Koko Wu_ Portfolio_2023

2019 2024

Architecture Portfolio ACADEMIC WORKS 01

Revive Collective Intimacy

02

Rebuild Columns

03

Renovate the Fanshape School

04

React to the Changing Sealevel

05

Reconnect Urban Topographies

Delft University of Technology _MSc Architecture Urbanism Building Science

South China University of Technology _Bachelor of Architecture

PROFESSIONAL WORKS 06

Winning Competition_HAFUN

07

Furniture

08

Construction _ Baozhu Pavilion

09

Construction _ Office

10

Design Proposal _ WANKE

11

Art exhibition _ K11

C.F. Møller_Copenhagen _Competition intern (6 months)

Untitled Architects_Shanghai _Junior Architect (12 months)

RESEARCH

KOKO WU

12

Concrete Design Master class

13

Facade Study of Blaak 8

14

Concrete Damage and Countermeasures

Workshop, Electives

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

MSc 3 Independent Group_Interiors Building Cities Daniel Rosbottom (D.J.Rosbottom@tudelft.nl) Koen Mudler (K.B.Mulder@tudelft.nl) Mark Pimlott (M.Pimlott@tudelft.nl) Aleksandar Stanicic

Design and Research

Research Plan

Cum Laude

01

4

Revive Collective Intimacy 5

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

Shenyang Workers' New Village

Public workshop

working

mediacl care

meeting

lecture

sports

theater

reading

carpentry gardening

cooking working

Private

laundry bathing

central kitchen

cleaning

child-rearing

sewing

living sleeping

canteen

6

7

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

Necessary extension is applied for bigger collective space. It starts with one goal: to keep balance between privacy and collectivism in co-living (research result of the dilemma).The study of sequence arrangement shows how to achieve this even in a compact layout. Basically a sequence of corridor, collective space and facilities works as a threshold before the bedroom.

01 Original

02 Update

03 Installation

8

9

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

Collective Heart

01

02

03

04

Now the central space is enlarged and works as the heart of collective living groups.The rearrangement of plan leads to wall and façade demolishment.

Firstly, temporary supports consisting of a jack posts and lumbers are set up along two sides of the wall.Then, the brick wall is demolished, by drilling and hammering. Keep a skin brick where it is connected to the facade and floor. Raise up the beam and hammer it in the right position, and connect it with the inserted steel plate. At the same time, the adjacent windows are enlarged laterally and the original brick lintels failed, this part of the wall is removed entirely, and new lintels are applied to connect brickwork and support new windows. and remove the jack posts. Finally, another new layer of interior is applied and create cozy interior atmosphere.

Here is the list for interior installation: Small Kitchen - Chrome steel work surface - Chipboard cabinets with white synthetic resin surface - White synthetic resin surface - Appliances Electrolux (glass ceramic hob, 2 ovens, dishwasher) - Double glazing - Inside curtain rail Balcony - Wooden floor - Metal railing, partly re-used - Sun protection vertical blinds fabric light 10

11

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

01

02

03

04

05

Bedroom · Anhydride base sealed (insulation) · Walls painted white and protected by dark green skirting made of wood-based panel (OSB – Oriented Strand Board) · Ceilings painted reflecting light or left natural · Wood-metal windows, partly re-used · Wardrobe made of wood material · Oak floor · Underfloor heating · Simple ventilation system

Bathroom · White flooring tiles · Walls tiled white · Apparatus ceramic white, · Sink partially re-use · Mirror cabinet · House technic · Underfloor heating · Simple ventilation system ​

Second room • Anhydride base sealed (insulation) • Walls painted white and protected by dark green skirting made of wood-based panel (OSB– Oriented Strand Board) • Ceilings painted reflecting light or left natural • Renovated fenestration • Oak floor • Underfloor heating • Simple ventilation system

Renovated fenestration • (New) Silane/Siloxane Penetrating Sealer • (Existing) Mass Masonry Wall • (New) Taped Interior Dimple Mat w/ Primer • (New) Closed Cell Spray Foam • (New) 2x4 Framed Interior Wall • (New) Mineral Wool Batts • (New) Gypsum board • (New) Plywood Board_Dark green • (New) Plywood Floor_ primary color

Renovated flooring • (New)Plywood flooring • (New)Piping system: PE-RT or PEX Ø10 x 1,1mm pipe which is utilized to transport hot and cold water for underfloor heating applications.

• (New)Other components (filling, primer, perimetric tape, pipe fittings and manifolds) • (New)Sound insulation • (Existing)Floor joists with poured cement • (New) Ceiling

05

01

02

03

Minimal Living Cell

04

01 02 03

04

12

The bathroom works as another threshold between 2 rooms (one main room 19m2& a 2ndspace 10 m2) for different usage.The partitions comprise a frame of timber studs secured to the floor, ceiling and walls, which is then covered with reflective plasterboard and plywood.

13

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

Collective Pavilion

New pavilions subdivide the corner yards and work as colelctive spaces.

Functions (such as meeting, leisure activities, presentations, and readings) will be decided by all resident users.

Characterized by multiple uses and user overlap, pavlions cannot be easily assigned a specific degree of public access.They can be made extremely private and intimate, or it can be given a more public character.

Therefore, flexible usage is the design core.

14

15

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR3AI100 Msc3 Interiors Building Cities

Columns and horizontal members are connected by embedded metal parts.The edge is poured with concrete to form a smooth curved surface, falling rainwater slides along the edge into the gutter.When panels are closed, skylight provides lighting.

The shed has only one floor, it is perfect for ground-floor activities: 100m2 single space. sliding door for separate rooms. Each bay is 3m*2.1m.The outer skin provides a temporary overhang also a shielding to coldness in winter when the exterior sunshades are open. It’s adjustable by a pull rod and supported by gas strud.

16

17

AR1UA010 Msc1 Urban Architecture

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

TU Delft 2022/23 Q3

AR0136 MAKING

02

Rebuild Columns Concrete Design Competition 2022, Joint First Prize XG068 - MODUMN

TU Delft 2022 Spring AR0136 MAKING Instructor: Henri van Bennekom (H.A.vanBennekom@tudelft.nl) Group work with Gina Goedert, 10 weeks (My role: design & visualisation)

Modumn is a prefabricated concrete module that provides rapid and independent self-

construction in response to climate change and social contradictions. Each module has a diameter of 30cm and a height of 45cm, and weighs about 5-12kg, depending on the scaling size. By stacking on top of each other, a concrete column can be assembled. We also design the foundation module and beam module, and complete the whole process from factory prefabrication to on-site assembly. All modules are based on the same positive and negative type, which makes assembly a simple three-step process: placing the foundation, stacking the modumn, and inserting the beam. This project was selected as the 1st prize of Concrete Design.

20

21

AR0136 MAKING

Product Catalogue

TU Delft 2022/23 Q3

01. Formwork for industrial mass production

02.Transportation

03. On-site assemblance

22

23

AR0136 MAKING

24

TU Delft 2022/23 Q3

25

TU Delft 2022/23 Q3

AR0136 MAKING

01. Clearing and excavating the site

02. Insert modular foundations

03. Fix the first three with mortar

04. Three modules are a set; Fill the gaps with mortar

05. Level out the top layer

06. Insert wooden beams Level the ground

MODUMN HOUSE

Beams

Modular Founda�on

26

Modumn

27

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR1UA010 Msc1 Urban Architecture

03

Renovate the Fanshape School Instructor: Gilbert Koskamp, Ger Warries, Laurens Boodt, Mikel van Gelderen Individual work, 14 weeks

After the war damage, the school was a response to repairing the urban fabric. Located north of the cathedral, and south of the crossroads, the school site is roughly fan-shaped. To fit the irregular shape, classrooms are arranged along the long arc of the fan.

Stairs and toilets are between them. The path leading to each room is unclear and sometimes has to go through other rooms.

1925

1945

The main body of the school is on the long side of the fan, surrounding the underground gymnasium.

The irregular shape brought the school a not good circularity and poor sunlight and ventilation. The lighting and ventilation system is inefficient and contradictory. Teachers complained that “If you open the window to ventilate, the sun will shine on the screen and you won’t be able to see it.’’ The gym is dusk too.

1980

But the shape also brought good points, playfulness in the corridor, shared space in the middle of the building, and the bent façade accommodating the street. They are kept as the memory.

The cathedral Surroundings The school

28

The timber corridor is structurally independent, and serves as the core intervention in the school.

All rooms are connected well by a straight and clear path. Service spaces like restroom, staircase, and office are rearranged along the path, classrooms refined in the radius structure could be enlarged.

29

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR1UA010 Msc1 Urban Architecture

A

A

Third Floor Plan 30

A-A Section Detail of the Corridor 31

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR1UA010 Msc1 Urban Architecture

Birch wood grill

H Beam supporting the curtain wall

3

5

7 80

60

100

150×10mm floor board 18mm plywood insulation with pipes impact sound insulation softwood for ribs 120mm×50mm pine

4

180mm insulation

portal aluminum frame C 15C 180

plywood 15mm sheet steel sills open butt joints rockwool hollow wall thick 30 strip of alkorflex

1 2

6

Vent window

2

Detail Design Above the gym is the enlarged playground, which is open to the public.

1. Playground

For ventilation and sunlight.

2. Skylight

The bottom and top can be opened for ventilation.

A soundproof panel is used in the middle.

3. Combined façade

A relatively private space is naturally formed between the facade and the columns.

4. Learning street

The wooden column is suspended in the air to prevent moisture.

5. Pedestal

The connection between corridor and classrooms.

6. Small bridges

Relatively noisy hallway areas and quiet classrooms are separated and connected by bridges.

7. Composite partition wall

32

Skylight Renovation

33

TU Delft 2021/22 Q1

AR1UA010 Msc1 Urban Architecture

3

34

Learning street

6

3

Elevation detail

5

Column detail

7

Roof detail

Small bridge

35

SCUT 2019/20 Semester

Individual Porject

04

React to the Changing Sea Level

SCUT 2019 Autumn Instructor: Haohao XU Individual work, 5 weeks

Like other delta regions in the world, China's Pearl River Delta region faces the threat of extreme climate change for a long time.

Hardening river banks and filling river channels is a widely adopted approach, which extremely harmful to the natural environment and human settlements. In the past, rivers were not only transportation, but also a part of life. Laundry, cooking, and even life and entertainment all relied on rivers. After urbanization it is no longer a part of human life, and the water system becomes a barrier that needs to be crossed.

Straight bridge is commonly used to connect the land separated by the water system in modern cities. I broke the shape of the original bridge and spliced it with unitized blocks. A bridge whose form changes along with water tide in a day or in the whole year will definitely bring people and nature closer together. Artifacts are no longer eternal.

2200B.C.Water line 2100B.C.Water line Severely flooded area

36

37

SCUT 2019/20 Semester

Individual Porject

Four sets of composite wooden posts are fixed on the river bed.

Thus the hydrophilic platform can be raised and lowered according to the change of water level, causing the building form to change with the change of water level.

A-1 DETAIL D-1 DETAIL HIGH WATERLINE B-1 DETAIL LOW WATERLINE C-1 DETAIL

E-1 DETAIL

Changing Form & Tide

Low Water Level

Mid Water Level

Form changes along with the ebb and flow of the tide.

Accordingly, structural details are made movable to produce morphological changes. The nodes are composed of wood strips and bolts. The shading cloth shield unenclosed interface and changes with the tilt angle of the diagonal rod.

A-1

These indexes point to the details of the wooden structure details below. Through the combination of tenon and rivet reinforcement, the wooden strips can be rigidly joined or hinged. A-1 details is the core of the deformable frame due to its ability to slide up and down.

B-1

C-1

D-1

E-1

High Water Level

38

39

Individual Porject

SCUT 2019/20 Semester

Singular Types There are three kinds of modules according to the different composition structures of the smallest social groups --- family. The overall roof level of the building remains stable, WHILE the shape of the shelter changes with waterline in a day/ year.

Area:6000*6000 Function: dinning, working Population:

6m*6m Cube House as the smallest basic unit provided for solitary and family.

Area:12000*12000 Function: dinning, working communicating Population:

12m*12m house provided for family and small shop.

area:18000*18000 function: dinning, working, communicating, shopping, etc. population:

18m*18m as the largest unit provided for residence or commerce.

40

41

SCUT 2019/20 Semester

Individual Porject

05

Reconnect Urban Topographies SCUT Design Studio VI, 2019 Autumn Urban Design of Kuaizi Lu Historic District Instructor: Jiang FENG (jfeng@scut.edu.cn) Individual work, 15 weeks Site: Foshan, China

The Fragmented City Due to the disordered urban development process in Foshan city, new high-rise buildings (2019) are mixed with low-rise traditional buildings (1923). The city is fragmented with two different types of terrain.

Intervention principle --- Embed public framework STEP I Translate urban form into terrain. Divide the height difference by the grid spacing to get the Φ value. Based on the Φ value, the intersection is selected. The new public space will be inserted here.

STEP II This value represents the degree of difference in the height of the building. The larger the value, the larger the difference.

Topography of 2019

Topography of 1923

42

STEP III Divide the values into three categories, corresponding to flat terrain, slightly different terrain, and greatly varying terrain. The public spaces are implanted in the high, middle and low places respectively.

Three grid structures are placed --- the Ladder, the Bridge, the Patch, to form a united three-dimensional public space network.

43

SCUT 2019/20 Semester

Individual Porject

The abscissa indicates how Φ value affects the implant frame size. The larger the value, the larger the difference and the larger the implanted frame. The vertical axis shows different attitudes towards differences: increasing or smoothing them. Ladder, Bridge, Patch are used to achieve this. In the end, there will be nine schemes according to the characteristics of different locations.

Ladder

81.000

Ladder, Bridge, Patch Topography & Frame

Φ=0

Φ=0.5-2.5

Φ=2.5-5.0

Frame 4*4*4

Frame 8*8*8

Frame 12*12*12

Strategy

The Bridge

The bridge connects people with heterogeneous backgrounds, and gaps generated by buildings of different heights.

The Ladder 39.600

The ladder increases the height of buildings, thus forming a central symbol and offering urban view derived from air right.

33.000 27.300

Bridge The Patch

The patch fills in the enclaves and merges different relationships while maintaining heterogeneity.

44

The Ladder

45

Impartial Edifice

Silver Building

Xianfeng Li

Guangyuan Building

Tianhai Restaurant

Xianfeng Li Kuaizi Building

One Possible Framework

Insert removable frames on the original urban texture, whose locations and modules are regulated by site conditions, to reshape the urban blood vessels.

46

Peide Li

47

C.F. Møller Architects, Copenhagen

Professional Work

Ground floor plan_Lea

06

HAFUN Research Building Winning Competition, the University of Hamburg '2023 C.F. Møller Architects, Copenhagen Leading architect: Thue Borgen Hasløv, Emmanuel Van Oost, Kamila Rawicka Intern: Xinyue, Timo, Lea My job: Facade design, model making(3d printing) On Friday, 24 February, Science Senator Katharina Fegebank revealed the winning design

by C.F. Møller Architects for the University of Hamburg's new HAFUN research building in Science City Hamburg Bahrenfeld, Germany. The building consists of two atrium buildings, linked by a corner in each volume. This creates a building geometry like a double loop, which with one unifying facade provides a recognisable and iconic building, which in combination with its landscape design adapts to its surroundings. The building steps down with green roof gardens towards the residential area to the south and opens towards the existing campus to the west.

48

Facade Design & Modelling _Rhino, Enscape, Photoshop_X.Wu

49

C.F. Møller Architects, Copenhagen

Professional Work

A�ka.

20,30

Dach.

19,40

Dach.

15,40

3.0G

3.0

14,80

14,80

2.0G

2.0G

10,40

10,40

1.0G

1.0G

6,00

EG

6,00

EG.

0,00

0,00 9,20

18,00

35,30

Ansicht Ost

A�ka.

22,50

1:200 A�ka.

20,30

A�ka.

Dach.

19,40

19,40

A�ka.

15,40

3.0G

Dach.

14,80

14,80

2.0G

2.0G

10,40

10,40

1.0G

1.0G

6,00

6,00

EG

EG.

0,00

0,00 14,76

12,20

42,20

Ansicht West 1:200 A�ka.

20,30

Dach.

19,40

Dach.

15,40

3.0G

3.0

14,80

14,80

2.0G

2.0G

10,40

10,40

1.0G

1.0G

6,00

EG

6,00

EG.

0,00

0,00 18,00

Facade Representation

_Rhino, Enscape, Photoshop_X.Wu

3,75

21,75

Facade Detail

_Rhino, Enscape, Photoshop_X.Wu

Ansicht Süd 1:200

50

51

Professional Work

C.F. Møller Architects, Copenhagen

The 3D printed model is placed on a wooden board with dimensions specified by the competition committee. Several test samples with various combinations of parameter settings are made before the final print. White plastic materials are used for the main building and the surrounding landscape, indicating the open green connections with the campus environment.

3d printing model

_Rhino, Ultimaker Cura, Blender _handmade_X.Wu

52

53

C.F. Møller Architects, Copenhagen

Professional Work

07

Furniture

This design is a team work with Maria. It transfers the warehouse mezzanine into a showroom where construction materials are stored and showed. Cantilevered, warm-colored wooden shelves line against the walls, making the windowless concrete space feel less oppressive.

54

This design is a team work with Lea, Adam and Timo. The inaccessible space under the pitched roof is perfect for a new shelf for model materials.

The vertical space is suitable for large-sized foam boards, which is the most common materials in the model room. And the horizontal compartments are suitable for various strip materials. I number each board and get them cut by dimension at SILVAN next to the company. The grooving is finished on-site by us. Finally the planks are connected together with bolts.

55

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

08

BAOZHU Culture Center

Photo_DJI Mavic 2, PS_ X.Wu 56

Untitled Architects, Shanghai Leading architect: WANG Hao Architect: ZHOU Yang, WU Xinyue, CAI cai My job: Modeling, construction drawing

ABSTRACT: This is a realized project renovating the famous historic buildings, Baozhu House, into a new-Chinese style culture center. The project is located at the northwest of Cicheng, an ancient town in the Yangtze Basin of China. It was built in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty as a private residence for Feng Benhuai, a descendant of the Feng family in the town. It later became his private library.

TIMBER: We translate the original structure language into a modern system, which is adopted in the building No.3. The basic geometric system of the octagon is embedded in the square plan. Eight concrete columns rise to the roof dome's base ring beams, which support the spiral dome. The traditional spirulina well is the source of the new structure.

Diagram_Rhino_X.Wu 57

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

Section of Building No.3 (Approval Version)_AutoCAD, Sketchup_X.Wu

Structure Diagram_ Rhino_X.Wu

We translate the original structure language into a modern system, which is adopted in the building No.3.

The basic geometric system of the octagon is embedded in the square plan. Eight concrete columns rise to the roof dome's base ring beams, which support the spiral dome. The traditional spirulina well is the source of the new structure.

Plan of Building No.3 (Approval Version)_AutoCAD, Sketchup_X.Wu 58

59

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

Plan & Section of Building No.3 (Approval Version) _Sketchup, AutoCAD_X.Wu

60

Elevation_Photo_ZHOU Yang 61

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

09

Bund Office Reconstruction

Drawings (Non-approval version)_Sections _Rhino, AutoCAD_X.Wu

Design Proposal (Ongoing), 2021 Untitled Architects, Shanghai Leading architect: WANG Hao Architect: ZHOU Yang, WU Xinyue, CAI cai My job: Modeling, rendering, drawing The Suichang County Office plans to convert a four-story building in Shanghai's Bund business district into the new reception branch, including offices and a club.

62

63

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

Renderings_Rhino,Vray_X.Wu

64

Drawings (Non-approval version)_Plan_Detail _Rhino, AutoCAD_X.Wu 65

Untitled Architects, Shanghai

Professional Work

10

WANKE _Bamboo Pavilion

11

Design Proposal, 2021

Timber Revival K11 Art mall exhibition, 2020

Untitled Architects, Shanghai Leading architect: WANG Hao Architect: ZHOU Yang, WU Xinyue My job: event planning, exhibition management (budget checklist, model checklist), exhibition arrangement (on-site set-up, tour guide, post-exhibition liquidation)

Drwaings _Plan_Rhino, Illustartor_X.Wu

Perspective_V-Ray, PS_X.Wu

Plane Positioning

Spatial Positioning

Weaving

FlowAlongSrf

Woven Arch

Budget checklist _Excel_X.Wu Diagram _Grasshopper, Rhino_X.Wu 66

67

Concrete Design Master Class, Kassel, Germany

Research Work

12

Concrete Design Master Class

02 Chair_Grey shape_by all

Reimagine concrete - International Masterclass with the national winners - 2022 Kassel Concept and coordination : Siebe Bakker (bureaubakker) Group work with: Luisa, Joshua, Nick, An-Sofie 01 Chair_Folding _X.Wu

03 Table_Vacuum forming_by

The workshop lasted about ten days, during which five types of concrete technologies were used: folding, vacuum forming, grey shape,spraying and 3d printing. For our group, furniture is the top topic: tables and chairs.

Compared the common treatment, these "new" techniques helped us realizing soft and irregular shapes. The hand-casting method gives the industrial concrete we see every day more human-scale details, such as hand-induced textures, cracks, wrinkles, and bubbles. Among them, the experiment of the 3d printing with KUKA lasted the longest. After many attempts, we obtained the most suitable parameters to achieve the combination of standardization and natural beauty.

68

69

Concrete Design Master Class, Kassel, Germany

Research Work

04 Desktop items_Spraying, Grey shape, Folding_by all

05 The Babel_KUKA 3d printing_by all

Grasshopper_by Nick

70

71

Facade Study Blaak 8, Rotterdam

Research Work

01

13

08

In this case, facade units are interlaced or aligned. The horizontal connection is finished by two groups of rebars. Horizontal connections are made by facade and floor units. The prefabricated L-shaped steel bars in the facade and the embedded metal box(all uniform spacing 600mm) in the floor are for positioning(shown as green). Another layer of cement is poured, connecting the rebar (green dotted line, all uniform spacing 150mm) and the slab. It also fill in the gap between facade and slabs. A rubber bearing(shown as yellow) is placed at the support point. This horizontal connector avoids edge spalling of the beams due to the compression joint in the bearing surface and absorb the component movements due to thermal expansion(Fig.08).

Facade Study Blaak 8 AR0134 Technoledge Façade Design TU Delft 2022/23 Q3 (10 weeks) Instructor: Arie Bergsma, Alessandra Luna Navarro Group work with: Nefeli Karadedu- Zahra Khoshnevis- Yanyu Liu

02

Analysis fragment The course is cimposed of two parts: analysis and redsign.

The project we chose for the first part is the Blaak 8 Rotterdam(Fig.01). We chose a corner fragment which is located from 6th to 8th floor for further analysis (Fig.02_03). The reason is stated as below.

Vertical reinforcement connections are only made between the facade elements, which are staggered for better force transmission. Vertical rebars (shown as red) are inserted on site, and the next vertical facade unit is put on top by the crane. The gaps between the vertical and horizontal components are filled with cement throgh the predrilled holes. This vertical connection is also applied to the corner connection.

The corner units are notched, and the two sides can be spliced together like building blocks, and then connected by vertical steel bars.

09

Building physics

Design concept & Load path

72

Facade fixing systems

We chose this corner fragment to study for two reasons: not only does it represent the path of loads through the overall building, but it also expresses how load-bearing concrete facades work. The structure of a tree with its natural constructional logic has been the inspiration for the facade design (Fig.04). The structural support system required to withstand horizontal loads varies in different parts of the building. In certain areas, the load from the panels is transferred to the truss and steel bracings located on the 6th to 9th floors (Fig.05).

The panels consist of reinforced concrete and are capable of transferring horizontal loads directly to the floors through rigid connections(Fig.06). The use of different structural systems in different parts of the building is due to the varying loads and forces present in each location(Fig.07). By utilizing the appropriate system for each area, the building’s overall structural integrity is enhanced, ensuring its safety and stability.

03

05

06

04

The maximum U-value allowed for external walls in office buildings, according to the Dutch Building Decree (Bouwbesluit), is 0.24 W/m²K. This means that the wall should not allow more than 0.24 watts of heat to pass through it per square meter of wall surface area for every 1-degree Celsius difference in temperature between the inside and outside of the building.

However, if the building was designed and constructed before 2012, it is likely that different regulations were in place at the time, which may affect compliance with current standards (Fig.09).

Circular materials

10

The critical elements of the facade design in terms of circularity may be the reinforced concrete and glazing components, and the fact that only some of the windows can be opened may limit the potential for improving circularity in the design (Fig.10).

07

73

Meelfabriek, Leiden

Research Work

14

Concrete Damage and Countermeasures Case Study of the Meelfabriek in Leiden, AR0141 CSI Heritage TU Delft 2021/22 Q3 (10 weeks) Instructor: Silvia Naldini (S.Naldini@tudelft.nl) Group work with: Daan Kok, Deying Chen, Eva Maarleveld

Eastsouth

Westnorth This paper provides an analytical process for de Ketelhuis, a historic building in De Meelfabriek, based on judgement tools learned from the course, such as value assessment, damage identification, the Monument Diagnosis and Conservation System (MDCS) and mapping.

Value assessment By investigating the history contexts, original construction material and techniques, we connected the history contexts with value assessments of different scales, including surroundings, building and materiality (Fig.01).

Matrix of value assessment

Dome expansion with major damage

Damage identification (MDCS) • 1. Cracks

• 4. Detachment

Hypothesis: 1) plastic settlement within the first hours after pouring; 2) reinforcement corrosion. 3) thermal deformations.

Suggested investigations: 1) Measurement of the crack layout. 2) Compression strength to check the material.

Hypothesis: loss of alkalinity due to carbonation.

Suggested investigations: 1) PH test - Drilling samples and spraying phenolphthalein to see the color; 2) Half cell potential test; 3) Measure the thickness of the concrete layer - to compare the datas between corrosion level and concrete thickness.

• 2. Corrosion & Spalling

Hypothesis: 1) a disruption between aggregate; 2) Abrasive effects of water or too strong cleaning of the concrete; 3) the low cement content or exposion to freezethaw in the early stage of the hardening process.

Suggested investigations: 1) Profoscope; 2) Drilling samples and spraying phenolphthalein; 3) Half cell potential test.

• 5. Surface changes

Hypothesis: 1) Algae; 2) The carbonation of the concrete surface.

Suggested investigations: A magnifier can be used for observing the type of biological growth.

• 3. Surface changes

Hypothesis: 1) Salt crystallization of the surface layer of the concrete; 2) rusty stainings from reinforcement and steel structure and other metal details such as glazing or door frame; 3) Graffiti on the interior surfaces.

Suggested investigations: 1) Measurement; 2) Take some samples and see if they can resolve in the water.

74

The assumed damage process

Proposed interventions Locate and map the damaged area, removie material around the rebar and all the spalling parts, clean up/ repair rebar, roughen the surface and construct casting element Investigations based on hypothesis

Interventions 75