II Occupational Stntus of Mig,rants to Sen Junn and Río Piedrr.s by Sox, 1935 - 1940

7

History provos that sone Puerto Ricnns r.t le�st do lea.ve the island and mcJco t.heir homes olsewherc. Records, unfortunatoly avc.ilnbL.; only since 1908, indicute thnt the not loss of population by out-migration frora 1906-09 to 1945-46 was 102,123. (Table III). Persons who left the isla.nd during thnt period totr.led 748,288.__5!

Fiscal Year 1908-09 1909-10 1910-11 1911-12 1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 1916-1.7 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20 1920-21 1921-22 1922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 TABLE III Balance of Out-□igrc.tion �nd In-cigrution, Puerto Rico 1 1908-09 to 1945-46 (fiscal years)

Gain

3111 3500 1475 195 22

33

612 633 Loss

588 339 2354 4212 3312 4139

l'i56 3720 2137 5621 8729 Fiscal Year Gain

1927-28 1928-29 1929-30 1930-31 1938 1931-32 2708 1932-33 1082 1933-34 2966 1934-35 1935-36 1936-37 1937-38 1938-39 1939-40 19/1-0-41 1941-42 1942-43 1943-41-� 1944-45 1945-46 Total 18,275 Net out-migration Loss

6144 4637 5676

1017 3448 4518 2362 4488 1904 988

1837 2599 7548 14794 21631 120,398 1c2,123

Source: U. S • .J)epª-rtment of Justi�IlllP.'�,.g_ration and Naturalization Service.

It is important to note that the five year period, 1941-46, accounted far 47 percent of the total far the 38 yearso There was an additional net out-flow of 28,787 in the first ten months of the 1946-47 fiscal yea1. The loss far the full year, if we assume that the next two months may maintain the average, would be 34,436.

Most of those who leave the island permanemtly move to the continent, but there ure Puerto Rican coJ.onies of various sizes in several other are?.s. The olde.st lar ge group is f ound in Hawaii. The Dominican Re_public Cuban census holds second place showed 3450 Puerto and probably Cuba is Ricans living there • third .l2tl . The 1919 St. Croix occupies fourth place with around 3000. St. 1:'homas lags far belünd far next place, with only between 700 nnd 800. -1É..../ Mexico is said to have 500 members of the Puerto Rican colony in the capital alone

Hnwaiian E..xpcricnce

Aeonts of the Kingdom of Hawaii wero sont to Puerto Rico to recruit cano ffold labor just before both arces wero brought undcr tho sovcroignty of the United Stctes in 1898 • .1:2../ There e.re now c.round 9,300 Puerto Rice.ns in Hawaii • .1.9.} Most of them are descendnnts of the fiold workers who went to the Pncific islands in the first docade of this century.

Thc plc.nto.tion systom, introducod into Hawnii by the whi te man in the first third of the lnst century, der:1andod o. depcmdable labor supply. Pnrt of the slowly evolvcd pnttorn of na.tive resistance to conquest wcs rofusal to work under feudal conditions on tho large esto.tes. Forcign workcrs were thon rocruitcd. Tho first big wr.ve consisted of Chinose; the second of Japcnoso; thc third, Filipinos. Sm2.J.lor groups of Portuguesa and lo.ter Puerto Ricnns 1 Koreans, Spania.rds c.nd Russic.ns foThwed. A dcliberatc policy Hes ndopted of importing r,1or0 lo.bor than wc.s needed nnd of plr.ying ono rc.civ.l group off c.gainst cnothor us nethods of labor control.

Thc Puerto Rice.ns thus ontorcd n highly comp0titiv0 situ::i.tion. Thcro he.ve been no spcci�l studios of how thoy ndjusted but scattered de.ta indicnte thc.t thoir position loQvos �uch to bo desirod. Throe c.spects of thc life of tho Puerto Ricn..."ls in Harmii me.y be oxnmincd skctchily vli th tho do.tu a.t hr.nd: ( 1) occupc.tiond stntus, ( 2) birth nnd dco.th ro.tos, nnd (3) indic2tions of social disorganizntion.

Most Puerto Riccns wcro pl.:;ntntion workors in 1930, according to Lind.� Census dntn fer 1940 indica.to somo shift from country to city, although only 40 percent livod in Honolulu City, thc main urbwn concentrntion. Ton yer.rs beforo, 3-3 porcent were found in thc.t city. Lind� constructcd c.n occupationo.l j_ndex in which 100 indico.tes the number which might bo expectcd in each occupntion. "Tho indox is socurcd by dividing tho proportion of the gainfully omployed in n given racial group who are ernployed in u spocific occupution by the proportion of the crilployod populo.tion of oll racos ongr.ged in the sume occup2.tion. Thus, an index of 100 indico.to$ thut tho civon raco hns GXactly i t s o:�pccted r3prosentr0 .tion in the po.rticulc.r occupa.tion. An index abovo or bolow 100 mnrks a deviation from the norm, eithor in tho dircction of concontrnting in or of avoiding a particulc.r ficld. 11 This index givcs us a picturc of tho w2.ys Puerto R:i.cnns r:ado n living. The Puerto R:i.cnn indc:x for plo.ntation lc.borers vms 190 in 1920, but hr. .. d fallen to 128 by 1930. Tho indox for profcssionnl pursuits was 9 nnd 20 for the snI:10 yec.rs. No Puerto H.icens rrcrc. listad r:s physicians, d,mtists, surgeons, lewyers or toach0rs, nor o.s benk officials in 1930, On tho pluntations thcr_�solvcs, unskilkd lcborurs nccounted for 51,6 percont of nll Pu.orto Rica.ns cmployod and somiskillod 38,4 pcr·cont in 1930.

Thc indcx for tho chiof non-r:i.griculturc.l occupo..tions in 1930 wns

ns follows: soilors �nd deckhnnds, 179; blncksmiths, 101; longshoremon 1:nd st0vcdoros, 100; pnintcrs, glnzicrs o.nd v,1rnish0rs, DJ; mechinists, 39; carpontors, 20; nnd fishermon, 19. Thero \!ere no builders, reto.il der:lors, policer.1cn, shoemnkors or tr.ilors.

Anothor study of Hcn:;aii, publishod in 1937, reports: 11Tho· Puerto Ricnns ,. c. 1mr:ll group, contro.ry to thc.; rulo, show li ttle tendoncy to concontratc 5.n tho cities, considcring the longth of their Hnwniic.n rosidonce, Appnrently they are less ablo thcn the members of othor ir.lliligrunt groups to mo.kc n sntisf�ctory econ01nic adjustment nnd moro of thcm, thoreforo, remain on tho planto.tions.

11 ..3:I./

Thero wero only 24 Puerto Rican ferro opcr�tors in Hawo.ii in 1940, Eleven ·�vorc mmers, 2 part-owners and 11 tcnunts. Thoy mmod cnly 320 ['.Crcs of lnnd o.nd plnced lo.st nmong o.11 the ethnic groups in farm owncrship�.3!:_/

Tho porsistonco of the plc.ntntion lnbor pv.ttern must bo csso.yed 2go.inst tho bc.ckground of locnl attitudes. LiP-d quotos o.n investign-tor of lebor conditions in 1�15 c.s snying tho.t 11no ro.ce north bringing to tho isknds will be contEmt to rerr:c.in porr:innently with its only prospoct n lifc lived nt tho cnid of n planto.tion hoe. 11 Ho gocs on to se.y thc.t th:ts 11hc o.lmost up to tho .s ropros0nt0d the ntti tudo prcr.cnt. 11 ..'3:J_/ oí' most of Hawc.ii I s peo ples

Bi:rth 2.11d dco.th rr.t,,s 0ffor n socond set of clt1.,3s to thc stc.tus of tho Pm�rto Ric::i.n in Hnw�ii. Th0 rc•fined birth ro.to (i.e., the ratio of the nunbor of childron born to th:, womcn in thc 15 to 44 o.ge group) in 1932 v..-as 225 for t.he Puerto Rico.ns. Only tho Filipinos surpnssod it, nith 253. Othor groups showrJd t.he ratos given: total, 178; Hmvniir..n nnd purt-Hc.wnii2.n, J.88; J c.pnnoso, 17·;3; Koreun, 178 ¡ Portuguesc, 1Li2; Chino se, 137; Caucnsinn not nlrc.ndy included, 74.-3!:.../

Tcble IV cor:.pc..ros Puerto Rico.n and t.he total populution by years from 1937 to 1946. It shows -cho crudo birthre.to rising nlthough nt no tirie in the docedo did it approe.ch thc ins1Jl2.r rr.to closor thnn 5. 5 points c.nd sorne of tho tir:-ie it wns 15 to 20 points lowGr. The stillbirth and illcgitiLo.ú�Y rntes ero high.

Most sociotics display a direct ré.'.tio bot1·;oc,n c.. high birth rnte c.nd a lm: lovel of living. Thosc figures, tbcrcforo, buttrcss the evidonc�, prcviously proscnted.

De.to. on denths ttnd death rntcs elso furnish sor:0 clncs. Thc cruda dccth r::::.to por 1000 in 19,,30 wo.s 15. 1 for tho Puerto Rice.ns, tho socond highost of the othnic groups. Tho others vmrc,: Hmw.iio.n nnd pc.rtHc.vmiicm, 21.1; Koronn, 12.5; Chinose, guose (1931), 9.1; c.nd othcr Cc:ucl• .sion 11.8;,- Filipine.t 10.9; Portu(1931), 7.7 • .32../ �f.oro significant aro th . re.tos for hcr.rt dis0as0s, 334 per 100,000 ¡md pneurnonic., 183. The gonorra populr.:.tion shorn:d re.tos of 179 cnd ll2, rC3 spcctively., for tho snrJo cnuses of dor.th. A high rr.te for hoc.rt disoa.se genorr.lly indicdos v.n o.ging populntion. Pnmm:onin in Hc.\7cii h2.s becn