El Estado (sept-oct. 1946)

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EL ESTADOApartado 893 S. J.

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Suscripción Anual: Pago adelantado $1.50

Director Administrador: LUIS LOPEZ TIZOL

REVISTA BIMESTRAL DE ORIENTACION AÑO II

ESTADISTA

SAN JUAN, P. K. — NOVIEMBRE, DICIEMBRE — 1946

NUM. 7

EDíTORiAL POR UN AÑO FELIZ.. .

no siente odios ni rencores y para él la felicidad y el futuro de la Isla se sobreponen a cuales

Como en años anteriores, la Dirección de

quiera otro particularismo pequeño... Chavez esta revista desea testimoniar a sus múltiples —y no nos cansamos de decirlo—con respecto a amigos, simpatizadores y favorecedores nues este territorio organizado, vive el sentido de la tra gratitud eterna. . . Cerca al alborear de un

realidad económico-política y no el sentido de

nuevo año, extendemos nuestros mejores de seos porque el año que se avecina traiga con

la venganza contraproducente.

Confiamos en que el seandor Chavez con

sigo el mayor grado de felicidad y bienestar, no únicamente para nuestros lectores y amigos es tadistas, sino para todo el pueblo en general, a través del disfrute de una méis amplia forma de gobierno propio que consagre nuestro pri

tinuará al servicio de este país, no empece su carácter de congresista minoritario. No duda

mos que su acostumbrado concurso patriótico, unido a la justicia que habrá de impartirnos la nueva administración republicana, se hará vilegio de ciudadano.^ americanos, convirtiendo sentir. Nuestra congratulación sincera y es en realidad tangible, la aspiración suprema de pontánea al reelecto congresista. la gran mayoría de la portorriqueñidad: el es LA NUEVA ADMINISTRACION tado clásico. Q_ue el nuevo año nos traiga la

feliz materialización de nuestros sueños liberta

La alegría que experimentamos por la vic

rios al amparo de la gran república norteña. toria republicana en las recientes elecciones Por un' año pletórico de dicha y paz, de congresionales no se puede vaciar en los amplios mejoramiento social y económico, de felicidad y flexibles moldes de la palabra,.. Nunca du sin par, es nuestra plegaria al Altísimo.

A NUESTROS AMIGOS, PERDON

Debido a las limitaciones impuestas por la escasez de papel en el mercado, como resultado

damos del cambio que se estaba operando en

la conciencia pública norteamericana, por eso no nos sorprendió en un ápice.

■ De la nueva administración republicana en el Congreso, esperamos algo más que justicia de la imprevista situación marítima, muy a nuestro pesar nos vimos precisados a suspender la publicación de esta revista correspondiente al pasado mes de octubre. Pedimos el perdón a los amigos nuestros por este hecho involuntario, tan ajeno a nuestro deseo. No obstante, espera mos en el futuro seguir correspondiendo a las muestras de cooperación patriótica de todos los estadistas.

REELECTO EL SENADOR CHAVEZ

Profundo regocijo sentimos al saber de la merecida reelección del gran amigo de Puerto Rico, el senador Dennis Chavez, de Nuevo Mé

jico. Es de todos conocida la ingente labor

del amigo Chavez pro Puerto Rico por lo que sería jnolijo hacer su recuento. Pese a la opi nión de los independen listas, el senador se ha granjeado sólidas simpatías en e.úe pueblo, por su gran laboriosidad y consecuencia en bene

ficio de una causa justa y compatible con la

pasajera. . ., la permanente solución a nuestro

problema político en forma compatible con nuestra condición de ciudadanos americanos de

esa gran república. Qjiie no se retarde la obra

que ha de colocar la Isla en un plano de igual dad ciudadana. . . Qjie ?io se olvide que fuera de los límites continentales hay hombres, mu jeres y niños, parte de la nación, ansiando un poco de justiciaT. .

Con el solo recuerdo de que nuestro hijos inmolaron sus vidas en aras de esa centelleante

luz democrática, para que no se sacrificaran

las libertades humanas y reinara la paz, es su ficiente para que haya motivo para no perder la fé y confiar en que la nueva administración

republicana no ha de perder la oportunidad de demostrar su hondo espíritu justiciero. El

sao ificio de las vidas ¡Jortorricjuenas impuso un deber, el deber que no es necesario seña

lar . . . Mientras tanto, congratulamos a los ciudadanía americana. Es gran amigo de la nuevos senadores electos y los que hicieron po Isla, porque no anida personalismos contra ella, sible en una u otra forma tan resonante victoria.

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

I Stand for Statehood , ernor and other officials and at the same time taking

away Congress' full power over local matters would create a dominión status. There are many who favor it, but under the Constitution it just can't be done.

The Constitution gives Congress power to legislate for the territory of the United States, and the word "territorj*^" takes in everything except a state. Con gress itself cannot change that situation; it cannot give up a power conferred on it by the Constitution.

Only a constitutional amendment can do that, and amendments are hard to get.

That bring ns do-wn to a choice between state hood and independence. Mj/ choice is statehood.

Those who favor independence advance three general objections to statehood;

(1) there is no hope of achieving statehood; (2). the cultural background of Puerto Rico is different from that of the United States and should be retained rather than blended into

that of a larger nation; and

(3) statehood would bring and unbearable finaneial burden.

HON. PHIUP F. HEBRICK

Vníted States Attomey for the District of Puerto Rico

With the first of these objections I strongly disagree. It seems to me that there is a definite possibility of obtaining statehood in the near future.

Two United States senators thought enough of the There is no disagreement over the proposition

idea to fly down Eere last year to attend a statehood

that Puerto Rico is entitled to a different and better

congress. They and a majority or their eolleagues in Congress, plus Presidential approval, are all that is needed. Hawaii will probably aehieve statehood within a year or two, thus ending the idea that

form of political status than it uow eujoys. There is considerable disagreement over the form the uew status should take.

There are four possibilities:

there can be no states outside of continental North

(1) a better form of colonial status;

América. If the will for statehood is here, and I

(2) dominión status; (3) independence; and

know that it is, statehood can be achieved. It has

to be foiight for —as do all worthwhile things.

(4) statehood. / stand for statehood.

A better form of colonial status would, princi-

The second objection to statehood is likewise

own governor and to have all appointive officials,

By becoming a state, and thus redneing the amount of control from Washington, Puerto Rico will tend

iuvalid. Puerto Rico has been a Ü.S. eolony for 48 pally, enable the people of Puerto Rico to elect their years without losing its culture and its language. including members of the SuiDreme Conrt and all eabinet officers, appointed locally and confirmed by the Puerto Rican senate. That would be a great

to retain, not give up, its culture and its language.

The customs and the culture of the United States

step forward, but it would not do two important things; it would not give Puerto Rico a voting- representation in Congress, and it would not take away froin Congress the final word in all matters relating to Puerto Rico. The failure to do those two things

individuality simply by becoming a member of a

would leave Puerto Rico still a eolony —a status

larger unit. If he has character will not only keep

which is beneath the dignity and matnrity of its

bis own individuality but will impart some of it

people.

to the larger group.

vary greatly with the state and often with the local-

ity. Although English is the general language, there are niany places where another language is predominant. One does not give iip necesarily bis

Giving Puerto Rico the right to choose its gov-

To page 25

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

i

HOn. Tom C. CLflRK AiiGRNEY General of the United States OF

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

LETTER FROM HON. TOM C. CLARK TO MR. PHILIP F. HERRICK U. S. DISTRICT ATTORNEY FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

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much intereat ana. aítóliration,- » 'Is/A .exoellent article, . GopgratTAlatÍGnéÍ;:PPPSi;íí?i^^

■ IMAh; kind i'egards • aftíi best wishes_, Sincerely^j, - - ■

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

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Hon. JULIÜS fl. KRUG Secretary of Interior of united States.

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

Text of address by Secretary of the Interior J. A, Krug at the inauguration of Jesús T» Piñéro as Govemor of Puerto Rico, at San Juan,Puerto Rico, 10 a, in. Atlantic Time,September 3, 1946*

Oovernor Piñero, Govenior Tugwell and my fellow Americans, the President of the United States

Government —the inauguration of the first son of Piierto Rico to be Governor of bis homeland.

has asked rae to give y'oii, Governor Piñero, the followiiig raessage of greeting:

I hope that today raarks the inauguration of the last appointed Governor of Puerto Rico and that the

'I welcome y'ou to your iiew position with mueh

the next time a Secretary of the Interior visits San

pleasure and with my heai'tiest wishes for a raost suc-

Juan at inauguration time it will be to attend the cereraonies of your own elected Governor.

cessful adraiiiistration.

Your inauguration is per-

Iiaps the raost significant in the history of Puerto Rieo, for it marks the first time that a governor has been so closely representative both of the people of the United States and of the people of Pto. Rieo. The eonfidence and support which is offered yon by all the citizens of the United States, both on the raainland and in Puerto Rico, inust be a source of great satisfaction as Avell as an inspiration to yon. I ara eertain that events will prove that eonfidence and support araply justified.

"Puerto Rico has come a long way sinee 1898.

JIuch remains to be acconiplished, and I ara hopefnl that working together we shall see pi'ogress along all lines in the next few years.

"Please convey' to our fellow- citizens in Puerto

Rieo my greetings and my earnest wish that they inay continué under your wise and thoughtful guidanee to .stride forward along the road toward full

politcial raaturity, social gains, and econoinic security. I very rauch regret that I cannot be in San Juan to share the pride that will be theirs as yon

The vital events of today are one more step on the road to self government. The Puerto Rican peo ple are ready for still other steps. They should have the forra of government they desire, w-hether statehood, independence or one of the autonomous forras

that have been suggestecl. I, personally, will support tlie decisión they make because of my unshakable belief in the democratie method.

That demoeratic

method of ehoice, of course, requires full understanding hy all Puerto Ricans of the eonditions and eonsequences of each forra.

I cannot help hut add that in my ttvo short trips to this island and my associations with the outstanding leaders yon have sent to Washington to re]>resent you I have hecome deephj attached to it and to all of yon. For that reason, I personally hope that your decisión is not one of separation, hut only one of taking your due and proper place as another adult memher of our political family.

At this pivotal point in the island's history I

take your oath of office."

want to assure Puerto Ricans that their new gover

I ara sure, Governor Piñero, that the President in the raessage I have just read, expresses the views of all the Americán people.

nor -will have the same unflagging support that bis distinguished predeées.sor had frora "Washington. Gov ernor Tugwell today completes the raost brilliant gubernational térra in Puerto Rican history. His solid

Today we are witnessing a significant and .ioyous occasion in the history of this island and of the ü. S.

accomplishments will serve as the foundation for still

greater achievements by Governor Piñero.

10

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

11

Requírements and Responsíbílítíes of Sta't^tehood State of the greatest Repnblic on earth.

In seeking the lógica! goal of Statehood for Puer to Rico it is essential tliat we keep in mind tlie his tórica] background provided by the original thirteen states at the time the Unión was formed.

I believe

an important item of education to be the teaching of

the English langnage. Everitnally that mnst become the official State langnage. No objection can be seen to the State remaining bilingnal and preserving the Spanish mother tongne. Bnt a State of the Unión

After the

Civil War betAveeh the North and the Sonth it was

so firmly established that the Unión was one and in disoluble, that we may well liave lost sight of the fact ti at each State was, nevertheless, free and independent, exercising a sovereigntj'^ within its territory nn-

owes it to itself and to the Unión to see that its

citizens learn the national langnage.

der the Constitntion wliich while not absolnte, per-

Tt seems to me proper that the organization for

mitted a wide range of activity and initiative. Thns, no one State is a rnbber stamp imitation of any other and the local characteristics, both fanlts and virtnes

Statehood take immediate steps to form a Committee on Americanism for the pnrpose of:

1. Making a stndy of the problems presented by

were preserved.

the existing eonditions of sanitation, education and law enforcement.

So strong is this sense of State independence that even after the intense efforts at strong centralization exercised by the Roosevelt administration one finds extraordinary' resistanee against nndne fede

ral interferenee in pnrely local matters.

2. Bringing their findings to the attention pf the Puerto Rican Government for the necessary remedial action.

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3. Condncting a campaigu of education on the

"Prohibition" there was one State (Maryland) ■\vhieh, having refnsed to ratify the constitntional

dutiés of Ameriean citizenship for the general publíc.

amendment, likewise declined to assist the federal

anthorities, who fonnd enforcement an irhpossible problem in that state.

Pfoperly organized, ntilizing largely volnntéer workers and employing a system of local snb-committees in the provinces, snch a body may well accom-

The object of focnsing attention npon these data plish wonders in a short time. The very exigtence of is to point ont the corollary responsibilities iinplied snch a movement in Puerto Rico may well be a factor by this independence. These are many and impor- ' in accelerating the proeess of achieving Statehood. for tant, but it is snfficient to stndy a few in order to it will demónstrate effectively that the 48 years we illnstrate. Por instance, each state of the Unión have spent nnder the Ameriean flag have effective is responsible for a high degree of good order, sani- ly monlded onr minds to the Ameriean way of things. tation and education within its borders. The high

ineidence of any disease, for example, will create a

P. A. del Valle.

condition where the State anthorities are nnder a

moral pressure of general pnblie opinión to take the neeessary remedia] steps.

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To the proposed State of Puerto Rico will fall, then, such responsibilities as the immediate and drastie rednetion of malaria, ricketts, and the disea.ses of malnntrition to a point comíDarable with the other States. Likewise will there be a resposibility for the rednetion of illiteraey and the general en-

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lightment of the popnlation to the end that they

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

13

Puerto Ríco's Picad man dignity, because we have ever believe in dignitj^'; that our eountry that obeys and is governed by the majority's freewill and has always proclaimed respect for the right, could be awaken one terrible morning fastened, hopelessly enchained to a new and ignominious form of slavery caused by a hydra of totalitarism.

During forty eight long years our collective life

has been molded in the sacred principies that made our nation so great and powerful. About seventyíive per cent of our jDeople have been born under the shadow pf our glorious stars and stripes, and since

1917 our present generation born thereafter, are considered American born eitizens. That is why' at the present moment we tliink and live and act as

Americans. That is why the vast majority of our people wish and hope to reach the most logic goal for a community of Americans to reach—STATEHOOD.

And we hope that that final goal be near because we are correctly interpreting that to think otherwise would constitute a violation of the high ideáis of De mocracy, based on those second and third sentences MR. JULIO L. PIETRANTONI

PONCE, P. R.

of our glorious Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self evident that all

men are created equal, that they are endowed by In our great Unitecl States, and all ovor the

their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that

whole world we have lieard a lot of talkiiig ahout

among these are—Life, liberty, and the pursuit

"DEMOCRAOY". We here in Puerto Rico, have

ever since General Miles lauded at the port of Guá-

of happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the gov

nica in the morning of July 25th., 1898 and made

erned. ''

also heard a eoutínuous talking about DEMOCRAOY,

in the ñame of the government of our great republic a sincere promise that justice wonld come to our rpeople.

During forty eight long years we have patiently ■waited to see General Miles' sincere promise totally fulfilled. During that lo»ig period of years we have heen fed up with Democracy, for the salvation and ;preservation of which, our United States, inclnding this leal and faithful island has given during the two

And it is clear as a spring morn that, in the same way that we can not whimsieally viólate with a selfish expectation and for self advantage and bene-

fit, the immutable laws of biology and of life itself without provoking serious overturns in our own bo

ches, we can not either, neitber in sociology ñor in

politics hold off, from certain Darwinism, (that is, "tlie doctrine that natural selection has been the

prime and most efficient cause in the evolution of

world wars the hest and sacrest of our vineyards,

liigher ont of lower organic forms, or that new species

the lives of our yonth; and as to the last war, as if though more firewood was necessary' for that horrible

result from the selective action of external conditions

and tragical bonfire, in last tei-ms, our own lives were also in the sacred line of duty. The cause was worthy

which finally imposes our natural .choice.

that is why our lives and money was ready to seiwe the canse that our conntry was defending, that is

why all patriotie citizens were in line of duty, so as to prevent that our confident eountry, that has always and still believes in God, and exalts the hu

npon individual variations from their speeific types) Our "na

tural selection —Statehood— has been the prime and most efficient cause in our evolution of higer out of lower political form, and that new political specie results from the sound sense of selective action of po litical condition upon our people after we have been To page 15

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

15

PUERTO RICO'S PLEAD From page 13

of all Puerto Rico to be admitted finally in the fa mily of states. We were hoping that, and we are

educated and bi'ought up iinder tlie American system of government and life. Sueli is the law, and in

noAv hoping that, and we will be ever hoping

terms of human equation it is our natural ehoiée,

that, beeanse if Demoeracy is to be sincere and

and undoubtedly the most logie and safe bond of assoeiation whieh would bring happiness and safety to

pnre; if it is to be hononred and respected and

onr people.

Puerto Rico participated in the last gigantie crusade, giving everything most sacred for the defense of onr United States. Because from deep onr hearts

\ve knew that onr conntry Vvith the united nations, that is, the christian world, was casting for the solé benefit of the fntnre generations ,the fundamental and nndestrnctible fonndation for a more puré world.

That was done finallj', at lea.st the M'orse part of it, at the expense of so mnch angnish and grief and of

venerated; if it aspires to the universal aeknowledgement and gratitnde, that beantifnl lady Demoeracy, mnst begin with its own pnrifieation by washing off its own sins, right here at borne, and over the irre-

deemable forehead of this loyal island of onrs. Puer to Rico, by bringing to a complete termiuation the most absnrd régimen, the most shamefid prevailing sj-stem of government now existing and for forty eight years living, nnder the sacred shadow of onr dear oíd flag, nnder onr great Demoeracy, whieh is

snpposed to be the government of the people, by the

people and for the people; bnt whieh government allows 2 million American eitizens living in this island Puerto Rico during the first and secón d world í)0% of whieh at least favor statehood, to continué liv wars, withont waiting for onr conntry's cali to arms, ing in an asfixiating atmosphere of political inferiori-

so many tears.

did answer onr dnty's citation, by offering to two gigantie epopees of blood onr own lives, generonslj'', in defense of onr most sacred ideáis of hnmanity.

Onr record, most specially during the last war, was written in fresh flesh and yonth's blood. Written in Bataan and Corregidor with Colonel Cordero valiant-

ly pariteipating in the foreed "death mareh" from Bataan to Manila, and a prisoner thereafter in onr enemies concentration camp; written in Gnadalcanar and all over the Paeifie with General Del Valle of

onr glorions U.S. Marines; and Avritten somewhere in Italy by Private Rivera from Hnmacao who lost both arms and legs; and written witli linndreds of onr

ty, withont a real representation in Congress, proba ble' thinking in vain that "taxation or legislation withont representation in tyranny".

Puerto Rico was ever hoping that when that tre-

mendons and most appalling eonfliet was over, we wonld be welcomed to the family of states. That wonld certainly be the most vivid example of the sincerity of the good neighbor poliey toward the latin

american eonntries, that wonld be the bringing of onr sweet hopes to the sweetest of realization; beeanse that is the freewill of this eommnnity of American eitizens.

To do otherwise wonld mear^ and would be in-

boys in onr tanks, infantry, navy, army, and avia- terpreted by the latin american eonntries as an attion all over Enrope and Africa, and written -with titnde of despise and scorn, whieh wonld hnrt the seventy thonsands troops of Pnertorieans and many feelings and snseeptibility of those friendlj'" nations thonsands more awaiting the snpreme honr of sacrifiee. If onr record is there clearly and patriotic, if we were good enongh to aecomplish that saerifice

why can't we be good to become integral part of the national family as another good and loyal and faithfnl state of the unión?

During the dark honrs of the eonfliet, we were

also praying n]mn the altar of hopes, hoping that when the lieavens of fraternity and peaee were opened

below the Rio Grande, and wonld undoubtedly destroy the fonndation of the good neighbor poliey in

the western hemisphere.

If Puerto Rico is good enongh to give offieers np to the rank of General, to give good, honest, hnmble boys by the thonsands to fight alongside the

blonde boyS from the wheatfields of Wyoming and Miunessota; alongside the tongh eowboys from Texas; alongside the prond and brave boys from the melting

again, when we conld hear once more the mad re- pot of New York and the gallant boys from the joieing of onr chnreh bells ringing in haíTpy angnry sonth and the wild and brave boj^s from Illinois; and the termiuation of that dantesque and apocalyptieal willing with the same spirit of saerifice to give their

drama, when we were again visiting the graves of lives npon the altar of Demoeracy; then, in the ñame onr beloved dead boyis who fell in aetion for the of God and His Divine jnstiee, it was more than bloodstained frnits of victory, we were ever hoping, natural and jnst and human, that they were eqnally T repeat, that the vietorions drnnkeness wonld not

make offieial Washington, forget this island, and the fnlfillment of their binding promises to the hopes

entitled to taste the sweet frnit of victory, represented by the ending, as a dne reward, of the low political To page 25

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EIj estado — PUERTO RICO

Statehood is not a Trífe!

Translated hito English hy Julio L. Pietranioni Our continental felloAT American citizens will

give US INDEPENDENCE after they are eonvinced tlmt we are needed for nothing —for nothing—, in the international field, as an integral part of their national body. Luckily enough for the future of the moment of Puerto Ricans, the United States shall not disposses us, because the international case and plaeidity shall never come, vhen our nation can dis-, pense with two millions of her register of American citizens, arranging things to deal with ns through the diplomáis of the State Department, instead of continuing dealing with ns direetly' in the way our affairs are now conducted between the Federal Gov-

ernment in "Washington and the governments of the States, Territorios and Possessions.

And our continental fellow American citizens

will give US Statehood, which is the most logic thing they will have to give ns, and which shall be given sooner or later, Avhen they are eonvinced that the, two million American citizens living in Puerto Rico deserve and are worthy of Statehood. "Now at these

precise moments, we, the Puerto Ricans, inay think that we deserve Statehood, but we shonld nót loose

sight of the fact and reality that our continental' MR. RAFAEL RIVERA SANTIAGO

Writer, Author and Journalist

In a recent artiele, I said more or less that tlie

conquest of the sovereigntj^ for a nation is something that is costly in money, tranquility and blood. \\ith it I wanted to empliasize my observation that the road to the politieal autonomy' for Puerto Rico is like going up a high hill, a sort of "via-eriicis

spread with carpets of thorns. That road shall be the same whether the search is for STATEHOOD, or

fór INDEPENDENCE, or for a STATUS OP DO MINION ; onlj^ that in the case of STATETÍOOD the thorns and tlie conditions of the pathway are of a different nature.

Our continental fellovv American citizens would

give irs the Dominión status after tliey exelude the other two forms of politieal sovereignty STATEÍIOOD AND INDEPENDENCE—, and after they are eonvinced that the lach of judicial preeedent is not a fundamental obstacle (but rather a fabrieated

pretext), in the way to make Puerto Rico an assoeiated State of the Uuited States, foliowing, more or

less, the pattern of the British Dominions.

fellow American citizens are the ones who are going to decide whether we are worthy and deserve State- ■

hood or not. And during the last fifteen years many ; things have happened in Puerto Rico, which inake the continental Amerieans approach us with preeantion and even with a little suspiciousness when they are closely examining the spiritual attitude of the Puer to Ricans with respect to the flag and to the citizenship which are their international certifícate of baptism.

Statehood is not a trifle. A trifle is something

of no valué, of no steem. It is a great thing. It is like a grand prize. It is a dazzling and glaring beanty.

That is wUy many people cannot readily appraise it. It is a snpreme dignity, that is why the

clownish and rustic people denígrate it. It is inteimational peaee and dome.stic tranquility. That is wliy the nngovernable people sneer and scoff it.

Tt is the guarantee of our civil rights, the insuranee policy of our Uves against dictators and tyrants. That is why the so called comniunist and radicáis reaetionaries agains the individual liberties and dignity will never baek it np, and will put it aside, so as not to have to adapt themselves to its democratie disci plines.

To page 45

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PUERTO RICO

19

Let Freedom Ring consequently neglected other phases of agriculture and industry', whieh would have rendered us more eapable of giving up free trade with the United States. The economic policy whieh has developed in

half a century of adjustments to the Unión, cannot be turn as under Avithout a major catastrophe to the Island.

We have prepared ourseRes socially for state

hood by struggling with all our inight to raise our norms in every phase of social life. In our fortyeight years under the American flag, we have diminished illiteracy from 77% to 29%. We have brought down our death rate from 22 to 16 per thousand; we have inereased our expectation of life to

45 years, about seven years higher than Brazil,^ one of the most advanced countries in this hemisphere; Ave haA'e inereased our nrban population from 14.6% to 33.5% ; Ave haA'e inereased the A'alue of our manu-

facturing industries, from some $10,000,000 to $110,000,000.

In mentioning these faets Ave are merely reminding our northern eo-citizeiis, that there is a solemn moral obligation in fulfilling the expectation of two million

PROF. JOSE COLOMBAN ROSARIO

University of Puerto Rico

American citizens, who, because of your promises

Two million American citizeus, witli a faith

have gone so far in the road toward statehood. Now we .shall enter into a series of other considerations.

that moves mouiitains, are demaiiding unceasingly

Do we deserve statehood ? That is, have we gone far enough in our economic, social and political development to stand side by side with the other states of the Unión? Our ansAver to this querj' will be done an occasional lug'ubrious raven, like Senator Tydiugs, mainly by figures Avhich will proA'e to you that we

that you alloAV them to enter the Unión of States that is América. We want statehood, and we shall continué to knock tirelessly at your door, aven when

hurls at us liis cruel monotonous refrain, "Nevar!

are at a level Avith the United States of a few years

Nevermore!''

baek and, certainly, you would not argüe against

What right have we to deinand admittanee into

the Unión? In answering this question, we shall i-efrain from using any legalistie or argumentativa verbiage. It will be a natural, sincere statement as befits any communieation between two plain speaking Amerieans.

tlie faet that jmur parents and grandparents were prepared to form a state of the Unión.

Let US compare our general economic and social norms Avith those of the United States at some de-

finite period in y'our development as the most adA'ance nation of our time. We have selected for com-

Prom the very first days of American oeeupa- parison those norms whieh haA'e the greatest meantion, forty-eight years ago, till the present time, Ave ing as an index of the degrees of progress of a re have beeu led to believe by governors, and other re gión, sueh as industrial production, illiteracy, degree presentativas of the United Sates government, that of lAi'banization and distribution of population by statehood would be our ultimate destiny.

Conse-

quently we have prepared for statehood for half a

ages.

In 18.90, 36.1 of the people of the United States

cf-ntury, and our lives have been guided by these

ÜA'ed in towns and cities; 33.5 of our people lii'ed

more or less explieit promises.

We have prepared ourselves economieallj'' by spe-

in cities and toAvns in 1940.

cializing in the manufacture of sugar, because of its

Puerto Rico, in 1940 Avas 29%.

To page 21

high proteetion in the American market; and have

Illiteracy in the States, in 1870 was 21.9%. In

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DAVIU V LIENZA Ingenieros Consultores

Teléfono 373 I Apartado 675 I RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

21

LET FREEDOM RING From page 19

statehood, in 1890, in 1870, in 1850? If tliey wex*e,

In 1849 indiastrial production in tlie United States amouuted to a billion dollars, or about $40

we are; and please remember, in our favor, that we move faster these days, so tñat tbe time that elapsed between their social and economic situation and yours is naturally many times larger than tlie time that we shall need to overtake you. The statistics presented at the beginning of this article are a proof that we are moving faster.

But statistics are not as eloquent as are our

per capita. Our industrial production in 1942 amounted to one hundred eleven million dollars, or $55 per eapita.

But what tallies almost to perfection is the age distribution of the population, whieh undoubtedly constitutes an index of healtli, of birthrate and death rate, and, in general of the state of progress of a peoof giving you the tables in full.

feelings upon the matter. Ninety per cent of us were born under the American flag, and have known no other; we have fonght in the two great battles for

AGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1850' AND IN PUERTO RICO IN 1940

this flag, our flag; we certainly ^he nght to continué sharmg with you the glorious ensign; and we have as much right

United States Puerto Rico 1850 1940

«is any state to sing with you the hymn "América"; ^0 judge from our landscape, a greater right that

pie. We cannot hold ourselves from the temptation

Under 5

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states of the Great Plains:

My country 'tis of thee Sweet land of liberty Por thee I sing.

Land where our fathers' died

Land of their Pilgrims' pride Prom every mountain side Let freedom ring!

70-89 " 1.5 1.9 Were your parents and grandparents ready for

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1. Interamerlcan Statistical Yearbook—p. 102.

2. Statistical Abstract. 1930, p. 182.

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

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mR. RflmiRo L. coLon President Porto Rican Statehood Association

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

23

LETTER FROM MR. RAMIRO L COLON PRESIDENT OF OUR STATEHOOD ASSOCIATION TO THE EDITOR OF CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE eash erops to enahle us to huy manufactured products . for the mainland. You eertainly did not mean that you would approve a complete collapse of our stand ard of living such as would result if we would deDear Sir: lly attention has heen iiivited to the editorial vote our land exclusively to suhsistence erops. Picase statement appearing on yoiir issiie of Octoher 15 hear in mind that we are the second huyers in the last, advocating for the independence of Puerto Rico United States market, in the Western Hemisphere, on the grounds that the vast inajority of the people second only to Ganada, and seventh among all coun-

The Editor Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago, Tllinois

Oetober 18, 1946

speak Spanish only', that the pro-statehood movement is not very strong here, and recommending that instead of devoting the hest land to sugar cañe planting

tries of the world.

nnder ownership of American corporations it should he divided for suhsistence erops to supplement low

are not as vociferous as others, we unflinchingly maintain said politieal aspiration as our goal. En dose picase find two photographs taken at the last local convention of the pro-Statehood Association held at Ponce on July 2oth., 1946 celehrating the 48th. anniversary of the landiiig of the American troops in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. Picase note that Senator Dennis Chavez, from New

dietary standards.

Allow me to take exception to your statement, on hehalf of the Puerto Rican Pro-Statehood Asso-

eiation, composed of thousands of citizens from different politieal parties, hut united hy the eommon honds of pride in our American citizenship, sincere helief in the greatness of American institutions and

government, and faith in the spirit of fairness and justice of the American people which some day, whieh

v.'c l¡ope is m t far away, will grant its fellows citizens of Puerto Rico tlie right to share with them the hless-

As to the extent of the pro-statehood movement in Puerto Rico allow me to state that although we

México, a Spanish speaking full fledged United States

Senator was our distinguished guest.

Over seventy thousand of Puerto Rieo's citizens

served in our Army in the last war. Many thousands

are still in the serviee. They were seattered throughout all hranches of the armed forces serving in every comhat zone. Many' of them distinguished themselves

ings and the responsihilities of statehood.

Discovered hy ( o'rmhus in 1493, settled in 1508 in aetion and the list includes, among others, a Major hy Ponce de León, who from our shores set sail and General Commandiug the Pirst Marine Corps Divi discover:"d Florida, we were under Spanish rule for sión in Okinawa, an Infantry Colonel made a prifour hundred years. Spanish is therefore our verna soner of war at Bataan, a Lieutenant Commander in cular, hut fort.y'-eight years of American sovereignty command of a submarino in the Pacific, another Lieu and the influence of American insitutions, have pro- tenant Commander killed in Guadalcanar, a Private dueed economie, politieal and social changes and de- first elass—"one man Army" he was called, who velopments which have altered our way of life. En- won the Distinguished Serviee Cross in Africa, an

glish is taught in our schools, and the majority of Air Forcé Gaptain aud a Lieutenant whose homhers our people, while retaining our Spanish vernacular are hecoming more and more profieient in the use of English.

were forced down in Germany, another Air Forcé

Gaptain killed in Italy, and down through the ranks, in all serviees, ineluding also the merchant marine,

It is true that our hest coastal plains are planted many more whose ñames have heen reported as misswith sugar cañe hut the major part of said land is ing in aetion, wounded or killed. The Purple Heart not owned hy American corporations, if hy that you Medals posthumously awarded to the next-of-kins liv mean corporations whose capital stock is controlled ing in Puerto Rico, are a mute testimony of the lohy residents of the continental United States. On the

yalty and sacrifiee of its people.

contrary, there are only four so called American cor porations which are in the minority' hoth as to their numher and to the extent of the land they own as

If as American citizens they were good enough to fight and die for théir country', their fellow citi zens of Puerto Rico should eertainly he considered

compared with the numher of sugar milis aud sugar cañe land owned hy local capital. Purthermore a

the mainland, the full hlessing of liherty through

great numher of residents of Puerto Rico are also stoekholders in what yon cali American corporations.

This is mainly an agricultural country hut great steps have heen taken towards the industrialization of the island. Resides the suhsistence erops we need

good enough to share with their fellow citizens from statehood.

Gordially yours, (Sig.) Ramiro L. Colón President

Puerto Rico Statehood Asso.

las botellas de

.RONRIGO la calidad bs j síemprQ Ufuac

el mismo

preces^.... los mo's selectos ingredientes, la mds cuidadosa

destilación y el mds experto

personal le garantizan una CALIDAD UNIFORME

HRIGD!

^ RDNmCD l'^'^fRTORICAlíRllM, RDlVniCa CDHFDRATIDIV SAN JUAN, P. R.

ICIW8JC9 Km -86' • 90'• 151' PROOF

V. Fofi

cwrArr «

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

25

I STAND FOR STATEHOOD But let's not deeide so important a question as From page 5 The tliird objection to statehood by those who status on the basis of money alone. Too many of the want independenee is even more invalid. "Would affairs of the world are decided on that basis, whieh statehocd eost too mueli? Would it? Would inda-, is a purely selfish standard. It must be eonsidered, pendence eost nothing? Without including tlie army but onlj' as one of many faetors.

My own views on statehood are: I was boru and and navy, the United States spends about 25 million dollars aiiuually in federal salaries iu this island.

raised in the United States and I like it. I am liv-

Presumably the jobs representad by those salaries are necessaiy. With independenee that work would have to be taken ovar by the new government and

ing in Puerto Rieo and I like it. I want to see the two plaees brought eloser together, with Puerto Rieo assuming its plaee as a eoordinate part of a magni-

paid for out of the new treasury.

fieent whole.

Add to that the

eost of maintaining an army and a navy, embassies the world ovar, lighthouses, weather stations, and the myriad serviees now earried on by the federal gov

I believe that my sentiments are those of most contineutals who live in or have A'isited Puerto Rieo.

I believe that they are also the sentiments of most

ernment. Puerto Rieo has reeently reeeived a grant

Puerto Ricans who have visited the States. I make

of 5 million dollars from tiie federal government for

airports; it reeeives 2 million dollars annuallj' for

this prophesy; take any segmeut of the Puerto Riean people; divide it into those who have visited the

sehool lunches; it will soon be reeeiving over 8 mil

States and those who have not; eount the number

lion dollars a year for the next 5- years for hospitals; in eaeh group who favor statehood. The number it will probably soon begin reeeiving about 12 million

will invariably be higher among those who have vi

dollars yearly for edueation, something vitally needed; it is probable that it will shortly" reeeive a grant of 48 million dollars for slum elearanee. These are just a few ítems. I am sure that if a careful study were made it would be found that statehood would eost eonsiderably less to the people of the Island than independenee would.

Purther, the several states reeeive grants similar

sited the States.

And those persons, in the final analysis, are the ones v'ho are hest qualified to judge. üip F. Herrick.

NOTE: This artiele is reprodueed in this issue of EL ESTADO, Puerto Rico, ou petition of

to those mentioned above. If Puerto Rieo reeeived

many of our friends who stand up for state hood for Puerto Rico and had not the op-

Ihem as a state there eould be no more eritieism,

portunity of reading it when published for

sueh as is now sometimos heard, that they are hand-

the first time.

outs.

we reprint it with great pleasure.

It is for their benefit that

PUERTO RICO'S PLEAD From page 15

may say that a genuine democratie vietory will never

conditions in whieh we have been living, as though

be aehieved by our nation, if the well being and heart-

there were different grades of Ameriean citizenship,

felt desire of two million ameriean citizens to beeome

and the admission of Puerto Rieo as another state of

another State of the Unión, is not fulfñled by our

our great unión of states.

John Dewey, América's most eminent philoso-

dcmoeratie government.

PelloAv continental Ameriean citizens, Puerto

pher said reeently': "Physically, the world is now

Rico's sincere wish is Statehood, with all its responsibilities and obligations, but also with all its prerogatives and rights and honor.

PUERTO RICO, A COMMUNITY OF AMERI-

one and interdependent. Only human beings interested that men everywhere have a society of peaee, of seeurity, of opportunity, of growth in eooperation, can assure its being morally one. A genuine democratie victory will be aehieved only when it is made by democratie governmeilts for the well being of the cnmmon people of the earth''.

And following that eighteen karat philosophy, I

CAN CITIZENS MUST RECOME A STATE OF THE UNION.

IF GOD IS OUR LEADER AS WE IIOPB HE

IS, WE wilij see that dream come TRUE. Julias L. Pietrantoni

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

26

I

■:hí-

HOn. ROBERT ñ. COOPER Unitéd States DISTRíCT judge for the District of Puerto rico.

EL ESTATDO — PUERTO RICO

27.

Statehood for Puerto Rico Desírable BY robert A. COOPER

will requiere time, patience and perserverance. a territory or possession o£ the United States. It cannot be accomplished overnight. While There is every indication, both in Puerto Rico this is true it is also true that in the period and in continental United States, that the pre- o£ organizing and prosecuting this program sent status o£ the Island shotild not be indetini- there is a gradual and ellective development tely continued. The people o£ Puerto Rico leading us to the ultímate goal. I£ it be adhave a natural desire £or local sel£-government. mitted that the loregoing statement is sound The people o£ a territory are as much interested then the qiiestion arises as to how may the peo in the right o£ local selí-government as are the ple o£ Puerto Rico have in reality a £air enjoypeople o£ any one o£ the States.. Personal li- ment o£ rights and privileges which are the berty, the right o£ £ree speech and £reedom o£ heritage o£ every American citizen. Will this religión exists in Puerto Rico to the same ex- be attained i£ Puerto Rico should be completetent that it does elsewhere in the United States, ly separated £rom the United States? Or will This, however, does not satisly the people o£ the rights o£ the citizens be more adequately

For almost fifty years Puerto Rico has been

tlie Island. The problems which we are ac- protected i£ Puerto Rico remains permanent-

customed to associate with Ptierto Rico are

not essentially di££erent irom the pioblems which £ace the people o£ every state o£ the unión. Free government cannot exisi any^vhere unless the people who constitute that government have a su££icient knowledge to en-

able them to appreciate the privileges tvith u'hich they are naturally endowed. It is thiougr otir educational £acilities only that peisonal i-

berty may be maintained. In all free societies

ly a part o£ the United States.

A comparison

o£ conditions which have existed £or a hall cen-

tury in Puerto Rico with conditions in other parts ol the West Indies will lurnish some evidence which ivill enable the people ol Puerto Rico to see this qiiestion in its true light. II independence is not desire and i£ Puerto Rico is to remain permanently a part ol the United States, it necessarily lollows that that permanent relationship must ultimately lead to state hood. Do not lorget that so long as Puerto

an inlormed militant public opinión is essential. For public opinión to luncuon. it must Rico remains a part of tüe United States the educational lacilitieS existing in the states will

be based on an inlormed citizenship. n exa be available at all times to American citizens mination o£ the history o£ our own c®untry as who live in Puerto Rico. Our colleges and well as that o£ other countries o£ the wor iiniversities are open today to citizens ól this

abundantly sustain this proposition. 1 he po■ívers o£ government may be used not on y to

Island.

An examination ol the cómmercial de

lile, liberty and the pursuit o£ happiness. Uur Declaration o£ Independence states that it is t re lunction o£ government to protect the natuial

velopment ol the Island abundantly sustains the suggestion that there is material benelit to the people ol Puerto Rico so long as the Island is a part ol the United States. Practically all Porto Ricans residing in the Island are now citi zens ol the United States. The people ol Puer

civil, religious and economic rights may e pre

laws ol the United States as do the citizens ol

do not mean that it is essential £or evep' indivi

dividual must concede that the desire ol the

maintain our liberties but i£ mis-directed u may be also used to destroy or minimizo the right to

rights o£ £ree men and wornen.^ When I say that served only through our educational lacilities ^

to Rico have the same protection under the any state ol the unión.

Every intelligent in

dual to have a university degree. It is of fiist im- people ol Puerto Rico to enjoy lully the rights

portance that the masses be given siich educa oí local sell-government is a natural right and tional training as is necessary £or the citizen to it has been the policy ol the United States to meet inteligently his own responsibility. 1 he recognize this legitímate claim. Separation

very basis o£ our entire educational structure írom the United States will not aid the people should be adequate vocational training. Every ol Puerto Rico in the solution ol their social, boy and girl in Puerto Rico sliould have an opportunity £or at least a high school educa- economic or educational problems. Let us

lion and the basis o£ that must be to enable strip this question ol all sentiment and see the them to do ivell the things which they must realities which conlront us. II the lundamentTo page 4^3 do. I realize that the program here suggested

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

29

Statehood for Puerto Rico

too late to go back on it. support otherwise, as well as a good number who are

sincerely deluded by the will-o'-the-wisp of insular sovereignty are willing to shut their eyes to the facts that stare them in the face, and plump for independence.

Our contention is thát W'C are already committed to statehood as the final solution of the status question.Both Puerto Rico and the United States are com

mitted to this solution. It is too late to go back on it. The choice has been made both by us and by the United States government throughout the forty-eight years during which the Island has been under the American flag.

When Charles H. Alien Avas appointed first civil governor of Puerto Rico in 1900, he was enjoined by President McKinley to prepare the Puerto Ricans for statehood as rapidly as possible. The Commissioner of Education for the Island at the time —Mr.

Martin G. Brumbaujgh— decided that the public schools would be a proper means. of furthering the

■•presidential policy. Thus, scarcely three years after the Island was occupied by American troops, a systematic effort to transform the people of Puerto Rico in view of future admission as a State of the Unión

was directed by the President of the United States

and undertaken by Insular government. It is signifiMR. PEDRO A. CEBOLLERO

Deán College of Education, University o£ Puerto Rico

The United States has to decide eveiitually what the political status of Puerto Rico shall be. Nume-

rous suggestious liave beeii made as to how this responsibility .should be discharged. Of late, the

suggestioii has been made repeatedlj' that the opinión of the people of Puerto Rico should be considered.

Some have gone as far as suggesting that that opinión should be adopted by the United States as the final decisión. Those who take this noble stand find their

iuspiration in the principies of self determination reaffirmed iu the Atlantie Charter.

Otliers take the position that they are wi.se enough as to what is best for Puerto Rico. A prominent le-

gislator who seeins to hold cióse to ius heai't both the sugar interests of Cuba aud the political happiness

cant that the school system should haA'e been ehosen as the instrument to carry out the presidential directive.

No other government agency would come into con-

tacts so cióse and far-reaching with both the juvenile and the adult population.

The thoroughness with which the American edu-

cators who were charged Avith superintending public

education in the island carried out the policy of preparing the people of Puerto Rico for eventual state hood is evident in the history of education in Puerto

Rico during the last half centurJ^ As early as 1905, the English language was adopted as the vehicle of instruction in all the grades of the school system.

Spanish, which is the vernacular, was kept on the

school program as a subject only. By 1912, the Commissioner of Education was able to report that ninety eight per cent of the graded schools of the Island were using English as the médium of instruction.

The language policy has undergone many modifica-

of Puerto Rico, feels that he knows enough to decide singleheadedly that Puerto Rico shoiüd become in- tions since that time, but the Ímpetus given to the dependent. This, of course, would niake for the hap teaching of English established one of the most deeppiness of the Cuban sugar interests. ]\Iany Puerto rooted edueational traditions in Puerto Rico.

Rieans who have not been able to secure popular

To page 41

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

31

TWO WORDS, GOP CONGRESSMEN .... partial attitudes had us draw the right conclusión that he feared the Puerto Ricans vote against indeipendence in a free plebiscite held, a disappointment for him, so as a clever senator turned out into a hindrance to any' other just aspiration, namely, statehood, commonwealth, home-rule, and so forth. He purposely disregarded the legitimóte representatives' clamour for the final settlement of our political sta tus, being this, unmistakably, a gross denial of the elementary principies that laid the foundation of the very heart of the american institutions which the

former thirteen colonies fonght for... He disregard ed the sound report rendered —upon request of him MB. ANGEL L. DELGADO

Puerto Riean Poet and Journalist

—^by expert Mr. Ben Dorfman, of the Tariffs Commission, as the fundamentáis of said report were sharly against independence. The senator from Md.,

The republicaii victoiy did not surprise island's repiiblicans; was longly expeeted. Undoubtedly, tbe clothed with mandatorj- authority as a member of a american people, witliout a renuuciation of the very

heart of the democratie philosophy, got rid of the Demoerats in Congress; they will go ahead —in the winniiig side — iip to reach the White House. Will get there...

We rejoiee of. GOP vietory as republicans, nevertheless, Puerto Rican are not ungrateful, as they tvere benefited by the Democrat administration, head¿d by the late FDR, especially the Popular Party who got the overn helraing majority of votes cast...

On my part, shouldn't fail to say that, not withstanding, the island didn't escape from costly' tugwellian experiments and planned economy of the so called New Deal, who gave birth a lot of authorities and instrumentalities now supported by the impoverished

taxpayer. A little bit more of planniugs and experi ments in this guinea pig was enough to beeome a tugwell town. On this and others state of affairs, re-

presentative Jasper Bell holds a sound report..

GOP members of Congress, we had a lot of headaches and troubles cansed by the former chairman of the Committee on Territorios and Insular Affairs.

Toleration almost got its limit. The chairman just

mentioned was an eniperor of the island's affairs; his voice was the only heard, and his the only rigbt opi nión. We were victims of a dietatorship, as his un-

majority party, repeatedly' heard more independence supporters from the island and the continent, than those standing for opposite ideas. That's why the bilí for a plebiscite didn't get on the way.

Lately, this senator uttered that he will again in-

troduced and chase his bilí, still going on the beaten track, notwithstanding his positiqn within a minority.

Such and utterance was pointed out by the president of the Republican Party in the island, representative Celestino Iriarte, as a cry of a caged lion, without paws, in a republican Congress... Maybe, some of y'ou know that Tydings' outburst of revenge is fesultant of the fact that he hates us, and still bears, fresh in his mind, the murder of the late' Coi. Riggs, his cióse friend, assassinated in the island-by ardent advócales of independence.

For these and other reasons we were so sorry, almost shocked, for Tydings' removal, by the popular will, as head of the Committee on Insular Affairs.

Sure, we'll miss him. "Good" friends are always remembered.

The republican Party, thru its representatives, should not allow the late emperor to.continué threatening and joking with his fellow citizens with irre gular utteranees of abhorrence.

Unfortunately, we

are not kinds' stuff.

So we're doublv rejoiced for the republican vie dertaking was confined to get rid of the island, irtory in the continent, as this means to us a great rrespective of how can be done, that the island be granted absolute independence, regardless of the eco- deal, that we can expect a better New Deal within the new Committe on Public Lands, that will be in

nomic conseqnences this form of government brings. charge of insular possessions.

So yon realize that he is still our foe, as he endeavors to send this territory adrift, denoting in his indeli-

We have been praying earnestly, and will con

berate attitude not even a bit of fair play and sense

tinué, that american citizens of this possession appurtenant to U. S. be given the same opportunities

of justiee to two million AMERICAN CITIZENS not subjeets of a foreign power who fonght against to economic prosperity and political independence, the United Nations in the World War IX. Tydings' under the stars and stripes, We hope so.

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Eli ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

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La Política de los Estados Unidos y la Estadidad para Puerto Rico m

partidistas. Puerto Rico podría ser hoy, no una mera posesión, territorio o colonia de los Estados Unidos, sino uno más entre esos mismos estados.

Desgraciadamente para nuestra Isla, los puerto rriqueños somo e.Ktremadamente dados a las disputas estériles, y demasiado poco dados a estudiar nuestros problemas con la serena ecuanimidad de espíritu que requiere toda cuestión de trascendental importancia para nuestra vida individual y colectiva. Así, es harto sabido, que por cada persona que mantiene y defiende una convicción fundada en el estudio com

pleto de las implicaciones en ella envneltas, hay cen tenares y aun millares que defienden, con apasionado empeño, opiniones inspiradas por prejuicios y emo

ciones ineontenidas, y para quienes lo importante es el triunfo de sus ideas, y no el posible resultado de tal triunfo. i

■

Y de esta suerte en vez de contribuir al escla

recimiento de los hechos, ilustrando y orientando a las multitudes que de sus líderes esperan la debida orien

iSWMlíiiilili:

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tación, lo que se ha logrado es entorpecer la marcha do nuestro pueblo, hacia conci'ctas soluciones, a tono con las realidades de la vida y de la historia.

SRA. LIBRADA A. DE SOTO

Secretaria Asociación Puertorriqueña de Mujeres Estadistas

Dice el Secretario de lo Interior de los Estados

Unidos, según información cablegráfica, que el Pue blo de Puerto Rico no ha pedido aún que se le admi ta, como un estado más de la Unión Americana, como lo lia hecho en fecha reciente el territorio de Alaska, V que es la política de los Estados Unidos, descu

brir cuál es el status que desea nuestro pueblo.

Es lástima que la confusión creada por los po líticos desorientados, haya impedido a este país la

E.speramos que algún día, no lejano, nuestro pueblo y, sobre todo los hombres que lo dirigen, ac tuando con más sensatez y con un sentido mayor de su responsabilidad ante la sociedad y ante la historia, reconocerán el hecho, a todas luces evidente, de que un deber imperativo exige de nosotros la realiza

ción de un gesto de i^atriótico desinterés, que nos una en la demanda, ante el pueblo de los Estados Unidos, de nue.stro derecho a ser una más de las comunidades que, con el nombre de "estado", han realizado el más alto ideal de vida a que pueden as pirar, dentro de las realidades históricas, los pueblos pequeños del mundo.

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Librada A. de Soto

realización de un esfuerzo francamente enderezado a

obtener para los puertorriqueños, el status envidia ble de un estado, en el sentido que a ese vocablo atribuye la Constitución Americana, al referirse a las varias unidades que integran la gi*an República.

No creemos aventurado decir, que si unidos los

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EJÜ ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

35

La Cuestión del Idioma en una fracción de generación, decidir lo que es bueno o lo que es malo en materia de educación a nue.stros niños.

Dicen los poetas que el lenguaje es un medio de expresión de los sentimientos más nobles del alma

ciudadana, pero también es el medio más rápido para obtener de comer y beber, porque aquí en Puerto Rico y fuera de él no somos todos poetas ni literatos, pol lo que el lenguaje es un medio muy práctico y con veniente en el intercambio de ideas, en las artes y en

el comercio. Dos mil años antes de Cristo, ya los griegos tenían sus academias en donde aprendían el griego, el cartaginés, y los patois etruscos y latinos de la época; por eso, porque sabían los idiomas de las otras naciones con que comerciaban y con las cuales

tenían cierto intercambio científico y cultural, lle garon a ser los poderosos del Mediterráneo, apesar de sus intensas y constantes luchas intestinas. An dando el tiempo, hemos visto ahora la enseñanza del

español en los países de habla inglesa, se. ha inten sificado en tal forma cine se han creado premios de muchos miles de dólares, a las mejores obras en es pañol.

DR. EUFEMIO M. BOCANEGRA LOPEZ

San Juan, P. R.

La cuestión del idioma ya está tomando giros de transformarse en PROBLEMA DEL IDIOMA. No

l^asa un solo día en Puerto Rico sin que un asambleista municipal, reiDresentante, senador, empleado fede ral o alguna otra j^ersona tenga que, y se sienta dis puesto a dar su autorizada opinión sobre la enseñan za del idioma español en las escuelas públicas de Puerto Rico.

Se ha)i rebuscado los más antiguos textos de los nacionalistas e.spañoles e indoamericanos pai-a demos

Pregunto yo, ¿qué ha impulsado a la poderosa Albión en eicyo imperio no se pone el sol, y que sos

tiene varias estaciones de radio en ESPAÑOL y qué ha impulsado a las poderosas repúblicas o estados in dependientes de los ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AME

RICA a estimular la enseñanza del idioma español entre sus ciudadanos? Porque han visto que con el tlominio de ambos idiomas hay un perfecto intercam bio intelectual y comercial, de manera que la nación

CONQUISTADORA impulsa o desea apíender el idioma que se habla en la CONQUISTADA. Valien te manera de conquistar un pueblo, TORTURANDO

y VIOLENTANDO la mente de los inglesitos y americanitos, para que aprendan el español. La verdad

Isla.

(-S que echando a un lado los odios, prejuicios y la testarudez himaláyica de muchos nacionalistas, los pueblos que van a la vanguardia del progreso y de la civilización tienen por necesidad que buscar los medios de entenderse con los otros pueblos, muchos

Yo, parodiando a un célebre filósofo griego, cuando le preguntaron si existían o no los Dioses

de esos vecinos de costumbres e idiomas diferentes.

Como práctica expresión de estos deseos de "buena

trar que a los niños de Puerto Rico se les ha estado torturando y violentando la mente

según un reciente artículo de un senador de nuestra

Olímpicos, dijo: "No niego ni acepto la existencia de los Dio.ses, poivpie el asunto es oscuro y la vida cor

vecindad" es el hecho de que casi todos los eolegio.s

la.". Por lo que ])uede colegirse que eu estos asun

y high schools de los Estados Unidos se ha impulsado la enseñanza del idioma español, fuera de toda nece

tos que afectan nuestros más caros sentimientos y la

sidad inmediata. En reciente congreso de las auio-

fé de nuestras creencias y hasta los medios de expre sión de nosotros y de nuestros antepasados, no son asuntos tan diáfanos y tan simples que nos permitan

ridades escolares estatales se pasó una resolución para estimular el idioma español en las escuelas, y recicnPasa a la pág. 41

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

PROBLEMA Ofrecemos a miestros lectores, por considerarlo de actualidad, una copia del editorial que vió la luz

37

AGRARIO caso del ejido en México. Como se sabe, el progra ma agrario del ejido en México es anterior a la revo

lución soviética. Bajo el sistema del ejido grandes

pública en el importante Diario Mexicano, "Excelsior", en su edición del lunes 21 de octubre de 1946: extensiones de tierra se subdividían en parcelas, y Editorial "EXCELSIOR"

Ciudad de México, D. P. Lunes 21 de octubre de 1946.

Fracaso del Ejido

a cargo de cada una de éstas se ponía a un hombre o a una familia. El encargado de la parcela recibe refacción de un banco; se le indica el fruto a sembrar; y, una vez hecha la recolección de la cose cha, el banco se ocupa en venderla, entregando al encargado el remanente de los ingresos después de cubierta la deuda refaccionaria.

Pero esta vez no lo decimos nosotros para que

después se nos eche en cara nuestra falta de coope ración. La condenación viene de parte de un agró

La indolencia del

hombre bajo este programa obligó muchas veces a los economistas y sociólogos americanos a preguntar

nomo distinguido y que, como profesor, ha formado se si la suerte y la felicidad de todo im pueblo podían a muchos de los actuales agrónomos. El ingeniero Manuel Mesa Andraca juzga con severidad lo que hasta ahora se ha ensayado en el campo agrícola y

ponerse en peligro, cambiando el viejo sistema del negocio organizado por el de la redistribución de la tierra en muchas manos, cuando la experiencia ha

considera que se ha perdido un tiempo precioso. Y

demostrado que ello implica el sacrificio de la efi

lo que es peor: que se ha colocado a millares de cam pesinos en una situación deplorable que no les per

ciencia entre otras cosas.

mite mantener a sus familias, y menos, como es

Un Estadista

natural, colaborar para el sostenimiento del resto de los habitantes del país.

El reparto se ha llevado a cabo, en muchos ca sos, sin conocimiento exacto de las condiciones del Y Y terreno y de este modo son muchos los ejidos que '4 no pueden subsistir atenidos a riegos miserables o 4 a lluvias esporádicas. Luego, nunca han sido bien 4 distribuidos los implementos para que el labrador I paeda sembrar y recoger sus cosechas. El agrónomo i Mesa lo dice sin ambajes cuando culpa y condena la

"irresponsabilidad de los funcionarios voraces y de I los empleados cleptómanos que nunca han creído que YYY el ejido representa la salvación del país".

en este propicio terreno; pero lo lamentable es que tales malos ejercicios han traído la ruina del siste ma agrario; que. es un fracaso por más que ^ oces oficiales se empeñan en demostrar lo contrario. Ur ge, pues, que los nuevos funcionarios escuchen estas acusaciones, que no puedoi ser achacadas a voces re

accionarias", y que procedan a ponei un icniedio oportuno y definitivo. Un país sin el sostén de su agricultura, ni puede industrializaise ni menos pue de sostenerse como nación independiente.

NUESTRO COMENTARIO

En este editorial expone él citado diario el fia-

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41

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

LA CUESTION DEL IDIOMA Viene de la pág, 35

ton, dirigirá un seminario que para las maestras de

teniente en la república independiente de Panamá las autoridades escolares han implantado, fíjense bien,

inglés de las escuelas primarias se llevará a cabo bajo

HAN IMPLANTADO la enseñanza del IDIOMA IN

cionada Fundación.

GLES (los panameños hablan solamente el español, que es el idioma oficial) desde las GLASES PRIMA

los auspicios del Ministerio de Educación y la men Como actividad importante de este seminario la

profesora Hightower dictará clases de demostración a un grupo de alumnos de escuela primaría que no idioma. En un país se estimula o no la enseñanza hayan recibido nunca clases de inglés. Estas clases de una lengua que pueda convenir a los altos inte las llevará a cabo por espacio de dos (2) semanas rese del espíritu. .. y del estado, y para probar esto, y servirán para demostrar a los maestros de manera práctica los métodos más efectivos. léase el siguiente artículo: Oportunamente se anunciará el lugar y la hora Copiado del diario LA NACION, Panamá, R. P., eii que han de tener lugar las clases aludidas. do octubre 3, 1946.

RIAS . Ahí está la verdad escueta sobre el asunto del

LA ENSEÑANZA DEL INGLES SE HARA MAS EFECTIVA Be acuerdo con medidas adoptadas por el Ministerio de Educación.

Medidas conducentes a hacer más efectiva la en

Además de las actividades mencionadas la profe-

sc'i-a Hightower visitará las escuelas de Colón y al gunas del interior de la república, con el objeto de contribuir en la medida de sus capacidades, al me

señanza del inglés en las escuelas primarias han sido

joramiento de la enseñanza del inglés.

tomadas en el Ministerio de Educación.

A fin de organizar el seminario aludido la seño rita profesora Hightower tendrá esta tarde a las cua

La profesora Virginia Hightower, especialista en la enseñanza del inglés como idioma extranjero, de la

tro una reunión con las maestras de inglés en el Liceo

Fundación Interamericana de Educación de Washing

de señoritas.

Statehood for Puerto Rico; too late to go back on it.

From page 29 Simultaneously with the educational developmeut. Puerto Rico lias undergone a tremendous transformation in her economic life. In 1891, the year

that preceded the annexation of Puerto Rico, the share of the United States in the total external trade of

liation with the United States.

It is true that for

tliousands of the disinherited Puerto Ricans this pros

perity has not been enough to raise them to a satisfactorj^ level of living. But for all Puerto Ricans, including the poorest, the new order of things has meant the possibility of an education for the children,

the Island was 19.05 per cent as against 80.95 per

free medical care for the diseased, the right to vote

cent for Spain and the rest of the world. In 1899,

for the men who are to oeeupy public office, a sys tem of roads that makes the large marketing centers accessible to every córner of the Island, equality before the law, safety in the lawful pursuit of work.

These are the things for which the American flag stands in Puerto Rico. The guarantee that these things will be kept, developed and eventually extend ed in full measure to every Puerto Rican is statehood for the Island. Every Puerto Rican wants these things kept, developed and extended. Every Puerto

the year after the Island becanie an American possession, the American share jumped to 37.15 per cent,

and by 1940 it liad reached 96 per cent, and almost total ubsortion of the insular external commerce. Tliis

situation has brought American capital to Puerto Ri

co, without which the Island would be undeveloped agriculturally. The protection of the American taiiff has made it possible for Pto. Rico to compete with Cuba in the proHuction of sugar for the American market. The sugar industry has skyrocketed in Puerto Rico and the pi-osperity brought by' it is largely

responsible for the material development of the Is land. Without the American sugar market, the su

gar industry in Puerto Rico would collapse like

a pricked hallon. Such a collapse would destroy the educational system, the progress made in health, in agriculture, in housing, etc. The insular economy would revert to a primitive state of minor agricultural status.

Rican is therefore committed to statehood as the final

solution of the problem of our political status.

The United States government has created and fostered the present eivilization and standard of life in the Island. Therefore, the United States is moral-

ly committed to grant Puerto Rico such a status as

will guarantee the safeguard of these prerrogatives.

And sinee no other solution can accomplish this, the United States is likewise committed to statehood. It

is too late to go back on it now. Forty-eight years of American influeneé on Puerto Rico has made this

The present generation of Puerto Ricans have enjoyed the standard of living resulting from the the inescapable political progi'am for the future of prosperity brought about through our political affi- the Island.

X

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45

EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

STATEHOOD IS NOT A TRIPLE From page 17

Statebood is not manna flakes faUing from beaven,

We will have to walk through all pathways, climb

or water eoming out from tbe beart of motber eartb.

to tlie inountains, approach tlie common people, meet

Statebood is like a rare orebid, wbicb we bave to

them ín couuties, towns, villages and eities, and carry on a constant and iiidefatigable work of edueation, information and awakening of tlie two million Ameriean eitizens in Pnerto Rico, so that they can learn,

cultivate in our minds and bearts, and above all, tonourisb witb a food-prodnct tbat comes from tbe beart and brains and wbicb decent people cali "loyalty". Statebood is eostly, in tranquility, blood and money. It is not given like an easy woman, it does not come down on ns prodigally like our tropical snn.

We bave to go np nortb in seareb of it, and it is very cold np Nortb. Tbat is wby it is necessary to be fnll prepared to figbt tbe severity of tbat "cold weatber" np tbere. Statebood is not a trifle...

learn, to love and long for Statehood so that tbe peo ple may feel tbe tremendous necessity of Statebood.

We will llave to exalt and magnify its graiideour and

beauty, and make tbe people understand its supreme dignity and gnarantees. Statebood is not a trifle.

Statebood sball not drop from heaven like tbe rain.

STATEHOOD FOR PUERTO RICO DESIRABLE From page 27

support. "The forgotten man" will be made

al neecl of the people of Puerto Rico is more to realize that he is in fact a part of this great and better edueation, does any one doubt that system which we cali the United States of Amé such need will be more efficiently served by rica. It can be then truthfully said that in this permanent unión witb the United States? Once government "every citizen is a sovereign but tbis educational program is started, you will that no one cares to wear a crown." see new industries started in Puerto Rico. So

cial reforms will be given definite and effective

Rohert A. Cooper.

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normalidad reine de nuevo en el mundo, trayendo para todos alimentos.

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comodidades y medios para obtenerlos.

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FELICES PASCUAS Y PROSPERO ANO NUEVO

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EL ESTADO — PUERTO RICO

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CERVEZA

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CORONA DELUXE

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(Víctor Braegger)

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AMERICAN EQUITABLE ASSURANCE CO.

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AMEBICAN EMPLOYEB'S INSURANCE CO. FRANKLIN FIBE INSURANCE CO.

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GLENS FALLS INDEMNITY CO.

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poro lo preferencio de que es •bjeto. No solomente es un producto notivo, sino que está •n todo sentido o lo olturo

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THE NEW YORK AND PUERTO RICO STEAMSHIP CO.

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