Current tariffs and its collection: ALL 57’000’000 ALL to services, 2007) = 57’000’000 Current budget (2002 to Current tariffs Budget/cost allocation e.g.: For the citizens, the tax is 700and ALL its per collection: family per year • Budget/cost allocation to services, e.g.: a:ALL Sweeping of the streets (40% of the For the businesses, the tax varies from 5’000 to a: Sweeping of the streets (40% of thee.g.: budgBudget/cost allocation to services, budget); b: Collection and transportation 60’000 ALL per year et);(54% b: Collection (54% a: Sweeping ofand the transportation streets (40% of of the budget); c: Washing ofthe the of budget); and thestreets budget); c: Washing of the streets (4% (4%b: ofCollection the budget); d:transportation Flattering of of (54% of the budget); c:of Washing of the the thethe budget); d:the Flattering the(2% waste at the waste at disposal site of streets (4% of the budget); d: Flattering of Not paid by everyone disposal site (2% of the budget) budget) the waste at the disposal site (2% of the Supervision: • Supervision: budget) Human resources, capacity Human resources, capacitybuilding, building, proSupervision: procedures, reporting, Estimated income for 2007 : 32’800’000 ALL cedures, reporting, etc; etc;

Human resources, capacity building, procedures, reporting, etc;

Action Point 3: Evaluation

Assessment of the existing situation constitutes a summarized SWOT analysis, namely, of the problems (weaknesses), strengths,

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

the waste at the disposal site (2% of the budget) Supervision: Human resources, capacity building, procedures, reporting, etc;

Assessment of the existing situation constitutes a summarized SWOT analysis, namely, of the problems (weaknesses), strengths, opportunities and threats of the waste management system in terms of technical and financial aspects, legal and institutional point of view. The evaluation process requires the direct contribution of Working Group and active participation of Steering Group and Consultation Group through organization of a workshop for this purpose. Action Point 3: Evaluation

Evaluation ofcurrent currentsituation, situation, Municipality Evaluation of Municipality of of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Main Mainenvironmental environmental problems: problems: • Negative visual impact the Negative visual impactwith with thepresence presence of waste waste in in the thestreets; streets; • Odor andand sanitary concerns due toto presence Odor sanitary concerns due presenceof ofwaste; waste; • Water andand air air pollution due totothe etc. Water pollution due thedisposal disposal site, site, etc. Waste services performance performance •Waste Qualityservices of services, equipments and their conditions, Quality of services, equipments and their conditions, (e.g., lack or damage of bins, open points or truck); lack or damage of bins, open points or truck);ca• Cost(e.g., of services and efficiency (e.g., low loading Cost of services and efficiency (e.g., low loading pacity, etc); capacity, etc); • Supervision and controlling is not effective, lack of Supervision and controlling technical specifications, etc. is not effective, lack of technical specifications, etc.

StepStep 3: Waste Waste Management 3: Waste Management Step 3: Management 19 Operational Planning Operationa Planning Operational Planning

2.1.4 Waste Management Operational Planning 2.1.4 Waste Management Operational Planning

The planning phase is based on the requirements resulting from assessment of actual/current The phase is based on the requirements resulting from assessment actual/current stateplanning of the solid waste management and the projected assumptions for futureofdevelopments. state of the solid waste management and the projected assumptions for future developments. This phase is primarily about formulating the objectives, and identifying the procedures, This phase isand primarily about required formulating the objectives, and Planning, identifyingasthe procedures, methodology, investments to fulfill the objectives. implied by the methodology, and investments to fulfill objectives. Planning, as implied the name, is also about determiningrequired and allocating in the advance what should be done and byby when; name, is also about determining and allocating in advance what should be done and by when; who should be doing what, how, and what cost. The planning process includes: establishing who should be doingdefining what, how, and what cost. The and planning process includes:and establishing needs and priorities, the vision and objectives, defining the technical economic needs and priorities, defining the vision and objectives, and defining the technical and economic alternatives. alternatives. Action Point 1: Action Point 1: Establish Needs Establish Needs and Priorities and Priorities

Identifying the need(s) and priorities for improving waste management Identifying the need(s) and priorities for improvingtowaste management services and operations, and communicating political leaders, services and operations, and communicating to political decision makers, managers, and to the public is a critical stepleaders, for the decision the public a criticalassessed step for the planning makers, process.managers, They canand be to identified andis roughly by planning They of can be identified andlimitations roughly or assessed by consultingprocess. the checklists common problems, constraints consulting of common limitations or constraints recognizedthe in checklists the previous phase, problems, or by asking responsible persons recognized in the previous phase, or by askingconsideration responsible the persons within the municipal waste management system, local within theormunicipal wastepublic management system, consideration local priorities by assessing or specific stakeholder opinionsthe through priorities or by assessing public etc. or specific stakeholder opinions through surveys, interviews, workshops surveys, interviews, workshops etc.

Checklist on needs and priorities, Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Checklist on needs and priorities, Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Cover the whole city with cleaning services; Cover thenowhole with cleaning services; To have open city point; To have no open point; Minimize the exploitation costs; Minimize thesame exploitation costs; the city; Provide the quality across Provide the same quality across the city;

Yes No Yes No

Establish Needs and Priorities

decision makers, managers, and to the public is a critical step for the planning process. They can be identified and roughly assessed by consulting the checklists of common problems, limitations or constraints (Steps to) Developing a recognized in the previous phase, or by asking responsible persons waste management plan within the municipal waste management system, consideration the local priorities or by assessing public or specific stakeholder opinions through surveys, interviews, workshops etc.

Checklist on needs and priorities, Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Checklist on needs and priorities, Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) Cover the whole city with cleaning services; Yes No To nocity open point; • Cover thehave whole with cleaning services; Yes No Minimize exploitation costs; • To have no openthe point; Provide the same • Minimize the exploitationquality costs;across the city; Is frequency a priority, every • Provide the same quality across theday, city;2/week, technical, financial problems; • Is frequency a priority, every day, 2/week, technical, financial problems; Use a vacuum machine, the streets; • Use a vacuum machine, washwash the streets; Who will be the owner of the containers, • Who will be the owner of the containers, trucks;trucks; Whothe does the repair and renewable the containers; • Who does repair and renewable of theofcontainers; Is the budget adequate; any possibilities to increase it; • Is the budget adequate; any possibilities to increase it; Is it possible to make investments within the budget; • Is it possible to make investments within the budget; When will it be realistic to use the new landfill? • When will it be realistic to use the new landfill? Action Point 2: Setting Goals and Objectives

Before starting with the process of planning, we should define objectives, roles in the plan organization. As previously mentioned, part of the Working Groups responsibilities is to propose different solutions as to how accomplish the objectives; such options should be based on the local context, and with clearly defined consequences (costs, investments). The Steering on the other has the responsibility to approve the Committee frame (the objectives), andhand, level of quality responsibility to approve the frame (the objectives), and level of quality and costs. and costs.

During the strategic planning process, the national and regional objectives and local priorities 20 During the waste strategic planning process, the national regional objectives and and local setting priorities regarding management are translated into and a local vision, main goals of regarding waste management areshould translated into a local vision, main Group goals and of specific objectives. This process be organized by the Working with setting the active specific objectives. This Group process should be organized bywhich the Working Group withpoint the of active involvement of Steering and Consultation Groups, should share their view involvement of Steering Group and Consultation Groups, which should share their point of towards vision, goal and objectives on waste management. Annex 3 of this manual outlinesview key towards and objectives on waste management. Annex 3 of this manual outlines key issues invision, regardgoal to public participation and information and communication. issues in regard to public participation and information and communication. Strategic planning outcomes - e.g., vision, main goal and objectives for the LSWMP of Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) Strategic planning outcomes - e.g., vision, main goal and objectives for the LSWMP of Strategic planning outcomes - e.g., vision, main goal and objectives for the LSWMP of Objectives Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) Vision: Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) In order to fulfill the vision of the plan, the local objectives for a short ‘Velipoja, a clean and medium term period as the following: Objectives Vision: areaVision: and favorite Objectives • Improvement of the thelocal beach area; providing In order to fulfill the cleaning vision of service the plan,inthe objectives for a short an and tourist destinaIn order to fulfill the vision of the plan, the local objectives for a short and efficient municipal waste management system; ‘Velipoja, a medium term period as the following: ‘Velipoja, a tion’! medium term period following: financial policy framework arrangements clean area and • Strengthening of as thethecleaning service in and the financial beach area; providing an Improvement clean area and of the cleaning service(LSWM); in the beach area;anproviding Improvement Main goal: on local solid waste management provide improvedan efficient municipal waste management system; favorite tourist efficient municipal waste management system; favorite tourist LSWM financial base based on a new tariff collection system; Strengthening financial policy framework and financial arrangements on destination’! financial policytoward framework and financial arrangements on Strengthening • Improving dumpsite condition its environmental closure; LSWM destination’! local solid waste management (LSWM); provide an improved ‘Keeping the local solid waste (LSWM); provide an improved • Reduce littering andmanagement dumping of urban waste; prevent pollution LSWM from financial base based on a new tariff collection system; Main beach of goal: Velipoja financial base based on a new tariff collection system; Main goal: generation of dumpsite special and waste hazardous waste; Improving condition toward its environmental closure; clean to a pro Improving dumpsite its environmental closure; • Strengthen inter-governmental cooperation and prevent arrangement on enReduce littering andcondition dumpingtoward of urban waste; pollution from ‘Keeping the gress toward Reduce littering and and dumping of urban waste; prevent pollution from vironmental monitoring; ‘Keeping thea generation of special waste hazardous waste; beach of generation of special and waste hazardous waste; and arrangement on sustainable tour- • Increasing public awareness; beach of clean Strengthen inter-governmental cooperation Velipoja to Strengthen inter-governmental cooperation and and arrangement on promote avoidance and minimization (recycling composting) ismVelipoja development’ clean to • To environmental monitoring; a progress environmental monitoring; of waste at source, incorporating it at every stage of production and atoward progress Increasing public awareness; a Increasing public awareness; consumption; To promote avoidance and minimization (recycling and composting) of toward a sustainable • Compliance with the national objectives for waste at lopromote avoidance and minimization (recycling and composting) of To waste at source, incorporating it at every stageminimization of production and sustainable tourism calwaste level, at communal, and touristic itarea. source, incorporating at every stage of production and consumption; tourism development’ consumption; Compliance with the national objectives for waste minimization at local development’ Compliance with and the touristic national area. objectives for waste minimization at local 21 level, communal, level, communal, and touristic area.

sustainable tourism developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Manual: Planning

Action Point 3: Technical Planning

Â&#x192; To promote avoidance and minimization (recycling and composting) of waste at source, incorporating it at every stage of production and consumption; Â&#x192; Compliance with the national objectives for waste minimization at local Local Waste Management level, communal, and touristic area.

An essential element of the planning phase is the determination of technical alternatives at every stage of the waste management process, where best options are identified and evaluated, investments, costs are estimated, tariffs and revenues are planned.

The process pursues with the establishment of the action plan, which sums up all measures and actions and links them with detailed objectives, timeframe and stakeholders. It is important that technical, economic, financing options, legal and institutional recommendations including action plan are all aligned and in function of achieving the local objectives and targets. The public should be involved in the determination of the future waste management system and a consultation phase must be included in the planning process before adopting the final waste management plan and its initiatives. In this regard, consultation workshops are recommended 21

Step 4: Waste Management Financing 2.1.5 Waste Management Financing

Step 5: Implementation 2.1.6 Implementation

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

The municipality is directly responsible for the implementation of the plan on the ground through The municipality such is directly responsible for the implementation the plan on included the ground through its departments as the waste management departmentof(sometimes within the its departments such as the waste management department within the public service department) and cleaning enterprises, financing departments, The municipality is directly responsible for the implementation of(sometimes theand plan revenue on included the ground through public service department) and cleaning enterprises, financing and revenue departments, monitoring and enforcement its departments such as thestructures. waste management department (sometimes included within the monitoring and enforcement public service department) structures. and cleaning enterprises, financing and revenue departments, monitoring and enforcement structures. There are different options for implementation of the new system and in Action Point 2: There are these different options implementation of the and of in the main options willforbe predicated upon bynew the system availability Action DevelopPoint an 2: the main these options willforbe predicated upon bynew the system availability of financial human resources. Whether the will There areand different options implementation of implementation the andbe in Develop an 2: Action Point financial and resources. Whether the implementation willbebe Implementation globally across thebe LGU or whether implementation is to a the mainconducted thesehuman options will predicated upon by the availability of Implementation globally conducted across theneeds LGUWhether or be whether is to bebe a Develop an Plan Programme phased then there to a robust implementation plan to financialapproach and human resources. theimplementation implementation will Plan Programme phased then there needs a robust implementation plan Implementation ensure smooth transition from the to old system to the new one. is to globallyaapproach conducted across the LGU or be whether implementation be to a ensure smooth transition from the to oldbe system to the new one. Plan Programme phased aapproach then there needs a robust implementation plan to ensure a smooth transition from the old system to the new one. Action Point 3: Action DevelopPoint a set3:of Develop a set3:of Action Point Key Performance Key Performance Develop a set Indicators andofa Indicators and a Key Performance System System Indicators and a Monitoring Monitoring System Programme Programme Monitoring Programme

Once the system has been implemented it is imperative that the LGU Once the system has been implemented it is can imperative thatusing the LGU continues to evaluate the system and this be done key continues to indicators. evaluate the system andthat this be performance done performance This will ensure system iskey in Once the system has been implemented itthe is can imperative thatusing the LGU performance indicators. will ensure thecan system iskey in line with to expected planned performance targets. This system continues evaluateorThis the system andthat this be performance done using line with should expected orThis planned performance targets. This aspects system monitoring include both operational the performance financial performance indicators. willthe ensure that the and system is in monitoring include both thethis operational andtargets. the financial of thewith newshould system. Annex 2 of manual provides theThis LGUaspects with a line expected or planned performance system of the new system. Annex 2 of this manual provides the LGUaspects with a a comprehensive breakdown of the considerations when developing monitoring should include both thekey operational and the financial comprehensive breakdown of2 the key evaluation. considerations when programme system monitoring of the new for system. Annex of and this manual provides the developing LGU with a a programme for system monitoring comprehensive breakdown of the and key evaluation. considerations when developing a programme for system monitoring and evaluation.

StepPlan 6: Plan Revision Step Step 6: 6: Plan Revision Revision Step 6: Plan Revision

2.1.7 Revision of the Plan 2.1.7 Revision of the Plan The2.1.7 reviewRevision up of the of plan theshould Plan be a continuous process with regular monitoring and periodical

The review up theasplan should berevising a continuous withand regular monitoring periodical evaluation, as of well subsequent of theprocess objectives measures. Theand evaluation of evaluation, as well as subsequent revising of the objectives and measures. The evaluation of the plan should andprocess tools to with assess the work done),and verification of The review up ofinclude: the planmonitoring should be(indicators a continuous regular monitoring periodical the plan should include: monitoring (indicators and to assess work done), verification of target accomplishment, and reporting to the of decision makers. The the purpose is The to ensure that the evaluation, as well as subsequent revising the tools objectives and measures. evaluation of target accomplishment, and reporting to the decision makers. The purpose is to ensure that the responsible authorities given the relevant information followthe thework development and decide the plan should include:are monitoring (indicators and tools toto assess done), verification of responsible authorities the relevant information to follow the development decide on additional measures,are if given necessary. assessment the and purpose of target accomplishment, and reporting toThe the baseline decision makers. Theperformed purpose isfor to ensure that the on additional measures, if given necessary. The baseline assessment the and purpose of the plan will authorities serve as a are basic status which the objectives andperformed targets arefor assessed and the responsible theupon relevant information to follow the development decide the plan will serve as a basic status upon which the objectives and targets are assessed and the changes of indicators are ifcompared with. on additional measures, necessary. The baseline assessment performed for the purpose of changes of indicators compared with. which the objectives and targets are assessed and the the plan will serve as aare basic status upon changes of indicators are compared with. The monitoring and evaluation process can be broken down into the following steps: The monitoring and evaluation process can be broken down into the following steps: (i)monitoring The mayor assigns responsible officials for down the monitoring and evaluation process, The and evaluation process can be broken into the following steps: (i) The mayor responsible known as theassigns Monitoring Group; officials for the monitoring and evaluation process, known as theassigns Monitoring Group; officials (ii) Uponmayor establishment, the Monitoring Group: for the monitoring and evaluation process, (i) The responsible (ii) known Upon establishment, the Monitoring Reviews the situation - goals Group: and targets are reviewed, assessing if they are as the Monitoring Group; realistic Reviews themeasurable. situation - The goals and targets arereviewed; reviewed, assessing if they are and indicators are also (ii) Upon establishment, the Monitoring Group: indicators are also reviewed; Gathers and evidence - qualitative and quantitative data is collected; realistic Reviews themeasurable. situation - The goals and targets are reviewed, assessing if they are Gathers and evidence - qualitative andmeasuring quantitative data is collected; realistic Thedata indicators are also reviewed; Analyzes themeasurable. evidencethe the progress is analyzed, results and targets Gathers are evidence - qualitative and quantitative data isachieved collected;within the allocated compared, checking if targets were timeframe; Shares and discusses the findingsfindings are shared with the interested 23 23 23 with respective suggestions for possible stakeholders and decision- makers adaptations. 23

Analyzes the evidence- the data measuring the progress is analyzed, results and targets are compared, checking if targets were achieved within the allocated timeframe; Shares and discusses the findingsfindings are shared with the interested stakeholders and decision- makers with respective suggestions for possible adaptations. Analyzes the evidence- the data measuring the progress is analyzed, results and compared, checking thedepending allocated This processtargets usuallyare covers a 5 year-span; butifit targets could bewere for aachieved number ofwithin reasons timeframe; on the situation, for instance it could be that an old plan is being out-dated, or that an revision Shares of and the findingsfindings shared withstress the interested anticipated thediscusses plan is required. Among the main are reasons we can additional stakeholders and decisionmakers with changes respective for possible legal requirement from central government, major on suggestions local or regional waste adaptations. management, the objectives and measures far from the reality, etc.

This process usually covers a 5 year-span; but it could be for a number of reasons depending on the situation, for instance it could be that an old plan is being out-dated, or that an 2.2 Contents of of LSWMP anticipated revision the plan is required. Among the main reasons we can stress additional legal requirement from central government, major changes on local or regional waste In this section,the a summary themeasures LSWMP content provided, to which local authorities should management, objectivesofand far fromisthe reality, etc. make reference. It is understandable that each local government can include other items depending on the diversity of their context. However, the following is a suggested structure with chapters deemed important and fundamental to local waste management plan content. In the 2.2 Contents of find LSWMP table below, you will an outline of the possible elements of a LSWMP: 8 In thisRecommendation section, a summary of theand LSWMP content provided, to which local authorities should 1: Outline elements of theisLSWMP make reference. It is understandable that each local government can include other items Recommendation 1: Outline and elements of thethe LSWMP Introduction Purpose of the plan However, depending on theand diversity of their context. following is a suggested structure with national context National on WM chapters deemed important andbackground fundamental to local waste management plan content. In the on waste an National policy, legalpossible framework table below, you will find outline of the elements of a LSWMP: Introduction and • Purpose the plan on regional and local level Roles andofresponsibility management national context • 1:National on of WM Recommendation Outlinebackground and elements the LSWMP8 Local context on • National on waste policy, legal framework City profile (urban, economic, environment, etc) waste Introduction and • Roles Purpose of responsibility the plan organization management on regional and localby-laws, level contracts) Wasteand management (institutions, management national context Waste National background WM amount and itson characteristics, sources, predictions Localoncontext • City profile (urban, environment, etc) waste National policy, legaleconomic, framework Current waste services and practices, facilities, vehicles, personnel, etc on waste man• Waste management organization (institutions, contracts) Roles and and responsibility regional andprocedures, local levelby-laws, management Economy financing, on tariffs current and tariff collection agement • Waste amount and its characteristics, sources, predictions Assessment, (advantages, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) Local context on • Current waste services and practices, facilities, vehicles, etcplan) City scope profile (urban, economic, environment, etc) and Waste The of the plan (spatial and time definition wastespersonnel, object of the waste Waste management organization (institutions, by-laws, contracts) • Economy and financing, tariffs current procedures, and tariff collection management Strategic planning (vision, goals and objectives) management Waste amount(advantages, andscreening its characteristics, predictionsand threats) Identification and of optionssources, (WMopportunities components) Planning • Assessment, weaknesses, Identification Current wasteand services and practices, facilities,approach, vehicles, personnel, etc evaluation of the scenarios, costs, investments etc Waste • The scopeperspective, of the plantariffs, (spatial and time definition and and tariff wastes object of the plan) Economy and financing, tariffscost-recovery current procedures, collection Financial management Assessment, (advantages, weaknesses, opportunities • Strategic (vision, goals and objectives) Legal andplanning institutional framework, public awareness and threats) Planning • Identification and screening of options (WM components) Action-Plan on short and medium terms Waste The scope of the plan (spatial and time definition and wastes object of the plan) management Strategic planning (vision, goals • Identification and evaluation of and the objectives) scenarios, approach, costs, investments etc Monitoring Identification and screening ofcost-recovery options (WM components) Planning and reviewing • Financial perspective, tariffs, Identification and evaluation of the scenarios, approach, costs, investments etc • Legal and institutional framework, public awareness Financial perspective, tariffs, cost-recovery Action-Plan on short and termsframework, public awareness Legalmedium and institutional Monitoring andonreviewing Action-Plan short and medium terms

Monitoring and reviewing See similar models at www.dldp.al

24 8

See similar models at www.dldp.al

WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL PLANNING

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

3.1

Organization of Services Provision and Operations

The local authority has the ownership and responsibility for the provision of services of waste

3.1 Organization of Services and collection, street cleaning, recycling,Provision and disposal of Operations urban waste. The function for provision of

waste services and operations are classified into four subcategories: The local authority has the ownership and responsibility for the provision of services of waste Self (public) organization collection, street cleaning, recycling, and disposal of urban waste. The function for provision of services Delegated (private) organization waste and operations are classified into four subcategories: Joint organization Self (public) organization Shared public private Delegated (private) organization Joint organization The organization of the services for the collection, transportation, treatment or disposal of Sharedstarts publicfrom private municipal waste, the decision as to whether those services will be:

Self operated The organization of the services for the collection, transportation, treatment or disposal of Delegated to from the municipal structures (public enterprises) or will be: municipal waste, starts the decision as to whether those services Contracted out to specialized companies, or Self Jointoperated approach by the LGU in the form of common partnerships (public & private Delegated the municipal structures (public enterprises) or partnership,tointer-LGUs or regional cooperation, etc.). Contracted out to specialized companies, or Joint isapproach by a thegood LGUorganization in the form of of service commonprovision partnerships (public private The objective to choose in terms of &ensuring partnership, inter-LGUs or regional cooperation, effectiveness (professionalism, quality and lower costs), etc.). to reduce investments requirements (usually local authorities in Albania have lower capacity to provide financing of capital The objectiveetc. is to choose a good organization of service provision in terms of ensuring investments), effectiveness (professionalism, quality and lower costs), to reduce investments requirements Once thislocal decision has beenintaken, localhave authorities to take measures order (usually authorities Albania lower have capacity to appropriate provide financing of incapital to upgrade etc. or empower the organizational structure by improving the public entity investments), (management, infrastructure, tasks and accountability) or by improving contracted services Once this decision has been taken, local authorities have to takeDuring appropriate measures in order (more competitions, better contracts, control and enforcement). the process of LSWMP to upgrade or organizational structure improving the concerning public entity development, localempower authoritiesthe proceed with the analysis andby recommendations the 9 (management, tasks and accountability) or by improving contracted services following politicalinfrastructure, issues: (more competitions, better contracts, control and enforcement). During the process of LSWMP Choose or private solution development, localpublic authorities proceed with the analysis and recommendations concerning the How to9 upgrade following political issues: public service provision How to upgrade private service provision Choose public or private solution How to upgrade public service provision How to upgrade private service provision

3.1.1 Choice of Public or Private Solution

Local authorities are responsible for ensuring that a service is provided, and that it meets the 3.1.1 standards Choice ofinPublic Private Solution required termsorof reliability, efficiency, customer relations and environmental protection. The question to be addressed therefore is what will the local authority decide? to Local authorities are responsible service is provided,services and thatinit the meets the invite private sector participation for or ensuring to keep that the awaste management public required domain? standards in terms of reliability, efficiency, customer relations and environmental protection. The question to be addressed therefore is what will the local authority decide? to The issues are importantorto to bekeep considered and examined in the process decision invitefollowing private sector participation the waste management services in ofthe public making, domain? The considerations outlined will help the LGU to decide on whether to involve the private-sector, or to allow competition between the public and private-sectors or to choose a The following are to beofconsidered examined in the process decision public service issues delivery, forimportant the provision solid wasteand management services are setofout in the making, considerations outlined will help the LGU to decide on whether to involve the following The analysis: private-sector, or to allow competition between the public and private-sectors or to choose a 9

Decisions on political issues are taken by the Steering Committee

Most of the communes do not have a critical mass of population to 26 Is the size sustain the use of a waste collection truck and its crew. It means that to Decisions onfor political issues are taken by the Steering Committee appropriate have a sustainable use of the truck as a resource it must be engaged 7 26 public service? days a week and 8 hours a day. If the quantity of waste of the commune 26 is not enough to utilize the truck to this capacity the global cost will be too expensive. This will be the case if the commune is less than 15’000 inhabitants. In this case, the only 9

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan public service delivery, for the provision of solid waste management services are set out in the following analysis: Most of the communes do not have a critical mass of population to sustain the use of a waste collection truck and its crew. It means that to have a sustainable use of the truck as a resource it must be engaged 7 for thea provision solid waste set commune out in the days week andof 8 hours a day.management If the quantityservices of wasteare of the is not enough to utilize the truck to this capacity the global cost will be too expensive. This will be the case if the commune is less than 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122;000 inhabitants. In this case, the only Most of delegation the communes not have a critical mass of population to reasonable private or an do Inter-LGU organization. Is the size options are asustain the use of a waste collection truck and its crew. It means that to appropriate for have sustainable which use of can the truck as a resource it must be for engaged 7 High acompetition, be achieved in large cities service Is thereservice? enough public days a week 8 hours a day.orIf other the quantity of waste of the commune provision of and waste collection cleaning services, can reduce competition? is not of enough to utilize the truck to this capacity cost will be costs services and raise effectiveness if theythe areglobal accompanied by too expensive. effective procurement procedure and strong enforcement (monitoring This will be the case ifand the control). commune is less than 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122;000 inhabitants. In this case, the only reasonable options are a private delegation or an Inter-LGU organization. On the other hand, public organization of service provision appears cheaper as it is excluded High can be caused achieved in large for service from income and taxes, but competition, has hidden which expenditures from lack ofcities motivation and Is there enough provision of waste collection or is other can accountability. Therefore, the important questions rely on therecleaning enough services, competition to reduce competition? costsare of local services and raise effectiveness if theycontracting are accompanied by costs of services and then authority able to assure adequate procedure effective procurement procedure and strong enforcement (monitoring and effective enforcement? and control). Improved access to technology10 and to qualified personnel is supposed Technology and On the other hand, public organization of service provision appears cheaper it is excluded to add to the reasons why the private sector seemsasadvantageous. quality of from income and taxes, but has hidden expenditures caused and Current experiences in Albania have shownfrom that lack thereofaremotivation few examples personnel accountability. Therefore, important questions rely on isthat there to reduce of the local governments in Albania areenough able tocompetition ensure appropriate costs of services and then are local and authority to assure contracting investments betterable reward systemadequate that motivate good procedure work and and effective enforcement? qualified personnel. Is the size appropriate for publicservice service?delivery, public following analysis:

10 Improved accessif to and to qualified personnel is resources supposed InTechnology particular, and it is important to consider thetechnology public organization has enough human to add to to ensure the reasons why themaintenance private sector advantageous. and capacity of management the technical of seems the trucks and of the quality of experiences Albania have shown there are examples containers all over the Current year. Typically, if aintruck is damaged, thethat capacity of few decision and personnel governments in repairs Albaniaand thatfind are able to ensure finance must be enoughofto local buy pieces, make the alternative solutionappropriate in very few investments and better reward system that motivate good work and hours or days. qualified personnel. But these constrains can be resolved by public organization if local authorities will have In particular, it is important consider if the public organization human resources sufficient financial resourcesto to make adequate investments andhas to enough hire good personnel. For and capacity of management to ensure to the technical maintenance offor thetheir trucks and of the example, it is easier for public companies take international donations investments. containers all over the year. Typically, if a truck is damaged, the capacity of decision and On the other there to are certainly where and the private sector uses very in unsuitable finance must hand, be enough buy pieces,other makecases the repairs find alternative solution very few vehicles. This is either because the duration of the agreement/contract is too short to allow the hours or days. companies to take out and repay loans for the purchase of suitable vehicles, or because the But these constrains can requirements be resolved orbythe public organization if enforced local authorities agreements do not specify requirements are not properly.will have sufficient financial resources to make adequate investments and to hire good personnel. For example, it is easier for public companies to take international donations for their investments. There is the risk of commercial failure of the company providing the Risks and especially the prices lowsector or if the payments of the On the other hand, thereservice, are certainly otherifcases whereare the too private uses very unsuitable reliability service are done or contractual conflicts are resulting in vehicles. This is either because thenot duration of ifthe agreement/contract is unsolved, too short to allow the a service breakdown. Sometimes, private companies are afraid to companies to take out and repay loans for the purchase of suitable vehicles, or because the 10 It has more flexibility andparticipate access to financing for example small communes theyproperly. perceive a threat agreements do not specify requirements orresources the in requirements are notwhere enforced of non-payment of service fees. 27 Furthermore, these risks can discourage the private sector involvement, and consequently affect quality of service or worse local authority cannot provide basic waste collection.

In conclusion, a set of recommendations can be given at the end of the analysis for local 10 governments in termsand of access size, capacity or location It has more flexibility to financing resourcesas well as for type of service. Nevertheless, current experiences on the level of competition, implementation of contracts or public services 27 and if possible comparison with typical service cost 27 from similar (size or capacity) cases: private or public can help them to take the final decision.

There is the risk of commercial failure of the company providing the Risks and service, especially if the prices are too low or if the payments of the Manual: Planning Local Waste Management reliability service are not done or if contractual conflicts are unsolved, resulting in a service breakdown. Sometimes, private companies are afraid to participate for example in small communes where they perceive a threat of non-payment of service fees. Furthermore, these risks can discourage the private sector involvement, and consequently affect quality of service or worse local authority cannot provide basic waste collection. In conclusion, a set of There recommendations be given failure at the ofend the analysis for local is the risk ofcan commercial theofcompany providing the Risks and in terms ofservice, governments size, capacity or location as well for low typeorofifservice. Nevertheless, especially if the prices areastoo the payments of the reliability current experiences on service the levelare of not competition, of contracts or public services done or ifimplementation contractual conflicts are unsolved, resulting in and if possible comparison with typical service cost from similar (size or capacity) cases: private a service breakdown. Sometimes, private companies are afraid to or public can help them to take the for finalexample decision. participate in small communes where they perceive a threat of non-payment of service fees. The box below gives some typical findings on the organization of public or private service provision: Furthermore, these risks can discourage the private sector involvement, and consequently affect quality of service or worse local authority cannot provide basic waste collection. Forpublic bothand public private organization control of the standards) quality (indicators, • For both privateand organization a good controlaofgood the quality (indicators, and effistandards) and time) can ofcondition the isat anthe essential condition of success; In ciency conclusion, a set ofefficiency recommendations beservice given end of the analysis for local (cost, time) of the service is(cost, an essential of success; governments in terms of size, capacity or location as well as for type of service. Nevertheless, Formunicipalities, large municipalities, thereopportunities are good to opportunities to cost) benefit cost) from • For large there are good benefit (reduce from(reduce competition in sercurrent experiences onservices the level competition, implementation of contracts or public competition in likeofwaste collection and transportation, if procurement are services effective vices like waste collection and transportation, if procurement are effective and transparent; and if possible comparison with typical service cost from similar (size or capacity) cases: private and transparent; • Size of acan local government and the location it have stronger effect on private sector interest. For small or public help them to take finalofdecision. Size of a local government and location of itcity have stronger effectArrez) on private interest. government units located in remote areas (for example of Puka or Fushe a publicsector organization smallgives government units located remote areas (for example cityor Puka orservice Fushe The boxFor below somecollection) typical findings on the organization of But public private of basic services (e.g. waste seems in advantageous than private. still, itof needs to resolve Arrez) a public organization of basic services (e.g. waste collection) seems advantageous provision: the issue of buying waste trucks and equipments. than private. But still, it needs to resolve the issue of buying waste trucks and equipments. For both public and private organization a good control of the quality (indicators, standards) and efficiency (cost, time) of the service is an essential condition of success; For large municipalities, there are good opportunities to benefit (reduce cost) from 3.1.2competition How to Upgrade Public Service Provision in services like waste collection and transportation, if procurement are effective and transparent; Following the decision to go for public service provision, local authorities should plan Sizemeasures of a local government location of it have stronger appropriate to improve inand terms of efficiency and quality,effect suchon as:private sector interest. For small government units located in remote areas (for example city of Puka or Fushe External support Arrez) a public External organization of basic services (e.g. waste collection) seems advantageous support for financing investments is fundamental, especially for for investments governments. example, due to atrucks financial taken from than private. Butsmall still, itlocal needs to resolve theFor issue of buying waste andaid equipments . the dldp-1 program, municipality of Fushe- Arrez was able to establish a successful public organization of basic services11. Other financial for buying and containers, enable the commune of Guri i Zi12 or 3.1.2 Howsupport to Upgrade Publictrucks Service Provision Inter-communal Zadrima introduced waste collection for the first time. Following the decision to go for public service provision, local authorities should plan organizational should be simple, appropriate measures toThe improve in terms of structure efficiency and quality, such as:with a minimum of Structure and administrative and management layers between collection crews and personnel External support top management. For example, the organization of operational structure External support for financing investments is fundamental, especially for in the local Municipality of FusheArrez, contains manager, one driver for investments small governments. For example, due to one a financial aid taken from anddldp-1 10 workers. the program, municipality of Fushe- Arrez was able to establish a successful public organization of basic services11. 11 The employees haveup a to very clear definition of the quantity and quality of the work: working Increase of tariffmust collection 60% 12 Other financial support for buying trucks and containers, enable the commune of Guri i Zi12 or dldp-1 program schedule, indicators for quality of work, etc. Inter-communal Zadrima introduced waste collection for the first time. Job description: Personnel should have clear28 responsibilities and job description: This means The organizational structure(working should program), be simple,and with a minimum of that at first it a job-description should be prepared working schedule Structure and administrative and management layers between collection crews and documents on each activity (A detailed job description model is given at the Annex 2 of this personnel top management. For example, the organization of operational structure manual). in the Municipality of Fushe- Arrez, contains one manager, one driver and 10 workers. 11 12

General description of personnel types and job descriptions for public service

Increase of tariff collection Position No. ofup to 60% dldp-1 program personnel Supervisor

Job description

28 work operations, schedules, equipment Control daily maintenance and repair, direct supervise of personnel and direct control of safety procedures, etc

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan The employees must have a very clear definition of the quantity and quality of the work: working The employees mustfor have a very clear etc. definition of the quantity and quality of the work: working schedule, indicators quality of work, schedule, indicators for quality of work, etc. Job description: Personnel should have clear responsibilities and job description: This means Job description: Personnel should have responsibilities and job This means that at first description it a job-description should be clear prepared (working program), and working schedule General of personnel types and job descriptions fordescription: public service that at first on it aeach job-description (working and documents activity (A should detailedbejobprepared description modelprogram), is given at theworking Annex schedule 2 of this documents on each activity (A detailed job description model is given at the Annex 2 of this manual). No. of manual). Job description Position personnel

General description of personnel types and job descriptions for public service Control daily work operations, schedules, for equipment General description public mainteservice Position No. of of personnel types and job descriptions Job description

Supervisor Position

Supervisor Supervisor

Manager

Manager Manager

Driver

No.1of personnel personnel 1 1 1 1

1 1

ensurevehicles the fulfillment of schedules, procedures andand rules, etc; Maintain andand equipments, follow procedures rules; Maintain vehicles equipments, follow procedures and rules;

6 6

Mechanic Worker

1 12 12 12

Worker Worker

Control daily work operations, schedules, equipment

Control dailyand work operations, schedules, Overall manage andrepair, control of the operations and human maintenance direct supervise ofequipment personnel andredirect maintenance andprocedures, repair, direct supervise of personnel anddedirect control of safety sources and direct supervise ofetc the supervisors; plan and of safety procedures, etc signcontrol services, investments, estimate costs, safety and health Overall manage and control of the operations and human measures, etc. Overall manage and supervise control of of the operations andplan human resources and direct the supervisors; and resources andtransporting direct supervise of the supervisors; plan and design services, investments, estimate costs, safety andoperahealth Collecting and waste, supervise worker design services, investments, estimate costs, safety and measures, etc. tions, ensure the fulfillment of schedules, procedureshealth and measures, etc. Collecting and transporting waste, supervise worker operations, rules, etc;

Driver Driver

Mechanic Mechanic

nance and repair, direct supervise of personnel and direct conJob description trol of safety procedures, etc

Collecting transporting waste, supervise worker operations, ensure the and fulfillment of schedules, procedures and rules, etc; Maintain vehicles and equipments, follow procedures and rules;

Operate waste collection process,and andcollection collectionaggregate aggregate of of the Operate waste collection process, Operate wastethe collection process, and collection aggregate of the truck, follow schedules, procedures and rules, etc. the truck, follow the schedules, procedures and rules, etc. truck, follow the schedules, procedures and rules, etc.

Working environment: Provide a safe working environment: insurance, participatory problem Working environment: Provide a safe (approve working environment: insurance, solving and worker incentive payments rewards for good work).participatory A continuousproblem use of solving clothes and worker (approve work). of safety and incentive material ispayments also important to rewards develop for an good image and A a continuous team spirit use of the safety clothes and material is also important to develop an image and a team spirit of the service. service. Introduce commercial principles of management and supervision: Commercializing Introducethecommercial principles of management and can supervision: remove restrictive labour practices, so that incentives be given Commercializing the public sector remove the restrictive labour practices, so that incentives can be given for good performance or vice versa. the public sector operations for good performance or vice versa. operations Costs and expenditures of services should be checked regularly in a transparent and Costs and system expenditures services should regularly in a Ittransparent accounting in order of to guarantee workingbein checked a cost-efficient manner. is importantand to accounting ordertime-tables to guarantee in a cost-efficient It is importantand to make clear system reportingin with of allworking the activities like time of manner. departure, discharge make clear with time-tables all the activities like consumables time of departure, discharge and come back,reporting name and number of ofpersonal, fuel and consumption, km, come back, tons nameor volumes and number of collected, personal, etc. fuel and consumables consumption, km, maintenance, of waste maintenance, tons or volumes of waste collected, etc. Ensure the effective use of equipment and vehicles: appropriate maintenance; increase Ensure the effective use of equipment and vehicles: appropriate maintenance; increaseetc. level of utilization, for example, by providing waste collection for neighbouring communes, level of utilization, for example, by authority providingshould waste ensure collection for neighbouring communes, etc. The local separation of the supervising function Control of The localfunction' authoritye.g., should ensure separation of the supervising function ('control supervisor) to control the quality of services from Control servicesof ('control function' e.g., supervisor) control the quality of services from operation structure ('operator to function', e.g., service provider). services operation structure ('operator function', service provider). Independent supervisor should check and e.g., assure the delivery of Independent supervisor should checkof and assure delivery of planned services. (See Annex 2, Terms reference for the supervisor). planned services. (See Annex 2, Terms of reference for the supervisor). 29 29 29

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

3.1.3 How to Upgrade Private Service Provision When the local authorities decide that a certain waste service should be contracted or given to a 3.1.3 efforts How to and Upgrade Privateare Service Provisiontowards monitoring, enforcement and concession, resources concentrated control. When the local authorities decide that a certain waste service should be contracted or given to a concession, efforts and resources aretoconcentrated towards and monitoring, enforcement and Competition leads efficiency, motivation accountability of service. Raise control. It provides a standard upon which performance can be compared and competition assessed. In order to ensure efficiency gains when contracting-out Competition to efficiency, motivation and accountability of service. services, it is leads essential for municipal authorities to develop their Raise It provides a standard upon which performance can be compared and expertise as 'clients'. competition assessed. In order to ensure efficiency gains when contracting-out Accountability, Ensuring that works: In order private-sector contracting services, it contract is essential municipal authorities tocontracting develop their (i)(i) Accountability, Ensuring that thethe contract works: Infor order forfor thethe private-sector to to deliver improvements in terms of both efficiencyand andeffectiveness effectivenessofof the the service service expertise as 'clients'. deliver real real improvements in terms of both thethe efficiency provision, a number of basic criteria must be fulfilled: provision, a number of basic criteria must be fulfilled: (i) well Accountability, Ensuring that the contract works: In order for the private-sector  defined performance measures; (quantitative and qualitative indicators) well defined performance measures; (quantitative and qualitative indicators) contracting to deliver real sanctions improvements in not terms of both the efficiency and (e.g., effectiveness of thehigher service  enforceable for not complying withwith the contracts (e.g., several timestimes higher than enforceable sanctions for complying the contracts several provision, number of basic criteria must be fulfilled: the pricethe ofa price services); than of services); vigilant well defined performance measures; (quantitative and qualitative indicators) and transparent monitoring structures andprocedures; procedures;  vigilant and transparent monitoring structures and enforceable sanctions for not complying with the contracts (e.g., several times higher than the price of services); (ii) Transparency: Financial dealings (ii) Transparency: Financial dealingsand anddecision-making decision-makingshould should be be transparent transparent especially procurement vigilant and transparent monitoring structures and procedures; during procedures which reliability and competition during procurement procedures whichraise raise reliability and competitionand andreduce reduce price price of contracts. contracts. (ii) Appropriate Transparency: Financial dealings andand decision-making be transparent especially (iii) duration of agreement the provisionshould of equipment: Contracts that during procurement procedures whichand raise reliability and of competition andContracts reduce price (iii) Appropriate duration of agreement the provision equipment: that of involve investment in vehicles should have a minimum length of five years, and investment contracts. involve investment in vehicles should have a minimum length of five years, and investment in in fixed facilities requires minimum agreement duration of ten years. Shorter periods lead fixed facilitiesprices, requires minimum agreement years. Shorter periods lead to to higher because contractors areduration forced of to ten depreciate their investments over (iii) Appropriate durationcontractors of agreement and to thedepreciate provisiontheir of investments equipment: over Contracts that higher prices, because are forced periods periods shorter than the normal economic life of the machines or facilities. For example, involvethan investment in vehicles should a minimum length of five years, investment shorter the normal economic lifehave of the machines or facilities. For and example, it is in itfixed is recommended that minimum for a transfer station duration or a sanitary agreement facilitiesthat requires agreement of tenlandfill, years. concession Shorter periods lead to recommended for a transfer station or a sanitary landfill, concession agreement spans 13 13 spans from 7-15 years to match the depreciation period of the new investment. higher contractors areperiod forcedoftothe depreciate their investments over periods from 7-15 prices, years tobecause match the depreciation new investment. shorter than the normal economic life of the machines or facilities. For example, it is recommended that Itforis avery transfer station or the a sanitary landfill, concession agreement spans important that local authorities make all necessary efforts Ensure 13 fromreliability 7-15 years to match the depreciation period of the investment. to ensure that the payments the new service are made and services are and reduce risks checked at the contractual level and on a very regular and continuous It istovery important that the local authorities basis ensure the sustainability of the service. make all necessary efforts Ensure reliability to ensure that the payments of the service are made and services are and reduce risks checked at the contractual level and on a very regular and continuous basis to ensure the sustainability of the service. Ensure quality There are several measures aimed at increasing the quality of service contracted services:

Ensure quality There are several measures aimed at increasing the quality of (i) service Improve pre-qualification procedures: to eliminate companies without sufficient contracted services: (i) Improve pre-qualification procedures: to eliminate companies without sufficient resources or experience to support their tenders; resources or experience to support their tenders;

(ii) Empowerment of local authorities in supervising contractors (e.g., in inspection of (i) Improve pre-qualification procedures: to eliminate companies without sufficient worksresources and in theorapproval of contractors’ invoices); experience to support their tenders; 13

Sandra Cointreau and Adrian Coad (2000), ‘Private Sector Participation Municipal Solid (iii) Improve theLevine quality of contract documentation, particularlyin the specification of Waste Management Part II’

30 ‘Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Sandra Cointreau Levine and Adrian Coad (2000), Waste Management Part II’ 13

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan (ii) Empowerment of local authorities in supervising contractors (e.g., in inspection of works and in the approval of contractors' invoices); (iii) Improve the of contract particularly the there specification of performance and quality methodology, penaltydocumentation, clauses and bills of quantity; are good (ii) Empowerment ofmethodology, local authorities in supervising contractors (e.g., there in templates inspection of performance and penalty clauses andbe bills of quantity; are good examples of cleaning contracts in Albania, which can used as guiding by works and in the approval of contractors' invoices); examples of cleaning contracts in Albania, which can be used as guiding templates by local authorities; (ii) Empowerment local authorities;of local authorities in supervising contractors (e.g., in inspection of (iii) Improve quality of of contract documentation, particularly the specification of works andthe in the approval contractors' invoices); (iv) Expand contracts to include all cleansing services within the contracted area (waste performance and methodology, penalty clauses and within bills ofthe quantity; there are(waste good (iv) Expand contracts to include all cleansing services contracted area collection, street sweeping, other cleaning, etc.), to reduce overlap and potential conflict of (iii) Improve quality of contract documentation, particularly the specification of examples of cleaning contracts Albania, which be used as guiding templates by collection, the street sweeping, otherincleaning, etc.), tocan reduce overlap and potential conflict responsibility with parallel municipality services; local authorities; performance and methodology, penalty services; clauses and bills of quantity; there are good of responsibility with parallel municipality examples of cleaning contracts in Albania, which can be used as guiding templates by (v) Insist that contractors their image (e.g., use to enable the (iv) contracts to improve include all cleansing services within the contracted (waste local authorities; (v) Expand Insist that contractors improve their image (e.g.,byby useof of uniforms) uniforms) toarea enable the public to distinguish between services and municipality collection, street easily sweeping, othercontracted cleaning, etc.), to reduce overlap andservices. potential public to distinguish easily between contracted services and municipality services.conflict (iv) Expand contracts include all cleansing services within the contracted area (waste of responsibility withtoparallel municipality services; collection, street sweeping, other cleaning, etc.), to reduce overlap and potential conflict Select An important issue is the selection of the appropriate types of contracts (v) Insist that contractors improve their image (e.g., by use of uniforms) to enable the of responsibility with parallel municipality services; appropriate type for specific waste related activity. Private sector participation in solid public to distinguish easily between contracted services and municipality services. waste management may involve any of the activities listed below: of (v) contracts Insist that contractors improve their image (e.g., by use of uniforms) to enable the easily between services and municipality services. Select public to distinguish An important issue contracted is Operation the selection of the appropriate types of contracts of a disposal site - by service contract or Collection of general municipal wastes for specific waste related activity. Private sector participation in solid appropriate type Collection of general municipal wastes Operation ofExample a disposal site - by service contract concession. concession contract of the from entire neighborhoods/ city - service Select waste management may involve any of the activities listed below: An important issue is the selection of the appropriate types of contracts of contracts from entire neighborhoods/ city orLandfill concession. Example concession contract of of Bushat; contract type for specific waste related activity. Private sector participation in solid appropriate service contract the Landfill of Bushat; waste management may involveofof any of the activities listed below: of Sweeping contracts or cleaning of streets and open Conversion to compost - by service contract Operation a waste disposal site - by service contract or Collection of generalof municipal wastes Sweeping or cleaning Conversion of waste to compost - by service areas - service contract streets and or concession (no example yet) contract concession. Example concession of the from entire neighborhoods/ city - service openMaintenance, areas - service contract contract (no-example Landfillor of concession Bushat; cleaning and repairing of Operation of a disposal transfer station longyet) distance or site byand service contract contract of general municipal wastes Collection

municipal solid waste equipment - service hauling system - by service contract or concession concession. concession contract Maintenance, and repairing Operation ofExample a transfer station and longof the (no from entireorcleaning neighborhoods/ cityand - service Sweeping cleaning of streets open Conversion of waste to compost - by service contract contract; example yet) Landfill of Bushat; contract of municipal solidcontract waste equipment distance hauling system - by service contract or areas - service Provision of vehicles or heavy equipment - or concession (no example yet) service contract; concession (nowaste example yet) and Sweeping or cleaning of streets and open Conversion to station compost - taxes by service contract Maintenance, cleaning and repairing of Operation of transfer long bill collection Collection ofofauser tariffs or waste -distance by lease or rental agreement with municipal solid waste equipment - service areas - service contract equipment owners

hauling system - by service contract orutility. concession (no or concession (no example agents, water authority, or yet) electricity

contract; example yet) Maintenance, cleaning and repairing of Operation a transfer station and long distance Provision of vehicles or heavy Collection ofofuser tariffs or waste taxes - bill municipal solid waste equipment service hauling system by service contract or concession (no equipment by lease or rental collection agents, water authority, or electricity Provision vehicles or heavymarket equipment - collection or separate waste collection…e.g. only paper New: inertofwaste collection… waste contract; example yet) bill collection Collection of user tariffs or waste taxes by lease or rental agreement with agreement with equipment owners utility. etc.

equipmentofowners Provision vehicles or heavy equipment - agents, water authority, or electricity utility. Collection of tariffs or wastecollection…e.g. taxes - bill collection by lease or rental agreement with New: inert waste collection… market waste collection oruser separate waste agents, water authority, or electricityrent utility. New: inert waste collection… market waste collection or separate waste collection…e.g. only paperof equipment owners (i) Contracting: For waste collection and transportation, street cleaning, or repair only paper etc. etc. waste vehicles: contracting is the most appropriate model. New: inert waste collection… market waste collection or separate waste collection…e.g. only paper (ii) Concessions: Investments in new transfer, treatment and disposal facilities to improve the etc.

(i)

Contracting: and transportation, street cleaning, inrent or Albanian repair of environmental For andwaste publiccollection health quality of services will be required most regions and cities. The involvement of private sectors is considered more favorable usually waste vehicles: contracting is the most appropriate model. through a consortium of collection local and and international companies they provide (i) Contracting: For waste transportation, streetif cleaning, rent financing or repair of (ii) investments Concessions: new transfer, treatment and disposal facilities to improve the andInvestments technical knowledge and experiences. waste vehicles: contracting isinthe most appropriate model. environmental and public health quality of services will be required in most Albanian Each LGU isand eligible toThe act involvement as the contracting authority foris concessions on economic activities (ii) regions Concessions: Investments in new transfer, treatment and disposal facilities to improve the cities. of private sectors considered more favorable usually 14 under the relevant jurisdiction consequently, for concession projects waste. Local through a consortium of and local andquality international companies they provide financing of environmental and public health of also services will be ifrequired inonmost Albanian concessions are cities. granted forinvolvement those economic activities, fallisunder the competence of theusually LGAs investments and technical knowledge experiences. regions and The ofand private sectors considered more favorable (art. through 3/10 of the Law on Concessions). cases that companies local authorities actprovide togetherfinancing (like intera consortium of local and Ininternational if they of Eachinvestments LGU is eligible to act as knowledge the contracting authority for concessions on economic activities and technical and experiences. under the relevant jurisdiction and consequently, also for concession projects on waste.14Local 14 Article 5 of Law no. 9663 concessions granted foras those economic activities, the competence of the LGAs Each LGU is are eligible to act the contracting authority fall for under concessions on economic activities 14 (art. the Law on Concessions). In cases that local authorities act together (like interunder3/10 the of relevant jurisdiction and consequently, also for concession projects on waste. Local 31 concessions are of granted for those economic activities, fall under competence of the which LGAs LGUs), the right concession state under the competence of thethe Council of Ministers, 14 (art. 3/10 ofthe the Law on Concessions). In cases that local authorities does have ultimate authority to determine the contracting authority. act together (like interArticle 5 of Law no. 9663 14

Article Law no. 9663 3.1.45 ofInter-LGU Cooperation and

a) Regional Approach on WM

31 Regional Organization 31

A general consensus15 has been reached on the final process of waste treatment (e.g.,

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management LGUs), the right of concession state under the competence of the Council of Ministers, which does have the ultimate authority to determine the contracting authority.

3.1.4

Inter-LGU Cooperation and Regional Organization

a) Regional Approach on WM

LGUs), the right of concession state under the competence of the Council of Ministers, which does have the ultimate15authority to determine authority. A general consensus has been reached the on contracting the final process of waste treatment (e.g., landfills), which must be made in a regional or inter-regional plant including one or more waste areas. Working together in this direction, will optimize the utilization of the economy of scale 3.1.4 Inter-LGU Cooperation and Regional Organization (landfill cost will go 2-3 times lower for an area with a population over 200,000 inhabitants). Moreover, inter-LGUs cooperation a) Regional Approach on WM can lower waste collection cost by increasing the level of utilization of the trucks. Sometimes, this cooperation could be the only possibility for small local 15 governments (communes) to organize basic waste collection schemes.of waste treatment (e.g., A general consensus has been reached on the final process landfills), which must be made in a regional or inter-regional plant including one or more waste Regional waste together management plants or landfills will be the under the ownership of and run from areas. Working in this direction, will optimize utilization of the economy of scale managing authorities/companies created local Specificities to inhabitants). the creation (landfill cost will go 2-3 times lower for by ankey area withactors. a population over related 200,000 and management of these managing companies be defined the steering boards Moreover, inter-LGUs cooperation can lower waste will collection cost bybyincreasing the level of consisting representatives of local this authorities participating in the only enterprise. utilization of the trucks. Sometimes, cooperation could be possibility for small local governments (communes) to organize basic waste collection schemes. The Qark or groups established under Qark responsibility (e.g. Waste Area Group) will be the coordinating authority for the activities the waste and will be responsible forfrom the Regional waste management plants oroflandfills will area be under the also ownership of and run collection data from the reports created of municipalities andactors. communes. managingofauthorities/companies by key local Specificities related to the creation and management of these managing companies will be defined by the steering boards b) Howoftorepresentatives organize an Inter-Local Cooperationin the enterprise. consisting of local Government authorities participating There are several possibilities for two more Area LGUsGroup) to jointly The Qark or groups established under Qark responsibility (e.g.orWaste willdevelop be the Joint a the waste management project. This would be the case where two or coordinating authority for activities of the waste area and will also be responsible for the organization more local authorities agree to develop a common waste collection of data from the reports of government municipalities and communes. collection scheme (like Inter-Communal Zadrima), to build and operate a Inter-Local transfer station which will be necessary in the future; or to operate a b) How to organize an Government Cooperation landfill, where the solid waste generated in the jurisdiction of these two or moreare authorities would be managed. There several possibilities for two or more LGUs to jointly develop Joint a waste management project. This would be the case where two or organization There are several ways to local initiate and formalize inter-municipal waste management more government authorities agree to develop a common waste organizations, ranging from non-profit companies to private companies public collection scheme (like Inter-Communal Zadrima), with to build and majority operate shareholding, from organizations by a few to the organizations directa a transfercreated station which will municipalities be necessary in future; or towith operate representation of all municipalities in thethe service landfill, where solid area. waste generated in the jurisdiction of these two or more authorities would be managed. It is not necessarily important that all municipalities in the service area Reach consensus take to partinitiate in the ownership structure, as long as these municipalities are There are several ways and formalize inter-municipal waste management bound by individual contracts. organizations, ranging from non-profit companies to private companies with public majority shareholding, from organizations created by a few municipalities to organizations with direct Recommendation 2: Start by reaching consensus among most interested LGUs representation of all municipalities in the service area. Recommendation 2: Start by reaching consensus among most interested LGUs International experience shows thatimportant reachingthat consensus among ain wider grouparea of It is not necessarily all municipalities the service Reach- consensus municipalities can bepart a difficult andreaching time-consuming process, so these it isaoften easier to start take in the ownership structure, as long as municipalities are International experience shows that consensus among wider group of the organization on the by basis oftime-consuming the most interested municipalities. individual contracts. municipalities can be abound difficult and process, so it is often easier to start the organization on the basis of the most interested municipalities. Recommendation 2: Start by reaching consensus among most interested LGUs 15 Recommended by National Policy on Waste

- International experience shows that reaching consensus among a wider group of 32 municipalities can be a difficult and time-consuming process, so it is often easier to start the organization on the basis of the most interested municipalities. 15

Recommended by National Policy on Waste

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Joint agreement and potential legal structures

The current legal framework on local government issues already allows two or more local government authorities to establish an inter-unit cooperation for public services including waste management activities. To regulate their cooperation it needs a joint agreement between all the local government authorities involved.

A common joint agreement comprises of:

The purpose and functions to be carried out jointly; The methods and manners used for the realization of the purpose; The organizational process, to take decisions and delegate responsibilities; The degree and duration of delegation of competences; The manners and amount of contributions and the profit sharing (art. 14 of the Law on Local Government).

The union of local government authorities can be identified as the contracting authority. They can then establish a board or entity by the inter-unit cooperation agreement for the sole purpose of realizing the object of the service/ concession contract. Through this agreement the participating authorities can determine:

Responsible persons from each local government authority; Procedures for procuring, signing the contract, supervising while implementing the contract; Benefits and obligation deriving from the contract.

Some local authorities in Albania have started to cooperate with each other in realizing the public function of waste management under their own territorial jurisdiction. For more information see Annex 1, Examples of Inter-LGUs cooperation in Albania.

3.2

Waste Collection and Transportation Systems

Based on the current practices of most LGUs in Albania, it transpires that the waste collection absorbs most of the waste management current costs. Therefore, this step places a strong emphasis on improving efficiency and effectiveness, i.e. doing more for your money, as well as the quality of the service. The local objectives, as well as the human, technical and financial resources, and the following considerations about waste treatment affect the Waste Collection System (WCS) in its entirety, namely: elements, its complexity and costs. Some of the most important elements to be considered while planning a WCTS are:

General and technical information on the waste area Waste collection and transportation schemes Waste separation schemes

33 33

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

3.2.1 General and Technical Information on the Waste Area When in the initial phase of planning a new collection scheme set-up, or the improvement of an existing system, special consideration should go to the previous and current situation of waste 3.2.1 and General and Technical on the Waste Area collection the way the public Information deals with the waste (they generate) in the absence of a frequent waste collection service. When in the initial phase of planning a new collection scheme set-up, or the improvement of an The authorities, should collectshould detailed uponand which they plan, analyze and existing system, therefore special consideration goinformation to the previous current situation of waste take basic and decisions concerning thedeals main with elements of waste collection scheme, in orderoffor collection the way the public the waste (they generate) in theand absence a it to provewaste useful, it shouldservice. include: frequent collection Waste area16 characteristics The authorities, therefore should collect detailed information upon which they plan, analyze and Waste generation and its the composition. take basic decisions concerning main elements of waste collection scheme, and in order for it to prove useful, it should include: Area16Characteristics a) Waste Waste area characteristics Waste generation and its composition. Waste area characteristics include useful information regarding waste area, such as borders and neighboring LGUs, responsibilities within and outside the Waste area, information about consumers andArea builtCharacteristics infrastructure. a) Waste Waste area characteristics include useful information regarding waste area, such as borders Waste area first, it is important define the collection zone, or information the waste service and neighboring LGUs,Atresponsibilities withintoand outside the Waste area, about boundariesand built infrastructure. area where the local authority plans to offer, or to improve the waste consumers collection service.

17 Waste area of local At The definition waste area and/or inter-LGUs waste service serves to first, service it is important to define the collection zone, or thearea waste service clarify the area where the (a local private company), or to theoffer, municipal performs boundaries areacontractor where the authority plans or to enterprise improve the waste its waste collection activity and/orservice. other waste services as per contractual agreements. Defining collection the waste service area also helps establish the service area local responsibility. The definition of local waste service area and/or inter-LGUs17 waste service area serves to In the the Albanian context, local authorities aim to extend waste area borders toward the clarify area where the contractor (a private company), or the municipal enterprise performs administrative boundaries their cities. At times however, the authorities to provide frequent its waste collection activityofand/or other waste services as per contractualfail agreements. Defining waste services theirhelps administrative boundary, andlocal select a smaller waste area in the waste servicewithin area also establish the service area responsibility. accordance with their technical and/or financial capabilities. In addition, when defining the waste area theAlbanian road network should alsoauthorities be taken into In the context, local aimaccount. to extend waste area borders toward the administrative boundaries of their cities. At times however, the authorities fail to provide frequent waste services within their administrative boundary, and select a smaller waste area in Based on the administrative boundaries of the waste service area, it is accordance with their technical and/or financial capabilities. In addition, when defining the waste Waste area crucial also to define theinto responsibility area the road network should be taken account. areas, therefore clearly establishing responsibilities who is responsible for waste service provision, and why. Clearly defined responsibility is particularly important in border areas between neighboring units, where uncertainties and conflicts arise dueit to Based on thelocal administrative boundaries of the waste service area, is Waste area certain not offering any waste areas, servicetherefore at all. crucial LGUs to define the responsibility clearly establishing responsibilities who is responsible for waste service provision, and why. Clearly defined Such conflicts and uncertainties prevented,important or minimized by gathering responsibilitycan is be particularly in border areas available between information on neighboring authorities, respective administrative area (expressed in ha), neighboring localtheir units, where uncertainties and conflicts arise due to LGUs not offering service at all. the number of villages their service provision, certain the administrative divisionany or waste city neighborhoods, under the local responsibility of each unit, and any existing arrangements/partnerships with the 16 Local conflicts area or local service area, where a local plans oran already provides waste services Such and uncertainties can be authority prevented, or minimized byorganization). gathering available neighboring authorities regarding waste management (e.g. inter-LGUs 17 Local authorities act together under a joint organization information on neighboring authorities, their respective administrative area (expressed in ha), Information about waste producers provides useful data about whom the local authorities are going to serve. It also helps them to estimate volume and specify type of waste to be 16 34 theplans Local area or local service area, where a local authority or already provides waste services managed. 17

Local authorities act together under a joint organization

Waste producers and their

This information encompasses current data and previous trends (a five to eight year time span) concerning the population within their area of 34 responsibility, and its characteristics; the number and average size of households; the type and size of business units; industries and

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan their service provision, the administrative division or city neighborhoods, the number of villages under the local responsibility of each unit, and any existing arrangements/partnerships with the neighboring authorities regarding waste management (e.g. an inter-LGUs organization). Information about waste producers provides useful data about whom the local authorities are going to serve. It also helps them to estimate the volume and specify type of waste to be their service provision, the administrative division or city neighborhoods, the number of villages managed. under the local responsibility of each unit, and any existing arrangements/partnerships with the neighboring authorities This regarding waste management an inter-LGUs organization). information encompasses(e.g. current data and previous trends (a five to eight year time span) concerning the population within their area of Waste producers Information about waste producers provides useful data about whom the and localaverage authorities responsibility, and its characteristics; the number sizeare of and their going to serve. It alsohouseholds; helps them to the size volume specifyunits; type of waste toand be theestimate type and of and business industries characteristics managed. institutions (no. of municipal buildings, education, social or cultural buildings); medical or health units within the waste area; This information encompasses current data and previous trends (a five eight year time within their areaand of Waste producers Additional information to may comprise of span) furtherconcerning elaborationthe of population the data on households responsibility, and its characteristics; the number and average size of businesses and their in the city, by specifying the type of residency (permanent or temporary residents), households; the living type inand size of business units; industries and ascharacteristics well as information covering residents illegal settlements nearby city borders. institutions (no. of municipal buildings, education, social or cultural buildings); medical or health units within the waste area; Public infrastructure constitutes another urban specific data category. Public This category is instrumental to the provision of waste collection Additional information may comprise of further elaboration of the data on households and infrastructure and services, and includes road infrastructure, location and number of parks, businesses in the city, by specifying the type of residency (permanent or temporary residents), environmental recreational and open spaces, all of which summarized in general maps as well as information covering residents living in illegal settlements nearby city borders. problems of public infrastructure components. The identification of environmental problems and their origin, within a given city or in the nearby city areas is Public infrastructure constitutes urban specific data category. also crucial to the definition of the another waste area characteristics. Public This category is instrumental to the provision of waste collection infrastructure and services, and includes road infrastructure, location and number of parks, environmental and openrequired spaces,for all defining of whichurban summarized in general maps Recommendationrecreational 3: Specific information infrastructure problems of public infrastructure components. The identification of environmental Recommendation Specific information required defining infrastructure - Road types,3: length and specific roads waste trucks have access to; problems and their origin, within afor given city or urban in the nearby city areas is - Settlement types (one-or-multi-familyhouses) and respective locations; also crucial to the definition of the waste area characteristics. - Maps of income zones (km2), average income (Leke/household) per zone, and population • Roadper types, zone;length and specific roads waste trucks have access to; Recommendation 3: Specific informationhouses) required and for (including defining urban infrastructure • Settlement types (one-or-multi-familyrespective locations; - Location and type of commercial establishments large units); Location and type of institutions (schools, libraries, religious buildings, hospitals, etc.); 2 ), average income (Leke/household) per • Maps of income zones (km - Road types, length and specific roads waste trucks have access to; zone, and population - Location, number and type of factories and industries; per- zone; Settlement types (one-or-multi-familyhouses) and respective locations; - Urban obstacles in terms of2waste collection and transportation routes. Mapsand of income (km ), average income (Leke/household) per zone, and population • Location type ofzones commercial establishments (including large units); per zone; • Location and and typetype of institutions (schools, libraries,(including religious large buildings, - Location of commercial establishments units);hospitals, etc.); - Location and type of institutions (schools, libraries, religiousitbuildings, hospitals, In• order to organize appropriate waste collection systems, is essential andetc.); highly Location, number and type of factories and industries; - Location, number andwaste type ofarea factories and industries; recommended that the entire is divided in sub-zones, based on similar urban and • Urban obstacles in terms of waste collection and transportation routes. consumer typologies. This is important planning organizing common - Urban obstacles in terms of wastefor collection andortransportation routes. waste collection infrastructure, collection and transportation schemes, and similar service frequencies, and for organizing common waste minimization programs. In order to organize appropriate waste collection systems, it is essential and highly recommended that the entire waste area is divided in sub-zones, based on similar urban and consumer typologies. This is important for planning or organizing common waste collection infrastructure, collection and transportation schemes, and similar service frequencies, and for organizing common waste minimization programs. 35

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Waste Area and Waste Sub-zones of the city of Koplik, (Co-PLAN, 2011)

The following (taken from the of development the LSWMP of Municipality of Koplik) Waste Area example and Waste Sub-zones the city ofof Koplik, (Co-PLAN, 2011) Area and Waste Sub-zones of the city of Koplik, (Co-PLAN, 2011) illustrates the division of waste area into four sub-zones according to urban characteristics owing example similarities, (taken fromas the development offrom the LSWMP of of Koplik) The following example the development of the LSWMP of Municipality of Koplik) part of the(taken process of planning of Municipality adequate waste services. illustrates the division waste area into four to sub-zones according to urban characteristics es the division of waste area into fourofsub-zones according urban characteristics as part ofofthe processwaste of planning of adequate waste services. ies, as part of thesimilarities, process of planning adequate services.

Figure 2 Waste Sub-zones of the city of Koplik Figure 2 Waste Sub-zones of the city of Koplik

b) Waste Generation and its Characteristics

In order the future of waste management in any given LGU, we need to evaluate the aste Generation and to itsforecast Characteristics current waste generation and evaluate their progress for a medium term period (e.g. 5-7 years). data on waste generation is instrumental to the preparation as well as to the o forecast the Accurate future of waste management in any given LGU, we need to plan evaluate the monitoring process. data for is used for defining the baseline, aste generation and evaluate their This progress a medium term period (e.g. 5-7 setting years). objectives and targets, as generation well measuring the achievement the implementation data on waste is instrumental to theduring plan preparation as wellofasthe toLSWMP. the Furthermore, it isforalso important to distinguish between the waste under local responsibility and g process. This data is used defining the baseline, setting objectives and targets, the one that during is not, classify waste basedofon source of origin, and determine if it is hazardous easuring the achievement the implementation theitsLSWMP. or not. Waste generation andtheitswaste characteristics help decision ore, it is also important to distinguish between under local will responsibility and making concerning technology/ methods to be chosen for waste in the future. hat is not, classify waste based on its source of origin, andtreatment determinenow if it or is hazardous Waste generation and its characteristics will help decision making concerning are two determinenow waste gy/ methods toThere be chosen forways wastetotreatment or incharacteristics: the future.

characteristics: Refer to the national norms, studies, etc. e two ways to determine waste Conduct a direct measurement. Refer to the national norms, studies, etc. Conduct a direct measurement. Take reference from the current national norms/data on waste Refer to norms, generation; or waste composition as per national plan, regional plan, or a studies etc. similar local government sharing size and similarity. Take reference from the current national - norms/data on socio-economic waste norms, generation; or waste composition as per national plan, regional plan, or a etc. For thislocal purpose the National Waste Management Plan similarity. has introduced some approximate similar government - sharing size and socio-economic values on waste generation for different cities in Albania depending on the size of the city (no. of inhabitants). DueManagement to a number ofPlan restrictions resulting some characterizing these figures (several other purpose the National Waste has introduced approximate n waste generation foraffecting different waste cities in Albania depending on the size for of the city (no. of purposes it is best to factors generation are not considered), cross-checking ts). Due to a number of restrictions resulting characterizing these figuresor(several other (by measuring directly take some measurements of the waste being collected transported 36 waste trucks if there is no weighing scale at disposal point). In this way, it is possible to verify these figures, particularly 36with regard to the waste quantity. 36 Waste generation (per capita) in some typical cities:18(INPAEL, 2010) Cities

Inhabitants

Settlement Population

Waste co-efficient kg/

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan factors affecting waste generation are not considered), for cross-checking purposes it is best to take some measurements of the waste being collected or transported (by measuring directly waste trucks if there is no weighing scale at disposal point). In this way, it is possible to verify these figures, particularly regard to the waste Waste generation (per with capita) in some typicalquantity. cities:2(INPAEL, 2010)

Settlement co-efficient 18(INPAEL, 2010) WasteCities generation (pergeneration capita) in some typical cities: factors affecting waste are not considered), for cross-checkingWaste purposes it is best to Inhabitants Population Range kg/ person/day take some measurements of the waste being collected or transported (by measuring directly Waste co-efficient kg/ Settlement Population Citiesif there is no weighing Inhabitants waste trucks scale at disposal In this way, it is possible Rural point). Communes 0.4 to verify Range person/day these figures, Koplik particularly with regard 3,569 to the waste quantity. 0.4 Rural Communes Klos 4,344 Koplik 3,569 18 Waste generation (per capita)4,498 in some typical cities: (INPAEL, 2010) Rreshen Klos 4,344 < 25,000 inhabitants 0.7 Billisht 7,966 Waste co-efficient kg/ Settlement Population Rreshen 4,498 Vau Cities Dejes 10,240 Inhabitants person/day 0.7 Billisht 7,966 < 25,000Range inhabitants Fushe-Kruje 12,154 Vau Dejes 10,240 0.4 Rural Communes Lezhe 21,150 Fushe-Kruje 12,154 Koplik 3,569 Pogradec 27,104 Lezhe 21,150 Klos 4,344 Kavaje 28193 Pogradec 27,104 Rreshen 4,498 Lushnje 29,649 >25,000 but < Kavaje 28193 0.7 Billisht 7,966 < 25,000 inhabitants Fier 51,773 1.0 100,000 Inhabitants Lushnje 29,649 Vau Dejes 10,240 Korce 56,593 >25,000 but < 100,000 1.0 Fier 51,773 Fushe-Kruje 12,154 Shkoder 75,097 Inhabitants Korce 56,593 Lezhe 21,150 Elbasan 78,446 Shkoder 75,097 Pogradec 27,104 >100,000 but < Durres 127,851 1.1 Elbasan 78,446 Kavaje 28193 200,000 Inhabitants >100,000 but < 200,000 Lushnje 29,649 1.1 Durres 127,851 > 200,000 < >25,000 but <but 100,000 Inhabitants Tirana 468,718 1.5 1.0 Fier 51,773 750,000 Inhabit. Inhabitants Korce Tirana Shkoder Elbasan

> 200,000 but < 750,000 Inhabit.

56,593 468,718 75,097 78,446

1.5

The following examples illustrate the type of information extracted directly from municipal data >100,000 but < 200,000 1.1 Durres and whether they use references127,851 from previous studies for similar municipalities or communes. Inhabitants > 200,000 but < 750,000 1.5 Plan of the population and population andwaste wastequantity, quantity,LSWM LSWM Plan of Inhabit.

Tirana 468,718 information requiredconcerning concerning the TheThe information required the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 The followingYear examples illustrate the type 2006 of information extracted directly from municipal 2006 200710,991 2008 2009 2010 2011data Population 11,239 11,043 11,275 11,427 11,427 and whether they use references from previous studies for similar municipalities or communes. Population growth rate -2.2%11,043 0.5% 11,275 2.1% 11,427 1.3% 0% Population 11,239 10,991 11,427 Quantity of urban waste collected (ton/ The information required concerning the and 2,750 waste2.1% quantity, LSWM Plan of the 2,600population 2,750 1.3% 2,800 2,880 Population growth rate -2.2%2,600 0.5% 0% year) Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Generation rate per capita/ a day Quantity of urban waste 0.67 0.67 0.69 Year 20062,6000.65 2007 2,7500.68 2008 2,750 2009 2,800 2010 2011 2,600 0.63 2,880 (kg/inhabit./day) collected (ton/ year) Population 11,239 10,991 11,043 11,275 11,427 11,427

Growth of generation rate per inhabitant

Population growth Generation rate per rate capita/ 0.63 Inert& voluminous waste collected collected (ton/ Quantity of urban waste a day (kg/inhabit./day) (ton/year) year) Growth of generation rate a day Generation rate per capita/ per inhabitant (kg/inhabit./day)

Inert& voluminous waste Growth of generation rate per inhabitant 1,500 collected (ton/year) Inert& voluminous waste collected 18

0.65

1,500 2,600

2% -2.2%

1,500 2,600

0.68

5% 0.5%

1,500 2,750

-2% 2.1%

0.67

1,500 2,750

0.63 2% 0.65 5% 0.68 -2% 0.67

1,500

Reference figures from the National Waste Management Plan, 20111,500 1,500 1,500 (ton/year)

-2%

1,500

0% 1.3%

0.67

3% 0%

0.69

1,700 2,800

1,500 2,880

0% 0.67

3% 0.69

1,500

1,700

1,500

1,700

37 18

Reference figures from the National Waste Management Plan, 2011

10,900 10,800 10,700

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*

Numri i popullsise

Sasia e mbetjeve urbane (ne ton/ vit) 2,950

11,500

2,900

11,400

2,850

11,300

2,800 2,750 2,700

11,200

Sasia e mbetjeve 11,100 urbane qe grumbullohen-‐ Waste 11,000 (ne ton/ vit)

Numri i popullsise

Population trend Production 2,600 Population Waste 10,900 (no. of trend (ton/yr.) 2,550 Population Waste trend Production 10,800 inhabitants) Waste Population 2,500 trend Production (no. of trend (ton/yr.) Production trend(no. (no.of 10,700 2,450 trend (ton/yr.) inhabitants) Waste Population 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* 19 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* trend (ton/yr.) of inhabitants) The use of reference data from previous Waste Population Production trend (no. Waste waste audits of similar cities to determine waste Population inhabitants) Production trend 19 trend (ton/yr.) of characterization figures for the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Production trend (no. (no. The use of reference data from previous waste audits of similar cities to determine waste 19 trend of inhabitants) The use of reference data from previous waste audits of similar2011) cities to determine waste trend (ton/yr.) (ton/yr.) of 19 (Co-PLAN, characterization figures for Municipality Koplik Waste City ofthe Vore City of of Average inhabitants) The usefractions of reference data from previous waste audits of similar cities to determine waste inhabitants) characterization figures for the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) F.Kruje composition (by weight) 19 characterization figures forfrom theVore Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Waste fractions City of City of Average The use of reference data previous waste audits of similar cities to determine waste Waste fractions City ofVore CityCity of of Average 19 Waste fractions City of Average Organic 51% 51% 51% 19 Sasia e waste mbetjeve urbane (ne ton/ Waste fractions City of Vore City of Average The use of reference data from previous waste audits of cities 19 F.Kruje composition (by weight) The use reference data from previous waste audits of similar similar2011) cities to to determine determine waste characterization figures for the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, (by of weight) Vore F.Kruje composition F.Kruje composition (by weight) F.Kruje composition (by weight) Paper and cardboard 13% 9% 11% characterization figures for the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Waste composi8on 2 ,950 Organic 51% 51% 51% Waste fractions City of Vore City of Average characterization figures for the Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Municipality of Koplik Organic 51% 51% Organic 51% 51% 51% Organic 51% 51% 51% Waste fractions City51% of Vore City of Average Plastics 11% 11% 11% 2,900 6% F.Kruje composition (by weight) Paper and cardboard City of 13% 11% Waste fractions Vore City9% of Average Paper and Organike F.Kruje composition (by weight) Paper and cardboard 13% 9%6% 11% Paper and cardboard 13% 9% 11% 10% Glass 4% 5% 2,850 1% Organic 51% 51% 51% 13% 9% 11% F.Kruje composition Plastics 11% 11% 11% (by weight) Leter+karton cardboard Organic 51% 51% 51% Plastics 11% 11% 11% Plastics 11% 11% 11% 2 ,800 Textile 6% 4% 5% Paper and cardboard 13% 9% 11% PlasLke 5% Organic 51% 51% 51% Glass 4% 6% 5% Plastics 11% 11% 11% Paper and cardboard 13% 9% 11% Glass 4% 6% 5%1% 2,750 Glassand cardboard 4% 6% 5% Qelq Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% Paper 13% 9% 11% S 5% Plastics 11% 11% Textile 6% 4% 5% 51% Glass 4% 6% 5% TeksLl Plastics 11% 11% 11% u 2,700 Textile 6% 4% 5% Textile 6% 4% 5% Inert 10% 10% 10% Plastics 11% 11% 11% Glass 4% 6% 5% Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% Hekur g Textile 6% 4% 5% 11% 2 ,650 Glass 4% 6% 5% Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% Others 5% 8% 6% ( Glass 4% 6% Textile 6% 4% 5% Inerte Inert 10% 10% 10% Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% 2,600 Textile 6% 4% 5% Inert 10% 10% 10% Tjere Inert 10% 10% 10% 11% Textile 6% 4% 5%6% Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% Inert 10% 10% 10% Others 5% 8% 2,550 Metal-iron/non-iron 1% 1% 1% Others 5% 8% 6% Others 6% Metal-iron/non-iron 1%5% 1%8% 1% Inert 10% 10% 10% Others 5% 8% 6% 2,500 Inert 10% 10% 10% Inert 10% 10% 10% Others 5% 8% 6% 2,450 Others 5% 8% 6% LGU’s population figures can often Others should note that 5% 8% 6% be contentious depending 2006 2007 on 2008 which 2009 data 2010 2011* 2,650

source used to collect extract the population data.be contentious depending on which data LGU’s is should note that and population figures can often LGU’s should note that population figures can often be contentious depending on which data source should is used note to collect extract the population data. LGU’s that and population figures can often be contentious depending on which data To extract ensure the higher accuracy of waste data and appropriateness to the source is used to collect and population data. source extract the population data. Direct is used to collect and local context, it is accuracy also possible to conduct a waste analysis through To ensure higher of waste data and appropriateness to the measurement which to determine the quantities and composition of thethrough waste To ensure higher accuracy of waste data and appropriateness to the Direct local context, it is also possible to conduct a waste analysis To ensure higher accuracy of waste data and appropriateness to the Direct downstream. local context, it is also possible to conduct a waste analysis through Direct measurement whichcontext, to determine the quantities and composition of thethrough waste local it is also possible to conduct a waste analysis measurement which to the and of waste measurement which to determine determine the quantities quantities andis composition composition of the thewith waste It is however to be clearlydownstream. mentioned that the waste composition changing strongly the downstream. downstream. social structure and the activities (markets, commercial, touristic, residential, industrial, etc.) of It is however to be clearly mentioned that the waste composition is changing strongly with the each zone and with the seasons. In order to have an idea of the general waste quantity and It is however to be clearly mentioned that the waste composition is changing strongly with the social structure the activities (markets, commercial, touristic, residential, etc.)the of It is however to and be clearly mentioned that the waste composition is changingindustrial, strongly with composition of a and whole this has be integrated. socialzone structure and the activities (markets, commercial, touristic, residential, industrial, etc.)and of each and with thecity, seasons. Intoorder to have an idea of theresidential, general waste quantity social structure the activities (markets, commercial, touristic, industrial, etc.) of each zone and thecity, seasons. order to have an idea of the general waste quantity and composition of awith whole this hasIn be integrated. each zone and with the seasons. Intoorder to have an idea of the general waste quantity and There are two main city, methods fortoconducting a full analysis on waste characterization composition of a whole this has be integrated. composition of a whole city, this has to be integrated. (measurement estimation) on the There are twoandmain methods for ground: conducting a full analysis on waste characterization There are twoand main methods conducting a full analysis on waste characterization (measurement estimation) on for the ground: There are two main methods for conducting a full analysis on waste characterization (i) The door-to-door sampleon collection, by taking samples directly from the consumers; (measurement and estimation) the ground: (measurement and estimation) on the ground: (ii) and quartering method, by the truck orthe at disposal site. (i) The The coning door-to-door sample collection, bytaking takingsamples samplesat directly from consumers; (i) The door-to-door sample collection, by taking samples directly from the consumers; (ii) The door-to-door coning and quartering method, by the truck at disposal site. (i) sample collection, by taking taking samples samples at directly fromorthe consumers; (ii) The coning and quartering method, by taking samples at the truck or at disposal site. (ii) The coning and quartering method, by taking samples at the truck or at disposal site.

INPAEL& Co-PLAN, 2009, Waste characterization survey in Albania

19 19 19 19

INPAEL& Co-PLAN, 2009, Waste characterization survey in Albania 38 INPAEL& INPAEL& Co-PLAN, Co-PLAN, 2009, 2009, Waste Waste characterization characterization survey survey in in Albania Albania

38 38 38

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Recommendation 4: On the appropriate waste audit method Recommendation 4: On the appropriate waste audit method Recommendation Recommendation 4: 4: On On the the appropriate appropriate waste waste audit audit method method

From an economic point of view, as well as from human resources stance, the door-to-door

From an economic point of as from human stance, door-to-door Frommethod an economic point of view, as well as from human resources stance, thethe door-to-door unfavorable compared toas second one;resources yet, it does provide and yield From anappears economic point of view, view, as well well asthe from human resources stance, the door-to-door method appears unfavorable compared the second one; yet, does provide and yield method appears unfavorable to to the second provide yield more accurate results. Thecompared best selection depends onone; the objectives and on theand accuracy method appears unfavorable compared to the second one;yet, yet,itit itdoes does provide and yield more accurate results. The best selection depends on the objectives and on the accuracy moremore accurate results. TheThe bestbest selection depends onon the and accurate results. depends objectives and onthe theaccuracy accuracy required. For example, when theselection analysis is focused onthe aobjectives specific type ofon consumer, or on required. For when analysis is focused aa specific type of consumer, or on required. Fortypes example, when the the analysis is focused onon a specific type or required. For example, example, when the is or focused on specific typeof ofconsumer, consumer, or on on specific of waste stream (foranalysis recycling composting purposes), then the door-to-door specific types of waste stream (for recycling or composting purposes), then the door-to-door method is the most preferable. specific typestypes of waste stream (for (for recycling or composting purposes), then thethe door-to-door specific of waste stream recycling or composting purposes), then door-to-door method the preferable. method ismost the most most preferable. method is theis preferable.

The methodology of the direct measurement process consists of four steps: The The methodology methodology of of the the direct direct measurement measurement process process consists consists of of four four steps: steps: Pre-evaluation of study areas and determination of sample size Pre-evaluation of Pre-evaluation of study study areas areas and and determination determination of of sample sample size size Collection of samples Collection of samples Data sorting measurement of the weight of the subcategories of waste Collection of and samples Data and measurement Evaluation Data sorting sortingand andFindings. measurement of of the the weight weight of of the the subcategories subcategories of of waste waste Evaluation Evaluation and and Findings. Findings. The realization of such a study for the first time will require external support (expertise), The realization of a for the first will external support (expertise), however any subsequent be able to perform by themselves. The realization of such such studies a study studythe forlocal the authorities first time time should will require require external support (expertise), however any subsequent studies the local authorities should be able to perform by themselves. however any subsequent studies the local authorities should be able to perform by themselves.

3.2.2 Waste Collection and Transportation Schemes 3.2.2 3.2.2 Waste Waste Collection Collection and and Transportation Transportation Schemes Schemes

Waste collection and transportation schemes (WCTS) are related to the local activities in terms Waste collection and transportation schemes (WCTS) related to local in of waste collection and transportation, and may often are include or be associated to some other Waste collection and transportation schemes (WCTS) are related to the the local activities activities in terms terms of waste collection and transportation, and often activities as waste processing, etc.or of waste such collection and separation, transportation, and may maytransferring, often include include or be be associated associated to to some some other other activities activities such such as as waste waste separation, separation, processing, processing, transferring, transferring, etc. etc. In the majority of LGUs in Albania, the waste management process starts with the consumers In the of in the management process starts with In the majority majority of LGUs LGUs in Albania, Albania, the waste waste management process startsacceptance, with the the consumers consumers delivering the waste further proceeding with the in-site storage or waste following delivering the waste further proceeding with the in-site storage or waste acceptance, with the waste collection and transportation, to finish with the waste disposal at the final following disposal delivering the waste further proceeding with the in-site storage or waste acceptance, following with site. the with the waste waste collection collection and and transportation, transportation, to to finish finish with with the the waste waste disposal disposal at at the the final final disposal disposal site. site. All of these processes can be organised in a number of different ways (options) depending on All these processes can in number of ways (options) depending on All ofurban thesetypology, processes can be be organised organised in a a context number and of different different ways (options) depending on the of suitability with the local the local financial resources. These the urban typology, suitability with the local context and the local financial resources. These options aretypology, put forward for discussion terms of potential opportunities and analyzed terms the urban suitability with theinlocal context and the local financial resources.in These options put for in terms of opportunities in of their are possible applicability at a local at specific sub-zone level ofand the analyzed waste area. The options are put forward forward for discussion discussion in or terms of potential potential opportunities and analyzed in terms terms of their possible at local or sub-zone level of waste area. of their effectiveness, possible applicability applicability at a aand localcost or at at specific sub-zone level of the the is waste area. The The quality, practicality of specific the waste collection schemes determined by quality, effectiveness, cost of collection schemes several assumptions the base ofand different of these schemes. quality, effectiveness,atpracticality practicality and cost aspects of the the waste waste collection schemes is is determined determined by by several several assumptions assumptions at at the the base base of of different different aspects aspects of of these these schemes. schemes. The following components are to be analysed once, you need to evaluate the current situation The following components are be once, you evaluate current situation (baseline), and/ or you decide the existing to startthe a new service: The following components aretoto toimprove be analysed analysed once, scheme you need needorto toplan evaluate the current situation (baseline), and/ or you decide to improve the existing scheme or plan to start a new service: Waste Collection Points (baseline), and/ or you decide to improve the existing scheme or plan to start a new service: Waste Collection Collection Points Waste Frequency Points Waste Waste Containers Collection and Trucks Collection Frequency Frequency Waste and Optimization of trucks Waste Containers Containers and Trucks Trucks Optimization of Human resources Optimization of trucks trucks Human Human resources resources

39 39 39

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

a) Waste Collection Points (WCP) a) Waste Collection Points (WCP) a) Waste Collection Points (WCP) Each Waste Collection Point (WCP) will contain one more Collection containers. The(WCP) location waste EachorWaste Point willofcontain collection points constitutes important issue one or Waste more containers. Theanlocation of waste Each Collection Point (WCP) will contain for affecting a number of collection collection points constitutes an location important oneWCTS or more containers. The ofissue waste scheme components such as an crew in-site forcollection WCTS affecting a number ofsize, collection points constitutes important issue storage capacity and all size, which scheme components such as crew in-site for WCTS affecting atrucks, number ofofcollection ultimately controlling cost of collection. storage andthe trucks, all of which schemecapacity components such as crew size, in-site Usually, are and placed in specific ultimately controlling the trucks, cost ofallcollection. storage WCPs capacity ofplaces which near mainWCPs orcontrolling secondary roads (near Usually, are placed in specific places ultimately the cost ofsidewalks, collection. intersections, etc) are or placed near consumers (within near main WCPs or secondary roads (near sidewalks, Usually, in specific places residential areas/units, near or within markets, intersections, etc) or near consumers (within near main or secondary roads (near sidewalks, commercial zones, etc.). residential areas/units, within markets, intersections, etc)restaurant, or near near orconsumers (within commercial restaurant, residential zones, areas/units, near etc.). or within markets, commercial zones, restaurant, etc.). In the Albanian context it is common practice that most of the WCP areitmainly locatedpractice on the In the Albanian context is common side of main roads, within neighbourhoods, and that of the WCP are mainly located on the In most the Albanian context it is common practice only amost few ofroads, them areare dedicated to individual side mainof within neighbourhoods, and thatof the WCP mainly located on the consumers. this WCP network only ofSometimes them are dedicated to individual sidea offew main roads, within neighbourhoods, and proves to are the local terms consumers. Sometimes this context WCPto in network only aappropriate few of them dedicated individual of service provision practical, and costproves appropriate to(easy, the local in network terms consumers. Sometimes thiscontext WCP efficient), nonetheless it has limitations and ofproves serviceappropriate provision (easy, practical, andincostto the local context terms difficulties in matching with consumer efficient), it has limitations of servicenonetheless provision (easy, practical, and and costbehaviour. complain thatconsumer WSP are difficulties in usually matching withlimitations efficient), They nonetheless it has and either too close too far from their behaviour. They usually complain thatresidence, WSP are difficulties in or matching with consumer leading to close the practice of illegal dumping within either too orusually too far from their residence, behaviour. They complain that WSP are our cities. leading to the practice of illegal dumping within either too close or too far from their residence, our cities.to the practice of illegal dumping within leading Figure 3 : WCP network of the City of Koplik our cities. Figure 3 : WCP main network of the City of Koplik WCP roads WCP main roads

Recommendation Start-upsolution solution inexperienced local authorities Recommendation 5: 5: Start-up for for inexperienced local authorities Recommendation 5: Start-up solution for inexperienced local authorities ItRecommendation is strongly recommended that forfor the communes local withauthorities insufficient finances and no 5: Start-up inexperienced It is strongly recommended thatsolution for the communes with insufficient finances and no prior It is strongly recommended that for the with insufficient finances number and no prior experience in waste management, to communes start with the placement of a reduced experience in waste management, to start with the placement of a reduced number of WCP prior inthe waste to start with thewith placement of a reduced of placed in mainmanagement, roads; ItWCP isexperience strongly recommended that for the communes insufficient financesnumber and no placed in the main roads; ofprior WCPexperience placed in the main roads; in waste management, to start with the placement of a reduced number When determining the appropriate of WCP placed in the mainwaste roads;collection points system, there are two focal points that local should upon:waste type of WCP (common or individual) andtwo location frequency Whenauthority determining thedecide appropriate collection points system, there are focal points that of WCP (distance among them). local authority should decide upon: type of collection WCP (common individual) When determining the appropriate waste points or system, thereand are location two focalfrequency points that oflocal WCPauthority (distance among them).upon: type of WCP (common or individual) and location frequency should decide Asof part selectionamong process, in order to select the best option available (in terms of type, WCPof(distance them). location following be considered analyzed: As part frequency), of selectionthe process, in elements order to need selecttothe best optionand available (in terms of type, location frequency), the following elements need to be considered and analyzed:(in terms of type, As part of selection process, in order to select the best option available location frequency), the following elements need to be considered and analyzed:

40 40 40

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Feasibility/ Feasibility/ Practicality Feasibility/ Practicality Practicality

Feasibility and practicality are important elements for ensuring a sound Feasibility and context, practicality are important elements urban for ensuring a sound fit with local such as infrastructure, typology, and fit with local context, such as infrastructure, typology, and characteristics the urban space. Feasibility and of practicality are important elements urban for ensuring a sound characteristics the urban space. fit with local of context, such as infrastructure, urban typology, and characteristics of the urban space.

Recommendation placement/location of the waste collection Recommendation6:6:The The placement/location of the waste collection points points Recommendation 6: The placement/location of the waste collection points It isRecommendation the collection points intheplaces which are easily reachable and 6: The placement/location waste points Itessential is essentialtoto place place the collection points inof places whichcollection are easily reachable and accessible: accessible: e.g. mainly on the main or easily accessible roads or near cross-roads, with It is essential to place the collection points in places which are easily reachable and accessible: e.g. mainly on the main or easily accessible roads or near cross-roads, with the possibility for the possibility truck tocollection charge the waste without complicated reverse movements. e.g. mainly on the main or easily accessible or near cross-roads, with theand possibility for It istruck essential tothe place points inroads places aremovements. easily or reachable accessible: the tofor charge thethe waste without complicated orwhich reverse These problems are the truck to on charge thesources waste without complicated or reverse movements. These problems are These the ofaccessible losing of roads time money), high and risks of and e.g.problems mainly the main or easily or near with theaccidents possibility for sources ofare losing of time (and money), high(and risks ofcross-roads, accidents additional costs of the sources of timewithout (and money), high or risks of accidents and These additional costsare of truck to charge theof waste complicated reverse movements. problems additional costs oflosing reparation. reparation. reparation. the sources of losing of time (and money), high risks of accidents and additional costs of reparation.

Local standards Local standards (if in place) Local standards (if in place) (if in place) Ownership and Ownership and responsibility Ownership and responsibility responsibility

Local standards and rules are important elements to ensure equitable Local and and rulesatare elements ensure equitable accessstandards to residents theimportant same time to avoidtoillegal changes of access to points. residents theimportant same time to avoidtoillegal changes of collection Local standards and and rulesatare elements ensure equitable collection access to points. residents and at the same time to avoid illegal changes of collection points. Defining the property rights of the premises where the collection point Defining the property of the premises where theforcollection will be located is veryrights important. The responsibility cleaningpoint and will be located is very important. Theand responsibility cleaningpoint and maintaining should also be of assigned clarified. Defining theitproperty rights the premises where theforcollection maintaining it should alsoimportant. be assigned clarified. for cleaning and will be located is very Theand responsibility maintaining it should also be assigned and clarified.

It entails allocating the locations of the collection points in a way that the It entails allocating the locations of the collectionminimizing points in atherefore way that the distance inhabitant-collection point is minimal, distance inhabitant-collection point is minimal, minimizing chances of illegal dumping, and discouraging consumers It entails allocating the locations of the collection points in from atherefore wayusing that the chances of illegalsystem dumping, and discouraging using the waste collection in any improper way. consumers distance inhabitant-collection point is minimal, minimizingfrom therefore waste collection in any way. consumers from using the chances of illegalsystem dumping, andimproper discouraging waste collection system in any improper way. Recommendation7:7:Definition Definition ofofthe thresholds for WCP Recommendation thedistance distance thresholds forplacement WCP placement Recommendation 7: Definition of the distance thresholds for WCP placement Local authorities may define and approve thresholds/limitations (e.g. via local rules) for Recommendation 7:define Definition ofapprove the distance thresholds for WCP placement LocalLocal authorities maymay and thresholds/limitations (e.g. via local for authorities define and approve thresholds/limitations (e.g. via localrules) rules) for allowable distances of WCP from commercial or residential units or for the distances between allowable WCP fromfrom commercial or thresholds/limitations residential or or forfor thethe distances allowable of WCP commercial or residential units distances between Localdistances authorities may define and approve (e.g. via local between rules) for WCPs (fordistances moreofinformation see the Recommendations 9). units (fordistances more information see Recommendations 9). WCPsWCPs (for more information seefrom thethe Recommendations 9). units or for the distances between allowable of WCP commercial or residential WCPs (for more information seenumber the Recommendations Usually high of WCP and9).individual schemes results in higher Usually high number of WCP individual schemes results higher Costs, service costs. Therefore, whileand deciding on the adequate and inthe best Costs, service costs. Therefore, whileand deciding on the adequate and best waste scheme LGUs have to take into account whether the Usuallycollection high number of WCP individual schemes results inthe higher affordability and waste scheme LGUs have to take into account whether the affordability and Costs, servicecollection costs be afforded, the community and LGU budget. costs.can Therefore, whilebydeciding on the adequate and the best effectiveness service costs canscheme be afforded, byhave the community and LGU budget. waste collection LGUs to take into account whether the affordability and effectiveness service costs can be afforded, by the community and LGU budget. effectiveness Health and Health safety and safety Health and considerations safety considerations considerations

Recommendation 8: Reduce the number of WCP for small communes Recommendation 8: Reduce the number of WCP for small communes Recommendation 8: Reduce the number of WCP for small communes In order to provide simple and affordable waste schemes and reduce the cost of Recommendation 8: Reduce the number of WCP forcollection small communes In order to provide simple and affordable should waste collection schemes the andnumber reduce of theWCP cost or of recollection, small communes (especially), consider reducing

In order provide simple and affordable waste collection schemes and cost recollection, small communes (especially), should consider reducing the number of or In to order to provide simple and affordable waste collection schemes andreduce reducethe theWCP cost of of alternatively, make use of common schemes, rather than individual schemes. recollection, smallsmall communes (especially), should consider reducing the alternatively, makecommunes use of common schemes, rather than individual recollection, (especially), should consider reducingschemes. thenumber numberof ofWCP WCP or or alternatively, makemake use of common schemes, than schemes. alternatively, use of common schemes, rather thanindividual individual schemes. 41rather 41 41

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

When local authorities have specific local objectives, e.g. reduction of waste quantity, they have select local an appropriate waste collection When local authorities havetospecific objectives, e.g. reduction of Compliance with When authorities haveobjectives. specific local objectives, e.g. reduction of systemlocal in regards of these An appropriate effective segregation system waste quantity, they have to select an waste collection the local with Compliance waste quantity, they have to select an appropriate waste collection is based individual or door-to-door collection system rather than on When local authorities have specific local objectives, e.g. reduction of system inon regards of these objectives. An effective segregation system Compliance with objectives system in regards of these objectives. Antrue effective system the local thebased common schemes; the if system yousegregation want tocollection offer a waste quantity, they have to same select isan appropriate waste is on individual or door-to-door collection rather than on the local Compliance with is basedinon individual or door-to-door collection system rather than on objectives personalized waste collection to a sizeable consumer. system regards of these objectives. An effective segregation system the common schemes; the same is true if you want to offer a objectives the local thebased common schemes; the same iscollection true if system you want to than offer on a is on individual or door-to-door rather personalized waste collection to a sizeable consumer. personalized collection a sizeable consumer. objectives the commonwaste schemes; the tosame is true if you want to offer a Other personalized waste collection to a sizeable Further to the aforementioned factors, consumer. the following ought to be considerations Other considered also when determining the location the WCP:ought to be Further to the aforementioned factors, the offollowing Other Further to the aforementioned factors, the following ought to be considerations considered also when determining the location of the WCP: considerations Other considered determining factors, the location the WCP:ought to be Further to also the when aforementioned the offollowing considerations considered also when determining the location of the WCP:by the urban (i) Urban Density - the density of collection points is strongly influenced (inhabitants businesses) of a given area; (i) density Urban Density - theordensity of collection points is strongly influenced by the urban (i) Street Urban Density - -the density of collection is strongly influenced the urban (ii) an influence thepoints positioning of the collectionbypoints. It is density Cleaning (inhabitantshas or businesses) ofon a given area; density (inhabitants ordensity businesses) a given area; advisable to plan- WCP closer to collection theofstreets topositioning be cleaned a regular basis, order (i) Street Urban Cleaning Density of is strongly influenced bypoints. thein urban (ii) -the has an influence on thepoints ofon the collection It is (ii) Street Cleaning - has an on the positioning of the collection points. It is to facilitate collection of influence cleaning residues; density (inhabitants or businesses) a given advisable tothe plan WCP closer to theofstreets to area; be cleaned on a regular basis, in order advisable to plannetwork WCP to theand streets be cleaned a regular basis, in order (iii) WCP helps the placement of new collection (ii) Existing Street Cleaning - has closer an oninfluences thetopositioning ofon the collection points. It is to facilitate the collection of- influence cleaning residues; to facilitate the collection of cleaning residues; pointsto add new points or new containers if you want to on upgrade existing schemes. advisable to plan WCP closer to the streets to be cleaned a regular basis, in order (iii) Existing WCP network - helps and influences the placement of new collection (iii) Existing WCP network ofcleaning helps and influences the placement of new collection to facilitate thenew collection residues; pointsto add points or new containers if you want to upgrade existing schemes. pointsadd points or new containers if you want to for upgrade existing The following tabletorecommends some average standards different typesschemes. of urban (iii) Existing WCPnew network - helps anddistance influences the placement of new collection areas: pointsadd new points or new containers if you want to for upgrade existing The following tabletorecommends some average distance standards different typesschemes. of urban The following table recommends some average distance standards for different types of urban areas: areas: The following table recommends some average distance points standards for different Recommendation 9: Average distances of collection for different urbantypes areas of urban areas: Recommendation 9: Average distances of collection points for different urban areas Recommendation 9: Average distances of collection points for different urban areas Recommendation 9: AverageVery distances points for different urban areas denseof collection Dense Moderate Rare Type of area (m) Recommendation 9: Average distances of collection points for different urban areas Very dense Dense Moderate Rare Type of area (m) Type Average of area (m) VeryVery dense Dense Moderate Rare 100 100-150 150-250 250-400 dense Dense Moderate Rare Type of distances area (m) Average distances 100 100-150 150-250 250-400 Very100 dense Dense Moderate Rare Type of distances area (m) Average 100-150 150-250 250-400 Average distances 100 100-150 150-250 250-400 It is strongly recommended that for the communes with insufficient finances and lacking distances 100 150-250 250-400 proper experience in waste management, to 100-150 start with ainsufficient rare WCP network (distances It is strongly recommended that that for the with insufficient finances and lacking It isAverage strongly recommended for communes the communes with finances and lacking It is strongly recommended that for the communes with is insufficient finances and lacking between WCP-s of around 400 m or more). Once the system in operation, in a second phase, experience in waste management, to start a rare WCP network (distances properproper experience in waste management, to start withwith a rare WCP network (distances proper experience in waste management, to can start with ainsufficient rare WCPfinances network (distances It is strongly recommended that for the communes with and lacking the number of collections points and containers be increased according to the needs. between WCP-s of around 400 m or more). Once the system is in operation, in a second phase, between WCP-s of around 400400 m morormore). thesystem systemis is in operation, a second between WCP-s of around more).Once Once the operation, in ain second phase, proper experience in waste management, to can start with a in rare WCP network (distances the number of collections points and containers be increased according to the needs. phase,the the number of collections pointscontainers and containers can be increased according to the number of collections increased needs. between WCP-s of aroundpoints 400 mand or more). Oncecan thebe system is in according operation,to inthe a second phase, needs. Even though they are equally important, usually it is difficult to fulfil all according these elements: the number of collections points and containers can be increased to the needs. Even though they are equally important, usually it is difficult to fulfil all these elements: Even though they are equally important, usually it isdecision difficult of toWCP fulfil all these elements: Recommendation 10: Considerations for final Even though they are equally important, usually it isdecision difficult of toWCP fulfil all these elements: Recommendation 10: Considerations for final Recommendation 10: Considerations for final decision of WCP The final decision of WCP should comply with legal requirements and (possibly) represent Recommendation 10: Considerations final decision of WCP Recommendation Considerations forfor final decision of WCP the best system (less comply costly and more that to localrepresent context The final economical decision 10: of WCP should with legal economical) requirements and fits (possibly) The final decision of WCP should comply with legal requirements and (possibly) represent (feasible), fulfils health considerations, and is in accordance with thefits local on the best economical system (less costly and more economical) that to objectives local context the best economical system (less costly and more economical) that fits to local context The final of WCP should comply with legal requirements and (possibly) represent The decision final decision of WCP should comply with legal requirements and (possibly) represent waste minimization. (feasible), fulfils health considerations, and is in accordance with the local objectives on (feasible), fulfils system health considerations, and is more in accordance with the local objectives on the best (less costly and more economical) that fits toto local the economical best economical system (less costly and economical) that fits local context context waste minimization. waste minimization. (feasible), fulfils health considerations, andand is in (feasible), fulfils health considerations, is accordance in accordancewith withthe thelocal localobjectives objectives on b) Waste Collection Frequency wastewaste minimization. minimization. b) Waste Collection Frequency For the to run effectively, the collection frequency needs to be b) waste Wastecollection Collectionservice Frequency determined carefully. The collection concerns and affectsfrequency directly the collection For the waste collection service to frequency run effectively, the collection needs to be b) waste Wastecollection Collectionservice Frequency For the to waste run effectively, the collection needs to be points, the number of containers and trucks utilized, as well asfrequency cost and the effectiveness. determined carefully. The collection frequency concerns and affects directly collection determined carefully. The service collection frequency concerns and affectsfrequency directly the collection For thethe waste collection to waste run effectively, the collection needs to be points, number of containers and trucks utilized, as well as cost and effectiveness. points, the number of containers and waste trucks utilized, as well as cost and effectiveness. determined carefully. The collection frequency concerns and affects directly the collection points, the number of containers and waste trucks 42 utilized, as well as cost and effectiveness. 42 42 42

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Usually, LGUs or service providers contracted by them, organize daily waste collection schemes Usually, LGUs or service providers contracted byresidential them, organize waste (even twice a day in very dense commercial and areas)daily leading to collection increasedschemes costs. (even twice a day in very dense commercial and residential areas) leading to increased costs. Usually, LGUs or service providers contracted by them, organize daily waste collection schemes The following analysis is to be conducted while theareas) appropriate collection frequency: (even twice a day in very dense commercial andselecting residential leading to increased costs. The following analysis is It to be supposed conducted while appropriate is to be selecting easy for the local authority collection or servicefrequency: provider to It is supposed to be easy for basis local authority or provider to Number of the waste on selecting a daily (7 days collection a service week),frequency: requiring a The following to be conducted while the appropriate Number of analysis is collect collect the waste on a daily basis (7 days a week), requiring a containers minimum number of containers. Nonetheless, often the cheapest It is supposed to be easy for local authority or service provider to containers minimum number of containers. Nonetheless, often the cheapest Number of solution is to have the ‘lower frequencyhigher number of containers’ collect the on ‘lower a dailyfrequencybasis (7 higher days anumber week),of requiring a solution is towaste have combination the containers combination. This would result in reducing thecontainers’ operation minimum number of containers. Nonetheless, often the cheapest combination. Thistimes combination would result in reducing the operation cost by as the frequency recollection. solution is many to have the as ‘lower frequency-of number of containers’ cost by as many times as the frequency ofhigher recollection. combination. This combination would result in reducing the operation At times, the collection frequency is many determined by the the given number of containers, this can lead cost by as times as of recollection. At the collection frequency is determined by the frequency given number of containers, thiseconomic can lead to times, inappropriate results. The reverse is recommended, though, selects the most to inappropriate results. and Thethen reverse is recommended, though, selects the most economic frequency of recollection estimates the number of containers. At times, the collection frequency determined the given number of containers, this can lead frequency of recollection and thenisestimates the by number of containers. to inappropriate results. The reverse is recommended, though, selects the most economic frequency of recollection and then estimates the number of containers. Climatic conditions, locality specific requirements (e.g. for typical Specific Climatic conditions, locality typical Specific consumers like markets, etc),specific and therequirements conditions of(e.g. the for containers conditions consumers like markets, etc), and the conditions of the containers (open or closed containers) may influence the decision on collection conditions Climatic locality may specific requirements (e.g.onfor typical Specific (open or conditions, closed containers) influence theshould decision collection frequency. The following etc), recommendations be considered consumers like markets, and the conditions of the containers frequency. following recommendations should be considered conditions according toThe specific circumstances: (open or closed containers) may influence the decision on collection according to specific circumstances: frequency. The following recommendations should be considered Recommendation 11:according Collectiontofrequencies based on climate and the type of the containers specific circumstances: Recommendation 11: Collection frequencies based on climate and the type of the containers

Recommendation frequencies based on climate type of the Recommendation11: 11: Collection Collection frequencies based on climate and the and type the of the containers Given the Albanian climate, characterized by hot and humid weather, urban waste must be containers Given the Albanian climate, characterized by hot and humid weather, urban waste must be collected at least twice a week, as the decomposing urban wastes produce bad odor and collected at least twice a week, as the decomposing urban wastes produce bad odor and

For specific locations or consumers tohot be such asweather, markets,urban beaches, commercial Givenleakage. the Albanian climate, characterized byby and urban waste must Given the Albanian climate, characterized hotserved and humid humid weather, waste must be leakage. For specific locations or consumers to be served such as markets, beaches, commercial centers, waste collection schemes aredecomposing recommended. be collected at twice a week, week, asthe the decomposing urban wastes produce collecteddaily at least least as urban wastes produce badbad odorodor and centers, daily waste collection schemes are recommended. Sealed closed containers allow a collection frequency up to as three days, whilst open and leakage. For specific locations orforconsumers be served markets, beaches, leakage.orFor specific locations or consumers to be to served suchof assuch markets, beaches, commercial Sealed or closed containers allow for a collection frequency of up to three days, whilst open and unsealed containers require daily collection. centers, daily waste collection schemes are recommended. commercial centers, daily waste collection schemes are recommended. and unsealed containers require daily collection. Sealed or closed containers allow a collection frequencyofofupuptotothree threedays, days,whilst whilstopen open Sealed or closed containers allow forfor a collection frequency and unsealed containers require daily collection. and unsealed containers require daily collection. Collection efficiency largely depends on the demography of the area Other Collection efficiency largelycommunity, depends on the where demography of theplace. area (such as income groups, etc.), it is taking Other (such as income groups, community, etc.), where you it ismust taking place. considerations Therefore, when determining collection frequency, consider Collection efficiency largely depends onfrequency, the demography of the area considerations Therefore, when determining collection you must consider Other the following: (such as income groups, community, etc.), where it is taking place. the following: considerations Therefore, when determining collection frequency, you must consider (i) Cost, e.g., collection frequency reduces the cost as it involves fewer theoptimal following: (i) Cost, optimal collection frequency reduces the cost as it involves fewer trucks, e.g., employees, and reduction in total route distance; trucks, employees, and reduction in total route distance; (ii) Storage space, e.g., less frequent collection maythe require storage space (i) Cost, e.g., optimal collection frequency reduces cost more as it involves fewer (ii) Storage space, e.g., frequent collection may require more storage space (more containers) inand theless area; trucks, employees, reduction in total route distance; (more containers) in the area; (iii) Sanitation, e.g., e.g., frequent reduces concerns about health, safety and (ii) Storage space, less collection frequent collection may require more storage space (iii) Sanitation, e.g., frequent collection reduces concerns about health, safety and nuisance associated witharea; stored refuse. (more containers) in the nuisance associated with stored refuse. (iii) Sanitation, e.g., frequent collection reduces concerns about health, safety and c) Waste Containers and Trucks nuisance associated with stored refuse. c) Waste Containers Trucks In-site storage (containers andand bins) and transportation trucks are important components of the In-site storage (containers and bins) and quality transportation trucks of arethe important components of are the collection scheme. The standardization, quantity containers and trucks c) Waste Containers and Trucksquality and collection scheme. The standardization, and quantity of the containers and trucks are key elements reduce theand cost of the and guaranteeing qualitative and sustainable In-site storageto bins) andcollection transportation trucks are important components of the key elements to(containers reduce the cost of the collection and guaranteeing qualitative and sustainable service. collection scheme. The standardization, quality and quantity of the containers and trucks are service. key elements to reduce the cost of the collection and guaranteeing qualitative and sustainable service. 43 43

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

There are two important elements influencing selection of both the containers and the trucks: There are two important elements influencing selection of both the containers and the trucks: Selection of the appropriate type Estimationofofthe theappropriate adequate in-site Selection type storage capacity Determine of thethe need for the in-site waste storage trucks. capacity Estimation adequate

Determine the need for the waste trucks. Containers should be functional and suitable for the amount and type of Selection of the materials and collection vehicles used. Containers should Containers should be functional and suitable for the amount andalso type be of appropriate type Selection of the durable, easy to handle,vehicles and economical, as well should as resistant to materials and collection used. Containers also be appropriate type corrosion, weather conditions and animals. durable, easy to handle, and economical, as well as resistant to corrosion, weather conditions and animals. Recommendation12: 12: Selection ofof thethe appropriate type type of container Recommendation Selection appropriate of container Recommendation 12: Selection of the appropriate type of container For instance, in the context, the the standardized metal containers are For instance, in Albanian the Albanian context, standardized metal containers aremore morefavorable favorable thanFor plastic containers, as they provide more durability (e.g., are more resistant considering than plastic containers, as they provide more durability (e.g., are more resistant considering instance, in the Albanian context, the standardized metal containers are more favorable the fact iscontainers, a ishigh risk of being damaged or or setset on(e.g., fire, and easier totorepair), and the there fact there a high ofprovide being damaged on fire, and easier repair), and than plastic as risk they more durability are more resistant considering accessibility for both the residents and the collection crew to do job. accessibility for both the residents and the collection crew to do the job. the fact there is a high risk of being damaged or set on fire, and easier to repair), and If they are planned use, then plastic containers they areare lighter and If they are planned for for internal use, then plastic containers are preferred they lighter accessibility for both theinternal residents and the collection crew toare dopreferred the job. asas easily and If easily manageable. they manageable. are planned for internal use, then plastic containers are preferred as they are lighter and

easily manageable. The 1.1m3-container is mostly used by local government as it seems appropriate to the existing 3 because it.is easily manageable for short distances (while larger container such as WCP type The 1.1m -container 3is mostly used by local government as it seems appropriate to the existing the 1.7, 2.4 or 3.2 mit.is areeasily not so current for WCP system), and at the same can store large WCP type because manageable for short distances (while largertime container such as 3 amounts of or waste (better thansosmaller-size typessystem), like 0.07-0.15 However, containers the 1.7, 2.4 3.2 m are not current for WCP and atm3). the same time such can store large need specifically mechanized truck-mounted loading equipment. amounts of wasteselected (better than smaller-size types like 0.07-0.15 m3). However, such containers

need specifically selected mechanized truck-mounted loading equipment. As far as public health and safety is concerned, both service providers and households/businesses pay very littlesafety attention keep waste both containers closed or covered to As far as public health and is toconcerned, service providers and prevent odors spreading and ensuring higher standards on public health and safety. households/businesses pay very little attention to keep waste containers closed or covered to prevent odors spreading and ensuring higher standards on public health and safety. Judging by the facts, it would appear that there seems tobybethe an facts, agreement between parties to Judging it would appearallthat there keep the uncovered/open. In parties fact, such seems to containers be an agreement between all to behavior comes asuncovered/open. a result of poor consumer keep the containers In fact, such awareness, lack of rule enforcement, and the lack behavior comes as a result of poor consumer of clean/serviceable containers. awareness, lack of rule enforcement, and the lack of clean/serviceable containers. Recommendation 13: Ensuring hygiene of the containers Recommendation 13: Ensuring hygiene of the Recommendation 13: Ensuring hygiene containers Health and safety concerns require for the of the containers containers be concerns more hygienic Health and to safety require (washed for the Health and safety concerns require asks for the regularly 2-3 times/ month). Also, for containers to be more hygienic it (washed containers be more hygienic more public awareness activities, increased regularly 2-3to times/ month). Also, it (washed askslocal for regularly times/ month). Also, it including askslocal for rules public and2-3 regulations enforcement, more awareness activities, increased more public awareness activities, increased contractual agreements. rules and regulations enforcement, including local rulesagreements. and regulations enforcement, contractual including contractual agreements.

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

In In order order to to determine determine the the number number of of containers containers needed needed for for a a waste waste Estimate adequate adequate Estimate collection scheme, scheme, we we need need to to identify identify and and estimate estimate waste waste production production collection capacity of capacity of In order to determine the number of containers needed for a (in waste Estimate adequate for for the the whole whole waste waste area, area, parts parts of of it, it, or or for for a a specific specific consumer consumer (in the the containers containers (in-site (in-site collection scheme,waste we need to identify and estimate waste production case of individual collection). capacity of case of individual waste collection). storage) storage) for the whole waste area, parts of it, or for a specific consumer (in the containers (in-site case of individual waste collection). storage) It is is necessary necessary to to consider consider the the annual annual variation variation and and the the additional additional production production of of waste, waste, for for e.g. e.g. itit It is approximately approximately 10% 10% more more waste waste during during the the summer summer period period than than the the rest rest of of the the year. year. Following, Following, is is necessary to consider the annual variation and the additional production of waste, for waste e.g. it itIt it is is necessary necessary to to select select an an adequate adequate collection collection frequency frequency in in order order to to determine determine the the waste is approximately 10% more waste during the quantity to be be collected collected in each each collection day:summer period than the rest of the year. Following, quantity to in collection day: it is necessary to select an adequate collection frequency in order to determine the waste quantity to be is collected in each collection day: If not on a basis (7 every consequent collection will If waste waste not collected collected a daily daily basis (7 days/week), days/week), every consequentcollection collection round round If waste is notiscollected on aon daily basis (7 days/week), every consequent round will will need to take double or triple quantities etc., e.g. 2-3 times of daily production. need to take double or triple quantities etc., e.g. 2-3 times of daily production. is not collected a daily basis days/week), every consequent collection round will need Iftowaste take double or tripleonquantities etc.,(7e.g. 2-3 times of daily production. need to take double or triple quantities etc., e.g. 2-3 times of daily production. Having determined determined the the daily daily quantity quantity for for the the waste waste area, area, the the next next step step is is to to estimate estimate the the total total Having volume volume of of containers, containers, taking taking into into account account an an estimation estimation of of the the waste waste density density in in the the container. container. Having determined the daily quantity for the of waste area,(2010) the next step is to estimate the total Waste Waste production production measurements measurements in in the the city city of Shkodra Shkodra (2010) have have shown shown a a density density varying varying volume of containers, taking into account an estimation of the waste density in the container. considerably from: from: 0.075 0.075 to to 0.160 0.160 ton/m3 ton/m3 in in 1100 1100 liters liters containers, containers, with with an an average average of of 0.112 0.112 considerably 3 Waste3.production measurements in the city of Shkodra (2010) have shown a density varying ton/m ton/m . This This density density is is significantly significantly conditioned conditioned by by cartoons cartoons and and organic organic waste. waste. considerably from: 0.075 to 0.160 ton/m3 in 1100 liters containers, with an average of 0.112 ton/m3Recommendation . This density is significantly cartoons and organic waste. 14: the containers Recommendation 14: Calculate Calculateconditioned the need need for forby containers Recommendation 14: Calculate the need for containers Recommendation 14: Calculate the need for containers 3 is recommended in urban areas, and 0.15 ton/m 3 An average average estimation of 0.1 0.1 ton/m in average An estimation of ton/m is recommended urban areas,and and0.15 0.15 ton/m ton/m3 33inin  An estimation of 0.1 ton/m is 3recommended in in urban areas, rural areas; rural areas; rural areas; 3 3 in An averagethe estimation of 0.1 ton/m recommended in urban areas,atand 0.15level ton/m of total is number of required a city can be Following, Following, the calculation calculation of the the number of containers containers required city levelcan canbe be  Following, the calculation of the totaltotal number of containers required atat a acity level rural areas; done, taking taking into into account account the the standard standard type type of of the the container container and and using using the the coefficient coefficient of of done, done, taking into account the standard type of the container and using the coefficient of container Following,filling the calculation the in total number of containers required at a city level can be at a a level level of ofof85% 85% order to prevent prevent overfilling: container filling at in order to overfilling: container filling a level of 85% in daily order to prevent done, takingatinto account the standard type of theoverfilling: container and 33using the coefficientofof Total )/standard Total number number of of containers containers = = daily quantity/density quantity/density (in (in ton/m ton/m )/standard volume volume of 3 container filling at a level of 85% in order to prevent overfilling: Total number of containers = daily quantity/density (in ton/m )/standard volume of container/0.85; container/0.85; 3 Total in number of containers quantity/density (in ton/m )/standard of 33 daily Usually Albania the 1.1 1.1 m m= container is used used for for common/public common/public wastevolume collection container/0.85; Usually in Albania the container is waste collection 3 container/0.85;  Usually in Albania the 1.1 m container is used for common/public waste collection scheme, while while smaller smaller types types (0.1-0.24m3) (0.1-0.24m3) are are used used for individual individual schemes. schemes. scheme, Usually in smaller Albania types the 1.1 m3 container usedfor forindividual common/public waste collection 3 scheme, while (0.1-0.24m ) areisused schemes. scheme, while smaller types (0.1-0.24m3) are used for individual schemes. The The required required number number of of containers containers may may not not initially initially be be a a perfect-fit perfect-fit for for the the situation, situation, which which is is perfectly understandable for a first time; an experimentation period of two months should perfectly understandable for a first time; an experimentation period of two months should be be The required number of period, containers ismay not initially be a perfect-fit for the situation, which is allowed. Following this necessary to check check the percentage percentage of fullness fullness of all all allowed. Following this period, itit is necessary to the of of perfectly understandable for aadditional first time;number an experimentation period of twoormonths should be containers and estimate the of necessary containers, the necessity to containers and estimate the additional number of necessary containers, or the necessity to allowed. Following this Proper period, it is necessary to check thecapacity percentage of fullness of the all change change their their location. location. Proper estimation estimation of of on-site on-site storage storage capacity and and correction correction of of the containers and estimate the additional number of necessary containers, or the necessity to number of of containers containers will will minimize minimize waste waste collected collected outside outside containers containers and and ensure ensure maximum maximum number change their location. Proper the estimation of ofon-site storage capacity and correction of cost the efficiency. The latter, through increase collection speed, crew size and service efficiency. The latter, through the increase of collection speed, crew size and service cost number of containers will minimize waste collected outside containers and ensure maximum reduction. reduction. efficiency. The latter, through the increase of collection speed, crew size and service cost reduction.

45 45 45

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Recommendation 15: Checking procedure to evaluate the need for new containers  Count of the containers 100% full; to evaluate the need for new containers Recommendation 15: Checking procedure  Estimate to what extent the containers are filled (in %), and mark them; Count of the 100% full; containers;  Unload into the containers truck all the marked Estimate to what extent the containers are filled (in %), and mark them;  Throw into the container any waste found on the pavement; following, estimate how Unload into the truck all the marked containers; full the containers are, and then load them onto the truck. Throw into the container any waste found on the pavement; following, estimate how  Thefull addition of the total the volume of one container will the containers are, volume and thenunloaded load themdivided onto thebytruck. theaddition requiredofnumber containers: giveThe the totalofvolume unloaded divided by the volume of one container will Required of containers volume unloaded/ volume of 1 container give theno. required number=ofTotal containers: Required no. of containers = Total volume unloaded/ volume of 1 container

Determine the need for the waste truck

In order to determine the required number of waste pickup trucks, first we need to estimate the total daily waste production rate (in ton, and waste density in truck, which differs from the waste density in the containers). Following the pre-selection of suitable waste trucks to fit the waste scheme (road network access and waste area characteristics considered) and the container type, the average time for a full round-trip is calculated.

Based on this calculation we can establish the number and total time for round-trips per vehicle. Under certain circumstances, the number of the trucks is affected by the time of transportation from the town to the landfill or to the transfer station (for e.g. further than 5-km from waste area where there is no transfer station involved). Sometimes, a larger waste truck is preferred when direct hauling is chosen to transport waste to final disposal, located in a certain distance. The following graphic illustrates the recommended basic steps to determine the amount and characteristics of the waste pickup trucks:

Determine no. of waste trucks Determine no. of waste trucks

Estimate waste to be collected Estimate waste a day towithin be collected within a day

Define vehicle that fit to waste Define vehicle thatcollection fit to waste scheme collection scheme

Check if they ﬁt to waste Check if they area ﬁt to waste characteristics area characteristics

Check if is appropriate Check if isto a given distance appropriate toto a ﬁnal disposal given distance to ﬁnal disposal

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Calculation of the number of waste containers and vehicles for the Commune of Milot20

Calculation of the number of waste containers and vehicles for the Commune of Milot20 20 amount No of consumers Generation Daily amount of Milot Annual Calculation of the number of waste containers and vehicles forrate the Commune Step 1: Estimate no. kg/inh./dy ton/dy ton/yr Step Estimate waste1:generation Inhabitants 11000 0.6 6.6 2409 waste generation Step 1: Small business 135 8.5 1.2 421

Estimate waste generation

Large business Institutions

Total

0.0

1.1

416

8.9

3246

Within commune boundaries areare generated tons/year; Within commune boundaries generated3246 3246 tons/year; Within commune boundaries are generated 3246 tons/year;

Step 2: Estimate Step 2: Step 2: Estimate effective timeeffective of Estimate effective time of waste collection time of waste waste collection (without collection (without (without transportation) transportation) transportation) Step 3: Step 3: number of Estimate Estimate containersnumber of containers Step 3:

Estimate number of containers

In reality, the average required time to serve one WCP of 2 containers andrequired to travel to to the other from 3-5 In reality, the average time serve oneWCP, WCP varies of 2 containers and to minutes; In reality, thetravel average to varies serve one WCP of 2 containers and to to required the othertime WCP, from 3-5 minutes; travel totothe other from 3-5 minutes; total needed to charge atechnologic waste technologic truck (that TheThe total timetime needed charge aWCP, wastevaries truck (that operates in 40 Theoperates total time needed to charge a waste technologic truck (that operates WCPin with around 80 containers)goes from 2 to 3.3 hours; 40 WCP with around 80 containers)goes from 2 in to 40 WCP with around 80 containers)goes from 2 to 3.3 hours; 3.3 hours; Anual amount (2010)

Daily amount

Proposed frequency

Urban waste density

container capacity

Coeficient of filling

Need for containers

ton/yr

ton/dy

days/week

ton/m3

no.

Inhabitants

2409

6.6

0.15

1.1

Small business

421

1.2

0.15

1.1

Large business

0.0

0.15

1.1

416

1.1

0.15

1.1

3246

8.9

Institutions

Results: The commune needs needs 6262 containers of 1.1m3; Results: The commune containers of 1.1m3; Step 4: Step 4: number of Estimate Estimate waste Stepvehicles 4:number of waste vehicles Estimate number

of waste vehicles

8 62

Results: The commune needs 62 containers of 1.1m3;

Inhabitants

Annual amount (2010)

Daily amount

No of collection routes a day

ton/yr

ton/dy

Routes/dy.

ton

Trsp./yr.

trsp./dy

no.

3246

8.9

324.6

0.9

vehicle capacity

Required number of Vehicle transport required

Results: needs vehicle of 10which tonscan which canatbe used at Results: It Itneeds oneone vehicle of 10 tons be used 90% of its Results: It needs one vehicle 10its tons which can be used at 90% of its capacity; 90%ofof capacity; capacity;

d) Truck Optimisation d) Truck Optimisation The truck optimisation can be reached through selecting/designing effective collection routes The by truck optimisation canrepair be reached through selecting/designing effective collection routes and ensuring adequate and maintenance of both equipment and trucks. and byare ensuring adequateissues repair and of both equipment and trucks. There some essential that maintenance need to be considered to optimise the use of the truck and There are its some essential issues that need to be considered to optimise the use of the truck and to reduce operation cost: to reduce its operation cost: All the waste must be unloaded from the containers- it takes 21 Waste storage in All the waste1-3 must be unloaded containerstakes approximately minutes to charge afrom 1100the l container of 150it kg . It Waste storage in containers approximately 1-3time minutes charge a 1100isl found container of 150 kg21. It takes 5-10 more if thetosame quantity on the pavement containers takesmust 5-10bemore time ifmanually the same is found on the the pavement and removed (byquantity hand), hence reducing overall and must efficiency. be removed manually (by hand), hence reducing the overall collection collection efficiency. 20

Case-study developed during the coaching session with the center of competences, under 20 implementation of the “dldpphase programsession with the center of competences, under Case-study developed during the2” coaching 21 Technical support for“dldpthe Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008) implementation of the phase 2” program 21 Technical support for the Municipality of Shkodra, (CSD, 2008)

47 47

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

This means that it is very important to adapt the number of containers so that to avoid the waste being dumped on the pavement. On the other hand, large cities represent a vast problem with Thisplacement means that is very important to of adapt the number of containers that to avoid the waste the ofitinadequate number containers in dense urbanizedso areas (often opposed by being dumped on the pavement. On thethe other hand, large cities a vastbut problem with inhabitants or commercial units), where service provider is leftrepresent with no choice to provide the placementand of inadequate number of containers in dense areas (often opposed by an additional costly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; waste collection service during the urbanized peak hours, facing delays from the inhabitants or other commercial units), where the service provider is left with no choice but to provide traffic or from urban barriers. an additional and costly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; waste collection service during the peak hours, facing delays from the traffic Recommendation or from other urban 16: barriers. How to avoid numerous emptying of the containers in commercial areas Recommendation 16: How to avoid numerous emptying of the containers in Recommendation 16: to How to avoid numerous emptying of of the containers in commercial areas commercial At times, areas in order avoid numerous emptying containers within a day, specific timetables are recommended (1-2 hours before waste collection) for different types of Atmeans times, in order toorder avoid emptying of containers within a day, specific timetables At times, in tonumerous avoid numerous emptying of social containers within a collaboration day, specific This that it is important adapt the of containers so that to avoid the waste consumers tovery bring out theirtowaste. Thisnumber would need acceptance and are dumped recommended (1-2enforcement hoursOn before waste collection) forcollection) different types of consumers timetables are recommended (1-2 hours before waste for different types being pavement. the other hand, large cities a vast problem withof as well on as the strong measures. This may be arepresent good solution for commercial bring out their waste. This would need social acceptance and collaboration as well as thetoplacement of inadequate number of containers in dense urbanized areas (often opposed by consumers to bring out their waste. This would need social acceptance and collaboration waste in high commercial zones inhabitants or commercial units), where the provider isbelefta for with nosolution choice but to provide strong measures. This measures. mayservice be a This good solution commercial waste in high as enforcement well as strong enforcement may good for commercial an commercial additional costly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; waste collection wasteand inzones high commercial zones service during the peak hours, facing delays from the traffic or from other urban barriers. The containers should be placed in a way that they are easily Good accessibility 16: How to avoid numerous emptying theimportant containersto in avoid commercial accessible by the truck. It is of also urbanareas barriers of Recommendation WCP and The should be of placed Good accessibility such containers as cars parking in front WCP.in a way that they are easily avoidance of At avoid numerous containers a day, by the emptying truck. It is of also importantwithin to avoid urbanspecific barriers of WCPtimes, and in order to accessible barriers such as(1-2 carshours parking in front of WCP. timetables before waste collection) for different types of avoidance of are recommended consumers to bring out their waste. This would need social acceptance and collaboration barriers as well as strong enforcement measures. This may be a good solution for commercial waste in high commercial zones

Good accessibility of WCP and avoidance of barriers

Effective collection of the containers Effective collection of the containers

The containers should be placed in a way that they are easily accessible by the truck. It is also important to avoid urban barriers such as cars parking in front of WCP.

The containers must be grouped in specific WCP, rather than be scattered alongside roads. This would save trucks from having to The containers amounts must beofgrouped specific than be load significant waste atineach stop,WCP, which rather would increase scattered alongsideoperation, roads. This save trucks having to the STOP-and-GO andwould consequently the from operation time load cost. significant amounts of waste at each stop, which would increase and the STOP-and-GO operation, and consequently the operation time and cost.

Figure 4 Adequate placement of the WCP Figure 4 Adequate placement of the WCP

Effective collection of the containers

The containers must be grouped in specific WCP, rather than be scattered alongside roads. This would save trucks from having to load significant amounts of waste at each stop, which would increase the STOP-and-GO operation, and consequently the operation time and cost. 48 48

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Recommendation 17:Initial Initial solution solution for collection routes and gradual extension of it Recommendation 17: forwaste waste collection routes and gradual extension of it Recommendation 17: Initial solution for waste collection routes and gradual extension of it Recommendation 17: Initial solution for waste collection routes and gradual extension of it The most affordable solution would be to stick to main roads and easily accessible routes, at The most affordable solution would be to stick to main roads and easily accessible routes, least in the first period. This would could discourage people from bringing the waste over longer The affordable be to stickpeople to main roads and easily routes, at at least in most the first period.solution This could discourage from bringing the accessible waste over longer The most affordable solution would be to stick to main roads and easily accessible routes, at distances, consequently resulting in illegal dumping in remote areas. Only once a simple least in the first period. This could discourage people from bringing the waste over longer distances, consequently resulting in illegal dumping in remote areas. the Only onceover a simple least in the firstitperiod. This could people from bringing waste longer solution shows is functioning and itillegal is economically feasible, the possibility to extend the distances, consequently resulting indiscourage dumping in remote areas. Only once a simple solution shows itconsequently is evaluated. functioning and it in is economically feasible, theareas. possibility extend the distances, resulting dumping in remote Only to once a simple service can be solution shows it is functioning and itillegal is economically feasible, the possibility to extend the service can be evaluated. solution shows it is functioning and it is economically feasible, the possibility to extend the service can be evaluated. service can be evaluated.

Trucks must be full (85-100 %) at the end of the collection routes, in order reduce the(85-100 cost of %) theattransportation to collection the treatment site. Truckstomust be full the end of the routes, in Trucks be full attransportation the must end of routes, This that the(85-100 collection bethe designed effectively in ordermeans tomust reduce the cost of %) theroutes to collection the treatment site. order to accumulate reduce costwaste of the transportation to theIt treatment site. to quantity for one truck. is effectively important to This means that the the the collection routes must be designed in This means that the collection routes must be designed effectively in avoid transportation of waste to final disposal when the waste truck is order to accumulate the waste quantity for one truck. It is important to order accumulate of thewaste wastetoquantity for onewhen truck.the It is important half-filled. avoid to transportation final disposal waste truck to is avoid transportation of waste to final disposal when the waste truck is half-filled. half-filled. Sometimes, in small towns and communes, large capacity waste vehicles are used for fewer amount of waste, which means they are using vehicles an unproductive way. Sometimes, in small towns andthat communes, largethese capacity wastein vehicles are used for fewer Sometimes, in small towns andthat communes, largethese capacity wastein vehicles are used for fewer amount of waste, which means they are using vehicles an unproductive way. amountRecommendation of waste, which means that they 18: Maximize theare use using of thethese wastevehicles trucks in an unproductive way. Recommendation 18: Maximize the use of the waste trucks Recommendation 18: Maximize the use of the waste trucks The cheaper solution to use the full time making Recommendation 18: is Maximize thetruck use of the waste trucksmore collection routes within a day The cheaper solution is to use the truck full time making more collection routes within aa day (two or three routes a day, and if possible to do more shifts: up to 2 shifts), which requires The cheaper solution is to use the truck full time making more collection routes within day cheaper solution to use theroutes full time making more collection within day better ofaiscollection for truck. For this reason, theroutes possibility toahave (two orThe three routes a day, and if possible to each do more shifts: upup toto2 2shifts), which requires (two ororganization three routes day, and if truck possible to do more shifts: shifts), which requires ororganization three routes day, and ifreduce possible totruck. dotruck. more shifts: up to 2the shifts), which to requires various LGUs share aavehicle canroutes collection costs further. better (two organization of collection routes for each ForFor this reason, better of collection for each this reason, thepossibility possibility tohave have better organization of collection routes for each truck. For this reason, the possibility to have various LGUs shareshare a vehicle cancan reduce collection costs further. various LGUs a vehicle reduce collection costs further. various LGUs share a vehicle can reduce collection costs further. Traffic congestion can reduce service efficiency. There are a number Avoid traffic of ways as to how avoid service urban efficiency. barriers. Collection are Traffic congestion cantoreduce There arehours a number barriers Avoid traffic Traffic congestion can reduce service efficiency. There arehours acollection number important aspects to to be considered when planning waste of ways as to how avoid urban barriers. Collection are Avoid traffic barriers of ways as to how to avoid urban when barriers. Collection are services, which mostly affect truck-use effectiveness. Byhours selecting important aspects to be considered planning waste collection barriers important aspects to betimes, considered when planning appropriate collection we can reduce the waste number of the services, which mostly affect truck-use effectiveness. By collection selecting services, which mostly times, affect we truck-use effectiveness. By selecting required trucks. appropriate collection can reduce the number of the appropriate collection times, we can reduce the number of the required trucks. required trucks.of waste collection hours in big cities Recommendation 19: Organization Recommendation 19: Organization of waste collection hours in big cities Recommendation 19: waste collection hours in citiesroads during 19:Organization Organization ofofwaste collection in and big cities ItRecommendation is better to organize the waste collection routes in thehours center in big the main the night shift, or early in the morning (from 5-7:30), before the heavy traffic begins, and It is better to organize the waste collection routes in the center and in the main roads during It is better to organize the waste collection routes in the center and in the main roads It is better to organize the waste collection routes in the center and in the main roads during then proceed to other suburb areas and market places (after 7:30). the night shift, or early in the morning (from 5-7:30), before the heavy traffic begins, and the night or early in the morning (from 5-7:30), the heavy begins, and the night orshift, early the morning (from 5-7:30), before the heavy traffic traffic begins, and then thenshift, to proceed toin other suburb areas and market placesbefore (after 7:30). then to to otherareas suburb areas and market (after 7:30). to proceed toproceed other suburb and market places places (after 7:30). There are other elements that optimize truck routes such as carefully planned routes (both at a macro andother microelements level) considering some route planning rules/principles, aiming to avoid any There are that optimize truck routes such as carefully planned routes (both at a There elements that truck routes such as carefully planned routes (both at a natural andother urban barriers and optimize the vehicle stop-and-drive movement. macro are and micro level) considering some route planning rules/principles, aiming to avoid any macro and considering some planning rules/principles, aiming to avoid any natural and micro urban level) barriers and optimize the route vehicle stop-and-drive movement. Theoptimize state of the thevehicle containers is also a very important factor impacting natural and and urban barriers and stop-and-drive movement. Condition the effectiveness, costs andisefficiency of the entire waste collection The state of the containers also a very important factor impacting maintenance Condition andof The stateAllof the the containers is also very important factor impacting service. inefficiency use amust be inentire a good condition: a the effectiveness, costs and of the waste collection Condition and the containersof maintenance the effectiveness, costs and efficiency of the entire waste collection worker can take a 1100 l container to the truck, but it would require service. All the containers in use must be in a good condition: a maintenance the containersof service. All take the containers in use must in abut good condition: a worker can a 1100 l container to thebe truck, it would require the containers worker can take a 1100 l container to the truck, but it would require 2-3 workers and longer 49 time to take a container to the truck if it is damaged (wheels are broken). 49 49 49 Experience has shown that the waste trucks generally suffer more Conditions and wearing and damage than a normal truck does, because of the maintenance of frequent stop and go, the abrasiveness of the waste, the specific the trucks needs of the hydraulic system, etc. Full loading of the Full truck loading of Full loading of the truck the truck

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management 2-3 workers and longer time to take a container to the truck if it is 2-3 and time damaged (wheels are broken). 2-3 workers workers and longer longer time to to take take a a container container to to the the truck truck ifif it it is is damaged (wheels are broken). 2-3 workers and longer time to take a container to the truck if it is damaged (wheels are broken). Experience has shown that the waste trucks generally suffer more Conditions and damaged (wheels are broken). Experience has shown waste trucks generally suffer wearing and damage than a normal because the Conditions and Experience has shown that that the the waste truck trucksdoes, generally sufferofmore more maintenance of Conditions and wearing and damage than a normal truck does, because of the frequent stop and go, the abrasiveness of the waste, the specific Experience has shown that the waste trucks generally suffer more maintenance of wearing and damage than a normal truck does, because of the Conditions and the trucks maintenance of frequent stop and go, the abrasiveness of the waste, the specific needs of and the hydraulic system, wearing damage than a etc. normal truck does, because of the frequent stop and go, the abrasiveness of the waste, the specific the trucks maintenance of the trucks needs the etc. frequent and go, system, the abrasiveness of the waste, the specific needs of of stop the hydraulic hydraulic system, etc. the trucks When the emptying cycle needs does not work properly, because of the hydraulic system, etc. a container or the wheels are When does work properly, because a or wheels warped, or emptying containerscycle are out of not services, operation is delayed (2-5 minutes more are per When the the emptying cycle does not work the properly, because a container container or the the or wheels are warped, or containers are of services, the operation is (2-5 minutes more per stop) orthe completely blocked, consequently more and increased and timeare of When cycle does work costing properly, because a container or the or wheels warped, or emptying containers are out out of not services, the operation is delayed delayed (2-5personnel minutes or more per stop) or completely blocked, consequently costing more and increased personnel and time using the truck. Also, since technological vehicles will be running during the operation, the warped, or containers are out of services, the operation is delayed (2-5 minutes or more per stop) or completely blocked, consequently costing more and increased personnel and time of of using the truck. Also, since technological vehicles will the delays caused from improper vehicle and containers conditions or the during presence large stop) completely blocked, costing andrunning increased personnel and amount timethe of using or the truck. Also, since consequently technological vehiclesmore will be be running during theofoperation, operation, the delays caused from improper vehicle and conditions or the presence large of waste outside containers, translated into increased waste collection cost. using the truck. Also, sinceare technological vehicles will be running theof the delays caused from improper vehicle and containers containers conditions or the during presence ofoperation, large amount amount of outside containers, translated into waste collection cost. delays caused from improperare vehicle and containers conditions the presence of waste waste outside containers, are translated into increased increased waste or collection cost. of large amount 20: The for maintenance of the truckscollection and containers of wasteRecommendation outside containers, are need translated into increased waste cost. Recommendation Recommendation 20: 20: The The need need for for maintenance maintenance of of the the trucks trucks and and containers containers It is important that waste service andoflocal authorities pay more attention to the Recommendation Theneed need for providers maintenance the trucks and containers Recommendation 20:20: The for maintenance of the trucks and containers It is important that waste service providers and local authorities more the need for strict maintenance of trucks and containers and be aware and evaluate the costto It is important that waste service providers and local authorities pay pay more attention attention tothey the need for strict of trucks and containers and be and evaluate the It is important wasteinservice providers andoperation local authorities pay more attention the have to at maintenance athat moment time from improper vehicles containers. need forface strict maintenance of trucks and containers and beofaware aware andand evaluate the cost costtothey they It is important that waste service providers and local authorities pay more attention to they the have at a time from improper operation vehicles and containers. need forface strict trucks containers and beof and evaluate the cost have to to face at maintenance a moment moment in in of time fromand improper operation ofaware vehicles and containers. need for strict maintenance of trucks and be aware and evaluate the cost they have to face at a moment in timeand fromcontainers improper operation of vehicles and containers. have to face at a moment in time from improper operation of vehicles and containers. e) Waste Collection Human Resource Requirement (operational personnel and e) Collection Human administrative staff) e) Waste Waste Collection Human Resource Resource Requirement Requirement (operational (operational personnel personnel and and e) Waste Collection Human Resource Requirement (operational personnel and administrative staff) administrative staff) One of theadministrative most importantstaff) factors of service cost is the size and the working hours of the waste One most factors of the and hours of collection is therefore necessary to cost find is a way to maintain an optimal, reduced, crew One of of the thecrew. most Itimportant important factors of service service cost is the size size and the the working working hours of the the waste waste collection crew. It is therefore necessary to find a way to maintain an optimal, reduced, crew size; a good and motivating working environment, as well as have a clear job description, One of the most important factors of service cost is the size and the working hours of the waste collection crew. It is therefore necessary to find a way to maintain an optimal, reduced, crew size; and motivating working environment, as well as clear description, effective time allocation of personnel and control. collection crew. It is therefore necessary to find a way maintain ana reduced, crew size; a a good good and motivating working environment, as to well as have have aoptimal, clear job job description, effective time of and control. size; a good and motivating working environment, as well as have a clear job description, effective time allocation allocation of personnel personnel and control. effective time allocation of personnel and control. The optimal crew size normally has two persons per truck but many service providers use larger The normally has truck many service providers use crews (up to crew threesize or four members). Thepersons reasonsper leading to bigger be: The optimal optimal crew size normally has two two persons per truck but but many crews servicecan providers use larger larger crews (up three or members). The reasons leading to be: The optimal normally has two truck but many crews servicecan providers use larger crews (up to to crew threesize or four four members). Thepersons reasonsper leading to bigger bigger crews can be: Elements leading to four personnel increase measures crews (up to three or members). The reasons leading to Possible bigger crews can be:for ‘reducing’ Elements Possible measures for ‘reducing’ personnel Elements leading leading to to personnel personnel increase increase Possible Possiblemeasures measuresfor for‘reducing’ Elements leadingtoto personnel increase personnel Elements leading personnel increase Possible measures for Lack of containers: Verify the fullness of the container personnel ‘reducing’ personnel ‘reducing’ Lack of Verify fullness of the container Part the waste is disposed on the pavement and requires and the the correct number container in personnel Lack of of containers: containers: Verify the fullness of of the container Part the is the and the correct number of container in more time towaste be loaded onto the on truck collection point. Lackof ofcontainers: containers: Verify the fullness of container Lack of Verify the fullness of the the container Part of the waste is disposed disposed on the pavement pavement and and requires requires each and the correct number of container in more time to be loaded onto the truck each collection point. Inappropriate or uniform containers: Use only standard and big containers Part of the waste is disposed on the pavement and requires and the correct number of container in Part of the waste is disposed on the pavement and and the correct number of more time to be loaded onto the truck each collection point. Inappropriate uniform containers: Use only and big If thetime containers are to not appropriate, (small), or varying in (1100 l) standard more to beor onto the truckonto each collection point. Inappropriate orloaded uniform containers: Use only standard and big containers containers requires more time be loaded the truck container in each collection point. If appropriate, or in shapes and sizes, itare willnot take more time to(small), do the same job. Inappropriate or uniform containers: If the the containers containers are not appropriate, (small), or varying varying in Inappropriate or uniform containers: shapes and sizes, sizes, itare will takeappropriate, more time to to(small), do the the same job. Inappropriate truck: If the containers not or varying in shapes and it will take more time do same job. If thetechnological containers are take not appropriate, (small), orcollection varying Inappropriate truck: Only (specific trucks forthewaste shapes and sizes, it trucks will more time to do same job. Inappropriate truck: in shapes andtruck: sizes, itsystem) will take more time do the same Only technological trucks (specific trucks for waste collection with hydraulic loading have sufficient efficiency to be Inappropriate Only technological trucks (specific trucks for to waste collection with hydraulic loading have sufficient efficiency to job. for used waste collection. Only technological truckssystem) (specific trucks for waste collection with hydraulic loading system) have sufficient efficiency to be be used for waste collection. Lack of truck with hydraulic loading used for wastemaintenance: collection. Inappropriate truck:system) have sufficient efficiency to be Lack of truck If thefor system or any other parts of the truck do not used wastemaintenance: collection. Lack ofloading truck maintenance: Only technological trucks (specific trucks for waste If the system any other parts do function properly, the or total working time of willthe betruck significantly Lack truck maintenance: Ifcollection theofloading loading system or any other parts of the truck do not not with hydraulic loading system) have sufficient function properly, the total working time will be significantly longer. If the loading system or any other parts of the truck do not function properly, the total working time will be significantly efficiency to be used for waste collection. longer. Lack of container function properly,maintenance: the total working time will be significantly longer. Lack of container maintenance: longer. Lackofofcontainer truck maintenance: Lack maintenance: Lack containersystem maintenance: If theof loading or any other parts of50the truck

50 50 will be do not function properly, the total working time 50 significantly longer.

(1100 l) Use (1100only l) standard and big containers Use trucks for the waste (1100technological l) Use only All standard and big Use collection. othersfor are waste too Use technological technological trucks trucks for the the waste containers (1100 l) collection. All others are expensive in recollection costs. Use technological trucks for the waste collection. All others are too too expensive collection. All otherscosts. are too expensive in in recollection recollection costs. Regular truck maintenance expensive in recollection costs.for the Use technological trucks Regular truck Regular truck maintenance maintenance waste collection. All others are Regular truck maintenance too expensive in recollection

costs.

Systematic Systematic Systematic Systematic

maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance

of of of of

Regular truck maintenance

the the the the

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Lack of container maintenance: Systematic maintenance of the If the containers (wheels) do not function properly, more containers are required to load amount of waste Ifworkers the containers (wheels) do the not same function properly, more containers workers are required toof load the same amountcleaning: of waste Poor organization WCP and street WCP ought to be cleaned prior to If theorganization containers of (wheels) dostreet not function properly, more WCP containers Poor WCP ought to be cleaned the If the crew of the truckand is also cleaning: required to clean the the crew arriving, so thatprior the to truck workers areofrequired toisload the same amount of waste If the crew the truck also required to clean the streets or the crew arriving, so that the truck stops streets or the WCP, it will require longer time. stops for a minimum time. Poor organization of WCP and street cleaning: WCP ought to be cleaned prior to the WCP, it will require longer time. If theequipment: crew of the truck is also required to clean the streets or the Poor equipment: Poor WCP, it will require longer Crew will take more time to do if their equipment Crew will take more time totime. do the the job ifjob their equipment is not Poor is notequipment: adequate. adequate. Crewsafety will take more time toregulations: do the job if their equipment is not Poor equipment and Poor safety equipment and regulations: adequate. Accidents, which could lead tolead increased personnel costs Accidents, which could to increased personnel Poor safety equipment and regulations: costs Accidents, which could lead to increased personnel costs Poor time management:

for a minimum time. crew arriving, so with that the truck stops Provide crew Providethethe crew good, with working good, for a minimum time. equipment. working equipment. Provide the crew with good, working equipment. Provide the crew with good and

Personnel and truck use optimization22

container, etc).

The collection crew is not properly engaged, e.g. when the Poor management: Poortime time truck goes to management: the landfill. The collection e.g.e.g. when the The collectioncrew crewisisnot notproperly properlyengaged, engaged, when truck goes to the landfill. the truck goes to the landfill.

Provide the crew with good and

simple safety equipment equipment and simple the safety Provide crew with good and and regulations. regulations. simple safety For example: when equipment the driver goesand to regulations. Forlandfill, example: when driver the the crew mustthe do engage For example: when the driver to goes to work the landfill, the goes crew in another process (cleaning the the landfill, the crew must do engage must the do container, engage in another work WCP, etc). in another(cleaning work process the process the(cleaning WCP, the WCP, the container, etc).

Based on the practices in the22region or 22 in the wider Albanian context, there is a continuous Personnel andcurrent trucktruck use optimization Personnel and use optimization trend for local governments to lower the cost of waste collection through: Based the current in of therecollection, region or ine.g. thethe wider context, there providing is a continuous on Decreasing thepractices frequency caseAlbanian of theAlbanian City of Koplik, Based on the current practices in the region orcollection in the wider context, there waste is a trend for local governments to lower the cost of waste through: servicetrend threefor times a week for remotetoareas instead of every day atcollection the rest ofthrough: the city; continuous local governments lower the cost of waste Decreasing the frequency of recollection, e.g. the of the CityofofVelipoja Koplik, which providing waste  Decreasing Using technological trucks (e.g., City of Puka andcase the case Commune ultimately the frequency ofthe recollection, e.g. the of at thethe City ofofKoplik, providing service three times a week for remote areas instead of every day rest the city; want to avoid the use of their open truck and to buy new technological truck for their waste waste service three times a week for remote areas instead of every day at the rest collection Using technological services). trucks (e.g., the City of Puka and the Commune of Velipoja which ultimately of the city; want to avoid the use of their open truck and to buy new technological truck for their waste  Using trucks (e.g., the City of Puka and the Commune of Velipoja which collectiontechnological services). Nevertheless, attention should go to the the services, the cost of truck whichand results in lower collection ultimately want to avoid use of their open to buy newwaste technological expenses. We need to compare the increased costs between the following two options: truckattention for theirshould waste go collection services). Nevertheless, to the services, the cost of which results in lower waste collection expenses. We needwith to compare thepersonnel increasedbut costs between theorfollowing two options: Operating increased faster service, Nevertheless, attention should go to the services, the cost of which results in lower waste Having smaller crew but higher fuel cost for longer service. Operating with increased but faster service, orcosts between the following two collection expenses. We needpersonnel to compare the increased Having smaller crew but higher fuel cost for longer service. options:  Operating with increased personnel but faster service, or  Having smaller crew but higher fuel cost for longer service.

3.2.3 Transfer Station 3.2.3 Transfer Station a) Importance of Transfer Station Importance Transfer Station The a) future municipalof waste management will experience an increase of the overall transportation work deriving from transportation of larger quantities of reusable and recyclable The future municipal waste management willfacilities experience an increase of the overall materials to regional or inter-regional processing and longer transportation distances transportation worktoderiving transportationlandfills. of largerReusable quantitiesand of recyclable reusable and recyclable for residual waste regionalfrom or inter-regional materials will materials to regional inter-regional processing and longer distances need collection and or selection stations, includingfacilities compressing and transportation bailing. Moreover, the for residual regional or inter-regional Reusable(TS) and for recyclable materials will residual partwaste of theto urban waste will require landfills. transfer stations the reduction of the need collection selection transportation costand to the regionalstations, landfill. including compressing and bailing. Moreover, the residual part of the urban waste will require transfer stations (TS) for the reduction of the transportation cost to the regional landfill. 22

LSWMP in the Municipality of Koplik, Puka and Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011)

LSWMP in the Municipality of Koplik, Puka and Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) 51

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

The collection of waste is usually done with small waste trucks, with a capacity varying from 5 to 7 or 10 ton of waste, as they are more convenient to operate in the city area. The cost of transportation from the waste area to the regional landfill is more or less the same for any type of trucks. Fuel consumption and time of transportation for a 5, 7 or 10 ton waste truck is more or less the same as that for a 20 or 30 ton waste truck; Therefore, the cost of transportation per ton of waste is up to 6 times higher with a smaller truck (of 5 to 10 ton) rather than a big one (of 20 to 30 ton). The cost is higher, if the collection vehicle is not 100% full at the end of the collection route (which in reality happens often). This is the main reason why it is cheaper to make the transportation of waste with the big trucks and to raise the interest for a transfer station. The longer the distance to the landfill; the greater the interest for a Transfer Station. (For more information see Annex 2)

International standards to evaluate the need for Transfer Stations Based on World Bank24 standards for developing countries, it is not necessary to build a transfer station if the travel-time to the deposit area is less than 30 min (one way) for a machine that holds up to 5 tons, and not longer than 45 minutes for the vehicles carrying out up to 8 tons. Other guiding distances of 30-40 km can be found in literature as the break-even point for introduction of waste transfer, but this would be accurate only for larger quantities of waste. For distances exceeding these deposition rates, the use of transfer stations is required. (For more information see Annex 2)

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Cost-related analysis of disposal alternatives, Municipality of Koplik

Cost-related disposal alternatives, Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN,analysis 2011) of Cost-related analysis of disposal alternatives, Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) In the case of LSWMP of the Municpality of Koplik, the road distance to transport urban waste of of thethe Municpality of Koplik, the the roadroad distance to transport urbanurban waste In the the case caseofofLSWMP LSWMP Municpality of Koplik, distance to transport from the city of Koplik to the landfill of Bushat is 36km, and the travel time is 43 min if considering from the city the of Koplik to Koplik the landfill of Bushat isof36km, and is the36km, travel time is 43 travel min if considering waste from city of to the landfill Bushat and the time is 43 the average driving speed of 50km/hour. Referring to the threashhold of traveling time of 45 min the average driving the speed of 50km/hour. Referring to the threashhold of traveling time of 45 min min if considering average driving speed of 50km/hour. Referring to the threashhold (see box above), this case results borderline, when it comes to the assessment on the profitability of of (see box above), results borderline, it comes to the assessment on the profitability of traveling time ofthis 45 case min (see box above),when this case results borderline, when it comes to the the need for a transfer station. the need for a transfer station.

assessment on the profitability of the need for a transfer station.

Therefore, if the authorities decide to go transporting to the to landfill of Bushat Therefore, thelocal local authorities decide tofor gothe fordirect the direct transporting the landfill of Therefore, ififthe local authorities decide to go for the direct transporting to the landfill of Bushat they have to replace existing collection (from a capacity tons to aofcapacity of Bushat they have tothe replace thewaste existing waste vehicle collection vehicle (fromof a 55capacity 5 tons to they have to replace the existing waste collection vehicle (from a capacity of tons to a capacity of up to 10tons). Unless the need for a transfer station will be necessary to reduce the cost of a of upUnless to 10tons). Unless need forstation a transfer will be necessary to reduce upcapacity to 10tons). the need for the a transfer will station be necessary to reduce the cost of transportation. The total cost of a regional trasfer station (including all the local goverments of transportation. The total cost of total a regional trasfer stationtrasfer (including all the local goverments of the cost of transportation. The cost of a regional station (including all the local region of Malesia e Madhe) goes up to 660 Lek/ton. region of Malesia e Madhe) goes upetoMadhe) 660 Lek/ton. goverments of region of Malesia goes up to 660 Lek/ton.

c) Transfer Station Types and Design c) Transfer Station Types and Design Important factors to be considered in the designation of Transfer Station include: Important factors to be considered in the designation of Transfer Station include:    

Type ofoftransfer operation to be used Type transfer operation to be used Type of transfer operation to be used Capacity requirements Capacity requirements Capacity requirements Equipment and accessory requirements, and and Equipment and accessory requirements, Equipment and accessory requirements, and Environmental requirements. Environmental requirements. Environmental requirements.

A transfer station should be located as near as possible to the solid waste production areas, A transfer station should be located as near as possible to the solid waste production areas, within easy access to roads, meeting minimal public and environmental objection and optimal within easy access to roads, meeting minimal public and environmental objection and optimal construction and operational costs. construction and operational costs. Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicle, transfer stations may be classified Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicle, transfer stations may be classified into two types: into two types:

Direct discharge Direct discharge Storage discharge Storage discharge d) Transfer Station Organization and Operation d) Transfer Station Organization and Operation

Transfer stations require a minimum of waste quantity, corresponding 20’000 to 30’000 Transfer stations require a minimum of waste quantity, corresponding 20’000 to 30’000 inhabitants in the Albanian context. So that in most cases, they must be organized on an interinhabitants in the Albanian context. So that in most cases, they must be organized on an interlocal or a regional level where one station can be used by various communes or municipalities local or a regional level where one station can be used by various communes or municipalities of the region; the arrangement of the transfer or transportation can be managed by an inter-LGU of the region; the arrangement of the transfer or transportation can be managed by an inter-LGU organization or by a private one. organization or by a private one. In terms of operation, in a direct transfer station, the waste coming from the collection vehicles In terms of operation, in a direct transfer station, the waste coming from the collection vehicles is usually emptied directly into a bigger container (often with a compacting system). Then, the is usually emptied directly into a bigger container (often with a compacting system). Then, the container, when full, is loaded onto a truck and transported to the final disposal destination. container, when full, is loaded onto a truck and transported to the final disposal destination. These stations are constructed in a two-level platform and employ stationary compactors. These stations are constructed in a two-level platform and employ stationary compactors.

53 53

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

In a storage-discharge TS, waste is emptied either into pit storage or onto a platform from which it is loaded onto transport vehicles; In a storage-discharge TS, waste waste can be temporarily stored,is emptied and if either into pit storage orforontorecyclables a platform from preferred, searched or which it is loaded ontoThe transport unacceptable materials. waste vehicles; is then waste can temporarily stored, andbyif pushed into be open-top trailers, usually preferred, searched for recyclables or front-end loaders. unacceptable materials. station, The waste is then There is also compaction where the pushed into open-top trailers, usually by mechanical equipment is used to increase front-end the densityloaders. of waste before it is transferred. There is also the Generally, thiscompaction type of station, station where creates mechanical equipment is used to increase problems of bad smell, leakage and risks of thehence density of not waste before it is transferred. fire, it is recommended. Generally, this type of station creates Figure 5 Illustrative photos of a Municipal Waste problems of bad smell, leakage and risks of Transfer station (Storage discharge type) fire, hence it is not recommended.

3.2.4 Waste Separation

Figure 5 Illustrative photos of a Municipal Waste Transfer station (Storage discharge type)

When planning a waste collection system, it is important to plan waste separation or 3.2.4 Waste Separation segregation schemes, which should be combined with existing waste schemes and be part of the general waste management system. Even if, initially these schemes are an additional cost Whenof planning a wasteorcollection system, it is important to plan waste raiser existing schemes, are seen as complicated for the service provider andseparation the public toor segregation schemes, which should be combined with existing waste schemes and be partbyof follow, they should be seen as future obligations and essential measures to be embraced the general waste management system. Even if, initially these schemes are an additional cost local authorities in accordance with current national policy on waste. raiser of existing schemes, or are seen as complicated for the service provider and the public to follow, they should be seen asoffuture obligations and essential measures to be embraced by The planning and development separation schemes should take into consideration and be local authorities in accordance based on the following issues: with current national policy on waste. The and development of separation schemes should take into consideration and be planning How important is waste separation for local priorities based on thehow following What, muchissues: (waste composition), and where to find the highest quantity of certain wastes; How important is waste separation local priorities Selection of effective scheme that fit for locally. What, how much (waste composition), and where to find the highest quantity of certain wastes; a) Selection of effective scheme that fit locally. How Important is Waste Separation for Local Priorities Basically, the priorities and objectives of waste separation have to be clarified by the local authority from the beginning. The following issues are important to be considered: a) How Important is Waste Separation for Local Priorities Basically, the priorities With and this objectives of waste separation to be be on clarified by the objective in mind, the focushave should removing off local the Health and authority from the beginning. The following issues are important to for be the considered: waste stream the most dangerous waste public health and for environmental the environment. Decontamination costs also have to be taken into protection With this objective in mind, the focus should be on removing off the Health and account. waste stream the most dangerous waste for the public health and for environmental the environment. Heavy Decontamination costs also have to be taken into protection Battery (vehicles) metal account. Battery (pocket) Hydro-carbure Medicament Chemicals Battery wastes (vehicles) Heavy Hospital (if any) Motor oilmetal (cars), Others. Battery (pocket) Hydro-carbure Medicament Chemicals 54 oil (cars), Others. Hospital wastes (if any) Motor 54

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

These waste types represent only but a small proportion of the total urban waste stream. Their These waste typesnational represent only butleading a smalltoproportion the for total urban waste stream. Their treatment requires solutions, additional of costs local authorities. treatment requires national solutions, leading to additional costs for local authorities. The separation and maximization of the recycled waste and reduction of The separation and maximization the long recycled and reduction of the waste volume are medium ofand termwaste objectives for local the waste volume are medium and longpolicy term and objectives for local authorities in compliance with national with their authoritiesSome in compliance national andextracted with their priorities. of the majorwith quantities thatpolicy could be fromlocal the priorities. Some of the major quantities that could be extracted from the waste stream are: waste stream are: Organic / market / gardening waste: vegetable, fruits, etc; Due to the high proportion of Organic gardening waste: vegetable, fruits, etc;ofDue to the this kind /ofmarket waste / in Albania, the effect to the reduction waste canhigh be proportion very high. of It this kind aofhome, wastelocal in Albania, thesolution effect to the reduction of the waste can be very It requires or regional of composting and development of a high. market requires a home,compost. local or regional solution of composting and the development of a market for the produced for the produced compost. Paper and cardboards: weight and volume reduction potential is high, some 20-25 % in Paper andthere cardboards: weightmarket and volume potentialit is high, some 20-25waste % in total, and is an industrial for itsreduction reuse. However requires a specific total, and system. there is an industrial market for its reuse. However it requires a specific waste collection collection system. Inert materials: experience shows that the presence of inert or construction materials in Inert materials: shows thatinthe presence of inert or construction materials in the waste streamexperience can be problematic certain places, constituting additional costs. In the waste stream cancollected be problematic in from certain places, constituting additional cases where they are separately urban waste, can be recycled and costs. use as In a cases where for they collected separately raw material theare construction industry. from urban waste, can be recycled and use as a raw material for the construction industry.

Maximize waste Maximize separation,waste separation, reduce urban reduce urban waste volumes waste volumes (i) (i)

(ii) (ii) (iii) (iii)

Should this be the local authorities' objective, they ought to consider the Should be the within local authorities' they ought consider the valuablethis material the urbanobjective, waste stream. The to most valuable valuable within the urbanaluminum waste stream. most(PET valuable materials material are generally: metals, cans, The plastics and materials areofgenerally: metals, aluminum plastics (PET and others), part which (metals, cans) is often cans, collected by the informal others), part of which (metals, cans) is often collected by the informal waste sector. waste sector. In addition, local authority can also look at the costs for separate collection, transportation and In addition,as local can also look at the costs separate collection, and treatment; wellauthority as assess savings coming from the for waste deviated from thetransportation landfill. treatment; as well as assess savings coming from the waste deviated from the landfill. Should such costs be high, it could be feasible to reduce transportation and landfill costs by Should costs volume be high,(cardboard) it could beand feasible reduce transportation and landfill costs by reducingsuch the waste weightto(organic, paper, and inert); reducing the waste volume (cardboard) and weight (organic, paper, and inert); Should such costs be low, then finding a solution for reducing the total cost through waste Should such costs be low, then finding a solution for reducing the total cost through waste separation becomes a challenge. separation becomes a challenge. Waste Waste management cost management cost reduction reduction

Recommendation 21: Introduction of adequate waste segregation system Recommendation 21:21: Introduction adequate waste segregation system Recommendation Introduction of of adequate waste segregation system

While segregation of hazardous materials from municipal waste stream is still far from the While segregation of hazardous materials municipal waste streamis is stillfar farfrom fromthe the immediate local governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; objectives infrom Albania, the waste need tostream separate recycling materials While segregation of hazardous materials from municipal still immediate local governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; objectives in Albania, the need to separate recycling materials has become a growing priority for them. immediate local governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; objectives in Albania, the need to separate recycling materials has become a growing priority for them. has become a growing priority for them. Introduction of adequate segregation schemes should be seen as the only way to prepare seen as theofonly way to prepare Introduction of adequate segregation schemes should be waste of foradequate processing and recycling steps, aiming for the minimization solid waste. Introduction segregation schemes should be seen as the only way to prepare waste for processing and recycling steps, aiming for the minimization of solid waste.

waste for processing and recycling steps, aiming for the minimization of solid waste. 55 55

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

b) What, How Much, and Where to find the Highest Quantity of Certain Waste? Prior to planning a segregation scheme, it is important to answer the following questions: What to separate andtoinfind what Is there of anyCertain potential interest for b) What, How Much, and Where thequantity? Highest Quantity Waste? certain materials? aWhere to findscheme, most of itthe required wasteidentifies consumers who produce Prior to planning segregation is important to answer the following questions: most of the materials to include in the scheme? What to separate and in what quantity? Is there any potential interest for certain materials? to first knowidentifies what to consumers separate, meaning they Where Local to findauthorities most of thehave required wastewho produce What, how much, have to focus on most recycling (plastic, paper, cardboard, metals, etc.) most of the materials to include in the scheme? any interest? or composting (organic) materials. In turn, this could develop into a local authority objective. Local authorities have to first know what to separate, meaning they What, how much, These questions relate have primarily to theonlocal certain paper, waste streams or to the overall to focus mostobjective recyclingon(plastic, cardboard, metals, etc.) any interest? objective to reduce waste going to landfills. the Albanian thedevelop major into part aoflocal the or composting (organic) In materials. In turn,context, this could communes and sub-urban part objective. of cities generate more organic waste (over 50-60%), while authority urbanized areas produce more recycling materials (paper, cartoon, plastic, glass, metals, up to 40%) rather thanrelate otherprimarily main components. they have waste to know how much or These questions to the localAlthough, objective on certain streams or to recycling the overall 25 composting materials are within their waste In stream. This data helpsthe to major accurately objective to reduce waste going to landfills. the Albanian context, part identify of the potentials toand separate. communes sub-urban part of cities generate more organic waste (over 50-60%), while urbanized areas produce more recycling materials (paper, cartoon, plastic, glass, metals, up to Following, is important to define specificAlthough, fractions of urban stream greater 40%) ratheritthan other main components. they havewaste to know howwhich much have recycling or interest to the recycling because have25aThis higher value on totheaccurately marketplace. For composting materials areindustry within their wastethey stream. data helps identify instance, to recently in Albania, there is a strong interest in collecting plastics and metals, which potentials separate. makes it economically feasible for the separate collection and transportation of these materials. But this is itnot case for cardboard materials at present, wherewhich for thehave moment the Following, is the important to paper defineand specific fractions of urban waste stream greater price oftothese materialsindustry may not cover they collection directvalue transportation costs for long interest the recycling because have and a higher on the marketplace. For distances.recently in Albania, there is a strong interest in collecting plastics and metals, which instance, makes it economically feasible for the separate collection and transportation of these materials. But this is not the case for paper and cardboard materials at present, where for the moment the Where find materials may not cover collection and direct transportation costs for long price of to these Identify the most important generators of these specific wastes and the most of the distances. type of waste produced. The following table introduces major of certain required waste type of waste (for recycling or composting). Where to find Identifylocations the most important generators specific wastes and the Typeofofthese specific wastes and proper most ofGenerators the type of waste produced. The following table introduces major of certain required wasteand Markets Generators proper TypeCardboards, of specificPlastics wastes typelocations of waste (for recycling or composting). Commercial zones

Markets

Generators and proper locations Restaurants, touristic zone

Commercial zones

Markets activities Administrative

Restaurants, touristic zone Commercial zones City centers

Cardboards, papers, Plastics, Organic wastes Cardboards, Plastics Type of specific Organic wastes,wastes glass

Cardboards, papers, Plastics, Organic wastes Cardboards, PaperPlastics

Organic wastes, glass Cardboards, papers, Plastics, Organic wastes Paper, cardboard, plastics Organic wastes, glass Organic wastes Paper

Restaurants, touristic zone Suburbs, communes, gardens Administrative activities Administrative activities Industry

City centers

Paper Specific waste depending of the specific production

Paper, cardboard, plastics

City centers

Suburbs, communes, gardens As introduced earlier in the manual

Industry Industry

Paper, cardboard, plastics

Suburbs, communes, gardens

As introduced earlier in the manual

Organic wastes

Specific waste production Specific wastedepending dependingof of the the specific specific production 56 56

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Sometimes, information is organized in terms of location: where we can find most of the Sometimes, information is organized in terms of location: where we can find most of the interested materials, or where it is easier or less costly to collect it separately. interested materials, or where it is easier or less costly to collect it separately. c) Select Effective Schemes that Fit Locally c) Select Effective Schemes that Fit Locally In order to reintroduce the discussion about the selection of adequate and effective municipal In order to reintroduce the discussion about the selection of adequate and effective municipal waste segregation systems that better fit with the local conditions and characteristics of waste segregation systems that better fit with the local conditions and characteristics of consumers, it is worthy to introduce the potential waste segregation schemes at different levels consumers, it is worthy to introduce the potential waste segregation schemes at different levels and evaluate their applicability in the local Albanian context. and evaluate their applicability in the local Albanian context. The following elements are taken into consideration when identifying and evaluating adequate The following elements are taken into consideration when identifying and evaluating adequate waste separation schemes: waste separation schemes: Project/ scheme Project/ scheme size size

Project/scheme size Project/scheme size Number of waste streams Number of waste streams Set appropriate methodology that fit locally Set appropriate methodology that fit locally The experiences already introduced in some Albanian cities have shown The experiences already introduced in some Albanian cities have shown that immediate implementations of large scale projects have resulted in that immediate implementations of large scale projects have resulted in confusion and failure to achieve the project objectives. confusion and failure to achieve the project objectives.

There are several factors affecting the implementation success of large-scale projects on waste There are several factors affecting the implementation success of large-scale projects on waste separation, where the most important ones are related to the lack of public awareness, poor separation, where the most important ones are related to the lack of public awareness, poor organization and the lack of experience by the service providers. organization and the lack of experience by the service providers. Recommendation 22: Initial steps to establish a waste separation scheme Recommendation 22: Initial steps to establish a waste separation scheme Recommendation 22: Initial steps to establish a waste separation scheme It is better to start with small-scale projects, as it is easier to compare and evaluate the It is better to start with small-scale projects, as it is easier to compare and evaluate the programs andwith techniques, as well as to gain necessary and to develop a large It is better to start small-scale projects, as the it isexperience, easier to compare evaluate the programs and techniques, as well as to gain the experience, necessary to develop a largescaleand program; programs techniques, as well as to gain the experience, necessary to develop a largescale program; Select a pilot area, which may contain a small group of consumers (some households or program; scale Select a pilot area, which may contain a small group of consumers (some households or units),which any street group aofsmall streets (e.g., commercial streets), or households a single or more  Selectbusiness a pilot area, may or contain of consumers (some or business units), any street or group of streetsgroup (e.g., commercial streets), or a single or more neighborhoods in the city (targeting typical households); business units), any street or group of streets (e.g., commercial streets), or a single or neighborhoods in the city (targeting typical households); Business plans, feasibility studies or cost-benefit analyses are recommended before Business plans, infeasibility studies ortypical cost-benefit analyses are recommended before neighborhoods more the city (targeting households); undertaking any major initiatives or programs at a larger scale on waste separation. undertaking any major studies initiativesororcost-benefit programs at aanalyses larger scale waste separation.  Business plans, feasibility areonrecommended before undertaking any major initiatives or programs at a larger scale on waste separation.

57 57

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Application ofof waste separation pilot schemes in the city ,Municipality of Lezha (2011) and Application waste separation pilot schemes in area the city area ,Municipality of Lezha Municipality of Shkodra (2011) (2011) and Municipality of Shkodra (2011) Application Application of of waste waste separation separation pilot pilot schemes schemes in in the the city city area area ,Municipality ,Municipality of of Lezha Lezha (2011) (2011) and and Municipality Municipality of of Shkodra Shkodra (2011) (2011)

Pilot Area External segregation collection lll points

Waste segregation project in the city of Waste segregation project in the city of Shkodra: For Shkodra: example, municipality of Shkodra have implemented a For example, municipality of Shkodra have waste segregation scheme in a neighborhood (Rr.Mark implemented a 200 waste segregation scheme inFora Waste segregation project Lula) households. Wastetargeting segregation project in in the the city city of of Shkodra: Shkodra: For neighborhood example, municipality of Shkodra have example, municipality of Shkodra have implemented implemented aa segregation in neighborhood Lula) 200 waste segregation scheme in aahouseholds. neighborhood (Rr.Mark Waste Segregation scheme in Municipality(Rr.Mark ofwaste Lezha: 46 %targeting of scheme households separate their(Rr.Mark waste at

targeting 200 households. Lula) targeting 200 households. source, in two streams: in organic (NRC) and Lula) inorganic (RC); Recyclable waste are removed from Waste Segregation scheme in Municipality of Lezha: 46 % appropriate containers and deposited in RWSC: three times/week; of households separate their Waste Segregation in Lezha: 46 % separate waste waste source, inscheme two streams: in organicof (NRC) (RC); Recyclable waste areat Waste at Segregation scheme in Municipality Municipality of Lezha:and 46 inorganic % of of households households separate their their waste at source, two (NRC) and inorganic (RC); Recyclable are removed appropriate containers RWSC: three waste times/week; source, in infrom two streams: streams: in in organic organic (NRC)and anddeposited inorganic in (RC); Recyclable waste are removed removed from from appropriate containers and in Usually local authorities and times/week; recycling industries are interested in more appropriate containers and deposited deposited in RWSC: RWSC: three three times/week; Number of waste

than a single waste stream. But the separation of a waste stream into several components would bring more confusion and poor results. Usually Usually local local authorities authorities and and recycling recycling industries industries are are interested interested in in more more Number of waste Number of waste than a single waste stream. But the separation of a waste stream into than a single waste stream. But the separation of a waste stream into streams streams the separation several components would bring more confusion and poor results. Although of municipal waste into two main streams: in a 2-containers scheme, several components would bring more confusion and poor results. would represent the best option. If there is a major interest for specific waste streams (certain dry materials), it is recommended that the secondary system of waste separation26 is used. Although Although the the separation separation of of municipal municipal waste waste into into two two main main streams: streams: in in aa 2-containers 2-containers scheme, scheme, would represent the best option. If there is a major interest for specific waste (certain would represent the best If there is a major interest for to specific waste streams streams (certain Several combinations mayoption. vary on the desired waste streams be separated, most 26 and the dry is dry materials), materials), is recommended recommended that that the the secondary secondary system system of of waste waste separation separation26 is is used. used. commonly usedititare: streams

Several may on desired waste to Several combinations combinations may vary on the the desired waste streams streams to be be separated, and and the the most most Separation of vary recycling from non-recycling materials, or separated, commonly used are: commonly are: used Wet fraction (organics) from dry materials (e.g. paper, plastics, glass, etc.).

Separation Separation of of recycling recycling from from non-recycling non-recycling materials, materials, or or Wet Wet fraction fraction (organics) (organics) from from dry dry materials materials (e.g. (e.g. paper, paper, plastics, plastics, glass, glass, etc.). etc.).

Includes drop-off facilities, recycling stations, etc;

26 26 Includes

Includes drop-off drop-off facilities, facilities, recycling recycling stations, stations, etc; etc;

58 58

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Recommendation 23: Preferable waste separation system (number of waste stream) Recommendation 23: Preferable waste separation system (number of waste stream) Recommendation 23: Preferable waste systemin(number of waste There are cases when local authorities areseparation very interested more than two stream) waste streams. There are cases when local authorities are very interested in more than two waste streams. Although, for instance, if a local authority has planned that apart from recycling and landfilling Although, for instance, if a local authority has planned that apart from recycling and Thereit are when local authorities are very interested waste in more(through than twocomposting waste streams. practices, willcases undertake treatment of municipal or landfilling practices, itbiologic will undertake biologic treatment of municipal waste (through Although,treatment for instance, if a local authority has planned that apart from recycling and other biological methods), then the 3-bin system is recommended, unless the 2-bin composting or other biological treatment methods), then the 3-bin system is recommended, practices, it will undertake biologic treatment of municipal waste (through systemlandfilling remains preferable. unless the 2-bin system remains preferable. composting or other biological treatment methods), then the 3-bin system is recommended, unless the 2-bin system remains preferable.

At this stage, it is important to assess and decide whether to introduce Set appropriate effective waste separation schemes, and if so, where? Are primary methodology At this stage, it is important to assess and decide whether to introduce Set appropriate waste separation schemes sufficient for taking out valuable/required that fits locally effective waste separation schemes, and if so, where? Are primary methodology fractions from the waste stream? waste separation schemes sufficient for taking out valuable/required that fits locally fractions from the waste stream? (iv) Primary Waste Separation Schemes (PWSS) consist of the primary waste infrastructure and the target material sorting out, such as valuable (recyclable) or problematic (hazardous) (iv) Primary Waste Separation Schemes (PWSS) consist of the primary waste infrastructure materials, from municipal waste stream. The most used PWSS are at-source waste separation and the target material sorting out, such as valuable (recyclable) or problematic (hazardous) which consists of collection of sorted materials directly at the source (houses and/or business materials, from municipal waste stream. The most used PWSS are at-source waste separation units) and on the side (or common) separation, which represents the collection of sorted which consists of collection of sorted materials directly at the source (houses and/or business materials at the public waste collection points located near side-roads, crossroads, within units) and on the side (or common) separation, which represents the collection of sorted neighborhoods or near commercial centers. In order to define the most appropriate segregation materials at the public waste collection points located near side-roads, crossroads, within scheme in a local context, both schemes at primary level should be introduced and assessed neighborhoods or near commercial centers. In order to define the most appropriate segregation during the planning process. scheme in a local context, both schemes at primary level should be introduced and assessed during the planning process. At-source waste separation: The waste containers (sometimes are used plastic bags) can be installed within individual houses or near (at the entrance of) condominium blocks. At-source waste separation: The waste containers (sometimes are used plastic bags) It is an expensive solution, which requires a strong public partnership in order for it to be can be installed within individual houses or near (at the entrance of) condominium blocks. feasible and effective. It also requires partnerships with businesses and the recycling It is an expensive solution, which requires a strong public partnership in order for it to be industry to share costs and make it effective an effective undertaking. In terms of feasible and effective. It also requires partnerships with businesses and the recycling organization it seems complicated and complex (long distances to go house-by-house, industry to share costs and make it effective an effective undertaking. In terms of variable time-line and frequency for collection including specific consideration about organization it seems complicated and complex (long distances to go house-by-house, routing); it needs social acceptance and cooperation from the public (they have to sort out variable time-line and frequency for collection including specific consideration about the required waste fractions and bring out containers or plastic bags in accordance with routing); it needs social acceptance and cooperation from the public (they have to sort out the schedule). the required waste fractions and bring out containers or plastic bags in accordance with the schedule). At-source schemes seem27 very effective at a rural and sub-urban residential level, and can be 27  At-source schemes seem very effective a rural sector and sub-urban residential very effectively used in the commercial and at industry (e.g. in the region oflevel, Tiranaand and At-source schemes seem27 very effective at a rural and sub-urban residential level, and can be can berecycling very effectively used the commercial and industry sector (e.g.and in the region of Durres, companies areinnow collecting recycling materials -plastic paper) directly very effectively used in the commercial and industry sector (e.g. in the region of Tirana and Tirana Durres, recycling from theand industry located nearby.companies are now collecting recycling materials -plastic Durres, recycling companies are now collecting recycling materials -plastic and paper) directly public awareness, enforcement measures financial initiatives are essential drivers for Good and the paper) directly from the industry locatedand nearby. from industry located nearby. the functioning of these schemes. publicawareness, awareness, enforcement measures and financial initiatives are essential Good public enforcement measures and financial initiatives are essential drivers for  Good drivers for theoffunctioning of these schemes. the functioning these schemes.

They are not officially introduced yet in Albania expect any temporary small pilot project in Tirana, etc They are not officially introduced yet in Albania expect any temporary small pilot project in Tirana, Shkodra, etc 59 Shkodra, 27

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management @$+/A &BCC&

&'"*A%#%&

At-source collection in Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) At-source collection in Commune of Velipoja (Co-PLAN, 2011) Target group: 100 buildings; 100 individual collection points (2 Target group: 100 buildings; colored containers of 50-liter); 100 individual collection Service: 3-times a week for points organic fraction and 1-2 times a (2 week colored containers of for recyclables;

50-liter); Service: a service weekin an Offer waste Benefits:3-times for area organic and 1-2 with fraction narrow roads; Prepare times a week for recyclables; for recycling 20% of current waste stream;

Benefits: Offer waste service Increase roads; with 4.5% Limitations: in an area with narrow total for annual cost;20% lack Prepare recycling of of awareness current wasteknowledge; stream; temporary residency

Limitations: Increase with 4.5% total annual cost; lack of awareness knowledge; temporary residency

The north villas area in the Beach area of Commune of Velipoja

The north villas area in the Beach area of Commune of Velipoja vehicle collection route point

vehicle collection route

at-source waste separation

at-source waste separation point

On the side segregation schemes: The placement of waste separation system/points near side-roads (common collection) remains a popular scheme for residential urban areas when waste is collected at common/public collection points. These schemes are less complicated, and less expensive than the first option; however they are not as effective as at-source schemes. Even if current initiatives in Albania have resulted not very successful so far, it still remains the most practical one used at a city level. For as long as citizens and businesses are familiar with this type of system, they can easily fit with its changes. These schemes are also financially affordable for the municipal budget, but still require extensive public awareness, knowledge and education. Moreover, these schemes are in line with national waste policy recommendations for municipal waste areas.

Implementation of the 3-bins system in the Municpality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) Target group: Business units, households living near main streets and at pilot neighborhood area, plus 8 schools; Pilot area: Main roads, 8 schools, one neighborhood; Service provider: Municipal cleaning enterprise of city of Fier; Infrastructure: 35 common separation points (105 colored containers)

Collection and organization: daily for organic waste (Green containers) and residue waste 60 (grey cont), and 3 times a week for recyclables (blue containers)

“On the side” waste separation points Selected waste segregation roads

Infrastructure: 35 common separation points Collection organization: daily for organic (105 coloredand containers) waste (Green containers) and residue waste (grey cont),and andorganization: 3 times a week for for recyclables daily organic Collection (blue containers) waste (Green containers) and residue waste (grey cont), and 3 times a week for recyclables (blue containers)

(i)

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Secondary System of Waste Separation

(i) System of may Waste Separation StationsSecondary or recycling centers, serve as complementary to the primary segregation system of recycling materialsof(acceptance, temporary and further separation). example, the Implementation the 3-bins system in thestorage Municpality of Fier (Co-PLAN,For 2010) establishment of recycling centers takes on importance in remote or smallsystem towns Stations or recycling centers, may serve as special complementary to the primaryareas segregation Target group: Business units, households living (e.g. city of materials Fushe- Arrez or city of temporary Puka). Therefore ensure of recyclable materials of recycling (acceptance, storage to and furtherstorage separation). For example, the near main streets and at pilot neighborhood until an acceptable amountcenters is reached make it economically feasible theirortransportation establishment of recycling takestoon special importance in remotefor areas small towns area, plus 8 schools; and sale regional recycling facilities can be also helpful to deposit and (e.g. city ofatFusheArrez or city markets. of Puka).These Therefore to ensure storage of recyclable materials separate a wide spectrum of special wastes (household’s hazard waste, voluminous waste or until an acceptable amount is reached to make it economically feasible for their transportation Pilot area: Main roads, 8 schools, one other kind at of wastes). and sale regional recycling markets. These facilities can be also helpful to deposit and neighborhood; separate wide spectrum of special (household’s hazard waste, voluminous waste or Serviceaprovider: Municipal cleaning wastes enterprise other kind of wastes). Recommendation 24: The location of the secondary waste separation facilities of city of Fier; Recommendation 24: The separation location ofpoints the secondary waste separation facilities Infrastructure: 35 common International practices thatofthe to the populated areas the recycling centers 24: Theshow location thecloser secondary waste separation facilities (105Recommendation colored containers) are, the practices higher theshow separation rate is. This would allow the local authorities reduceare, the International that the closer to the populated areas the recycling to centers International practices show that the closer to the the populated areas the recycling centers cost ofthe collection andrate transportation, stimulate thelocal functioning of other collection schemes daily for would organic Collection and organization: the higher separation is. This allow authorities to reduce the cost of are, the the and separation rate is. This would allow the collection local authorities reduce the or on-call schemes, atstimulate the same time encourage community and the to businesses to waste (Green containers) and residue waste collection andhigher transportation, the functioning ofthe other schemes or on-call cost of collection and transportation, stimulate the functioning of other collection schemes (grey cont), and 3the times amaterials week recyclables bring their directly to centers. schemes, and atrecycling same time for encourage thethese community and the businesses to bring their (blue orcontainers) on-call schemes, and at the same time encourage the community and the businesses to recycling materials directly to these centers. bring their recycling materials directly to these centers. systems are built within or near It is recommended that secondary waste separation populated areas, in the periphery of the cities. It is recommended that secondary waste separation systems are built within or near populated It is recommended that secondary waste separation systems are built within or near areas, in the periphery of the cities. populated areas, in the periphery of the cities.supported by foreign donors/programs 28 to Currently there are some local initiatives/projects (i) Secondary Separation build local recyclingSystem facilitiesofforWaste separate collection of recycling activities. The main concerns to 28 address are: firstly to local makeinitiatives/projects them effective andsupported helpful toby theforeign primarydonors/programs segregation system to Currently there are how some Stations or recycling centers, may serve as complementary to the primary segregation system and to therecycling market facilities needs (ensure desired qualityofand quantity of recycling materials), and build local for separate collection recycling activities. The main concerns to of recycling materials (acceptance, temporary storage and further separation). For example, the secondly how to ensure effective and of the their operation. address are: firstly how to make management them effective andfinancing helpful to primary segregation system establishment of recycling on special in remote areasmaterials), or small towns and to the market needs centers (ensuretakes desired quality importance and quantity of recycling and (e.g. city how of FusheArrez or city management of Puka). Therefore to ensure storage of recyclable materials 28 secondly to ensure effective and financing of their operation. Only during “dldp phase-2” has been financed the construction of two recycling facilities in City of until an acceptable amount is reached to make it economically feasible for their transportation Lezha and Commune of Dajç, Lezha and sale at regional recycling markets. These facilities can be also helpful to deposit and 28 Only “dldp phase-2” has been financed the construction of two recycling in Citywaste of For asduring long as spectrum local governments are still unprepared, inexperienced and have financing separate a wide of special wastes (household’s hazard waste,facilities voluminous or 61 Lezha and Commune of far Dajç, insufficiency, and as asLezha there are good private experiences in this sector and a growing other kind of wastes). interest for the recycling business to be in, the privatization or active involvement of private 61 sector Recommendation is required. 24: The location of the secondary waste separation facilities Recommendation 25: Management of the the closer recycling International practices show that to centers the populated areas the recycling centers Recommendation 25: Management of the recycling centers are, the higher the separation rate is. This would allow the local authorities to reduce the cost of collection andrecommended transportation,that stimulate the functioning other collection Therefore, it is highly these recycling stationsofbe managed by schemes private or on-call schemes, and at the same time encourage the community and the businesses to entrepreneurships or public-private partnerships, with the proactive participation of the Therefore, it is highly recommended that these recycling stations be managed bring their recycling materials directly to these centers. industry. by recycling private entrepreneurships or public-private partnerships, with the proactive

participation of the recycling industry.

It is recommended that secondary waste separation systems are built within or near Implementation of a recycling center in Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) populated areas, in the periphery of the cities.

Target waste: Segregated waste coming Currently there are some local initiatives/projects supported by foreign donors/programs 28 to from a 3-containers system including build local recycling facilities for separate collection of recycling activities. The main concerns to separated welleffective as address are:waste firstlyfrom how schools, to make as them and helpful to the primary segregation system from sources;needs (ensure desired quality and quantity of recycling materials), and and toother the market Location: Municipality of Fier Dumpsite; secondly how to ensure effective management and financing of their operation. Service provider: Municipal cleaning Only during “dldp phase-2” has been financed the construction of two recycling facilities in City of enterprise of theof city Fier; Roma Lezha and Commune Dajç, of Lezha volunteers, Private enterprise; 61 Waste streams: waste is accepted and stored in 4 different streams: 28

Recommendation 25: Management of the recycling centers Therefore, is highlyLocal recommended that these recycling stations be managed by private Manual: itPlanning Waste Management entrepreneurships or public-private partnerships, with the proactive participation of the recycling industry. Implementation of a recycling center in Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010)

Implementation of a recycling center in Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) Target waste: Segregated waste coming

from a 3-containers system including separated waste from schools, as well as For asother longsources; as local governments are still unprepared, inexperienced and have financing from Target waste: Segregated waste coming insufficiency, and as farofasFier there are good private experiences in this sector and a growing Location: Municipality Dumpsite; from a 3-containers system including interest for the recycling business to be in, the privatization or active involvement of private separated waste from schools, as well as sector is required. Service provider: Municipal cleaning from other sources; enterprise of the city of Fier; Roma Recommendation 25:of Management of the recycling centers Location: Municipality Fier Dumpsite; volunteers, Private enterprise;

Service provider: Municipal Therefore, it iswaste highly Waste streams: isrecommended accepted cleaning andthat these recycling stations be managed by private enterprise of the city of Fier; Roma volunteers, entrepreneurships or public-private partnerships, with the proactive participation of the stored in 4 different streams: Private enterprise; recycling industry. (1)paper, (2)plastic films and rigid plastic, (3)metals, (4) as well as in several smaller Waste streams: waste is accepted and components like of glass, textiles, batteries, Implementation a recycling center in Municipality of Fier (Co-PLAN, 2010) stored in 4 different streams: etc. (1)paper, (2)plastic films and plastic, Target waste: Segregated wasterigid coming (3)metals, (4) as well as in several smaller from a 3-containers system including components like glass, textiles, as batteries, separated waste from schools, well asetc. from other sources; Location: Municipality of Fier Dumpsite; It is important to take account of an informal activity 29 currently very popular and spread among Albanian which Municipal consists of waste segregation by digging through containers or into local Service cities, provider: cleaning disposal sitesofin the ordercity to sell recycling materials. In fact these informal activities are enterprise of them Fier; as Roma causing several problems for the waste collection schemes in the cities, in part accounting for volunteers, Private enterprise; the bad image of the city itself. Therefore, on the one side it is important to take such informal activities off the road, andisonaccepted the otherand side this informal sector can be supported with finding Waste streams: waste optional ways for gathering recycling materials. stored in 4 different streams: (1)paper, (2)plastic films and rigid plastic, The objective is to bring them within municipal schemes of waste separation until the entire (3)metals,sector (4) as iswell as in several recycling formalized. The smaller measures proposed on this subject consist of formalizing components like glass, textiles, batteries, and then providing economic assistance to them. their activity, establishing micro-enterprises, etc. 29

Mainly managed by Roma Recommendation 26: people Immediate measures on supporting informal sector include

62 Formalize their activities and assign appropriate fields of operations (to set rules and standards; control and enforce them; assign specific places); • Provide direct support for their activity (improvement of working conditions and It is important to take account of an informal activity 29 currently very popular and spread among introduce health & protective measures (equipment and clothes, etc), education and Albanian cities, which consists of waste segregation by digging through containers or into local assistance disposalon-the-job sites in order to sell including them as financial recycling support. materials. In fact these informal activities are

•

causing several problems for the waste collection schemes in the cities, in part accounting for theRegulation bad image of of the the informal city itself.sector, Therefore, on the one it is(2005-2008) important to take such informal Municipality of side Korça activities off the road, and on the other side this informal sector can be supported with finding optional ways for gathering recycling materials. A good example is introduced in the city of Korça in recent years, where the informal waste sector (Romaispeople) has beenwithin formalized (officially registered andseparation considereduntil a partner for The objective to bring them municipal schemes of waste the entire local authorities); has been available a site on andthis useful separation recycling sector is and formalized. Themade measures proposed subject consist infrastructure of formalizing (e.g.activity, compaction and bailing equipment) and then providing economic assistance to them. their establishing micro-enterprises, 29

Mainly managed by Roma people

on-the-job assistance including financial support. Regulation of the informal sector, Municipality of Korça (2005-2008)

(Steps to) Developing a

A good example is introduced in the city of Korça in waste recent years, where theplan informal management Regulation the informal Municipality of (officially Korça (2005-2008) waste sectorof(Roma people)sector, has been formalized registered and considered a partner for local authorities); and has been made available a site and useful separation A good example is introduced in the city of Korça in recent years, where the informal infrastructure (e.g. compaction and bailing equipment) waste sector (Roma people) has been formalized (officially registered and considered a partner for local authorities); and has been made available a site and useful separation (ii) Material Recovery System infrastructure (e.g. compaction and bailing equipment) The establishment of a mechanic systems or a Material Recovery Facility (ii) Material System separation is also Recovery seen as useful, but at the same time as a very expensive management at local level. The establishment of a mechanic systems or a Material Recovery Facility separation is also asfor useful, but reasons: at the same time as a very expensive These facilities mayseen serve two main management at local level.

(MRF) of waste option for waste (MRF) of waste option for waste

To improve the separation of materials which will be processed separately; These maywaste servestream for twofor main facilities To prepare thereasons: future treatments. To improveofthe separation which will be processed The development such facilitiesofismaterials particularly encouraged when theseparately; industry is interested for To prepare waste stream for the future treatments. certain waste components, requiring mechanical and carefully manual separation. For instance, there are a number of recycling establishments and facilities built along the region TiranёThe development of such facilities is particularly encouraged whenhave the industry is interested for Durrёs, where mechanical recycling waste processing systems been installed, mainly certain waste requiring andthe carefully manual separation. For instance, operating withcomponents, imported materials andmechanical low input from internal market. there are a number of recycling establishments and facilities built along the region TiranёDurrёs, where mechanical recycling have been installed, Although the installation of a waste waste processing mechanical systems separation plant might be a mainly future operating with imported materials and low input from the internal market. alternative, the installation of simple wasteseparation plants for manual separation might result very Although the installation of a waste mechanical plant might be a future alternative, efficient and to the newfor waste differential deposit pilot schemes;efficient and the installation ofsupportive simple waste plants separation might result Although the installation of a wastemanual mechanical separation plant very might be a future alternative, installation of simpledeposit waste plants for manual separation might result very supportive to thethe new waste differential pilot schemes; efficient objective, and supportive to a thechallenge new waste pilot An important in turn fordifferential the local deposit authorities inschemes; Albania, should be to establish sustainable partnerships with the recycling industry, to involve them in their waste segregation schemes. For example, a form of partnership would be to allocate to the recycling An important objective, in turn a challenge for the local authorities Albania, should be to industry municipal facilities to be used as recycling stations, or mayinbe to assign long-term establish sustainable partnerships with the recycling industry, to involve them in their waste waste collection contracts. segregation schemes. For example, a form of partnership would be to allocate to the recycling industry municipal facilities to be used as recycling stations, or may be to assign long-term waste collection contracts.

63 63

Figure 6 Example of Recycling facility in Hercegnovi, Montenegro and in Landfill of Bushat

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Establishment of the Recyclable Waste Separation Center (RWSC) City of of Lezha)30 (URI, 2011) The RWSC is a recyclable waste separation center, which works as a complimentary operation of differentiated Waste Collection system in the city. The Establishment: An object with a surface of 500 m2 was designed by the municipality for the construction of the RWSC. This was preceeded by the preparation of a feasibility study for the construction/waste market, and a reconstruction project for the object and for the operation scheme. Following the discussion of the legal options concerning this service management, the Municipality opted for renting the facility to a specialised throughfacility emphyteusis, Figure 6 private Exampleentity of Recycling in Hercegnovi, Montenegro and in Landfill of Bushat which would provide the service of separation and selectionofofthe theRecyclable recyclable wastes. Establishment Waste Separation Center (RWSC) City of of Lezha)30 (URI, 2011) The building requires reconstruction and installation of the necessary equipment for the waste separation, before the RWSC becomes functional. The functioning of the scheme (Separation and storage processes): Recyclable wastes will be collected in a differentiated manner and transported to RWSC by the contracted entrepreneur (for cleaning, waste collection and disposal). The service covers one of three zones and will expand throughout the city in the years to come with the implementation of the WMP. The cost of management (additional investment, operation and maintenance) will be covered by a private entity that manages the service. Entry and exit of waste in the center will be evidenced and recorded for each day. Benefits of the Municipality from the RWSC: during the first year, the RWSC is expected to separate about 1516 tons of recyclable waste (RC) of paper, plastic, glass and metal. The use of recyclables will reduce the quantity and volume of waste destined for treatment at the landfill site of Bushat. During the first year, the amount of waste in this destination is reduced by 17%. In financial terms, the benefits from the operation of RWSC can be summarised as follows: i. The annual income of the emphyteusis renting value is paid by the private operator of RWSC. The municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s income will increase annually by 1,687,650 ALL; ii. The cost of transportation of waste to the landfill is reduced, due to changed destination of recyclable waste, and iii. The cost of waste treatment in landfill of Bushat is also reduced.

3.3

Waste Treatment

There are considerable arguments in favour of, or against local initiatives for waste minimization and more specifically on the recycling and composting of waste. These methods should be analyzed in the local context to include any process from the overall assessment through to its application on the ground. The demand for waste minimization is not limited only to the fulfillment of national objectives; but it is seen also as the only way to reduce the financial burden caused by Under the Project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Waste Management Plan (WMP) in Municipality of Lezha, co-funded by Dutch increase Municipality of the disposal cost. Embassy/dldp/ of Lezha 30

64 According to the NWMP, starting from 2015 or may be earlier, LGUs will not be allowed to use their uncontrolled local dumpsite and the future option will be disposal in a regional landfill. These restrictions on final waste disposal will push local authorities to find other solutions to

3.3

Waste Treatment

(Steps to) Developing a

management plan There are considerable arguments in favour of, or against localwaste initiatives for waste minimization and more specifically on the recycling and composting of waste. These methods should be analyzed in the local context to include any process from the overall assessment through to its application on the ground. demand for waste minimization not limited only to the fulfillment national TheThe demand for waste minimization is not is limited only to the fulfillment of national of objectives; but itasisthe seen also astothe only way to reduce the financial burden caused by butobjectives; it is seen also only way reduce the financial burden caused by increase of the increase of the disposal cost. disposal cost.

3.3

Waste Treatment

According to the NWMP, starting from 2015 of, or may be earlier, LGUs will for notwaste be allowed to use There are considerable arguments in favour or against local initiatives minimization their uncontrolled localondumpsite and the option will be disposal a regional landfill. and more specifically the recycling andfuture composting of waste. Theseinmethods should be These restrictions oncontext final waste disposal push from local the authorities to find otherthrough solutions to analyzed in the local to include anywill process overall assessment to its minimize such as recycling and composting rather than to bring it to a regional applicationwaste on theweight ground. landfill. The main barrier on starting recycling and composting is related to the additional cost the local authorities must face to establish a waste segregation system. The demand for waste minimization is not limited only to the fulfillment of national objectives; butcollection it is seenand also as the only way to reduce financial caused Hence, waste transportation cost will rise by the 25-30 % only burden by shifting fromby Hence, waste collection and transportation cost will31 increase of the disposal cost. 31rise by 25-30 % only by shifting from common waste collection system to a 3-bin system. common waste collection system to a 3-bin system.31 According to the NWMP, starting from 2015 or may be earlier, LGUs will not be allowed to use their uncontrolled local dumpsite and the future option will be disposal in a regional landfill. These restrictions on final waste disposal will push local authorities to find other solutions to 3.3.1 Recycling minimize waste weight such as recycling and composting rather than to bring it to a regional landfill. a) TheThe main barrier on starting recycling and composting is related to the additional cost Significance of Recycling the local authorities must face to establish a waste segregation system. Recycling is a fundamental part of waste minimization. Although, recycling alone cannot solve a community’s communal SWM problem, it can divert a significant portion of waste stream from Hence, waste collection and transportation cost will rise by 25-30 % only by shifting from transportation and disposal in landfill. Significant developments and growing interest for 31 common waste collection a 3-bin system. recycling materials, mostly forsystem metalstoand plastics, and less for paper, cardboard, glass, etc., have been identified lately in most of the big cities in Albania. At a strategic level, referring to the national policy on waste, it will require a coordinated and comprehensive effort to achieve the recycling targets set by this policy and an active involvement and cooperation between central, regional local stakeholders. Moreover, recycling can constitute a popular and attractive 3.3.1 and Recycling solution for the LGUs as long as they are made aware of its advantages, particularly financial ones, e.g. reduce waste treatment cost, and possibly make a financial profit by selling the a) The Significance of Recycling recyclables. Recycling is a fundamental part of waste minimization. Although, recycling alone cannot solve a community’s communal SWM problem, it can divert a significant portion of waste stream from Recommendation 27: Localinactivities support/induce recycling and growing interest for transportation and disposal landfill.toSignificant developments Recommendation 27: Local activities to support/induce recycling recycling materials, mostly for metals and plastics, and less for paper, cardboard, glass, etc., In line with national policy on regional and local authorities should include have been identified lately in most of waste, the big cities in Albania. At a strategic level, referring to the In line with national policy on waste, regional and local authorities should include within within their regional and local plans the following activities: national policy on waste, it will require a coordinated and comprehensive effort to achieve the their regional and local plans the following activities:  Designing and promotion campaigns;and cooperation between central, recycling targets set by delivering this policylocal and an active involvement Designing and delivering local promotion campaigns;  Piloting alternative collection regimes to identify most aappropriate for attractive different regional and local stakeholders. Moreover, recycling canthose constitute popular and Piloting alternative collection regimes to identify those most appropriate for different types of solution fortypes the LGUs as long as they are made awarefor of collection its advantages, particularly financial of neighbourhood, including schemes of commercial wastes; neighbourhood, including schemes forand collection of commercial wastes; profit by selling the ones,  e.g. reduce waste treatment cost, possibly make awaste financial Developing community recycling initiatives for specific streams, such as wood, recyclables. construction and demolition wastes, paper, plastics, aluminium, etc., offering 31 31 LPSWMP of City of Fier” pp.71 opportunities for local businesses;  Promoting development for recycled materials including development of new 66 recycling Recommendation 27:market Local activities to support/induce uses and markets for recycled products, and measures to improve the consistency of recycled increase the volume of supplies available for reprocessing; In line with national quality policy and on waste, regional and local authorities should include within  Promoting the plans development of local markets for recycled materials to reduce the their regional and local the following activities: Designing and delivering local promotion distance recyclables have to travelcampaigns; before reprocessing and providing local business alternative collection regimes to identify those most appropriate for different types of Piloting and employment opportunities; neighbourhood, including schemes for collection of commercial wastes;  Conduct household waste compositional analysis. 31

LPSWMP of City of Fier” pp.71

Promoting market development for recycled materials including development of new uses and markets for recycled products, and measures to improve the consistency of recycled quality and increase the volume of supplies available for reprocessing; Manual: the Planning Local Waste Management development of local markets for recycled materials to reduce the distance Promoting recyclables have to travel before reprocessing and providing local business and employment opportunities; Developing community recycling initiatives for specific waste streams, such as wood, Conduct household waste compositional analysis. construction and demolition wastes, paper, plastics, aluminium, etc., offering opportunities for Developing community recycling initiatives for specific waste streams, such as wood, local businesses; construction and demolition wastes, paper, plastics, aluminium, etc., offering opportunities for Promoting market development b) How to Make it Work? for recycled materials including development of new uses and local businesses; markets for recycled products, and measurescan to improve the consistency of recycled quality Recycling is notmarket a process where local act including alone; it needs the active involvement Promoting development for authorities recycled materials development of new uses and and increaseofthe volume of supplies available for reprocessing; and participation both the recycling industry and of the local community. The responsibility of markets for recycled products, and measures to improve the consistency of recycled quality the development of localenvironment markets forfor recycled materials toof reduce the locally; distance Promoting local authorities is to create a favorable the development this sector and increase the volume of supplies available for reprocessing; recyclables have to travel before reprocessing and providing local business and employment establish and promote separate collection schemes;for encourage invest and the development of local markets recycled recycling materials business to reducetothe distance Promoting opportunities; actively participate. It is the LGU’s responsibility also to raise public awareness andemployment education recyclables have to travel before reprocessing and providing local business and Conduct household waste compositional analysis. etc. on waste prevention, reusing, recycling, composting, opportunities; Conduct household waste compositional The idea not only to introduce segregationanalysis. and recycling schemes as an obligation to national b)isHow to Make it Work? policy, which can then be turned into organizational and financial barriers for local management; Recycling not to a process where local authorities can act alone; it needs the active involvement b) isHow Make itof Work? but to establish a number cost-effective schemes which produce qualitative and quantitative and participation of both the recycling industry and of the local community. The responsibility of materials to recycling industry. The following recommended achieving Recycling in is response not a process where local authorities can act steps alone;are it needs the activefor involvement local authorities is to create a favorable environment for the development of this sector locally; success on recycling objectives. External expertise required to accomplish steps and and participation of both the recycling industry and ofisthe local community. Thethese responsibility of establish and promote separate collection schemes; encourage recycling business to invest and activities: local authorities is to create a favorable environment for the development of this sector locally; actively participate. It is the LGU’s responsibility also to raise public awareness and education establish and promote separate collection schemes; encourage recycling business to invest and on waste prevention, reusing, recycling, composting, etc. actively participate. It is the LGU’s responsibility also to raise public awareness and education on prevention, recycling, composting, etc. schemes as an obligation to national Thewaste idea is not only toreusing, introduce segregation and recycling Awareness, further 6 financial 1 be turned into organizational and policy, which can then barriers for local management; and The idea is not only to introduce segregation and recyclingencourage schemes as anraise obligation to national but to establish a number of cost-effective schemes which produce qualitative and quantitative of involvement Preparatory policy, which can then be turned into organizational and financial barriers and for local management; materials in response tomeasures recycling industry. The following steps areofrecommended for achieving interest actors for but to establish a number of cost-effective schemes which produce qualitative and quantitative success on recycling objectives. External expertise is required to accomplish these steps and recycling materials in response to recycling industry. The following steps are recommended for achieving activities: success on recycling objectives. External expertise is required to accomplish these steps and activities:

5 Ensure proximity to recycling market

Ensure financial resources

Figure 7 Steps to plan a Recycling Program

Preparatory measures

4 waste for the market and their origin Define potential actors, valuable

sources:economical First, it is commendable Ensure to acquire broad information on the quality of the Analyze recycling actors and waste pickersproducts operating in the city/region, and the benefits/feasibility current recyclables rates.

Figure 7 Steps to plan a Recycling Program

Preparatory measures Preparatory measures

Figure 7 Steps actors, to plan a Recycling Program Define potential waste for the market and their origin 67valuable sources: First, it is commendable to acquire broad information on the Define potential actors, valuable waste for the market and their origin recycling actors and waste pickers operating in the city/region, and the sources: First, it is commendable to acquire broad information on the current recyclables rates. recycling actors and waste pickers operating in the city/region, and the current recyclables rates.

Therefore, the analysis of waste amount and composition will help to define and estimate valuable recycling quantities, and their generation 67 sources. It is important to identify and start from the most important sources and the type of waste they produce. 67 66

Ensure proximity to recycling market

Proximity to the recycling market is an important indicator, which increases the involvement of recycling industries and businesses due to lower transportation costs. The most common questions are: Where are the markets?

(Steps to) Developing a

management Therefore, the analysis of waste amount and composition waste will help to define andplan estimate valuable recycling quantities, and their generation sources. It is important to identify and start from the most important sources and the type of waste they produce. Proximity to the recycling market is an important indicator, which Ensure proximity increases the involvement of recycling industries and businesses due to to recycling lower transportation costs. The most common are Therefore, the analysis of waste amount and composition will helpquestions to defineare: andWhere estimate market the markets? valuable recycling quantities, and their generation sources. It is important to identify and start from the most important sources and the type of waste they produce. Haulage distance to the markets; who will collect recyclables? Who will perform the sorting and baling of the recyclables, and where? Howrecycling will the recyclables and by whom?, Proximity to the market is be an transported important indicator, which Ensure proximity What is the transportation cost? increases the involvement of recycling industries and businesses due to to recycling lower transportation costs. The most common questions are: Where are The objective is not only to identify if recycling markets are close enough, and interested in the market the markets? recycling materials the city can produce, but also to ensure a growing market interest. Haulage distance to the markets; who will collect recyclables? Who will perform the sorting and The economic assessment of waste recycling is a challenging task as Analyze economic baling of the recyclables, and where? How will the recyclables be transported and by whom?, many of the environmental and social benefits and impacts of recycling benefits What is the transportation cost? are long-term and intangible, and, therefore, difficult to quantify. The objective is not only to identify if recycling markets are close enough, and interested in the The balance between benefits (includingbut economic profitsaofgrowing sellingmarket recyclables or the saved recycling materials the city can produce, also to ensure interest. cost of disposal), and the direct cost for separate collection and transportation of waste is an essential factor in favor of, or against the development of these activities on a large level. Recycling is a competitive prices of paid for recyclables subject to task market The business economicwhere assessment waste recycling is are a challenging as Analyze economic fluctuation, supply and demand. Ifthe there is no marketand for social the collected recyclables or of if the public many of environmental benefits and impacts recycling benefits are not prepared to buyare items made and fromintangible, recycled and, material, recycling will to ultimately long-term therefore, difficult quantify. fail. It is important to critically evaluate any proposed large recycling scheme before an extensive and expensive program is initiated. A cost benefit analysis will of need to be conductedortothe establish The balance between benefits (including economic profits selling recyclables saved and weigh up bothand internal (internal to the operation)collection and external and benefits. cost of disposal), the direct cost for separate and costs transportation of waste is an essential factor in favor of, or against the development of these activities on a large level. Recycling is a competitive business where prices paid for recyclables are subject to market fluctuation, supply and demand. If there is no market for the collected recyclables or if the public are not prepared to buy items made from recycled material, recycling will ultimately fail. It is important to critically evaluate any proposed large recycling scheme before an extensive and expensive program is initiated. A cost benefit analysis will need to be conducted to establish INTERNAL BENEFITS: and weigh up both internal (internal to the operation) and external costs and benefits. INTERNAL COSTS :

costs

Equipment, salaries and running costs, etc; ADDITIONAL COSTS:

benefits

Recyclables sorted and baled in bulk and sold for profit. Reduce cost of transferring and disposal to regional landfills, etc;

EXTERNAL BENEFITS :activities High fiscal level to Figure 8: cover Cost and benefits from recycling addi onal cost, discourage of Environmental benefits, job public to pay; addi onal disposal crea on reducing unemployment, if recycling notkept meet lower It is important that materials the costsdoare thanlandfill the benefits so that a profit is made and the saving space, etc. requirement, etc; operationmarket remains economically viable. Exception is made when recycling needs to be

subsidized, in the event of environmental or other unquantifiable benefits or requirements. Figure 8: Cost and benefits from recycling activities

Ensure quality of 68 than the benefits so that a profit is made and the It is important that the costs are kept lower the products It is important that the costs are kept lower the benefits that arecycling profit is needs made to and operation remains economically viable. than Exception is madesowhen be the operation remains viable. Exception is made when recycling needs to be subsidized, in theeconomically event of environmental or other unquantifiable benefits or requirements. subsidized, in the event of environmental or other unquantifiable benefits or requirements. Ensure quality of the products

Figure 8: Cost and benefits from recycling activities

ItManual: is important that the costs are kept lower than the benefits so that a profit is made and the Planning Local Waste Management operation remains economically viable. Exception is made when recycling needs to be subsidized, in the event of environmental or other unquantifiable benefits or requirements.

Ensure quality of the products

Buyers of recovered materials will be interested in both the quantity 68 and quality of your recyclables though it is worthy to consider:

Buyersofofrecovered recoveredmaterials materialswill willbebeinterested interestedin inboth boththe thequantity quantity Buyers and quality your recyclables though it is worthy consider: and quality ofof your recyclables though it is worthy toto consider: â&#x20AC;˘ The second key issue of selling recyclable â&#x20AC;˘ Aggrega ng sufficient quan es of Buyers of will be interested in bothquality the quantity materials is mee ng the buyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recyclables is important to recovered make theirmaterials requirements. refers the extent and quality of your recyclables though itQuality is worthy totoconsider: handling and transpor ng feasible; â&#x20AC;˘ To address this considera on, local authori es should aim for the enlargement of the segrega on schemes; and local collectors should establish temporary storage of recyclables ll the quan ty allows for their transporta on to the final plant.

to which the materials are pure, clean, consistent and contaminant-free, to ensure and preserve their value in the market. â&#x20AC;˘ Awareness and educa on are important processes which should precede as well as follow the adequate segrega on/separa on schemes.

Quan ty Quality Figure 9 Quality and quantity considerations considera ons considera ons Figure 9 Quality and quantity considerations Figure 9 Quality and quantity considerations

Even if it is supposed to be a cost-recovery activity, usually any recycling programs or projects need to be subsidized as some of the Figure 9 Quality and quantity considerations recycling benefits cannot be turned into economic profit. Even supposedtotobebea acost-recovery cost-recoveryactivity, activity,usually usuallyany any Even if ifit itis issupposed Secure financial Secure financial recycling programs or projects need to be subsidized as some of the recycling programs or projects need to be subsidized as some of the resources resources It is important howeverrecycling for the local authorities to allocate appropriate local funds to ensure recycling benefits cannot be turned into economic profit. benefits cannot be turned into economic profit. Even if it is supposed to be a cost-recovery activity, usually any Secure financial sustainable resourcing of the program. Despite external funding or donors recycling programs or projects need to be (governmental subsidized as some of the resources sources), they have to plan local funding for the support of segregation schemes and facilities, recycling benefits cannot be turned into economic profit. important howeverforfor thelocal localauthorities authoritiestotoallocate allocateappropriate appropriatelocal localfunds fundstotoensure ensure It Itis isimportant however the promoting and awareness activities. sustainableresourcing resourcingofofthe theprogram. program.Despite Despiteexternal externalfunding funding(governmental (governmentalorordonors donors sustainable sources), they have plan local funding the support segregation schemes and sources), they have toto plan forfor the support ofof segregation schemes and facilities, It isThe important however forlocal the funding local authorities to allocate appropriate local funds tofacilities, ensure Strategic Waste Fund promoting and awareness activities. promoting and awareness activities. sustainable resourcing of the program. Despite external funding (governmental or donors Secure financial resources

sources), they to have to plan local funding for the support of segregation facilities, According the NWMP in order to make progress in household wasteschemes recyclingand in Albania, The Strategic Waste Fund The Strategic Waste Fund promoting and awareness activities. a major increase in the public availability and promotion of both recycling sites and curbside The Strategic Waste Fund recycling services will need to happen. The latter will be funded largely through the According the NWMP order make progress in household waste recycling Albania, According toto the NWMP inin order toto make in household waste recycling in Albania, Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waste Fund. Thisprogress means that local authorities have recycling toin prepare The Strategic Waste Fund According to theStrategic NWMP in order to make progress in household waste in a major increase in the public availability and promotion of both recycling sites and curbside aadequate major increase in the public availability and promotion of both recycling sites and curbside projects/ programs and ask support from this strategic waste fund. Albania, a major increase in the public availability and promotion of both recycling sites and recycling services willneed need happen. Thelatter latter willbebefunded funded largely through the recycling services will totohappen. will largely through the According to the NWMP in order to makeThe progress in household waste recycling in Albania, curbside recyclingStrategic services will need to happen. The latter willauthorities be funded largely through Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waste Fund. This means that local have prepare Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waste Fund. means local totoprepare Note: The Government Waste FundThis relates also tothat the establishment of wastehave infrastructure, as a major increaseStrategic in Strategic the public availability and promotion of bothauthorities recycling sites and curbside the foreseen Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Strategic Waste Fund. This means that local waste authorities have to prepare adequate projects/ programs and ask support from this strategic waste fund. adequate programs and support from this strategic fund. by projects/ National Strategy Waste (Financial Support for Environmental Infrastructure). recycling services will on need toask happen. The latter will be funded largely through the adequate projects/ programs and ask support from this strategic waste fund. Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Strategic Waste Fund. This means that local authorities have to prepare

Note: The Government Strategic Waste Fund relates also to establishment waste infrastructure, Note: The Government Strategic Waste Fund relates also to this thethe establishment of of waste infrastructure, as as adequate projects/ programs and ask support from strategic waste fund. foreseen by National Strategy Waste (Financial Support Environmental Infrastructure). foreseen National Strategy onon Waste (Financial Support forfor Environmental However, thebyGovernment involvement of external funding from recycling industry and business ofshould Note: The Strategic Waste Fund relates also to theInfrastructure). establishment waste ensure sustainability and success for Strategy local schemes recycling. Encouragement andas infrastructure, foreseen by National on Waste (Financial Support for Environmental Note: The as Government Strategic Waste Fund relates also toon the establishment of waste infrastructure, development of good private-public partnership are explored in detail further in this manual. foreseen by National Strategy on Waste (Financial Support for Environmental Infrastructure). Infrastructure). However,the theinvolvement involvementofofexternal externalfunding fundingfrom fromrecycling recyclingindustry industryand andbusiness businessshould should However, Further encouragement and involvement of interested stakeholders in ensure sustainability and success for local schemes on recycling. Encouragement and ensure sustainability and success for local schemes on recycling. Encouragement and Public awareness, recycling (the use of incentives, promotion, awareness and education) development of good private-public partnership are explored in detail further in this manual. development of good private-public partnership are explored in detail further in this manual. However, the involvement of external funding from recycling industry and business should education bringsuccess more success to the recycling TheEncouragement public has a right ensure sustainability and for local schemes onprogram. recycling. and promotion, and Further encouragement and involvement of interested stakeholders Further encouragement and involvement of interested stakeholders in in and responsibility to understand the full costs and liabilities of Public awareness, Public awareness, development of good private-public partnership are explored in detail further in this manual. incentives recycling (the use incentives, promotion, awareness and education) recycling (the use ofof incentives, promotion, awareness and education) managing the waste they produce. In addition it will require additional education education bring more successtotothe the recycling program. Thepublic public hasa aright right bring more success recycling program. The has Further encouragement and involvement of interested stakeholders in promotion, and promotion, and Public awareness, and responsibility toincentives, understand thefullfullawareness costsand and liabilities and responsibility to understand the costs liabilities ofof 69 recycling (the use of promotion, and education) incentives incentives 68 education managing the waste they produce. addition itThe will require additional managing the waste they produce. InIn addition it will require additional bring more success to the recycling program. public has a right promotion, and and responsibility to understand the full costs and liabilities of 6969 incentives managing the waste they produce. In addition it will require additional

Note: The Government Strategic Waste Fund relates also to the establishment of waste infrastructure, as foreseen by National Strategy on Waste (Financial Support for Environmental Infrastructure).

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

However, the involvement of external funding from recycling industry and business should ensure sustainability and success for local schemes on recycling. Encouragement and development of good private-public partnership are explored in detail further in this manual. Further encouragement and involvement of interested stakeholders in recycling (the use of incentives, promotion, awareness and education) bring more success to the recycling program. The public has a right economic and legaltoincentives, awareness efforts of to and responsibility understand the full and costseducation and liabilities support and raise they the produce. quality and quantity of require the community managing the waste In addition it will additional involvement. economic and legal incentives, awareness and education efforts to support and raise 69 the quality and quantity of the community involvement. Recommendation 28: Economic tools/incentives to support recycling

Public awareness, education promotion, and incentives

Recommendation 28: Economic tools/incentives to support recycling ARecommendation number of economic tools should be mentioned in relation to waste recycling, as these are 28: Economic tools/incentives to support recycling important for support of waste recycling measures:

A number of economic tools should be mentioned in relation to waste recycling, as A number of economic tools should be mentioned in relation to waste recycling, as these are these are important for of support of wastemeasures: recycling measures: important for support waste recycling Provision of economic incentives (e.g. lower waste tariffs) for households and businesses that are involved in segregation schemes or generate less waste;

 Provision incentives tariffs) and Provisionof ofeconomic incentives (e.g. lower waste tariffs) forhouseholds households and wastewaste generated by for each waste generator Introduction ofeconomic full cost recovery (e.g. for thelower businesses segregation schemes or generate less waste; businessesthat thatare are involved in segregation orgenerator generate less waste; (especially business and industry) to exposeschemes the waste to the true costs; waste generated each wastegenerator generator Introduction recovery the  Introduction of of fullfull costcost recovery forfor the waste generated byby each waste differentiated waste management treatment and disposal tariffs to (especiallybusiness business and and to the waste generator to the true true costs;costs; encourage recycling and industry) reuse of waste rather than landfilling. (especially industry) to expose expose the waste generator to the Introduction differentiated wastemanagement managementtreatment treatment and and disposal disposal tariffs tariffs to to  Introduction of of differentiated waste encouragerecycling recyclingand and reuse reuse of landfilling. encourage ofwaste wasterather ratherthan than landfilling. Education and awareness community campaign (case of the Municipality of Lezha)32 Education and awareness community campaign (case of the Municipality of Lezha)32 A. Developing and implementing an educational program in Education and awareness community campaign (case of the Municipality of Lezha)32 schools focusing of the eduction of thestudents and also of their A. Developing Developing implementing families, through means of knowledge dissemination. A. and and implementing an educational program in an educational program in ofstudents, schools (i) Dedicated educational sessions: parents and teachers of schools focusing of the eduction thestudents and also of their focusing of schools themeans eduction of thestudents the six high and colleges benefited knowledge about the families, through of knowledge dissemination. andDedicated also of their families, through meanson environment and environmental behavior, the types of urban (i) educational sessions: students, parents and teachers of of knowledge dissemination. waste, of recyclable waste, new technological the sixwaste high composition, schools and type colleges benefited knowledge about the (i) Dedicated cycling scheme, environment and educational environmental sessions: behavior, on the types of urban (ii) Screening of the 20and minutes movie Life a plasticnew bag technological etc. students, teachers of of the waste, wasteparents composition, type of recyclable waste, (ii)Discussion with participants concerning the booklet cycling scheme, six high schools andthecolleges benefited Differentiated collection in two streams recycling, (ii) Screeningwaste of the 20 minutes movie Lifeand of atheir plastic bag etc.and distributing it to every student. knowledge about the environment and (ii)Discussion the on participants the booklet environmental with behavior, the types concerning of aimed not only at cleaning B. Organizing the cleaning days with community participation Differentiated waste collection in two streams and their recycling, and distributing it to every student. the city, urban waste, waste composition, type but also at increasing public awareness among community members, concerning the disposal of of recyclable waste,thenew technological waste inscheme, the Municipality assigned points. In collaboration with the education departments, of aimed not only at cleaning heads the city, B. Organizing the cleaning days with community participation cycling schools, a cleaningthe enterprise, four days among of informal cleaningmembers, of waste collection were but also and at increasing public awareness community concerning theorganized disposal in of (ii) Screening of the 20 minutes movie Life of a plastic bag etc. different of the city. Approximately participated in these activities (11% of the overal waste in areas the Municipality assigned points.400Instudents collaboration with the education departments, heads of (ii)Discussion with the participants concerning the booklet Differentiated waste collection total number students). schools, and aofcleaning enterprise, four days of informal cleaning of waste collection were organized in in two streams and their recycling, and distributing it to every student.

different areas of the city. Approximately 400 students participated in these activities (11% of the overal Promotional set up, disseminating promotional total of students). B. number Organizing the cleaning daystends withwere community participation aimed materials not onlysuch at hats, the gloves, masks, bags for waste collection and sharp sticks. cleaning the city, but also as at t-shirts, increasing public awareness among community members, tends were set up,assigned disseminating promotional materialswith such concerning the disposal ofPromotional waste in the Municipality points. In collaboration aimed the C. Promotion of the waste separation at source for families: as t-shirts, hats, gloves, masks, bags for waste collection and sharp sticks. the education departments, heads of schools, and a cleaning enterprise, four days of informal increasing the number of families who will separate the waste at source. cleaning of waste collection were organized in different areas of the city. Approximately 400 Under the waste management plan, during the first Zone aimed A will the be C. Promotion the waste separation source for year families: students participated in these activities of (11% of the overal totalatnumber of students). equipped all the necessary containers dividingthe thewaste wasteatinto two increasingwith the number of families who willforseparate source. streams: recyclable and promotional non recyclable: Under the waste management plan, during the such first year Zone A will be Promotional tends were set up, disseminating materials as t-shirts, hats, equipped with alland the sharp necessary containers for dividing the waste into two gloves, masks, bags for waste collection sticks. streams: recyclable and non recyclable: 32 Under the project "Participatory Plastic Clean-Up and Waste Management in the Municipality of Lezha 2011, URI/ Municpality of Lezha 32 Under the project "Participatory Plastic Clean-Up and Waste Management in the Municipality of Lezha 69 70 2011, URI/ Municpality of Lezha

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

C. Promotion of the waste separation at source for families: aimed the increasing the number of families who will separate the waste at source. Under the waste management plan, during the first year Zone A will be equipped with all the necessary containers for dividing the waste into two streams: recyclable and non recyclable: (i) Placed in the city, etc., posters For a plastic-free environment all (i) Placed in the city, bar-cafes etc., posters Forbar-cafes a plastic-free environment all starts from your starts from your house; house; (i) Placed in the city, bar-cafes etc., posters For a plastic-free environment all became partner in this (ii) Local radios) Media (TV, newspapers, radios) (ii) Local Media (TV, newspapers, became the main partner in the thismain communication, starts from your house; communication, through spots, special programs and accompanion in through spots, special programs and accompanion in anyradios) specific activity thepartner projectin this became theof main (ii) Local Media (TV, newspapers, any specific activity of the project

communication, through spots, special programs and accompanion in D. Campaign results: any specific activity of the project (i) About 50% of school students were informed D. Campaign results: about plastic wastes and their differentiation; (ii) About 30% of families were informed theirstudents childrens theabout hoursplastic of educational 50% of by school wereduring informed wastes and (i) About D. Campaign results: their differentiation; information and cleaning days; (i) About 50% of school students were informed about plastic wastes and (ii) About 30% of were informed by their childrens during the (iii) About 1700 booklets were to families students; theirdistributed differentiation; hours of educational information and cleaning days; (iv)About 1 ton of waste were from informalwere settlements the dailyduring quantity (ii)removed About 30% of families informedorby4.2% theirof childrens the (iii) About 1700 booklets were distributed to students; of waste. hours of educational information and cleaning days; (iv)About 1 ton of waste were removed from informal settlements or 4.2% of the daily quantity of waste. (iii) About 1700 booklets were distributed to students; (iv)About 1 ton of waste were removed from informal settlements or 4.2% of the daily quantity of waste.

3.3.2 Composting 3.3.2 Composting

As recommended by the National Waste Plan, LGUs are encouraged to consider the implementation of the composting of selected components of the biodegradable (organic) waste As recommended by the National Waste Plan, LGUs are encouraged to consider the stream. implementation of the composting of selected components of the biodegradable (organic) waste Composting rarely generates profits on its own. However, when viewed as a component of an integrated stream. solid waste management program, composting can economic onas a much larger scale. Composting rarelygenerates generates profits its However, own.provide However, whenbenefits a component of Composting rarely profits on itson own. when viewed asviewed a component of an integrated When considering the large quantities of organic matter generated in developing countries, governments an integrated solid waste management program, composting can provide economic benefits solid waste management program, composting can provide economic benefits on a much larger scale. can money reducing theconsidering amount of matter waste requiring collection, transport, disposal. on asave much largerby scale. the large quantities of organic matterand generated When considering the large When quantities of organic generated in developing countries, governments (Hoornweg, et countries, Thomas, Otten 1999) in governments save money reducing transport, the amount waste candeveloping save money by reducing the amountcan of waste requiringbycollection, andofdisposal. requiring collection, transport, and disposal. (Hoornweg, et Thomas, Otten 1999) (Hoornweg, et Thomas, Otten 1999) In Albania, composting represents an economical and environmental waste treatment method In composting represents an economical and waste which can divert up to 50-60% of the waste stream from land-filling. InAlbania, Albania, composting represents anurban economical and environmental environmental waste treatment treatment method method which can divert up to 50-60% of the urban waste stream from land-filling. which can divert up to 50-60% of the urban waste stream from land-filling. As facts show, there are no local or private composting facilities established so far in Albania. Local authorities have had no interest in composting, for as long as they have had a cheaper As facts show, there are no local or private composting facilities established so far in Albania. alternative to deal with their waste - free drop-off on their local dumpsites or into irrigation Local authorities have had no interest in composting, for as long as they have had a cheaper channels, rivers banks, etc. Further restrictions on waste disposal should stimulate local interest alternative to deal with their waste - free drop-off on their local dumpsites or into irrigation in composting mainly in rural and sub-urban areas. channels, rivers banks, etc. Further restrictions on waste disposal should stimulate local interest in composting mainly in rural and sub-urban areas. Informal composting initiatives have been reported however, by a number of residents living in remote communes, who use organic waste for animal food, or other purposes. Informal composting initiatives have been reported however, by a number of residents living in remote communes, who use organic waste for animal food, or other purposes. In the meantime, the demand for organic fertilizer is increasingly growing, as in the case of the agricultural/arboricultural sector. For as long as the organic fraction is separately collected, it is In the meantime, the demand for organic fertilizer is increasingly growing, as in the case of the likely that most of this material will be brought to composting facilities in order to produce agricultural/arboricultural sector. For as long as the organic fraction is separately collected, it is products suitable for use as soil improving agent. likely that most of this material will be brought to composting facilities in order to produce products suitable for use as soil improving agent. A number of methodologies have been developed internationally, yet home composting and centralized composting (on a community, city or regional level), will constitute two of the most A number of methodologies have been developed internationally, yet home composting and potential and feasible methods in the future for their simplicity and low costs involved. centralized composting (on a community, city or regional level), will constitute two of the most potential and feasible methods in the future for their simplicity and low costs involved. 70

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Recommendation Regional approach forfor thethe construction of composting plant Recommendation 29:29:Regional Approach construction of composting plant ARecommendation city or regional 29: composting plant is only recommended on composting a sub-regional/regional level, Regional for the construction plant A city or regional composting plantapproach is only recommended on aof level, Recommendation 29:and Regional approach forofthe construction ofsub-regional/regional composting plant namely municipalities joint partnerships several communes. namely municipalities and joint partnerships of several communes. A city or regional composting plant is only recommended on a sub-regional/regional level, A city or regional composting plant is only recommended on a sub-regional/regional In the case of a single commune, an alternative can be to encourage farmers to develop level, local namely municipalities and joint partnerships of several communes. municipalities and joint partnerships of several communes. In thenamely case of a single commune, an alternative can be to encourage farmers to develop local communal composting at home or on a neighborhood level. communal at home or onan a neighborhood In thecomposting case of a single commune, alternative can level. be to encourage farmers to develop local In the case of a single commune, an alternative can be to encourage farmers to develop local communal composting at home or on a neighborhood level. communal composting at home or on a neighborhood level. In-house composting or home composting represents one of the most Home preferable composting methods especially on a rural and suburban level, composting because of the space itorrequires, and dedicated commitment. In-house composting home composting represents one of the most Home In-house composting or home composting represents of the level, most preferable composting methods especially on a rural andone suburban Home composting preferable composting methods especially on a rural and suburban level, Home composting is less expensive and more efficient than transferring organic wastes to a because of the space it requires, and dedicated commitment. composting because composting of the spacefacility. it requires, dedicated commitment. landfill, or even a centralized It isand environmentally sound, can be done almost composting anywhere, isand householders to substantially reduce organic their waste. Home lessenables expensive and more efficient than transferring wastesHome to a Home composting less expensive and consuming more efficient than transferringsound, organiccan wastes to a composting is neither a difficult nor a time landfill, or even a is centralized composting facility. Itprocess. is environmentally be done landfill, or even a centralized composting facility. It is environmentally sound, can be done almost anywhere, and enables householders to substantially reduce their waste. Home almost anywhere, and enables householders to substantially reduce their waste. Home composting neither aofdifficult nor a time consuming process. key is advantage home composting is that it is a local to atowaste The A windrow composting is simple andconsuming has a very low costsolution compared othermanagement treatment composting is neither a difficult nor a time process. problem, involves the community in dealing its own companies. waste. methods, andand candirectly be used by farmers, cities, and waste with processing 14 A keyofadvantage of home composting is that it is a10â&#x20AC;&#x201C;30 local solution to input a waste management The cost windrow composting can range between tone including A key advantage of home composting is that it is a local Euro solutionper to a waste management problem, and directly involvesoccurs theexpenses. community with of its materials own waste. The speed at which composting dependsinondealing the types you add to the pile, capital, operation and maintenance problem, and directly involves the community in dealing with its own waste. and the amount of time you are willing to dedicate to composting. Based on the methodology, there are two perform home composting: The speed at ways whichtocomposting occurs depends on the types of materials you add to the pile, The the speed at which composting occurs to depends ontothe types of materials you to the pile, and amount of time you are willing dedicate composting. Based on theadd methodology, and the amount of time you are willing to dedicate to composting. Based on the methodology, there are two ways to perform home composting: there are two ways to perform home composting: â&#x20AC;˘ It is one of the easiest ways to compost since no labor is required other than placing wastes in a bin and harves ng the compost from the bo om of the pile about 8 to 12 months later.

â&#x20AC;˘ The pile is periodically turned or moved into the next bin, which supplies oxygen to the organisms allowing them to break down the wastes quickly. Weekly aera on can result in finished compost in less than two months.

Passive compos ng bin

Ac ve compos ng bin:

The initial investment for setting up a 1- bin-composting place costs nearly 40-60 Euros.33 33 initialinvestment investment for up aup 1- bin-composting place costs nearlycosts 40-60 Euros. TheThe initial forsetting setting a 1- bin-composting place nearly 40-60 The33initial investment for setting up a 1- bin-composting place costs nearly 40-60 Euros.33 Euros. 33

IBRD/World Bank, 2000, Strategic Planning Guide for Municipal Solid Waste Management

33 33

IBRD/World Bank, 2000, Strategic Planning Guide for Municipal Solid Waste Management IBRD/World Bank, 2000, Strategic Planning Guide for Municipal Solid Waste Management

72 72 72

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Potential solution for rural community- Home composting in the Commune of Potential solution for rural community- Home composting in the Commune of 34 Shenkoll Shenkoll34 Target group: 20 20 families Target group: families a favorable option to deal with

ALL/ton (transport and disposal fee). The composting

urban waste for remote urban alternative37 is significantly cheaper than the land-fill Pilot area: Rural neighborhood; Pilot area: Rural neighborhood; areas like thesolution city of Puka, city communityalternative, forHome as long as its cost in ranges 1400-1600 Potential fortherural composting the from Commune of 34 ofShenkoll Fushe-Arrez, and all communes ALL/ton, without taking into account the economic benefits Service provider: Commune and inhabitants Service provider: Commune and inhabitants nearby. from selling the compost. Target group: 20 families Infrastructure: Wooden composting containers Infrastructure: Wooden composting containers Pilot area: Rural neighborhood; (1.5mx1,5mx1.5m) (1.5mx1,5mx1.5m) Approximate Cost: 800-1000 Euros3535 Approximate Cost: 800-1000 Euros Servicesteps: provider: Commune and awareness inhabitants for First Guidelines and First steps: Guidelines and awareness for selected pilot families. Infrastructure: Wooden composting containers selected pilot families. (1.5mx1,5mx1.5m) 35 Approximate Cost:Community 800-1000 Euros or local (centralized) composting represents a local or First steps: Guidelines and awareness for Community or regional alternative to composting. Community composting, which is selected pilot families. based on the ‘windrow’ method, is both the simplest and cheapest local composting composting method, which might be appropriate in Albanian local context. Community or local (centralized) composting represents a local or or regionalused alternative to composting. Community composting, which is It Community is a slow, large-scale method to produce compost. It can be used to process yard waste, based on the both the simplest and cheapest localpaper, composting food, and sewage sludge. It is‘windrow’ difficult tomethod, obtain is a generally applicable capital and composting method, which mightthe be composting appropriate inrotating Albanian Figure 10:for Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g. grinders, operating cost open windrow composting, since process and local the context. loaders screens, mixers, windrow turners and front-end developed compost markets are usually site specific.

It is a slow, large-scale method used to produce compost. It can be used to process yard waste, The windrow composting isis simple and has very low compared totoother treatment The windrow composting simple and has aato very lowcost compared othercapital treatment food, paper, and sewage sludge. It is difficult obtain a cost generally applicable and methods, and can be used by farmers, cities, and waste processing companies. methods, and can be used by farmers, cities, and waste processing companies. operating cost for open windrow composting, since the composting process and the 36 The and designing a community local windrow should consider the The cost of windrow composting can between 10–30 Euro tone including The planning cost of windrow composting canrange range between 10–30 composting Euro36 per per input input tone including markets are usually siteor specific. developed compost following elements: capital, operation and maintenance expenses. capital, operation and maintenance expenses. The Location windrow compostingShould is simple and tohas a very areas low to cost compared to other be closer residential lower transportation coststreatment Producing good composting which canprocessing then be marketed at a good price, can methods, a and canquality be used by farmers,material, cities, and waste companies. minimize of composting. This would make composting a more competitive alternative to Can normally be situated under10–30 open air but36sometimes be covered for The Specific costthe of cost windrow composting can range between Euro per inputcan tone including land-filling (cheaper than the cost of transport and disposal at e.g. landfill of Bushat). 38 climate conditions or prevent nuisance from odor, moisture and conditions capital, operation and maintenance expenses. temperature control, etc

Potential solution compostingunder Potential solutionfor fora acommunity community compostingEvaluation under the the LSWMP LSWMP of of the the The compost requires a periodEvaluation of 6 up to 8 months Time required Producing a goodof quality composting material, which can then be marketed at a good price, can Municipality Puka (Co-PLAN,2011) 2011) Municipality of Puka (Co-PLAN, minimize the cost of composting. This would make composting a more competitive to Normally material consists 90%alternative of municipal Acceptance The windrow rate composting on a incoming The option of disposal at of theapproximately landfill of Bushat will require land-filling (cheaper than thewaste cost stream of transport and disposal at e.g. landfill of Bushat). community or local level could be extensive expenses for their local budget from 2000-2400 The option of disposal at the landfill of Bushat will The Method windrow composting a After on composting, the mature compost constitutes only about 40% of the require extensive expenses for their local budget from community or local level be a due original mass to the waterEvaluation evaporation. under Of that,the approximately 5-10% Potential solution for acould community compostingLSWMP of the productivity 2000-2400 ALL/ton (transport and disposal fee). The will disposed imperfectly sorted materials). Municipality 2011)in landfills (e.g. stones and favorable optionoftoPuka deal(Co-PLAN, withbeurban 37 composting alternative is significantly cheaper than The windrow composting on a The option of disposal at the landfill of Bushat will require waste for remote urban areas like the 34 the land-fill alternative, forlocal as long as its cost2000-2400 ranges Case study developed duringcould coaching sessions, under dldp-2 program community or local level be extensive expenses for their budget from 35city of Puka, the city of Fushe-Arrez, Roughly estimation of the investments cost for the1400-1600 case study of the Commune of taking Shenkoll from ALL/ton, without into account all WORLD communes nearby. Composting and It’s Applicability in Developing Countries 36and IBRD/ 3.3.3 WasteBANK(1999), Disposal and Landfills the economic benefits from selling the compost. a) Current National Policy Approach on Landfills

Case study developed during coaching sessions, 73 under dldp-2 program Roughly estimation of the investments cost for the case study of the Commune of Shenkoll 36 IBRD/ WORLD BANK(1999), Composting and It’s Applicability in Developing Countries 37 A Plant capacity up to 5000 tones/year 72 38 See footnote 31 34

73 74

eas ike like the the city city of Puka, of Puka, the the city city alternative, alternative, for for as long as long as its as its costcost ranges ranges fromfrom 1400-1600 1400-16 he-Arrez, Fushe-Arrez, andand alloption communes all communes ALL/ton, ALL/ton, without without taking taking into into account account the economic economic benefits benef a favorable to deal with ALL/ton (transport and disposal Thethe composting (Steps to)fee). Developing a a favorable option to deal with ALL/ton (transport and disposal fee). The composting 37 compost. y. arby. urban waste for remote urban fromfrom selling selling the the compost. alternative is significantly than the wastecheaper management plan land-fill urban waste for remote urban

alternative37

significantly

cheaper

than

the

land-fill

areas like the city of Puka, the city alternative, for as long as its cost ranges from 1400-1600 areas like the city of Puka, the city alternative, for as long as its cost ranges from 1400-1600 of Fushe-Arrez, and alland communes ALL/ton, without taking into account the economicbenefits benefits of Fushe-Arrez, taking accountfee). the economic a favorable option all to communes deal with ALL/ton, ALL/ton without (transport and into disposal The composting nearby. nearby. fromfrom selling the compost. 37 the compost. selling urban waste for remote urban alternative is significantly cheaper than the land-fill areas like the city of Puka, the city alternative, for as long as its cost ranges from 1400-1600 of Fushe-Arrez, and all communes ALL/ton, without taking into account the economic benefits nearby. from selling the compost. a favorable option to deal with ALL/ton (transport and disposal fee). The composting wasteoption for remote alternative37(transport is significantly cheaper land-fill aurban favorable to dealurban with ALL/ton and disposal fee).than The the composting areas like the city Puka, the city alternative alternative,37 foris assignificantly long as its cheaper cost ranges urban waste for ofremote urban thanfrom the 1400-1600 land-fill 39 of Fushe-Arrez, and communes without intoits account the economic benefits areas likewaste the city of all Puka, the city alternative, for as taking longfrom as cost ranges fromin 1400-1600 , the firstALL/ton, step is the transition the waste deposit illegal or Under the hierarchy nearby. from selling thethat compost. of Fushe-Arrez, and all communes ALL/ton, without taking account the economicThis benefits uncontrolled collecting site, into a sanitary landfill meetsinto all required standards. will nearby. from selling the compost. require the construction of new landfills to ensure safe disposal of urban waste; in the meantime

the environmental closure of local dumpsites is also required.

In line with the national policy40, the following measures are strongly recommended for local authorities to be included at Waste Area plans41 and local plans in order to ensure safe disposal of solid waste. Recommendation 30: Specific measures and actions proposed on waste disposal

Figure 10: Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g. grinders, rotating loaders screens, mixers, windrow and front-end in Set-up a regional or turners inter-LGU association charge of: site choice, project, realization,

Figure 10: Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g. grinders, rotating

finance and management of a regional landfill; gure Figure 10: screens, 10: Various Various auxiliary auxiliary equipments equipments are normally normally used, used, e.g.e.g. grinders, grinders, rotating rotating mixers, windrow turners andare front-end loaders Figure 10: Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g. grinders, rotating Organize a regional or inter-LGU solution for the transportation to the regional landfill. loaders loaders creens, screens, mixers, mixers, windrow windrow turners turners and and front-end front-end loaders screens, mixers, windrow turners and front-end

The planning and designing a community or local windrow composting should consider the following b)elements: Rehabilitation of Actual Dumpsites Figure 10: Various are normally used, e.g. grinders, rotating Local authorities that have underequipments theirorresponsibility a local dumpsite, should pursue thethe The planning and designing aauxiliary community local windrow composting should consider Should be closer toor residential areas to composting lower transportation costs Location The planning and designing a community local windrow should consider the loaders screens, mixers, windrow turners and front-end adoption of existing legal requirements for Rehabilitation of existing disposal sites, where Figure 10: Various auxiliary equipments are normally used, e.g.waste grinders, rotating followingfollowing elements: Location Should be closer to residential areas to lower transportation costs elements: loadersto ensure the following: screens, mixers, windrow turners and front-end the existing landfills will be subjected to special management planning ning andand designing designing a community a community or be local orsituated local windrow windrow composting composting should consider the t Cannormally normally under openopen air but can beshould covered forconsider Specific Can be situated under airsometimes but sometimes can be 38 Should be closer to residential areas costs Location climate or prevent nuisance from odor, costs moisture and conditions Should beconditions closer to residential areasto tolower lower transportation transportation Location 38 A halt to any storage of waste in the site; ing elements: elements: covered for climate conditions or prevent nuisance from odor, Specific conditions temperature control, etcconstruction activities than earth material) and Coverage with soilmoisture (inert waste the and from temperature control, etc The planning and designing a normally community or local windrow composting should be consider the The aunder period ofopen 6 up tobut 8 months Time required Can compost be situated under air but sometimes can covered for for normally be requires situated open air sometimes can be covered SpecificSpecific ramming of theCan ground; following elements: The planning and designing a community or local windrow composting should consider the 38 38 Should beThe closer becompost closer to residential to areas areas to lower totolower transportation transportation costs costs climate conditions prevent nuisance from odor, moisture and Location ation conditions conditions Opening upShould of climate separate channels ofresidential rain, ground waters and for waste extract collection conditions or orprevent nuisance from odor, moisture and Time required requires a period of 6 up 8 months following elements: Normally incoming material consists of approximately 90% of municipal Acceptance rate temperature control, etc into isolated basins; temperature control, etc Should be closer to residential areas to lower transportation costs Location waste stream The compost requires material a period ofconsists up to 8 months required Acceptance ratefromThe incoming of approximately 90% of Time Protection fire;Normally compost requires period of 6 6up to 8but months Should be closer to athe residential areas toair lower costs Location Afterbe composting, mature compost constitutes only about 40% can of Method Can Can normally normally situated be situated under under open open airtransportation but sometimes sometimes can bethe covered be covered for Specific cific Time required Entrance prohibition for unauthorized persons, and animals; municipal waste stream Can normally be situated under open air but sometimes can beofcovered for Specific original mass due to material the water evaporation. Of that, approximately 5-10% productivity Normally incoming consists of approximately 90% municipal Acceptance rate 38 38 Coverage with Normally soil,conditions andconditions planting ofor the sections of the site no longer used as a odor, dumpsite. or prevent prevent nuisance nuisance from from odor, moisture moisture anda conditions ditionsAcceptance incoming material consists of approximately 90% of municipal rateclimate 38 climate climate conditions or prevent nuisance from odor, moisture and conditions Can normally be in situated under airand butimperfectly sometimes can be covered for will be disposed landfills (e.g. open stones sorted materials). Specific After composting, the mature compost constitutes only about waste stream 38 waste stream temperature temperature control, control, etc etc temperature control, etc climate conditions prevent nuisance fromevaporation. odor,about moisture and conditions Afterofcomposting, theor mature compost only 40% the Method 40% the original mass due to theconstitutes water Of of that, Method productivity The compost requires aperiod period of 6up up6 to 88 months temperature control, Time required Recommendation 31: The closure of the local dumpsites After composting, compost constitutes only about 40% of the Method original mass due tomature the water evaporation. Of approximately 5-10% productivity TheThe compost compost requires requires athe period aetc of 6of to up to months 8that, months approximately 5-10% will be disposed in landfills (e.g. stones and me Time required required The compost requires awater period ofstones 6 up to 8 months Time required original willmass be disposed landfills (e.g. and imperfectly sorted materials). due tointhe evaporation. Of that, approximately 5-10% productivity imperfectly sorted materials). Normally incoming material consists solution of approximately 90% of municipal rate 3.3.3 Disposal and Landfills A Acceptance local Waste solution does provide a in medium or(e.g. long-term as long as dumpsites’ willnot be disposed landfills stones and imperfectly sorted materials). waste stream Normally incoming material consists of approximately 90% of 90% municipal Acceptance rate Normally Normally incoming incoming material material consists consists of approximately of approximately 90% of municipal of municip Acceptance eptance ratelife rate expectancy is limited, and they will not fulfill technical requirements for a sanitary waste stream After composting, theon mature compost constitutes only about 40% of the Method a) Current National Policy Approach Landfills waste waste stream stream landfill. original mass due to water compost evaporation. Of that,only approximately productivity After composting, thethe mature constitutes about 40% 5-10% of the Method 3.3.3 Waste Disposal and Landfills Local authorities should however, feasibility studies for the environmental After After composting, composting, theconduct the mature mature compost compost constitutes constitutes onlyonly about about 40%40% of the of t thod Method will be disposed into landfills (e.g.evaporation. stones and imperfectly sorted materials). original mass due the water Of that, approximately 5-10% productivity closure of the dumpsite in line with legal requirements in order to secure environmental will be disposed in landfills (e.g. stones and imperfectly sorted materials). 3.3.3 Waste Disposal and Landfills original original mass mass duedue toofthe to the water water evaporation. evaporation. Of that, Of that, approximately approximately 5-10% 5-1 ductivity productivity a) Current Approach onhealth. Landfills 37 protection of the National sensitive Policy areas and human 38

A Plant capacity up to 5000 tones/year be disposed be disposed in landfills in landfills (e.g.(e.g. stones stones andand imperfectly imperfectly sorted sorted materials). materials See footnote will 31 will

a) Current National Policy Approach 39 Under the Waste waste hierarchy , theLandfills first step ison theLandfills transition from the waste deposit in illegal or 3.3.3 Disposal and 37 74 Dumping uncontrolled collecting site, into a sanitary landfill that meets all required standards. This will Closing Dumpsite and Illegal Waste Disposal and Landfills A 3.3.3 Plantc)capacity up toActual 5000 tones/year

require the Current construction of new landfills to ensure disposaland of urban waste; regional in the meantime One midterm objectives is to Approach close all local dumpsites to establish landfills a) National Policy onsafe Landfills Seeoffootnote 31 the environmental closure ofThe local dumpsites also required. and waste sorting facilities. aim is for theisentire waste stream to be managed professionally a) Current National Policy Approach on Landfills A Plant capacity up to 5000 tones/year 74 with minimal environmental impact. 38 See footnote In line 31 with the national policy40, the following measures are strongly recommended for local 37 A Plant capacity up to 5000attones/year authorities to be included Waste Area plans41 and local plans in order to ensure safe disposal 38 37 74 footnote 31 up to 5000 tones/year Plant capacity ofASee solid waste. a) Current Current National National Policy Policy Approach Approach on Landfills on Landfills 38

3.3Waste Waste Disposal Disposal andand Landfills Landfills 38 39

See footnote 31 Hierarchy of priorities for waste treatment 74 actions proposed on waste disposal 30: Specific measures and NWS Recommendation and NWMP 41 74 Regional plans: term defined in the NWS and NWMP 40

Set-up a regional or inter-LGU association in charge of: site choice, project, realization, 75 landfill; finance and management of a regional

capacity ant capacity up to up5000 to 5000 tones/year tones/year

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Under the waste hierarchy39, the first step is the transition from the waste deposit in illegal or uncontrolled collecting site, into a sanitary landfill that meets all required standards. This will requirethe the waste construction of new landfills to ensure safe disposal of urban waste; in the meantime 39 Under hierarchy 39, the first step is the transition from the waste deposit in illegal or ,local the first step isisthe transition from the waste deposit in illegal or Under the waste hierarchy the environmental closure of also required. uncontrolled collecting site, into adumpsites sanitary landfill that meets all required standards. This will uncontrolled collecting site, into a sanitary landfill that meets all required standards. This will require the construction of new 40 landfills to ensure safe disposal of urban waste; in the meantime require the construction of new landfills to ensuremeasures safe disposal of urban recommended waste; in the meantime the following are strongly for local In with the national theline environmental closurepolicy of local, dumpsites is41also required. the environmental closureat of Waste local dumpsites is also authorities to be included Area plans andrequired. local plans in order to ensure safe disposal of waste. 40 39 In solid line with the national policy 40, the following measures are strongly recommended for local , the step is 41 the transitionare from the waste deposit in illegal or Under hierarchy In line the withwaste the national policy , first the following measures strongly recommended for local 39 authorities to be included at Waste Area plans localmeets plans inthe order to ensure disposal 41 , the step islandfill theand transition from waste depositsafe in illegal or Under the waste hierarchy uncontrolled site, into afirst sanitary that all required standards. This will Recommendation 30: measures and actions waste authorities to collecting be included at Specific Waste Area plans and localproposed plans inon order to disposal ensure safe disposal of solid waste. uncontrolled collecting site, into a sanitary landfill that meets all required standards. This will require construction new landfills to ensure safe disposal of urban on waste; in the meantime of solid the waste. Recommendation 30:of Specific measures and actions proposed waste disposal require the construction of of new landfills to ensure safe of urban waste; in the realization, meantime the environmental closure local dumpsites is also required. Set-up a regional or inter-LGU association indisposal charge of: site choice, project, Recommendation 30: Specific measures and actions proposed on waste disposal the environmental closure ofSpecific local dumpsites is also required. Recommendation measures and actions proposed on waste disposal finance and30: management of a regional landfill;  Set-up a regional or 40 inter-LGU association in charge of: site choice, project, In line with the national policyor , the following measures are strongly recommended for local 40 inter-LGU Set-up a regional association inthe charge of: site choice, project, realization, 41 measures Organize a regional inter-LGU solution transportation to regional landfill. realization, finance and management of afor regional In line with tothe national policy , inter-LGU the following arelandfill; strongly recommended for local Set-up a regional oror association in charge of: choice, project, realization, authorities be included at Waste Area plans and local plans in site order to the ensure safe disposal 41 landfill; finance and management of a regional authorities to be included at Waste Area plans and local plans in order to ensure safe disposal finance and management of a regional landfill; of solid waste.  Organize a regional or inter-LGU solution for the transportation to the regional landfill. of solid waste. Organize a regional or inter-LGU solution for the transportation to the regional landfill. b) Rehabilitation of Actual Dumpsites Organize a regional or inter-LGU for the transportation to the regional landfill. Recommendation 30: Specific measuressolution and actions proposed on waste disposal Local authorities that have under their responsibility a local dumpsite, should pursue the Recommendation 30: Specific measures and actions proposed on waste disposal adoption existing requirements for Rehabilitation of existing waste disposal sites, where b)of Rehabilitation of Actual Dumpsites Set-up legal a regional or inter-LGU association in charge of: site choice, project, realization, b) Rehabilitation of Actual Dumpsites the existing landfills will be subjected to special management to ensure the following: Set-up a regional or inter-LGU association in charge of: site choice, project, realization, finance management of a regional landfill; a local dumpsite, should pursue the Local authorities thatand have under their responsibility Local authorities thatand have under their responsibility dumpsite, should pursue the finance a regional landfill; aof local adoption of existing legal management requirementsoffor Rehabilitation existing waste disposal sites, where adoption of legal requirements for Rehabilitation existing waste sites, where existing Organize a regional or inter-LGU solution for theoftransportation to disposal the regional landfill. A halt to any storage of waste in the site; the existing landfills willa be subjected to special management to ensure the Organize regional or inter-LGU solution for the transportation to following: the regional landfill. the existing landfills willsoil be subjected to from special to ensure the following: Coverage with (inert waste themanagement construction activities than earth material) and ramming of the ground; A halt to any storage of waste in the site; b)halt Rehabilitation ofof Actual Dumpsites A to any storage waste in the Opening up of separate channels of site; rain, ground waters and forthan waste extract collection authorities Coverage with soil (inert waste from the construction activities earth b) Rehabilitation of Actual Dumpsites Local that have under their responsibility a local dumpsite, shouldmaterial) pursue and the Coverage with soil (inert waste from the construction activities than earth material) and into isolated basins; ramming of the ground; Local authorities that have under their responsibility a local dumpsite, should pursue the adoption of existing legal requirements for Rehabilitation of existing waste disposal sites, where offrom the ground; ramming Protection fire; Opening up of separate channels ofRehabilitation rain, ground waters andwaste forthe waste extract collection adoption of existing legal requirements for of existing disposal sites, where the existing landfills will be subjected to special management to ensure following: Opening up of separate channels of rain, ground and for waste extract collection Entrance prohibition for unauthorized persons, andwaters animals; into isolated basins; the existing landfills willsoil, be subjected to special management to ensure the following: into isolated basins; Coverage with and planting of the sections of the site no longer used as a dumpsite. A Protection from fire; halt to any storage Protection from fire; of waste in the site; Coverage Entrance prohibition for unauthorized persons, and animals; A halt to any storage of waste in from the site; with soil (inert waste the construction activities than earth material) and Entrance prohibition for unauthorized persons, and animals; with soil, and planting of local the sections of the site no longer a dumpsite. The closure of the dumpsites Recommendation Coverage soil (inert waste from construction activities thanused earthas and ramming the31: ground; Coverageofwith soil, and planting of thethe sections of the site no longer used asmaterial) a dumpsite. ramming of the ground; Opening up of separate channels of rain, ground waters and for waste extract collection A Opening up of separate channels of rain, ground waters and foraswaste extract collection local solution does notclosure provide medium or long-term solution long as dumpsites’ into isolated basins; Recommendation 31: The of athe local dumpsites 31: The closure of the local into isolated life expectancy isbasins; limited, they will notdumpsites fulfilldumpsites technical requirements for a sanitary Recommendation Protection from fire; Recommendation 31: Theand closure of the local Protection from fire; landfill. A local Entrance prohibition unauthorized persons, and animals; solution does notfor provide a medium or long-term solution as long as dumpsites’ solution does not provide a medium orfeasibility long-term solution as the long asas dumpsites’ A local Entrance prohibition for unauthorized persons, and animals; Coverage with soil, and planting of the sections of the site no longer used dumpsite. Local authorities should however, conduct studies for environmental life expectancy is limited, and they will not fulfill technical requirements a asanitary A life local solution does not and provide a medium orfulfill long-term solution as long asfor dumpsites’ life expectancy is limited, and they will not technical requirements for a asanitary Coverage with soil, planting of the sections of the site no longer used as dumpsite. closure of the dumpsite in line with legal requirements in order to secure environmental landfill. is limited, and they will not fulfill technical requirements for a sanitary landfill. expectancy landfill. protection of the sensitive areas and ofconduct human health. Local authorities should however, feasibility studies the environmental Recommendation 31: The closure of the local dumpsites Local authorities should however, conduct feasibility studies for thefor environmental closure of Local authorities should however, conduct feasibility studies for the environmental Recommendation 31: The closure of the local dumpsites closure of the dumpsite in line with legal requirements in order to secure environmental the dumpsite in line with legal requirements in order to secure environmental protection of the closure of the dumpsite in line with legal requirements in order to secure environmental A local solution does not areas provide medium long-term solution as long as dumpsites’ protection of the sensitive anda of humanor health. protection of the areas and of humanor health. sensitive andsensitive of human health. A local solution notDumpsite provide medium long-term solution as long as c) areas Closing Actual Dumping life expectancy isdoes limited, and theyaand willIllegal not fulfill technical requirements fordumpsites’ a sanitary One of the midterm objectives is to close all local dumpsites and to establish regional landfills life expectancy is limited, and they will not fulfill technical requirements for a sanitary landfill. andlandfill. waste sorting facilities. The aim is for the entire waste stream to be managed professionally c) authorities Closing Actual Illegalfeasibility Dumping studies for the environmental Local shouldDumpsite however,and conduct c) Closing Actual Dumpsite and Illegalfeasibility Dumping studies for the environmental with minimal environmental impact. Local shouldin however, conduct One of theauthorities midterm objectives is towith close all requirements local dumpsites and to establish regional landfills closure of the dumpsite line legal in order secure environmental One of theof midterm objectives is towith close all local dumpsites and toto establish regional landfills the dumpsite inareas line legal in order environmental andclosure waste sorting facilities. The aim is for the requirements entire waste stream to to besecure managed professionally of the sensitive of human health. andprotection waste sorting facilities. The aimand is for the entire waste stream to be managed professionally of the sensitiveimpact. areas and of human health. withprotection minimal environmental with minimal environmental impact. 39

Hierarchy of priorities for waste treatment Closing Actual Dumpsite and Illegal Dumping NWS c) and NWMP 41 Closing and Illegal termActual definedDumpsite in the NWS andall NWMP One of c) theplans: midterm objectives is to close local Dumping dumpsites and to establish regional landfills 39 Regional of prioritiesobjectives for waste treatment 39 Hierarchy One of the midterm is to close all local dumpsites andtotobe establish regional landfills and waste sorting facilities. The aim is for the entire waste stream managed professionally 40 Hierarchy of priorities for waste treatment NWS and sorting NWMP facilities. The aim is for the entire 40 and waste 75 waste stream to be managed professionally and NWMP with minimal environmental impact. 41 NWS 41 Regional plans: term defined in the NWS and NWMP with minimal environmental Regional plans: term definedimpact. in the NWS and NWMP 40

75 75

Hierarchy of priorities for waste treatment Hierarchy priorities for waste treatment NWS and of NWMP NWS andplans: NWMP Regional term defined in the NWS and NWMP 41 Regional plans: term defined in the NWS and NWMP 74 39 40 40 41

75 75

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

The closing of the dumpsites is a prerequisite for the success of the regional treatment plants. It is clear that the regional installation will not function the possibility using local dumpsites still The closing of the dumpsites is a prerequisite for theif success of theof regional treatment plants. It exists. Therefore, the realization regional treatment solutions rehabilitation and is clear that the regional installation will not function the possibility of usingthe local dumpsites still The closing of the dumpsites is aofprerequisite for theif success ofwill therequire regional treatment plants. It closure of local disposal sites. of regional is clear that the regional installation will not function if the possibility of using local dumpsites still exists. Therefore, the realization treatment solutions will require the rehabilitation and The closing of the dumpsites is a prerequisite for the success of the regional treatment plants. It closure of local sites. exists. the realization of regional treatment solutions will require rehabilitation is clearTherefore, that the disposal regional installation will not function if the possibility of usingthe local dumpsites and still Actually,oflocal authorities are facing increasing pressure and penalties from governmental closure local disposal sites. exists. Therefore, the realization of regional treatment solutions will require the rehabilitation and agencies (e.g. Regional Environmental Agencies) pressure for the poor thesegovernmental sites due to Actually, authorities are facing increasing andconditions penaltiesoffrom closure oflocal local disposal sites. several insufficiencies and badfacing management overpressure On the other hand, theydue have agencies (e.g. Regional Environmental Agencies) forthe theyears. poor offrom these sites to Actually, local authorities are increasing andconditions penalties governmental insufficient funds to afford the gate fee per ton (e.g. landfill of Bushat). agencies (e.g. Regional Environmental Agencies) for the poor conditions of these sites due to several insufficiencies and bad management over the years. On the other hand, they have Actually, local authorities are facing increasing pressure and penalties from governmental Dumpsite closure and regional alternatives will require political support. Therefore, LGUshave will insufficient funds to afford the gate fee per ton (e.g. landfill of Bushat). several insufficiencies and bad management over the years. On the other hand, they agencies (e.g. Regional Environmental Agencies) for the poor conditions of these sites due to have to allocate sufficient funds forper the use oflandfill the of regional treatment plants,LGUs and will the insufficient funds toand afford gate fee tonwill (e.g. Bushat). Dumpsite closure regional alternatives require support. Therefore, several insufficiencies andthe bad management over the political years. On the other hand, they have organization of the and transportation to these places. have to allocate sufficient funds for the use of the regional treatment plants, and the Dumpsite closure regional alternatives will require political support. Therefore, LGUs will insufficient funds to afford the gate fee per ton (e.g. landfill of Bushat). organization of the and transportation to these places. have to allocate sufficient funds for the userequire of thepolitical regional treatment plants,LGUs and will the Dumpsite closure regional alternatives will support. Therefore, 32: The use dumpsites inert waste disposal plants, and the organization of the sufficient transportation to of these places. have toRecommendation allocate funds forexisting the use of theforregional treatment Recommendation Theuse use of existing dumpsites for inert wastewaste disposal Recommendation 32:32: The existing dumpsites for inert disposal organization of the transportation to of these places. Some of the actual dumpsites, depending onforthe Recommendation 32: The use of existing dumpsites inertenvironmental waste disposal context, can be receiving inert (earth stones from construction activities). Some thefor actual dumpsites, depending on environmental canThis be Recommendation 32: The use of waste existing dumpsites forthe inert waste disposal Sometransformed of the of actual dumpsites, depending on the and environmental context, can context, be transformed Some of the actual dumpsites, depending on the from environmental context, canThis be could have the following interests: transformed for receiving inert waste (earth and stones construction activities). for receiving inert waste (earth and stones from construction activities). This could have the transformed for receiving inert waste (earth and stones from construction activities). This could Offer a local, official and specific solution for the inert waste generated by the urban have the following interests: Some of the actual dumpsites, depending on the environmental context, can be following interests: have the following interests: construction activities; could Offer a local, official and specific solution forstones the inert waste generated by the urban transformed receiving inert waste (earthfor and construction This  Offer a local, for official and specific solution the inert from waste generated activities). by the urban could Offer a local, official and specific solution for the inert waste generated by(collection, the urban Separate the heavy inert waste component from the urban waste stream construction activities; have the following interests: construction activities; construction andactivities; landfill); Separate the heavy inert waste component from the urban waste stream (collection, transport Offerthe a local, official specific solutionfrom for the inert waste generated by the urban  Separate heavy inert and waste component thethe urban waste (collection, Separate the heavy from wastestream stream (collection, Use the inert wasteinert andwaste soils component for the covering andurban rehabilitation of the existing transport andactivities; landfill); construction transport and landfill); transport andheavy landfill); dumpsites. Use the inert wasteinert andwaste soils component for the covering andurban rehabilitation of the existing Separate the from the waste stream (collection,  Use inert and soils forsoils the covering rehabilitation of the existing dumpsites. the Use the waste inert waste and for the and covering and rehabilitation of the existing dumpsites. transport and landfill); dumpsites. In order the the dumpsites to be transformed inert waste activities), the establishment of new forUse inert waste and soils for(tothe covering and rehabilitation of the existing rules andforcontrol measurestoare required. The(torules define: the obligation for the producer dumpsites. In order the dumpsites be transformed inertmust waste activities), the establishment of new of inert waste go to the to disposal site, the price of must this service, andobligation the applying for any In order forcontrol thetodumpsites be transformed (torules inert waste activities), the fines establishment of new rules and measures are required. The define: the for the producer inappropriate use and illegal disposal of inert waste. of inert waste to go to the disposal site, the price of this service, and the fines applying for any rules and control measures are required. The rules must define: the obligation for the producer In order for the dumpsites to be transformed (to inert waste activities), the establishment of new inappropriate use and illegal disposal of inert waste. of inert waste to go to the disposal site, the price of this service, and the fines applying for any rules and control measures are required. The rules must define: the obligation for the producer 42, it is estimated that the investments international experience in theofregion inappropriate use and disposal of inert waste. of inertBased wasteon to the go to illegal the disposal site, the price this service, and the fines applying for any required for environmental closure and restoration of a local dumpsites vary Based on the international experience in the region42,measures it is estimated that the investments inappropriate use and illegal disposal of inert waste. Based on the international experience in the region42, 42 it is estimated that the investments Based34,000-78,000Euro/ha on for the environmental international experience in the region ,measures itdepending is estimated that the investments from to 260,000-360,000Euro/ha the risk degree.vary required closure and restoration of aonlocal dumpsites required for environmental closure and restoration measures of a local dumpsites vary from required environmental closure and restoration of aonlocal dumpsites 42,measures from to 260,000-360,000Euro/ha the risk degree.vary Based34,000-78,000Euro/ha on for the international experience in the region itdepending is estimated that the investments 34,000-78,000 Euro/ha to 260,000-360,000Euro/ha depending on the on risk degree. from 34,000-78,000Euro/ha 260,000-360,000Euro/ha depending the risk degree.vary required for environmentalto closure and restoration measures of a local dumpsites The closure of local dumpsites, and high cost of disposal at the regional landfill, will require from 34,000-78,000Euro/ha to 260,000-360,000Euro/ha depending on the risk more efforts of to local prevent illegal dumping. dumping a symptom of degree. institutional The closure dumpsites, and high Uncontrolled cost of disposal at theisregional landfill, will require weakness and no changes happen major fordumping deterioration tolandfill, be expected. The of dumpsites, andsoon, high Uncontrolled cost ofrisks disposal at theisregional will require moreclosure efforts toiflocal prevent illegal dumping. a are symptom of institutional weakness and no changes happen major fordumping deterioration tolandfill, be expected. more efforts toiflocal prevent illegal dumping. a are symptom of institutional The closure of dumpsites, andsoon, high Uncontrolled cost ofrisks disposal at theisregional will require weakness and if no changes happen soon, major risks for deterioration are to be expected. Recommendation 33: The use of local rules and penalties more efforts to prevent illegal dumping. Uncontrolled dumping is a symptom of institutional Recommendation 33: The use ofsoon, local rules and penalties weakness and if no changes happen major risks for deterioration are to be expected. Recommendation 33:clear The and use of local rules and The establishment of wide-ranging localpenalties regulation and penalties, and strengthening of Recommendation 33: The local rules and penalties Recommendation 33: Theuse use of local rules and penalties the enforcement structures andof procedures, remains for the time being the main solution. The establishment of clear and wide-ranging local regulation and penalties, and strengthening of The enforcement establishmentstructures of clear and local regulation and penalties, and strengthening of the andwide-ranging procedures, remains for the time being the main solution. the enforcement structures andwide-ranging procedures, remains for theand time being the main solution. The establishment of clear and local regulation and penalties, and strengthening of The establishment of clear and wide-ranging local regulation penalties, and strengthening d) Waste Fire: a Dangerous Way enforcement structures and procedures, remains for the time being the main solution. of the the enforcement structures and procedures, remains for the time being the main solution. d) Waste Fire: a Dangerous Way 42 Karagiannidis, d) Waste a Dangerous Way T. (2000) “Statistical analysis and risk assessment of A. Fire: Antonopoulos, I, Tsatsarelis, open dumps in theA.Hellenic coastal 42 Karagiannidis, Antonopoulos,

prefecture I, Tsatsarelis, T. (2000) “Statistical analysis and risk assessment of d) Waste Fire: a Dangerous Wayof Iaconia”

42 open dumps in theA.Hellenic coastal Karagiannidis, Antonopoulos,

prefecture of Iaconia” I, Tsatsarelis, T. (2000) “Statistical analysis and risk assessment of open dumps in the Hellenic coastal prefecture of Iaconia” 42 Karagiannidis, A. Antonopoulos, I, Tsatsarelis, T.76 (2000) “Statistical analysis and risk assessment of open dumps in the Hellenic coastal prefecture of Iaconia” 76

76 76

weakness and if no changes happen soon, major risks for deterioration are to be expected. Recommendation 33: The use of local rules and penalties

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

The establishment of clear and wide-ranging local regulation and penalties, and strengthening of the enforcement structures and procedures, remains for the time being the main solution. d) Waste Fire: a Dangerous Way Karagiannidis, A. Antonopoulos, Tsatsarelis, T. (2000) analysis andisrisk of A common used technique toI, eliminate the urban “Statistical and garden wastes to assessment incinerate those in open theItHellenic prefecture of Iaconia” thedumps open inair. reducescoastal volume and weight, producing smoke and gas. The smoke, apart from

the bad odor, releases a variety of highly toxic pollutants, such as dioxins, which are extremely carcinogenic even in small proportion. Such 76 practice, burning waste in open air should be discouraged and prevented from happening. e) Sanitary Landfill Designation and Management Selection of Construction site

It is important to remain realistic when determining landfill requirements in compliance with the Albanian context. Existing legal framework empowers local authorities to design the landfill site for the plant, even in the event the territory is located outside their administrative lines.

This will require the cooperation and approval of local authorities that administer the land, or even the authority’s approval on both regional and national levels (for e.g. case of landfill of Bushat). Site selection is perhaps the most challenging obstacle to overcome in the development of a sanitary landfill. Opposition by local citizens excludes many potential sites. Factors to be considered in evaluating potential sanitary landfill sites include:

Available land area Haulage distance Soil conditions and topography Climate conditions Local presence of adequate and sufficient soil material for the technical needs of the landfill, like impervious layers, drainages and final cover Surface water hydrology Geological and hydro-geological conditions Local environnemental conditions, (e.g. noise, dust, odour, aesthetic) Public opposition Zoning requirements Historic buildings, wetlands, and protected lands, etc

There are some other factors to take into consideration about landfill location, e.g. proximity to roads or railway lines, land use or property issues, and regional development plans. Moreover, as costs and ecology of landfills are strongly affected by economy of scale, regional landfills appear appropriate and advantageous if compared to local solutions.

Regional approach

In the context of a final decision on waste disposal, national policy appears keener on the construction of a regional landfill, rather than encouraging local solutions to manage integrated urban waste for the 20 years to come.

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Landfills and economy of scale Assessment43 €35 Landfill Costs vs. Population Landfills and economy of scale €30 43 The capital costs and running costs of the Assessment €25 landfill are related to thecosts number of The capital costs directly and running of the €20 Landfill Costs vs. Population landfill are related directly to the population for which are planned thenumber amount Landfills and economy of scale €15 43 of population for which are planned the of Assessment waste produced. Analyzing the chart €10 amount of waste produced. Analyzing the €05 below, the waste processing costcosts of a landfill The capital costs and running of the chart below, the waste processing cost of a €0 landfill are related directly to the number that servesthat to the population about 90.000 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 landfill serves to theofpopulation of Population of population for which are planned the inhabitants is about 2-timesishigher that Population about 90.000 inhabitants aboutthan 2-times amount of waste produced. Analyzing the per ton per inhabitant thanlandfill that of 230.000 a planned landfill of of higher a planned inhabitants. Figure 11: TheCost variation ofCost landfill cost from chart below, the waste processing cost of a 230.000 inhabitants. population landfill that serves to the population of Figure 11: The variation of landfill Population cost from population about 90.000 inhabitants is about 2-times higher than that of aensure planned of effective Figuretransportation 11: The variation of landfill cost from Local authorities should andlandfill organize to these landfills including 230.000 inhabitants. population the use of transfer stations. Final selection of disposal site is usually based on the results of a preliminary site survey, the results of engineering design and cost studies and an environmental impact assessment. Local authorities should ensure and organize effective transportation to these landfills including the use of transfer stations. Final selection of disposal site is usually based on the results of a Theresults sanitary Landfill will design be constructed the basis the Albanian preliminary of engineering and cost on studies and anofenvironmental Technical site survey, the legal framework and technical standards for a modern landfill, provided impact assessment. standards for by the EU Directive on landfills (Council Directive 1999/31/EC). landfills The sanitary Landfill will be constructed on the basis of the Albanian Technical legal framework and technical standards for a modern landfill, provided standards fortechnical elements of the landfill are the following: Very general by the EU Directive on landfills (Council Directive 1999/31/EC). landfills The landfill protective layer (geo membrane, mineral coating); Drainage layer, collection and treatment of leachate; Capture, burning and/or uselandfill of biogas; Very general technical elements of the are the following: Control/ monitoring of the amount and quality of waste brought to landfill (weights, The landfill protective layer (geo membrane, mineral coating); type, statistics); Drainage layer, collection and treatment of heavy leachate; Pressing and compacting of waste (use of technological machinery); Capture, and/or use of biogas; Covering burning the waste; Control/ monitoring of the amount quality of landfill; waste brought to landfill (weights, Rainwater management and stabilityand of the whole type, statistics); Management of the earth material career. Pressing and compacting of waste (use of heavy technological machinery); Covering the waste; Rainwater management and stability of the whole landfill; Management of the earth material career. € 35.00 € 30.00

Unit cost Unit Cost

€ 25.00 € 20.00

Cost per tonne

Cost per capita

€ 15.00 € 35.00 € 10.00 € 30.00

10 0, 00 0

15 0, 00 0

20 0, 00 0

25 0, 00 0

30 0, 00 0

10 0, 00 0

15 0, 00 0

20 0, 00 0

25 0, 00 0

30 0, 00 0

€ 15.00

50 ,0 00

€ 0.00 € 20.00

50 ,0 00

Unit Cost

€ 5.00 € 25.00

Cost per tonne

Cost per capita

€ 10.00

€ 5.00 € 0.00

Co-Plan (2008) Përpunimi dhe Sistemimi i Mbetjeve të Ngurta Urbane - A Mundet Shqipëria të Përballojë Kostot e Menaxhimit Mjedisor të Mbetjeve të Ngurta Urbane

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Indicators for assessing waste disposal, its related key environmental, heath and safety issues: Indicators for assessing waste disposal, its related key environmental, heath and A. SIZE AND REMAINING LIFE SPAN OF SITE; safety issues: B. AMOUNTS WASTE DELIVERED DAILY; A. SIZEOF AND REMAINING LIFE SPAN OF SITE; C. SITEB.MANAGEMENT: AMOUNTS OF WASTE DELIVERED DAILY;  Professional site manager with overall responsibility C. SITE MANAGEMENT:  Trained and qualifiedsite operational staffoverall responsibility Professional manager with  Health safetyand of qualified workers operational staff and Trained and Health and safety ofofworkers  Control measurement incoming waste Control and measurement of incoming waste  Inspection and clearance direction Inspection andtipping clearance  Clear to the face? access Clearto direction to theface tipping face?  Good the tipping Good access to the tipping face  Supervised placement at the tipping face Supervised placement at the tipping face  Working areas of operation in small, well-defined cells Working areas of operation in small, well-defined cells  Compaction of wasteof waste Compaction  Daily cover Daily cover  Communications at the site Communications at the site

3.4

Waste Management Scenarios

a) Summarizing of Technical Options into Scenarios All the elements in a waste management chain (starting from waste collection and ending up to the final disposal of waste) are inter-related or come as a consequence of any of them. For instance, the choice of containers to receive the waste discharged from households is in relation with the choice of collection vehicle. A choice of centralized treatment and disposal facilities to obtain economy-of-scale might imply the need for transfer stations. Introduction of segregation of waste at-source will require separate collection and transport and the sale of products as well. b) Identification and Evaluation of Scenarios In the framework of screening and evaluating of the potential options for each element of the waste management, while planning, we have to analyse several alternatives in terms of economic, feasibility, environmental and social acceptability aspects. Further, the aim is to view all the evaluated options at every stage of waste management chain inter-related and gathered in overall systems or so-called scenarios. The outputs and results of these scenarios are evaluated in terms of achieving local objectives in an effective and efficient way, both from an environmental and social perspective.

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Illustration of of the WM WMScenario-2 Scenario-2 of Illustration of LSWMP LSWMP of Commune Commune of of Velipoja, Velipoja, (Co-PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN, 2011) Illustration of the WM Scenario-2 of LSWMP of Commune of Velipoja, (Co-PLAN, 2011) 500 Households Inhabitants Pilot(Co-PLAN, Illustration of the WM Scenario-2&of LSWMP of hotels Commune of Velipoja, & 100 Beach Coast Businesses & composting 2011) &Businesses cleaning hotels, etc.

(at - source waste collection system

initiatives

Organic waste

Public collection points

Recycling (for sale)

Local For each scenario the full operation costs and investmentsLandfill requiredofare estimated, which will Dumpsite Bushat serve compare theirthe economic aspects in and termsinvestments of overall assessment well for which planning Fortoeach scenario full operation costs required are as estimated, will cost-recovery policy and defining investments in terms the future. serve to compare their economic aspects in of overall assessment as well for planning

cost-recovery policythe andfull defining investments in investments the future. required are estimated, which will For each scenario operation costs and The evaluation of scenarios will consist of the evaluation of options (methodologies, schemes, serve to compare their economic aspects in terms of overall assessment as well for planning etc.)The thatevaluation are taken consideration for ofevery scenario, should it enable us to reach local of into scenarios will consist theinevaluation cost-recovery policy and defining investments the future.of options (methodologies, schemes, objectives, of theintounderlining advantages and disadvantages regarding feasibility, etc.) thatand are taken consideration for every scenario, should it enable us to reach local economic, environmental and social parameters. objectives, andof of the underlining and disadvantages regarding feasibility, The evaluation scenarios will consistadvantages of the evaluation of options (methodologies, schemes, economic, environmental social parameters. etc.) that are taken into and consideration for every scenario, should it enable us to reach local Theobjectives, evaluation and parameters the scenario must be defined by the local authority, can be of the ofunderlining advantages and disadvantages regardingand feasibility, based onevaluation the following criteria: The parameters of social the scenario must be defined by the local authority, and can be economic, environmental and parameters. based on the following criteria: TheAccordance to the national or scenario local regulation; evaluation parameters of the must be defined by the local authority, and can be Hierarchy Accordance to the national or local regulation; based of priorities expressed by the population (streets clean, beach clean, image of on the following criteria: the Hierarchy city, etc.);of priorities expressed by the population (streets clean, beach clean, image of the city,ofetc.); Hierarchy priorities expressed by the authority: private solution, public solution, interAccordance to the national or local regulation; LGU Hierarchy priorities long expressed by the the population authority: solution, publicclean, solution, interor localofsolution, term by vision, effect onprivate economic development (Tourism, expressed (streets clean, beach image of LGU or local solution, long term vision, effect on economic development (Tourism, industry, commercial areas, markets), etc.; the city, etc.); industry, areas, markets), etc.; Hierarchy of priorities expressed by the authority: privatecosts, solution, Annual cost,commercial total cost per inhabitant per year, investment etc. public solution, inter Annual cost per inhabitant per year, investment costs, etc. LGU orcost, localtotal solution, long term vision, effect on economic development (Tourism, industry, commercial areas, markets), etc.; Annual cost, total cost per inhabitant per year, investment costs, etc.

3.5

Street Cleaning 3.5 Street Cleaning a) Planning Planning 3.5 a) Street Cleaning Local authorities often provide a range of public cleaning services in association with waste Local authorities often provide a range of public cleaning services in association with waste collection. Street cleaning is another important public service, which is characterized by a) Planning collection. Street cleaning is another important public service, which is characterized by intensive labour force involvement, high expenses and crucial importance for the city cleanness. intensive labour force high expenses crucialservices importance for the city with cleanness. Local ofteninvolvement, provide a range of included: public and cleaning in association waste Within theauthorities cleaning services thethe following are mechanical Within the cleaning services following are included: mechanicaland andmanual manualstreets streetsseeping, seeping,

collection. Street cleaning is another important public service, which is characterized by intensivewashing, labour force involvement, high expenses and crucial the cityemptying cleanness. streets cleanness maintenance of roads (pick up importance litters and for rubbish) of sidewalk-bins (dustbins), etc.the following are included: mechanical and manual streets seeping, Within the cleaning services 8080 79 Street cleaning has strong relations with the waste collection system, as long as the waste produced by street cleaning must be integrated in waste collection. The coordination between waste collection and street cleaning must be80clearly defined, such as: who is in charge of

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management streets washing, cleanness maintenance of roads (pick up litters and rubbish) emptying of sidewalk-bins (dustbins), etc. Street cleaning has strong relations with the waste collection system, as long as the waste produced by street cleaning must be integrated in waste collection. The coordination between waste collection and street cleaning must be clearly defined, such as: who is in charge of cleaningwashing, the waste collectionmaintenance points and when, or coordination of working schedulesemptying (e.g. Street streets cleanness of roads (pick up litters and rubbish) of cleaning should be done etc. before we waste collection). sidewalk-bins (dustbins), The following introduces the with main the steps toward planning of an effective Street cleaningscheme has strong relations waste collection system, as long street as thecleaning waste services: by street cleaning must be integrated in waste collection. The coordination between produced waste collection and street cleaning must beSTEP: clearly such STEP as: :who FIRST STEP: SECOND it defined, THIRD the is in charge of relies on what basic toor identify consists of cleaning the waste collection points andiswhen, coordination of question working schedules (e.g. Street methods are adequate the needs for identification of to ensure quality and cleaning should be done collection). cleaning services streets and before we waste FIRST STEP: SECOND STEP: it THIRD STEP: the cost effectiveness

squares consistssidewalks, of and public urban iden fica on of introduces spaces within The following scheme waste areas and streets and services: estimation of the sidewalks, squares FIRST of STEP: volume work and public urban consists (surface inof m2, STEP: iden fica on of of spaces FIRST within length and width consists ofand streets roads) waste areas and identification of sidewalks, squares es ma on ofpublic the urban streets and and squares volumesidewalks, ofspaces workwithin andwaste public urban and (surface in m2within , areas spaces es ma on of the length and width of waste areas volume ofand work ofmthe 2, roads) estimation (surface in

of ques on relies iswhich basicconsists to iden fy depending on the roadson what determination of methodsif are the adequate the needs how often for and the main steps toward planninginfrastructure, of an effective street cleaning roads to areensure free from quality and what cleaning cleaning services parking or from other cost effec veness services are needed which consists of urban barriers, etc. In SECOND STEP: THIRD STEP: the for our roads in it depending on the roads this regard, an determina on of ques on relies on what is basic iden fy terms ofto cleaning evaluation and infrastructure, if the SECOND STEP: it THIRD STEP : the methods are adequate theo en needs for how and and urban pollution classification of urban question reliesare on whatfrom is basic tofrom identify roads free to ensure quality and cleaning services littering roads in category in what cleaning methods are adequate the needs for of cost effec veness parking or from which consists commuter’s terms of pollution rate other to ensure quality and services are needed depending on the roads cleaning services determina on of urban etc. In activities andeffectiveness access tobarriers, the cost infrastructure, if the which consists of for ouro en roads how andin service (infrastructure this regard, an depending on the roads roads are free from determination of what of cleaning and access to clean) is terms cleaning infrastructure, if the parkingevalua on or from otherand how oftenare and needed. services needed roads are freeetc. from urban barriers, In urban pollu on and what cleaning classifica on for our roads in parking or from other of urban this regard, an services are needed li ering from roads inetc. category in terms of cleaning urban barriers, In evalua on and volume ofand work for ourplanning roads in and Figure 12:width Main of effective cleaning services urban pollu on length of steps toward this regard, an commuter’s terms pollu on rate classifica on ofof urban 2, (surface in m terms of cleaning evaluation and li ering from roads) roads inand category in to the ac vi es access urban pollution and length and width of classification of urban commuter’s terms of pollu on rate service (infrastructure littering from roads) roads in category ac vi es and access to the in commuter’s and accessrate to clean) is terms of pollution service (infrastructure requirements and classification systems should be determined by activities and access the iseach municipality and access totoclean) needed.

Frequency service needed.(infrastructure based on time and motion studies and site visits. Besides the frequency, the time of the service and access to clean) is needed. should be carefully defined to avoid traffic, parked vehicles and pedestrians, and to take in account the special activities (markets, pedestrian zones, etc.) and the waste collection. Night or Figure 12:Main Main steps towardplanning planningof ofeffective effective cleaning servicesservices 12: steps toward planning cleaning services Figure Figure 12: Main steps of effective cleaning early morning hours, particularly intoward non-residential areas, seem to be the most appropriate times Frequency requirements and classification systems should be determined by each municipality Frequency streetsstudies cleaning is defined byBesides level of littering or urban which are based on time andofmotion and site visits. the frequency, thepollution, time of the service related to urban occupancy roads and city commuter’s behaviours regarding should directly be carefully defined to avoid traffic,ofparked vehicles and pedestrians, and to take in accountlittering the special and activities pollution.(markets, pedestrian zones, etc.) and the waste collection. Night or early morning hours, particularly in non-residential areas, seem to be the most appropriate times The following figure gives an example of how the city can classify streets on categories and Frequency of streets cleaning is defined by by level of of littering oror urban Frequency of cleaning streets cleaning is defined level littering urbanpollution, pollution,which whichare are determine required services: directly related to urban occupancy of roads andand citycity commuter’s directly related to urban occupancy of roads commuter’sbehaviours behavioursregarding regarding littering and pollution. littering and pollution. The following figure gives an example of how the city can classify streets on categories and determine required cleaning services:

81 80

81 81

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

FIRST CATEGORY:

SECOND CATEGORY :

(includes main roads: full of commercial units and dense pedestrian circula on); Daily sweeping service is required; (mechanical sweeping is favorable if roads are free of parking or harmonized), daily cleanness maintenance is required especially during peak hours; sidewalk bins’ installment and daily cleaning of them, daily cleaning maintenance and washing service in summer season.

(includes main roads with low commercial ac vity and low pedestrian circula on) streets sweeping about 3 mes a week (mechanical is preferred), side bins placed rarely, washing service in summer me 3 mes a week.

THIRD CATEGORY :

FOURTH CATEGORY:

(secondary roads and neighborhood roads within city quarters in good condi ons) manual sweep 1-2 mes a week;

(peripheral roads and inner roads

within city quarters but in poor infrastructure condi ons: damaged, unpaved etc; cleaning service just once a week or in two weeks (sweeping or just li ering collec on ).

Figure 13: Classification of streets into categories of cleaning services Figure 13: Classification of streets into categories of cleaning services Figure 13: Classification of streets into categories of cleaning services

b) Mechanical Versus Manual Sweeping Operation b) Mechanical Versus Manual Sweeping Operation For street sweeping and cleaning services both manual and mechanical methods are available. For street sweeping and cleaning services both manual and mechanical methods are available. b) Mechanical Versus Manual Sweeping Operation Recommendation 34: The use of manual and mechanical methods methods are available. For street sweeping and cleaning services both manual and mechanical Recommendation Theuse use of manual manual and mechanical methods Recommendation 34:34: The of and mechanical methods Manual method themanual advantage social employment is more efficient in bad Recommendation 34:presents The use of and of mechanical methods and Manual method presents the advantage of social employment and is more efficient in bad Manual methodroads, presents advantage of social employment and is more efficient in or unpaved or in the roads with parking. or unpaved roads, or in roads with parking. Mechanical method is very efficient allows much better taking dustefficient out of the city bad unpaved roads, or in roads withand parking. or Manual method presents advantage of social employment and the is more in bad Mechanical method is verythe efficient and allows much better taking the dust out of the city and having cleaner streets. It is much more efficient on good roads, but also expensive. • Mechanical method is very efficient and allows much better taking the dust out or unpaved roads, or in roads parking. and having cleaner streets. It iswith much more efficient on good roads, but also expensive. of city Mechanical and cleaner manual can be combined, permore example cleaning manually theof side-walk the and having streets. Itand is much efficient on good roads, also method is very efficient allows better taking the dust out the city Mechanical Mechanical and manual can be combined, permuch example cleaning manually the but side-walk and mechanically the main roads and more pedestrian zones and having cleaner streets. It is much efficient on good roads, but also expensive. expensive. and mechanically the main roads and pedestrian zones Mechanical manual can combined, per per example example cleaning thethe side-walk • Mechanical andand manual can bebecombined, cleaningmanually manually sideFor thewalk moment, the manualthe method seems topedestrian be more appropriate for the Albanian context. A and mechanically main roads and zones and mechanically the main roads and pedestrian zones For the moment, the manual method seems to be more appropriate for the Albanian context. A strong argument against mechanical sweeping relies on the inappropriateness of road strong argument against mechanical sweeping relies on the inappropriateness of road infrastructure of most of our cities, damaged roads and mostly blocked by unregulated parking For the moment, the manual method seems to be more appropriate for the Albanian context. A infrastructure of most of our cities, damaged roads and mostly blocked by unregulated parking lots. Secondly, theagainst discussion about costs, whichrelies requires highinappropriateness capital and maintenance strong argument mechanical sweeping on the of road lots. Secondly, the discussion about costs, which requires high capital and maintenance expenses sometimes affordable for local budget on waste services. cost of replacement infrastructure of most not of our cities, damaged roads and mostly blockedThe by unregulated parking expenses sometimes not affordable for local budget on waste services. The cost of replacement of the brushes must be taken into account. lots. the be discussion costs, which requires high capital and maintenance of theSecondly, brushes must taken intoabout account. expenses sometimes not affordable for local budget on waste services. The cost of replacement of the brushes must be takenexpenses, into account. Concerning capital the cost of purchasing a technological sweeping machine Concerning capital expenses, the cost of purchasing a technological sweeping machine alone may range from 40,000 Euro for a second-hand vehicle to 120,000 Euro for a new alone may range from 40,000 Euro for a second-hand vehicle to 120,000 Euro for a new one. Concerning capitalcapital expenses, the cost of purchasing a technological sweeping Concerning expenses, the cost of purchasing a technological sweepingmachine machine one. Concerning operation costs, we can say that the vehicle mechanical cost varies from 0.4-0.6 alone may range from 40,000 Euro for a second-hand to 120,000 Euro for alone may range from 40,000 Euro for a second-hand vehicle to 120,000 Euro for anew new Concerning operation costs, we can say that the mechanical2 cost varies froma0.4-0.6 ALL/m2, while manual sweeping ranges from 0.2-0.4ALL/m2. one. one. ALL/m2, while manual sweeping ranges from 0.2-0.4ALL/m . Concerning operation costs, say the mechanical cost from varies0.4-0.6 from 0.4-0.6 Concerning operation costs, we canwe saycan that thethat mechanical cost varies ALL/ 2 2. ALL/m2, manual sweeping from 0.2-0.4ALL/m m2, while manualwhile sweeping ranges from ranges 0.2-0.4ALL/m .

•

82 82 82

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

If urban constraints/barriers are minimized, then we can analyse the advantages and If urban constraints/barriers are minimized, we opposed can analyse advantages and disadvantages, as well as the associated usage then costs as to usingthe manual sweepers. It disadvantages, as well as the associated usage costs as opposed to using manual sweepers. It has been proved that mechanical sweeping ensures a good quality service and can be even If constraints/barriers are minimized, then we canquality analyse the and advantages and has been proved thatcompared mechanical sweeping ensures a good service can be even lessurban expensive to run to manual service. disadvantages, asrun wellcompared as the associated costs as opposed to using manual sweepers. It less expensive to to manualusage service. has been proved that mechanical sweeping ensures a good quality service and can be even c) Required Number of Personnel less expensive to run compared manual service. c) Required oftoPersonnel An important elementNumber of street cleaning planning is to determine the number of personnel An important of volume street cleaning planning is toFor determine the itnumber personnel required for a element given daily of cleaning services. this reason, is very ofimportant to c) Required Number of Personnel required a given daily volume of cleaning services. Formeter this reason, it ismeter very important to establish for working rate for each workers: how much street or square each has to An important element of each street workers: cleaninghow planning to determine the number personnel establish working rate for much is street meter or square meter ofeach has to clean every day. required for day. a given daily volume of cleaning services. For this reason, it is very important to clean every establish working rate for each workers: how much street meter or square meter each has to Working rate varies from 8000-12,000 m2/person/day for first and Working rate varies from 8000-12,000 m2/person/day (8-hours(8-hours shift) forshift) first and second clean every day. 2 Working rate varies from 8000-12,000 m /person/day (8-hours shift) for categories first and road categories, 16,000-20,000 m2/person/day for the third and fourth road second categories, 16,000-20,000 m2/person/day for the third and fourth categories and second road20,000-25,000 categories, 16,000-20,000 m2/person/day for the third fourth categories and around m2/person/day for daily maintenance of and cleanness. 2/person/day around 20,000-25,000 m2/person/day for daily m maintenance of cleanness. Working rate varies from 8000-12,000 (8-hours shift) for first and and around 20,000-25,000 m2/person/day for daily maintenance of cleanness. second road categories, 16,000-20,000 m2/person/day for the third and fourth categories d) How to Control and Improve Cleaning Performance around 20,000-25,000 m2/person/day forPerformance daily maintenance of cleanness. d)and How to Control andlies Improve Cleaning The local authorities’ intention in the continuous improvement of the quality of the provided The local as authorities’ intention lies in of thethe continuous improvement of the quality the provided services well as the increasing service coverage area. In spite of ofseveral urban d) as Control andand Improve Cleaning services asHow welltoas theabove increasing of the service Performance coverage area. spite of several urban barriers, mentioned current financial constraints, localInauthorities try to provide The local authorities’ intention lies in the continuous improvement of the quality of the provided barriers, as mentioned above and current financial constraints, local authorities try to provide best services in accordance with the local context. services as well as the increasing of the service coverage area. In spite of several urban best services in accordance with the local context. barriers, as mentioned above and current financial constraints, to provide Operational planning and defined task management are essentiallocal to theauthorities successfultryoperation of best services in accordance with the local context. Operational planning and defined task management are essential to the successful operation of this service, and to the good supervision, and effective operation. this and to the good supervision, and effective operation. It is service, of high importance to have a real and effective control of the quality, quantity and working Operational planninginand task are essential to the successful operation of It is of importance todefined have real management and effective control of theworking quality, quantity and working time of high the personal charge of astreets cleaning, based on clear rate and orders. this and to the good supervision, and effective operation. timeservice, of the personal in charge of streets cleaning, based on clear working rate and orders. It is of high importance have that a real and effectiveworth control of the quality, quantity responsibility and working International experiencetoshows it is generally to organize a systematic time of the personal in charge of streets cleaning, based on clear working rate and orders. International experience shows that it is generally worth to organize a systematic responsibility of controlling both the efficiency and quality of street cleaning, waste collection, and inert waste of controlling both the efficiency of street waste collection, inert waste management. A specific person and can quality be in charge of cleaning, these tasks, equipped withand a bicycle or a International experience itbe is in generally worth to organize a systematic responsibility management. Aa specific person can charge of these tasks, equipped with bicycle or of a motorbike and phone, shows so thatthat he can inform permanently the management of a the service of controlling the efficiency quality of to street cleaning, waste collection, waste motorbike and a phone, soMoreover, that and he can inform permanently management ofand theinert service of the situation inboth the streets. in order increase thethe efficiency and effectiveness of the management. specific person canneeded, be in charge of efforts these equipped with a bicycle a the situation inAthe streets. Moreover, in order to increase thetasks, and effectiveness oforthe cleaning service, other efforts are namely: toefficiency improve productivity at work, to motorbike and phone, soexisting thatare heneeded, can inform permanently theimprove management of theatservice cleaning service, other the efforts namely: efforts to productivity work, of to modernise and areplace cleaning infrastructure. the situationand in the streets. in orderinfrastructure. to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the modernise replace the Moreover, existing cleaning cleaning service, other efforts are needed, namely: efforts to improve productivity at work, to The improvement of working conditions and safety interlaced with economical stimulants as modernise and replace the existing conditions cleaning infrastructure. The improvement working andhours safetyisinterlaced with economical stimulants as e.g. better salaries, of bonuses for extra working a subject to think of. Thee.g. improvement of working and safety interlaced with economical stimulants as better salaries, bonusesconditions for extra working hours is a subject to think of. improvement of working conditions andhours safetyisinterlaced economical stimulants as e.g. The better salaries, bonuses for extra working a subjectwith to think of. e.g. better salaries, bonuses for extra working hours is a subject to think of. Comprehensive awareness campaigns, establishment and enforcement of local rules are Comprehensive awareness campaigns, establishment and in enforcement local and rulesurban are important instruments to define and explain the role of each minimizing of littering important to define andinexplain thecosts role for of each in minimizing littering and urban pollution ofinstruments open spaces resulting lowered the city. The following measures are Comprehensive campaigns, establishment and city. enforcement of local rules are pollution of open spaces resulting in lowered costs for the The following measures recommended to awareness be developed at local level: important instruments to defineatand explain recommended to be developed local level: the role of each in minimizing littering and urban pollution of open spaces resulting in lowered costs for the city. have The following measures are Prevention of littering and street cleanliness should a main importance on recommended to be developed at local level: Prevention of littering and street cleanliness should have a main importance on awareness campaigns and education programs; awareness campaigns and education programs; Establish effective contracts and arrangements with commercial units clarify Prevention of littering and street shouldwith have a main importance on Establish effective contracts andcleanliness arrangements commercial units clarify responsibilities and obligations; awareness campaigns and education programs; responsibilities and obligations; Establish effective contracts and arrangements with commercial units clarify responsibilities and obligations;

83 83 83

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

A local regulation on waste management will determine rules and penalties to avoid urban pollution from littering and will establish a task force or municipal waste A local regulation on waste management will determine rules and penalties to avoid inspectors to enforce these rules. urban pollution from littering and will establish a task force or municipal waste A local regulation on waste management will determine rules and penalties to avoid inspectors to enforce these rules. urban pollution from littering and will establish a task force or municipal waste & Demolition waste 3.6 Inert Inertand andConstruction C&Dtowaste inspectors enforce these rules.

3.6 3.6

Inert and C&D waste

Importance

Inert and C&D waste

a) waste Importance The inert fraction of the Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste comprise of stones, soil, concrete, tile are left from the activities of construction, re-construction, repair and a) Importance The inert waste fraction of the Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste comprise of stones, demolition of buildings, houses and other structures. Most of the local authorities don’t organize soil, concrete, tile are left from the activities of construction, re-construction, repair and public service inert waste, of collection of inert and bulky waste thrown of informally The inert wasteoffraction of theresulting Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste comprise stones, demolition of buildings, houses and other structures. Most of the local authorities don’t organize close to urban waste collection points in some illegal dumps withinre-construction, or out of the cityrepair area. and soil, concrete, tile are left from theor activities of construction, public service of inert waste, resulting of collection of inert and bulky waste thrown informally demolition of buildings, houses and other structures. Most of the local authorities don’t organize close to urban waste collection points or in some illegal dumps within or out of the city area. The local authorities thatresulting there is of a collection large quantity of inert bulky materials public service of inertclaim waste, of inert and and bulky waste thrown generated informally and thrown in open spaces, whichillegal causes a serious close to urbaninformally waste collection points or in some dumps within or problem out of thefor city the area.urban The local authorities claim that there is a large quantity of inert and bulky materials generated environment and additional costs for waste management. When put in the waste containers or and thrown informally in open spaces, which causes a serious problem for the urban trucks, theauthorities inert wasteclaim can cause damages due to their heavy andand abrasive The local that there is a large quantity of inert bulky characteristics. materials generated environment and additional costs for waste management. When put in the waste containers or and thrown informally in open spaces, which causes a serious problem for the urban trucks, the inert waste can cause damages due to their heavy and abrasive characteristics. The presenceand of inert wastecosts in thefor urban waste stream willWhen increase strongly the cost of waste environment additional waste management. put in the waste containers or management, transportation its treatment weight). These characteristics. are the reasons why trucks, the inertforwaste can causefor damages due to(additional their heavy and abrasive The presence of inert waste in the urban waste stream will increase strongly the cost of waste it is so important to organize separately the collection of inert waste. management, for transportation for its treatment (additional weight). These are the reasons why The presence of inert waste in the urban waste stream will increase strongly the cost of waste it is so important to organize separately the collection of inert waste. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one ofweight). the heaviest and voluminous management, for transportation for its treatment (additional These aremost the reasons why and waste (CDW) isaccounts one of the heaviest itConstruction is so waste important todemolition organize separately theItcollection offor inert waste.and most streams generated in the EU. approximately 25%voluminous - 30% of allwaste waste Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one of the heaviest and most voluminous streams generated in the EU. generated in the EU44 . It accounts for approximately 25% - 30% of all waste generated waste 44 streams generated in the EU. It accounts for approximately 25% - 30% of all waste in the Construction EU . and demolition waste (CDW) is one of the heaviest and most voluminous generated in the EU44. waste streams generated the EU. It accounts for approximately 25%consists - 30% ofofall7.2% waste According to the NationalinWaste Strategy, the inert waste component of 44.Waste Strategy, the inert waste component consists of 7.2% of According to the National generated in the EU the municipal waste stream in Albania, while there are additional inert and CDW According to the National Waste Strategy, the inert waste component consists of 7.2% of the municipal in Albania, while there additional inert stream. and CDW producedwaste and stream collected separately from the are municipal waste Forproduced instance, the municipal waste stream in Albania, while there are additional inert and CDW 45 the amount According tothe themunicipal National Waste Strategy, the inert waste component consists of 7.2% of and collected from the municipal waste stream. For instance, according tointhe accordingseparately to sources of inert waste disposed separately the produced and collected separately from the municipal waste stream. For instance, 45 waste stream in Albania, while there are additional inert and CDW the municipal municipal sources theinamount of inert waste disposed separately in the landfill of Sharra in landfill of Sharra 2010 consisted of 21% of the total amount of waste disposed there. according to the municipal sources45 the amount of inert waste disposed separately in the produced of and collected separately from the municipal waste stream. For instance, 2010 consisted 21% the total amount of waste there. landfill of Sharra inof2010 consisted of 21% of thedisposed total amount of waste disposed there. to the sources the amount of inert waste disposed separately in the There according is a potential for municipal the recycling and 45re-use of C&DW, since some of its components have of Sharra in particular, 2010 consisted of the market total amount of waste disposed there. certainlandfill resource value. In thereofis21% a re-use for aggregates derived from C&D There is a potential for the recycling and re-use of C&DW, since some of its components have waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects. certain resource value. In particular, there is a re-use market for aggregates derived from C&D There is a potential for the recycling and re-use of C&DW, since some of its components have waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects. if not separatedthere at source or notmarket brought separately, can contain certainNevertheless, resource value. In particular, is a re-use for aggregates derived from small C&D waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects. amounts of hazardous wastes, the mixture of which can pose particular risks to the Nevertheless, if not separated at source or not brought separately, can contain small environment and can hamper recycling. Nevertheless, nothazardous separated at source not brought separately, can contain small amounts amounts ifof wastes, theormixture of which can pose particular risks to the Nevertheless, if the not mixture separated at source or notparticular brought risks separately, can contain small of hazardous wastes, of which can pose to the environment and environment and can hamper recycling. amounts of hazardous wastes, the mixture of which can pose particular risks to the can hamper recycling. environment and can hamper recycling. b) Legal Framework and Responsibilities b)

Legal Framework and Responsibilities

National Waste Strategy, Municipality of Tirana National Waste Strategy, 45 44 Municipality of Tirana National Waste Strategy, 45 Municipality of Tirana 45 44

84 84 84

certain resource value. In particular, there is a re-use market for aggregates derived from C&D waste in roads, drainage and other construction projects. Nevertheless, if not separated at source or not brought separately, can contain small Manual: Planning Local Waste Management amounts of hazardous wastes, the mixture of which can pose particular risks to the environment and can hamper recycling.

b) Legal Framework and Responsibilities Referring to the current legal framework on management of inert waste, the main rules are 46 Referring to the legal framework management of waste, rules are given by the , On the treatment of construction/inert Referring to regulation the current current(No.1 legaldt.30.3.2007) framework on on management of inert inert waste, the the main mainwaste rulesfrom are 46 46, On the treatment of construction/inert waste from given by the regulation (No.1 dt.30.3.2007) its creations, transportation to neutralization; Referring to the current legal framework on management of inert waste, the main rules are given by the regulation (No.1 dt.30.3.2007) , On the treatment of construction/inert waste from its creations, creations, transportation to dt.30.3.2007) neutralization;46, On the treatment of construction/inert waste from given by the regulation (No.1 its transportation to neutralization; 44 The scope of this regulation is to discipline the process of waste management in the field of National Waste Strategy, its creations, transportation to neutralization; 45 The scope ofbythis this regulationconcrete is to to discipline discipline therequisites process for of waste waste management in the area field of of construction establishing rules and all entities operating in in the Municipality of Tirana The scope of regulation is the process of management field by establishing concrete rules and requisites for all entities operating in area construction and treatment of waste generated by the construction activity (art. 1). This The scope ofby this regulation is to discipline the process of waste management in the field establishing concrete rules and requisites for all entities operating in area of 84implementation construction and treatment of waste wasterules generated by the thefor construction activity (art. 1). This regulation applies to (a) the concrete adoption and ofconstruction construction works, reconstruction by establishing and requisites all entities operating in the1). area of construction and treatment of generated by activity (art. This regulation applies to (a) the the adoption and implementation ofconstruction construction works, reconstruction or demolition of buildings; (b)adoption thewaste adoption and establishment of plants and areasreconstruction for temporary construction and treatment of generated by theof activity (art. 1). This regulation applies to (a) and implementation construction works, or demolition of buildings; buildings; (b)adoption the adoption and and establishment of plants plants andworks, areasreconstruction for temporary temporary storage of applies construction (c) adoption the and handling transportation of construction waste; (d) the regulation to (a)waste; the implementation of construction or demolition of (b) the and establishment of and areas for storage of construction construction waste; (c) the handling handling and transportation of2).construction construction waste; (d) the the functioning of of plants andwaste; waste disposal areas construction (art. or demolition buildings; (b) the adoption andfor establishment of plants and areas waste; for temporary storage of (c) the and transportation of (d) functioning of plants plants and andwaste; waste(c) disposal areas for for construction (art.of2). 2).construction waste; (d) the storage of construction the handling and transportation functioning of waste disposal areas construction (art. on the Albanian of C&D waste functioning waste disposal areas for legislation, constructionthe (art.transportation 2). Producer of plants andBased Based on the Albanian of directly to municipal sites legislation, assigned forthe thistransportation purpose is a responsibility of Based on the Albanian legislation, the transportation of C&D C&D waste waste Producer responsibility Producer directly to municipal sites assigned for this purpose is a responsibility of the producer. Based on the Albanian legislation, the transportation of C&D waste directly to municipal sites assigned for this purpose is a responsibility of responsibility Producer responsibility the producer. directly to municipal sites assigned for this purpose is a responsibility of the producer. responsibility the producer. Moreover, according to abovementioned regulation, any physical or legal person whose activity Moreover, according according to transports abovementioned regulation, any physical physicalwaste or legal legal person whose activity produces, possesses,to and manages construction or person performs preliminary Moreover, abovementioned regulation, any or whose activity produces, possesses, transports and that manages construction waste or person performs preliminary processing, mixture ortoother processes alters the nature or waste composition of these wastes, is Moreover, according abovementioned regulation, any physical or legal whose activity produces, possesses, transports and manages construction or performs preliminary processing, mixturedeposit, or other processes that alters the nature or composition of these thesepreliminary wastes, is obliged to possesses, keep, transport deliver them for or allocation specified plants in produces, transports andand manages construction waste orinperforms processing, mixture or other processes that alters the nature composition of wastes, is obliged to keep, keep, deposit, transport and deliver them forEach allocation in orspecified specified plants in accordance with the requirement of thisand regulation (art. 4-5). physical person, prior processing, mixture or othertransport processes that alters the nature or composition oflegal these wastes, is obliged to deposit, deliver them for allocation in plants in accordance with the requirement ofdemolition thisand regulation (art. 4-5). Each physical orspecified legal person, prior to obtaining the the construction or of permit, must with in the local person, government obliged to keep, deposit, transport deliver them fordeposit allocation plants in accordance with requirement this regulation (art. 4-5). Each physical or legal prior to obtaining the the construction or demolition permit, must deposit withofthe the local government authority a financial guaranteeor amounting at permit, least(art. tomust 5% the value the building or other accordance with requirement ofdemolition this regulation 4-5).ofdeposit Each physical or legal person, prior to obtaining the construction with local government authority a financial financial guarantee amounting at to least to 5% of of thefulfillment value ofthe the building orofother other facility. Such deposit shall be returned backat the to owner upon of the criteria this to obtaining the construction or demolition permit, must deposit withof local government authority a guarantee amounting least 5% the value the building or facility. Such deposit shall be be returned backat to toleast the to owner upon fulfillment of the the criteriaorof ofother this regulation the developer (art. 10, 11).back authoritySuch aby financial guarantee amounting 5% of thefulfillment value of the building facility. deposit shall returned the owner upon of criteria this regulation by the developer (art. 10, 11). facility. Such deposit shall be returned back to the owner upon fulfillment of the criteria of this regulation by the developer (art. 10, 11). The(art. role10, of the local authorities in respect with the law is seen in that regulation by the developer 11). Design specific The role of the the local local authorities to in respect respect with the law is is seen seen in that that they role are responsible designate thethe appropriate dumpsite The of in with law in Design sites forspecific inert Design specific they are construction responsible authorities to designate the appropriate dumpsite for the waste as to well as for receiving theseen guarantee The role of the local authorities in respect with the law is in that they are responsible designate the appropriate dumpsite sites inert Design waste sites for forspecific inert for the construction waste as to well as for obtaining receiving the guarantee guarantee payment made by the constructors when construction or they are construction responsible authorities designate the appropriate dumpsite for the waste as well as for receiving the waste sites for inert waste payment made by the the constructors when obtaining construction or demolition permit.by for the construction waste as well as for obtaining receiving construction the guarantee payment made constructors when or waste demolition permit.by the constructors when obtaining construction or payment made demolition permit. demolition permit. Recommendation 35: The determination of the sites for disposal of inert waste Recommendation 35: The determination of the sites for disposal of inert waste Recommendation Recommendation 35: 35: The The determination determination of of the the sites sites for for disposal disposal of of inert inert waste waste Each commune and and municipality mustmust determine in for their local and Each commune municipality indisposal their local plans andcommunicate communicate Recommendation 35: The determination ofdetermine the sites ofplans inert waste Each commune and municipality must determine in their local plans specificspecific sites for processing and depositing of the construction waste (art 8) sites for processing and depositing of the construction waste (art 8) communicate Each commune and municipality must determine in their local plans and and communicate specific sites for for and processing and depositing depositing of the the construction construction waste (art 8) communicate Each commune municipality must determine in their localwaste plans(art and specific sites processing and of 8) specific sites for processing andrecycling depositing of the construction 8) shall meet The plants for processing, storage or of construction waste, waste among(art others, The plants plants for processing, processing, storage of waste, shall some essential conditions such as:or be equipped with an adequate system others, for collecting and The for storage ortorecycling recycling of construction construction waste, among among others, shall meet meet someplants essential conditions be with an adequate system for collecting collecting and drainage offorsurface watersuch for as: preventing pollution of an surface and among underground waters; to The processing, storage orto of construction waste, others, shall meet some essential conditions such as: torecycling be equipped equipped with adequate system for and drainage of surface water for preventing pollution of surface and underground waters; to determine an area where the un-selected remains will be deposited etc. (art. 9). some essential conditions such as: to be equipped with an adequate system for collecting and drainage of surface water for preventing pollution of surface and underground waters; to determineof an surface area where where thefor un-selected remains will be be deposited etc.underground (art. 9). 9). drainage water preventing pollution of deposited surface and waters; to determine an area the un-selected remains will etc. (art. And finally,an thearea local authorities can use their old dumpsite for disposal inert determine where the un-selected remains will be deposited etc. of (art. 9).waste or the use And finally, thetolocal local authorities can use use their old dumpsite dumpsite for for disposal disposal of of inert inert waste waste or or the the use use of inert waste cover and rehabilitate the dumpsite. And finally, the authorities can their old of inert inert waste tolocal cover and rehabilitate rehabilitate the dumpsite. And finally, theto authorities can use their old dumpsite for disposal of inert waste or the use of waste cover and the dumpsite. of inert waste to cover and rehabilitate the dumpsite. 46

Issued by Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Public Works & Regulation Issued Issued by by Ministry Ministry of of Environment Environment and and Ministry Ministry of of Public Public Works Works & & Regulation Regulation 46 Issued by Ministry of Environment and Ministry of 85 Public Works & Regulation 46 46

85 85 85

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan

Establish rules for Establish rules for inert waste Establish rules for inert waste management at inert waste at management local level management at local level local level

Each local authority should implement all national rules and obligations Each locallevel authority should implement all regulation national rules and obligations at a local through establishing local on management of Each locallevel authority should implement all regulation national rules and obligations at a local through establishing local on will management of inert waste or municipal solid waste. This document facilitate the at a local level through establishing local regulation on management of inert waste or municipal waste. This document implementation of nationalsolid requirements on local level. will facilitate the inert waste or municipal waste. This document implementation of nationalsolid requirements on local level. will facilitate the implementation of national requirements on local level.

Recommendation 36: Financing the management of inert waste Recommendation 36:36: Financing themanagement management of inert waste Recommendation Financing the of inert waste Recommendation 36: Financing the management inert waste Local authorities should establish a tax or tariff onofthe inert waste (or on the constructions or

Local authorities should establish a tax tariff theinert inertwaste waste (or on the constructions or producing waste) in order to finance the work of control, on the Local demolition authorities should establish a tax or or tariff onon the (or onthe theoperation constructions Local authorities should establish a tax or on the work inert waste (or on the constructions or demolition producing waste) inoperations order to tariff finance the of control, the operation on the elimination site, as well as the of elimination of black points of inert waste inside or demolition producing waste) in in order to to finance the ofof control, the operation on the demolition producing waste) order finance thework work control, the operation on the elimination site, as well as the operations of elimination of black points of inert waste inside the city. elimination site, as well the of elimination of black points elimination site, as as well asoperations the operations of elimination of black pointsofofinert inertwaste wasteinside inside the city. the city. the city. Additionally, local authorities should define and apply fines for owner or companies having Additionally, local authorities define and apply fines for owner or companies having inadequate activities related to should inert waste elimination.

Additionally, local authorities define and apply fines owner companieshaving having Additionally, localactivities authorities should define and apply fines for for owner or or companies inadequate related to should inert waste elimination. inadequate activities related to inert waste elimination. inadequate activities related to inert waste elimination.

c) Technical Solution c) Technical Solution c) Technical Solution It is important that the local authorities ensure a solution for separate collection of inert waste, It is important thatenvironmental the local authorities ensure a solution for separate of inert waste, safe storage and treatment of inert waste aiming for its collection reuse, recycling, or any It is important thatenvironmental the local authorities ensure a solution for separate of inert waste, safe and treatment of inert waste aiming its collection reuse, or any otherstorage methods. Even if the collection and transportation offorinert wasterecycling, is a producer safe storage and Even environmental treatment and of inert waste aimingofforinert its reuse, recycling, or any other methods. if the the collection producer responsibility, and is primarily task of the transportation construction companies, waste the cityis ora commune other methods. Even if the collection and transportation of inert waste is a producer responsibility, is primarily theoftask of theappropriate constructionservice companies, the city infrastructure or commune should provideand – often by means payment and establish responsibility, andoften is primarily theoftask of theappropriate constructionservice companies, the city infrastructure or commune should provide by means payment and establish for collection of –inert waste originated from community (families) and safe storage toward their should provide –inert often by means of payment - appropriate service and establish infrastructure for collection of waste originated from community (families) and safe storage toward their final treatment. for collection of inert waste originated from community (families) and safe storage toward their final treatment. finalthis treatment. For purpose it is recommended that the local authority should offer a solution in organizing For purposeand it is recommended the localpayment authority- should a solution in organizing theirthis collection their reception that – against basedoffer on the national rules and For this purposeand it is recommended that the localpayment authority- should a solution in organizing their collection their reception – against basedoffer on the national rules and regulations and should charge a fair and direct fee for their management costs. their collection and their reception – against payment based on the national rules and regulations and should charge a fair and direct fee for their -management costs. regulations and shouldschemes: charge a fair and direct fee for their management costs. Basic collection Basic collection schemes: Basic schemes: collection Bring scheme entails people bringing their waste to collection stations, and call Basic collection schemes: Bring scheme entails people bringing their waste collection stations, and call call schemes which rely on citizens contacting the responsible authorities or companies  Bring scheme entails people bringing their waste toto stations, and schemes Bring scheme entails people bringing their waste tocollection collection stations, and call which rely on citizens contacting the responsible authorities or companies when they have waste or contacting bulky wastethe to give away; authorities or companies schemes which relyinert on citizens responsible schemes which citizens contacting thegive responsible authorities or companies when they haverely inerton waste or bulky waste to away; where local authorities or the waste when Drop-off scheme: when theythey have inert waste or bulky waste to give away; have inert waste or bulky waste to give away;companies contracted by the where local authorities orpoints the waste companies contracted byused the vendors Drop-offprovide scheme:drop-off places (collection within city boundaries) to be  Drop-off scheme: where local authorities oror thethewaste companies contracted by the where local authorities waste companies contracted byused the vendors Drop-off scheme: provide drop-off places (collection points within city boundaries) to be by community which are regularly emptied out by company itself. vendors provide drop-off places (collection points within city boundaries) to be used by vendors provide drop-off places (collection points within city boundaries) to be used by community which are regularly emptied out by company itself. by community which are regularly out by company community which are regularly emptiedemptied out by company itself. itself. Both schemes are effective and feasible waste collection alternatives at the local level. Local Both schemes areprimarily effectiveaim andfor feasible collection at themuch localcheaper level. Local authorities should the firstwaste scheme, which alternatives is likely to prove and Both schemes areprimarily effectiveaim andfor feasible collection alternatives at themuch localcheaper level. Local authorities should the firstwaste scheme, which likelyactive to prove and easier for the service provider to implement. The latter willisneed public collaboration to authorities should primarily aim to for the first scheme, which likelyactive to prove much cheaper and easier for the service Theapplication latter willisof need public collaboration to bring inert waste to theprovider local sites. implement. Moreover, the first scheme will enable the local easierinert for the service provider to implement. Theapplication latter will of need public collaboration to bring waste thecost local Moreover, the firstactive scheme willcharges enable the authorities to link to the of sites. inert waste collection and its treatments to direct for local calls bring inert waste to the local sites. Moreover, the application of first scheme will enable the local authorities or gate fee.to link the cost of inert waste collection and its treatments to direct charges for calls authorities or gate fee.to link the cost of inert waste collection and its treatments to direct charges for calls or gate fee. However, referring to the existing practices of inert waste collection, current awareness level of However, to the existing practices of inert waste collection, current level of public andreferring poor enforcement situation of local rules (if exist), would makeawareness it harder for local However, to the existing practices of inert wasteexist), collection, current awareness level of public andreferring poor enforcement situation of local would makeTherefore, it harder for local authorities and service provider to apply the rules bring (if scheme right-away. drop-off public and poor enforcement situation of local exist), right-away. would makeTherefore, it harder for local authorities and service provider to apply the rules bring (if scheme drop-off authorities and service provider to apply the bring scheme right-away. Therefore, drop-off 86 86 86 85

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

schemes may result favorable in the beginning until authorities are able to control urban pollution and raise environmental consciousness of the public. schemes may result favorable in the beginning until authorities are able to control urban pollution and raise environmental consciousness of the public. may result in urban the beginning until authorities are and abletrucks) to control urban It schemes is to be mentioned thatfavorable the normal waste equipment (containers are not fit and raise of the public. forpollution the evacuation of environmental the inert waste.consciousness Their characteristics need specific equipment coming from It is to be mentioned that the normal urban waste equipment (containers and trucks) are not fit the construction industry. Municipalities have to decide if they want to buy this equipment or to for the evacuation of the inert waste. Their characteristics need specific equipment coming from It is to be that the normal urban waste (containers trucks) are not fit organize thementioned service through private companies. Thisequipment last solution is normallyand more efficient. the construction industry. Municipalities have to decide if they want to buy this equipment or to for the evacuation of the inert waste. Their characteristics need specific equipment coming from organize the service through private companies. This last solution is normally more efficient. the construction industry. Municipalities have to decide if they want to buy this equipment or to organize the service through private companies. This last solution is normally more efficient.

d) authority Control, obligations Monitoringrely andon Enforcement Measure: The local controlling urban pollution from these materials; assign specific sites for their disposal. At the outset, local authorities should control abusive disposal of d) Control, Monitoring and Enforcement Measure: The local authority obligations rely on controlling urban pollution from these materials; assign these materials in public space or closed to urban collection points. The latter can be achieved specific sites for their disposal. At the outset, local authorities should control abusive disposal of local authority obligations relycommunicate on controllingwith urban pollution from materials; assign byThe defining clear rules and fines, community, and these undertaking effective these materials in public space or closed to urban collection points. The latter can be achieved specific sites for their disposal. the outset, local or authorities should control abusive disposal enforcement measures (engagingAtmunicipal police urban inspectors and establish effectiveof by defining clear rules and fines, communicate with community, and undertaking effective these materials in public space or closed to urban collection points. The latter can be achieved procedures for fines collection). enforcement measures (engaging municipal police or urban inspectors and establish effective by defining clear rules and fines, communicate with community, and undertaking effective procedures for fines collection). enforcement measures (engaging municipal police or urban inspectors and establish effective e) Encouragement of Recycling Industry: procedures for fines collection). e) Encouragement of Recycling Most materials can be used many timesIndustry: before they are disposed of, or recycled. Some examples of C&D materials, which can be reused or recycled, are shown in following table: e) Encouragement of Recycling Industry: Most materials can be used many times before they are disposed of, or recycled. Some examples of C&D materials, which can be reused or recycled, are shown in following table: Most‘Waste materials can be usedformany before 47they are disposed of, or recycled. Some worth-segregating re-use times and recycling’ examples of C&D materials, which can be reused or47recycled, are shown in following table: 47 worth-segregating forre-use re-use and C&D waste Treatment and destination for the recovered Waste‘Waste worth-segregating for andrecycling’ recyclingUses materials 47 ‘Waste worth-segregating for re-use and recycling’Uses and destination for the recovered C&D waste Treatment Uses and destination for the recovered Concrete Recycle Aggregate in roads, fill or new concrete C&D waste Treatment materials C&D waste Treatment Uses and destination materialsfor the recovered Blacktop Recycle Bound layer roads/ fill;concrete paving of Concrete Recycle Aggregate inof roads, fill bulk or new materials Concrete Recycle Aggregate in roads, fill or new concrete compounds; trial paths Blacktop Recycle Bound layer of bulk of Concrete Recycle Aggregate in roads/ roads, fill or fill; newpaving concrete Bound layer of roads/ bulk fill; paving of Excavation Spoil: Topsoil Recycle reuse Landscaping compounds; trial paths Blacktop Blacktop Recycle Bound layer of roads/ bulk fill; paving of compounds; trialhoarding; paths Timber Reuse/ recycle Shuttering/ chipboard Excavation Spoil: Topsoil reuse Landscaping compounds; trial paths Excavation Spoil: Topsoil reuse Landscaping Metals Reuse/ recycle recycle Shuttering/ Smelt Timber Reuse/ hoarding; chipboard Excavation Spoil: Topsoil reuse Landscaping TimberTiles, blocks, bricks, clay, Reuse/ recycle Shuttering/ hoarding; chipboard reuse Metals Reuse/ recycle Timber Reuse/ recycle Smelt Shuttering/ hoarding; chipboard MetalsTiles, Reuse/ recycle Smelt architectural blocks, features bricks, clay, reuse Metals Reuse/ recycle Smelt Tiles, Packaging& blocks, bricks, clay, plastics Reuse/recycle Pallets architectural features reuse Tiles, features blocks, bricks, clay, reuse architectural Packaging& plastics Reuse/recycle Pallets architectural features 47 Packaging& plastics Reuse/recycle Pallets FAS and NDP,(2002), “Construction and demolition waste management- Handbook”, Packaging& plastics Reuse/recycle Pallets Oil, paints& chemicals Reuse 47 FAS and NDP,(2002), “Construction and demolition waste managementHandbook”, 87 47

14 Inert and Measure: local collection points Control,Figure Monitoring andcollection Enforcement

FAS and NDP,(2002), “Construction and demolition 87 waste management- Handbook”,

(Steps to) Developing a waste management plan Oil, paints& chemicals

Reuse

The involvement of the private sector should be seen as a priority to set the system or to improve it. Involvement of the private sector, through concession or public private partnership shall be encouraged as a mechanism for the provision of an economically optimal solution that shall also be acceptable from environmental point of view. Some alternatives to involve private sector includes rent or concession of local drop-off centers, or legal confers the right to collect valuable inert waste directly at the source of generation. Typical instruments can usedtotostimulate stimulate markets: markets: Typical instruments thatthat can bebe used

      

Restrictions or bans on certain materials for landfill (gate fee, taxes, local rules, etc);

Environmental Restrictions or on certain materials for landfill (gate fee, taxes, local rules, etc); or bans planning controls on landfill of C&DW; Environmental or planning controls on landfill of C&DW; Subsidies for recycling processes and businesses; Subsidies for recycling processes and businesses; Positive waste planning measures – requirements to consider; Positive waste planning measures – requirements to consider; C&DW recycling capacity under regional waste management plans; C&DW recycling capacity under regional waste management plans; Education & Training; Education & Training; The use of recycled aggregates in public projects, i.e. local government procurement The use of recycled aggregates in public projects, i.e. local government procurement policy; policy;  TheThe development ofofrecycled substitutefor fornatural naturalraw raw materials to development recycledproducts products that that can can substitute materials to the the greatest greatestpossible possible extent; extent;  Local planning authorities to require developers Local planning authorities to require developerstotosubmit submitananintegrated integrateddemolition demolitionand and C&DW management plan asaspart their planning C&DW management plan partofof their planningapplication, application,which whichcould couldbe bejudged judged against its its ability to to deliver a reasonable of recovery, recovery,either eitheron-site on-site off-site. against ability deliver a reasonable level level of oror off-site.

3.7

Maintenance a)

Importance of Maintenance of Collection Vehicles

Waste collection vehicles are subjected to more ‘hardship’ than other vehicles are, because of the Stop and Go activities and of the abrasion effect of waste. Most semi-automated and fully automated waste collection vehicles have complex hydraulic systems that require more maintenance than manual collection equipment. Specific schedules of preventative maintenance and proper garaging facilities to undertake both routine maintenance and repair work can contribute substantially to increasing long term vehicle productivity. For hygienic reasons as well as for the durability of the equipment, the collection vehicles must be cleaned washed every day. The possibility of the municipality undertaking small repairs and contracting large works to a private contractor should also be evaluated. International experience shows thatsolid for solid management services in populations International experience shows that for wastewaste management services in populations in of inhabitants, 300,000 inhabitants, it might prove economical develop a specialized excessinofexcess 300,000 it might prove economical to developto a specialized workshop facility for(possibly the municipality (possibly contracting out private the facility to the private facilityworkshop for the municipality contracting out the facility to the sector). sector). Garages and service centers carry out a number of operations and processes that have the potential to damage the environment. These include cleaning of vehicles, the storage, use and disposal of polluting liquids such as oils, paints, solvents, antifreeze and other coolant additives, brake fluids and solid waste such as oil filters, exhaust systems, batteries and tires. Care should be taken in handling of waste materials such as antifreeze, batteries and battery acid, solvents and oil to avoid contamination of surface water 88 drains. b)

Maintenance Procedure

be taken in handling of waste materials such as antifreeze, batteries and battery acid, solvents and oil to avoid contamination of surface water drains. b)

Maintenance Procedure

Every effort should be made to standardize components of the fleet for maximum parts interchange without necessarily standardizing the entire fleet. International experience shows that maintenance usually amounts to between 10% to 48 20% ofinthe total annual costmaterials of owning andas operating collection vehicles. be taken handling of waste such antifreeze, batteries and battery acid, solvents and oil to avoid contamination of surface water drains. Recommendation operation maintenance measures for trucks Recommendation37: 37:Appropriate Appropriate operation andand maintenance measures for trucks Maintenance Procedure  b) SetSet clear responsibility totodrivers clear responsibility drivers (not (notmore morethan thanone oneor ortwo twopersons) persons)who whoshould shouldbe be encouraged to to bebe responsible ensurea encouraged responsibleand andlook lookafter afterhis hisvehicle; vehicle; the the driver driver should should also also ensure Every effort should be made to standardize components of the fleet for maximum parts a daily report of the thevehicle: vehicle:time, time, tour,km, km, consumption, events, daily reportof ofthe theoperation operation consumption, events, etc; etc; interchange without necessarily standardizing the entire tour, fleet.  Ensuring safe guaranteeingthat thatoperator’s operator’scertificate certificate and vehicles and vehicles test Ensuring safeoperation operation through guaranteeing test certificates are up to date; to review vehicle standardization, etc; certificates are up to date; to review vehicle standardization, etc; International experience shows that maintenance usually amounts to between 10% to 48 can improve improve safetyand and Ensure Ensure routine and preventive maintenance regimes: which  20% and preventive maintenance regimes: which can safety of theroutine total annual cost of owning and operating collection vehicles. reduce business losses.Regular, Regular,routine, routine, scheduledcleaning, cleaning,lubrication, lubrication,examination examination reduce business losses. scheduled Recommendation 37:schedules Appropriate operation and maintenance measures for trucks maintenance schedules are are important; andand maintenance important;

when vehicles and and Ensure maintenanceservices services on oncleaning cleaning contracts: contracts: especially when  Ensure maintenance Set clear responsibility to drivers (not more than one especially or two persons) vehicles who should be equipment are owned by the municipality or commune; equipment are owned by the municipality commune; encouraged to be responsible and look or after his vehicle; the driver should also ensure a should have Keep the maintenance and registers: each vehicle daily report of the operation of the vehicle:record time, tour, km, consumption, events, should etc; an  Keep the maintenance and consumption consumption record registers: each vehicle individual daily and maintenance record (tour, record faults, consumption, time, km of have an individual daily and maintenance record record faults, consumption, through guaranteeing that(tour, operator’s certificate and vehicles test Ensuring safe operation operation, maintenance, repair, accident, event, etc; time,certificates km of operation, event, etc; are up tomaintenance, date; to reviewrepair, vehicleaccident, standardization, etc;

Ensure proper spare parts on time: adequate stores control, stocking of spares (engines,

canstocking improveofsafety and Ensure routine and parts preventive maintenance regimes:  Ensure proper spare on time: adequate storeswhich control, spares transmissions, axles, etc.) or effective contracts: are essential measures for reducing down reducetransmissions, business losses. Regular, routine, scheduled cleaning, lubrication, examination (engines, axles, etc.) or effective contracts: are essential measures for time. Keeping adequate spares allows defective parts to be replaced quickly, and is a and maintenance schedules are important; reducing down Keeping adequate spares allows defective parts to be replaced major way of time. reducing downtime. quickly, and maintenance is a major way of reducing downtime. Ensure services on cleaning contracts: especially when vehicles and equipment are owned by the municipality or commune;

Keep maintenance consumption record registers: each vehicle should have an c) Why it is the Maintenance of and Containers Important? individual daily and maintenance record (tour, record faults, consumption, time, km of The condition of the containers is arepair, very important factor etc; impacting the effectiveness, costs and operation, maintenance, accident, event, efficiency the entire collection service. When thecontrol, emptying cycleofdoes work of Ensure proper waste spare parts on time: adequate stores stocking sparesnot (engines, properly, because a container or the wheels are warped, the operation is delayed or blocked, transmissions, axles, etc.) or effective contracts: are essential measures for reducing down requiring more personnel and vehicles. In addition it may inflict other costly consequences such time. Keeping adequate spares allows defective parts to be replaced quickly, and is a as e.g., repair of vehicle or repair of container itself. major way of reducing downtime.

As in cases of burns of containers, where deformation of containers or the damage of the covers, wheels or pedals, may cause inappropriateness from its full technical operation, c) Why it is Maintenance hygienic or aesthetic conditions. of Containers Important? of the and containers a very important factor impacting the effectiveness, costs and d)The condition Maintenance RepairisMeasures efficiency of the entire waste collection service. When the emptying cycle does not work properly,planned becauseexaminations a container orofthe wheels are warped, the operation or blocked, Routine container stock in service should is bedelayed used to identify requiring more personnel addition it may inflict and othermaintenance costly consequences such containers that are in needand of vehicles. repair or In replacement. Repairs of containers as e.g., repair of vehicle repair of container itself. should make use of partsorand materials specified in the manufacturer’s instructions and are in accordance with the originalComposting specification. All Applicability the containers used shallCountries be kept clean, in a good IBRD/ WORLD BANK(1999), and It’s in Developing As in cases of burns of painted containers, where of containers or the damage of the technical condition and be in the samedeformation color. The technical and financial responsibility covers, wheels or pedals, may cause inappropriateness from its full technical operation, 89 for the repair of the containers must be well defined and integrated in the budget in order to hygienic aestheticofconditions. create theor conditions the sustainability of the entire system. d) Maintenance andmade Repair Arrangements should be forMeasures prompt reporting and replacement of containers that have been identified as unacceptably damaged or faulty. Usually, these arrangements are part of the Routine planned examinations container stock in service be used to identify main service contracts but there areofcases when specialized serviceshould is required. containers that are in need of repair or replacement. Repairs and maintenance of containers 48

IBRD/ WORLD BANK(1999), Composting and It’s Applicability in Developing Countries

FINANCIAL PLANNING The financial management of local administration is an important part of waste management planning on a local level. This section of the manual provides useful guidelines and recommendations concerning the financial management of local waste issues, such as cost estimation and its reflection into the local budget, and ways to establish effective local policy on cost recovery.

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

4.1

Current and Future Local Financing of WM

4.1 Current and Future Local Financing of WM foresee local funds to cover the waste Every year, all municipalities and communes in Albania, 4.1 Current and Future Local Financing of WM services under their administration, which usually consists of 5 to 20%49of their total annual 4.1 Current and Future Local Financing of WM 4.1 Current and Future Local Financing of WM 50 Every year, municipalities communes in Albania, foresee funds to cover the waste chart and presents (in percentage) the ratiolocal of the budget allocated for budget. Theallfollowing

Part of municipal budget

49 to cover the waste Every year, all municipalities inbudget. Albania, foresee funds services under their administration, which usually consists of 5local to 20% their total cleaning compared to the and totalcommunes municipal Although most of and 49ofmunicipalities Every year, all municipalities and communes in Albania, foresee local funds cover theannual waste services under their administration, which usually consists of 5 to 20% ofto total annual 50chart Every year, allfollowing municipalities and communes in Albania, foresee local funds totheir cover the waste 49 communes in the region of Shkodra and Lezha, similarly to nation-wide held views state that presents (in percentage) the ratio of the budget allocated for budget. The services under their administration, which usually consists of 5 to 20% of their total annual 49 50 chart presents (inpriority, percentage) the of ratio of the budget allocated for budget. The following services under their isadministration, which usually consists 5 to 20% ofmunicipalities their total annual waste management an important local they admit that the budget they allocate for cleaning compared to the total municipal budget. Although most of and 50 presents (in percentage) the ratio most of theofbudget allocated and for budget. The followingto50chart cleaning compared the total municipal budget. Although municipalities chart presents (inLezha, percentage) theto ratio of the held budget allocated for budget. The following waste services is insufficient. communes in the region of Shkodra and similarly nation-wide views state that cleaning compared to the total municipal budget. Although most of municipalities and communes in the region ofimportant Shkodra and Lezha, similarly to nation-wide viewsallocate state and that cleaning compared total municipal budget. ofheld municipalities waste management istoanthe priority, they Although admit that most the budget for communes in the region ofimportant Shkodra local and Lezha, similarly to nation-wide held they viewsallocate state that waste management is an local priority, they admit that the budget they for communes in the region of Shkodra and Lezha, similarly to nation-wide held views state that waste services is insufficient. waste management is an important local priority, they admit that the budget they allocate for waste services is insufficient. part of local totalpriority, municipal goes waste management is What an important they budget admit that the to budget they allocate for waste services is insufficient. waste services is insufficient. waste services in regards of Albania LGUs context

30% 20% 10% 0%

5-10%

10-15%

15-20%

20%

Part of LGUs

Figure 15: Part of the municipal budgets which goes for waste services in Albanian

In most developing countries including Albania, about 80-95% of the solid waste management Figure 15: Part of the municipal budgets which goes for waste services in Albanian funds are attributed collection and public which cleansing. Onwaste the services other hand, in developed Figure 15: Part to of the municipal budgets goes for in Albanian 15: Part of theofmunicipal budgets which goes for waste services in Albanian countries, about 50-70% the solid waste management funds are attributable to waste In mostFigure developing countries including Albania, about 80-95% of the solid waste management Figure 15: Part of the municipal budgets which for waste services in Albanian In mostare developing countries including Albania, aboutgoes 80-95% of the solidas waste management processing and treatment, including environmental costs. This comes a result of local funds attributed to collection and public cleansing. On the other hand, in developed In mostare developing countries including Albania, about 80-95% of solid hand, waste in management funds attributed to collection andsufficient public management cleansing. Onfunds thethe developed In most developing countries Albania, about to 80-95% of theother solid waste management authorities in Albania failing allocate funds waste treatment processes as still countries, about 50-70% ofto including the solid waste are attributable tothey waste funds are attributed to collection and public cleansing. On the other hand, in developed countries, about 50-70% ofincluding the solid waste management funds are attributable toof waste funds are of attributed to collection and public cleansing. On thecomes other hand, in developed make use existing local dumpsite lacking any standards. processing and treatment, environmental costs. This as a result local countries, about 50-70% ofincluding the solidenvironmental waste management funds are attributable toof waste processing and treatment, This as a failed result local countries, about 50-70% solid waste management funds are processes attributable tothey waste Most of thein financial system isthe based on a subsidized approach ascomes LGUs have now authorities Albania failingofto allocate sufficient funds costs. to waste treatment asuntil still processing and treatment, including environmental costs. This comes as a result of local authorities inand Albania failing to allocate sufficient funds to waste treatment processes asconcept. they still processing treatment, including environmental costs. This comesresponsibility as a result of local to link the cost of waste management with revenue system and producer make use of existing local dumpsite lacking any standards. authorities in Albania failing to allocate sufficient funds to waste treatment processes as they still make use of existing lacking any standards. authorities infinancial Albania local failingdumpsite toisallocate sufficient funds to waste treatment processes asuntil theynow still Most of the system based on a subsidized approach as LGUs have failed make use of existing local dumpsite lacking any standards. Most of the system is and based on arevenue subsidized approach as LGUs have failed concept. until now make use offinancial existing local dumpsite lacking any standards. The experiences in Albania abroad show that disposal costs will increase as local to link the cost of waste management with system and producer responsibility Most the financial system is based with on arevenue subsidized approach as LGUs have failed concept. until now to linkof cost ofrequired waste management system and bring producer Most ofthe the financial system is based on a subsidized approach as LGUs have until now authorities are to shift theirwith disposal method, theirresponsibility wastefailed to aconcept. regional to link the cost of waste management revenue systemand and producer responsibility to linkexperiences thelandfill. cost ofThis waste management with revenue andadditional producer responsibility sanitary require thatabroad local authorities allocate to coverconcept. the local cost The in will Albania and show system that disposal costs funds will increase as The experiences in waste Albania andtheir abroad show that disposal costs willwaste increase as local of transportation and disposal at regional landfill. authorities are required to shift disposal method, and bring their to a regional The experiences in Albania andtheir abroad showmethod, that disposal costs willwaste increase local authorities are to need shift disposal and additional bring their a as regional The experiences in will Albania andto abroad show that disposal costs will increase as In addition, theyrequired will also modernize their collection system towards ato sanitary landfill. This require local authorities allocate funds to cover the local cost authorities are required to shift that their disposal method, and additional bring their waste tosegregation a regional sanitary landfill. This will require that local authorities allocate funds to cover the cost authorities are required to disposal shift their disposal method, and bring their waste the to aincreased regional collection system, which will increase their waste management cost. Considering of transportation and waste at regional landfill. sanitary landfill. This will require thatatlocal authorities allocate additional funds to cover the cost of transportation and waste disposal regional landfill. sanitary landfill. This will require that local authorities allocate additional funds to cover the cost costs, local they authorities will need have to to modernize find ways landfill. to resource their budgettowards to ensure the waste In addition, will waste also their collection system a segregation of transportation and disposal regional In addition, they will also need to at modernize their collection system towards athe segregation of transportation and waste disposal at regional landfill. management functioning sustainability. This issue will be explored later in following section of collection system, which will increase their waste management cost. Considering increased In addition, they will also need to modernize their collection cost. system towards athe segregation collection system, which will increase theirways wasteto management Considering increased In addition, they will also need to modernize their collection system towards a segregation this manual strategy on cost recovery. costs, local authorities will have to find resource their budget to ensure the waste collection system, whichwill will have increase theirways wastetomanagement cost. Considering the the increased costs, local authorities to find resource their budget ensure waste collection system, which will increase their waste management cost. Considering the section increased management functioning sustainability. issue will be explored later into of costs, local authorities will have to findThis ways to resource their budget tofollowing ensure the waste management functioning sustainability. This issue will be explored later in following section of costs, local -authorities will have to find ways to resource their budget to ensure the waste this manual strategy on cost recovery. management functioning sustainability. This issue will be explored later in following section this manual - strategy on cost recovery. This issue will be explored later in following section of management functioning sustainability. of this manual - strategy on cost recovery. this manual - strategy on cost recovery.

Co-Plan, 2010, ‘Politika e Mbulimit te Kostos ne Sherbimin e Manaxhimit te Mbetjeve te Ngurta Urbane’

49 49 49 50 49

Co-Plan, 2010, ‘Politika e Mbulimit te Kostos ne Sherbimin e Manaxhimit te Mbetjeve te Ngurta Urbane’ Co-Plan, 2010, ‘Politika e Mbulimit te Kostos ne Sherbimin e Manaxhimit te Mbetjeve te Ngurta Urbane’ 92 Co-Plan, 2010, ‘Politika e Mbulimit te Kostos ne Sherbimin e Manaxhimit te Mbetjeve te Ngurta Urbane’ Co-Plan, 2010, ‘Politika e Mbulimit te Kostos ne Sherbimin e Manaxhimit te Mbetjeve te Ngurta Urbane’

92 92 92 92

Financial Planning

4.2

Overall Waste Management Costs Analysis

In order to analyze the overall waste management cost, one needs to evaluate the actual costs resulting from the waste service needs, investments required, and the local objectives on waste management. These will serve as foundation for local authorities to design effective and adequate waste budgets. Also, it will help them in designing appropriate effective strategies on cost-recovery, and set the right tariffs. Estimation of full waste management costs procedure consists of several steps as follows:

Preparatory phase Determine investments Estimate waste management costs Revision/monitoring

4.2.1 Preparatory Phase The preparatory phase includes the preliminary steps, and consists of: gathering useful information about waste areas, consumers, existing and new waste activities/services; understanding the waste management costs and their components; and defining the appropriate methodology on cost calculation.

a) Estimation of Basis Data Understanding waste areas

First and foremost, local authorities need general information about their waste area profile. Most of the information has been identified and analyzed during the baseline phase, when useful data such as waste area characteristics, consumers’ profile, and waste generation was gathered.

This information will help to; make accurate cost calculations, estimate likely total volumes of waste generated, as well as its define a perspective to assess expected income from waste tariffs.

Most useful data includes: Most useful data includes:  Population, past growth rate, family size, administrative location of inhabitants; Population, past growth rate, family size, administrative location of inhabitants;  Business unitsunits (number, andand classification in in terms of of nature, Business (number, classification terms nature,size sizeand andother other characteristic) characteristic) Industry, institutions and other consumers, waste generationand andits its  Industry, institutions and other type type of of consumers, waste generation perspective (for urban and inert waste) perspective (for urban and inert waste) Size and nature of public spaces to be cleaned;  Size and nature of public spaces to be cleaned; Distances to local and regional waste facilities;  Distances to local and regional waste facilities;

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Understand Understand existing and new existing and new operations operations

Prior to starting the application of the methodology for costs estimation, it Prior to starting the application of the methodology for costs estimation, it is essential to understand all existing operations and services including is essential to understand all existing operations and services including volume of work, frequency, etc, that are part of the system; as well as volume of work, frequency, etc, that are part of the system; as well as new operations and services (e.g., introduce waste segregation system) new operations and services (e.g., introduce waste segregation system) or extension of them (in terms of volume of work or extension to new or extension of them (in terms of volume of work or extension to new areas). areas).

Moreover, it is important to clarify the current waste infrastructure (waste trucks, containers, Moreover, it is important to clarify the current waste infrastructure (waste trucks, containers, dust bins, etc), their condition and usability, and the need for new vehicles and equipments (e.g. dust bins, etc), their condition and usability, and the need for new vehicles and equipments (e.g. more waste vehicles, collection points, or containers). more waste vehicles, collection points, or containers). Typical operations and services performed now in Albania, by local authorities, include: Typical operations and services performed now in Albania, by local authorities, include: Waste collection and transportation Waste collection and transportation Streets cleaning Streets cleaning Waste disposal at local dumpsite Waste disposal at local dumpsite Collection and transportation of inert and voluminous materials, etc. Collection and transportation of inert and voluminous materials, etc. And new operations which are expected to become part of the entire waste management And new operations which are expected to become part of the entire waste management system, such as: system, such as: Transportation to greater distance to landfill or other treatment facility; Transportation to greater distance to landfill or other treatment facility; Waste disposal at regional sanitary landfills; Waste disposal at regional sanitary landfills; Waste segregation, differentiated collection and temporary storage; Waste segregation, differentiated collection and temporary storage; Waste processing (prepare for further treatment); Waste processing (prepare for further treatment); Composting and recycling, etc. Composting and recycling, etc.

b) b) Understanding Understanding Annual Annual Waste Waste Management Management Costs Costs The waste management cost consists of the funds needed each year to operate and maintain The waste management cost consists of the funds needed each year to operate and maintain waste services. The costs can be specified and divided in terms of different waste management waste services. The costs can be specified and divided in terms of different waste management operations or services, part of the overall waste management system and in terms of cost operations or services, part of the overall waste management system and in terms of cost components. components. The regional and local plan should contain actual information on costs of collection, The regional and local plan should contain actual information on costs of collection, transportation, separation, treatment and final disposal of waste. transportation, separation, treatment and final disposal of waste.

Main Main key figures (unit (unit cost)cost) to be are:are: key figures toincluded be included Main key figures (unit cost) to be included are:  Cost in connection with collection of one ton of waste, Cost in connection with collection of one ton of waste, Cost in connection with collection of onefor tonone of waste,  Costs of transportation of one ton ton of waste kmkm (if (if disposal site is islocated of transportation of one of waste for one disposal site locatedatat Costs Costs of transportation of one ton of waste for one km (if disposal site is located at a certain distance fromfrom the the city), a certain distance city), a certain distance from the city), Cost of cleaning a square meter road and  Cost of cleaning of aof square meter road and Cost of cleaning of a square meter road and Price of treatment of one ton of waste at the various treatment plants (local  Price of treatment of oneof tonone of waste the various (localplants dumpsite, of treatment ton ofat waste at thetreatment various plants treatment (local Price dumpsite, regional landfill, or composting). dumpsite, landfill, or composting). regional landfill,regional or composting). The estimation of unit costs of a different operation method, will also help The estimation of unit costs of a different operation method, will also help evaluate and select the most economic and then the most beneficial option evaluate and select the most economic and then the most beneficial option management stage. management stage.

94 94

local local for a for a

authorities to authorities to certain waste certain waste

Financial Planning

c) Defining the Methodology (Full cost accounting vs. Cash Flow Basis) c) Defining the Methodology (Full cost accounting vs. Cash Flow Basis)

Most municipal accounts/budgets in Albania have traditionally been prepared on a cash-flow (CF) where the capital expenditures for waste collection vehicles areon recorded and Most basis, municipal accounts/budgets in Albania have traditionally been prepared a cash-flow accounted entirely in the yearexpenditures of purchase. for waste collection vehicles are recorded and (CF) basis,forwhere the capital Meanwhile, is in another accounting method called full cost accounting (FCA), which accounted forthere entirely the year of purchase. spreads the there expenditures overaccounting the lifetimemethod of the item. FCA method, thewhich local Meanwhile, is another calledAccording full cost to accounting (FCA), authority allocates certain funds, onlifetime an annual basis, to According enable thetoreplacement of the spreads the expenditures over the of the item. FCA method, the truck local after 7-10allocates years; orcertain to buy funds, a waste by taking a loan and paying back in rates, including authority ontruck an annual basis, to enable the replacement of the truck interest, onyears; a yearly after 7-10 or basis. to buy a waste truck by taking a loan and paying back in rates, including interest, on a yearly basis. For this reason, cash flow accounting can provide an approximate state of the actual costs of services and highlight the accounting fact that, incan most cases, authorities ensure For this reason, cash flow provide an local approximate stateare of enabled the actualtocosts of physical when them. local authorities are enabled to ensure services investments and highlight the they fact have that, ainneed mostforcases, physical investments when they have a need for them. Recommendation 38: The use of FCA for calculating WM costs Recommendation 38: The use of FCA for calculating WM costs Recommendation 38: The use of FCA for calculating WM costs The use of FCA approach is recommended for calculating annual management costs, The use FCA recommended for calculating annual management costs, which would takeapproach intoisaccount capital annual costs of different investments, based which on the The ofuse of approach FCA is recommended for calculating annual management costs, wouldestimated take into account capital annual costs of different investments, based on the estimated life take time into of the product, vehicle or a facility. which would account capital annual costs of different investments, based on the life time of the product, vehicle or a facility. estimated life time of the product, vehicle or a facility. But even the FCA method, similarly to the CF, has its limitations for as long as it fails to take into account health, and to social costs. cost components betomeasured But evenenvironmental, the FCA method, similarly the CF, hasThese its limitations for as long cannot as it fails take into easily or environmental, valued readily in the marketplace. Consideration of components the full spectrum of costs is often account health, and social costs. These cost cannot be measured called cost accounting or environmental accounting, which is beyond the scope of FCA, but easily true or valued readily in the marketplace. Consideration of the full spectrum of costs is often which maycost be accounting needed in or some circumstance where there significant external costs but or called true environmental accounting, whichare is beyond the scope of FCA, benefits of waste management operations. which may be needed in some circumstance where there are significant external costs or benefits of waste management operations.

4.2.2 Determine the Investments 4.2.2 Determine the Investments a) Determining Useful Investments a) Determining Useful Investments

During the technical planning process, local authorities have determined the necessary investments intoplanning consideration the urgent improve existing infrastructure on During the taking technical process, local necessity authoritiesto have determined the necessary cleaning and waste management services (renewing or adding new vehicles and containers), as investments taking into consideration the urgent necessity to improve existing infrastructure on well as toand fulfill the needs for improvement in terms of services, extension improvement cleaning waste management services (renewing ornew adding new vehicles andorcontainers), as of existing operations or services. well as to fulfill the needs for improvement in terms of new services, extension or improvement Preparing plan of investments of existing aoperations or services.is a complicated process, which involves not only the needs (be itPreparing immediate or not), but also theisfinancial resources available, priorities a plan of investments a complicated process, whichpolitical involvesand notsocial only the needsand (be political agreement these authorities should check priorities and prioritize it immediate or not),onbut alsoinvestments. the financial Moreover, resources local available, political and social and the following issueson concerning gender andMoreover, any otherlocal marginalized groups: political agreement these investments. authorities should check and prioritize the following issues concerning gender and any other marginalized groups: Maximize impact on educational institutions and marginalized groups: they should plan facilitate cleaning services and waste collection routes near schools, and Maximize impact on educational institutions and marginalized groups: theykindergartens should plan and other social buildings in theand community. These routes buildings should be equipped with and facilitate cleaning services waste collection near schools, kindergartens waste containers if possible;in the community. These buildings should be equipped with and other social buildings waste Consultation withif women, containers possible;who should be involved and consulted when planning for collection routes and be other services; investments, Consultation waste with women, who should involved and consulted when planning for investments, waste collection routes and other services; Remote communities should have special focus and more attention regarding new 95 investments and for finding adequate alternatives for basic waste collection service. 95 Furthermore, while developing a new waste management plan, local authorities have to foresee 93 the distribution of required investments over the years (up to 5 years) to the extent of the plan itself. Therefore, the investments plan includes the short and medium-term requirements for new vehicles, equipments and facilities. Usually, the investments consist of purchasing

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Remote communities should have special focus and more attention regarding new Remote should have focus and more attention regarding new Remote communities communities should have special special focus attention regarding investments and for finding adequate alternatives forand basicmore waste collection service. new investments and and for for finding finding adequate adequate alternatives alternatives for for basic basic waste waste collection collection service. service. investments

Furthermore, while developing a new waste management plan, local authorities have to foresee Furthermore, while developing a management plan, local authorities have foresee Furthermore, while developing a new new waste waste authorities haveofto tothe foresee the distribution of required investments overmanagement the years (upplan, to 5 local years) to the extent plan the distribution of required investments over the years (up to 5 years) to the extent of the plan the distribution of required investments over the years (up to 5 years) to the extent of the itself. Therefore, the investments plan includes the short and medium-term requirementsplan for itself. Therefore, the investments plan includes the short and medium-term requirements for itself. Therefore, the investments plan includes the short and medium-term requirements for new vehicles, equipments and facilities. Usually, the investments consist of purchasing new vehicles, equipments and facilities. Usually, the investments consist of purchasing new vehicles, equipments and facilities. Usually, the investments consist of purchasing technological vehicles, new containers and containers including equipments and appliances for technological new containers containers including equipments and for technological vehicles, vehicles, newminimization containers and and containers equipments and appliances appliances for implementing pilot waste schemes. Theincluding rationale and specification for these implementing pilot waste minimization schemes. The rationale and specification for these implementing pilot waste minimization schemes. The rationale and specification for these investments is analyzed in detail in the technical planning section of this manual. investments is Used open truck in 2,000,000-3,000,000 investments is analyzed analyzed in detail detail in in the the technical technical planning planning section section of of this this manual. manual. Recycling center 51 3,000,000-4,000,000 of investments,for foraa5-year 5-year period ,LSWM ofof Commune of Velipoja (co-PLAN, PlanPlan of investments, period ,LSWMPlan Plan Commune of Velipoja Plan of investments, investments, for a 5-year 5-year period ,LSWM Plan of Commune Commune of Velipoja Velipoja (co-PLAN, Plan of for a period ,LSWM Plan of of (co-PLAN, Garbage Compactor – paper, Plastic press 500,000-600,000 2011 (Co-PLAN, 2011) 2011 2011 Year or period to Capital funds (000 Year or to Capital funds (000 Type of investments Capital Year or period period to Capital funds (000 Year or period funds (000 Type of investments invest ALL) Type of investments Type of investments c)to invest Evaluation of the Local Investments invest ALL) invest ALL) ALL) 2012- 2015 Renew 60 existing containers (1.1m3); 500/year 2012- 2015 2015 Renew existing containers 500/year 2012Renew 60 60 existing containers (1.1m3); local authorities 500/year 3 (1.1m3); In the process identifying the best solution for the colored needed investments, have 20122015of Renew 60 existing containers (1.1m );(0.24 500/year 2012-2013 Buy 80 new bins m3) 280/year 2012-2013 Buy 80 80 new colored bins (0.24 m3) 280/year 2012-2013 to analyze several uncertainties or questions that arise, for bins e.g.: A is it better to buy or rent a Buy new colored (0.24 m3) 280/year 2012- 2013 280/year 2012-2013 Buy 80 new colored bins (0.24 m3) containers Buy 190 new 2013 waste vehicle 2012dilemma? investments?; or to privatize or2,850/year not the Buy 190 new new containers containers 2,850/year 20122013 or when to make these Buy 190 2,850/year 2013 Buy a new truckin(10sharing ton) 2,000/year service? Are2012there possibilitiesBuy for190 inter-LGUs cooperation investments? The 2012-522013 new containers 2,850/year 20122013 Buy 2,000/year 20122013 Buy aa new new truck truck (10 (10 ton) ton) 2,000/year 2012 answers to these questions may alter the list of investments plan or postpone them altogether. Composting bins for pilot area 2012 2012- 2013 Buy a new Composting truck (10 ton) 2,000/year 115 bins for area 115 2012 bins for pilot pilot (in area 115 2013-…. Renew truck Composting (in 10 years) & containers 5 2013-…. Renew truck (in 10 years) & containers (in 5 2013-…. Renew truckbins (in 10 & containersyears) (in 5 2012 Composting foryears) pilot area 115 To be defined years) To be be defined Level of To defined Usually, the to years) buy or& to rent dilemma isyears) clarified bybethe technical 2013-…. 2012-2013 Renew truck (in 10 containers (in 5 years) To defined Rehabilitation and close of the dumpsite 50,000-100,000 (EUR) 2012-2013 and close of the dumpsite 50,000-100,000 utilization 2012-2013 planning of Rehabilitation required waste vehicles, which apart from the rationale, Rehabilitation and close of the dumpsite 50,000-100,000 (EUR) (EUR) Full recycling infrastructure (colored containers) To be defined 50,000-100,000 (EUR) 2012-2013 2013-2015 Rehabilitation and close of the dumpsite 2013-2015 clearly utilization (colored level. containers) Full recycling infrastructure To 2013-2015 Fullindicates recyclingtheir infrastructure (colored containers) To be be defined defined 2013-2015 Full recycling infrastructure (colored containers) To be defined For particular cases, when the use of vehicle lies below a given utilization level (e.g., let say b) How Much under its (Typical capacity,Prices)? or for a temporary period of the year), it might be economically b) 60% How of Much (Typical Prices)? b) How Much (Typical Prices)? favorable to rent it instead of buying it or to privatize the service. The next step includes the quantification of investments in monetary values, which will help to The next next step step includes includes the the quantification quantification of of investments investments in in monetary monetary values, values, which will will help help to to The plan the needed financial funds. Therefore, the authorities ought to check the which market prices for plan the needed financial funds. Therefore, the authorities ought to check the market prices for plan the needed financial funds. Therefore, the authorities ought to check the market prices for waste equipments and vehicles for new or second hand products, as well as the capital cost of 53 Recommendation 39: When it is better to rent a truck waste equipments and for new or second hand products, as well as the capital cost of waste equipments and vehicles vehicles constructing the plants, facilities,for etc.new or second hand products, as well as the capital cost of constructing the the plants, plants, facilities, facilities, etc. etc. constructing Generally, when one uses the waste truck for a limited period of time (for e.g., for 3 Yet another important issue lies with the evaluation of useful (remaining) working period for Yet another issue lies with the evaluation of useful (remaining) working period monthsimportant a yearcould like commune Velipoja, or capital 1-2 day),the it is advisable to rentfor a Yet another important issue with the evaluation of hours useful working period for each vehicle; which alsolies help toofdispense the costa (remaining) over years. Sometimes, for each vehicle; which could also help to dispense the capital cost over the years. Sometimes, for eachmajor vehicle; which of could alsoone. help to dispense the capital over thelevel years. Sometimes, for truckinvestments instead buying The need the analysis shouldcost include the of is utilization the (plant or facilities), information about capital cost given asand an the investments (plant or facilities), information about cost given an the major major investments or represents facilities), the the about capital capital cost is isincluding given as asloan an the economic to rent it. annualized capital offers cost(plant which the information annual expenses for buying annualized capital cost which represents the annual expenses for buying including loan annualized capital cost which represents the annual expenses for buying including loan interests, etc, distributed over its entire operation period. The following table summarizes the interests, etc, over entire operation The following table interests,prices etc, distributed distributed over its its entire investments operation period. period. The following table summarizes summarizes the the average (2011) for most frequent local waste management: Nevertheless, the needs for on investments be analyzed case by average prices (2011) for most frequent frequent investments on local waste wasteshould management: average prices (2011) for most investments on local management: Specific case, where additional factors are taken in consideration, namely: Items approximate prices (ALL) Items location of waste areas The approximate conditions geographical (e.g., The for remote areas prices there are Items The approximate prices Items The approximate prices 3 Containers (1.1m ) no feasible opportunities to rent waste trucks26,000-40,000 at a favorable ALL price), ALL ALL 3 of the local market and the involvement of 26,000-40,000 opportunities private sector. Containers (1.1m3) 10,000-15,000 Plastic containers (0.1m3-0.24 m ) Containers (1.1m3) 26,000-40,000 Containers (1.1m3) 26,000-40,000 Plasticcontainer containers(30 (0.1m3-0.24 m3) 10,000-15,000 Sidewalk liters) 7,000-10,000 Plastic containers containers (0.1m3-0.24 (0.1m3-0.24 m3) m3) 10,000-15,000 Plastic 10,000-15,000 Sidewalk container (30 liters) 7,000-10,000 Local Sidewalk container (30 liters) 7,000-10,000 While planning new investments for implementation of the local waste Sidewalk container (30 liters) 7,000-10,000 Used technologic truck (10 years of use) 4,000,000-6,000,000 Used technologic truck (10 years of use)local authorities should take into 4,000,000-6,000,000 Affordability management plan, account the local Used technologic truck (10 years of use) 4,000,000-6,000,000 Used technologic truck (10 years of use) 4,000,000-6,000,000 New waste technologic truck 14,000,000-17,000,000 financial time. 14,000,000-17,000,000 New waste technologic truckcapacity to carry out investments on 14,000,000-17,000,000 New waste technologic truck 14,000,000-17,000,000 New waste technologic truck Used open truck 2,000,000-3,000,000 The analysis of investments history and the financial capacity (including the assessment of 51 Recycling center is required to check the 96 96 external sources) affordability of local3,000,000-4,000,000 authorities to carry out 96 investments. Garbage Compactor – paper, Plastic press 500,000-600,000 51

Small and simple recycling center, similar to Recycling Center of Commune of Dajc, Lezhe, or Recycling Center of Municipality of Fier 52 Private vs. public debate is been discussed in detail later in this document 94 53 For more details see Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus population size

Used open truck Recycling center 51 Used Used open open truck truck Garbage Compactor – paper, Plastic press 51 Recycling 51 Recycling center center 51 Garbage Compactor Compactor – – paper, paper, Plastic Plastic press press Garbage

c) Evaluation of the Local Investments

2,000,000-3,000,000 Financial Planning

3,000,000-4,000,000 2,000,000-3,000,000 2,000,000-3,000,000 500,000-600,000 3,000,000-4,000,000 3,000,000-4,000,000 500,000-600,000 500,000-600,000

c) Evaluation of Investments In the of identifying best solution for the needed investments, local authorities have c) process Evaluation of the the Local Localthe Investments to analyze several uncertainties or questions that arise, for e.g.: A is it better to buy or rent a Used openoftruck 2,000,000-3,000,000 In identifying best solution the investments, authorities In the the process process identifying the best to solution for the needed needed investments, local authorities have waste vehicle of dilemma? orthe when make for these investments?; or to local privatize or nothave the 51 Recycling center 3,000,000-4,000,000 52 several to analyze uncertainties or questions that arise, for e.g.: A is it better to buy a to analyze several uncertainties or for questions that arise, for e.g.: inA sharing is it better to buy or or rent rent a service? Are there possibilities inter-LGUs cooperation investments? The Used open truck 2,000,000-3,000,000 waste vehicle dilemma? or when to make these investments?; or to privatize or not the Garbage Compactor – paper, Plastic press 500,000-600,000 wasteRecycling vehicle dilemma? ormay when investments?; or to 3,000,000-4,000,000 privatize or not the answers to these questions altertothemake list ofthese investments plan or postpone them altogether. 51 52 center service? 52 Are service?52 Are there there possibilities possibilities for for inter-LGUs inter-LGUs cooperation cooperation in in sharing sharing investments? investments? The The Garbage Compactor – paper, Plastic press 500,000-600,000 answers to these questions may alter the list of investments plan or postpone answers to these questions may alter the list of investments plan or postpone them them altogether. altogether. c) Evaluation of theUsually, Local Investments Level of the to buy or to rent dilemma is clarified by the technical utilization planning of required waste vehicles, which apart from the rationale, Level of c) process Evaluation of theclearly Localthe Investments In Level the of identifying best for to therent needed investments, local by authorities have Usually, the to buy or dilemma is the of Usually, the solution to their buy utilization or to rent dilemma is clarified clarified by the technical technical indicates level. to utilization analyze several uncertainties or questions that arise, for e.g.: A is it better to buy or rent a planning of required waste vehicles, which apart from the rationale, utilization planning of required waste vehicles,investments, which apartlocal from the rationale, In the process of identifying best solution for the needed authorities have waste vehicle cases, dilemma? orthe when to make these investments?; or to privatize or not the clearly indicates their utilization level. clearly indicates their utilization level. For particular when the use of vehicle lies below a given utilization level (e.g., let say 52 several uncertainties or questions that arise, for e.g.: A is it better to buy or rent a to analyze service? there possibilities inter-LGUs cooperation in sharing investments? The under vehicle 60%Are of dilemma? its capacity, or for for atotemporary period of the year), be economically waste ormay when make these investments?; or ittomight privatize or not the answers to these questions alter the list of investments plan or postpone them altogether. For particular cases, when the use of vehicle lies below a given utilization level (e.g., let say For particular cases, when the use of vehicle lies below a given utilization level (e.g., let say 52 favorable toAre rentthere it instead of buyingfor it orinter-LGUs to privatizecooperation the service. in sharing investments? The service? possibilities under 60% of its capacity, or for a temporary period of the year), it might be economically under 60% of its capacity, or for a temporary period of the year), it might be economically answers alteritthe listprivatize of investments plan or postpone them altogether. favorabletotothese rent itquestions instead ofmay buying or to the service. favorable of buying it or to privatize the service. Level of to rent it instead Usually, the to buy or to rent dilemma is clarified by the technical 53 53 Recommendation 39: When itbetter is better to rent a truck Recommendation 39: When it isrequired to rent avehicles, truck utilization planning of waste which apart from the rationale, Level of Usually, the to buy or to to rent rentlevel. dilemma is clarified by the technical 53 indicates utilization Recommendation 39:uses When it waste istheir better aatruck 53 53 Generally, whenclearly one truck for limited period of time (for e.g., for 3 Recommendation 39:the When it is better to a truck utilization of the required waste vehicles, which apart Generally, when one planning uses waste truck for a rent limited period of time (forfrom e.g., the for 3rationale, months months a year like commune oftheir Velipoja, or 1-2 hours a day), it is advisable to rent a clearly indicates utilization level. Generally, when uses waste truck for ait limited of time (for e.g., For particular cases, when the usethe vehicle lies below givenperiod utilization level (e.g., letfor say a year like commune ofone Velipoja, orof1-2 hours a day), isa advisable to rent a truck instead of3 Generally, when one uses forshould a limited period time (for e.g., for 3 truck instead of buying one.the Thewaste need truck analysis include the of level of utilization and under ofThe its capacity, or for a temporary period the year), might be economically months a year like commune of include Velipoja, orlevel 1-2ofhours a day),itand it isthe advisable to offers rent a buying60% one. need analysis should the of utilization economic months a year like commune of Velipoja, or 1-2 hours a day), it is advisable to rent a the economic offers to rent it. For particular cases, useThe lies below a given utilization (e.g., let say favorable it instead ofthe buying itoforvehicle to privatize theshould service. instead ofwhen buying one. need analysis include the levellevel of utilization and to renttruck it.to rent truck instead of buying need analysis level of and under 60% of its capacity, or one. for aThe temporary periodshould of theinclude year), the it might beutilization economically the economic offers to rent it. favorable rent it instead of to privatize service. should be analyzed case by thetoeconomic offers tobuying rent it. it orthe Nevertheless, needs forthe investments Specific Recommendationcase, 39: When better to rent a truck whereit is additional factors are 53taken in consideration, namely: Nevertheless, the needs needs for investments investments should be analyzed analyzed case are by conditions Nevertheless, the for be case by geographical location of waste areas (e.g.,should for remote areas there Specific 53taken in consideration, namely: case, where additional factors are Specific Recommendation 39: When it is better to rent a truck Generally, when one uses theopportunities waste truckfactors for rent a limited period (for e.g., for 3 case, where additional are taken in of consideration, namely: no feasible to waste trucks attime a favorable price), conditions geographical location of market waste areas (e.g., foritremote remote areas to there are conditions months a year like commune of Velipoja, or 1-2 areas hours a involvement day), is advisable rentare a geographical location of waste (e.g., for areas there opportunities of the local and the of private sector. Generally, when one uses waste forshould a limited period (for e.g., price), for 3 no feasible feasible opportunities to rent waste trucks attime a offavorable favorable price), no opportunities to rent waste trucks at a truck instead of buying one.the The need truck analysis include the of level utilization and opportunities of the the local market market and thea involvement involvement of privateto sector. months a yearoffers like commune Velipoja, or 1-2 and hours day), it is advisable rent a opportunities of local the the economic to rent it. of of private sector. one. The need analysis should include the level of utilization and Localtruck instead of buying While planning new investments for implementation of the local waste the economic offers to rent it. plan, local authorities should take into account the local Affordability management Local While planning new investments for of waste Nevertheless, the needs for should case by Local While planning new investments for implementation implementation of the the local local waste financial capacity to carry out investments investments on time.be analyzed Specific Affordability case, where additional factors are taken in consideration, namely: management plan, local authorities should take into account the local Affordability management plan, local for authorities should take into account the Nevertheless, the needs investments should be analyzed caselocal by conditions geographical location offinancial waste areas (e.g., remote there are financial capacity carry out on time. financial capacity tothe carry out investments investments onfor time. The analysis of investments history andto capacity (including theareas assessment of Specific case, where additional factors are taken in consideration, namely: no feasible opportunities to rent waste trucks at a favorable price), external sources) is required to check the affordability of local authorities to carry out conditions geographical location offinancial waste areas (e.g., for remote areas there are opportunities the the local market and the involvement of private sector. The analysis of of investments investments historyof and the capacity (including the assessment of The analysis history and financial (including assessment of investments. no feasible opportunities to rentcapacity waste trucks at athe favorable price), external sources) is required to check the affordability of local authorities to carry out external sources) is required to check the affordability of local authorities to carry out opportunities of the local market and the involvement of private sector. investments. 51 investments. Small and simple recycling center, similarnew to Recycling Centerfor of Commune of Dajc,ofLezhe, or waste Local While planning investments implementation the local Recycling Center of Municipality of Fier plan, local authorities should take into account the local 51 Affordability management 52 51 Small and simple recycling center, similar to Recycling Center of Commune of Dajc, Lezhe, or 51 Private vs. simple public debate is center, been discussed inRecycling detail later in this Local Small and recycling similar to of Commune of or While planning investments for implementation the local simple recycling center, similarnew toto Recycling Center ofdocument Commune of Dajc, Dajc,ofLezhe, Lezhe, or waste financial capacity carry outCenter investments on time. 53 Small and Recycling Center ofsee Municipality of Fier Fier For moreCenter detailsof Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation Recycling Municipality of management plan, local authorities should take into account theversus local Recycling Center of Municipality of Fier 52Affordability 52 Private vs. public debate is been discussed in detail later in this document 52 population size vs. public debate is been discussed in detail later in this document Private vs. public debate is been discussed in detail later in this document 53 Private financial capacity to carry out investments on time. The analysis of investments history and the financial capacity (including the assessment of 53 For more details see Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus 53 For more details see Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus For more details see Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus population size external sources) is required to check the affordability of local authorities to carry out 97 population size size population The analysis of investments history and the financial capacity (including the assessment of investments. external sources) is required to check the 97 affordability of local authorities to carry out 97 investments. 51 Small and simple recycling center, similar to Recycling Center of Commune of Dajc, Lezhe, or Recycling Center of Municipality of Fier 51 52 Small recycling similar toinRecycling Center Commune of Dajc, Lezhe, or Privateand vs. simple public debate is center, been discussed detail later in thisofdocument 53 Recycling Municipality of Fier For moreCenter detailsofsee Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus 52 Private vs. public debate is been discussed in detail later in this document population size 53 For more details see Annex 2 Evaluation model: efficiency of waste collection and transportation versus population size 97

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Recommendation 40:40:Evaluation ofthe thefinancing financing affordability for investments Recommendation Evaluation of affordability for investments Recommendation 40: Evaluation of the financing affordability for investments In all cases it is important to avoid committing funds to investments until it is established In all In cases it is important to avoid committing fundsfunds to investments until until it is established that allthe cases it is important to avoid committing it is established that annual costs for operating the new plants canto beinvestments funded. the annual costs for operating the new plants can be funded. that the annual costs for operating the new plants can be funded.

4.2.3 Estimate Waste Management Costs 4.2.3 Estimate Waste Management Costs

The composition of the cost of each operation is subdivided into essential cost components: The composition of the cost of each operation is subdivided into essential cost components: Operative cost, (including vehicle and other equipment maintenance costs, labor cost, etc) Operative cost, (including vehicle and other equipment maintenance costs, labor cost, etc) Capital cost Capital cost cost Administrative Administrative Other costs cost Other costs

a) Operative Cost a) Operative Cost

The operating costs category consists of the costs required to run and maintain the operations The operating costs category consists the costs required runinstance, and maintain the operations or services within a sustainable waste of management system.toFor the operating costs or services within a sustainable waste service management system. For instance, operating costs associated with the waste collection are likely to include: direct the operating costs of associated waste collection servicerepairs are likely include: direct operating costs of vehicles likewith fuel,thevehicles and containers and to maintenance costs, and labor costs vehicles fuel, repairsand andcontrol). maintenance costs, and labor costs (includinglike driver andvehicles crew, asand wellcontainers as administration (including driver and crew, as well as administration and control). The operation cost consists of: The operation cost consists of: Cost of the materials including maintenance costs; Cost of the materials including maintenance costs; labor. Cost of labor. Cost of the Cost of the materials materials

The cost of the materials includes the estimation of the use of The cost toof run theand materials the estimation of machineries, the use of materials maintainincludes the vehicles, appliances, materials to expenditures run and maintain the etc; and the related to vehicles, their use. appliances, machineries, etc; and the expenditures related to their use.

The materials expenditure includes: The materials expenditure includes: The cost of consumables for collection and transportation (fuel, lubricants, etc) The cost of consumables for collection and transportation (fuel, lubricants, etc)water, etc); of other materials such as containers, disinfectants, The cost of consumables of other materials such as containers, water,as etc); Vehicles and equipment maintenance cost (including the cost ofdisinfectants, tires, spare parts well Vehicles and (including the cost of tires, spare parts as well as the cost of equipment repairs andmaintenance maintenancecost service.); as the cost of repairs and maintenance Containers and equipment maintenanceservice.); cost (including the cost of repainting, spare parts Containers andcost equipment cost (including as well as the of repairsmaintenance and maintenance service. the cost of repainting, spare parts as well as the cost of repairs and maintenance service. The following table summarizes the activities and measurements proposed, and the useful The following table concerning summarizesthe the activities and measurements proposed, and the useful information required cost of materials. information required concerning the cost of materials.

98 98

Financial Planning

Steps, measurements

Required information , reference, tips, etc;

A. Date purchased and therefore age of the items; model, verify the real capacity of the truck; purchasing cost if it as a new product; and estimated lifetime of the items;

Check existing working schedule or planned working period for each existing vehicles;

B. The working time for each vehicle, hours of collection , transportation and disposal per year, average of kilometers travelled per month or year per each process (e.g., per collection and per transportation, etc); C. Or working hours for mechanical vehicles;

Check or measure fuel consumption rate for existing vehicles; And if there is no possibility for accurate measurement, refer to fuel consumption rate, (for oil and lubricants at the right column);

D. Fuel consumption per working hours (e.g. 1 round trip), for km or 100 km of transportation; E. Lubricants consumption based on vehicle standards; F. Consumption rate for each type of vehicle: (around 7-9liters/hour for technologic vehicle of 6-10ton) G. For lubricants: 5% of consumed oil cost;

Check all vehicleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s repair and maintenance history Check all payment regarding insurance, taxes of vehicles;

H. Number of repairs and maintenance services, details (hours under services, spare parts used; I. Monthly or annually repairs and maintenance costs of the items; J. Vehicle insurance, registration and other taxes;

Refer to repair and maintenance cost standards (if you plan for new vehicles and there are no similarities with existing vehicles);

K. Maintenance and repair costs: 7% of the annual cost of fuel (oil and lubricants);

Check repair and maintenance costs history for containers and other equipments, otherwise use references; Check the use of disinfectants, amount of water consumed for streets washing, etc; And check prices of these materials in the market;

L. Number and conditions of containers (how many containers are partly damaged or out of services) Cleaning tools: hand carts, etc; M. Lifetime of the items (consumption rate or time for replacement; for containers average usability from 4-6 years and for hand charts every 2-years) N. For reference: annual maintenance and repair cost for container is 7% of its purchase cost ; (containers price varies from 28,000ALLâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; 45,000 ALL) O. Hand chart prices varies from 5000-7000ALL/ item; P. Consumption rate / price for disinfectants are respectively: 10ALL/kg and 0.7kg/collection point; Q. Consumption rate for water: 0.8liters/m2; 97

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Calculation of the cost of materials, case of SWMPlan of Municipality of Koplik Calculation of the cost materials, case of SWMPlan of Municipality of Koplik of Koplik Calculation ofof the cost of materials, case of SWMPlan of Municipality (Co-PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN,(Co-PLAN, 2011) 2011) Materials Material conWorking hours Consumtion Amount spent Unit cost sumted

Waste collection and transportation

Technological truck (6 ton)

rate

Fuel

hr./year

Lit./hr.

liters

ALL/unit

ALL

1022

8176

160

1,308,160

Lubricants

65,408

Maintenance (7% of annual cost of fuel)

91,571

Taxes and insurances

85,000

No Containers 1.1 m3

Maintenace (7% of purchase cost )

No. Collection points

Washing and sweeping of the streets

Material consumted 1

Fuel

Leke

2100

168,000

ALL/unit

0.5

7,300

36,500

Working hours

Consumtion rate

Amount spent

Unit cost

ALL

hr./year

Lit./hr.

liters

ALL/unit

Leke

225

1800

160

288,000

Lubricants

14,400

Maintenance (7% of annual cost of fuel)

20,160

Taxes and insurances

85,000

ALL/unit

ALL

0.09

129,600

m2/vit Water used for washing

ALL/unit kg/ unit Lime, desifectants

No Streets washing truck

Sum

lit./m2

liters

0.8

1,440,000

1,800,000 Water No.

ALL/unit

Leke

350

8,750

Sidewalk bins 30 lt.

Collection of inert waste

No.

Material consumted

hr./year

Lit./hr.

liters

ALL/unit

ALL

Fuel

208

1456

160

232,960

Truck with mounted crane

Maintenace (7% of purchase cost )

Lubricants

11,648

Maintenance (7% of annual cost of fuel)

16,307

85,000

Taxes and insurances No. Containers 5.5 m3

Maintenace (7% of purchase cost )

ALL/unit

ALL

10,500

73,500

of labor of cost constitutes the directthe and indirect of cost of CalculateCalculate labor The calculation labor cost constitutes direct and cost indirect laborThe calculation personnel (drivers, (drivers, crew: operators and helpers) directly involved in personnel crew: operators and helpers) directly involved in cost cost waste operation and services. The components of labor of expenses for waste operation and services. The components labor expenses for basic operations and services include the following elements:elements: basic operations and services include the following Basic wages, and otherand insurances; Basicsocial wages, social other insurances; Specific cost for personnel (overtime, compensation for specific Specific cost for personnel (overtime, compensation for jobs); specific jobs); Other personnel costs, such as clothes, safety equipments. Other personnel costs, such as working clothes, and working and safety equipments. The following table summarizes the activities and measurements proposedproposed and the and useful The following table summarizes the activities and measurements the useful information required required for labor for cost. information labor cost. Actions, Actions, measurements measurements Actions, measurements

RequiredRequired information, referencereference and tips and tips information, Required information, reference and tips

Check all labor working each in each A. Total number of workers full time, full time, Checkforce all labor forceinworking A. Total ofworking workers working Check all labor force their working in A. Total number number of workers working full time, operation and serviceand andservice classified temporarytemporary or seasonal operation and classified their orwork; seasonal work; each operation and service and temporary or seasonal work; working terms; B. HoursB. of work week,per month and year; and year; working terms; Hoursper of work week, month their working terms; B. Hours of work174 per week, month year; Details ofclassified all personnel should be collected; C. Official time period: working perand Details of all personnel should be collected; C.full Official full time period: 174hours working hours per Details of all personnel should month; C. Official full time period: 174 working hours month;

be collected;

per month;

100

Financial Planning

Evaluate the need for new Evaluate thebased need for on new technical personnel based personnel on technical planning procedure; planning procedure; Check current structures and social Check currentwage wage structures Evaluate the need for new personnel based insurance rate, considering legal and social insurance rate, on technical planning procedure; requirements legal and relevant decision of City considering requirements Council; Check current wage structures and relevant decision of and Citysocial insurance rate, considering legal Council; Check current and plan future expenses for requirements and relevant decision of City specific compensation; Check and plan Council; current Check the Labor Code for for specific treatment/ future expenses specific compensation for certain professions Check current and plan future expenses for compensation; specific compensation; Check current condition Code and the needs Check the Labor for for Check theand Labor Code for specific treatment/ working safety equipments; specific treatment/ compensacompensation for certain professions tion for certain professions

D. D. Number personnel,their their working class Number of of personnel, working class andand working hours needed; working hours needed; E. Wages scales and social insurance (16.7%)

Numberscales of personnel,social their working class(16.7%) and E. D. Wages insurance contributes for each and personnel members; working hours needed; for each personnel members; F. contributes Legal requirements and local by-laws F. G. and localinsurance; by-laws Other mandatory voluntary E. Legal Wagesrequirements scales and or social insurance (16.7%) G. contributes Other mandatory or voluntary insurance; for each personnel members; H. Legal requirement for working overtime, F. Legal requirements and local by-laws overnights or for hard work; G. Other mandatory or voluntary insurance;

Legal requirement for working overtime, H. H. Legal requirement for working overtime, overnights for work;equipments,; orhard forsafety hard work; I. overnights Need fororclothes,

J. Item prices in the local market (e.g., 40006000ALL/personnel/year) Check current condition and the needs for I. Need for clothes, safety equipments,; andthe safety equipments; Item prices in the local market Note working that, in waste collection process,J. labor (personnel) costs are (e.g., high4000and directly 6000ALL/personnel/year) dependant on the technical efficiency of the system. If the technical system is well designed, the

personnel costs will be reduced to a minimum. If not, for example if they are not enough containers, thewaste number of wasteprocess, collectionlabor points(personnel) is too high,costs if the are conditions (wheels) of Note that, or in ifthe collection high and directly the containers are technical not good,efficiency or if the trucks not appropriate, international show that dependant on the of the are system. If the technical system isstatistics well designed, the the time and the personal cost cantobeamultiplied factor 2 to 7 ifforthey the same quantity of personnel costs will be reduced minimum.byIfa not, forfrom example are not enough waste or inhabitants. containers, or if the number of waste collection points is too high, if the conditions (wheels) of the containers are not good, or if the trucks are not appropriate, international statistics show that the time and the personal costLSWM can be Plan multiplied by a factor from 2 to 7 for the same quantity of Calculation of labor costs, of Municipality of Koplik Calculation of labor costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik waste or inhabitants. (Co-PLAN, 2011) 2011) % of time Labor (Co-PLAN,Monthly Months Annual Overtime, Total Social Other Clothes Working and force

basic

allocated to the

payment

compensation payment insurance insur-

d=ax bxc

e+d

Driver*

28,500

70%

239,400

44,716

284,116

47,447

2000

Worker

22,800

70%

191,520

23,896

215,416

35,974

2000

1000

499,532

83,422

4000

1000

Calculationsalary of laborservice** costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik ances (Co-PLAN, 2011) ALL % no ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

Waste collection and transportation

Sub-total 1 Sweeping and washing of streets

d=ax bxc

e+d

safety equipments

ALL

Driver

28,500

15%

51,300

8,567

Worker

22,800

100%

273,600

45,691

2000

3000

324,900

54,258

2000

3000

Sub-total 2 Collection of inert waste

d=ax bxc

e+d

Driver

28,500

15%

51,300

8567

Worker

22,800

15%

27,255

4552

* Total cost of each category of personnelAllis multiply with the number personnel engaged operation cost ofelements are summarized for a given waste service or Summarize ** % of time the driverof is engaged at waste collection, 15% washing the streets, and 15% collection of inert waste

operation cost

Summarize of operation cost

waste operation, and for the entire local operation of the waste management system. All operation cost elements are summarized for a given waste service or waste operation, and for the entire local operation of the waste management system. 101 101

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

The operation unit costs (perm3, ton, or m2) of each service are calculated by dividing The operation costsvolume. (perm3,The ton, or m2)table of each service calculated by dividing respective costsunit by work following illustrates the are review of operational costs respective costs by work The following table illustrates thewaste review of operational costs The operation unit costsvolume. (perm3, ton, or m2) of each are calculated by plan. dividing and unit costs concerning waste management operations of service a local management respective costs by work volume. The following table illustrates thewaste review of operational costs and unit costs concerning waste management operations of a local management plan. Calculation of the operation costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) and unit costs concerning waste management operations of a local waste management plan. Calculation of the operation costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik Calculation of the operation costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN, 2011) Calculation of the operation costs, LSWM Plan of Municipality of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Waste activities

Waste collection and transportation

Collection of inert waste

Sweeping and washing of streets

Total cost

LABOR COST Number of permanent drivers Number of permanent workers Total expenditures for permanent drivers* (ALL)

1 2

331,563

Total expenditures for permanent workers* (ALL)

251,390

Total of expenditures for permanent workers (ALL)

834,344

Number of temporary drivers Number of temporary workers

319,291 0

957,874

Total expenditures for temporary drivers (ALL)

59,867

Total expenditures for temporary workers (ALL)

31,807

Total of expenditures for temporary workers (ALL) Clothes

1,792,218

123,480

6,000

59,867 59,867

183,347

6,000

Working and safety equipments

2,000

Other labor cost (other insurance, clothes, equipments, etc)

8,000

15,000

23,000

842,344

123,480

1,032,741

1,998,565 1,829,120

Total labor cost(ALL)

9,000

COST OF MATERIALS AND VEHICLES Fuel (ALL)

1,308,160

232,960

288,000

Lubricants (ALL)

65,408

11,648

14,400

Lime, desifactants (ALL)

36,500

91,456 36,500

Vehicle maintenance (ALL)

91,571

16,307

20,160

128,038

Containers maintenance (ALL)

168,000

73,500

8,750

250,250

Vehicle taxes and insurances (ALL)

85,000

255,000

Cost of materials and vehicles (ALL)

1,754,639

419,415

416,310

2,590,364

OPERATIONAL COSTS (ALL)

2,596,984

542,895

1,449,051

4,588,929

3700

1700

Yearly volume of work (ton)

Capital Cost b) per tonne

Cost 702 319 b) Capital Cost Theb)capital Capitalcost Costconsists of the purchasing cost of the new vehicles and containers, or

The capital on costnew consists of the purchasing cost facility, of the and newthe vehicles and containers, or investments waste processing or treatment depreciation (amortization) investments on new waste processing or treatment depreciation (amortization) The of capital cost consists of the purchasing cost facility, of the and newthe vehicles and containers, or cost existing waste infrastructure. cost of existing infrastructure. investments on waste new waste processing or treatment facility, and the depreciation (amortization) cost of existingto waste infrastructure. It is important link each capital cost with respective operation or service provision. For this It is important linkthe each cost with respective or service provision. For this purpose, basedtoon FCAcapital approach, the annual cost operation of depreciation of existing equipments It is the important linkthe capital cost with respective or service provision. For purpose, basedtopart on FCA approach, the cost operation of depreciation of existing equipments and annual ofeach the cost allocated for annual purchasing new vehicles should be included in this the and thewaste annual part of the cost allocated for annual purchasing vehicles should be included the purpose, based on the FCA approach, cost new ofaccumulated depreciation of existing equipments annual management budget. This the financial amount year after year will in serve and thewaste annual part of vehicles the cost allocated for purchasing new vehicles should be local included the annual budget. This financial amount accumulated year yearbudget. will in serve to replace the management existing and containers without any financial strain on after the to replace the management existing vehicles and containers without anyaccumulated financial strain on after the local annual waste budget. This financial amount year yearbudget. will serve to replace the existing vehicles and containers without any financial strain on the local budget. Specific data such as age and expected lifetime of the existing vehicles Calculate Specific data such as age andasexpected lifetime of the existing vehicles and other equipments, price a new or as second-hand vehicle will Calculate depreciation Specific data such as age and expected lifetime of the existing vehicles and other equipments, price as a new or as second-hand vehicle will serve as a foundation for the calculation of annual depreciation cost for Calculate depreciation costs serveother as a equipments, foundation for the as calculation of as annual depreciation cost will for and price a new or second-hand vehicle each vehicle, service and entire waste management scheme or system depreciation costs each vehicle, service and entire waste management scheme or system serve as a foundation for the calculation of annual depreciation cost for costs each vehicle, service and entire waste management scheme or system 102 102 102 100

Financial Planning

The following table illustrates the calculation of annual expenditures for the waste management The following table table illustrates illustrates the the calculation calculation of of annual expenditures for the waste management The annual expenditures for the waste management plan:following plan: plan: Calculation of depreciation costs Calculation of depreciation depreciation costs Calculation of costs Calculate Depreciation costs

No.

Leke/item

Leke

Life span of vehicles. equipments yr.

Containers 1.1 m3

30,000

2,400,000

400,000

Technological truck (6ton)

4,000,000

400,000

Equipments, vehicles

Number

Purchase cost

Total purchase cost

Expected Annual depreuseful ciation cost life yr. Leke

6,400,000

800,000

Calculate annual The same approach is followed for the calculation of capital costs for Calculate annual The same same approachThe is followed followed for the the calculation of capital capital costs for Calculate costs for annual The approach is for calculation of for new investments. only issue concerning capital cost costs for new costs for new investments. The only issue concerning capital cost for new costs for new investments. Therapid onlythese issueinvestments concerningought capital for new purchasing new vehicle lies with how to cost be made, for purchasing new vehicle lies lies with how rapidorthese these investments ought to to be be made, made, for for purchasing new vehicle how rapid example thewith waste vehicle wasteinvestments containers. ought vehicles example the the waste waste vehicle vehicle or or waste waste containers. containers. vehicles example vehicles The intention is to link the time period needed to make investments with the specific objectives The intention is to to link link the plan, time for period needed toa make make investments with the specific specific objectives The intention is the time period investments with the objectives or priorities defined in the e.g.,needed to startto new waste collection service within 2 years, it or priorities priorities defined in the the plan, this for e.g., e.g., to start start a following new waste wasteexample collection service within within 2 years, years,of or defined in plan, for to new collection service 2 itit needs to buy a truck within period. Thea illustrates the process needs to buy a truck within this period. The following example illustrates the process of needs to buy a truck within new thisvehicles. period. The following example illustrates the process of calculating the cost to finance calculating the the cost cost to to finance finance new new vehicles. vehicles. calculating Calculation of the cost for buying new vehicles and equipments, LSWM Plan of Koplik (Co-PLAN, Calculation of the cost for buying new vehicles and equipments, LSWM Plan of Koplik (Co-PLAN,

Calculation of forfor buying newnew vehicles and equipments, LSWM Plan of Koplik (Co-PLAN, 2011) Calculation ofthe thecost cost buying vehicles and equipments, LSWM Plan of Koplik 2011) 2011) (Co-PLAN, 2011) Equipments, vehicles

Number

Purchase cost

No. 30 25 5 1

Leke/item 30,000 7,000 150,000 3,000,000

Containers 1.1 m3 Sidewalk bins 0.03 m3 Containers 5.5 m3 Truck with mounted crane

Total purchase cost Leke 900,000 175,000 750,000 3,000,000

Period to be purchased yr. 3 1 2 2

Annual depreciation cost Leke 300,000 175,000 375,000 1,500,000 2,350,000

c) Administrative Costs c) c) Administrative Administrative Costs Costs

The administrative (or overhead) cost usually represents the cost of administrative staff which The administrative (or overhead) usually represents the cost staff The administrative (or management overhead) cost cost usually represents the costs cost of ofofadministrative administrative staff which which performs the overall and supervision of the the all the services or performs the overall management and supervision of the costs of the all the services or performs the overall management and supervision of the costs of the all the services operations (service providerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s administrative staff as well as municipal officials directly or operations (service inproviderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s providerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s administrative staff as as well well as municipal municipal officials directly or operations (service staff as officials directly or indirectly involved municipaladministrative waste management). Sometimes, overhead costs can be indirectly involved municipal waste management). Sometimes, overhead can indirectly involved invarious municipal waste management). Sometimes, overhead costs can be be apportioned to the in waste management activities for example for thecosts operation of apportioned to the the various variousor waste waste management activities for example example for the the operation operation of apportioned to management activities for for landfills, transfer-station, composting facilities. In cases when administrative staff of is landfills, transfer-station, or composting composting facilities. In cases cases when administrative administrative staff is landfills, transfer-station, or facilities. In when is responsible for more than one waste operation or services, the administrative expensesstaff can be responsible for one operation services, the administrative expenses can be responsible for more more than one waste waste operation orworking services,time the allocated administrative expenses canThe be divided among thesethan operations based on theor to each service. divided among these how operations basedadministrative on the the working working time allocated to each eachand service. The divided these operations based on time to service. The followingamong table shows to calculate costs for allocated service provider municipal following table following table shows shows how how to to calculate calculate administrative administrative costs costs for for service service provider provider and and municipal municipal staff: staff: staff: 103 103 103

101

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Service provider (SP)

Service provider (SP) Service provider (SP) Administrative staff SP Supervisor Administrative staff SP Supervisor

Administrative staff

% of time dedicated to any service or to the entire waste % of time dedicated to any service or management to the entire waste management % of time dedicated to any service or to the entire waste management

From 20%-100%

From 20%-100% 100% From 20%-100% 100%

SP Supervisor 100%involved) Municipal staff (based on local staff directlyororindirectly indirectly Municipal staff (based on local staff directly involved) Municipal staff (based on local staff directly or indirectly Municipal Supervisor 100%involved) Municipal Supervisor 100% Municipal Supervisor 100% enough; Note: Anyway, usually one municipal supervisor is largely

Full salary according to Full salary official payroll according to Full salary official payroll according to official payroll As specified As specified As-//specified -//-//-//-//-

-//-

Note: Anyway, usually one municipal supervisor is largely Note: Anyway, usually one municipal supervisor is largelyenough; enough;

d) Additional Costs d) Additional Costs

There are additional costs related to waste management, which are usually not directly related to any are operation or services, but comprise expenses on buildings and utility bills There additional costs related to wasteofmanagement, which aremaintenance usually not directly related (electricity, water,orand local taxes), and income taxes. on These costsmaintenance should be understood and to any operation services, but comprise of expenses buildings and utility bills recorded aswater, far as and contribute to the total of municipal solidcosts wasteshould services. (electricity, local taxes), and costs income taxes. These be understood and In the cases facilities management, as: plants, sites,services. etc., costs need to be recorded as farofaswaste contribute to the total costs of such municipal solid waste considered and if possible to the relevant or service in order to be included In the cases of allocated waste facilities management, suchoperation as: plants, sites, etc., costs need to be in the unit price landfills, transfer station, or otheroperation facilities).or service in order to be included considered and (for allocated if possible to the relevant in the unit price (for landfills, transfer station, or other facilities). Interest and capital charges are also considered as additional cost. The costs of borrowing funds forand capital purchases common in the as Albanian context, can be applied in the Interest capital chargesare arenotalso considered additional cost.but The costs of borrowing future. These costs need to allocated far as but possible the relevant funds for capital purchases arebenotrecorded commonand in the Albanianascontext, can betoapplied in the component of the waste management service. future. These costs need to be recorded and allocated as far as possible to the relevant component of the waste management service.

e) The Cost of Some Processing and Treatment Activities e) The Cost of Some Processing and Treatment Activities

The local waste management plan takes into consideration all waste processing and treatment activities, which management have the potential possibility to be implemented at processing local level. and The treatment following The local waste plan takes into consideration all waste table provides some waste management activities: activities, which havecost theillustrative potential prices/costs possibility tofor besome implemented at local level. The following table provides some cost illustrative prices/costs for some waste management activities: Processes Total annualized cost Processes Total annualized Land-filling 6-12 €/ton costcost Processes 54 Total annualized 54(windrow)55 54 Composting 10-30 €/ton Land-filling 6-126-12 €/ton €/ton Land-filling 56 55 Waste Transfer 3-5 €/ton, depending of quantities and Composting (windrow) 10-30 €/ton 55 Composting (windrow) 10-30 distances Waste Transfer56 3-5 €/ton, depending of€/ton quantities and 57 3-5 €/ton, depending Waste separation (O&M) 11 €/ton 58 of quantities and distances 56 Waste Transfer 58 distances Waste separation (O&M)57 11 €/ton

Waste separation (O&M)57

102

11 €/ton 58

54 Based on the commercialized price of disposal at Landfill of Bushat for the year 2011 55 1999 (see footnote 31) 54 IBRD/World Based on theBank, commercialized price of disposal at Landfill of Bushat for the year 2011 56 According toBank, the LSWM the Municipality of Koplik and LSWM Plan of Municipality of Fier 55 IBRD/World 1999 Plan (see of footnote 31) 57 costs 56 Operational According toand the maintenance LSWM Plan of the Municipality of Koplik and LSWM Plan of Municipality of Fier 58 Processing cost waste separation 57 Operational and of maintenance costs in (RWSC) in Municipality of Lezha 58 Processing cost of waste separation in (RWSC) in Municipality of Lezha

104 104

Financial Planning

4.3

How to Build an Annual Budget?

Chances are that the cost of waste management will exceed the figures you have foreseen

(exceeds previous budget or even optimistic expectations about it). It is important that the 4.3 How to Build an Annual Budget?

elements of the financial system are assessed before deciding on the strategies (cost minimization, even application of a cost-recovery Chances are new that disposal the cost approach of waste or management will exceed the figurespolicy). you have foreseen (exceeds previous budget or even optimistic expectations about it). It is important that the However to take into account that if local authorities are on uncertain, it is important elements itofis essential the financial system are assessed before deciding the strategies (cost to do what is necessary andapproach affordableorateven present, and postpone the rest forpolicy). the future. minimization, new disposal application of a cost-recovery The establishment of the annual budget and the plan of its perspective in a 5-year period take the following steps: However it isbasic essential to take into account that if local authorities are uncertain, it is important to do what is necessary and affordable at present, and postpone the rest for the future. b) Summary Costs budget and the plan of its perspective in a 5-year period take The establishment of of thethe annual the following basic steps: Prior to establishing an annual budget on waste management, one needs to summarize all the costs analyzed aboveofbythe linking b) Summary Costswith WM activities or operations. The entire budget comprises of the annual operation and capital costs, administrative and other costs. As far as the financial cost local waste management is concerned, the financial review comprises all of the Prior of to the establishing an annual budgetplan on waste management, one needs to summarize 59 annual costs forabove the entire planning period, for e.g., from 2012-2016. costs analyzed by linking with WM activities or operations. The entire budget comprises of the annual operation and capital costs, administrative and other costs. As far as the financial cost of c) the local Local waste Policy management on Investmentsplan is concerned, the financial review comprises of the annual costs for the entire planning period, for e.g., from 2012-2016.59 As practice has shown, the intention of local authorities lies on immediate fulfillment of emergency one or two years of the plan implementation. For example, the c) requirements, Local Policy onwithin Investments purchase of waste vehicles and a first number of containers sometimes is considered a basic infrastructure of waste management therefore to belies financed within a shorter time. As practice has shown, the intention of localit needs authorities on immediate fulfillment of Then, further modernization of waste infrastructure, of waste segregation schemes emergency requirements, within one or two years of introduction the plan implementation. For example, the (preferable with pilot schemes) or home composting initiativesismay require aover a purchase of starting waste vehicles and a first number of containers sometimes considered basic longer time to of be waste achieved (up to 3 three years). it needs to be financed within a shorter time. infrastructure management therefore Then, further modernization of waste infrastructure, introduction of waste segregation schemes Major investments suchpilot as schemes) built-infrastructure, e.g. rehabilitation of may localrequire dumpsite (preferable starting with or home composting initiatives over or a constructing will depend on financial resources that are available longer time torecycling/processing be achieved (up to 3facilities, three years). (donors, or central governments) and/or level of interest and involvement of recycling business. In this investments context, the central government encouragese.g. the rehabilitation rehabilitation and closure of existing Major such as built-infrastructure, of local dumpsite or dumpsites direct financing schemes. Both immediate continuous investments constructingthrough recycling/processing facilities, will depend on financialand resources that are available should national and local funding sources, external donors and development (donors,be or sought central from governments) and/or level of interest and involvement of recycling business. banks, or a combination them. In this private context,sectors, the central government ofencourages the rehabilitation and closure of existing There are also other direct strategic investments like theBoth construction of the transfer station, dumpsites through financing schemes. immediate andlocal continuous investments which become an national importantand andlocal emergency due toexternal changes with waste disposal shouldmight be sought from fundingneed sources, donors and development policy approach) potential savings banks,(regional private sectors, or aand combination of them.that this solution might bring. There are also other strategic investments like the construction of the local transfer station, which might become an important and emergency need due to changes with waste disposal 4.4 Strategy on Cost Recovery policy (regional approach) and potential savings that this solution might bring. The bases for financial sustainability of waste services can be achieved through ensuring effective and cost-efficient waste services as well as having a sustainable financial system 4.4 Strategy on Cost Recovery based on a fair and straightforward cost-recovery policy. The selection of best options and of the ensures the best cost-effective economic alternative that Thewaste basesmanagement for financialscenarios sustainability of waste services can beand achieved through ensuring satisfied environmental social as conditions. effective feasibility, and cost-efficient waste and services well as having a sustainable financial system based on a fair and straightforward cost-recovery policy. The selection of best options and of the waste management scenarios ensures the best cost-effective and economic alternative that 59 The firstfeasibility, three yearsenvironmental of the entire planning periodconditions. are part of the Medium Term Budget (MTB) satisfied and social 59

105

The first three years of the entire planning period are part of the Medium Term Budget (MTB)

105

103

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

On the other hand, the ability of local authorities to establish a sustainable financial system requires available financial resources according to the needs and the establishment of a fair and effective revenue system. On the other hand, the ability of local authorities to establish a sustainable financial system requires available financial resources according to the needs and the establishment of a fair and effective revenue system.

Figure 16 Scheme of Financial Management and Policy Framework of MSWM

The right and the ability of local authorities to establish a fair and effective revenue system 60 (waste service and direct charges) constitutes basis for financial sustainability of Figuretariffs 16 Scheme of Financial Management andthe Policy Framework of MSWM waste service The right and the ability of local authorities to establish a fair and effective revenue system The establishment of an effective includes: (waste service tariffs and direct revenue charges)system constitutes the basis for financial sustainability of waste service Establishment of fair and straightforward cost-recovery revenue system Establishment an effective tariffsystem collection scheme. The establishment of anof effective revenue includes: Establishment of fair and straightforward cost-recovery revenue system

4.4.1 Establishment of a Fair and Straightforward Cost-recovery Revenue System Establishment of an effective tariff collection scheme. Planning of a sustainable waste management financing system requires that the processes of cost4.4.1 allocation, tariff settingofand revenue planning fulfill the main principles as follows: Establishment a Fair and Straightforward Cost-recovery Revenue System

Polluter pays principle and Proportionality: the amount the user pays should be in Planning of a sustainable waste financing system requires that the processes of proportion to the use of themanagement service; cost tariff setting and revenue theassociated main principles as follows:the service, allocation, Cost recovery: tariffs must reflectplanning the totalfulfill costs with providing 61 including operating and maintenance, capital, replacement and financing costs ; Thisbeis in a Polluter pays principle and Proportionality: the amount the user pays should precondition for use theof long-term proportion to the the service;financial viability and sustainability of the waste sector in local management Cost recovery: tariffs mustlevel; reflect the total costs associated with providing the service, 62 61 Vertical equity and poverty alleviation : poor households should pay proportionally including operating and maintenance, capital, replacement and financing costs ; This is a less for services. Poorlong-term households could viability pay tariffs only cover of operating and precondition for the financial andthatsustainability the waste management sector in local level; Vertical equity and poverty alleviation62: poor households should pay proportionally 60 WORLD (1999) Strengthening Financial Guide for MSWM lessBANK/SDC for services. Poor households couldSustainabilitypay tariffs Planning that only cover operating and

61 DANCED, (2002) Solid Waste Tariff Setting Guidelines for Local Authorities 62 See Footnote 46 60

104

WORLD BANK/SDC (1999) Strengthening Financial Sustainability- Planning Guide for MSWM 106 61 DANCED, (2002) Solid Waste Tariff Setting Guidelines for Local Authorities 62 See Footnote 46

106

Financial Planning

maintenance costs, or have special lifeline tariffs or be subsidized in such a way as to allow access to basic services; Financial viability: tariffs should allow for the financial sustainability of the service where everybody should pay its contribution and the waste revenues should progressively (year by year) ensure sustainability of financing local waste management activities;

The process of setting waste tariffs and planning revenues has the following steps:

Summarize all the costs categorized according to waste/service activities, its composition and cost progress over 5-year period; Allocate costs to consumers/ set waste tariffs; Review the effectiveness of the system toward the main objective (costrecovery) and make corrective actions.

STEP 1: Screening of the costs

All estimated costs are distributed in terms of its composition (operation, capital and administrative component) for each waste/ service activity for a 5-year period.

It is recommended that, all main objectives and any important decisions concerning waste management, and possibly affecting the level cost components, are underlined and kept at the top of the table. The following table illustrates the process of costs screening for the entire planning period:

Screening of the costs for the entire planning period, LSWMP of the Municipality

Screening of the costs for the entire planning period, LSWMP of the Municipality of Puka of Puka (Co-PLAN, 2011) Co-PLAN, 2011)

Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs

Waste collection Streets cleaning Inert waste Waste disposal ** Total O&M cost Capital costs Waste collection Streets cleaning Inert waste

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

1,637,120

1,686,234

1,736,821

1,788,925

1,842,593

1,077,614

1,109,942

1,143,241

1,177,538

1,212,864

572,091

589,254

606,931

625,139

643,893

2,721,316

2,802,955

3,286,825

3,385,430

6,208,309

6,394,558

6,502,306

2,012

2,013

2,014

2,015

2,016

2,635,000

2,714,050

714,000

735,420

757,483

150,000

154,500

30,000

30,900

31,827

1,250,000

1,287,500

250,000

257,500

265,225

Waste disposal **

Total capital costs

4,035,000

4,156,050

994,000

1,023,820

1,054,535

(**): Starting from 2014, urban waste are going to be treated at a local disposal (*): At a rate of 3% is foreseen the increase of O&M costs from the inflation

STEP 2: Define weight (%) of each customer to cover the costs

Waste management tariffs for customers will be set on a sound financial basis. The accomplishment of the polluter pays principle means that the waste producers should pay the full cost of managing their waste. Though, the allocation of costs in accordance with waste production for each consumers and the share of the costs each consumer should cover.

In theory, the consumers will be expected to meet the full cost of waste management for the waste they produce and for the service they benefit. Though tariffs or charges are based on:

Proxy for amounts of waste generated;107

STEP 3: Define subsides

In practice, strict application of the above principle will immediately seek to impose higher fees on households, which consequently will discourage them from paying their contribution. Therefore, the

105

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

In theory, the consumers will be expected to meet the full cost of waste management for the waste they produce and for the service they benefit. Though tariffs or charges are based on: In theory, the consumers will be expected to meet the full cost of waste management for the they Proxy for amounts waste generated; waste produce and forofthe service they benefit. Though tariffs or charges are based on: Proxy for amounts of waste generated; In practice, strict application of the above principle will immediately STEP 3: seek to impose higher fees on households, which consequently will Define subsides discourage them application from paying their contribution. Therefore, the In practice, strict of the above principle will immediately STEP 3: following subsidizing conditions/intervention be applied: seek to impose higher fees on households,can which consequently will Define subsides discourage them from paying their contribution. Therefore, the following conditions/intervention be applied: 1. Sub._1: Reduce weight (%)subsidizing of cost allocation to households can considering current cost allocation; (keep it at a range of 50-60%); 1. Sub._1: Reduce weight (%) of cost allocation to households considering current cost 2. Sub_2: Reduce the burden for the poor consumers should pay proportionally less for allocation; (keep it at a range of 50-60%); service; (apply reduced tariff level, e.g., 50-75% of household level) 2. Sub_2: Reduce the burden for the poor consumers should pay proportionally less for 3. Sub._3:Reduce the burden of payment for households, e.g., exclude from paying for service; (apply reduced tariff level, e.g., 50-75% of household level) capital expenditures which are needed within a short time (1-2 years); These investments can be localfor resources or from external sources; 3. Sub._3:Reduce thecovered burden by of other payment households, e.g., exclude from paying for capital expenditures which are needed within a short time (1-2 years); These 4. Sub_4:Reduce the burden for specific consumers, as required by specific legal investments can be covered by other local resources or from external sources; requirements, e.g. limitations to small business tariff level, or for local political choice 4. Sub_4:Reduce the burden for specific consumers, as required by specific legal (decided from Municipal Council); requirements, e.g. limitations to small business tariff level, or for local political choice 5. Sub_5: Subside specific consumers (households) due to the large cost increase, (decided from Municipal Council); 6. Sub_6: Subside where local authorities are enabled to achieve desired collection rates 5. Sub_5: Subside specific consumers (households) due to the large cost increase, for specific consumers (e.g., for households). It is recommended that this subsidy should 6. Sub_6: Subside local authorities are enabled achieve desired collection rates go toward zero aswhere the local authorities should improveto performance of tariffs collection. for specific consumers (e.g., for households). It is recommended that this subsidy should go toward zero as the local authorities should improve performance of tariffs collection. CostCost allocation among consumers, allocation among consumers,LSWM LSWMPlan Plan of of Municipality Municipality of of Puka Puka (Co-PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN, 2011) Cost allocation among consumers, LSWM PlanRatio of Municipality of PukaRecommended (Co-PLAN, 2011) WasteRatio (%) Recommended Recommended Recommended Waste generation acc. % (consider % (consider (%) acc. % (consider % (consider generation Waste generation Sub. 1) Sub. 5) Ratio (%) Sub. Recommended Recommended generation 1) Sub. 5)

Inhabitants Small businesses Inhabitants Inhabitants Large businesses Small businesses Small businesses Institutions Large businesses Large businesses Institutions Institutions

%2014-2016 (consider

2014-2016 Sub. 52%5)

2014-2016 30% 52% 52% 15% 3% 15% 15% 3%3%

30% 30%

The entire financing system should be based on local waste revenue system (from waste tariffs) which firstly aims for the coverage of the operation including expenditure foronland-filling at revenue regional The entire costs, financing systemthe should be based local waste plants, the waste depreciation cost firstly for aims replacing system (from tariffs) which for the existing coverage waste of the infrastructure likeincluding waste vehicles and containers, excluding the operation costs, the expenditure for land-filling at only regional categories anddepreciation levels of subsidies above. existing waste plants, the cost presented for replacing infrastructure like waste vehicles and containers, excluding only the In this framework, we can determine of tariffs for each type of consumer categoriesthe andlevel levels of subsidies presented above. by dividing the allocation cost with the number of consumers. The following example illustrates this step: In this framework, we can determine the level of tariffs for each type of consumer by dividing the allocation cost with the number of consumers. The following example illustrates this step: 108 STEP 4: Determine the level STEP 4: of tariffs Determine the level of tariffs

106

(ton/y) generation acc. %2012-2013 (consider generation Sub. 1281 72% 2012-2013 55%1) 20% 353 72% 30% 1281 (ton/y) 55%2012-2013 1281 72% 55% 6% 110 12% 353 20% 20% 30% 30% 353 2% 31 3% 110 12% 12% 6% 110 6% 2% 31 2% 31 3% 3%

(ton/y)

108

Financial Planning

Setting of tariffs for consumers, LSWM Plan of the Municipality of Puka (Co-PLAN, 2011)for consumers, LSWM Plan of the Municipality of Puka (Co-PLAN, 2011) Setting of tariffs 2012*

2013*

2014**

2015**

2016**

1,587

1,541

1,496

1,452

1,410

1,807,754

1,861,986

3,745,200

3,857,557

3,929,557

Annual Tariff for households (ALL)

1,200

2,500

2,700

2,800

No. of small business and its projection in future

161

166

171

176

181

986,048

1,015,629

2,160,693

2,225,513

2,267,052

6,200

12,600

878,619

904,978

1,194,923

1,230,771

1,255,081

44,000

56,000

219,655

226,244

238,985

246,154

251,016

No. of permanent families and its projection in future Part of operating costs to residential families (000-ALL)

Part of the costs to small businesses (000ALL) Annual Tariff for small business (ALL) No. of large business and its projection in future Part of total costs to Large business (000-ALL) Annual Tariff for Large business (ALL) No. of insitutions and its projection in future Part of total costs to institutions (000-ALL)

2 Annual Tariff Institutions (ALL) 11,000 on local 11,500 12,000 12,300In this case 12,500 : Due tofor legal limitation (Nr.10117 dt.23.04.2009) tariffs of small business category; the

financial burden has been transferred to large business and being bytheir other local resources; * For the years 2012-2013: The tariffs from families and small business aimsubsidized only to cover part of the operation cost **The tariffs from families and small business should cover all the costs (operational and capital costs)

STEP 5: Planning of revenues

To enable a realistic forecast of revenue planning from consumers waste tariffs, local authorities should consider other factors that constrain its ability to achieve the objective on revenues.

It is recognized that there are some social factors (mentioned above) like inability to pay (for e.g., the existence of lower income families) or as some consumers are not used to paying waste tariffs, or local authority is unable to collect waste tariffs. Therefore, local authorities are obliged to consider these factors and the history of tariff collection rate while planning annual revenues from waste tariffs. The following table illustrates the planning of revenues: Planning of revenues householdcategory, category, LSWM LSWM Plan of Puka (CoPlannin g of revenues forfor household Planofofthe theMunicipality Municipality of Puka PLAN, 2011) (Co-PLAN, 2011) 100% Allocated costs for households (000 ALL) % of consumers able to pay Planned Revenues 1 (000ALL) % of consumers that will pay Planned Revenues 2 (000ALL) (000 ALL) 100% Allocated costs for all businesses (000 ALL) % of consumers able to pay Planned Revenues 1 (000ALL) % of consumers that will pay Planned Revenues 2 (000ALL) (000 ALL) 100% Allocated costs for institutions (000 ALL) % of consumers able to pay Planned Revenues 1 (000ALL) % of consumers that will pay Planned Revenues 2 (000ALL) (000 ALL)

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

1,807,754

1,861,986

3,745,200

3,857,557

3,929,557

80%

1,446,203

1,489,589

2,996,160

3,086,046

3,143,646

50%

80%

90%

100%

723,102

1,191,671

2,696,544

3,086,046

3,143,646

1,864,667

1,920,607

3,355,616

3,456,284

3,522,133

100%

1,864,667

1,920,607

3,355,616

3,456,284

3,522,133

80%

90%

100%

1,491,734

1,728,546

3,355,616

3,456,284

3,522,133

219,655

226,244

238,985

246,154

251,016

100%

219,655

226,244

238,985

246,154

251,016

80% 175,724

109

100%

226,244

238,985

246,154

251,016

107

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Planned revenues 1:1:represent thewaste waste revenues consider theconsumers poor consumers that Planned revenues represent the revenues thatthat consider the poor that are not are not to pay; ableable to pay; Planned revenues2:2: consider consider the not willing to pay the ability the local Planned revenues theconsumers consumers not willing toand/or pay and/or the of ability of the collect thethe planned tariffs; local authorities authoritiestoto collect planned tariffs; STEP 6: Review the effectiveness of the system

Finally, in order to finalize the process of planning toward the objectives for cost recovery, the revenue planned for each consumer is summarized together and compared with the total operating and capital cost. If the cost-recovery percentages exceed it, the upcoming years appear higher and in progress toward total coverage in 2016. If not, the analysis goes back to re-evaluate tariffs levels or local policy on tariffs subsidizes.

4.4.2 Establishment of an Effective Tariff Collection Scheme As previously mentioned, the establishment of an effective revenue system requires an effective collection scheme that ensures that waste tariffs are collected at the highest rate. The tariffs collection scheme includes the creation of useful tools as follows: x x x

Legal framework Billing and enforcements Information campaign

a) Improving the Local Legal Framework An important measure to facilitate the improvement of waste revenues relies on the establishing of legal framework that sustain and support the functioning of the entire financial system. The following instruments are recommended in this regard: Municipal by -laws:

Municipal tariff policy

Once the tariffs have been finalized, they should be drafted into council by-laws for implementation. The establishment and implementation of an organized waste tariffs collection system require legal approval (annual fiscal package) from the local council. Every municipality has to adopt and implement a tariff policy on the levying of fees for municipal services provided by the municipality itself or by way of service delivery agreements. The local authorities must include a solid waste tariffs policy within this tariff policy or within a local waste tariffs regulation. This should be followed by clear rules for the employed personnel or agents to abide by, as well as by the consumers.

The above rules should be accompanied with appropriate sanctions for failure to comply with the rules. Agreement should also be reached on how enforcement will be undertaken in cases of failure to pay, taking into account the measures that will be in place for the poor households. 110 For this purpose local authorities can use adequate mechanisms to force the residents who are 108 not paying for the delivered waste services, such as: Enforcement of tariff policy:

Â&#x192; Direct sanction in case of non-payment, or penalty interest for arrears; Â&#x192; Correlation of waste tariff payment with any mandatory national or local fees (e.g. water

Financial Planning failure to pay, taking into account the measures that will be in place for the poor households. For this purpose local authorities can use adequate mechanisms to force the residents who are not paying for the delivered waste services, such as: failure to pay, taking account the measures Direct sanction in case of non-payment, orinto penalty interest for arrears;that will be in place for the poor households. Correlation of waste tariff payment with any mandatory national or local fees (e.g. water bill, property tax, etc.); For this purpose local can services, use adequate Excluding from authorities administrative etc. mechanisms to force the residents who are not paying for the delivered waste services, such as: Direct in Collection case of non-payment, or penalty interest for arrears; b) Billing sanction and Tariffs

Correlation of waste tariff payment with any mandatory national or local fees (e.g. water The firstbill, step of billing property tax,system etc.); is to identify all the consumers, and categorize them in terms of their characteristics size, nature, etc) etc. and to establish a functional and up-to-date Excluding from(type, administrative services, database, within the administrative borders. This list has to be checked regularly, at least once a year, to ensure that all in-out population or businesses changes are accurately updated.

b) Billing and Tariffs Collection

Most of the Albanian local authorities perform themselves the tariff collection process through The of billing is to identify all the consumers, andthey categorize terms of their first localstep taxes officessystem or local fiscal department. Sometimes, charge them wasteintariff with 64 their (type, size, supply nature,oretc) andtariff to 63 establish functional andtax up-to-date other characteristics local tariffs (such as water energy ) or localataxes (property ) within database, within the administrative borders. This list has to be checked regularly, at least once the same bill. a year, to ensure that all in-out population or businesses changes are accurately updated. The local authority can either collect tariffs itself through its normal procedures, or alternatively it Mostallocate of the Albanian local authorities perform themselves the agent tariff collection processentity. through can the responsibility of tariff collection to the external public or private At their local taxes or collection local fiscaloptions department. Sometimes, theyfees charge waste tariff with present, there areoffices different for waste management from the households other local tariffs (such as water supply or energy tariff63) or local taxes (property tax64) within in place as follows: the same bill. In this system the LGU would introduce a waste management Municipality collects The local authority can eithermandatory collect tariffs through normal procedures, or alternatively it fee,itself which wouldits practically become a special LGU tariff fees by itselfthe responsibility of tariff collection to the external agent public or private entity. At can allocate for waste management to households. The fee can be collected present, there are different collection options forrevenues waste management the property households together with other of the LGUfees suchfrom as the tax in place as follows: or separately independent of the tax collection. The basis for a successful implementation the collection mode, is the establishment of a legal In this systemof the LGU would introduce a waste management Municipality collects obligation for the citizens tomandatory pay the waste fee without any need become for separate agreement of fee, which would practically a special LGU tariff fees by itself contract. With a proper amendment of the legal basis to as households. recommended, thefee local authorities can for waste management The can be collected exert more pressure on the households in the case of non-payment. together with other revenues of the LGU such as the property tax or separately independent of the tax collection. Adding the waste collection tariff onto the electricity or water supply Waste tariff tariff; As for the first collection option (joint utility charging), this would The basis for successful implementation of the mode, is the establishment of amean legal collection viaajoint that the billing and revenue collection waste user charges is obligation for the citizens to pay the waste fee without any need for separate agreement of charging with other conducted together with another infrastructure service. (e.g., like contract. With a proper amendment of the legal basis as recommended, the local authorities can infrastructure the case of in the City of Korça). exert more pressure on the households the case of non-payment. Possible public host utilities of a combined billing systemtariff might be:the e.g.: electricity telephone, Adding the waste collection onto electricity or or water supply Waste tariff the bills sent the customers include twothe linefirst items of payments due, one for the tariff; As for option (joint utility charging), thisinfrastructure would mean collection viatojoint service provided by the host that utilitythe company other for the waste billing and and the revenue collection forfee. waste user charges is charging with other conducted together with another infrastructure service. (e.g., like infrastructure 63 To ensure sustainability of the is City important to employ some important mechanisms, the system case of itthe of Korça). Case of Municipality of Korça 64 starting with alert toolsand to make consumers more aware on the responsibility or obligation to pay Municipality of Lezha Municipality of Lushnje Possible public hostofutilities of a combined billing system might e.g.: electricity or telephone, until the application enforcement tools such as sanctions, finesbe: etc. the bills sent to the customers include two line111 items of payments due, one for the infrastructure service provided by the host utility company and the other for the waste fee.

4.4.3 Final Recommendations

Case of Municipality of Korça

64 Ensure financial sustainability in the long term: Operation, maintenance, depreciation Municipality of Lezha and Municipality of Lushnje and capital costs will be covered by user charges within 5-years of plan’s implementation. 109 This will be necessary in order to ensure111 that a cycle of low investment and poor waste management services does not re-emerge in the long run;

Review tariff strategy: Every year, local authorities should review cost-recovery strategy

To ensure sustainability of the system it is important to employ some important mechanisms, starting withsustainability alert tools to of make awaretoonemploy the responsibility or obligation to pay To ensure the consumers system it ismore important some important mechanisms, until the with application of enforcement tools such as aware sanctions, fines etc. starting alert tools to make consumers more on the responsibility or obligation to pay until the application of enforcement tools such as sanctions, fines etc.

4.4.3 Final Recommendations 4.4.3 Final Recommendations

Ensure financial sustainability in the long term: Operation, maintenance, depreciation and capital costs will be covered in by the userlong charges within 5-yearsmaintenance, of plan’s implementation. Ensure financial sustainability term: Operation, depreciation This will be necessary in order to ensure that a cycle of low investment poor waste and capital costs will be covered by user charges within 5-years of plan’s and implementation. management services does not re-emerge thealong run;of low investment and poor waste This will be necessary in order to ensure inthat cycle management services does not re-emerge in the long run; Review tariff strategy: Every year, local authorities should review cost-recovery strategy and tarifftariff increase based on year, proposed analysis and will review take into account collection Review strategy: Every local authorities should cost-recovery strategy performance, costs and targets and can propose changes to fiscal package; and tariff increase based on proposed analysis and will take into account collection performance, costs and targets and can propose changes to fiscal package; Incentives for waste reduction, recycling and composting: The local authorities should apply lower for tariffwaste levelsreduction, or service at no charge for composting: consumers involved in waste minimization Incentives recycling and The local authorities should pilot programs. This will aid in changing consumer behavior, and can be used to provide apply lower tariff levels or service at no charge for consumers involved in waste minimization incentives for consumers to reduce the amount of waste generated; pilot programs. This will aid in changing consumer behavior, and can be used to provide

incentives for consumers to reduce the amount of waste generated; Measure affordability level: Local authorities should ensure to calculate the real consumers’ capacity to pay the tariff, order to subsidize wastetomanagement scheme Measure affordability level: Localinauthorities should the ensure calculate the real to cover the gap of incomes from the consumers unable to pay (households with social consumers’ capacity to pay the tariff, in order to subsidize the waste management scheme assistance withoflow income); mitigation planunable on how groups be to cover theorgap incomes fromAthe consumers to marginalized pay (households withwill social assisted withorthe payment of the taxes and fees plan of cleaning service should begroups considered in assistance with low income); A mitigation on how marginalized will be relation to social exclusion issue. assisted with the payment of the taxes and fees of cleaning service should be considered in relation to social exclusion issue. Transparency and communication: The process of setting tariffs should be transparent and communicated to all parties information and Transparency and properly communication: The affected. process The of setting tariffs about shouldthe be service transparent what the actual costs of solidtowaste management ought to be explained to service inhabitants. and communicated properly all parties affected.are The information about the and Local authorities should followwaste a strong awareness intended for all consumers what the actual costs of solid management arecampaign ought to be explained to inhabitants. especially for inhabitants the waste collection service,intended rules andfor responsibilities; Local authorities should advertising follow a strong awareness campaign all consumers especially for inhabitants advertising the waste collection service, rules and responsibilities; The local authority should ensure the quality of service at a lower cost. This would secure financial sustainability for local authorities better finance the maintenance and The local authority should ensure the quality oftoservice at a lower cost. This would capital secure needs. financial sustainability for local authorities to better finance the maintenance and capital needs.

4.4.4 Monitoring, Reporting and Financial Indicators 4.4.4 Monitoring, Reporting and Financial Indicators

Financial aspects are essential for the services and for the sustainability. Financial performance is linked to the fulfillment of theforobjectives on financial issues and measured through specific Financial aspects are essential the services and for the sustainability. Financial performance financial explored the following questions: is linked indicators, to the fulfillment of through the objectives on financial issues and measured through specific financial indicators, explored through the following questions: How much does the annual budget cover the expenses resulting from needs depreciation or capital (respectively How much operational does the cost, annual budget cover the costs)? expenses resulting from needs (respectively How differentoperational are the tariffs in comparison those defined cost, depreciationwith or capital costs)? in this plan? How different much is charged, and what part of it iswith paidthose [recovered are the tariffs in comparison definedcost]? in this plan? the budget is covered cost-recovery (tariffs income)? How much of is charged, and what partbyofpaymentsit is paid [recovered cost]? What is the level of coverage of expenses by waste tariffs and specific municipal How much of level the budget is covered paymentsincome)? incomes? What is the of coverage of by expenses by cost-recovery waste tariffs (tariffs and specific municipal 112 incomes? How much are consumers (inhabitants, business, etc) willing to pay for a good service? How much are consumers (inhabitants,112 business, etc) willing to pay for a good service?

Usually, financial data are gathered on a regular basis by the financial and revenue/taxes Usually, financial areEvery gathered a regular basis by the provide financialinformation and revenue/taxes departments withindata LGUs. monthonthese departments should and data departments within LGUs. Every month these departments should provide information and data to the Mayor and every three months (including annual report) they should officially report, in to the to Mayor and complete every threeinformation months (including annual report) shouldachievements officially report,and in order provide regarding financial andthey revenue order to provide information regarding financial and revenue achievements and problems, referringcomplete to the above indicators. Waste management departments and other external problems, referring to the above indicators. Waste management departments and other external stakeholders are involved to perform public surveys on the willingness to pay issue. 110 stakeholders are involved to perform public surveys on the willingness to pay issue.

ANNEXES

111

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

ANNEX 1: Organizational and Administrative Structures

Administrative Structures and Roles An effective organization of local waste management calls for effective municipal structures, clear definition of roles, jurisdictions, legal responsibilities and rights of the local governmental bodies, needs for effective organization of service provisions and waste-related operations.

ANNEX 1: Organizational and Administrative Structures a) National and Regional Structures Clarification ofStructures structures responsibilities on a national and regional level helps local Administrative andand Roles

authorities to identify and raise cooperation with them, in order to address several local issues An organization of local waste management calls for effective municipal structures, on effective WM. clear definition of roles, jurisdictions, legal responsibilities and rights of the local governmental For example, organization of common investigation and enforcement onoperations. public sanitation, on bodies, needs for effective organization of service provisions and waste-related generated or abandoned waste, or on specific waste65management activities, can help local a) National and Regional Structures authorities to avoid environmental pollution from solid waste within their territory. 66 Clarification of structures and responsibilities on a national and regional level helps examples local The tables below summarize the main institutions, their responsibilities, and some of authorities to identify and cooperation with them, in order to address several local issues where to cooperate with raise national and regional agencies: on WM.

Institutions Institutions

Level and Responsibilities Level Roles Roles and Responsibilities

For example, organization of common investigation and enforcement on public sanitation, on MoEFAW67, Nation Responsible for the design 65of waste management policy, legislation and activities, can helpand local generated waste, or on specific Responsible for thewaste design management of waste management policy, legislation regulations MoEFAWor67,abandoned al National regulations and the enforcement through subordinate 68 agencies 68; authorities69 to avoid environmental pollution from solid waste within their territory. ; and the enforcement through subordinate agencies MPWT

Nation

Formulation and implementation of national policies, norms, regulations,

66 al e standards, techniques methods for public services the field of urban waste and and implementation of national policies, norms, regulations, standards, The(Drejtoria tables below summarize the Formulation main institutions, their responsibilities, and in some examples of Mbetjeve or other waste; techniques and methods for public services in the field of urban waste or other waste; where to cooperate with national and regional agencies: MPWT69

Urbane)

National responsibility for planning, financing, and monitoring of National responsibility for planning, financing,implementation implementation and monitoring of public public investment in the field of waste management, rehabilitation of areas of of waste management, rehabilitation of areas of deposits, deposits, raising the landfills, etc.; Contracting authority for the concession of raising the etc.;responsibility, Contracting authority forpublic thelegislation concession of economic Nation Responsible the landfills, design of waste management policy, economic for activities under its including services and field where 68; al regulations and the enforcement through subordinate agencies its responsibility, including public services field where there is also the there isactivities also theunder management of waste; 69 management of waste;regulations MPWT Nation andimplements implementation of national policies, regulations, Ministry of Nation Formulation Designs and for medical andnorms, hospital waste (Guideline (Drejtoria e standards, techniques and methods for public services in the field of urban waste Health(MoH) no.6, dt.30/11/2007). Ministry of al al Designs and implements regulations for medical and hospital waste (Guideline no.6, Mbetjeve National or other waste; Environmental Nation Responsible to ensure the environment protection in central level and to control Health(MoH) dt.30/11/2007). Urbane) National responsibility for planning, financing, implementation and monitoring of Inspectorate al the investment implementation environmental legislation (including ofwaste); public in the of field of waste management, rehabilitation areas ofregularly Responsible to ensure the Contracting environment protection in central level to control (EI) informraising local authorities about latest state of environment, lawsand adopted andthe deposits, the landfills, etc.; the authority for the concession of implementation ofitsenvironmental waste); regularly local projectsactivities approved, register pollutantslegislation controls (including (including waste);Cooperate with economic under responsibility, including public services field whereinform Environmental other authorities in central, regional local levellaws (such as (REA, State Sanitary authorities about theoflatest state ofand environment, adopted and projects approved, there is also the management waste; Inspectorate National Inspectorate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SSI, Construction Municipal Police, etc.)with for the register pollutants controls Police, (including otherperformance authorities in Ministry of Nation Designs and implements regulations for medicalwaste);Cooperate and hospital waste (Guideline (EI) of the latter; central, regional and local level (such as (REA, State Sanitary Inspectorate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SSI, Health(MoH) al no.6, dt.30/11/2007). Qark (District) Region Shall adopt a waste management planetc.) consistent with the ofNational Construction Police, Municipal Police, the performance the latter;Waste Environmental Nation Responsible to ensure the environment protection inforcentral level and to control al Management Plan Inspectorate al the implementation of environmental legislation (including waste); regularly on controlling the management ofwith specific local waste -Approves the rules Shall adopt aabout waste consistentlaws the National Waste (EI) inform local authorities the management latest state of plan environment, adopted and streams, Management Planpollutants controls (including waste);Cooperate with projects approved, register -Shall report annually to the Ministry on implementation of the National and the other authorities in central, and local (such as of (REA, State Sanitary -Approves the rulesregional on controlling thelevel management specific local waste streams, Inspectorate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SSI,report Construction etc.) for the of performance -Shall annually Police, to the Municipal Ministry onPolice, implementation the National and the of the latter; Regionalwhich and Local Waste Management Plan within their territorial jurisdiction, 65 E.g.,(District) Hazardous andRegional hospital wasteaonwaste local authority no direct their Qark (District)Region Qark Shall adopt management plan has consistent withresponsibility the National on -Shall publish a draft of the Plan and make it available to the publicWaste on the website of management al Management Plan 66 thethelocal government or regional council as the case may be. Based on the current legal and institutional in Albania on controlling the management of specific local waste -Approves rules framework 67 -Shall approve the relevant Plan but Ministry of Environment,streams, Forests and Administration of Waters the local government shall take into consideration 68 theannually results oftoany Strategic Assessment (SEA), priorand to itsthe approval -Shall(EI) report the MinistryEnvironment on implementation of the National Environmental Inspectorate and Regional Environmental Agencies

(Drejtoria eInstitutions Mbetjeve MoEFAW67, Urbane)

in the field LevelNational Roles andinvestment Responsibilities

-Approves the Local Waste Management Plan; Ministry of Public Works and Transport

E.g., Hazardous and hospital waste on which local authority 115 has no direct responsibility on their management 66 Based on the current legal and institutional framework in Albania 67 Ministry of Environment, Forests and Administration of Waters 68 Environmental Inspectorate (EI) and Regional Environmental Agencies 69 112 Ministry of Public Works and Transport

115

Annexes Regional and Local Waste Management Plan within their territorial jurisdiction, Regional and Waste Plan their territorial -Shall publish a draft of theManagement Plan and make it within available to the public jurisdiction, on the website Regional and Local Local Waste Management Plan within their territorial jurisdiction, -Shall publish a Plan make to of the local government or regional council asavailable the case may be.public -Shall publish a draft draft of of the the Plan and and make it it available to the the public on on the the website website of government or regional as case may be. approve relevant Plancouncil but the local shall procedures take into at -Shall Regional Monitor andthe ensure environmental protection, and waste of the the local local government or regional council as the the casegovernment may management be. approve the relevant Plan but the government into -Shall consideration the results of any Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), prior toor approve the relevant Plan but the local local government shall take into -Shall Environmental regional level; Cooperate with local authorities in developing actionshall plans,take projects Regional consideration the results of any Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), prior to its approval consideration the results of any Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), prior to Agencies awareness campaigns locally; Approve in cooperation with local authorities of waste its -Approves the Local Management Plan; for waste facilities or other local activities; its approval approval (REA) collection sites, Waste local environmental permits the Local Waste Plan; Regional Region -Approves Monitor and ensure protection, -Approves the Local environmental Waste Management Management Plan; and waste management procedures Regional Region Monitor and ensure environmental protection, and management procedures Environmental al at regional level; Cooperate with local authorities in developing plans, Regional Region Monitor and ensure environmental protection, and waste waste management procedures Monitor and take action to ensure the necessary conditions for the action sanitation of the Environmental at regional Cooperate with local authorities action Agencies State Sanitary al projects or level; awareness campaigns locally; Approvein indeveloping cooperation with plans, local Environmental al at regional level; Cooperate with local authorities in developing action plans, various activities; Has a duty to impose fines for failures related to non-cleaning Regional and Local Waste Management Plan within their territorial jurisdiction, Agencies projects or awareness campaigns locally; in local (REA) authorities waste collection localApprove environmental permits with for waste Agencies Inspectorate projects or of awareness campaignssites, locally; Approve in cooperation with local of or urban areas when collection and storage arecooperation notthe suitable and become -Shall publish a other draft of theor Plan andthe make it available to the public on website (REA) authorities of collection facilities local activities; (REA) authorities of waste waste collection sites, sites, local local environmental environmental permits permits for for waste waste (SSI) of the localdangerous government or council as the case may be. disposal site; theregional population; waste facilities or local activities; State Sanitary Monitor and takefor action to ensure Determination the necessary of conditions for the sanitation of the facilities or other other local activities; approve the relevant Plan butthe the local government shall take into of the -Shall State Sanitary Monitor and take action to ensure necessary for the Inspectorate various activities; Has a duty to impose fines forconditions failures related tosanitation non-cleaning of State Sanitary Monitor and take action to ensure the necessary conditions for the sanitation consideration the results of any Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), prior to of the Inspectorate Hospitals various activities; Has a duty to impose fines for failures related to of (SSI) urban areas or when the collection and storage are not suitable become Inspectorate variousResponsible activities; Has a duty to impose fines waste for failures related for to non-cleaning non-cleaning of Regional, for administration of hospital and schemes theand designs of their its approval (SSI) urban areas or when the collection and storage are not suitable and become and sanitary dangerous for the population; Determination of waste disposal site; (SSI) urban areas or when the collection and storage are not suitable and become -Approves the Local Waste Management Plan; Local dangerous wasteformanagement; population; Determination of disposal services dangerous for the the population; protection, Determination of waste waste disposal site; site; Regional Region Monitor and ensure environmental and waste management procedures Hospitals and al Region at regional Responsible administration of hospital waste and schemes for the designs of Environmental level;for Cooperate with local authorities in developing action plans, Hospitals and Region Responsible for administration of hospital waste and schemes for designs sanitary al, their waste management; for drafting the for: in industrial waste with (this regulation Hospitals and Region projects Responsible for administration ofregulations hospital waste and schemes for the the designsisof ofnot Agencies orResponsible awareness campaigns locally; Approve cooperation local sanitary al, their management; services70 Local sanitary MoECE National designed mining waste is not designed yet),waste rehabilitation of al, their waste waste (REA) authorities of management; wasteyet), collection sites, (this localregulation environmental permits for services Local MoECE70 Nation facilities Responsible drafting the regulations for: industrial waste (this regulation is not services Local orlandfills, otherfor local activities; etc. 70 MoECE Nation Responsible for drafting the for: industrial (this is 70 al designed yet), mining waste (this regulation is not designed yet), regulation rehabilitation of State Sanitary Monitor and take action to ensure the necessary conditions forwaste the sanitation of the MoECE Nation Responsible for drafting the regulations regulations for: industrial waste (this regulation is not not al designed yet), mining waste (this regulation not designed yet), rehabilitation of Responsible for drafting the regulations foris agricultural andnon-cleaning animal wasteof Inspectorate71 landfills, etc. various activities; Has a duty to impose fines for failures related to al designed yet), mining waste (this regulation is not designed yet), rehabilitation of MoAFCP National landfills, (SSI) (notetc. yet) areas ordrafted when the collection and storage not suitable become MoAFCP71 Nation urban Responsible for drafting the regulations for are agricultural andand animal waste (not landfills, etc. 71 MoAFCP Nation Responsible drafting the for dangerous thefor population; of waste disposal site;and al draftedfor yet) MoAFCP71 Nation Responsible for drafting Determination the regulations regulations for agricultural agricultural and animal animal waste waste (not (not Ministry of Responsible for drafting legislation for introduction of environmental taxes at national al drafted yet) Ministry of Nation Responsible for drafting legislation for introduction of environmental taxes at National al drafted yet) Hospitals and Region Responsible for administration of hospital waste and schemes for the designs of Finance level; Ministry Nation Responsible Finance al national level;for Ministry of of Responsible for drafting drafting legislation legislation for for introduction introduction of of environmental environmental taxes taxes at at sanitary al, Nation their waste management; Finance al national level; Finance al national level; services Local

70 InMoECE this framework, local Responsible authorities cooperate with for: regional and national agencies Nation forcan drafting the regulations industrial waste (this regulation is not(REA, EI, In authorities can with and agencies al local yet), mining waste (this regulation is not designed yet), rehabilitation or this SSI):framework, In this framework, local designed authorities can cooperate cooperate with regional regional and national national agenciesof(REA, (REA, EI, EI, landfills, etc. or or SSI): SSI): 71 MoAFCP Nation Responsible for drafting the regulations for agricultural and animal waste (not To organize common monitoring and controlling of waste management processes(from al drafted yet) To organize common monitoring and controlling of management processes(from To organize monitoring controlling of waste waste processes(from collection final disposal),inspection of the holder of waste, taxes etc,at to force Ministry of Nationtocommon Responsible for draftingand legislation for introduction ofmanagement environmental collection to final disposal),inspection of holder waste, force of environmental and technical andto Finance implementation collection to national final disposal),inspection of the the standards, holder of of rules, waste,etcetc, etc, toimpose force al level; implementation of environmental and technical standards, rules, etc and impose sanctions in caseofof environmental violations; implementation and technical standards, rules, etc and impose sanctions in case In this framework, local authorities can permits cooperateforwith regional andlegal national agencies (REA, with EI, their sanctions inenvironmental case of of violations; violations; To issue natural and persons related or SSI): To issue environmental permits for natural and legal persons related with activities relation to waste management processes; To issueinenvironmental permits for natural and legal persons related with their their activities in relation to waste management processes; activities in relation to waste management processes; Carry out joint initiatives on public awareness campaigns. To organize common monitoring and controlling of waste management processes(from Carry out initiatives on public campaigns. Carrylocal outtojoint joint initiatives onrequest public awareness awareness campaigns. collection final disposal),inspection of the holder ofauthorities waste, etc, to force Furthermore, authorities can to the responsible the enforcement of Furthermore, local authorities can request to the responsible authorities of implementation of environmental and to technical standards, rules, etc the andenforcement impose legislation for the or avoidance of some specific waste streams such as hospital or Furthermore, localmanagement authorities can request the responsible authorities the enforcement of legislation for the management or of specific waste sanctions case of violations; legislation for the in management or avoidance avoidance of some some specific waste streams streams such as as hospital hospital or or hazardous waste, for which a local authority has no direct responsibility, etc. such hazardous for authority no responsibility, etc. To waste, issue environmental permits for has natural and legal persons related with their hazardous waste, for which which a a local local authority has no direct direct responsibility, etc.

activities in relation to waste management processes; b) New CarryAdvisory out joint Groups initiatives on public awareness campaigns. b) Groups b) New New Advisory Advisory Groups can request to the responsible authorities the enforcement of Furthermore, local authorities The latestfordevelopment of national wasteofpolicy defined thestreams establishment and organization legislation the management or avoidance somehas specific waste such as hospital or The latest development of national waste policy has defined the establishment and organization of some additional structures at national level: Inter-ministerial Committee on Waste (IMCW) The latest development of national waste policy has defined the establishment and organization hazardous waste, for which a local authority has no direct responsibility, etc.

of additional structures at level: Inter-ministerial Committee of some additional structures at national national level: Inter-ministerial Committee on Waste (IMCW) andsome National Counseling Group for Waste (NCGW) and at regional level on likeWaste Waste(IMCW) Zones and National National Counseling Groups (WZG). and Counseling Group Group for for Waste Waste (NCGW) (NCGW) and and at at regional regional level level like like Waste Waste Zones Zones Groups (WZG). Groups (WZG). b) New Advisory Groups These new organizations will present technical competences to advise national, regional and

locallatest authorities on of various of waste management. For example, WZG will be The development nationalaspects waste policy has defined the establishment and organization 70 responsible, at regional level, forEnergy advising of regional Committee and localonauthorities on waste of some additional structures at national level: Inter-ministerial Waste (IMCW) Ministry of Economy, Commerce and 70 71 Ministry of Economy, 70 management issues and also for guaranteeing that regional and local plans offer sustainability Commerce and Energy andMinistry National Counseling Group Waste (NCGW) and at regional level like Waste Zones Agricultural, Food andfor Consumer Protection of Economy, Commerce and Energy 71 71 Ministry of Food and Consumer and are(WZG). effective, efficient between them, as well as conform to national Groups Ministry of Agricultural, Agricultural, Foodand andwell-coordinated Consumer Protection Protection policies.

116 116 116 The involvement of WZG experts will help local authority with the local waste 70 Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Energy 71 management Ministry of Agricultural,planning Food and process. Consumer Protection 116

c) Local Structures and Responsibilities

The rights and obligations of local government authorities on waste management are defined in

113

These organizations present technical competences to advise national, regional These newnew organizations will will present technical competences to advise national, regional andand authorities various aspects of waste management. example, WZG locallocal authorities on on various aspects of waste management. For For example, WZG will will be be Manual: Local Waste Management responsible, at regional level, advising of regional authorities waste responsible, at Planning regional level, for for advising of regional andand locallocal authorities on on waste management issues for guaranteeing regional plans sustainability management issues andand alsoalso for guaranteeing thatthat regional andand locallocal plans offeroffer sustainability effective, efficient well-coordinated between them, as well as conform to national andand are are effective, efficient andand well-coordinated between them, as well as conform to national policies. policies. involvement of WZG experts authority waste TheThe involvement of WZG experts willwill helphelp locallocal authority withwith the the locallocal waste management planning process. management planning process.

Local Structures Responsibilities c) c) Local Structures andand Responsibilities rights obligations of local government authorities on waste management defined TheThe rights andand obligations of local government authorities on waste management are are defined in in Albanian legislation. As defined in this manual, authorities have responsibility Albanian legislation. As defined in this manual, locallocal authorities have the the rightright andand responsibility to plan (planning function), regulate (regulator function), provide financing waste to plan (planning function), regulate (regulator function), andand provide financing for for waste services (financing revenue function), as well as they have to ensure needed services services (financing andand revenue function), as well as they have to ensure thatthat needed services operations organized in accordance national standards, public environmental andand operations are are organized in accordance withwith national standards, public andand environmental requirements (client function). There operator control functions, which ensure requirements (client function). There are are alsoalso the the operator andand control functions, which ensure waste services operations performed quality quantity specified thatthat waste services andand operations are are performed withwith quality andand quantity specified by by contracts rules. following chart summarizes main functions, actors issues contracts andand locallocal rules. TheThe following chart summarizes the the main functions, actors andand issues on local administration of waste management. on local administration of waste management.

117117

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Annexes

In order to fulfill these functions, the LGUs are divided into decision-making structures, management and administrative structures, financing and investment structures, regulatory structures, service and control structures. In this regard, clarification of structures and their responsibilities are analyzed in the LSWMP by mapping an institutional chart in terms of who is responsible for what in the solid waste management system.

Figure 17: Institutional chart for a local LGU in Albania

Figure 17: Institutional chart for a local government Unit in Albania

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Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

South-east Region cooperation Under the framework of a KfW project Municipality of Korca, and Municipality of Pogradec and other 26 small municipalities and communes of the region, established a regional waste management company, (Korca Region Waste Management â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (KRWM) SH.A.). The object of the activity is the joint organization of collection, transportation and disposal of waste at a regional landfill. The aim of the project is to enable local authorities cooperate with each other to facilitate waste management services for all LGUs in region, within required standards at lower cost. It is foreseen that KRWM will contract out some of its responsibilities to private companies and will facilitate the construction of the regional landfill, organize monitoring and controlling of the contracted services, etc. Landfill of Bushat

Landfill of Bushat In light of the Central Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s investment for construction of the landfill of Bushat and in compliance with Decision no. 41, dated 23.12.2005 of Commune Council, the Commune of Bushat initiated (on 28.08.2008) the establishment of an inter-communal company (Ndermarrja NdĂŤrkomunale Bushat SH.A.). This company is responsible for managing the disposal of urban solid waste for Shkodra and Lezha regions, through a landfill built in the territory and jurisdiction of Bushat Commune. Furthermore, the municipalities and communes of Shkodra and Lezha regions have agreed in principle on depositing their solid waste according to a contract with the InterCommunal Company Bushat SH.A. In this regard a memorandum of understanding has been recently signed by the respective representatives of the Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Environment, the Bushat Commune, Shkodra Municipality, Lezha Municipality etc. A Supervisory Board of the inter-communal company with participation of main LGUs has been created. They have agreed to negotiate, under an inter-unit agreement, the conditions of service and the financial terms related to the disposing of the solid waste at the landfill. At present, the landfill management is contracted out to a private company under a concession contract.

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Annexes

Inter-LGUs Zadrima (as explored in the case study) 72 An inter-communal cooperation was initiated in the region of Shkodra and Lezha) with the participation of the communes of Bushat, Regional and Local Waste Management Plan within their territorial jurisdiction, Blinisht, Hajmel, Dajç and Municipality of -Shall publish a draft of the Plan and make it available to the public on the website VauiDejes with the support COSPEor proof the localof government regional council as the case may be. -Shall approve the relevant Plan but the local government shall take into ject, financed by Italian Government. The consideration the results of any Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), prior to agreement was signed in 2006 and finalized its approval -Approves the Local Waste Management Plan; with the establishment of an association of Regional Region Monitor and ensure environmental protection, and waste management procedures Inter-communal The level; scheme of coEnvironmental al Zadrima. at regional Cooperate with local authorities in developing action plans, Agencies projects or awareness campaigns locally; Approve in cooperation with local operation is illustrated below. (REA) authorities of waste collection sites, local environmental permits for waste Main outputs of the cooperation: waste management scheme enabled the local aufacilities or other The local activities; State Sanitary Monitor and take action to ensure necessary conditions for the sanitation the areas thorities to organize for the first time the basicthewaste collection services for of rural Inspectorate various activities; Has a duty to impose fines for failures related to non-cleaning of (includes 21 villages)urban andareas to initiate recycling program. Thenotinvestments were made (SSI) or when athe collection and storage are suitable and become dangerous the population; of waste disposal site; possible by the support of theforproject itself Determination and then by the dldp-2 financial grant, while Hospitals and pay Region Responsible for costs administration of hospital and schemes for the designs of communes for the operation (through a newwaste system of tariffs); sanitary al, their waste management; Currently, the Local main problems are related to the high cost of services, difficulties in collectservices 70 households’ ing the andforirregular payments from the local MoECE Nation tariffs Responsible drafting the regulations for: industrial waste authorities. (this regulation The is not further al designed yet), mining waste (this regulation is not designed yet), rehabilitation of enlargement of the scheme will be very important for the reduction of the cost and sustainlandfills, etc. 71 financing ability of MoAFCP Nationit. Responsible for drafting the regulations for agricultural and animal waste (not Ministry of Finance

al Nation al

drafted yet) Responsible for drafting legislation for introduction of environmental taxes at national level;

In this framework, local authorities can cooperate with regional and national agencies (REA, EI, Inter-Communal or SSI):

COSPE Zadrima ToProject organize common monitoring and controlling of waste management processes(from

collection to final disposal),inspection of the holder of waste, etc, to force implementation of environmental and technical standards, rules, etc and impose sanctions in case of violations; President To issue environmental permits for natural and legal persons related with their activities in relation to waste management processes; 5-Supervisor Coordinator Carry out joint initiatives on public awareness campaigns. from communes Furthermore, local authorities can request to the responsible authorities the enforcement of legislation for the management or avoidance of some specific waste streams such as hospital or hazardous waste, for which a local authority has no direct responsibility, etc.

Commune

Dajç (Lezha)Groups b) New Advisory

Commune Bushat

Municipality Vau-Dejës

Commune Blinisht

Commune Hajmel

The latest development of national waste policy has defined the establishment and organization of some additional structures at national level: Inter-ministerial Committee on Waste (IMCW) and National Counseling Group for Waste (NCGW) and at regional level like Waste Zones Groups (WZG).

70 72 71

During Coaching session, dldp-2 program Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Energy Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Consumer Protection

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Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

ANNEX 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol ANNEX 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol

Monitoring and Evaluation Considerations Monitoring and Evaluation Considerations

a) The Importance of Controlling and Monitoring a) The Importance of Controlling and Monitoring

In the framework of client function, local authorities should ensure that the services are provided within required standards, meet public and are in accordance with environmental In the framework of client function, localexpectations authorities should ensure that the services are provided within required standards, meet public expectations and are in accordance with environmental principles. The application of control function will require the control of the quality and volume of the principles. services, contracts other function agreements, and will the guarantee fulfillment the volume standards The application of or control will require control the of the qualityofand of and the services, contracts or other of agreements, of the terms and conditions the contractand withwill theguarantee operator. the fulfillment of the standards and of the terms and conditions of the contract with the operator. On the other hand, the monitoring of the services and other waste management activities will enable the local authorities to know theservices expenditures and waste incomes (fee payment), human On the other hand, the monitoring of the and other management activities will resources equipment usability, to adapt and improveand the incomes system to(fee the payment), real needs human and to enable theand local authorities to know the expenditures resources and equipment usability, to quality adapt and theand system to the real needs and to gain continuous progress (in terms of and improve efficiency), to plan required facilities and equipment for organizing andand waste activities. gain continuous progressof(infuture termsservices of quality efficiency), and to plan required facilities and equipment for organizing of future services and waste activities.

b) The Control of the Cleaning Services and Waste Operations b) The Control of the Cleaning Services and Waste Operations

Mostly, local authorities in Albania assign waste inspectors within their Mostly, local authorities in Albaniatoassign waste the inspectors ‘Public Service Department’, manage controlwithin of their the implementation the waste services contracts. The terms of ‘Public Service ofDepartment’, to manage the control of the implementation of cleaning the waste services contracts. terms of references of the contract inspectors are The determined in accordance and conditions of the contracts. references of the theterms cleaning contract inspectors are determined in accordance of the terms and conditions of the contracts. The inspector(s) must be completely independent from the contracted companies, and they should be in regular contact and exchange with the from municipal service department in order that The inspector(s) must be completely independent the contracted companies, and they should in regular andsituation exchange the municipal service department in order that they arebefully aware contact about the andwith possible problems, to take possible measures in due they time. are fully aware about the situation and possible problems, to take possible measures in due time. Number of personnel depends on the size of the service area in order that the supervisor Number of personnel depends on the ofon the area inone order thatthat thethe supervisor Number personnel depends onsize the size of the service area in order is able to of monitor all the waste services theservice ground (e.g., supervisor forsupervisor a waste is able to monitor all the waste services on the ground (e.g., one supervisor for a waste area is able the waste services on the ground (e.g., one supervisor for a waste area uptotomonitor 100,000all inhabitants). up to area 100,000 inhabitants). up to 100,000 inhabitants). Organization and Organization the structures:and the structures:

Depending on the size of service coverage number of services and activities, local authorities may organize team, coverage as followsnumber of services and activities, local authorities Depending onthe thecontrolling size of service may organize the controlling team, as follows

Municipality  Waste inspector/supervisor as representative of the Public Service Department Heads of quarter/villages/ communities  Representatives of the population with best knowledge of their areas  Reporting directly to the supervisors or to the Public Service Department

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 Feedbacks and complaints from the community, NGOs, etc 121 121

Annexes

Municipality Waste inspector/supervisor as representative of the Public Service Department Supervisors (independent) Heads of quarter/villages/ communities  Contracted by the Municipality Commune Representatives of theor population with best knowledge of their areas Reporting directly to the supervisors or to the Public Service Department  Coordinators: linking Municipality – Service providers - Population Feedbacks and complaints from the community, NGOs, etc  Reporting directly to the Public Service Department Supervisors (independent) Contracted by the Municipality or Commune Inspector of the disposal site Coordinators: linking Municipality – Service providers - Population Reporting directly to the Public Service Department  Representing the Municipality Inspector of the disposal site  Referring the supervisors/ Public Service Department toRepresenting the Municipality Referring to the supervisors/ Public Service Department Companies Companies  Contracted by the Municipality Contracted by the Municipality Referring to the supervisors  Referring to the supervisors Control indicators, penalties, etc.

The control of waste services and operations focuses on the control of the quantity and quality of their performance including prices, in accordance with contract/ provision specifications.

Each contract should contain specifications about the quantity of the services, quality requirements based on service methodology and standards. Moreover, specific terms and conditions are defined for compliance with maintenance requirements, organization and human resources involved, etc. (for more details see table below and the Annex 4). A set of penalties should be defined at each contract to ensure the compliance with most important contract requirements).The following box proposes the contract considerations for ensuring that the services are issued within required quality and quantity, the most common controlling issues and penalties for not compliance. Contract Controlling indicators Contract Controlling indicators considerations considerations Quantity Quantity considerations

considerations

Quality Quality considerations considerations (specified at at the (specified contract) the contract)

Resources Resources andand maintenance maintenance considerations considerations Organization considerations

Penalties for not Penalties for not compliance compliance

Volume of work: number of containers emptied out

For damaged Volume of work: number of containers emptied out For damaged bins for per day or meters square of road swept out per day, bins for more per day or meters square of road swept out per day, more than 5 days after etc), No. of open points, Collection frequency per than 5 days after etc), No. of open points, Collection frequency per notification week, etc; notification Non collected bins week, etc; Non collected bins Level of cleanliness of collection points/containers; Streets not swept Level of cleanliness of collection points/containers; Streets not swept Level of cleanliness of primary, secondary, tertiary Level of cleanliness of primary, secondary, tertiary Disposal on a wrong place Disposal on a roads cleaned; No. of overflowing containers or service etc; roads cleaned; No. of overflowing containers or public Lack of wrong place public collection points(PCP) even if are served collection points(PCP) even if are served regularly, Lack of service etc; regularly, Quality of waste containers; Quality of waste containers; compliancewith Physical resources (listequipment); of equipment); Maintenance Physical resources (list of Maintenance of Non Non compliance with physical of the trucks containers, number of containers, the trucks and and containers, number of containers, physical resources resou-rces maintenance of containers; the containers; maintenance of the Number of human resources (number of employees per each service), schedule, timeline, necessity to inform and report; Professional capacities; 122

Lack of or inadequate reporting; not compliance with human resources required, timeline, etc; 119

Manual: Planning LocalofWaste Management Organization Number human resources (number of employees considerations per each service), schedule, timeline, necessity to inform and report; Professional capacities;

Lack of or inadequate reporting; not compliance with human resources required, timeline, etc;

For disposal or landfill contracts, inspectors of the LGU(s) that owns the site, or persons authorized on its behalf, are entitled to control and supervise the manner of implementation of technical and hygiene requirements of waste disposal in accordance with the terms and conditions enshrined in the contract agreement. Under certain circumstances on waste collection services provision, the personnel of the waste management or public service department provide recommendations or may decide on the:

Choice of the placement of PCP On adding/removing/moving bins/ PCP, or displace them Propose all possibilities of improvement of services, waste recuperation, etc.

a) The Monitor of the Cleaning Services and Other Waste Activities Monitoring, gathering data, keeping records and reacting quickly to instruct on improvement measures is the only way for the local authorities improve the services, to adopt, and optimize the system. Without useful data they cannot analyse and provide performance criteria to the service provision. A municipal waste register should be kept and updated by local authorities (direct responsible level). Gather data and keeping records

Local authority through its municipal departments should monitor waste generation, keep records (on types, quantities of waste they generate, e.g., hold, transport, dispose, or recycle). Gathering the necessary data should be done in a joint effort involving the head of quarters, inspectors, and municipal staff, by service providers and by the site inspectors.

Gatheringuseful usefulinformation informationand and keeping keeping records Gathering records Aweighting weightingscale scale must must be dumpsite entrance and and a 3-shift reception service  A be installed installedatatthe the dumpsite entrance a 3-shift reception will register every truck there; there; service will register everydischarge truck discharge  When providedbybya private a private company, enforce through contract to the service service isisprovided company, enforce themthem through contract to provide Whenthe provide to the authorities; detaileddetailed monthlymonthly statisticsstatistics to the authorities;  Monitoring and reporting tools (like forms, excel sheets, audits, etc) should be required to public Monitoring reporting tools (like forms,public excel relation sheets, audits, serviceand providers, financing offices, offices,etc) etc.should be required to public service providers, financing offices, public relation offices, etc .

120

Main tasks of the inspector Data providedbybythethe waste companies to tasks Datatoto be be provided waste companies to Main of the inspector in the in the disposal site, supervisors, Municipality of Shkodra (CSD, 2008): supervisors, Municipality of Shkodra (CSD, 2008): disposal site, Municipality of Shkodra Municipality of Shkodra  Daily number ofofloaded oneach each route (CSD, 2008): Daily number loaded bins bins on route (CSD, 2008):  Real hours dailytime timeofof departure Real hoursofofcollection: collection: daily departure of of the and collectsof trucks, time of unloading on the timetime of coming the trucks, time of unloading on landfill, the landfill, ControlsControls and collects information information of quantities of back to the garage of coming back to the garage quantities of services services  Daily kmkm of of each Daily eachtruck truck for each truck truck ID, hour, Reports  Reports for :each truck : owner, type of ID, waste (if special)  Daily number and routes Daily number anditinerary itineraryofof trucks trucks routes truck hour, owner, type special) of waste hours of(if machineReports of  ListList of daily swept andand washed streets, of daily swept washed streets,daily dailyhours ofReports of  Reports of hours of mechanical sweeping and washing machineReports of any 123 with ID  Monthly inventory of bins, street by street, special events on the site: number and state fire, accident, etc.  Displacement, maintenance or missing of bins, washed Control quality of waste Inform supervisor if waste bins: list of concerned bins (street, ID number), specific dispose is non-conformal repair, date with the reception rules;  Feed back on demands of the Heads of Quarter or Provide weekly report to the supervisor about lacks of quality or quantity. supervisor

hours of mechanical sweeping and washing any special events on the site: fire, ID number and stateof bins, street by street, with Control quality accident, etc. of waste Monthly inventory Displacement, maintenance or missing of bins, Inform supervisor waste dispose is nonID number and state Control quality of if waste washed bins: list of concerned bins (street, ID conformal with the reception rules; is non Displacement, maintenance or missing of bins, Inform supervisor if waste dispose Annexes number), specific repair, date weekly reportrules; to the washed bins: list of concerned bins (street, ID Provide conformal with the reception Feed back specific on demands the Heads of Quarter or supervisor number), repair,ofdate Provide weekly report to the about lacks of or quantity. supervisor Feed back on demands of quality the Heads of Quarter or supervisor supervisor about lacks of quality or quantity. It is crucial, that the supervisor is regularly controlling the correctness of the data provided by the to beis specified in his/her the TOR and in case of data non-compliance, It is company, crucial, thatthis theneeds supervisor regularly controlling correctness of the provided by measures need to be taken by the public service department towards the supervisor. the company, this needs to be specified in his/her TOR and in case of non-compliance,

measures need to be taken by the public service department towards the supervisor. Local authorities should start to monitor and keep records about Monitoring of the inappropriate waste collection, dumping or urban pollution Local authorities should start toillegal, monitor and keep records about local performance Monitoring of the on which generates fromcollection, inappropriate waste exposure. Therefore, local inappropriate waste illegal, dumping or urban pollution WM and local performance on environmental inspectors should check or identify the environmental e which generates from inappropriate waste exposure. Therefore, local environmental urban threats and problems caused by waste generation and from the WM and environmental inspectors should check or identify the environmental e standards lack services and lackcaused of adequate informal environmental urbanofthreats and problems by wastetreatment: generatione.g., and from the disposal, burning of waste, etc. standards lack of services and lack of adequate treatment: e.g., informal

disposal, burning of waste, etc. Then, local authorities should ensure that all these environmental problems are recorded accurately, timely addressed or minimized)problems are recorded Then, local reported, authoritiesand should ensure that all(avoided these environmental accurately, reported, and timely addressed (avoided or minimized) Monitoring of the costs of the of the Monitoring services costs of the services

Collection, transport and transfer facilities should develop and maintain effective and system for cost and performance reporting. Collection,antransport transfer facilities should develop and Collected data should be used to forecast workloads, truck costs, maintain an effective system for cost and performance reporting. trace the data originshould of problematic materials, evaluate crew Collected be used to waste forecast workloads, truck costs, performance and control/avoid robbery of fuel or work time. trace the origin of problematic waste materials, evaluate crew

performance and control/avoid robbery of fuel or work time. Each waste collection crew shouldcomplete completea adaily dailyreport reportcontaining containingthe theinformation information Each waste collection crew should below: Each waste collection crew should complete a daily report containing the information below: Total quantity hauled (maintenanceofofthe thetruck), truck),Number Numberofofloads loadshauled, hauled, below:  Total quantity hauled (maintenance Total Time quantity of going hauled out of the depot, of beginning collection, of arrival and going out of (maintenance of the truck), Number of loads  Time of goingtime out of the depot, oftobeginning collection, of arrival andhauled, going out of the the landfill, of of going back thebeginning depot, collection, of arrival and going out of landfill, Time of going out the depot, of time of going back to the depot, the Total time oftime transport, total distance of the day, landfill, of going back to the depot,  Total time of(tons) transport, total to distance of the day, Total Amounts delivered each disposal, or processing facility. time of transport, total distance of the transfer, day,  Amounts delivered to each disposal, transfer, or Amounts Waiting(tons) time at sites. (tons) delivered to each disposal, transfer, orprocessing processing facility. facility. Quantity of fuel charged, fuel consumption,  Waiting time at at sites. Waiting time sites. Maintenance of the truck, vehicle or operational problems or operation needing Quantity fuel charged, fuel consumption,  Quantity of of fuel charged, fuel consumption, attention, etc; Maintenanceofofthe thetruck, truck,vehicle vehicleororoperational operationalproblems problemsororoperation operationneeding needing  Maintenance attention, etc; attention, etc; This data is used: to optimize the service and to verify if the service has improved or not when it is finished, consumption of fuel is stableand etc.toThey also used to theorefficiency This data isifused: to optimize the service verifyare if the service hascompare improved not whenof it one crew to another or one LGU to another to find better solution. is finished, if consumption of fuel is stable etc. They are also used to compare the efficiency of one crew to another or one LGU to another to find better solution.

If the organization of services is public, this information as a testimonial for the efficiency and 124by the employee. If the service is private this the quantity and quality of the work performed allows the efficiency control, to identify distortion in contractual relationships, quality and 124 quantity, control the bills and define fines. Monitoring Indicators

Each local government should develop a set of monitoring indicators, in order to measure and evaluate the performance of the services and waste operations. The following box recommends the monitoring indicators derided by the purpose of the monitoring.

Recommendation 41: Monitoring indicators and responsibilities Purpose

Indicators

Who should monitor and report

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Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Recommendation 41: Monitoring indicators and responsibilities Purpose

Indicators Coverage and Level of standardization: % of local area covered with services (by population, households, area etc.); number of containers and collection points/ per persons; % of open points, collection frequency per week,

Check the quality and quantity of services linked with of the quality and quantity standards

points(PCP); % of c leanliness o f public collection points; and level of cleanliness; Km or square(m2) of street cleaning and washing; No and % of standardized vehicle used; Population (not) served per vehicle; Households served per worker; Waste minimization: N umber o f new ( at-house) composting activities; N umber o f new source-sorting consumers; N o or % o f PCPs have segregation containers or number of segregation collection points; Amount (% and tons) of recycling material prepare for re-use or recycle; % of waste recycled, composted;

Who should monitor and report

Waste management departments; service supervisors, inspectors; Recycling programme etc; supervisor, etc;

processing plant capacity and throughput; No of the trucks disposed, type of waste Check environmental urban threats and problems: caused by waste generation and from the lack of services

Check the To check the services:

Check the Community satisfactions 122

(approx.) Tons and % of waste goes to unauthorized sites, Tons and % of waste illegally disposed, etc; No. of illegal points within city area; No. of hazardous waste disposal site, points within city area; No. of penalties issued for informal disposal of waste, etc; No o f environmental i nspectors (e.g. per 10,000 inhabitants, or per urban space) Cost for waste collection, transportation and disposal (per ton or cubic meter) Man-hours (or man-days) for waste collection, streets cleaning; Man-days per inhabitants; % use o f vehicles; T ime of use o f vehicles, t ime of collection, transportation, hours of w ork of bulldozer; etc; % of time maintenance store used; Satisfaction with level of services, city or neighborhood cleanness, etc; Waste service complaints No or % of inhabitants, businesses willing to pay Number of persons t hat actively participates in local initiatives on awareness, waste minimization, etc;

Environmental inspectors, municipal police Waste management

Service providers managers; service supervisors, maintenance store manager;

Waste management department, NGOs, community representatives; heads of city quarters;

123 Nr 73 73

Waste separation (3 bin system)

Budget versus needs (%)

Waste reduction and recovery

Model developed for the LSWMP of Municpality of Fier Model developed for the LSWMP of Municpality of Fier

Performance

Service Performance

Service Efficiency

Recycling & reuse

Budget (Lek) per inhabitant or per quantity (ton) of managed waste

127 127

Finances

Financial stability

Cost coverage

Permissions

Nr. of permissions given for waste

Rule s application / Pollution control

Hours of waste inspection / Nr. of fines for waste

Information

Nr. of complaints / replies

Regulations

Nr. of approved regulations

Environmental impact

Pollution of water and soil from waste

Risks for public health

Waste incineration, potable water pollution, infections

Health at work

Security, safety measures at work

Opinion

Community, NGO-s

Nr. of inhabitants, NGO-s, businesses involved in activities and initiatives

Involvement of Actors

Projects

Nr. of projects / activities / products / budget (LEK) regarding waste

Institutional

Citizens

Level of satisfaction (questionnaire)

Impact

Business

Level of satisfaction (questionnaire)

A model for monitoring and evaluating the LSWMP- Matrix of Objectives Evaluation 73 A model for monitoring and evaluating the LSWMP- Matrix of Objectives Evaluation 73

OBJECTIVES Quantitative indicators % Rate of service coverage: Nr. of standardized points/containers Quantity (kg) of collected and separated special waste (from households) Cleaned area per inhabitant / day Working hours (of workers) per ton of waste and m2 / working hours (of vehicles) per ton of waste and m2 of street Cost of unit in Lek (Euro) per ton/m2

% Treated with energy recovery

Capital investment per person / year % Rate of coverage of operational cost / maintenance / depreciation % Rate of household fees collection Invoiced Income / Collected Income

Workers

Level of satisfaction (questionnaire) Comments

Qualitative Elements

(++)Positive /Important Great effect /change (+) Positive/useful/wanted/poor/side effect/change (-) Negative poor/side effect/change (--) Very negative effect/change Empty cell: there is no change/effect or there is no relation of these to the objective

Annexes

124

1/day

Model developed for the Municipality of Shkodra

container # 207 is missing

128

13 March: WCP not clean

Streets uncleaned, garbages in the streets

Lack of service or poor quality of streets washing services

Lack of cleaning Lack of service service FrePoor quality: unNumber of ID of To be Waste washed the contain- quency 1/day ose cleaned containers, maintenace: WCP, or poor qualstreet ity of sweeping ers 1time in 2 days damaged containers, Collection during services unwashed containthe sumPoint ers, missing conmer tainers

Waste collection

Day/Month:

Washing of the streets

Representative/ Head of the district: Cleaning mainte- Sweeping of the streets nance of the WCP and streets

District:

Name of the street

Street

Daily Report

A Model for Monitoring and Reporting of Cleaning Services by District Representatives74 date…………….

13-Mar

insufficient number of containers, overflowing containers

Date of Date Other problems Date of and concerns observa- communica- of the (need for repair tion tion to the of the containers, new company and to su- problem WCP, displacement of the pervisor WCP, etc.

Has been given to the supervisor on:

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Annexes

Models Models of of Job Job Description Description for for Different Different WM WM Staff Staff Tasks and responsibilities the Service Provision and Urban Sector Responsible Tasks Tasksand andresponsibilities responsibilitiesofof ofthe theService ServiceProvision Provisionand andUrban UrbanSector SectorResponsible Responsible&& & 7575 and of the Cleaning Specialist and of the Cleaning Specialist 75 and of the Cleaning Specialist Municipalities (Mayororor Municipal Council) approve tasks and responsibilities the Municipalities (Mayor Municipal Council) must must approve tasks and responsibilities of the serviceofsector Municipalities (Mayor or Municipal Council) must approve tasks and responsibilities of the service sector in relation to waste management andmanagement of the specialistand prior implementation theimplementation waste collection service sector in relation to waste of to thethe specialist prior toofthe in relation to waste management and of the specialist prior to the implementation of the waste collection scheme. of the waste collection scheme. scheme. Duties Duties of the Sector Responsible: Dutiesof ofthe theSector Sector Responsible: Responsible: 1. Responsible organizing the work the Service 1. Responsible forfor organizing the work in theinService Sector Sector 1. Responsible for organizing the work in the Service Sector directly with the administrative and planning sectors as as well as as with management and 2. Liaise 2. Liaise directly with the administrative and planning sectors management as wellwell as withwith management and 2. Liaise directly with the administrative and planning sectors decision-makers; reports periodically, as and when requested, inrequested, writing or orally on theorcompletion and decision-makers; reports periodically, as and when in writing orally on decision-makers; reports periodically, as and when requested, in writing or orally on the completion of tasks, requirements and makes concrete proposals for improving the situation for of the sector. the the completion of tasks, requirements and makes concrete proposals improving of tasks, requirements and makes concrete proposals for improving the situation of the sector. 3. Maintains anthe ongoing with subordinates in the sector and the responsible of the situation of sector.relationship 3. Maintains an ongoing relationship with subordinates in the sector and the responsible of the brigade seeking continuouswith information; supervises and directs under his 3. cleaning Maintains an ongoing relationship subordinates in the sector and thestaff responsible of cleaning brigade seeking continuous information; supervises and directs staff under his supervision, assigning them additional duties asinformation; appropriate. supervises and directs staff under the cleaning brigade seeking continuous supervision, assigning them additional duties as appropriate. 4. Reviews, respondsassigning and provides resolution requests andas complaints of residents. his supervision, them additional duties appropriate. 4. Reviews, responds and provides resolution requests and complaints of residents. its implementation; in 5. Together with the Finance & Budget sectors, designs and follows 4. Reviews,with responds and provides resolution residents. in 5. Together the Finance & Budget sectors,requests designs and and complaints follows itsofimplementation; collaboration with the Division of Revenue participates in planning fees and oversees their 5. collaboration Together with the the Finance & Budget sectors, designs in and follows fees its implementation; in with Division of Revenue participates planning and oversees their ‘collection’ process. ‘collection’ process. collaboration with the Division of Revenue participates in planning fees and oversees 6. Oversees the implementation of services and schedules, the work of cleaning brigade for each work 6. Oversees the implementation their ‘collection’ process. of services and schedules, the work of cleaning brigade for each work operation and takes decisions and solutions to further improve the service. takes decisions and solutions to further improve the the service. 6. operation Overseesand the implementation of services and schedules, work of cleaning brigade 7. Prepares draft decisions, ordinances, and regulations and proposes them for approval by the 7. Prepares draft decisions, ordinances, and regulations and proposes themimprove for approval by the for each work operation and takes decisions and solutions to further the service. Chairman or Municipal Council. Chairman or Municipal Council. 7. Prepares draft decisions, ordinances, and regulations and proposes them for approval by 8. Conducts studies and analysis of existing situation and prospects of the service; 8. Conducts studiesorand analysis of existing situation and prospects of the service; the Chairman Municipal Council. 9. Strictly follows the practical application of legislation in force, decisions, and orders of Council. 9. Strictly follows the practical applicationexisting of legislation in force, and of Council. 8. Conducts and analysis situation anddecisions, prospects oforders the service; 10. Raises issuesstudies on all agents pollutingof the environment and participates in their resolution. 10. Raises issues on all agents polluting the environment and participates in their resolution. 9. Strictly follows practical application legislation in force, decisions, orders of prevention and and environmental 11. Prepares projectsthe under the framework of of cleaning, pollution 11. Prepares projects under the framework of cleaning, pollution prevention and environmental Council. awareness in the community. awareness in the community. 10. Raises issues on all agents polluting the environment and participates in their resolution. 11. Prepares projects under the framework of cleaning, pollution prevention and environmental The tasks of The Operational Operational tasks of the the Service Service Specialist: Specialist: awareness in the community. 1. Based on the working schedule, municipal regulation of waste management, on the decisions and 1. Based on the working schedule, municipal regulation of waste management, on the decisions and orders in force, it is the supervisors’ duty to check the performance of all cleaning processes, their orders in force, it is of thethe supervisors’ to check the performance of all cleaning processes, their The Operational Service duty Specialist: frequency andtasks quality of cleaning. frequency and quality of cleaning. 1. Based on the working schedule, regulation waste management, the 2. Perform daily checks for each item of municipal work, identifies all the of shortcomings, and prepare on weekly 2. Perform daily checks forineach itemit of work, identifies allduty the to shortcomings, and prepare weekly decisions and orders force, is the supervisors’ check the performance of all minutes for any work unperformed. minutes forprocesses, any work unperformed. cleaning their frequency and quality of cleaning. 3. Review all the complaints, and evaluates them in cooperation with the brigade, other sectors and 3. Review the complaints, and evaluates inidentifies cooperation the brigade, other sectors and 2. Performalladministrators, daily checks for each item ofthem work, allwith the shortcomings, planning elders, community groups, citizens and business plans and and prepare provides planning administrators, elders, community groups, citizens and business plans and provides weekly minutes for any work unperformed. solutions. 3. solutions. Review all the complaints, and evaluates them in cooperation with the brigade, other 4. Oral and written report to the services sector and other sectors. 4. Oral and written report toadministrators, the services sectorelders, and other sectors. groups, citizens and business sectors and planning community 5. Prepares a monthly situation report on the work done and incurred expenditures, and reports to 5. Prepares a monthly report on the work done and incurred expenditures, and reports to plans and providessituation solutions. supervisors, decision-makers and management staff. decision-makers and services management staff.and other sectors. 4. supervisors, Oral and written report to the sector 6. Participates in the preparation process of environmental projects. the preparation process of environmental 6. Participates 5. Prepares ainmonthly situation report on the work projects. done and incurred expenditures, and 7. All aforementioned tasks and responsibilities are to be accomplished by first and foremost keeping 7. All aforementioned tasks and responsibilities are be accomplished by first and foremost keeping reports to supervisors, decision-makers andtomanagement staff. the city clean. 6. Participates in the preparation process of environmental projects.

Terms of reference theup supervisor(s) Example taken from the for ‘Follow support” for the implementation of the LSWMP of Commune of Guri Example taken from the ‘Follow up support” for the implementation of the LSWMP of Commune of Guri i ZiIn addition to the basic profile (legal requirements, license), the supervisor must have the ability to make i Zi 125 the acquisition and treatment of the data (statistics, summarizes) on Excel. 75 75

The supervisor should also have the ability to work with cartographic data on a GIS (identification and positioning of the bins, trucks’ routes,). If it is not the case, he could be helped by the GIS specialist within

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

All aforementioned tasks and responsibilities are to be accomplished by first and foremost keeping the city clean.

Terms of reference for the supervisor(s)76 In addition to the basic profile (legal requirements, license), the supervisor must have the ability the city clean. to make the acquisition and treatment of the data (statistics, summarizes) on Excel.

Terms of reference for the supervisor(s)76

The supervisor should also have the ability to work with cartographic data on a GIS (identification

In addition to the basic profile (legal requirements, license), the supervisor must have the ability to make and positioning of the bins, trucks’ routes,). If it is not the case, he could be helped by the GIS the acquisition and treatment of the data (statistics, summarizes) on Excel.

specialist within the Municipality.

The supervisor should also have the ability to work with cartographic data on a GIS (identification and The supervisor is responsible forIfthe of the respect of thebycleaning contract. positioning of the bins, trucks’ routes,). it is control not the case, he could be helped the GIS specialist within the Municipality.

He is working (contracted) for the Municipality under responsibility of Public Service The supervisor is responsible control ofoffices). the respect of the cleaning contract. Department (if possible within for the the Municipality

He is working (contracted) for the Municipality under responsibility of Public Service Department (if The following points are describing more specifically the main tasks of the supervisor: possible within the Municipality offices).

1. Coordination between the heads of quarter, the Municipality and the Company for the

The following points areand describing morefunctioning specifically the main tasks of the supervisor: implementation the further of the new system the heads of quarter, the Municipality and the Company for the 1. Coordination  Positioningbetween of the bins implementation and the further functioning of the new system  Explanation to the Company of the work to do (points to collect, areas/streets to sweep, Positioning of the bins to wash, schedule,) Explanation to the Company of the work to do (points to collect, areas/streets to sweep, to wash,  Verification that the work plan of the Company is meeting the requirements (work to do) schedule,) and the needs of work the population any time Verification that the plan of the at Company is meeting the requirements (work to do) and the needs of the population any time specifications and legal requirements are met by the  Verification that theattechnical Verification the technical specifications and legal requirements are met by the Company at any Companythat at any time time  Organization of meetings with all the partners (heads of quarter, Public Service Organization of meetings with all the partners (heads of quarter, Public Service department and department and representives of the Company) when necessary representives of the Company) when necessary 2. Establishing statistics controls of quantities (new templates + excel file) 2. Establishing statistics and and controls of quantities (new templates + excel file)  Compiling the data provided by the Company (see below: statistics provided by the Compiling the data provided by the Company (see below: statistics provided by the Company); monthly. Company); monthly.  Compiling Compiling thethe data provided by the of quarter and the controller on the disposal sitedisposal weekly data provided byheads the heads of quarter and the controller on the Cross-checking site weekly the data; weekly Doing field controls, meeting heads of quarter and ordering additional clarifications; daily or when  Cross-checking the data; weekly necessary  Doing field controls, meetingreports headstoofthe quarter and ordering clarifications; daily 3. Establishing weekly and monthly Municipality, based additional on the reports of the heads of or when necessary quarter and statistics 3. Establishing monthly reports oftothe thebilling Municipality, based on the reports of the Quantities of weekly services: and control and validation heads Lacks of quarter quality: bins collected, streets not swept, collecting points not clean, damaged bins, and not statistics disposal out of landfill control and validation of the billing  Quantities ofthe services:  Lacks Makes propositions penalties the Municipality, necessary: on the contract, reports of of quality:ofbins not to collected, streets ifnot swept,based collecting points not clean, the heads of quarter and statistic damaged bins, disposal out of the landfill 4. Ordering special needs to the Company in the frame of the contract and the budget  Makes of penalties to the Municipality, if necessary: based on the contract, Collectionpropositions of inert or voluminous waste reports of the heads of quarter and statistic Cleaning (waste collection, sweeping, washing) work in case of special events 4. Ordering special needs to the Company in the frame of the contract and the budget Decision of reduction or moving of bins or proposition of increasing their number, if necessary  Collection Immediate information to the Company and delay given for the correction in case of lack of of inert or voluminous waste quality. Control of the effective resolution of washing) the problems  Cleaning (waste collection, sweeping, work in case of special events 5. Establishing propositions of adaptation/improvement of the system  Decision of reduction or moving of bins or proposition of increasing their number, if In close collaboration with all the partners

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For controlling a contracted cleaning service, e.g., taken from the Municipality of Shkodra

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Annexes

necessary  Immediate information to the Company and delay given for the correction in case of lack of quality. Control of the effective resolution of the problems 5. Establishing propositions of adaptation/improvement of the system  In close collaboration with all the partners  Based on the valid propositions of the Company 6. Establishing propositions of special expenses and help to the preparation of annual budget for the Municipality  adaptation/improvement of the work  special expenses out of the budget (inert, open points,…)  purchase of new bins  modification of annual budget  proposition of additional communication campaigns to improve the citizens’ awareness Statistics provided by the Company: The contractor has to hold a daily statistic on the main following points and report it monthly, on a paper and on digital form, to the supervisor:  daily number of loaded bins on each route  real hours of collection: daily time of departure of the trucks, time of unloading on the landfill, time of coming back to the garage  Daily km of each truck  Fuel and oil consumption of each truck, maintenance operations and date  daily number and itinerary of trucks routes  list of daily swept and washed streets, daily hours of mechanical sweeping and washing  list of employees and daily hours of work  monthly inventory of bins, street by street, with ID number and state  displacement, maintenance or missing of bins, washed bins: list of concerned bins (street, ID number), specific repair, date  feed back on demands of the Heads of Quarter or supervisor about lacks of quality or quantity Propositions from the Company to the supervisor (monthly report) :    

Propose to add bins were necessary Propose to reduce bins were necessary or displace them Propose to add new collection points Propose all possibilities of improvement of services, waste recuperation, etc.

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Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Evaluation Evaluation Model: Model: Efficiency Efficiency of of Waste Waste Collection Collection and and Transportation Transportation versus versus Population Size Population Size dldp - Albania dldp - Albania dldp - Albania

0 km

128 0 km 10 km 0 km

Manual Planning on local waste management 1. Technical and financial assumptions 1. Technical and financial assumptions Eficiency of waste versusare population sizetoand distance of transportation Note that all thecollection calculations estimated show potential variation of costs. Each specific Note that all the calculations are estimated to show potential variation of costs. Each specific Manual Planning on local waste management case needs a more detailed analysis. Technical and financial asumptions case needs a more detailed analysis.

Note that all the calculations are estimated to show potential variation of costs. Each specific case needs a more detailed analysis. Eficiency of waste collection versus population size and distance of transportation Cost calculation (truck only, no wages) LEK Euro Manual PlanningUnit onCost local waste management Quantity Investment Technical and financial asumptions 1 11,360,000 82,319 Waste collection truck 10t collection versus population size and 11,360,000 LEK of transportation Eficiency ofcalculations waste Note that all the are estimated to show potential variation of costs. Eachdistance specific case needs a more detailed analysis. Investment total 11,360,000 82,319 Cost calculation (truck only, no wages) Unit Cost Quantity LEK Euro Technical and financial asumptions Investment Operating Note that allcosts the calculations Each specific LEK case needs a more detailed 1 analysis. 11,360,000 82,319 Waste collection truck 10t are estimated to show potential variation of costs. 11,360,000 100,000 LEK/truck/year Quantity 1 100,000 Euro 725 Truckcalculation insurance + vehicle tax Cost Unit Cost LEK 11,360,000 Investment total (truck only, no wages) 82,319 1 75,000 543 Oil + filters 75,000 LEK/truck/year Investment 11 180,000 1,304 Tires collection truck 10t 180,000 LEK LEK/truck/year 11,360,000 82,319 Waste 11,360,000 Operating costs 1 150,000 1,087 Mechanical total maintenance 150,000 LEK/truck/year Investment 11,360,000 82,319 100,000 LEK/truck/year 1 100,000 725 Truck insurance + vehicle tax 1 50,000 362 Parking lot 50,000 LEK/truck/year 1 75,000 543 Oil + filters 75,000 LEK/truck/year 1st total 555,000 4,022 Operating costs 1 180,000 1,304 Tires 180,000 LEK/truck/year 100,000 LEK/truck/year 11 100,000 725 Truck insurance + vehicle tax 150,000 1,087 Mechanical maintenance 150,000 LEK/truck/year Amortization 1 75,000 543 Oil + filters 75,000 LEK/truck/year 50,000 362 Parking lot 50,000 LEK/y LEK/truck/year Truck amortizaton, on 10 years 1,136,000 111 1,136,000 8,232 180,000 1,304 Tires 180,000 LEK/truck/year 1st total 555,000 4,022 2nd total 1,691,000 12,254 1 150,000 1,087 Mechanical maintenance 150,000 LEK/truck/year 1 50,000 362 Parking lot 50,000 LEK/truck/year Amortization Administration 9% of 2nd total 152,190 1,103 1st total 555,000 4,022 Truck amortizaton, on 10 years 1,136,000 LEK/y 1 1,136,000 8,232 Net income 4% of 2nd total 67,640 490 2nd total 1,691,000 12,254 Total (annual, excl. VAT, excl. fuel) 1,910,830 13,847 Amortization Truck 1,136,000 LEK/y 1 1,136,000 8,232 1Administration EURamortizaton, on 10 years = 138 9% LEK of 2nd total 152,190 1,103 2nd 1,691,000 12,254 Net income 4% of 2nd total 67,640 490 1 total EUR =138 ALL 1 EUR =138 ALL Urban waste and transportation Total (annual, excl.collection VAT, excl. fuel) 1,910,830 13,847 Administration 9% of 2nd total 152,190 Comment 1,103 Technical assumptions and estimates and transportation Quantity Unit Urban waste collection 12. = 138 Net income 4% ofLEK 2nd total 67,640 490 Solid waste production 0.6 kg/inh/day t/day 2.EUR Urban waste collection and transportation Total (annual, VAT, excl.10 fuel) 1,910,830 13,847 Estimated time excl. to load a truck: t 3 h Urban waste collection and transportation transport on road 60 km/h 1Speed EUR of truck: = 138 LEK Technical assumptions and estimates Quantity Unit Comment Distance covered during collection 55 km Solid waste production 0.6 kg/inh/day t/day Fuel consumption during collection for a 10 t truck 3 l/h 9 l per shift 175 LEK / l Urban collection Estimatedwaste time to load a truck: 10 tand transportation 3 h Fuel consumption during transport for a 10 t truck 0.7 l/km Technical assumptions estimates Quantity Unit Comment Speed of truck: transport and on road 60 km/h Estimated time to unload truck 0.25 h/shift Solid waste production 0.6 kg/inh/day t/day Distance covered during collection 55 km Work daystime per to week 6 days/week Estimated load a truck: 10 t for a 10 t truck 3 Fuel consumption during collection 3 l/h 9 l perh shift 175 LEK / l Work days per week and per truck 42 h/week/truck Speed of truck: transport road for a 10 t truck 60 km/h Fuel consumption during on transport 0.7 l/km Hours en route 6 h/day Distance covered collection 55 km Estimated time to during unload truck 0.25 h/shift Hours of preparation and maintenance 1 h/day Fuel during collection for a 10 t truck 3 l/h 96 l per shift 175 LEK / l Workconsumption days per week days/week Total shift 7 h Fuel during 0.7 l/km Workconsumption days per week andtransport per truck for a 10 t truck 42 h/week/truck *Depends on Total pertruck day 626 L Estimated time to unload 0.25 h/shift Hoursfuel enconsumption route h/day distance to landfill Work per week and maintenance 61 days/week Hoursdays of preparation h/day here used 10km Work 42 Total days shift per week and per truck 7 h/week/truck h Hours en route 6 h/day *Depends on Total fuel consumption dayIn Municipality 62 L Solid Production Hours ofWaste preparation andpermaintenance 1 h/day distance to landfill Population (inh.) 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 Total shift 7 h here used 10km Solid waste prod. ( t / day ) 3 6 12 18 24 *Depends on 36 Total fuel consumption per day ( 1 tour) 62 180% L 240% Percentage of truck capacity 30% 60% 120% 360% distance to landfill Solid Waste Productionfilled In Municipality Time to fill truck ( h ) 0.90 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 here used 10km10.8 Population (inh.)journey) 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 Waste Production In Municipality 5,0002 N°3.of Solid trips made by each truck (single 2 4 4 6 8 3. Solid Waste Production In Municipality Solid waste prod. ( t / day ) 3 6 12 18 24 36 Solid Waste Production In Municipality Percentage of truck capacity filled ( 1 tour) 30% 60% 120% 180% 240% 360% Daily rate of truck usage ( % ) 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 Time to fill truck ( h )Population (inh.) 0.90 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 10.8 Distance landfill Solid prod. ( t each /site day(truck )km ) (single journey) 32 62 124 184 246 368 N° ofwaste tripstomade by 16% 29% 59% 84% 114% 169% Percentage of truck capacity0filled ( 1 tour) 30% 60% 120% 180% 240% 360% 10 21% 34% 68% 94% 128% 188% Time fill truck h ) usage 0.90 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 10.8 Dailyto rate of (truck (%) 20 (single journey) 26%2 39%2 78%4 103%4 142%6 207%8 N° of trips made by each truck Distance to landfill site ( km ) 30 31% 44% 87% 113% 156% 226% 0 16% 29% 59% 84% 114% 169% 40 35% 48% 97% 122% 171% 245% Daily rate of truck usage 10 ( % ) 21% 34% 68% 94% 128% 188% 50 40% 53% 106% 132% 185% 264% Distance to landfill site ( km ) 20 26% 39% 78% 103% 142% 207% 60 45% 58% 116% 141% 199% 283% 0 16% 29% 59% 84% 114% 169% 30 31% 44% 87% 113% 156% 226% 10 21% 34% 68% 94% 128% 188% 40 35% 48% 97% 122% 171% 245% Annual cost 20 26% 39% 78% 103% 142% 207% 50 40% 53% 106% 132% 185% 264% Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection 91,064 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 30 31% 44% 87% 113% 156% 226% 60 45% 58% 116% 141% 199% 283% Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 40 35% 48% 97% 122% 171% 245% Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 1,828 607 519 607 607 519 50 40% 53% 106% 132% 185% 264% Annual 15 5 4 5 5 4 Total costcost per ton (€/ton, truck 60only, no wages) 45% 58% 116% 141% 199% 283% Fuel cost cost (( LEK LEK )) for for collection collection 91,064 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 Fuel 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 Fuel cost cost (( LEK LEK )) for for transportation transportation Fuel 472,000472,000943,000943,0001,415,0001,887,000 Annual cost Total cost cost per ton ton (LEK/ton, (LEK/ton, truck truck only, only, no no wages) wages) 1,828 607 519 607 607 519 Total per 2,259 822 735 750 768 a g663 e4 Fuel LEKton ) for collection 91,064 182,0005 364,0004 546,0005 728,0005132 | P1,092,000 15 Totalcost cost( per (€/ton, truck only, no wages)

2011

362 distance to50,000 landfill h/day 555,000 4,022 here used 10km 7 h Amortization *Depends on Truckfuel amortizaton, onper 10 day years 1,136,000 LEK/y 1 8,232 Total consumption 62 L 1,136,000 Solid Waste Production In Municipality distance to landfill 12,254 2nd total 1,691,000 Annexes Population (inh.) 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 here used 10km 9% of 2nd total 152,190 1,103 Solid wasteAdministration prod. ( t / day ) 3 6 12 18 24 36 Net income 4% of 2nd total 67,640 490 PercentageSolid of truck capacity filledVAT, ( 1 tour) 30% 60% 120% 180% 240% 360% Total (annual, excl. excl. 1,910,830 13,847 Waste Production In fuel) Municipality Time to fill truck (h) 0.90 = 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 10.8 1 EUR Population (inh.) 5,000 10,000138 LEK 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 N° of trips made by each truck (single journey) 2 2 4 4 6 8 Solid wastewaste prod. ( t /collection day ) 3 6 12 18 24 36 Urban and transportation 4. Daily ratePercentage of truckof truck usage ( and %filled)estimates capacity ( 1 tour) 30% 60% 120% 180% 240% 360% Technical assumptions Quantity Unit Comment Daily rateTime of truck usage Solid production 0.6 kg/inh/day t/day towaste fill truck (h) (%) 0.90 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 10.8 Estimated time to load a truck: 10 t 3 h Distance toN° landfill site ( km ) of trips made by each truck (single journey) 2 2 4 4 6 8 Speed of truck: transport on road 60 km/h 4. Daily rateDistance of truck usage %) 0during(collection 16% 29% 59% 84% 169% covered 55 114% km Fuel consumption collection for a 10 t truck 3 l/h 9 128% l per shift 188% 175 LEK / l 10during 34% 68% 94% Daily rate of truck usage ( % )for a 10 t truck 21% Fuel consumption during transport 0.7 l/km 20 26% 39% 78% 103% 142% 207% Estimatedtotime to unload truck 0.25 h/shift Distance landfill site ( km ) 30 31% 44% 87% 113% Work days per week 6 156% days/week226% 0 16% 29% 59% 84% 114% 169% Work days per week 42 171% h/week/truck245% 40 and per truck 35% 48% 97% 122% Hours en route 6 h/day 10 21% 34% 68% 94% 128% 188% 50 and maintenance 40% 53% 106% 132% Hours of preparation 1 185% h/day 264% 20 26% 39% 78% 103% 142% 207% Total shift 7 h 60 45% 58% 116% 141% 199% 283% 5. Evaluation of the need for trucks and transfer station31% 30 44% 87% 113% 156% 226%on *Depends Total fuel consumption per day 62 L distance to landfill 40 35% 48% 97% 122% 171% 245% here used 10km Annual cost 50 40% 53% 106% 132% 185% 264% 0 km Fuel cost ( LEKof) for collection 91,064 546,000 5. Evaluation need for trucks and transfer station45%182,000 60 In Municipality 58%364,000 116% 141%728,000 199%1,092,000 283% Solid the Waste Production Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation Population (inh.) 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 Total cost per tonwaste (LEK/ton, 1,828 607 519 607 607 519 Solid prod.truck ( t / only, day )no wages) 3 6 12 18 24 36 Annual cost Percentage truckonly, capacity filled ( 1 tour) 30% 5 60% 4 120% 180% 240% 4 360% 15 5 5 Total cost per ton (€/ton,oftruck no wages) Timecost to fill( LEK truck) (forh collection ) 7.2 1,092,000 10.8 0 km Fuel 91,0640.90 182,000 1.8 364,000 3.6 546,000 5.4 728,000 10 km Fuel cost ( N° LEK )trips for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,0004 728,0004 1,092,000 made) for by transportation each truck (single journey) 2 6 8 Fuelofcost ( LEK - 2 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 472,000 472,000 943,000 943,000 1,415,000 1,887,000 Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 1,828 607 519 607 607 519 Daily rate of truck truckonly, usage (%) Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, no wages) 2,259 663 15 822 5 735 4 750 5 768 5 4 Total cost per ton (€/ton, Distance to landfill sitetruck kmonly, ) no wages) 18 7 6 6 6 5 Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no( wages) 10 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection0 91,00016% 182,000 29% 364,000 59% 546,000 84% 728,000 114% 1,092,000 169% 20 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 10 94% Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 472,00021% 472,000 34% 943,000 68% 943,000 103% 1,415,000 128% 1,887,000 188% 20 26% 39% 78% 142% 207% Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 943,000 943,000 1,887,000 1,887,000 2,830,000 3,774,000 Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck 2,25931% 822 44% 735 87% 750 113% 768 156% 663 226% 30 only, no wages) Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no40wages) 2,689 1,037 950 894 930 807 35% 48% 97% 122% 171% 18 7 6 6 6 5 245% Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) 19 6 7 50 40% 8 53% 7 106% 132% 185% 6 264% Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) 20 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection60 91,00045% 182,000 58% 364,000 116% 546,000 141% 728,000 199% 1,092,000 283% 30 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 943,000 943,000 1,887,000 1,887,000 2,830,000 3,774,000 Fuel cost ( Annual LEK ) for transportation 1,415,000 1,415,000 2,830,000 2,830,000 4,246,000 5,661,000 Total costcost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 2,689 1,037 950 894 930 807 0 kmcost per Fuel ( LEK )truck for collection 91,064 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000950 1,092,000 Total toncost (LEK/ton, only, no wages) 3,120 1,253 1,165 1,037 1,091 19 8 7 6 7 6 Total ton)(€/ton, truck only, no wages) Fuel cost cost per ( LEK for transportation 23 9 8 8 8 7 Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) Totalcost cost( per 1,828 30 km Fuel LEKton ) for(LEK/ton, collectiontruck only, no wages) 91,000 182,000 607 364,000 519 546,000 607 728,000 607 1,092,000 519 15 5 4 5 5 4 40 km Fuel cost ( Total LEK )cost for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) Fuel cost ((LEK ) for transportation 1,415,000 1,415,000 2,830,000 2,830,000546,000 4,246,000728,000 5,661,0001,092,000 10 km LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 Fuel cost ( Fuel LEK )cost for transportation 1,887,000 1,887,000 3,774,000 3,774,000 5,661,000 7,548,000 Total ton)(LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 3,120 1,253 1,165 1,037943,000 1,091 9501,887,000 Fuel cost cost per ( LEK for transportation 472,000 472,000 943,000 1,415,000 Total cost per toncost (LEK/ton, only, notruck wages) no wages) 3,551 1,468 1,599 1,094 Total perton tontruck (LEK/ton, 2,259 735 750 23 9 822 8 1,181 8 1,253 8 768 7 663 Total cost per (€/ton, truck only, only, no wages) 18 11 712 69 69 6 8 5 26 Total pertruck ton (€/ton, only, no wages) Total cost per toncost (€/ton, only, notruck wages) 40 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 20 km ( LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 50 km Fuel cost ( Fuel LEK )cost for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 943,000 943,000 1,887,000 1,887,000 2,830,000 3,774,000 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 1,887,000 1,887,000 3,774,000 3,774,000 5,661,000 7,548,000 Fuel cost ( Total LEK )cost for transportation 2,359,000 4,717,000 4,717,000 7,076,000 9,435,000 per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 2,359,000 2,689 Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truckonly, only, no wages) 3,551 1,4681,0378 1,599 9507 1,181 8946 1,253 9307 1,094 8076 19 Total per tontruck (€/ton, Total cost per toncost (LEK/ton, only,truck no wages)no wages) 3,982 1,684 1,814 1,325 1,414 1,237 26 11 12 9 9 8 Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) 30 km Fuel cost ( LEK ) for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 29 1,415,000 12 1,415,000 13 10 10 9 Total cost per toncost (€/ton, truckforonly, no wages) Fuel cost (LEK LEK) )for transportation 2,830,000 546,000 2,830,000 728,000 4,246,000 1,092,000 5,661,000 50 km Fuel ( collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 Cost per can reduced than 1 collection per per truck, or per ton ton (LEK/ton, truckbe only, no wages) doing 3,120 1,253 1,165 day and 1,037 1,091 950 60Comment: km Fuel cost ( Total LEK )cost for collection 91,000 more 182,000 364,000 546,000 728,000 1,092,000 Fuel cost ( per LEKton ) for(€/ton, transportation 2,359,000 23 2,359,000 9 4,717,000 8 4,717,000 7,076,000 8 9,435,000 7 truck only, no wages) cost ( Total LEK )cost for transportation 2,830,000 2,830,000 5,661,000 5,661,000 8,491,0008 11,322,000 moreFuel than 7 hours per day; 40 km Fuel cost cost per ( LEK for collection 91,000 182,000 364,000 Total ton)(LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 3,982 1,684 1,814 1,325546,000 1,414728,000 1,2371,092,000 Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) 4,413 1,899 2,030 1,468 1,576 1,381 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 1,887,000 3,774,000 5,661,000 7,548,000 29 than1,887,000 13per day 3,774,000 10 per truck, 10 9 Total cost per ton (€/ton, trucktruck only,be no wages) Comment: Cost per reduced 112collection and or10 Total per ton ton (LEK/ton, only, no wages) doing 3,551 14 1,46815 1,599 1,181 1,253 1,094 32 more 11 11 Total cost per toncost (€/ton, truck only, nocan wages) 9 728,000 9 1,092,000 8 60 km Fuel LEKton ) for(€/ton, collection 91,000 26 182,000 11 364,000 12 546,000 Totalcost cost( per truck only, no wages) of trucks 1 1 2 2 2 3 moreN° than 7 hours per day; 50 km Fuel cost cost((LEK LEK) )for fortransportation collection 91,000 2,830,000 182,000 5,661,000 364,000 5,661,000 546,000 8,491,000728,000 11,322,000 1,092,000 Fuel 2,830,000 Conclusions: *1 or 2 Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 2,359,000 2,359,000 4,717,000 4,717,000 7,076,000 9,435,000 Total nonowages) 4,413 1,8991,684 2,0301,814 1,468 1,325 1,576 1,414 1,381 1,237 Total cost costper perton ton(LEK/ton, (LEK/ton,truck truckonly, only, wages) 3,982 32 14 15 11 11 10 29 12 13 10 10 9 Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) Comment : cost per ton can be reduced doing more than 1 collection per day and per truck, or more than 7 hours per day with 1 truck of truck, high cost, need private or364,000 inter LGU546,000 cooperation 60 km Insufficient Fuel cost ( LEKuse ) for collection 91,000sector contractor 182,000 728,000 1,092,000 N° of trucks 1 1 2 2 2 3 Conclusions: Fuel cost ( LEK ) for transportation 2,830,000 2,830,000 5,661,000 5,661,000 8,491,000 11,322,000 Conclusions Need more than 1 truck or transfer *1 or 22,030 Total cost per ton (LEK/ton, truck only, no wages) station 4,413 1,899 1,468 1,576 1,381 Parking lot

Hours of preparation and maintenance 1st total Total shift

50,000 LEK/truck/year

32 14 15 11 Total cost per ton (€/ton, truck only, no wages) Insufficient truck, cost, private sector contractor ortransfer inter cooperation Transportation too expensive, need station Comment :use costofofper ton high can be reduced doing more than 1 collection perLGU day and per 1sector truck, or more than17 hours per with2 1LGU truck cooperation Insufficient use ofneed truck, high cost, need private contractor orday inter N° trucks 2 *1 or 2

11 2

10 3

Need more than more 1 truck orthan transfer1station Need truck or transfer station Conclusions Comment : cost per ton can be reduced doing more than 1 collection per day and per truck, or more than 7 hours per day with 1 truck

Transportation too expensive, need transfer station Transportation too expensive, need transfer Conclusions Insufficient use of truck, high cost,station need private sector contractor or inter LGU cooperation

Insufficient use of truck, high cost, need private sector contractor or inter LGU cooperation

Need more than 1 truck or transfer station

Transportation transfer station Transportationtoo tooexpensive, expensive,need need transfer station

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ANNEX 3: Awareness, Information, and Public Participation Protocol ANNEX 3: Awareness, Information, and Public Participation Protocol

Awareness, information and Public Participation ANNEX 3: Awareness, Information, and Public Participation Protocol Awareness, information and Public Participation Awareness, information and Public Participation a) Importance

In ordera)to Importance have an efficient and well-functioning waste management system, it is important that the In public the system and supports it.waste For example, the system, successitofis any wastethat orderunderstands to have an efficient and well-functioning management important a) Importance collection or recycling scheme relies onand thesupports support it. among the users, the households, the public understands the system For example, thee.g. success of any waste business residents can greatly affect theonperformance ofamong the collection system quality, In order toorhave efficient and well-functioning management ite.g. is(costs, important that collection or an recycling scheme relies thewaste support thesystem, users, the households, and timing).understands the business public it. For example, the success of (costs, any waste or residentsthe cansystem greatly and affectsupports the performance of the collection system quality, collection or recycling scheme relies on the support among the users, e.g. the households, and timing). business or residents can greatly affect theActivities performance of the collection system (costs, quality, b) Perform Information and Awareness and timing). b) Perform Information and Awareness Activities There are several ways for raising public awareness on waste issues and providing information on There how they be dealt with. Relatively low cost measures to issues raise public awareness may are can several ways and for raising public awareness on waste and providing information b) Perform Information Awareness Activities have significant positive impact on Relatively environmental ona how they can be dealt with. low conditions. cost measures to raise public awareness may In particular attention should be given to environmental measures which: There area several ways for raising public awareness onconditions. waste issues and providing information have significant positive impact on on In how they can be dealt with. be Relatively cost measures particular attention should given to low measures which: to raise public awareness may a Provide information for theon public at local level, have significant positive impact environmental conditions. Enhance awareness legal regulatory requirements, In particular attention should of befor given to measures Provide information theand public at localwhich: level, Promote environmentally behavior, e.g. requirements, promotion of recycling or composting. Enhance awareness offriendly legal and regulatory Provide information for the public at local level, e.g. promotion of recycling or composting. Promote environmentally friendly behavior, Communication materials should be used to help residents Enhance awareness of legal and regulatory requirements, Commonly understand thebehavior, community management challenges the Promote environmentally friendly e.g. waste promotion ofbe recycling ortocomposting. Communication materials should used helpand residents information, Commonly progress in meeting them. Proposed methods of challenges communicating understand the community waste management and the communication information, information brochures, articles community Communication materials should be inused to help residents progress include in meeting them. Proposed methods of newsletters, communicating Commonly methods communication newspaper articles, announcements, and advertisements understand the include community waste management challenges on andlocal the information brochures, articles in community newsletters, information, methods radios andintelevisions and localProposed school handouts. progress meeting them. methods of communicating newspaper articles, announcements, and advertisements on local communication information include brochures, articles community newsletters, radios and televisions and local school in handouts. methods newspaper articles, announcements, and advertisements on local radios and televisions and local school handouts.

Figure 18 Various means of communication 77 Figure 18 Various means of communication

The list below gives on overview of Various some ofmeans the many tools available77 that can be combined for Figure 18 of communication thisThe purpose, distinguished categories. list below gives on broadly overviewbyofcost some of the many tools available that can be combined for this purpose, distinguished broadly by cost categories. The list below gives on overview of some of the many tools available that can be combined for 77 this purpose, distinguished by cost categories. United Nations Environmentbroadly Programme, 2009, Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management

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78 Recommendation: Methods of Publicity Recommendation: Methods of Publicity78

Low Cost Medium Cost High Cost Low Cost Medium Cost High Cost 78 Recommendation: Methods of Publicity News releases News releases Flyers Commercials, T.V., radio 78 P Recommendation: Methods of Publicity News advisories Posters Billboards News advisories Low Cost Medium Cost High CostT.V., radio Commercials, u service announcements Fact sheets Media events Public Public service announcements Flyers News releases Flyers Commercials, Billboards Low Cost Medium Cost High Cost T.V., radio b Community calendar announcements Briefing papers Calendars Community calendar announcements Posters P News advisories Posters Billboards Media events News releases Flyers Commercials, T.V., radio l News articles Media events Advertisements u News articles FactFact sheets P Public advisories service announcements sheets Media events News Posters Billboards Calendars ib Newsletter articles Public relations firm Newsletter articles Briefing papers u Community announcements Briefing papers Calendars Public servicecalendar announcements Fact sheets Media events Speeches Advertisements c l Speeches Media events News articles Media Advertisements b Community calendar announcements Briefingevents papers Calendars Guest spots on radio, T.V. Public relations firm Newsletter articles Public relations firm Guest spots on radio, T.V. li News Media events Advertisements Poster articles contests a Poster Speeches contests articles ci Newsletter Public relations firm Guest spots on radio, T.V. Speeches c Poster contests a Guest spots on radio, T.V. Awareness campaigns should be organized to increase youth Involvement of Poster contests a awareness on waste management and natural environment. Joint youth and activities should be organized with schoolsand other educational marginalized Awareness campaigns should be organized to increase youth Involvement of institutions in order to involve youth in the municipal projects or groups awareness on waste management and natural environment. Joint Awareness youth and of Involvement initiatives. campaigns should be organized to increase youth activities should be organized with and schoolsand other educational awareness on waste management natural environment. Joint marginalized youth and institutions in order to involve youth in the municipal projects or activities should be organized with schoolsand other educational groups marginalized Awareness and education activities with students initiatives. in order to involve youth in the municipal projects or institutions groups initiatives. Awareness and education activities students Exhibitions with painting and with essays pupils and students could be organized for Awareness and education activities withofstudents children and youth with the aim of increasing their awareness environmental issues. Exhibitions with painting and essays of with pupils and students could beonorganized for children Awareness and education activities students Other activities, such as organizing and celebrating Cleaning Day of the Community Exhibitions and essays of pupils and could be organized and youth with thewith aim painting of increasing their awareness on students environmental issues. Otherfor and other environmental days areofdeemed very important for youth involvementissues. and children youth withand the aim increasing their awareness on environmental activities, such and as with organizing celebrating Cleaning of thecould Community and other Exhibitions painting and essays of pupils andDay students be organized for awareness related to their role in the environment. Other activities, as organizing and celebrating Cleaning Day of the Community children and youth with thevery aimimportant of increasing their awareness on and environmental issues. environmental days aresuch deemed for youth involvement awareness and other environmental days are deemed very important forDay youth involvement and activities, such as organizing and celebrating Cleaning of the Community relatedOther to their role in the environment. method: is mostly recommended invite participatory awareness related toDoor-to-door theirdays role are in the environment. and other environmental deemed very important for youthtoinvolvement and business in recycling or composting initiatives, to Door-to door” awareness related tohouseholds their role inand the environment. improve their behavior toward waste segregation, following rules method Door-to-door method: is mostly recommended to invite participatory and schedules. The inhabitants and businesses are provided with households and business in recycling or composting initiatives, to Door-to-door method: mostly recommended participatory Door-to door” an information folderis on waste types to to beinvite recycled, home improve their behavior toward waste segregation, following rules households and business etc. in recycling or composting initiatives, to method door” composting methodology, Door-to and schedules. The inhabitants and businesses arefollowing provided rules with improve their behavior toward waste segregation, method an information folder on waste types to be are recycled, home and schedules. The inhabitants and businesses provided with On all the vehicles, and if possible on all containers Keep your town composting methodology, an onetc. waste types and to clearly be recycled, home cleaninformation or any otherfolder slogan, may be written visible (letters Use trucks and bins composting methodology, shall be at least 10 cm), asetc. well as the phone number of the service for information On all the vehicles, and if possible on all containers Keep your town provider and the green number assigned by the local authority, clean other slogan, may be on written and clearlyKeep visible (letters On all or theany vehicles, and if possible all containers your town Use trucks and bins according to a format approved in advance. shall be at least 10slogan, cm), asmay well be as written the phone number of the service clean or any other and clearly visible (letters for information Use trucks and bins provider the10green number assigned bynumber the local authority, shall bevehicles atand least as well asclear the phone of the the service Infor additions, to all the distributed andcm), containers, explanations on type of information accordingand to a the format approved in advance. provider green number assigned by the local authority, waste to be collected, the hours for picking up the waste and environmental awareness messages will be available. according to a format approved in advance. In additions, to all the distributed vehicles and containers, clear explanations on the type of waste to be to collected, the hours vehicles for picking the waste andexplanations environmental awareness In additions, all the distributed and up containers, clear on the type of messages will collected, be available. waste to be the hours for picking up the waste and environmental awareness messages will be available. 78 EPA Decision Maker’s Guide to Waste Management-Volume 2

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There is a discussion on what local authorities should do to avoid public opposition even regarding the best environmental solution in How to minimize a regional or local context. One suggestion recommended here is public opposition that the should included earlier in the decision There is acitizens discussion on be what local authorities should do tomaking avoid (from prejudices) process and make possible that issues are clarified and discussed public opposition even regarding the best environmental solution in How to minimize properly. a regional or local context. One suggestion recommended here is public opposition that the citizens should be included earlier in the decision making (from prejudices) process and make possible that issues are clarified and discussed As mentioned before, it is crucial that the waste services costs and properly. How to inform tariff establishment process should be transparent and about the necessity understandable to everyone. Especially if an element of local fee to pay? collection for WM services will bethat promoted, theservices active involvement As mentioned before, it is crucial the waste costs and How to inform of the local population isprocess the key ofshould success.be transparent and tariff establishment about the necessity understandable to everyone. Especially if an element of local fee to pay? collection for WM services will be promoted, the active involvement This can be organized for of instance creating local/neighborhood environmental committees, the localbypopulation is the key of success. performing awareness campaigns and as well as by providing extensive information on citizens’ tasks and necessity to pay. This can be organized for instance by creating local/neighborhood environmental committees, Getting feedback from public helps the organization performing awareness campaigns and as well as by providing extensive information of on collection citizens’ Feedback tasks and necessity to pay. and disposal to make improvements to the service and on the other mechanisms hand create sufficient trust among inhabitants that their opinion and ideas are taken into account. Getting feedback from public helps the organization of collection Feedback and disposal to make improvements to the service and on the other mechanisms Two main methods to gain hand feedback from the public comprise: create sufficient trust among inhabitants that their opinion and ideas are taken into account. To the public the possibility of complain: The local authority or service provider should havetoinformation Contact for receiving complaints. Two main methods gain feedback fromOffice the public comprise: Demand assessment and willingness to pay assess provider demand, To the public the possibility of complain: The study/survey: local authority To or service willingness to pay, andContact affordability, there is a need to communicate with potential should have information Office for receiving complaints. service recipients on the topics of service options, costs, and payment scenarios. For each typeassessment of community area to be to surveyed, a sample of To between to 200 Demand andor willingness pay study/survey: assess100 demand, respondents desired. willingness toispay, and affordability, there is a need to communicate with potential service recipients on the topics of service options, costs, and payment scenarios. For each type community or areawebsite to be 79surveyed, a sample of between 100 to 200 Internet - byofputting up a dedicated respondents is desired. Internet - by putting up a dedicated website39 Interactive website can prove to be an effective mode of communication especially to 79 reach the children, going students and all members of the community. Internettois Internet - by putting up acollege dedicated website  Interactive website can prove to be an effective mode of communication especially powerful tool to gain public feedback/complaints for the service and other local activities. reach the children, college going students and all members of the community. Internet is Interactive website can prove to be an effective The website may include the following features:mode of communication especially to powerful tool to gain public feedback/complaints for the service and other local activities. reach the children, college going students all members of the community. Internet is - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) inand question and answer format.  The powerful website may the feedback/complaints following features:for the service and other local activities. tool toinclude gainorpublic - Accept queries comments; - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) in question and answer format. The include the following - website Provide may Information about variousfeatures: workshops happening in the city on waste - Accept queries or comments; - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) in question and answer format. management; - Provide Information about variouswaste workshops happening in easily the city on waste - - Accept queries or comments; A feature stating the existing regulations in a form understood by management; - Provide Information about various workshops happening in the city on waste common people; - A- feature the existing waste regulations in a form easily understood by management; Facilitystating for lodging complaints common people; - A feature stating the existing waste regulations in a form easily understood by - Facility for lodging common people;complaints 79 - Facility for lodging complaints UNEP, 2009Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,(Training manual, volume 4) 79

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Public Participation Model for Developing a LSWMP Participatory Process for the Development of the Local Strategy in the Participatory Process for the Development of theWaste LocalManagement Waste Management Strategy 80 Public Participation Model for Developing a LSWMP Commune ‘Ana e Malit’ 80 in the Commune ‘Ana e Malit’ Waste management is a local service as part of local government is therefore, increasingly closer to the Participatory Process the Development of direct the Local Waste Management Strategy in the citizen. Seen from thisfor perspective, citizens as voters, as well as direct beneficiaries, assume Waste management is 80 a local service as part of local government is therefore, increasingly Commune ‘Ana e Malit’ significant importance in ensuring sustainable service. Based on this reasoning and concrete analysis, closer to the citizen. Seen from this perspective, citizens as direct voters, as well as direct Waste management is a local service as part of local government is therefore, increasingly closerPlan the REC Albania undertook thesignificant process ofimportance technical support for drafting the Waste Management of beneficiaries, assume in ensuring sustainable service. Based ontothis citizen. Seen from this perspective, citizens as direct voters, as well as direct beneficiaries, assume the reasoning commune ‘Ana e Malit’ in Shkodra. and concrete analysis, REC Albania undertook the process of technical support for significant importance in ensuring sustainable service. Based on this reasoning and and concrete analysis, we ‘Ana would communicate consult every From the outset, the groups of stakeholders, whom drafting the Waste Management Plan of with the commune e Malit’ in Shkodra. REC Albania undertook the process of technical support for drafting the Waste Management Plan in of stepFrom of the werethe carefully and analysed: an administrative group, elected theway, outset, groupsidentified of stakeholders, with whom we would communicate andcouncil consult the commune ebusinesses, Malit’ in were Shkodra. every step‘Ana of way, carefully identified analysed: administrative group, villages, groups of the a representative group of and the women and an girls, youth group and the elected council in villages, groups of Inbusinesses, a representative of consult the women we would communicate and every From the outset, theactive groups with whoma communication group of authorities in of thestakeholders, commune. addition, andgroup awareness scheme was and girls, youth group and theofgroup of analysed: authorities in the commune. In addition, a step of the way, were carefully identified and anactive administrative group,which elected council in designed, based on the simple tools communication, nonetheless ‘learning tools’, were spread communication and awareness scheme was designed, based on the simple tools of villages, groups of businesses, a representative group of the women and girls, youth group and the throughout the community. Stakeholders actively participated in meetings, while the means of communication, nonetheless ‘learning tools’, whicha were spread throughout the community. group of authorities active in process the commune. In addition, communication and awareness scheme was communication and learning aimed at learning-during-the-process. Special attention was paid Stakeholders actively participated in meetings, while the means of communication designed, based onand the simple tools of communication, nonetheless ‘learning tools’, which were spread to the preparation distribution brochures and leaflets for people to understand what waste was and learning process aimed at learning-during-the-process. Special attention was paid throughout the community. Stakeholders actively participated in meetings, while the means of andto how to separate it, health and environmental threats, etc. The need for information came directly from the preparation and distribution of brochures and leaflets for people to understand communication and the learning process aimed at learning-during-the-process. Special attention was paid the what discussion with residents who submitted their ideas, step by step, in response to the need to waste was and how to separate it, health and environmental threats, etc. The to the preparation and distribution of brochures anddiscussion leaflets for with people understand what waste was know more respond better. need for information came directly from and the thetoresidents who submitted and how toideas, separate it, health and environmental threats, etc.need The need for information directly from Thetheir work in thestep commune was following It produced valuable results, by step, inconducted responseto tothethe toscheme. know more andcame respond better. the discussion with residents whoof submitted their ideas, step step, in and response to the need to The work in thethe commune was conducted to the following scheme. It produced valuable especially in understanding the level local perception, the needby for direct real self and citizen know and of local perception, respond results, especially inmore understanding the level the need for direct andbetter. real engagement. self andincitizen engagement. The work theand commune was Involvement conducted toScheme: the following scheme. It produced valuable results, Communication Community Communication and Community Involvement Scheme: especially in understanding the level of local perception, the need for direct and real self and citizen engagement. Youth, Communication and Community Involvement Scheme: Representatives Authority students Business Women from Communes, group group group group Council, Meeting, discussion on materials

Awareness meeting

Education meeting, workshops

Technical meeting, awareness

Technical meeting (awareness) with businesses

Technical staff By the time the drafting was concluded, the values of the participatory process became very clear. Awareness, for understand the technical Meeting to reach Citizens learned to express themselves clearly Poster and to and economic part of Survey on willing Informal education community consensus and taking pay the commune personnel were given meeting the plan. On the otherto side, the opportunity to realize the value of decisions involvement tools By the time drafting often was concluded, the values the process became very clear. dealing with the its citizens, in high numbers, such of was theparticipatory case of the ‘women’s participation who Citizens to express themselves clearly andvalues the and technical and economic part of contributed with innovative ideas the into understand recycling reuse of waste. By thelearned time the drafting was concluded, of the participatory process became very the plan. the other side, the commune personnel were given the opportunity to realize the value Theclear. best On lesson learned from the process is that when people feel involved, that they can express Citizens learned to express themselves clearly and to understand the technical andof dealing withand its citizens, often in the high numbers, such was of the economic part ofheard the plan. On other side, the commune personnel were givenparticipation the also opportunity themselves be in return, they are ready not onlythe tocase support an‘women’s initiative, but takewho it a contributed and such reuse waste. realizethan thewith valuethe ofinnovative dealing citizens,inoften recycling in high numbers, was theof case of the steptofurther what plannerswith do. itsideas participation whothe contributed ideas recycling that and they reusecan of waste. The‘women’s best lesson learned from process iswith thatinnovative when people feelininvolved, express The bestand lesson learned from they the process thatonly when people an feelinitiative, involved,but that they themselves be heard in return, are readyisnot to support also takecan it a themselves and be heard in return, they are ready not only to support an initiative, 80express step further than what the planners do. REC and Municipality of Ana e Malit (2011), Waste Management Strategy

but also take it a step further than what the planners do.

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134 EXPECTED RESULTS IN THE 1stYEAR

EXPECTED RESULTS IN THE 1stYEAR

Waste Management Plan of Municipality of Lezha

Waste removal: Each day: Organic wastes are removed from SERVICE STANDARD appropriate containers and deposited in landfill of Bushat. Once in two days: Recycled wastes are removed from appropriate containers and deposited in RWSC; Disinfection of points and washing of containers: Each day: The area around containers is cleaned. Twice a week: Each point 81 isWaste disinfected with lime chlorine of in Lezha a surface of 6m2. Twice a Management Plan and of Municipality month: Each container is washed with detergent; The standard of 1 point for 100 households is followed (2+1 containers in each point); Fee level by fiscal package: Households: Zone A 1300 ALL/year, Zone B 650 ALL/year and Zone C 400 ALL/year. Families with economic aid and disabled individuals, 300 ALL/year;

and transported to the Recyclable Waste Separation Center (WRSC) STANDARD RWSC is established, SERVICE which prepares waste for recycling (in tons): 573-paper, 628-plastic, 263-glass, 52-metal Cleaning and washing of streets: Each Roads, squares 3680 households pay the cleaning a cleaning tariffday: of 13,216 thousand ALL of andincomes; sidewalks are cleaned. In the period of May-October: cleaned surfaces are washed machine; Citizens survey on thewith quality of the service;

138

8.070 thousand ALL is the Capital Cost which will be 138 funded by donators - 1.825 thousand ALL for purchasing and replacement of 39 containers in zone A; -4.355 thousand ALL for RWSC reconstruction; -1.890 thousand ALL for RWSC equipments

washing of the streets; 7.826 thousand ALL/year is COST the cost of collection and SERVICE transport of waste in appropriate destination 2.175 thousand ALL/year is the cost of cleaning, disinfection of points and washing of containers 6.730 thousand ALL/year is the cost of waste treatment in landfill 5.678 thousand, other, supervisor, VAT

(paper/cardboard and plastic) SERVICE COST 43 % of households pay the cleaning fee by of 43% of thousand operative cost is covered is bythe fees,Total whereOperative 10% is covered 30.675 ALL/year Cost households the cleaning and waste removal services 72 % ofthousand the citizens are satisfied with service; 8.266 ALL/year is the thenew cost for cleaning and

104.223 m2 m2 of cleaned 28 %of total streets are cleaned 104.223 ofstreets streets cleaned 89.928m2 m2 of washed with with machines 24 %of % of streets are washed 89.928 ofstreets streets washed machines 28 total streets are cleaned Model of Information 234 containers emptiedPackage out; 100% of households benefit from waste removal 234 containers emptied out; to Citizens 24 % of streets are washed 73 new containers added in Zone A and the city will have a total of 234 75 % of the city is covered with containers by waste generation 73 new containers added in Zone A and the city will have a total of 100% of households benefit from waste removal 86 % ofindicators the city is of completed containers in each containers: Zone A=143, Zone B=67, Zone C=24;informs citizens on the performance How the Mayor of Municipality of Lezha the firstwith year points: of the 2+1 Waste Management 234 containers: Zone A=143, Zone B=67, Zone C=24; A and B of the 75 % of the city is covered with containers by waste generation 13 new points will them be placed 2+1 containers added in Zones 81 point (1 for RC waste and 2 for NRC waste) Plan and invites to co-monitor its implementation 13city new points will be placed 2+1 containers added in Zones A 86 % of the city is completed with points: 2+1removal containers in and the total number of points will be BE 90: Zone A=48, Zone B=22, Zone 46 % of households benefit non recyclable and stYEAR SERVICE THAT WILL EXPECTED RESULTS INfor THE 1waste and B of the city and the total number of OFFERED points will be 90: Zone each point (1 for RC waste and NRC waste) C=20 separate their wastes at source, in two2streams; A=48, Zone B=22, C=20 % less of households benefit recyclable waste 3561 households ofZone ‘Zone A’ separate waste in two streams: in organic (NRC) 46 innon landfill of Bushat andremoval the 17% going to 104.223 m2 of streets cleaned 28 %of totalwastes streets are cleaned 3561 households of ‘Zone A’ separate waste in two streams: in and separatecost their wastes at 3% source, inMunicipality two streams; and inorganic (RC) transportation is lowered by for the 89.928 m2 of streets washed with machines 24 % of streets are washed organic (NRC) and inorganic (RC)of Zone A are removed from containers 17% less wastes going to in landfill of aBushat and the 1516 tons of recyclable waste (RC) by RWSC have secure market 13 % of whichbenefit are separated 234 containers emptied out; 100% ofwastes households from waste removal 1516 tons of recyclable waste (RC) of Zone A (WRSC) are aremoved lowered by 3% thegeneration Municipality and transported to the Recyclable Waste Separation (paper/cardboard and is plastic) 73 new containers added in Zone A and the cityCenter will have total of 234 transportation 75 % of the city cost is covered with containers byfor waste from containers and transported toforthe Recyclable Waste 13 % of wastes which are separated RWSCin have RWSC is established, which prepares waste recycling (in tons): 573-paper, 43 households the cleaning fee 86% %ofof the city is pay completed with points: 2+1 by containers each a containers: Zone A=143, Zone B=67, Zone C=24; Separation Center (WRSC) market (paper/cardboard andwhere plastic) 628-plastic, 263-glass, 52-metal 43% cost and is covered by fees, 10% is covered by 13 new points will be placed 2+1 containers added in Zones A and B of the secure pointof(1operative for RC waste 2 for NRC waste) 3680 households thewhich cleaning a cleaning tariff of 13,216 thousand ALL of 43 RWSC is established, prepares for recycling tons): thenon cleaning feewaste removal and households city and the totalpay number of points will bewaste 90: Zone A=48, Zone(in B=22, Zone benefit recyclable 46%%ofofhouseholds households pay incomes; 573-paper, 628-plastic, 263-glass, 52-metal 43% operative cost is covered byservice; fees, where 10% is 72 % of of the citizens areat satisfied with the new C=20 separate their wastes source, in two streams; Citizens survey onofthe quality ofcleaning the service; 3680 pay the tariff of 13,216 by wastes households in organic (NRC) covered 3561households households ‘Zone A’ separate wastea incleaning two streams: in landfill of Bushat and the 17% less going to thousand ALL of incomes;SERVICE STANDARD 72 % of the citizens are satisfied with new service; and inorganic (RC) transportation cost is lowered by 3% for thethe Municipality SERVICE COST Citizens survey on the waste quality(RC) of the service; 1516 tons of recyclable of Zone A are removed from containers 13 % of wastes which are separated by RWSC have a secure market

SERVICE THAT WILL BE OFFERED

How the Mayorof ofMunicipality Municipality of citizens on the indicators of the first of theyear Waste How the Mayor of Lezha Lezhainforms informs citizens on performance the performance indicators of year the first ofManagement the Waste 81 Plan and invites co-monitor Management Planthem andtoinvites themitstoimplementation co-monitor its implementation

Model of Information Package to Citizens

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Të Riciklueshme

Shishe dhe kavanoza qelqi.

Gazeta, revista, letra, zarfe libra, katalogje,

Të Riciklueshme

Jo Qese plasike ose polisteroli.

Kartona qumështi, lengjesh.

Shishet plastike, qumësht lëngjesh, detergjentësh

Kuti kartoni (të palosura)

Tasa, gota, kavanoza, plastike etj.

Materiale metalike, alumini kanace, konserva, etj.

Vetëm këto artikuj duhet të hidhen ne koshin blu.

During Coaching session of dldp-2 Illustrations from awareness activiies and materials used in City of Shkoder, Lezha and Fier

140

STEP 3: EVALUATION AND ADOPTION: At this stage, program managers and individuals decide to evaluate the program, if the program is clear, practicable, suitable and affordable for individuals, effective and efficient enough according to During Coaching session of dldp-2 expectations and toward objectives. The evaluation may correct certain activities, schedule or routes, and take decision on 83 Illustrations fromalong awareness and materials used in City of Shkoder, Lezha and Fier whether to go with activiies the program. On the other part, local authorities aim to involve individuals close to the program, to increase their participation and contribution. 140

The goal is make them aware about waste management, recycling and composting practices. During this stage, program developers may need a variety of methods to explain in detail the program to the individuals and trying to increase their interest; Local authorities may organize meetings, workshops, site-visits to waste or recycling facilities, etc, with participation of individuals and group of interest by involving professionals and waste managers.

STEP 1: PRELIMINARY AWARENESS ACTIVITIES: Localof authorities try to like promote the community or (atcommunity or to pilot areas, new ideas or new ways doing things newtowaste collection to pilot areas, new ideas or new ways of doing things like new waste collection (at-source) waste separation, source) waste separation, waste reuse, alternative bring waste methods, etc; by performing general A Model of How to develop an information and awareness program 82 waste reuse, alternative bringcampaigns; waste methods, etc; by performing general and focused awareness campaigns; and focused awareness Thegoal goalofof awareness is people to let know people know that a way different way ofwaste handling that a different of handling may waste be The thethe awareness stage stage is to let may be preferable to the tradtional way and that reasons for considering a change in their preferable to the tradtional way and that good reasons forgood considering a change in their waste management STEP PRELIMINARY AWARENESS ACTIVITIES: Local authorities try to promote to theincludes community or waste1:management practices do exist. The most preferable awareness campaigns practices do exist. The most preferable awareness campaigns includes different methods of publicity (see different table to pilot areas, new ideas or new ways of doing things like new waste collection (at-source) waste separation, methods (see table of ‘Methods of Publicity’), ‘door-to-door’ of ‘Methodsof of publicity Publicity’), ‘door-to-door’ methods with consumers, students, etc; 83: methods with consumers, 83 waste reuse,etc; alternative bring waste methods, etc; by performing general and focused awareness campaigns; : students, The goal of the awareness stage is to let people know that a different way of handling waste may be preferable to the tradtional way and that good reasons for considering a change in their waste management practices do exist. The most preferable awareness campaigns includes different methods of publicity (see table of ‘Methods of Publicity’), ‘door-to-door’ methods with consumers, students, etc; 83: STEP 2: INCREASING INTEREST: In the second step, individuals who are now aware of waste STEP 2: INCREASING INTEREST: In theideas second individuals who are now aware of waste management issues and management issues and new orstep, programs seek additional information. Theideas goalorisprograms make them aware about waste management, recycling and composting practices. During new seek additional information. this goal stage, program developers need a varietyrecycling of methods to explainpractices. in detail During the program to the The is make about may waste and composting this stage, individuals and them tryingaware to increase theirmanagement, interest; Local authorities may organize meetings, workshops, program developers may need a variety of methods to explain in detail the program to the individuals and trying to by site-visits to waste or recycling facilities, etc, with participation of individuals and group of interest involving professionals and waste managers. increase their interest; Local authorities may organize meetings, workshops, site-visits to waste or recycling STEP 2: INCREASING INTEREST: In the second step, individuals who are now aware of waste management issues and facilities, with participation of individuals and group of interest by involving professionals and waste managers. new ideasetc, or programs seek additional information.

1: How PRELIMINARY Local authorities try to promote to the ASTEP Model of to Develop an AWARENESS Information and ACTIVITIES: Awareness Program

82 A and awareness program A Model Model of of How How to to develop developan aninformation information and awareness program 82

A Model of How to Develop an Information and Awareness Program

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STEP 5: CONTINUITY AND INCENTIVES: This phase is known as follow up phase where local authorities try to increase level of participation, enlargement of the schemes and improve individuals contribution, by using different incentives (like financial, fiscal, etc). Local authorities define and approve these incentives and organize different promotion activities to the public and individuals. These incentives can be accompanied by clear and comprehensive rules and obligations and continuous information and communication activities;

STEP 4: TEST THE SUSTAINABILITY: During this stage, both local authorities and individuals seek proofs of sustainability from current partnership, in order to be assured that his contribution matters and there is a mutual commitment by the other part. Interviews, public meeting and workshops are recommended to show results and steps for the future.

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

Annexes

ANNEX 4: Regulation and Contracting Protocol ANNEX 4: Regulation and Contracting Protocol

Local Rules Considerations Local Rules Considerations

a) Importance of Rules and Regulation

To fulfill its regulator function’ the local authority aims to ensure that legal, regulatory and To fulfill its regulator function’ the Inlocal aimsare to responsible ensure that for legal, regulatoryand and environmental standards are met. this authority regard they establishing environmental standards are management met. In this of regard areforresponsible for establishing and approval of regulation for local urbanthey waste, authorizing and issuing permits approval regulation for local management of urban for authorizing and issuing within permits for waste of management activities, etc, which will ensurewaste, a successful waste management for waste management activities, etc, which will ensure a successful waste management within its administrative territory. its administrative territory. Through the regulatory regulatory instruments, instruments,local localauthorities authoritiesenable enablethe theestablishment establishment rules Through the of of thethe rules and and obligations inhabitants, commercial andinstitutional institutionalunits, units, defining defining the role obligations for for inhabitants, commercial and role ofofwaste waste operators, methodologies and the responsibility of controlling and imposing sanctions.

a byRules may include anti-litter anti-litter and and anti-dumping anti-dumpingby-laws, by-laws,fees feestotobe bepaid paidfor forWM WMservices servicesoror a law requiring wastes to tobebepresented specific manner. manner. By-laws By-lawscan canalso also by-law requiring wastes presentedfor forcollection collection in in a a specific specify certain certain fine fine levels levels say say for for littering littering or or illegal illegal dumping. dumping. specify

b) Content of the Waste Management Regulation

b) Content of the Waste Management Regulation 84 A common Waste Management Regulation84 (WMR) may content the following main elements: A common Waste Management Regulation (WMR) may content the following main elements: Rules and Obligations of waste producers: Rules and Obligations of waste producers: No damage of the bins; change of destination of bins; damage and change of destination designated for waste  of Nothe damage of theplaces bins; change of collection; destination of bins; damage and change of destination Discard of waste; places No burning of waste in waste containers; No throwing of waste into of the designated for waste collection; courses and storm drains;ofLittering of waste waste containers; in public territories;  water Discard of waste; No burning waste in No throwing of waste into Avoidance and prevention of abusive discard of voluminous waste or hazardous waste; water courses and storm drains; Littering of waste in public territories; disposal of dead animals and noxious materials; Avoidance of and prevention of abusive voluminous waste or hazardous waste;  Avoidance parking vehicles in frontdiscard of/ or of close to the designated places for waste disposal of dead animals and noxious materials; collection; Avoidance parking shops vehicles front of/ orselling close to the designated places for wasteof  Clean spaceof around or inambulatory points; Hygiene and disinfection collection; containers and waste stores; Clean space around or ambulatory  Payment of local tariffsshops and taxes on waste; selling points; Hygiene and disinfection of Other publicand health matters. containers waste stores;  Payment of local tariffs and taxes on waste;  Other public health matters. Rights and Obligations of waste holders (waste operators, waste industry)

Operation to be carried out only by licensed contractors; Rights and Obligations of waste (waste operators, waste industry) Administrative procedures forholders issue and revocation of licenses; Payment of charges (tariffs, taxes) levied by the local authority; Operation to be carried out and onlycontainers; by licensed contractors;  Use of appropriate vehicles  Administrative procedures for issue and revocation of licenses; Use of licensed disposal sites;  Register served;taxes) levied by the local authority; Paymentofofcustomers charges (tariffs,  Keeping of waste records; Use of appropriate vehicles and containers; 84

A complete model of Local Regulation on Waste Management is given at Annex 8

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Use of licensed disposal  Prevention of public healthsites; nuisance;  Other Register of customers served; public health matters such as health, safety and emergency procedures. A  Model of Local Regulation on WM Keeping of waste records;  Prevention of public healthOF nuisance; COMMUNAL REGULATION WASTE MANAGEMENT86 c) Other Enforcement and matters Sanctions  public health such as health, safety and emergency procedures. CHAPTER I In the framework of ensuring the implementation of the local rules on WM 85, local authorities GENERAL PROVISIONS should determine a set of fines and sanctions, which should be approved at municipal Council. c) Enforcement and Sanctions The fine and sanction levels should be based on service provision and the polluter pays Article 1 that the violation should be punished in order to take in consideration cleaning or principle In the framework of ensuring the implementation of the local rules on WM85, local authorities Intention collection costs, environmental costs and furthermore to provide a fair system, to discourages should determine a set of finesfines and sanctions, which should bethe approved atinspectors, municipal 1) Detailing the rights and duties of all partiesbethat participate in management of solidCouncil. waste. fall and prevent polluters. Local should imposed by the municipal which The fine and sanction levels should be based on service provision and the polluter pays The regulation intends to facilitate the implementation of the legislation requirements in this area under the jurisdiction of the local authority. principle that athe violationeffective should control be punished order to take in consideration cleaning or and to enable continuous of theirinimplementation. collection costs, environmental costs and furthermore to provide a fair system, to discourages and prevent polluters. Local fines should be imposed by the municipal inspectors, which fall Article 2 The regulation object under the jurisdiction of the local authority. 2) This regulation determines the manner of environmental management of urban waste in the territory of the Guri i Zi Commune by specifying rules, techniques and methods of their administration at any stage of this administration, not including the waste processing, in order to protect by wastes the urban environment contamination and maintaining a healthy environment forModel the commune residents. A of Local Regulation on WM Article 3 Definition of terms

COMMUNAL REGULATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT In terms of this regulation: 3) solid waste: is a waste type consisting of everyday objects or substances resulting from human CHAPTER I activity or natural cycles destined to be discarded. GENERAL PROVISIONS recovery and waste management, including control of 4) administration: collection, transportation, these operations, for even more and the control of discharging areas and treatment implants after Article 1 shutting down the activity; Intention 5) Waste producer: is a physic and legal person, whose activity creates, produces waste. 1) Detailing rightsisand parties that in regrouping the management the duties process of of all waste picking up,participate selection and to certainof 6) urban wastesthe collection solid places.waste. The regulation intends to facilitate the implementation of the legislation requirements in this isarea and collection to enableforaregrouping continuous effective of their 7) Differential collection: a suitable of urban wastecontrol on commodity implementation. homogeneous fractions, including wet organic fraction, intended for reuse, recycling and recovery of raw materials; 2 waste disposal from their manufacturers in waste 8) "Submission" is the extraction and urbanArticle The regulation object collection places. 2) This regulation of submission, environmental management of urban 9) Public urban waste determines removal meansthe themanner process of collection, transportation and waste in the territory of the Guri i Zi Commune by specifying rules, techniques and urban waste collection. methods of their company/enterprise, administration at any stage of this administration, not including the which through service contracts, licenses (permits), the 10) Waste manager: waste processing, in order protect by wastes the urban environment contamination Commune delegate/allow themtothe waste management process; and maintainingwaste, a healthy environment the commune 11) Unacceptable are hazardous or for voluminous wastes,residents. which are administered by particular laws. 12) Hazardous waste means toxic, corrosive, irritating, explosive, inflammable, cancerous, infectious and radioactive substances that have the ability to destroy the property of the natural state of water, soil and air, with consequences for human health and natural ecosystems. 13) "Landfill is a site designated by local government bodies for waste processing. 85 86

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Article 3 Definition of terms

In terms of this regulation: 3) solid waste: is a waste type consisting of everyday objects or substances resulting from human activity or natural cycles destined to be discarded. 4) administration: collection, transportation, recovery and waste management, including control of these operations, for even more and the control of discharging areas and treatment implants after shutting down the activity; 5) Waste producer: is a physic and legal person, whose activity creates, produces waste. 6) urban wastes collection is the process of waste picking up, selection and regrouping to certain places. 7) Differential collection: is a suitable collection for regrouping of urban waste on commodity homogeneous fractions, including wet organic fraction, intended for reuse, recycling and recovery of raw materials; 8) “Submission” is the extraction and urban waste disposal from their manufacturers in waste collection places. 9) Public urban waste removal means the process of submission, collection, transportation and urban waste collection. 10) Waste manager: company/enterprise, which through service contracts, licenses (permits), the Commune delegate/allow them the waste management process; 11) Unacceptable waste, are hazardous or voluminous wastes, which are administered by particular laws. 12) Hazardous waste means toxic, corrosive, irritating, explosive, inflammable, cancerous, infectious and radioactive substances that have the ability to destroy the property of the natural state of water, soil and air, with consequences for human health and natural ecosystems. 13) “Landfill is a site designated by local government bodies for waste processing. 14) Final deposit (extermination): includes processes which do not foresee other waste processing and are closed after the waste deposits. 15) “Waste processing”: is the change in properties or waste composition by transforming it into the final product or in raw or auxiliary material to the production of final products. 16) “Recovery”: operations to ensure waste utilization for the profitability of products, raw materials or energy production; 17) “Waste recycling”: renewal or renovation of the waste properties to be used later as raw material or as assistant material; 18) Waste stocks: is the process of product storage (disposal) after waste processing till to the final destination. 19) Contract area means areas within the yellow line, where the contractor will provide waste management services to existing customers, as well as those that may be added during the contract within the same area. Area boundaries define by the municipality or commune. 20) Washing area means the washing service of streets and in some cases also the sidewalks. Article 4 The process of waste management 21) Waste management process intends to:  leave less waste from the manufacturing operations;  the created wastes, the degradable waste should occupy the leading place in 139

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recyclable and editable ones;  use only techniques and the best methods available based on environmental criteria for separation, collection, transportation, storage, processing and waste distraction;  realize a much shorter cycle of waste management in order to reduce the time of their exposure to the environment;  recycle and process waste as much as possible;  collect and treat waste separately during at all stages of their administration and not allow the mix with hazardous waste;  prevent further use of wastes from their treatment in a previous stage;  reduce as much as possible the waste movement and transportation and their elimination to be performed in the nearest facility;  prevent the environment pollution and to limited its impact when it occurs;  preserve natural resources especially from the waste impacts;  compensate and recover from physical and legal persons the pollution and damages caused by their waste mismanagement;  perform a safe landfill for the residues that resulting from the waste processing;  avoid any harm or danger to health, welfare and safety of person’s life;  ensure the hygiene and health requirements and to avoid any risk of pollution of urban environment;  preserve fauna and flora, the landscape and environment from degradation; 22) All kinds of waste, as defined in this regulation, after submission of the creators are state property. Article 5 Stages of waste management 23) Waste management process includes generation, collection, storage and deposit by the creator, systemic delivery to the containers, transporting from on-site containers for storing, sharing, recycling, processing and final disposal in landfills. Article 6 Wastes classification 24) In view of this regulation the wastes are divided into the following categories:  Urban waste;  Industrial waste;  Voluminous waste;  Agricultural waste;  Hospital waste;  Construction waste;  Residues in sewage system, etc.. 25) According to the production origin the wastes are divided into: Urban Waste and Special Waste and according to risk characteristics are divided in: Hazardous Waste and Non Hazardous Waste. 26) “Urban Waste”: are called the residues of houses, administrative buildings, social and public ones. In this category are included residues that result from commercial and service activities, vacation and entertainment places, amount and composition of which does not obstract their management with urban waste. 27) Special wastes are:  waste from industrial activities, including the voluminous waste from these activities;  “waste from agricultural activities”; 140

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 “hospital waste”;  waste generated by the “construction activities” or demolishing;  waste from non-urban “artisan activities”, “trading” or “service”; 28) Industrial Waste: are called the solid waste generated as a result of manufacturing or industrial processes and does not participate in hazardous waste. Such residues may include wastes that are generated from the production lines for: electric energy, iron and steel, plastics and resins; letter, rubber products, stone products, glass and ceramic, textile products, transport equipments, but are not limited by them. This term in this regulation does not include mining waste industry and those of oil and gas industry. 29) Voluminous wastes” are called big facilities with sustainable consumption like appliances, computer equipments, furniture’s, vehicle parts, concrete fragments, metals and other waste of voluminous proportions which dimension inhibit the use of common methods for their collection, transportation or disposal. 30) Agricultural waste: are the waste generated by plants cultivation and animal husbandry. 31) Hospital waste called “pathological waste” coming from anthropogenic autopsies and surgeries; “microbiological waste” which includes crop planted with different microbiological agents. Here are included also the medical laboratory cultures, pathological, pharmaceutical, scientific - research, industrial and business; “sharp waste” which includes needles, syringes, knives operations etc. 32) Residue (finite residue) from the activities of recovery and waste treatment, clay which comes from cleaning process and other water treatment and filtering of the turbulent waters and the collapse of river beds; 33) Hazardous Waste: from household use, are: paints for painting, writing varnishes, adhesives, solvents, photochemical products, pesticides, blank holder labeled “T”, “C” and/or “F” and spray cylinders, batteries, car batteries, medicines, syringes, accessories for computing, mineral oils, vegetable oils, fluorescent pipes and any residue with mercury contents. Article 7 Waste - subject of the regulation 34) Subject to this regulation are the urban wastes. 35) In view of this regulation, the Urban Wastes are divided into two categories:  Recyclable Urban Waste - which includes waste that can be re-used or recycled (can be processed by using as raw material). In this category are included: - The metal waste; - The gardens (green) waste; - The plastic waste; - Paper and paperboard; - Glass Bottles (glassware) etc.  Unrecyclable Urban Waste – for e.g. food scraps and kitchen residues with enzyme components etc., which includes all urban waste not included in the category of Recyclable Waste. Article 8 36) The wastes produced by households but not included in the Urban Waste, for example hazardous waste, construction waste and voluminous objects are transported from their producers in respective areas of storage, specified by the Commune for each of the waste. The commune may offer alternative points for collecting them near residential areas. 141

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CHAPTER II CLEANING OF STREETS, SQUARES AND PAVEMENTS Article 9 General 37) The commune authorities, with assistance and cooperation of relevant regional structures as representatives of the district state Sanitary Inspectorate, the representatives of the Environmental Inspectorate and those of the cleaning company/ enterprise, determine and publish the schedule for cleaning the streets, squares and sidewalks. 38) The Cleaning of streets, squares and pavements is done generally once in 24 hours, early in the morning or during evening hours when the urban activity is significantly reduced. During the day the cleanliness obtained by collecting and lifting from the squares, streets and sidewalks the solid waste and other pollutants. Article 10 Cleaning of territories 39) Spaces and private territories are cleaned by their owners. 40) The public open areas which are not included in the cleaning city scheme are cleaned up by institutions or residents who are the users of this space. 41) All physic and legal persons that have stationery or ambulant activities and those who does transport activities are obligated to clean the territory around their facility or venue in width 5m. 42) The public open spaces included in the scheme of clearing are cleaned by the commune. 43) Commercial sites are cleaned daily after finishing the activities by administrators or users. Article 11 Cleaning and washing of streets 44) Roads cleaning and washing is carried out by the commune, or by a third party in charge of the commune or contracted to perform this service. 45) Cleaning applies to all paved roads, cobbled streets, squares and the sidewalks of commune and township. 46) The commune has planned to administer all public green areas and to perform maintenance, preservation and cleaning of territory from the remains. 47) Use of uniforms for employees and special treatment in accordance with sanitary norms is strictly obligatory. 48) Frequency of cleaning service is determined from the commune based on the level of its pollution. Article 12 49) The wastes which come from the streets, sidewalks and squares cleaning are placed at closers waste collection points according to the type of wastes. 50) It is categorically prohibited the dumping of wastes which comes from streets, sidewalks and squares cleaning in the electricity manholes, in the telephone manholes, in the potable water manholes, in the sewage manholes, in the hydrants manholes, in the carriers of water pits weather, in the beds of natural water flowing, in the natural or artificial water basins.

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Article 13 Street containers 51) In order to ensure the public spaces cleaned can be putted and administered under the commune attention, street containers for scraps of reduced dimensions produced by pedestrians. 52) The pedestrians throw the various instant wastes like different package only the containers located in the city or placed close by the stores. It is prohibited their dumping on the street, on sidewalks or other public facilities. Article 14 Cleaning of manholes and delivery of cleaning waste 53) Breakthrough manholes and street cleaning is done only by employees of the entity charged for their administration. 54) Before the rainy season should be performed the cleaning of all atmospheric water manholes to provide their proper function. After each cleaning, should remove immediately the debris resulting from their cleaning and should be disinfected around the manholes with disinfectant substances or lime powder with 5% content of chlorine. 55) The wastes generated by manholes cleaning should immediately remove by the responsible company and deposited at designated sites by the commune. Article 15 Pollution of public spaces 56) Who conducts operation and/or activities that could lead to pollution of public spaces is constantly forced to keep them clean as what is mentioned above, in each case, and not to leave any kind of residues. 57) It is prohibited dumping and throwing on the sidewalk, streets and squares of residential areas the waste water resulting from cleaning or washing of public service locals. Chapter III SEGREGATION, SETTLING AND DELIVERY OF URBAN WASTE Article 16 Waste segregation and settling 58) In cases where the commune provides the service of differentiated waste collection, the families and also the public and private entities which in their activity create wastes, they segregate them in groups as: a. food waste b. package (plastic, glass, paper, cardboard) c. construction debris (mortar, bricks, concrete, soils) d. Voluminous objects (chairs, tables, armchairs, etc.) 59) Each group of is treated and packed separately, in separate sacs or baskets. 60) Voluminous waste (as vehicles, machinery, equipment), brought by their owners in the special storing place. Abandoning them outside their places is a violation and it is punished as a violation. Article 17 61) All entities in accordance with the nature of their activities that create different types of waste are obliged to have more than a container to collect and segregate their wastes. 62) The containers should be of different color or with visible inscriptions that orientate the separation of waste disposal. The containers should be placed in visible locations 143

Manual: Planning Local Waste Management

and easily accessible. 63) State and private hospitals, clinics, health centers, laboratories, pharmacies, dental clinics are obliged to use waste bin system, one of which each is for hospital hazardous wastes which have to go to a special treatment. 64) Public and private nursery schools, kindergartens and schools could use the system of some different bins to educate students with contemporary norms and rules to separate their wastes. Article 18 The waste delivery 65) Arrangement and delivery of waste from households and all other entities applies only into the public waste collection places that the commune has determined or in individual containers that are defined by type of manufacturer, quantity of waste and infrastructure. Their delivery out of the rules set up by the commune is a violation and will be punished. 66) The traders and other persons, who perform ambulant services, must be equipped with special bin for disposal of waste that are generated during their trade service offered to citizens. Article 19 Use of public container 67) Based on Law no. 8094, Dated 21.03.1996 are entitled to use the public container:  Families, within the yellow line of the commune.  Businesses, commercial activities, artisan or services which produce urban waste with daily production of each entity does not exceed the amount of ¼ of the volume of the public container as defined in Article 12 of Law No.8094 dt.21.03.1996. 68) All businesses or state and/or private institutions which produce waste more than limits mention above must necessarily have individual containers in their territory. Article 20 Limits for the waste delivery 69) The waste submission is an obligation of manufacturers and should be performed according to the methods, days and schedules laid down by the Commune as well as based on the categorization of wastes and producers as defined in this regulation. 70) Waste submission of industrial, construction, apprenticeship, lubricating oils and other wastes that are not considered as urban waste by Law No.8094, dated 21.03.1996 “On public disposal of waste” and by this regulation will be submit in specific places designated for this purpose by the Commune. 71) Their delivery into the sites of specific collection in the city for urban waste is prohibited and punished. Article 21 72) The construction remains are delivered into sites designated for this purpose by the Commune. During the construction, repair or demolition, citizens, investors and builders entities should provide their measures for continuous removal of construction wastes. 73) Disposal of construction waste in the streets, on sidewalks, in any public place and at certain points that Commune has determined for urban waste, is prohibited and constitutes an offense punishable. Article 22 74) Residues resulting from trees and vines pruning, the works in yards, in gardens 144

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and parks, before their delivery into their waste in the collection places should be cut into small pieces and fold over in way not to feel trapped and to make difficult the container transportation. CHAPTER IV WASTE COLLECTION, REMOVAL AND TRANSPORTATION OF Article 23 Waste collection 75) Waste collection places (WCP) are small serving area which serves for waste delivery of their manufacturers. WCP should be cemented or asphalted. 76) WCP where are placed the containers, bins or cemented stations for waste collection are decided by Commune. 77) The Communal Council approves and publishes the concrete scheme of the WCP and structure and dimensions of each of them. Changing the location of WCP without the approval of the Commune is a violation and punishable. 78) Delivery and acceptance of service is mandatory in all communal territory, not excluding anyone, only just when the Chairman authorizes temporary experimental forms of differentiated waste collection. Article 24 79) Waste collection service in a not differential way provided by the City in one or several specific ways, as: a. collection through public containers; b. collection through bags, door to door c. collection through delivery platforms (squares) and utilities; d. collection through containers for private spaces and of different sizes. 80) The waste manufacturer can deposit them in individual way directly in the collection landfill in accordance with this regulation. 81) The service should ensure the collection of all wastes for any motive found out containers, in areas where service is performed “door to door” as well as the collection of wastes that occur in public spaces. Article 25 Collection with containers 82) Collection with containers should be performed by municipal public housing premises, businesses or yards of private or public companies and generally in all places where it provided a significant manufacturing waste. 83) Discharge of containers should be performed on a fixed schedule based on an operating schedule previously communicated to the user under the operator’s attention; 84) The territory around the container in an area of 20-25 m2 should be cleaned immediately after the wastes disposals are moved away. The containers are disinfected with chlorinated lime (up to 5% active chlorine) or other kinds of disinfection after emptying the waste containers. 85) For any case are not allowed the containers to be overflowing and with garbage left in the area around the containers or in the designated areas. In all cases where are identified blockages or barriers by external factors, the operator must immediately notify and take its measures to clean them. 86) The user is obliged to use the closer available container and to close the lid if the container has it; in cases where the container is overflowing from bags, the wastes must be delivered to another container available and there should never be left on the ground. 87) The containers should be washed and disinfected according to a schedule approved 145

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by the municipality with disinfection, disinsection and deracination substances: ď&#x201A;§ For public container at least once a week. ď&#x201A;§ For containers that stands in public or private indoors at least once a month. 88) The disinfection, disinsection and deratination substances which are used for containers and the territory around them are approved by the Ministry of Health or its depending institutions under the procedures approved by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environment, in accordance with Council Decision of Ministers No. 415 Dated 01.08.1993. Article 26 The bag collection 89) The commune being impossible of performing public service with public container can provide an alternative service of waste collection with bags in certain urban areas. 90) The familiar user has the obligation to put out of his apartment, near the door or in a place specified in the public zone, the bags on a regular basis which should be closed (tided) in the way not to create obstacles or hazards to pedestrians at specified hours in advance. 91) May be applied mobile collection points which are open means discharge machinery of small tonnage, always on determined frequency schedules. 92) Frequency and the collection time are determined by the operator with the approval of the Commune and the schedule announcement should do by the service operator. 93) The bags must be of at the same type and are offer to the users by the operator in proportion to their consumption. The bags should be no greater than 20 kg weight and should not have objects that may cat, with sharp tips, which are however hazardous materials for responsible person for the manual service of the collection; Article 27 Accumulation with stationary containers 94) The voluminous and construction remains produced by households may be delivered and collected by means determined by the Municipality, as follows below: a. through delivery of stationary containers, with large dimensions; b. through the collection at former users, by calling the Administrator; c. through the delivery close to multi collection Centers. 95) On the day scheduled for collection, the materials must be disposed by the former user at the nearest collection point in order to avoid any obstacle of vehicles and/or pedestrian movement. Article 28 Markets cleaning services 96) The markets administrators, particular persons or group trade persons who occupying commercial sales sites in private or public markets are organized in public or private areas must administrate themselves the market clearing territory immediately after the close of daily activity. In terms of waste management that coming from these markets should be operated as follows: a) The Administrator of the private market or traderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s representative is responsible for waste collection and their disposal into the landfill through separate obligatory contract with the commune or private operators which should ensure the implementation of sanitary and hygiene conditions of this regulation. b) In the case of public markets administered by the commune this service is included in other cleaning services that are administered by the commune. c) Each market necessary must be approved by the municipality the temporary or 146

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permanent “WCP” within the market territory to enable of the container placements. 97) All market vendors of agricultural and livestock products, their waste that they generate in the marketing of such products; they should collect and dispose into the specified places decided by the Commune. Leaving the market place without regulate these residues it is an offense which is punishable by not allowing them to trade again in the market. Article 29 Collection of small plant residues 98) The collection of small plant residues is conducted through delivery in the designated are by the commune in the public waste containers or through the collection service “door to door”. Article 30 Placement and container characteristics 99) The containers are provided in such numbers to ensure in time and quantity the accumulation between the flows of each delivery cycle. 100) Assignment of WCP should be done while respecting the hygiene requirements, where is possible at a distance of 10 meters in straight distance (air line) from doors and windows, in harmony with urban infrastructure, in addition to facilitating the emptying and withdrawal operation. 101) For all new constructions, the reconstruction projects or new urban areas the determination and approval of sites of waste collection is mandatory to be in accordance with Article 29 of Law 8094 dated 21.03.1996. 102) The containers may be placed in private spaces, in shops, in markets and at wholesale or retail sale areas or in public institutions, schools and sports centers etc. with or without owner or administrator consent and the approval of the Commune, in the following cases: a) in areas where urban structure makes impossible the deployment of containers in public spaces; b) in special need cases of the collection service related to:  Consumer desire to have independent points;  The amount and type of waste it produces, including non-urban wastes.  Type of activity, etc. In these cases there may have additional benefits service fee. c) In cases where the customer does not provide consent to have independent containers, he is obliged to deposit its wastes at the nearest collection place when it is in accordance with the criteria’s of Article 20 “Use of public container,” or otherwise must be delivered by themselves at the wastes deposit in their deposit area in accordance with the rates specified in this regulation. 103) The waste collection generated by the business (small, medium, large) but not included in the category “business waste” (as for e.g. sawdust, glass etc.), is done with private container within the area where the activity is performed. The private containers should have the same parameters as the public ones. 104) The containers should have smooth surface, waterproof material with high durability, metallic material (steel sheet thickness = 1.5-2 mm) or plastic equipped with lids and wheels (or fixed leg) of various capacities. 105) The containers always should kept in optimum working condition from the entity that has engaged the service of waste collection and transportation. 106) The containers types can be as follows below: 147

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a) Internal containers with volumetric capacity of 120/240/360 liter; urban public containers with volumetric capacity of 1100, 2400, 3200 liters, which has to stand outside; b) Containers for voluminous waste, static, without wheels, with volumetric capacity of over 5,500 liters, for fixed positions and emptying process is performed in a mechanical way. c) Containers with pressing, static, without wheels, large volumetric capacity, with self-pressing (equipped with independent hydraulic or mechanical system). Article 31 Employeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hygienic-sanitary service care 107) To maintain employees hygienic-sanitary of waste management service should be applied safety and hygiene rates of the working activity. Employees should be provided with appropriate clothing and mechanisms or accessories for being personal protected, and must be treatments for sanitary controls provided by law. Article 32 Waste transport 108) The waste transport into disposal sites should be performed by the Municipality or by a party in charge from it. 109) Transportation should be arranged and be done in the evening hours or during the day. Article 33 110) Transportation of wastes from the collection points to disposal and their processing sites should be done with special technological and covered tools, loads of them does not endanger redistribution or discharge of waste 111) Trucks that transport material and building material or that transport construction waste to their deposit places, shall ensure that during the movement not to spill or leak the transporting materials. 112) Trucks, vehicles, etc., when they move into the streets of the municipality from construction sites and from unpaved secondary roads, are forced to clean the tires f mud, mortar, concrete and any other impurities that contaminate the municipality. CHAPTER V RATES Article 34 Collection of fees 113) Cleaning fee should be collected by the municipal authorities to cover the costs of collection, disposal and treatment of waste and cleaning up the city. 114) The authorities of the commune must define itself or may assign a third party to calculate the fees preparation and submission of reports for these fees and transfer their receipt issuing the certificates for the authorities of the commune data processing required and to inform the authorities. Article 35 Scope of Rate 115) Fees are collected for cleaning the commune for induction into working condition and use of implants for removing, transporting, storing and processing waste. 148

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Article 36 The taxpayers 116) The level of fee is determined by a special decision of Communal Council. 117) Setting the cleaning fee, its payment and collection are performed according to a decision of the Communal Council for the cleaning fee. 118) The Commune may apply different rates according to different manufacturers, based on the service they receive, the amount and type of waste they generate. It also may apply additional fees for specific businesses where the type and amount of waste can‘t be handled from the public service of waste collection. 119) For these businesses can be applied fee discounts if they undertake the removal of waste. In this case may be applied only the fee of depositing wastes in their areas of treatment. 120) For any change of the amount of tax should be announce a decision of change. New fee deadline should be defined in the decision of change. Overpayments should be inherited. CHAPTER VI PROHIBITIONS, CONTROL AND SANCTIONS Article 37 Prohibitions and obligations 121) Regulation violations are punished according the norms and laws in force and as defined in regulation. 122) In addition to all the prohibitions expressed clearly in the articles of the Regulation:  It is prohibited dumping and depositing in public areas of all communal territory, in the open or covered public markets, any residue, every dirt’s, junk solid, semi solid, liquid and generally any kind of waste materials, by nature and by dimensions, although they may be in the sealed bag. This prohibition is applicable to water surfaces, rivers, canals, water resources, pits, shores, roadsides etc.  It is prohibited the waste delivery at open private areas, on lands and flat squares, returned property, fenced or not, on which did not have start any construction activity or any other nature activity. Their owners are obligated to take care for maintaining them cleaning and not allowing to return them in waste disposal sites.  Anyone who violates the prohibitions stated above is obligated to perform the removal of wastes. This action must be performed by the owner or a person with delegated rights over the contaminated area. The commune chairman settles by an order the required operations and the limits within which should be acted and also the period of time for payment of the monetary damages;  It is forbidden to the citizens and to anyone unauthorized person to perform any kind of manual selection of the submitted waste inside the container, digging or taking the wastes delivered in containers or next to the plant of final processing or recuperation ;  In the collection cases of “door to door” service it is prohibited the exposure of bags and / or house containers that have wastes along the road of the collection, on different days and hours set out by the Municipality;  It is prohibited dumping in containers or in equipments used for waste collection services, of liquid waste, with untied or not tide properly bags, of warm or 149

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flammable substances, even more solid wastes that can damage the container or can pose any risk;  It is prohibited dumping of wastes other than those for which are located the containers or is designated this collection service;  It is prohibited the voluminous waste delivery that are not previously reduced as from the dimensions, composition and other characteristics which may cause damage to container or to the collection tools, moreover may cause risks to people or to the persons responsible for the service;  It is mandatory for all types of producers and urban waste holders, object of collection separated in order to recuperate the material and energy, to deliver these materials in accordance with methods specified in the respective services;  It is prohibited moving the containers or the collection points, the used equipments for collection services, damage or subversion;  There are prohibited the behaviors that cause obstacles or delays in performing the service, including vehicle parking near the containers or in the maneuvering vehicles areas for waste collection or sweeping service;  It is prohibited dumping of small wastes in public spaces or for public use (fruit peelings, paper or pieces of papers, cigarette boxes, bottles and similar like those);  It is prohibited delivery of dead animals at the service collecting point;  It is prohibited at the service collecting point delivery of special wastes for which does not exist any appropriate agreement;  The waste burning inside the containers, around them and in any other place, it is strictly forbidden and it is punishable as serious offense because of the fumes of burning gases endangers human health.  It is prohibited pasturing of herbivore livestock in waste bins and collection points as well as taking from waste food for animal as waste bread, etc.  It is not acceptable the right of asking to be excluded from common service without the consent of the Commune. Article 38 The control 123) Except the competences of the organizations responsible by law for the control, the commune activates the supervision to regard the regulation by applying administrative sanctions foreseen by current legislation. 124) The assigned authorities to do the control are authorized to perform all inspections that they feel necessary to determine compliance with certain standards in the regulations. 125) The Commune has the right to require from special waste producers to submit confirming documentation which verifies that the process is performed. 126) In the case of verifying for not conforming to regulations, the Commune through an ordinance motivated by sanitary, hygienic and environmental reasons, decides the execution of required works, which is in charge of the company responsible for the contamination. Also the commune orders the adoption of opportunistic measures to prevent the repetition of the violation of rules and taking the penalizing measures under regulations in force. 150

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127) In cases of leaving the waste in public areas or for public use, where it is not identified the responsible entity for the contamination, the Commune performs collection and further processing, with its funding. Article 39 The sanctions 128)Towards the physical and juridical individuals that do not respect the requirements of this regulation are applied the sanctions of law No.8094, date 21.3.1996, â&#x20AC;&#x153;On the public disposal of wasteâ&#x20AC;? 129) Violation of this regulation shall be punished according to the PUBLIC DIRECTION Nr.______ Date _____________________. CHAPTER VII PUBLIC RELATIONS Article 40 Obligation for information 130) The commune published the scheme of cleaning, cleaning schedules and the preferable public delivery schedules of the disposal of wastes. 131) In the decision process for allocating landfills for composting unit and for their use, are invited to attend the environmental NGOs and the interested public. 132) Everyone has the right to request to be informed on the progress of public waste removal according to the rules and procedures provided for this issue. 133) Physical and legal persons engaged in public disposal of waste who have and use landfills or composting unit, publish the data that have been resulted from their continuous monitoring of their activities, not less frequently than once in three months. Article 41 The complaint procedures and execution A. Obtain Appeal and its Review 134) Every consumer has the right to appeal orally or in writing on the process of public waste removal. 135) Primarily all the customer complaints file in the information office in the Commune and they are addressed to the director of public services section. 136) The party that performs the service receives each day from the service section the list of complaints, which contains the type and source of the complaint. 137) It is obligated to fix the cause of the complaint within 24 hours. In case of not fulfillment it is forced to give explanations to the head of service section within this period regarding the reasons for not fulfillment of the complaint cause. B. Resolution of Complaint 138) The commune has the right to send a supervisor to check the resolution of the complaint. If the supervisor finds deficiencies, he must notify the party that performs the service for these shortcomings. The party should notify the commune when such deficiencies have been fulfillment. The company should crosscheck the work to see if everything is completed in a satisfactory manner.

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Article 42 Public events, fairs, simultaneous shows and season events 139) Activities of the season, Public or Religious Entities, Foundations or Associations, circuses, Political Parties or any citizens group that aims to organize initiatives, such as festivals, fairs, popular celebrations, runs, moveable spectacles or even cultural manifestations or sports, etc., in streets, squares and public areas or for public use are required to provide directly, or through special arrangements with the commune the cleaning of the area which is given to them for use during and at the end of the initiative, delivering in suitable containers set by the administrator all the waste produced directly from their activity as well as those produced by the citizens that have frequented their manifestation. 140) the additional liabilities arising from performing public service will be charged to the organizers of the events. Article 43 Awareness and information campaigns 141) The commune takes care to education, awareness and incentives campaigns for cooperation with the community. 142) Periodically is performed in a broad way an advertising through the comprehensive materials of the qualitative and quantitative results achieved during previous years, particularly in the collection of different type of wastes, with the intention of active community participation. 143) periodically is distributed free of charge a booklet with guidelines for proper delivery of various materials, the use of containers and their location; among other things will be given guidance on the collected fractions, modes of delivery, their destinations, the reasons, needs and claims of citizens’ cooperation. 144) Should be promoted by the respective departments in the commune, as appropriate in cooperation with involved legal persons, education and information campaigns aimed at citizens for specification of: • types of waste for which is activated the differential service; • the purpose and methods of service delivery; • destinations of factions that restores; • obligations and duties to properly submit the waste; 145) In particular, the promotion can be accomplished: • Through tables at the collection points; • Through the press communication; • Through the leaflets distributed to interested users; • Through the other information distribution forms of materials; 146) The legal person as administrator of the collection service is restricted to communicate any changes regarding the methods of performing the service to interested users with a verbal warning, within a minimum of 7 days. Article 44 Cooperation with non-governmental organizations 147) In the activity of urban communal wastes management can exploit the cooperation of volunteer associations, NGOs, public participation etc. 148) Non-governmental organizations carry out the necessary contributions in order to help in properly collecting the waste, which can be inspired from the environmental goals without profits using volunteer activities. 149) Non-governmental organizations that operate without the benefits can be also 152

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included in the collection of specific fractions of recoverable urban waste after signing agreements with the commune, with the filing necessary requirements to demonstrate the collection ways of performing, types of collected materials and their destination, even more the tools that will be used to provide services to guarantee the performance of the hygiene and safety of the works. 150) Non-governmental organizations are authorized by the commune, which determine the place and manner of administration etc. CHAPTER VIII Article 45 Application of regulation 151) Implementation of this regulation is subject to:  State bodies and local organizations  All individuals, city residents, casual pedestrians, tourists and visitors, foreign nationals resident in the commune, employees in public bodies and private organizations.  All subjects who performs economic, commercial, social, educational, cultural, artistic, health, tourism activities.  Legal and physic persons, public and private, domestic or foreign, with contract and licensed for collecting, storing, transporting, recycling, waste processing and disposal. Article 46 Entry into force 152) This Regulation shall enter into force one month after the announcement and its local publication. FOR THE COMMUNAL COUNCIL OF THE COMMUNE GURI I IZI ________________________ C HAI R MAN (....................................)

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A Contract Model for the City Cleaning Services CLEANING SERVICE IN ZONE B OF SHKODRA CITY (NORTH PART) Established today on date __________, between Contracting Authority of Municipality of Shkoder, represented from Mayer ___________ and Economic Operator: ___________ L.t.d. registered with the Court’s Decision as a juridical person with registries No.______, date_________. equipped with license __________. The Company ___________ L.t.d with administrator ___________, with full rights and authority to act and represent the company in all relations with municipality investor to realize the object of the contract. Article 1 LEGAL BASE 1.1 Civil Code Law No.7850, dated 29.07.1994 and its amendments, Part V, “CONTRACTS” title I (chapter I to chapter III), title II (chapter VII), articles 850 and following. a. Law no 9643 dated 20.11.2006 “On Public Procurement”. b. Government Decision No.1 dated 10.01.2007 “On rule approval of public procurement” c. Law No.8094 dated 21-03-1996 “For the public waste disposal” d. Law No.8402 dated 10.09.1998 “On Control and Enforcement of Construction works”, instruction No. 2 of K.M, dated 13.05.2005 “On the implementation of construction works” e. The initial contract signed on 09-07-2008 between investor Shkodra Municipality and Company ________ L.t.d., no. Rep. 3341 and no.col. 1145. f. KM Instruction No. 1, dated 20.01.2010 “On budget implementation” chap.4, under chap.4.1, item 74 “For local use budget.” Article 2 OBJECT OF THE CONTRACT 2.1 . The object of this contract annex is “THE REALIZATION OF CLEANING SERVICES IN THE CITY OF SHKODRA ZONE B (NORTH)” 2.2 Shkodra Municipality aims to collect the urban waste with high level of quality. In this service is included the collection of solid urban wastes as organic waste and non-organic household and transporting them in the garbage pit. There are exempted from this service the industrial and hospital waste. Article 3 THE CONTRACT VALUE 3.1 The contract is signed for value of ________ leke (VAT excluded) and the value of ______ leke (VAT included). The value of the contract annex is extracted from Shkodra Municipality budget with MCD (municipality Council Decision) no.____, dated ________. 3.2 The contractor prices for the well-done services according to the contract annex should not vary from offered prices by the contractor in his offer. This annex contract is financed from Shkodra Municipality budget.

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Article 4 CONTRACT PERIODE 4.1 This annex contract covers the period from 01.03.2010 until 31.12.2010 and is integral with the basic contract, signed by the parties on July 2008. Article 5 THE CONTRACT LANGUAGE 5.1 The contract language is Albanian. Article 6 THE INTENTION 6.1 These general conditions of contract (GCC) shall apply to purchase the services procured by negotiated tender procedure. 6.2 Public Procurement Law in the Republic of Albania provides that the provisions of the Albanian Civil Code shall apply to the public procurement contracts. Some provisions of the Civil Code are reiterated in the GCC in order to increase the transparency of contractual terms. However, citing some provisions herein in no way negates the application of other provisions of the Civil Code of this contract. 6.3 Similarly, some provisions of Public Procurement Law are reiterated in the GCC in order to increase transparency of the law regulating public procurement. However, citing some provisions herein in no way negates the application of other provisions of Public Procurement Law on the parties rights, duties and obligations. 6.4 GCC will apply till at that level until it is not super passed the terms or the provisions represented in other parts of this contract. 6.5 Terms of the contract include also the Special Conditions of Contract (SCC). If there is a conflict between the GCC and the SCC, the SCC shall prevail over the GCC. Article 7 DEFINITIONS 7.1 “Contract” means the written agreement signed between the Public Purchaser and the Contractor consisting by the tender documents including the GCC and SCC, all attachments and completed forms and all other documents incorporated by reference in any document. 7.2 “Contract price” means the payable price to the Contractor under the contract condition for the full and punctual to its contractual obligations. 7.3 “Object of the Contract” mean all services that the Contractor will provide under the contract. 7.4 “Party (ies)” means the signatories to the contract. 7.5 “Contracting Authority” means the Contracting Authority that is part of this contract and in the provisions of this contract is the purchaser of the service. Anywhere this term is used has the same meaning with the definition that is the law. 7.6 “Contractor” means a physic or a legal person which is part to this contract and in the provisions of this contract sells the services. 7.7 “Services” means all tasks to be performed by the Contractor under the contract. 7.8 “Terms of Reference” express object and purpose of the contract, determine the duties, requirements, objectives, distribution, location and delivery of services to be provided. Article 8 CONTRACT COMPILATION 8.1 The winner announcement will serve for contract drafting between the parties, which must be signed within the time stated in the tender documents. 8.2 The contract existence will be confirmed with the signing of the contract document by materializing all agreements between the parties. Article 9 CORRUPTED PRACTICES, INTEREST CONFLICTS AND RECORDS CONTROL 9.1 The Contracting Authority may request the Court to declare illegal the contract if it reveals 155

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that the Contractor has committed corruption acts. Corrupt acts include the acts described in Article 26 of the Public Procurement Law. 9.2 The Contractor shall not be related (present or past) to any consultant or unit that has participated in the preparation of tender documents for this procurement. 9.3 The Contractor agrees to exclude himself from the procurement of goods, services or construction that may ensue as a result of connection with this contract. 9.4 The Contractor should allow the Contracting Authority to inspect accounts and records relating to the implementation of the contract or to have them audited by appointed auditors by the Contracting Authority. Article 10 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 10.1 The Contractor and the Contracting Authority should keep confidential way all documents, data and other information provided by the other party in connection with the contract. 10.2 The Contractor may give to subcontractors such documents, data or other information received by the Contracting Authority to the sub-contractor till at the required amount in order to perform its work under the contract. In such case, the Contractor should include in its contract with the subcontractor a provision promising confidentiality as stated in Section 5.1 above. Article 11 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 11.1 Except the cases provided differently in the contract, all intellectual property rights provided by the Contractor during the contract period shall belong to the Contracting Authority which may use them in his judgment. 11.2 Except the cases provided as otherwise in the contract, the supplier, upon completion of the contract, must submit all reports and data such as maps, diagrams, drawings, specifications, plans, statistics, calculations and supporting records collected or prepared by the Contractor during the contract or materials earned to the Contracting Authority. The contractor may retain copies of such documents and data, but he should not be used them for purposes unrelated to the contract without prior written permission by the Contracting Authority. 11.3 3 The Contractor should assure the Contractor Authority from the irresponsible violating of the intellectual property rights which could arise from the production or performance of services under the contract. 11.4 In case of any claim or suit against the Authority in connection with any violation of intellectual property rights caused by the implementation of the contract or by using the things supplied under the contract, the Contractor should provide the Contracting Authority with all evidences and information on Contractor’s possession relating to such suit or claim. Article 12 GENERAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTING AUTHORITY 12.1 Municipality of Shkodra shall provide this documentation to the Economic Operator which is an integral part of this contract (Annex No.1)  Map of areas with different frequency of collecting, with markets indication and the landfill.  Map of roads that will serve for garbage collection and maintenance.  Map of actual collection points.  Maps and roads list for wiping and washing.  Map of upcoming points of collection, designed by Department of Public Service in cooperation with the chiefs of the Regions.  Map of southern part of town. 12.2 Municipality of Shkodra owns 600 new containers identified with corresponding numbers that will be placed according to maps that are mention above. For the northern area, the municipality shall provide 240 containers of 1110 liters capacity to replace at the current system. 156

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12.3 The general height of roads in the southern area where the containers should be cleaned is about 36 km. The containers place will be determined by the municipality in such a way that the maximum distance of services for the population to be 200 m (in the straight area line). 12.4 Although it is not possible to have a scale, the entire control of the work of making payments for waste collection service will be based on the number of collected containers not in tons of trash collected. 12.5 The current place of wastes is in the territory of the “Giri i Zi” Commune, in a distance of 3 km from the center of city (village Rrenc). Municipality of Shkodra at any moment will be ready to provide the contractor with the relevant authorization for storage and wastes transport in the current landfill. Waste disposal 12.6 During the next few years will set up a new place of controlled compost in the “Bushat” Commune. As soon as this landfill will be in action, the urban solid waste will not jump any more into the actual place or somewhere else but only in new landfill. 12.7 Because the new landfill is 15 km away from the city center (the actual place is 3 km away, the difference is 12 km) actually should be given an additional cost for wastes transportation for this difference from the company and it should be calculated according to price leke/ton given into the winning bid. 12.8 The possible additional costs required by the new landfill will be determined by the Municipality. They will be added to the current bid and will replace the current landfill costs. Recycling, selection of the collection 12.9 Will encourage the innovative practices for separate collection and their recycling. They can be undertaken by the contractor during the contract. These practices must be presented for approval at the municipality and are in the responsibility, risk and benefit of the contractor. Article 13 THE CONTRACTOR GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 13.1 The contractor should perform the services and fulfill its obligations with all efforts, efficiently and economically in accordance with professional techniques and practices generally accepted. 13.2 The Contractor should follow effective business practices and to use advanced and appropriate technology and safe methods. 13.3 If the contract requires the performance of professional advisory services, the Contractor should always act as a faithful adviser to the Contracting Authority, in accordance with the rules and ethical code of his profession and should always support and safeguard the public interest. 13.4 If the contract requires the performance of professional advisory services, the Contractor should execute full care in relations with third parties including the media and should not take part in actions that are outside its competence in the representation of the Contracting Authority. 13.5 The Contractor applies to this contract 3 (three) waste transport cars with capacity of 10 ton according to the technical specifications required by the Contracting Authority with the manufacturing year after 1998 and 1 (one) road sweeping machine with high efficiency for waste, leaf, mud and dust removal with the capacity of 130,000 m2/day equipped with the system to prevent the distribution of dust in the air (water spraying), minimum working width of 2m with the manufacturing year after 1998. Article 14 SPECIAL DUTIES OF THE CONTRACTOR 14.1 The Contractor should perform all services as specified in the Terms of Reference. 14.2 The contractor should submit to the Contracting Authority all services, in specified quantities as required by the contract, including but not limited to all reports, documents, studies, drawings and plans. 157

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14.3 The Contractor should provide reports related to the implementation of the services as required by the contract. A - Frequency of waste collection 14.4 The B Area shown on the map, defined on dependence of the density of population:  Town Center: 2/3 of the containers should be placed in the center of town and will be cleaned once a day, 6 days a week, from Monday to Saturday.  The surroundings: 1/3 of the containers should be placed in the suburbs and will be cleaned three times a week, from Monday to Saturday. 14.5 In this basis, will collect an average number of 200 containers each day, 6 days a week. The market areas will be cleaned each day. These areas are:  Russian market of retail fruit and vegetable (supermarkets meat-fish)  The wholesale market in the road to Koplik 6 km away from Shkodra Hours: 14.6 The center cleaning will be done by night (22:00 to 5:00 a.m.) to avoid traffic and to facilitate the collection of garbage created during the day. The suburbs cleaning can be done during the day. For the center, the cleaning hours can be extended during the day, only in accordance with the municipality to perform the service or in special cases (like markets). It may consider also the use of cars with two shifts. B.- Sweeping and maintenance of roads The purpose of the service 14.7 The purpose of this service is roads cleaning (sweeping and maintenance) with high level of quality. The service is divided as follows:  Mechanical street sweeping – during the night  Sidewalks and squares manual sweeping – during the night  Maintenance of roads – during the day Mechanical sweeping of the streets 14.8 The total area of the city covered of paved roads by mechanical sweeping is 260,000 m2, on which is estimated that 60% are in the southern area and 40% in the northern area. 14.9 The total area determined by the list of roads and maps made available by the Municipality must swept just in two days. Therefore, the sweeping mechanical frequency is 3 times per week, 6 days a week, from Monday to Saturday. The mechanical sweeping hours will be during the night from 22:00 to 06:00. 14:10 Sweeping of difficult surfaces along the sidewalks, where are parked the cars will be organized regularly in cooperation with the municipality. Meanwhile, sweeping of these areas will be manually carried out. 14:11 Sweeping must be done by a machine for street sweeping (vacuum machine):  The machine must have high efficiency for trash, leaves, mud and dust removal.  The machine must have the system to avoid distribution of dust in the air (water sprayer)  The minimum working width of the machine should be 2 meters.  Vehicles must not be older than 10 years (manufactured year 1998) at the beginning of the contract. Sidewalks and squares manual sweeping 14:12 Manual sweeping consists on the removal of trash, leaves, mud and dust. The collected material should lead to garbage containers. 14:13 The total city area covered by mechanical sweeping paved roads is 116,000 m2, according to the list and mapping of roads, including 80,000 m2 and 36,000 m2 of sidewalks, where it is estimated that 60% are in the southern area and 40% in the northern area. 158

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14:14 The difficult areas of roads for sweeping machines are included. For these areas, manual sweeping should be done in coordination with mechanical sweeping by throwing the wastes manually in the machine. 14:15 The total area should be clean in two days. Therefore, the mechanical sweeping frequency is 3 times per week, 6 days a week, from Monday to Saturday. 14:16 Each employee must be equipped with appropriate tools such as wheelbarrow, broom, shovel and clip bin. The workers should wear appropriate clothing with the logo of the firm. Roads maintenance 14:17 Road maintenance consists on the waste removal and collection points cleaning along the 36 km route where are located the containers. 14:18 It is a daily maintenance frequency, 7 days a week. 14:19 The maintenance should be performed in accordance with garbage collection, so the wastes must be jumped into the containers before the arrival of cleaning machines. 14:20 The payment for this service will be based on cleaned and maintenance effective surfaces. C.-The washing roads service 14:21 The purpose of this service is refreshing the roads in summer, which are shown in the list and map. 14:22 The total area covered by washing the city roads is 200,000 m2 of paved roads, according to the list of roads and mapping, which estimated that 60% are in the southern area. 14:23 Frequency of washing is twice a day, 200 days per year (from 1 April-31 October) from 4:00 to 8:00 and 17:00 to 20:00. 14:24 It must use only clean water to wash the streets. Washing should be performed by a washing machine:  The machine must provide a tank of 10 meter cubic water capacity  The machine must be equipped with spraying water on the road with minimum working width of 2 meters  Water consumption should be approximately 0.5 liter/m2, attributable to the firm. 14:25 The payment for this service will be based on effectively cleaned surfaces. D.-Efficient operation of this service 14:26 The company must have and shows that everything is in order with the function and to provide a complete service: cars and machineries, containers located on their places, staff etc. At this time will be a check and a formal receipt. 14:27 Till this system is new, needs to be improved and adjusted in the number of cleaned containers, place and frequency of collection containers to ensure a high quality service for the population. 14:28 For this purpose, the municipality must take decisions to:  Add containers and/or to increase the frequency of collection in places where have lack of containers (in case the regular waste presence distributed in the environment around the containers).  Remove the containers and/or to reduce the frequency of collection in countries where full containers are never find. 14:29 In the case of the regular wastes presence around the side containers because their number is not enough in some places, the company may propose to monitoring team the containers movement from another place where there are surplus containers. If there are not enough containers, the municipality should to buy new others. Before doing this, the company should increase the cleaning frequency and will be paid for this in accordance with prior municipality approval. 14:30 Containers removable and their maintenance are tasks of the contractor and are included in the price. 159

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14:31 Till the calculation of the amount and service payment will be based on the number of cleaned containers, any change higher than 10% of cleaned containers per day, according to a monthly average, will be include in the payment change. F.-The landfill management 14:32 The landfill management is current contractor’s task that consists in:  avoidance of fires,  surface fielding’s,  cover the surface with inert material to facilitate movement of vehicles,  avoiding the expansion of the river bad,  restricting the entry of animals and humans,  Restricting the entry and removal of any waste produced by subareas and/or the city or that produced from industrial sources or hospital. 14:33 The current landfill management will be made by the responsible company for the northern city area. For this reason, the contractor must use a suitable machine (charger or bulldozer) and hire a guard to the waste landfill. The work volume for the machine is estimated on average of 3 hours per day, 6 days a week. 14:34 The Monitoring Team (Department of Public Services) will have a person present in the landfill during garbage collection, who will be responsible for monitoring the arrivals, schedule, type and other information on machines and wastes as well as a means of control and data observation of the company. Therefore, the contractor of the northern part of the city should create a room/office (container) in the landfill entrance for the municipal staff. 14:35 Payment of this service will be based on hours per car and in a total amount for environment providing (room or container for the Controller to pay the landfill + controller). Driving hours for each week will be transmitted each month by the company and will be checked by the monitoring team. Just start a the function of new landfill, the landfill management will be reviewed F.-Management and maintenance of containers 14:36 Management and maintenance of the containers are duty of the contractor. Containers management: 14:37 System Implementation: At the beginning of the contract, the contractor should bring the containers in a storage place designated by the municipality and to place 355 new containers in Shkoder City territory based on the plan of the municipality. 5 containers will be placed at the company as the contractor for replacement reserve of damaged containers during their repairing. 14:38 Improvement of the system: During the contract, the contractor will need to add or remove the containers purchased by the municipality with its request. All containers movements are included in price. The company must have the machine for this purpose. Containers maintenance: 14:39 The containers are and will remain the municipality property. Damaged containers should be regularly repair by the contractor. The company is responsible for permanent control and inventory of all damaged containers, replacement, removal, repairing and restore the damaged containers. For this task, the company must have a car and needed staff to provide containers transportation for repairing and changing the containers places. The company will maintain a stock of 5 containers to be replaced in case it needs spare parts. Major damage to be considered is those related to wheels, caps and large distortions in the body. Till the containers are made for intensive use, will have no needs to repair them if they are treated properly. 160

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14:40 The contractor must have available the proper materials and personnelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to perform this service. It may be a sub-contractor. The payment for this service is in global way (monthly). Washing of the containers 14:41 Each container should be washed and swept every month. For this reason, the contractor must have required personnel and materials. Report for sweeping will be included in the monthly report. Article 15 SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS 15.1 If the contract requires drawing services, the Contractor should prepare the specifications and drawings using systems which are accepted and recognized generally acceptable to the Contracting Authority and will take into account the latest standards. 15.2 If the contract requires drawing services, the Contractor shall ensure that all specifications, drawings and other requirements have been prepared on neutral bases regarding the promotion of competition in the procurement of drawing objects. Section 16 PERMITS AND LICENSES 16.1 The Contractor will be responsible for obtaining the permits or licenses as required by the laws of the Republic of Albania to perform the Services in this contract except the case when the parties agree otherwise. Article 17 REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF MAIN PERSONNEL 17.1 The Contractor shall provide prior written approval from the Contracting Authority before the removal or replacement of main personnel as described in the offer of the Contractor. 17.2 The Contractor will replace any employee if the Contracting Authority finds out that the person has committed illegal acts or the Contracting Authority is very disappointed by the work of the person. 17.3 If it becomes necessary to replace any main personnel, the Contractor shall provide a person as a replacement with equivalent or better qualifications. 17.4 The Contractor will pay additional costs for the replacement of the main personnel except the case when the replacement has come from neglect or lack of attention of Contracting Authority. 17.5 Contractor at his own expenses employs a qualified staff with a minimum of one driver and two workers (loading) for the car. In case of shortage, he is responsible for hiring additional staff. 17.6 The working conditions must be in accordance with current legislation. The contractor is responsible for taking all measures to prevent accidents and diseases. 17.7 The contractor staff must be provided on a permanent and appropriate way with working clothing and gloves with the company logo and appropriate signaling to be safe during the night. 17.8 The containers must be treated carefully by the staff of the contractor, they have to empty them completely and place them properly in certain places. The company is in charge to fix the damaged containers. 17.9 The monitoring team of the municipality is competent to give instructions to the contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s staff leader. Article 18 THE ADDRESS 18.1 The services should be performed on the place or places specified in the contract. 18.2 If the place is not specified yet, the Contracting Authority reserves the right to approve the place or places to perform the Services, however, the approval should not unreasonably be delayed. 161

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Article 19 THE INSURANCE OF PROFESIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 19.1 The Contractor should maintain insurance for professional responsibility based on rules and practices generally recognized in the profession to reimburse the Contracting Authority for damages resulting from negligence, errors or deficiency during the performance of the Services. 19.2 If the contract does not define the minimum amount of insurance, the Contractor shall provide insurance in the amount recognized in general as sufficient under the circumstances of the services that is being provided. Article 20 TERMS OF PAYMENT 20.1 The contract price, including any advance payment must be paid on time as specified in the contract. 20.2 Except when is foreseen by another provision in the contract, the payment must be made in Albanian currency. The rate of exchange of different currencies will be the course of the Bank of Albania on the same day that the contract notice is sent for publication. 20.3 Except when is foreseen by another provision in the contract, the Contractor’s request for payment shall be made in writing to the Contracting Authority. For each request, the Contractor shall submit an original and copy together with a list of items that describes the services performed and for each one of them must be paid. 20.4 Except when is foreseen by another provision of the contract, the payment for the services will be made within 30 calendar days from the date that the services are performed, delivery was submitted or made, or from the date of receiving the request for the payment whichever is the later. 20.5 The payment date will be the day that funds are debited from the account of the Contracting Authority. Article 21 THE PAYMENT DELAYS 21.1The estimated damages caused as a result of the payment delays consist on the interest rate that starts from the date of default of the debtor (Contracting Authority) in the official currency of the country where payment will be made. The percentage of interest is prescribed by law. At the end of each year, matured interest is added to the total amount on base of which is calculated the matured interest. 21.2 The legal interest is paid without forcing the creditor (the Contractor) to prove any damages. If the creditor (Contractor) certifies that it has suffered a greater loss than the legal interest, the debtor (Contracting Authority) must pay the remainder of the damage. Methods of payment: 21.3 Within a range of 200 cleaned bins per day ± 10% cleaned average per day on monthly based, 6 days a week, the adjustment of the number of collected bins will not cause changes in the value of the contract. 21.4 Outside this range, the costs will move depending on the effective number of the cleaned bins. The difference of unit price (up or down) will be 50% of the price per unit for loading a bin. 21.5 The costs of introducing the bins in the system and the movement and their maintenance during the contract are included in paragraph 4, “Management and maintenance of the bins.” 21.6 The collection waste costs and transportation from current collection points during the transition period are fully involved in the collecting service and waste transporting. Article 22 LAWS AND REGULATIONS AMENDMENTS 22.1 If after the date of signing the contract, any law, regulation, ordinance, order or procedure with law effect in the Republic of Albania enter in force which issued or changed and influences the conditions, including the date of delivery, or contract price, the terms or contract price will be adjusted to that way that the contractor is affected in the performance of its obligations under the contract. 162

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Article 23 MAJOR FORCES 23.1 The Contractor shall not be in charge for loss of the contract deposit, liquidated damages or interruption for un fulfillment if and to the extent that the delay in implementation or other failure to implement its obligations under the contract comes as a result of a Major Force. 23.2 For the purposes of this article, “Major Force” means an unforeseeable event beyond the control of the Contractor on the fault or negligence. Such events may include, war or revolutions, fires, floods, earthquakes, epidemics, quarantine restrictions and transit embargo, but they are not limited by, the actions of either Contracting Authority in its sovereign capacity or contractual capacity. 23.3 If it occurs any Major Force situation, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Contracting Authority. Excepting the case when the Contracting Authority gives different directions, the Contractor shall continue to carry out its obligations according to the contract in the extent reasonably practical and shall seek all reasonable alternative means for his performance that can’t be prevented by Major Force. Article 24 DELAYS IN IMPLEMENTATION AND EXTENSION OF TERM 24.1Excepting when is provided differently, the Contractor shall start the execution of the contract immediately after signing it. 24.2 Excepting the case when the Contracting Authority agrees to contract extension, the Contracting Authority is entitled to liquidate the damages for delay in implementation if the Contractor fails to perform the Services within the contract period. 24.3 The Contracting Authority may deduct the amount of liquidated damages that should be paid from the amount of payment to the Contractor. In this case the Contracting Authority shall give the contractor a written notice about the amount and the reason for the deduction. 24.4 The Contracting Authority will agree to an extension of time in case of Major Force. 24.5 The Contracting Authority may agree to an extension of time even in other circumstances if it is in the public interest to do so. In case that the contractor faces conditions that obstruct timely implementation, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Contracting Authority in writing about the delay, the cause and the proposed date of ending Services. The Contracting Authority must assess the application. If the Contracting Authority agrees to the delay, the extension will come into effect by a written amendment to the contract signed by the Contracting Authority and the Contractor. Article 25 LIQUIDATION OF DAMAGES FOR DELAYED DELIVERY 25.1 Liquid able damages for delayed performance of services shall be calculated with the following daily rates: a) For contracts with longer implementation period than 12 months, the daily fee will be 1/1000 of the corresponding value which is left without carrying out the contract total price but not less than 25% of its value. Article 26 NEGOTIATIONS AND AMENDMENTS 26.1 The Parties shall not negotiate changes or amendments to any element of the contract that would change the conditions that form the base of selection of the Contractor. 26.2 No amendment or other variation of the contract shall be valid without being written, dated, expressly refers to the contract and signed by an authorized representative of the Contractor and the Contracting Authority. 26.3 Any waive of rights, powers or corrections that may be made by the parties under the contract shall be write, dated and signed by an authorized representative of the party making the waiver and must specify the right and the limits in which it is issued. 163

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Article 27 CHANGING OF ORDER 27.1 The Contracting Authority reserves the right to order additional services up to an amount not exceeding 20% â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039;of the total contract price. Any additional order must be done consistently with the rules and procedures foreseen in the Law on Public Procurement. Article 28 INTERRUPTIONS FOR DEFAULT 28.1 The Contracting Authority may interrupt the contract in the whole or in part of it, if: a) The Contractor fails to perform services within the period specified in the contract or within any extension granted, or, b) The Contractor fails to perform any other obligation under the contract. 28.2 The Contracting Authority shall give the Contractor written notice of interruption for default and give the contractor 15 days to fix the default except when the interruption is made for corrupt or illegal actions, in this case the interruption will be immediate. Article 29 INTERRUPTIONS FOR BANKRUPTCY 29.1 The Contracting Authority may interrupt the contract at any time if the Contractor becomes bankrupt or insolvent. 29.2 The Contracting Authority shall give the Contractor written notice of interruption. Article 30 INTERRUPTIONS FOR PUBLIC INTEREST 30.1 The Contracting Authority may interrupt the contract at any time if it considers that this action must be taken to a better serve on the public interest. 30.2 The Contracting Authority should give the Contractor written notice of interruption. 30.3 The Contracting Authority should pay the Contractor for all services performed prior to interruption. and shall pay the Contractor for damages caused by partial performance of the Services. In calculating of damages amount, the Contractor will be required to take all necessary actions to minimize the damages. Article 31 THE SUBCONTRACT 31.1 A subcontract shall be valid only if it is in the form of a written agreement by which the Contractor entrusts the performance of a portion of his contract obligations o a third party. 31.2 The contractor should not subcontract without a prior written approval of the Contracting Authority and not more than 40% of the contract value. The contractor shall notify the Contracting Authority about the contract elements that has to be subcontracted and the documentation that proves the ability of the subcontractor. The Contracting Authority will notify the Contractor of its decision within 5 days of receiving notice, expressing its reasons if he approves it or not. 31.3 Each subcontractor should have the right to participate in public procurement according to the Public Procurement Law. The authority may provide direct payment to subcontractor for services that will supply. 31.4 When the Contractor intends to realize a part of the work with subcontractors, must submit to the offer, according to tender documents, all documents required for subcontractor concrete works and that will give through the subcontractor. 31.5 The Contractor remains fully responsible for the implementation of the contract regardless of the behavior of the subcontractor.

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Article 32 THE TRANSFER OF RIGHTS 32.1 The Contractor should not transfer, in whole or in part, it’s under the contract obligations unless the prior consensus of the Contracting Authority. Article 33 CONTRACT INSURANCE 33.1 Within 30 days of receiving the notification of winning the contract, the Contractor should give to the Contracting Authority’s the contract insurance in the amount and form acceptable as specified in the contract. Failure to provide the contract insurance in the form and in the required amount within 30 days will result with cancellation of the contract and confiscation of bid security of the Contractor. 33.2 The amount of contract insurance has to be paid to the Contracting Authority as compensation for any loss resulting from the Contractor’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the contract. 33.3 The contract insurance should be returned to the Contractor no later than 30 days after the date of rendering the services. Article 34 LEGAL BASE 34.1 The contract shall be governed by and interpreted under the Republic of Albania laws. Article 35 DISAGREEMENT SOLUTIONS 35.1 The Contracting Authority and the Contractor should make every effort to resolve the disagreement or dispute arising between them under or in connection with this agreement by direct negotiations. 35.2 If the parties fail to resolve their disagreements or conflicts, the problems will be considered by the solution of contractual agreements and legal procedures applicable under the legislation of the Republic of Albania. Article 36 REPRESENTATIONS OF PARTIES 36.1 Each party should designate in writing a person or organizational position that will be responsible on behalf of the represented party, for making statements and party representation in matters related to the execution of the contract. 36.2 Each party should promptly notify the other party for any modification in the designation of the party’s representative. If a party fails to notify, should undertake any losses caused by failure to give sufficient notice. 36.3 The parties may appoint additional persons or organizational units to represent the party in the action or special event through the written notice in which case it must be given and should define the scope of the representative’s authority. Article 37 THE NOTIFICATIONS 37.1 Any notice given by one party to another under the contract should be made in writing to the address specified in the contract. 37.2 The notice shall be effective when it will be delivered. Article 38 TIME LIMITS CALCULATION 38.1 All references to days shall be calendar days. 165

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Article 39 SPECIAL DUTIES OF THE CONTRACTOR 39.1 The contractor should present to the Contracting Authority, all services in specified quantities as required by the contract, including but not limited to all reports, documents, studies, drawings and plans. 39.2 The Contractor should provide reports related to the implementation of the Services as required by the contract. 39.3 The Contractor should perform all services as defined in technical specifications. Article 40 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 40.1 The contract is based on technical specifications drawn up by the contracting authority (Department of Public Services) and was expressly accepted by the parties under the contract. The technical specifications are annexing integral part of this contract. Article 41 TECHNICAL SAFETY 40.2 The economic operator is responsible for all activities in the offered service, implementing the corrective technical measures for all the staff. The economic operator is responsible for controlling and respecting the requirements for the services quality. It is obliged to perform all tests and inspections in various works which are obligatory technical conditions in force. 40.3 An economic operator is obligated to provide, among other:  Capable employees, health controlled, with permission to exercise specific professions (evidence, permits, authorizations), from authorized bodies recognized by law.  Materials, equipment, protective facilities, individual and collective.  Periodic maintenance and control of machines and machineries which are using for the provide service.  Regulations, orders and instructions in force for technical insurance and labor protection.  The instruction book for technical and protection at work safety of employees. Article 42 PROHIBITIONS, FINES AND PENALTIES 42.1 The economic operator should reimburse the Municipality for any damage caused by its fault. 42.2 The economic operator is subject to restrictions and penalties for unfinished works as follows: 1. In cases where service items are identified undone, which are forecasted estimate in the contract by the Municipality, then in addition to the unfinished work stoppage, the economic operator will be penalized with 5-times the value of the respective item. 1 In cases where the economic operator does not perform the required quality of service from the contract technical specifications and processes provided for any voice work, in addition of stoppage to the work voice, the economic operator will be penalized with 2-times the value of the respective item. 2 The entrepreneur is obliged not to engage other workers out of it society. The economic operator is obligated to provide its employees with uniforms, in which should be placed clear hallmarks of the entrepreneurial society logos (economic operator). In case of not respecting of such a liability the supervisor makes notice for the fulfillment of the obligation. If the economic operator does not arrange it within 5 days from the receiving notice, the supervisor applies fine from 50,000 to 200,000 leke. 166

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b. Penalties 42.3 The Monitoring Team (Department of Public Service) will be charged with controlling the quality and quantity of services. Key elements of penalties provided in this contract are: The penalties 1, for damaged containers The purpose: To avoid reducing the collection efficiency due to damaged containers: not damaged containers on the street The responsibility: the company needs to identify and repair all damaged containers. The company has to wash the containers each month. The control: the head of the neighborhood will check all defective or unwashed containers. The company should replace the containers to another one and it has 5 days to repair the damaged containers. It gives the supervisors a list of damaged containers that are in process to be fixed and the list of washed containers in the monthly report. The criteria: more than 3% of damaged or dirty containers (reported in the street or in refit) reported in a month. The penalty: 5% reduction of the monthly price for garbage collection for every 3% of damaged containers. The penalties 2, for dirty containers The goals: providing the comprehensive quality of collection, the obligation of the firm to provide alternative solution in case of trouble (mechanical, personal ...) The responsibility: the company has to clean each container in the required frequency The control: the head of the neighborhood will check and report to the company, the information on the supervisor, if the cleaning is not done, showing the location, the number, the date and the time of observation. The criteria: punishment if it has more than 10 dirty containers per month. The penalty: 150% reduction of the price for cleaning 1 container for every dirty container. The penalties 3, for unwept roads The goals: providing the comprehensive quality of sweeping, to force the company to find alternative solutions in case of troubles (mechanical, personal ....) The responsibility: the company must sweep any road in the program and with the required frequency, and to find alternative solutions if it is necessary. The control: the head of the neighborhood will check and report whether the sweeping is done or not. The criteria: penalty if more than 2% of the area is not sweep in a month or 10 days in a month without functional machine The punishment: 150% reduction of the price for unclean road surface. The penalties 4, for throwing in the wrong place The purpose: strict obligation intending to stop the company to throw the wastes in the wrong place without a prior consent of the municipal official. The responsibility: the firm should throw the waste where it is required The control: the head of the neighborhood, the supervisor or any other official person will check and report about throwing in the wrong place The criteria: penalty for each wrong throw from a company load The punishment: 5% reduction of total monthly price for garbage collection for each machine in question. Obligation to company to take back the waste again and to clean the place at his own expense; The penalties 5, for the implementation phase Goals: avoiding the lack of service during the transfer of duties from the old company to the new one, the new companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s obligation to take the necessary measures to be ready in time with the required material. Responsibility: the company must provide a sufficient level of quality from day one and to find necessary materials in less than two months. 167

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The control: 42.4 At any time in the first period of two months, the supervisor can control that the quality of garbage collection, cleaning and washing are on the same level as before. If there is an apparent lack of service, the municipality should inform the company and gives them 2 days to correct the situation. 42.5 At the end of first two months, the municipality and supervisor takes the machines, machinery and materials to verify that they are in proper working condition: vehicles equipped with lifting system, machines for containers replacement, cleaning and washing machines and for storage place, workshop to repair cars and containers, washing containers device, equipment for personal staff. Criteria: For each day of lack of visible service or for each impossibility day of material required and operational after 2 months of implementation Penalty: 300% of service unperformed in case of lack of quality. 3% of service monthly value in case of lack of raw materials required; The Penalties 6 for unperformed or incorrect reporting; Goals: to ensure that the company gives throughout the month the requested reports and statistical data and they correspond to the reality. The responsibility: the company must give each month, up to 15-th of the next month, the required records and reports by the supervisor with correct and realistic data. Control: supervisor will check the receipt date of the report and should check and verify the compliance of data with the help of the Regions President and controller on deposit place; Criteria: collection fine for each week or week part of any delay. Double fine if the records are incorrect and all legal consequences taken into account; The fine: 2% discount, then 4% after next week so on the monthly bill that will complain the following month. Article 43 CONTRACT MONITORING 43.1 The Contracting Authority within the meaning of Article 62 of Law 9643 dt.20-11-2006 “On Public Procurement” and Chapter III, point 2 of the VKM 1 date 10-01-2007 “On public procurement rules” in any case can practice controls on the contract implementation or disbursements and in case of violation of the required conditions it applies the penalty provided in the contract. 43.2 The monitoring team will be composed by the Department of Public Services from service supervisor and regional administrators. 43.3 During the control performance the Contracting Authority keep a written process-verbal. At the end of the contract the Contracting Authority should prepare a summary report for accuracy and quality of contract implementation. A copy of this report is given to the contractor upon it is requested. 43.4 The project leader is Eng._____________________ nominated by Municipality with license no._____ date___________ the rights and obligations that belong to him will be regulated by supervisor contract signed by Shkodra municipality. Article 44 REPORTING AND MONITORING 44.1 The monitoring team of the municipality shall have the duty of monitoring the quality and quantity of service. The organization and duties of monitoring team will be as follows:      168

A. Municipality Defines the priorities, the basics of tenders, waste management plan Defines the communication strategy on wastes collection, street cleaning and washing Defines the budgets, approve bills, including the penalties Purchase new materials (containers) and determines the tenders if it is necessary Negotiates with the company in case of disagreement

Annexes

B. Heads of regions (+ inspectors) Role: service control to the population and reporting  Verification of the quality and quantity of service: unclean containers, upswept routes, dirty collection points, damaged containers  Verification and adjustment needs for containers  Where there are many containers (are empty): propose to take them out  Where there is lack of containers (filled containers and wastes in the streets): proposes to increase them  Proposes removal or adding the collection points  Identification of specific needs: solid wastes, event and monitor proposals  provides information Company + supervisor, immediately of any lack quality / quantity:  • Unclean containers (containers ID, basket, street, day and observation time)  • Upswept streets (streets, day and time of observation)  • Damaged containers (containers ID, street, type of injury, date and time of observation)  • Containers that are not washed every month 2. Supervisors, each month: synthesis of quality deficiencies Monthly report as the basis of the municipality report, compensations and penalties C. The supervisor Role: Control of contract compliance, invoices verification and payments proposal to the company’s as well as penalties  Works in the municipality office under the responsibility of the Department of Public Services, sets priorities and provides special company needs (inert, events, containers relocation...) in the framework of the budget  Define statistics and controls the quantities (template (template) new + excel file)  Data on the company (containers maintenance, hours of collection, roads, km, employees, etc.) chairman neighborhood data and controllers in the and landfill  Prepare weekly and monthly reports for the municipality, based on reports of the chairman of the neighborhood Service quantities: control and certification of invoices Lack of quality: the unclean containers, unwept road, dirty collection points, damaged containers, jumps out of the landfill Proposes penalties before the municipality, if necessary, support in the contract, the reports to the chairman of neighborhoods and statistics  Decide the reduction of containers displacement or proposes to increase their number if is needed  Defines specific spending proposals and helps to prepare the annual budget for the municipality of separate from the budget expenses (inert, open points ...) purchase of new containers annual budget amendment. The statistics 44.2 The Contractor should keep a diary for the following items and report every month to the supervisor throw paper and electronic documents:  The processed number of containers to each route  The real collection hours, the daily cars time departure, time of discharge into the landfill, time to return to the garage  Daily mileage of each car  Fuel and oil consumption for each machine, maintenance actions and dates  Number and street car route  List cleaned and washed of streets, hours per day of mechanical cleaning and washing  the workers list and their working hours  Monthly inventory of containers, street by street, with ID numbers and their conditions 169

 Relocation, containers maintenance or their absence, washed containers: the list of those containers (route, ID, number), correcting certain dates.  report on request to the chairman of the quarter or to the supervisor over the containers lack of quality or quantity In the monthly report, the contractor proposes changes to the supervisors:  proposes the addition of containers where they are needed  proposes the reduction or relocation of containers where if there is any need  proposes for addition new collection points  proposes all options for services improved, waste recovery etc. Article 45 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION 45.1 Municipality of Shkodra has the right and obligation to inform the public about the state of cleaning, its performance and to take monitoring initiatives with interested groups. It has the obligation to inform the public through printed and electronic media and to distribute to the citizens an information document about the functioning of this system. 45.2 At any time the Contractor should inform the municipality of Shkodra in printing document and to report on the situation of clearing the area “B”, giving all the necessary details for this service system. Article 46 CONTRACT NEGOTIATIONS ON AFTER EACH PERIODICAL YEAR 46.1 For the value that will be approved each year, corrected for inflation based and in cases of negotiation for the new conditions that may arise, which would reflect the fuel price and the minimum salaries. The contract value may have changes from year to year according added or subtracted working volumes. 46.2 The waste transportation in the new collection place in a distance about 15 km, which may be realized in the future. Article 47 SOLUTION OF DISAGREEMENTS 47.1 The Contracting Authority and the economic operator will resolve with common understanding any disagreement that will arise during the implementation of this contract. In case they do not agree then they should go to Shkodra District Court. Article 48 ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRACT ANNEX 48.1 The contract is drawn, administered and interpreted under the laws of the Republic of Albania. This annex contract is based on the basic contract signed after the tender of dated 14.06.2008. The data’s about the economic operator, timing, value, financing source and warranty period are ensured by the Procurement Unit, which has followed the tender procedure. Article 49 AVAILABILITY OF ANNEX CONTRACT 49.1 This contract shall be considered valid from the moment of signing by both parties. 49.2 This contract was designed in five copies, two copies to the parties and a copy to the project manager. FOR CONTRACTOR AUTHORITY Municipality of Shkoder Mayor ECONOMIC OPERATOR Representative 170

GLOSSARY OF TERMS Avoidance – programs, strategies and activities that prevent materials from entering the waste stream; At-source waste separation- system or scheme of collection of sorted materials directly at the source (houses and/or business units); Baler - a machine that is used to compress recyclable waste or other materials; Biodegradable (organic) waste - means biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises and comparable waste from food processing plants; Capital Cost – (investment cost) means those direct costs incurred in order to acquire real property assets such as land, buildings and building additions; site improvements; machinery; and equipment; Cell – compacted solid wastes, which is enclosed by natural soil or covering material in a sanitary landfill; Commercial Waste– Solid waste generated by commercial establishments such as shops, offices, and restaurants, etc; Compactor Truck/ technological truck- A waste collection vehicle designed for collecting lowdensity solid waste; Composting – the biological decomposition of organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings, brush, and food waste into a soil improvement; 171

Construction and Demolition Waste– Solid waste that result from construction and demolition activities. Collection – waste gathering, including preliminary storage of waste for the purposes of transportation to a waste treatment facility; Curbside Collection – method of collecting domestic (urban) waste in which the householder is responsible for putting the waste (in a bag or container) outside his property; Disposal - The final placement of solid waste that is not recovered or reused, in a landfill or a dumpsite; Drop-off-Station– A location where recovered materials or waste can be set-aside for collection; Dustbin – small container/bin placed along sidewalks and used for storing domestic waste; Industrial Waste– Solid waste that results from industrial processes and manufacturing; Integrated Solid Waste Management– The process of solid waste management that incorporates all steps from generation through to disposal; Inert waste - Includes any solid waste that does not undergo any significant physical, chemical or biological transformation; Hazardous waste - Any waste which displays one or more hazardous properties; Household waste - Any waste coming from households in communes, or municipalities; Leachate – Liquid that is produced after water comes in contact with waste or any liquid percolating through the deposited waste and emitted from or contained within a landfill; Landfill – A solid waste disposal site for the deposit of waste on land or underground; Municipal Solid Waste – Residential and commercial solid waste generated within a community; Material Recovery Facility (MRF) - A mechanic systems for waste separation; Open Burning – The practice of setting fire to waste in open dumpsites; Open Dumpsite - Uncontrolled method for disposing of waste; Operator - any person or company who is responsible for a waste collection, transportation, recovery or disposal site; Packaging - All products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer; On the side segregation - Represents the collection of sorted materials at the public waste collection points located near side-roads, crossroads, within neighborhoods or near commercial centers; Operational costs - Those direct costs incurred in maintaining the ongoing operation of a service, program or facility; Privatization – The process of transferring the provision of existing services from the public to the private sector; Public Awareness and Education - Public relations campaigns focused on informing the public or trying to affect behavior; 172

Public Consultation – The process of informing interested members of the public and discussing the details with them, with the objective of obtaining their support; Public/Private partnership – A joint venture between the government and the private sector; Prevention – Measures taken before a substance, material or product has become waste. Residual material - Remaining part of the waste after a waste treatment process, e.g., the remaining material after composting of waste; Recovery - Any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function; Recovery installation - Any facility or plant used for treatment of waste with recuperation of energy and/or recyclables, composting material, etc; Re-use - Any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived; Recyclables – Components in municipal solid waste that still have useful physical or chemical properties that can be reused or remanufactured; Recycling – The process by which waste materials are transformed into new products; any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes.; Residential Waste – All solid waste that normally originates in a residential environment; Sanitary Landfill – A site where solid waste is disposed of using sanitary techniques (waste compaction and covering); Secondary segregation system/schemes - Stations or recycling centers may serve as complementary of the primary segregation system of recycling materials (acceptance, temporary storage and further separation); Separate collection - The collection where a waste stream is kept separately by type and nature so as to facilitate a specific treatment; Storage – Temporary holding of municipal solid waste pending collection; Stop-and-go - A repetitive operation process of waste collection- stop to empty containers and collect waste and go to consecutive collection point; Transfer Station – A facility where municipal solid waste from collection vehicles is consolidated into loads that are transported by larger trucks or other means (such as by rail or barges) to distant disposal sites; Temporary storage - Storage of waste for a period less than one year without operations resulting in a change in the nature or composition of waste; Transport - The entire range of activities including loading, conveyance and unloading as well as the preparation, servicing and maintenance of vehicles used to transport wastes; Treatment - Recovery or disposal operations, including preparation prior to recovery or disposal; Transfer Vehicle – A vehicle with a large capacity for transporting waste from a transfer station to a disposal facility; 173

Solid Waste Management – The purposeful systematic control of the generation, storage collection, transport segregation, processing, recycling, recovery, and disposal of solid wastes; Tipping Fee – A fee that is charged for unloading of waste at a transfer station, resource recovery facility, or disposal facility; Waste Management Hierarchy – Internationally recognized strategy for management of municipal solid wastes that places greatest emphasis on strategies and programs for avoiding and reducing waste, recovery and reuse of materials, with treatment and disposal being the least favored options; Waste Minimization – The action taken to eliminate or reduce the quantity of materials before they enter the waste stream; Waste Prevention – Programs, strategies and activities that prevent materials from entering the waste stream (Synonymous with Avoidance); Waste Audit - A formal, structured process used to quantify the amount and types of waste being generated within a waste area, neighborhood or a certain number of consumers; Waste management - The collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and the after-care of waste disposal sites, and includes actions taken as a dealer or as a broker; Waste producer - Any person whose activities produce waste (the original waste producer) or any person who carries out pre-processing, mixing or other operations resulting in a change in the nature or composition of that waste.

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Hoornweg D., Thomas L., Otten L. (1999): Composting and it’s Applicability in Developing Countries, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK http://www.wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/05/19/000094946_0 1050904010643/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf INPAEL and MoEFAW (2011): National Waste Strategy, Published on the Official Bulletin on 17 January, 2011 INPAEL and MoEFAW (2011): National Plan and Strategy on Waste Published on theOfficial Bulletin on 17 January, 2011 INPAEL and MoEFAW (2011): The Law on Integrated Waste Management, Published (No. 10463 Dated 22.09.2011) Karagiannidis, A. Antonopoulos, I, Tsatsarelis, T. (2000) Statistical analysis and risk assessment of open dumps in the Hellenic coastal prefecture of Iaconia’, Article of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Schübeler P. (1996): Conceptual Framework for Municipal Solid Waste Management In LowIncome Countries, Working Paper No. 9, SKAT (Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation) http://www.worldbank.org/urban/solid_wm/erm/CWG%20folder/conceptualframework.pdf The Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development (DANCED), (2002): Solid Waste Tariff Setting Guidelines for Local Authorities The Urban Institute (2003): Manuali për Kostot dhe Tarifat për Pastrimin e Rrugëve dhe Mbledhjen e Mbeturinave, USAID-Asistenca Teknike per Pushtetin Vendor në Shqipëri, Projekti i UI 06901-013, Tetor 2003 Wilson D., Whiteman A., Tormin A. (2000): Strategic Planning Guide for Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2000 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank URI/HSIC/ Municpality of Lezha, (2011): Plani per Menaxhimin e Qendres se Ndarjes te Mbetjeve te Riciklueshme (QNMR), in Municipality of Lezha, dldp-2- Municipality of Lezha- 2011 Zurbrügg C.(2003): Municipal Solid Waste Management Defining the Baseline, SANDEC http:// www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/swm/index?print=1

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