III Bclance of Out-migrntion nnd In-migration, Puerto Rico, 1908-1909 to 1945

from Puerto Rican Emigration (1947)

II Occupational Stntus of Mig,rants to Sen Junn and Río Piedrr.s by Sox, 1935 - 1940

Somo undoubtodly we,·,e dissntisfiod with con:1itions on tho c .. me pla.ntations 2.nd mana.ged to rott1_rn to tho mainlancl. Thoro nro instances of Puerto Ricans saving enol1_gh money in Hawaii to purchQSO lo.nd in California and bcconüng iniep-=mdent farmers. Rccent slow growth in the C:-.lifornio. cities would seem to indicatc further the connoction with Hawaiian míu;ration. Thc port cities of the East cmd Gt:lf coo.sts, usic1.e from New York, probably owe thcir Puerto i1ican popub.tion to tho ensc of transport. l\•owark, J,3rsoy C:i.ty a.nd Yonkcrs should bo inchv.:1od in the Few York a.rea. Washington has for years offer;;c'l. job opport1mitios for bi-lingual office he] p .'1.nd professional pcople. Tampa. 1 s cigar industry and Cuban colony seem to ho.vo offered. both jobs and comp2.nionship. Thus we find 13 ci tíos :-TÍ th over 100 island-born Pu.orto Ricans o.nd sevon more with bGt-reen 50 and 91. Hiru;Ü would undoubtedly now be includod high on th,3 list if rkt2. woz·e ;::.vailo.blo on rocen-e mie;rc:tion therc. The extent of concont:ru.tion in t!cw York Ci ty ruay be soen dramatically by co:npa.ring those in }Tow York w:l.th those in all othor cities lj_sted in Tabl0 1.'VIII. Tho country' s lD.rgost city conto.inod 54 perccnt of the Pu'.Jrto Rice.ns in all 20 citfos in 1910, 79 percont in 1920 and 95 porcent in 1940. The totG.l for the -¡_7nited .Sta tes in 19L1-0 lJ'G.S 69,967. In oth;3r words, 90.44 porcent of all Hü e found. in Few York Cityº The total urban popuL=ition was 67,366 or 96. 2r: percont of th,; toto.l. Rural non-farm rosidcmts numbernd ;:-,204º 0nJ.y 397, or lü percont, livod on farms. It woul-:l scem tho.t tho trek to tho Uni tod Stc:1:,os is c.n cxtension of the n.1_ral-urban m:i .. gration wllich is che.r::,.ctr:3ristic of the Idand i tsolf. Puerto Rice.ns are now found in ovm--y state of the ruüon. Thc 1910 ccnsus reported non0 in nine statos: Forth 2.nC'. South Dakofo., Kontucky, Alabo.na., Mississippi1 Idaho, il1o,.,r Hoxico, Arizona 2..n1:l Utah. By 1920 Utah, 1fovada, and Hyominr; wcre the only stdt,s wi thout Pu.erto :?ice.nsº Tho 1930 ancl_ 19,4.0 censuses shoucd thom prosont in c.11 /4.f::. Thc ten statos \!ith thc lar:,;ost numbcr wore: Nou York 6J,281 Dis-Lrict of Columbia 289 California 1,892 Florida 272 Il!ew Jersey 7DO Illinois 259 Pennsylvania 607 Texv.s 254 Naryland 294 Nich.igc.n 208

Color o.nd sex are ·:.efinito bars to mi0ra.tion, howovor. Th0 formor is mu.ch r;1ore docisive thun the lattcr and the hro to(;ether e.ro �u.ita powerful. Tho only sto.to in l 9L.,,0 which did not h:wo a Puerto ;_ucan femalc was Forth Do.kota. lfon-wh5.te malos wore abs,mt in 15 sta.tos; non-whito femnles in 22. Table XIX shows tho distribu.t:í.on by rogions 2.nrl. color for four con3us years. The foJ.lowíng trends should bo not "Jd. Tho J\Torthcast,:irn statcs are thc only ones in which the incroase has been substantial and .:i.lrnost all th�.t incre8.se wa.s rcgistered in Now York City. Tho proportion of those· living in that region to thoso in the country 2.s a whoJ.G incr::-;o.sed steadily

from 52 percent in 1910 to 93 percent in 1940. Tho Forthcentral states declined, percentagewiso, from six in 1910 to only 1.3 porcent thirty years lator. Tho South d:..�opi)ed from lú to 12; the Uost from 21� to 3. Thero wore no absoluta declines in tho totaJ.s.

Exa1nin2.tion of th0 racial pictur·e introduces a different factor, howevcr. The total of non-white Puerto Rica.ns shows an incre�se �uring the 1910-20 a.nd 1920-30 pcriods and then falls in tte next decade. The sa.i-ne pattern is found in three of the four rogions. Thoro w2.s a slight declino in tho South between 1920 and 1930. Al1 CJ:cept the \Jost droppod between 1930 and '/►0 a:nd i ts incre:i.se wo.s sma.11. Thoso trends undoubtedly are connected with the widcspreacl discriminntion ago.inst colored poople which increased during the depression of the thirtics.

Thc concentr2.tion of non-whites in the I-Tortheastcrn statos, where discrimin2.tion is lons virulent, is shown by the shift in proportions in oach rogion by census yoars. In 1910, this region contained 48 percent of all Puerto Tiic;rns of color. The next three censuses showod th,;; folJ.owing perconts: 1920, 78; 1930, 94; and 1940, 94.

Tho Puerto 11ic::-,n fo.ruar on tho continent is also co:o.centrated in the Fortheast. Fift:r-f:i.vo p-i.lrc,311t oí' c.11 397 on the continont were found in that r:igion in 1940. 0ther r-,gions with number and p-'.:lrccmto.ge of tho wholc were: Forth Contrnl, 33 or f3 porcent; Gouth, 52 or 13 percent; \fost, 92 or 23 perccnt.

Tho influenc:e of Lh0 cotton•-piclrnrs P.1.igr¿._1:,:i..on seems to be reflected in the fig1..1ros for Arizmm. 'l'hero worc ?21 Puerto Rice.ns reported fo:o th2.t st.J.to in 1930. Thc3.�e wero only 147 ton :rears later, of whom 57 wGre farmers. Ifo othor st- te in th0 molmtain regfon had moro tho.n Colorado1 s ?7. Tbo comparatively 12.rgo numr::or of 254 in Texas may be accotmtJi for by the Gulf ports at which boats from Puerto Rico toti_ch ancl . perhaps sorne of the backwc.sh from the i\.r-i__zonu gro:.1ps.

This sk3tch of the mn.nner in uliich the Puerto Rico.ns have distributed thomselves on tho contincnt raises intoresting �uestions. Is j_t, nocossary that thoy co11centrnte in l'-!ow Yo:d{ City? Are thore not parts of the Unitod St.J.tos whorc at 100.st the physical clinnte would be mor0 propitious? Aro thero othor plD.cos uhore uns dlled and smni-skillcd worke1rs IlléJ.y find jobs? Could the 11coloni0s11 now in ex:i.stenc0 be appoo.lod to for 1-:elp in sottling ncwcomors o.ne finding them uork? Who.t opportmüt:Les for companionship 2.nd r0cr0ation would t:.oy a.fford?

PROSP3CTS FOR F'L_.'l'H,-:r. Ei-IIGRATI01'!

Possibilities on tho Continont

Continuad prospori ty on the continent will undoubt0r:lly cause a continua.nce and evon an in.croase in the prosent hic;h rato of :·ügration from thc ísland. This m:í.¡;ration will result in many malo.ctj..:i.stments tmless the Insular Department of Labor, working with th,J Unit-.:icl States Employment S:)rvicc, helps distribute job seckers to citios anl towns out8ide the �rew York metropolitan ar0a and to areas where thoro a.re real ch.:i.nces f or work. Such planning will- be oven more urgontly necessr,ry whcn cmploymont opportuni ties d•)cline and deprcssion s Jts in.

The best 8ducated guesses seem to be that thm'.'e will probably be u short 11recessionll this ycar. Soveral yoa.rs of mode:ratc to high prospcrity will follow before anothcr major dcprcssion. The advcnt of such a catastrophe will rl.epend on businEiss and political st:J.tesr.1,--..nshj.p. Ea.ch person is enti tled to his own opinion as to the pros--:mc'J of the foresi1ht nccessary to avoid u dopression.

The fact is tha.t the labor :narket on the cm1tinent is already spotty, with labor surplusos in sorno areas and occupations and shortages in othcrs. Tho fullest utilizution of the Jabor �¡¡_rket infornation service of the United Stat0s Employmont Sorvice is therofore ur::;cntly nee,.�od. The San Juan office of tho UnitGd Stntes Employmont S,::irvice should not be oxpected to publidze job opportv_nities 011 tho continent. It :1.s subject to prcssure from llashington to discourago movemLmt to tho continont, o.s was shown even during the war wl1on factories producin::; for the armed forces were short of men but Puerto :.1:i.c.:-.n recrni triont W8.S ol.dll:i:cimatod. Th0 publications of th0 Unitcd Stat:�s Ibpartm_.nt of' Lal,)or aro roadily availablo however anda continuous corrcspondence could and should be carried on by the insular uith roputable officials privato a� with st�t� �nd encies.W local employm0nt s0rvices and

Law Number 89 (1947), of which Senator GéigcJ. Polo.neo wa.s author, gives the Dopartmcnt of Labor snfficicnt powers to cope with tho abuses and misun,.lerstandings uhfoh havo arisen in the past in connection wi th the contro.cting of Puerto RicaJ1 worke1�s far continental jobs.

A regional analysis of lc..bor market tronds in tho past inclic2.t0s tho ar:)as of tho Units3d States in which s.,ortages may generallJ; bo cxpoctcd. The South will offer fow possibilitios sinco that is an arca of high populution growth ,1hich is forced to cxport its.-uneducate ., unskilled surplus to othor p�rts of thc Statos. Thuro was a southorn not outr.1igration of about 1 1/3 millions between 1920 and 1930 2.nd of almost a million in the noxt decude.

An examin.1tion of population growth an't economic opporttmities -:tndicat.es that the :t-.:ew Sngland, East Forth Cont:r-al a.ne'! Po.cific divisions of the Unitcd Statos are thc only arcas in which lc,bor shortage muy 11normally11 be oxpe ctod in the n.:,ar futuro. 64/ This meo.ns tha t gene rally atten.tion sh:iuld be concontratGd on the followlng states: 1aine, Now Hnmpshire, ·vermont, Con .. 11ccticut, r1assc.chusetts, Rhode Island, Ohio, 1Indiana, Illinois, Michigc.n, llisconsin, Hashii1:;, ton, Oregon and California.

This gonern.liz2. tion must be qualifiod by reforer,ce to tho rU.stribution of possibilities by occupation. Su.ch possibilities;. age.in, depcnd on prosperi ty or dopression. Ar.., .analysis of tho progro.r.1 which would be necess�ry to maintain prospority is bcyond the scopo of this report. Con�ross has tnken a potentially crucial step towa.rd full employmont by thc passar,e of the Ernploymont Act in 1946. Thc Act ch1rgos 11the Prosident, the Executivc Depa.rtments g.nd Congress to prometo maximum productive use of tho Nation I s rGsources - natural nnd humo..n - so t hat useful omployment OP.po to work. 11 W rtrnüties are affordod thoso ablo, willing, and see�dne

Tho Burcau of Labor Statistics of tho United Sta.tos Dopartmont of Labor has publishocl. the most thorough study of tho factors involved in tho maintcnn.nce of full employmcnt a.ne: wh, .. t the picturc might be in 1950 u.nder scvcntcon clear.ly statod 8.SSlunptions. The factors taken into cnnsideration incluc1e the size of thc labor I11 .... ,rkct, tho sizc of thc national incomc ancl the ways in which it is spent, levols of productivity; and the of investmcnt, working hours 1 w.:.l.(;ggr level of gover:n.mont Gxpendi.tures.� the volu..mo of foreign tra,.1e, and

The authors fecl tb;::�t omploymont opportuni ties fo:r wago cesrners by 1950 will rise sharpJ.y over 19L1.5 in the following fíclds: automobiles, lu;nber and timbor busic products, furni tv.re 2..nd :rolo. t.::id lu.mber products, stone, clay and glass products, teJ-..--tilG mills and othC?r fiber ;cianufacturing, mining, trc1d0, fino.neo, servic0s, .:.'.nd const:::,,1ction. Thc last 1 ,L.s i:;reat expansion possibilitios, particula.rly as thc imlustry modcrnizcs.

It should be stressed that this �-s not a f.Q.±:�.PJ'.S1 of whc.t will happen but a �lcscription of whc..t full cmploymont :y-_ou_:),g look lilrn if it hap�:ions. Tho sturly itsolf must be consu.lted far assumptions on which í t is based. Thc st:rly is moro con.servc:tivo tha.n an eo.rlier, pionoering study o.pplying tho tinational economic bud�;et 11 approach. It estimat,)Cl that the million. numbor of non-D.gr:1..cultural workcrs omployod in Ag:cicultura.l empJ.oyment was set 2.t 7.5 million 1610 .-� woulrl ,e 50

The principal consulting oconomist for th0 Social Socurity Boa.re. has contributed an o.naly��s is worth attontion.20' ?f :J:3 tbe possible cou:se of fecls tho.t the picture �mployment to 1950 wh�ch in 1950 mo.y compare ,Jl th that in 1944 as sl101rm in To.ble ;[¿

TABLE XX

51 Employees in Prívate Nonagricultural Establishmonts, 1944 and 1950 Estímated (thousands of personsO

---1950 .. ---�-1 . ---· ·· Incre::i.se /-) or ··-

Industry 1944 hypo-

decrease (-) thetical from 1944 to l950 Total Mu.nufacturing � 16,0 7o_ 10 _J.f:u900 14,000 . _ ··---.. i? ,1_2)iL. --?,010 Min::i.ng Construction 830 670 900 3,000 f /. 70 2,330 Transportation and public Tradc utilities 3,770 7,030 3,500 8,000 1270 970 Financc, sorvice, miscellan0ous l+,360 5,500 ¡. 1,140

Source: Wo s. Woytinscy, tiPostwar Economic Perspectives. "IV. Aftermath of the War, 11 Sochl Security_ __ Bulletin, ríarch 1946, p.13,

The Woytinsky figures aro more cons,3rVJ.'"(,lVG than thc Burem1 r:,f' Labor Statistics calculations 1Jy n.r01.md four miJ.lion. He foresces that in 1950 there would be propo�rtionately about thc sarne number of civilian jobs as in 1944 since the numbci� of pcrsons added to the labor force in those six years will be appro�imately th0 same as the inr,rease in jobs,

His estirnates, a y·;ar and a half ago, are also bolow the actual figures far racont monthso Employment has been maintained at around fifty-six to fifty-oight million. Unemployment in May, 1947 was about two million, having iropped half a million from thc previous month because of a seasonal increas'1_�n agricultural labor. Farms in March employed 7.2 million workers.§:.z! The Conmtlssioner of Labor Statistics warned in May that cmployment was tcn1ing to tighten up; that 1,250,000 veterans now in s chools was beginning to slow do wou��1soon wn.1.Q,, be seeking work, and that construction

A sifting of available data and foreca.sts by competent abservers would indicate three majar f'ields of concentration in which continental employment opportu..·1ities for Puerto Ricans might we11 be found: (1) seasonal agriculturo.1 labor; (.2) household employment; and (3) unskilled and semi-skilled factory labor. Opportunitios will undoubtedly o.ppea.r far trained pcrsons but it should be remembered, first, that Puerto Rico itself needs many more trainod uorkers than it has in many fields and, second, that Puerto Ricans would be compoting against pcrs0ns who (a) come from a culture in which em:phasis has for yeélrs bcen placed upan technical skills and training cnd (bJ are traincd in institutions which have been functioning for years in thoir fi8lds of specialization. In any case, persons wi th skilJ.s nlways ha.ve a bctter chance for o:nployment than the uns2:::.lled.

(1) Agriculturt':Ü Labor

One of the sug�cstions ofton me."ic as to s01.1.rco of 8mployment ln the Unitod States o.t the pres,mt tirac is :.�griculturo. Undoubtedly the: e n.ro thousap.ds of opportunities in tlüs fi,üd. T ere wcre 170,000 foreign worlrnrs in the Uni ted Sta.tes on V-J Day, nost of who:i.1 ha,::1. boen recrui ted for fn.rm uork. It is octi..riatod that th.Jro wero 400,000 �1exicc.ns, Eritisb Hest Inctians, British Hondurania.ns, Canadians Qllcl i\1ewfoundlanders on unskilled and somi-skilled j9JJ in tho 8tél.tes during the wo.r. Most of these r:ii::. •r9 buen repatriatoc1.�

Ther·e were probably 25,000 Mexice.n agricultur€.l laborers still L"'l the �n�tcd St'-2.tGs in patria-c,e them ovor a Pov�mbGr·, period of 19�.6. PlaA�1 two yea.rs • ..!.S! wore boing ma·1.o Thero worc 119 then ,000 to :eMoxican workers illo�ally in tho Unitcd Statos in Jnnuury, 1947, accordin� to official est:i.mates. � J:;:-ivc w2.s lmmchod in thnt month to find and deport those workcrs.:U. The romova.J. of these í'oreign workers from thc lélbor m,:,.rket plus the fr.ct thr.t soldicrs and so1r.0 4,000,000 wa.r workcrs from rural areas ha.ve not y-et found thcir wv..y back into agriculturnl labor, undoubtedly offers opport1.mitics to thc PuGrto J.ico.ns uho are interestccl in, cmd equippod to, enc;agc in this t:_rpe o:f work.

Co11Sic:.oration of rC:cruitmont for u..:;ricuJ.turn.l labor, und suporvision of i"t, shot:.lc'l. be contluctec1 becring in mj_na some of the oxp0rioncos of tho i-':.-ex;.c,...n.s ,�n-1 othcr ür1port ;d uorkers rl..uring th<3 w::i.r periorl. Thcr) wo.s u mnj or .:tiff eren e o botweon n�m.-ui tment of forcign workers during World 1v2.r II r..nd pr,wiov.s recruitmr.:nt oxp0rienco. This tir,10 bi-lnt0ral nogotiat:lons WGl"O cond1..1.ctod bi3tween th'J Unitr.::d Stc..t,as goverrur.ont und the Ho�dcc.n o.nd othcr governmonts involvod in order th::i.t pf91¿or 2.rr2.n1omi.:mts mir;ht bo me-le for tho protection of tho worl:orlLv Rogulc.tions wcr0 carefull�r fomulat0d to govorn recruitm,:mt, transport,·.tion, housing, wc.�es, food, 1.¡or1d.nG corditions, hours, savings fun::J.s, ar.d rop2.tr:i.J.tion. A t lor,st 2.s mtiG!1 CD.ro should be cxercisod by the Pi:i.crto 11ic,:.m o.nthori tics in dcaling wi th recnü ting agonts an�1 the a3rooments Teo.ched mi,1ht woll bo studicd w1.th this in mind.

It would ,:'.lso to vali.1ablo to study thc fow rcports which h.J.vo boen is:.mcd on the ox:Joricnce of tho :í.'oroif;:1 110:d-.:c�·s, Tho Division of Labor and Social Ir:.formation of the Pan :u;1;;rica,, Union r.1n':le scvcral studies of cond:í.t.ions amon;;- tho ':e;dc:·.n wo.r Jorl�0rs. Tl:c mo�t froquent sourccs of complaints • .1oro food, housinc;, imv3.oc:uatG ,1od:Lci1.J. scrvices, 12.ck of cducntionnl and recroation�l facilities, rQcial 0iscrimination, and absonce of ¡:;riovance llllchinory. Handerson ropor·ts 2.lone; th.3 samo linos. It wc.s founc.1 tbit cz,__g_;cro.:t::i,.l stc:t0ments JG!"J ofi:.en ;na.de -� _uring thc rec:n.,iting con:1itfons ca.mpnign in 1-.cxico whích o.nd hi'.:hor po.y than thoy lcd workors to OY.pQQ� nctuaJ.ly recoiv-:-d • .W fa.r bcttcr

Hondorson sums up ono phc'\se of thc rec:n.ütine; progrE!I.1 which nccds pnrticular E.ttention in thc follo1áng words, rrr:12.Jor_1.mcy of tho inforrnation gi ven to worlrnrs during mass 1:oc:n.ü tment ·J.ri vos t.1.n-: tenptc.tion to

veno.lity nmong loc2.l officio.ls ,a:�e old problems which have 0oen e,nphasi zed by 'i:,he .A.-nerican 0xporience. 11.'?.2/ It shonld l,e noted thc.t 1m-l.or the bi•10.teral agreements mentioned, t.':le workers i1ere not allowed to bring their famili•')S to the United Sta.tes. The invostiga.tors for the Prm Ar.10rican Uidon founcl tho.t one of the chief causes of dissntisfr.iction o.rr..ong both agricultural J..ni other importad worlcerG wc..s the abs0nce of the family. This and other aspocts of homosiclmcss accounte � for ,J. la:rgG p0rc:;ntu.ee of the naesertionsº from miGro.to1'Y work"'r canps. :Many Puerto Ricans lmve gono to tho continent to 11ort in co.nning f:ictor:tcs o.t the heirht of thc soasan. Others, left ¡:rcran 'ed on the conti·�ont by tho dis1:tppm:r.nnce of war job:,, havo joir� d . tho mi0r;:,.tory labor forceº Supervision of recrui tment for thc for1ner uor!{ :ls easier than for the latter.

Tho Uni tod St2.tes Departmo11t of Agriculture has gr-eatly increased its services to both tho mi;zr2.tory uor.rnrn and ·r,heir e,mployers. Fo.rm labor car:1ps cmd infor.r1v,_tion o:::'fices aro now loco.tecl in the principal a.reas of such employment -;.ne. E:.long tho rru:dn highways leacling to such areas. There aru 1.'cti.r nB:�n :.1:.i.�m.tory stroa., s: tho AtJ.e.ntic co2.st, tho Centre.l stc1.tes, the Mo1nt2 in st<1t0:::, e.n:i tho Pc.cific co,.st. Harvesting of crops starts early in tl:e s;,r�.ng in tho scuth. Worlrnrs move north as spring and sUL1.nrcr a.dvance, finj_shing their s-:,o.son in :1.ort.!orn sta.tos early in the fall., Thon they r0hi.t'n to tho solth far· the winterº Thc Pacific coast offers longer emplo:rrne:1t '.)OC ,_t1.se of the lcngth of thG growing seasono

A progr2.m for p:!.a.cing o. 1:.1mibor of Puerto Rié::ms in the migratory strenm on o.n oxporiMental bo.,·d.s c01üd lmdoubtodly be workod out wi th t,he R.ecr-,ütr:ent and Etcoment Div:lsion of the i�;:tension Fo..n1 kbor P1�0P,r2.m, Extension SeTvico, Unitod St2.tes De:partment of ./\.gr:i.cuJ.ture. The ossentfals of ;tp,<:, progrs.m of the Department are to be founc1 in thc public�'.tions listcd.111 It should be rocognized thnt ,:-1igrafory fam. labor is grueling work, that living ,1Ed worl:ing conditions are seldom sntisfactory, th:J.t pieccratcs prevo.il, and that :rocroation and other comrnunity fc1.cilities c,rc r.lmost invariably in2.decuate. Various groups aro striving to overcome these handicc.ps, howeve1: , as offoring possibilitles 2.nd .for there are persons to �trcvel 2.n,.1 r,cl.vcmture. m �.:,he life appoc:::.ls

(2) Ho1i_sohold Ernployment Housohold o:rn.plo�,�:1ent is one field uh:i.ch off ors almo::rt. unlimi tod possibili ties on tl1e conUne!l.t. AJI,1ost hc.lf o. r.!illim women left this fielcl. :-luring the war. i1ian.y of thcm ro coi ved tre..inin::; e.nd expcrience in othor occupo.tions so that thoy will not i-eturn to clonostic wor!c. The �lomen I s Buroau of tbe Unitcd St2.tos Jopart1,1ont of Le.bar so.ys: 11It' s a t:n.'.ism th�t tho aerr¡nnd for compctent householcl. w�rkors always e: _Th1:.1 W('..S trua bcf ore tho wnr c.nd e ven cluring tho rnoods oprcssion of thc the supply,.;...¡ 193Os.a

An analysis by an expert of the United Sta.tes uepc..rtmont of Com..rnerce susto.ins tho opinion tho.t there are ,•.n·:1 will continuo to be numerous opportunities in this ficld. He estimates tho.t hou::mhold employment in 1948 will be up 160 percont ovor tht;.t of' 19L:J, assuming tho.t favorable employment candi tions exist in :gc,meral.W It is point.ed out tho.t Europca.n immigrants supplicd 437, 000 11s0rv2.nts11 from 1920 to 19?.9. Changes in imrnigr 1tion laws c2.used this source of supply for domestic workers to vanish almost completely by the la te l 920s. The figure ci ted gi ves a rough pi.ctt-1.re of the opportuni ties held out to Puerto Rico.n women by tho legal changes. It should be noted that ?9 pcrcent of all i..TJlllligrants to the United Statos from 1821 to 19::-4 consisted of domestic serv2.nts and unskilled laborers. Household cmploym.ent is not the most desirable occupo.:cion, of course. Conditions have boen consi·:lere.bly , improved, however, particularly during the war, and there has bo0n a decidod ii1crease in activities by women1s organiza.tions, labor unions n.ncl civic and rel:tgious groups looking toward further improv0ment. Tho trend ho.s been toward an eight-hour da.y, a t least one free day pcr week, and a.n incren.se in wages as well as toward better personal rolo..tionships between cmploycr and servc.nt. Wo.,1es of course vary from city to city ancl from one employer to another. Tho Bureau of Le.bar Sti'.t.istlcs reports as follows on the subject: Annlysis of 562 advertiser,ionts for women household workers in Weshington, D.c., and n02.rby Virginia o.nd Haryland, publishcd in the domcstic-serv.i.ce during the period Soptemher J.6 unusually wide ranie in wagos. columns of a local newspupor., to 0ctober 155 19/44, showed an Monthly wngcs offored in 86 c.dvertisements ranged from :M.O to ��160 u month and avoraged (;92.25. In a group of 323 advert:i.sements offering weekly pay the rates wcre o.s low as ,::>12 in some cases anr1 �s high as �30 in oth0rs·, the avemge far thfa group being )20 or él. median of Í�20.35. Thls lattcr figure showed a striking ir.1provcment ns comparad to weckly enrnings of resident household c'-iployees cov0red in a somcwh'..l.t comparuble survcy :in 1940. That study showed earnings rn.nt;ing from ".;;3.50 to ':11C.75 a weok, the median Etv0rage for the white women being )9.35, and the �:regro womcm ()8.850 As a rosult of tho incre2.;;e in the cost of living since 1940, the mcals offered in 191;.4 o.lso had a higher value. The 19/./4. avaro.ge wngc offered far pr�rt-tirae workors by the week was ·:)13.10, far 'iay household workors it we.s )4.00, e.nd far those on o.n hourJ.y basis, .50 cents.

UndouhLedly, sL1:i.ldr tJ,-.\ ·.:s would ·,e fov.nd in the lz,:.�g-:r metropoli tan areas. Lower w -:.;et" in smalJ.er corn1mmit5.es H01}.ld ' ·e offset by the lower cost of living to a considerable e;rtcnto

The0:e Local 1348 e.re several h01.1sehold workers 1.LYJ.ions. Dori:estic Iorkers Hnion (CIO) í!ashin::;ton, D. c., has the followfog sta.ndar,.:.s for waces: The minimUJn war�e for experienced workers is ::)25 for a L�8-hour week; time a.11.d a half is paid above th:i .s. The ninir;ium f or inexperienced workers is )J.8 to �;120 par week for the same number of hours. After 3 months a �;;2 rcüse is to e :;iven. After 6 months the worker is c1as:::ified as experienced. Su.nday work is paid at double rates.

Me::nbers work L�8 hours per week and are entitle::1 to a vacél.tion of one week after six mont.hs e�ployment. Each meT.1ber works under a wrii',ten agreem.ent. There a.re always more calls from housewives than the union can fill. u:üons or Sblila.r by Y. W. 2�;�1;:,;_�•te e ·: A.s :nents are ma:le or other civic in other cities, either by and rellgious groups such as the Cincinnati Community Cor;rrnittee on H·usehoJ.d FJnployment and the Chicago end St. 101'.is Ho-:.sehold Employers Leagues.

SenE.:.tor Gói,,:,-,1 Polanco found 75 percent of the Puerto Ilican household worke1�s wbo went to Chic2.go late in J.946 satisfiecl wi th their jobs and the homes in which thoy ni :-e 11orld.ng. TM.r, f2.ct, pJ.us the need for jo'.Js in Puerto Jico and tho demand for workers on the continent, r:mg:;ests the possibility of a well-organizod pro]:·2111 of trainin.g, recruitment, placement a.nd follow-up which could c;:Lve op:;,:,ortmütics for work, for travel, and for education to many thousanél.s of Puerto Rica.n · ·01.mg women in the next few years.

(3) F'acfo:ry Labor

Opportunities in this field may be found by c].rise atterition to tho reports of the Uní ted St2.tes Employment Service to which ref9;· ence ha3 alrearJ.y boen mar,�e. It might 1)e ac1ded that i-,omen may prove to ha.ve IllE'.ny opportunities in this field, too. 1Ji tness the April Lahor Na.rkct report: 11In Scranton, Pennsylvania. a huce male labor sur·,lus exists, a large portian of uhich is of veterans, 1kile a shortage of semiskil:ted fe:n.alo 1 ,JOrke ·s exists in the textile, ap_ arel, and tobacco in, ustries.

Fo:rvent as are our hopes for continued prosperity, the possibility of depres8ion must be kept in mind. Thei,e is an extremely close correlation bet1.1een net out-migra,t,ion from Puerto 11ico · é.md prosperity on the continent. Three decades of experience are sho1-m in Table XXI. They show the high degree of influcmce wh:i.ch .usiness concli tions on the continent have on the outflow anc'. inflow of Puerto Idean migrants. Pue1·to )1ico 1 s prosperity, of course, is inti..rrD. º:.ely lin��ed with that of the m ntinent. Depressions on the con-tinont EE'-J quickly reflected in depressions. in Fu':3rto Rico. The returning �t;�earn of ml[;r __ nts thus throws an additiow.l burden of relief on the Puerto Ricwi econorny ata time uhen it is lcast a�le to cope uith it. In acldition, the outflow

TABLE XXII

state Residence Requirem.ents for Public Assistance, 1945

State residence: :Number of States wi�h specified requirements requirernGnts :------------------- -------�--:-• Aid to dependent :Old-age assisto.nce:iid to the ?lind¡ children ----------------

5 years 3 years 2 years 1 year None

35 27 o 2 2 o 1 12 1

2 o 14

l·

46 4

No �pp:tG>!9'ed o

·plan Source: Altmeyer, A.J.,

11 people on -che Hove: Effect of Residence Requirements. for Public Assistance" , social Securi ty Bulletin, Janu�ry, 1946, p.4.

The Socio.l Security Board has asked Congress for federal assistance in persuading the states to reduce furt�er the residence requirements which discrim.inate ar;ainst perso:1.s who moved from one state to another in response to --:rar labor demands.

State and loco.1 governmcnts also maintain rosidence reguirements for direct relief and welfare services not covered by the Social Security Act, The Puerto Rican on the continerrt may be ho.ndicapped because of his mobility. It is probable, hoTJever, tho.t since the end of the riar most of t he war workers have settled in s01;'..e commu..n.ity and by the time of the outbreak of the depression will be a.ble to fulfill residence requirem-ents \·here they are .. not unreasonable.

Every effort should be made by the govermncnt of Puerto Rico to malee availn.ble to the ligrnnts information on their rights and duties under the Social Security Act. private Ytelfare agencies in the centers where Puerto Rica11s have ga.thered might well be asked du.ring the depression to ma.ke special efforts in behalf of Puerto Ricans in need of relief or welfare services,

The continent is far more able tha.n is Puerto Rico to bear the burden of relief. Every effort should be mude t a.id the Puerto Rican migrant to sta.y in the Uni ted Sta tes during the depression rather than return home. 5

The 11Pull11 of Latin Aracrica

Latin Aroorica, in at least one respect, seems today to be playing the role the pioneer areas of the United States played during the last century. In the imaginations of many persons it is 11the land of opportuni ty11 • Migrants to both the continent and st. Croix raveal a strong feeling that Latin Ame rica offers a chance f or a ncw start. They were asked 11\lould you go to a Latin .hmerican countr:7 if offered permanent employment - if offered land to farm?" The vast majority o.f those who remained in the states showed a desire to take a job in Latin America: 269 out of 357 who answered, or 76 percent. Only 76 were not interested and 7 answered tha t their decision would depend on the circumstances. Of those who returnod to Puerto iiico, 375 out of 418 answering, ar 89 percent, would take a job in Latin Ame rica. Crucian migran to were inter•ested to the extent of 41 out of 77 responding, or 53 percent. The smaller proportion indicating a desire to move probably ÍG an indic�tion of greater success in their second homes. Farming opportunities seem decidedly less attractive to all three groups. Of those who remained on the continent, 201 out of 357 thought that they would l.i.ke to go to a farm, or 59 percent. Those who ret11rned showed 276 The Crucian group out of 418, or held only 26 ou 66 percent, t of 74, or attracted 35 percent by the suggestion. , to whom the idea appealed. The choice of country showed a fairly wide range. Those workers who stayed in the states named 12 countries as first cho1-ces, omitting the smaller and less accessible cow1tries such as 3olivia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honc.uras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Perú. Those who returned to the island namod only 9 of the 20 republics, Argentina, BrazLl, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Repu�lic, Ecuador, MGY.ico, Pana 1á and Venezuela.

The first choice of t he formcr group .fell most often on Argentina (61), second, Venezuela (38), third, Brazi.l (33), fourth, 1viexico (22). Eighty-two ansvvered, 11any Latin American country. 11 Sixty four of those who returned to Puerto Rico answered 1tany11 • First choice was Brazil (49); second., híexico, (48); thj_rd, Cuba (44); fourth, Venezuela, (38). The overwhelming choice of the few Crucian inigrants who stated a preference was for Cuba (18). 1rhe Dominica,n Republic, Venezuela, and Mexico followed wi th only 5, 3 and 2 respectively. These data indice.te ( 1) that there rnust be a sizeable group of Puerto Ricans who would emierate to Ls.tin li.merica provided conditions were suitabk,; (2) that many pref,3r Latin Arnerica to the United States; (3) that more are looking for jobs than for farms a:1d (4) that there is no overwhe1Jnin6 preference i'or any ona country.

Immigration Lo.ws in ,Latin Americo.

Restriction is the basic characteristic of most Latin Arnerica immigro.tion laws. 0ccú.pational selection favors two groups, potential investors und possible settlers. Industrial o.nd other skilled and semiskilled workers (with the exceptio-n of sorne technical sxperts) are almost universally discriminated against. A few countries temporarily are recruiting persons with specific skills. Almost all countries maintain quota systems under which foreigners are limited in four ways: (1) to a p roportion, uauo.lly araund 15 or 20 percent, of nll employees in a given plant,; (2) aliens are forbidden entirely in certuin jobs, e.g., public service, liberal professions, and trnnsportation and communications; (3) nliens must be discharged first when reductions in force take place; c.nd (4) foréigners with specially-needed skills are e.llowed to take jobs o.s a temporm,y matter, usunlly with the provision that no.tionals must be trained to replece them as quickly as feasible.

The percentngo of nationo.ls who m1..:st be employed according to law in the vnrious countries is as f ollows: �/

Bolivia 85 percent of the perso.nnel o.nd of the payroll of ea.ch employer;

Brazil - 67 percent nationals or alienp who have lived over 10 years in Brazil nnd who have Brazilian wives or children;

Chile - same as Bolivia;

Colombia- 80 percent of tho salnried personnel and 90 pernent of the wo.ge oa.rners;

Costa Rica - 90 percent of the workers and 85 percent of the payroll;

Dominican Republic - 70 percent of both workers and payroll in ali establishments of 10 or more;

Ecuador - 80 percent;

El Salvador - 80 percent;

Guatemala - 75 percent;

Haiti - 75 percent;

Mexico - 80 percent in esteblishments of 5 or less; 90 p0rcent in those with 6 or over;

Nicaragua - 75 percent;

Panama - 75 percent of both workers and pnyroll;

Paraguay - 95 percent of salaried ruid 90 percent of wage-earning jobs;

Peru - 80 percent of both jobs nnd pnyro11;

Uruguay - 80 percont of wage enrners; no restrictions on salaried employees;

Venezuela - 75 percent of o.U workers, 90 percent of the duy laborers in extrrctive enterprise.

11The Cuban Nntional labor laws prevent foreigners from being gainfully employod", according to a diplomatic source (in a letter to the writer). Persons who are considering emigration to a Lntin American country with a job in a particular industry in mind should be aware of these quotas. There is no way of ascertnining the situution in any plant other than inquiring about it specifically. Immigration authorities usunlly demand proof of a job awaiting a worker before a visa is issued. This means that only skilled workers worth the expense of importation rnay expect to secure a job in industry.

North American companies, in response to nationalistic feelings and laws, have greatly increased the number of local people on their payrolls. George Wythe, an authority on Latin ' .American industry, reported in 1940 tho.t 11on the average not more than 1 percent of the porsonnel of large .American concerns in Latin America a.ro American citizens11.Jg_/

Prospective immigrants also havo other hurdles to surmount. Investors are forbidden to engo.ge in specified types of business and are requircd to invest stated of the general tendenéy. runounts. The An investment Mexicnn law is a of 100,000 pesos �ood e:xnmple (about $20,000) is required if the investor wishes to reside in the Federal District. Residence in a state cnpital requires 50,000 pesos and in a provincial town 20,000. Investors from other American countries, however, may settle in any locality with an investment of only 20,000 pesos.

The non-white emigrant will find another restriction. Almost universally either discriminetory troces or o.bsolute prohibitions face the Negro. In sorne cases the Jewish immigrnnt is also discrimino.tea against. The Doninican Republic charges an immigrant only 6 pesos if he is "predominantemente de origen caucásico o de las ruzas nutóctonus de América11 , but 500 pesos far others, including Jews. Venezuela, Cuba and Mexico, cmong others, bar Negrees.

The health certificáte is a lee,itimate device which often results in denial of a visa to a prospective immigrant. They are required by all Latin American countries except Cuba, Haiti, Hondurns, o.nd Uruguay. Puerto Rico.ns, especially from rural ureas, wou.ld be cc.rcfully examined for parasitic infections such ns schistosomiasis.

Police certificates of good character are requirod by fourteen of the twenty Latin American republics.

This sketch of the situation appHes primurily to those seeking uroan employment, or investment possibilities. Racial rcstrictions and health and police certificates apply to these and to settlers.

Latin AEleácan Industrial _ Develo_pp1ent

A short sketch of rncent events in the inrlust1·ial field sup1Jlies the l-:-ack1round for 2.ny discussion of 11rban eniploy.1ent op�1ortlmities. Depen-::l.ence on ei ther extraction of minero.ls a11d motals f or e�cport agricultv:-e has chwacterized most Latín Amsrice.n economi'3s u.i1til recently. A few fort'.l!late conntries coul<:l. rely on both.

Three major event.s of the past thirty years have helpod ,ush diversification of agriculture and ai ed in the eJtablishmGnt of industries. The first World i-rar was followed by worlcl. -1.-1id0 depression, recover'Y from which was aided by World War IJ and preparé'.tion for it, Disruption of international trade speeded diversif:i.cr:�ion to lossen depondcnce on a single export crop and encourn.[�cd local uanuf acturing to replé.1.ce iLports no lon,-,er avo.ilable or out· of ''.'ea.son in view of the· balance of payments.

The InternE1.tionaJ. La.bou.r Office reports thZJ.t nup to 1939 the net industrial pror1uctfon of the Latin A11erican count:::-ies am•Junted to 2,000 million dollars. This total • • • represents only one--t1;1entieth of thu.t of the Unitod Sta·�es, Sinco that date the v�lue of production has probably doublerH;.§1/

The I�L-0. ro;iort po:m"Gs out th.1.t 11·i:,he tasic notfon of the social functio�1 of 0conomic plannii1g 11 han been acceptAcl. ½y the Latin Americun govornnents, Governmontal a.ctivities in cor.necti.on,.,.1/�th economic Ievelopment ar9 guic1ed by tl10 :following objact:1 .ve�,:�

11Creation of bc1.sic inC.us .. rios; i:101.'A co'rr,.1J sto processing of home-produced raw m.-c.teda1s 7 economic ar.-::l. indl�s:brial di versification; raising of technice.l sta.ndarGSj 1Jettar kr10wledGe of national resources, co-ordlnation of economi8 anrl industrial ::levelop.ne:!'lt; co-O:i.>din.::i.tion of leiislatfon in tho econ01nic and in·1ustr-ial sphere; :;;eneral development m.aasui�es; p!'ice relationships botween pr:L.í18.ry products anc1 industrial goods ( cost of living); social pal.ley; financing of ccono de activity; direction and supürvision of privc "'te investm0nt, especia.l1y fore:1.gn investment; porman0nt Goverrunont a1;oncies f or the co-ordina tio:-1 of econon:k development; iwlustd.al. ta:dff policyo

It is instructive to comp.J.:ce the distribution of thc le.::ior force in seven Latin Americ.:i.n conntries with that for Puerto Hico (T2.blo XXIII). It r.i.ay be a.ssumed on t,he basis of the data on the ta1·üe 'Lho.t there o.r-e few -1orkors in 1·uerto Rico 1-d.th oxperience 5.n sining wüch ;,d�ht equip them for a jol: in Hexico, Chile or Colo2bia, or oth")r co:.'.11tries wheTe extractiv<3 in:lustr:tes are ii!J?Ol"t2-.n.t. On th0 othe1" han'.i, there mir-:·ht be a. numbcr of oki:1.ltd 1-10rk:::!rs in th'::l transr10:ctt.tio:1 fieJ.d5 which here is fairly welJ. ·.J.evoloped as. conpared with sorne L."..tin k,101'lcan countrieso

There is no indic2.ti.on of an urban labor short, .·00 o��cept in the ranks of skilled lc.bor and professional men and uomen. Evory country showed the same phenomona during the va.r. Labor short2.1es d11.ring thc war boom c2.used wages to rise. This attr2.cted mir;rants fror,1 the ctgriculturn.1 and grazing e.reas, whore levels Df l:i.ving are low. These r1.1ral-urb�m mig1·ants now have been added to thc r0servoir o.f unskilled arrc1 semi-skilled unemployed workers. Thc rosemblémce to recent oxperfonc0. ·in Puerto Rico is 2.t once ap}-iarent.

The industrialization movemcmt offers opportunitieo only to properly equipped Puerto Hicans. There is a desperate need for persons with technological training and experíence and particularly for tcacr..ers of t0ch-nolo;1ies.

The Director of the Intor-.Americ2.n Devclopmcnt Comnission gives t.1ese clues to tho extent of the domand for United Statos technical assistance. He says, 11A rcpresontative cross-soction of the types of recuests being received is had from a study of the reports :r.m . .:le by the nationo..l com:r.J.issions to the Fi:::-st Conferencc of CoIJ1.aissions of Inter-A.merican iJevc:üopmcnt. In addition to assista.ncc sought in pJ.an�ine; general econo;-,,ic irnprovomont prograrns throu,:;h development of inc:ustrics, conmunico.tions, tranGporte.tion, agriculture, livestócl:, hydroelectric rosources, forastry resources, and other raw r.1aterials, requests also a::-c J718.c.e for tochnice.l assistance in dovclopin6 ii�rigati.on projects, rubbcr pla.::rts, sui:;ar r.iills, rope e.nd fiber pla.nts, edible animal anJ vo�;etable oils, s2.winills, rice mills, mGat packing, textiles, pnpor 2.nd co..rdboard, co,nont, glass e.U el Glassware, ch0micals, pharmaceutical products, shoes and lee.the1�, fur:üture f'actories, flour m.ilJ.s, cigar and ci¡;arotto canned foods, corar.tlcs, and many f¡:;_ctor o·�hor ios, 0nt 3r fou...rYl:cy � nct ;,rises. lig;5.J maehine shops,

Latin American industries, with fow· excoptio::1S, a:;.�e :marlrnd by small, poorly-et�uippod plants with antiqunted machinery v.sing obsoleta mcthods. People a :-e unpreparod by their educa t�-on anc. cul t:.1..ral hori tarje to rnake 2-:ny worth-while contribution to rn8.chine prodt,ction. The I.L.O. states th2.t 11The philosoplücnl basis of the various branches of tee.chin,1 in Latín America often conflicts w:tth the real cconomic needs of the tb1os.

J:fforts are beinc; ma·:.e to 1:1eet the oi tl'.ation by révamp:i.ng school programs, traininrs-wi thin-inc1.ustry, apprcnticeship plans, t8chnicnl :i.nsti tutes f or :r.esoarch in ef'f ecti ve use of' doiaos-dc resources, and importc:tion of' sldll, machinery a.nd c2,pital.

In short, Lctin American countries a:.-e tz:,in1 to do abc-ut whv.t Puerto Rico is trring to r1o in economic developLJ.ent. Tho:�e e.ra, of course, sorne :i.ndustries which are ba:trcd from the islancl by geor,r.J.phy, o.g., a steol rolling mill. Puerto Ilico.n.s who havo acquired trainirirs on the continent in such industries may havo a chance in ono of the expanc1.inr; or newly establishc:d plants in Latin Americe,.

An ictoa of the slcills to bo found araonc; the displaced p8rsons available for 11 oxportn to L2.tin America was c;-:;..ven by Florollo La Guardia in r.rovomber, 1946. He roported thut among t,he d:í-splaced porsons in the American zone of GcrIDny alone there ue::-e 1,026 physicians and surgeons, 677 dentists, 579 phari:1acists, 692 civil onginoers, 371 architocts, and 3,985 cmditors and bookkeopers.f..Y

Current Immigration Promotion

Argenti,nn¿_.§. pro¡;ram of immigration promotion is the most ambitious in Latin Amm. 'icu. Undoubtedly it is closoly linked with tho desirc of the Perón dicto.torship to plny n ho,wier I·ole in inter-Arnerican affairs o.nd to offset the growing industrial po\·10r of Brazil. A quota of 250,000 irnmigr.3.nts in five yonrs hns been sot ande. fund of $40,000,000 hns been npproved far o.iding newcomers.

An irn..rrigrvtion commission has opened an office in Rome and the first group of' 4000 Itc.lio.ns was to snil in March, 1947. Forty thousc.nd were on the waiting list on f,;o.rch 1 and ·5 ,00O a month were scheduled to sail. A pact ho.s been signed between Ito.ly nnd Argentina which assures the immigrunts the snme treatment as nationals. Argentino. promises to prevent their exploitntion, but they will not be pormitted to chrmge jobs for two yenrs nfter arrival. Tho agreement provides for supervision by an Ito.lio.n government delegate with diplomatic status._3' Another office of the commission wr,s to be opened in Spain. The Argentine consul in London rumc,um:ed in Fe bruary that 3,000 Polish exile soldiers had been grunted visas.

Immierants mny nrrange e lonn of $300 for their boat fare froro a semi-governmental ngoncy in Buenos Aires and repay it in 40 monthly installments. 'l'h0y are being roceived by n Central Immigr2.tion Committee which underto.kes to place them in suitable jobs nnd find fo.rms they can purchase on long-term planG. The Dodero Navigation Co., Buenos Aires, is to ment p be lan pa�fil $175 per immigrnnt, to be repnid on c. long-te:rm .� The Argentine Central Bank wil1 extend credit inste.11to 100,000 immigro.nt fnrmers each year • ...§2_/

The biggest settlement project is in Po.tagonia where extensive sheep ra.nches are available. Some thousands of Polish refugees o.re being rocruited for that blee.k territory.

,l;lr.gzil hes croo.ted a National Immigro.tion Council, hended by dynamic Joo.o Alberto Lins de Barros, which propases to recruit from Europeen refugee camps. It has r.sked the United Nations to pay transportntion costs of obout $400 per person. Brazil expects to settle the immigrnnts on coffee and cuttle lCTnds and to use some of them in the cotton textile industry which has been expanding rapidly in tho past fev1 years. Six hundred thousand Centrnl European 11co.refully selected" farmers aro wanted.

The govornment is offering fertile Iguaasu Vclley lands suitable for wheat and cereuls to farm colonists from the United States at che2.p prices.� The prosperous it would offer "substnntie.l state of Sao aid11 to farro Paulo last year settlers • .12:.../ announced tho.t

The Chile.ru:1 Immigr::ttion Commission signed o.n o.greement vrith the

Inter-Government Refugee Com.mittee in London whereby 2,000 European . refugee technicio.ns and their fo.rniJ.ies will move to Chile a.uring 1947.

They are being carefully Deloctcd on the bnsis of the skills needed in that country1s industr:i.alizo:tion plan. A cnbinet program for recruiting settlers for southern regions is now before the national congress. A bond issue is to be nuthorized to raise $20 million to be repaid from tax:es pnid by the imnigrant settlers.

Colombi� reportod to the refugee committee of the United Nations Economic ond Socinl Council that it wnnted 11a steady flow of immigrants to cmgage in e.ctivities connected with the production of wealth, such ns industrial technicinns, mechnnics, fishermen, mariners, industrialists (inventors) nnd domostic workers. 11....23_/ The Itnlo-Americun Colonial Expa.nsion Co. is stgdying lies in Colombia • .::!2../ possibilitics of settling 50,000 ltalian fami

Costa Rica a.nd El Salva_cjQ¡: reported thnt they were unnble to take any inur:igrnnts.

Cuba has exp:tessed its willingness to take Germnn, Je.pa.nese, Italio.n, Austrian, Bungarian, Roumaninn, Bulgarfan and Sinmese settlers, provided �bey trines • __ 4 _/ profess democratic ideas and Cuba bnrs f-Tegroes, however, oppose nazi-fascist doc.

The 100,000 Dominican refugees. R_gpubli� has indicnted i ts willingness to take up It has v.lreudy r.ided the foundntion of the S0sua to colony fer 500 refugeo fo.miJ.ios. 'fhe necrnoss of the country, the complementary natur0 of sorne aspect,s of th0 Dor::inicc.n and Puert.o Ric2n economies and the availability of somo farming land point to the need fer further exploro.tion, of emigrn.tion possibilitios.

Ecuador recently announced the oponing of 124,000 o.eres of 11rich land11 to Brit:i.sh c..nd American citizenso-22.../

M,qxic� iv1ill give o.11 possible fncilitics to imrnj gration of 15 ,000 farm family settlers. A large-scnla irrigation program is designed to bring new lnnd under cultivo.tion._96 /

f�r_qguay wcs arranging to imuort 5,000 Ukro.niDn rafugees nnd settle them on fo.rms when the recent rebellion occurred.

W.1! also is considaring e. selective immigration �üc.n. It has alroady repoalod laws requ�.ring foroigp inveGtors to po.y $500 to tho nntional trer.sury o.nd inunigrcnts to paya stif'f hec.d tax.__E/

Venezuela' s Instituto Técn:tco de Im.iiiigre.ción y Colonización has agcmts in Europó w:í.th plcns :for bringing 15 ,000 displaced persons this year D.nd 30,000 next. Temporary housos are büing erected at the four chief port citics. They must be npriculturnl workers, settlers or technical specialists. The Institute is studying zones suito.ble for colonizntion and is nsking t�2.t nnls a.nd immigrants .... 2.� .. / new The territories bo sottlcd jointly by ndiogovornment sent n mission to the Unitcd States in the spring of 191�7 to purchase $10 million worth of 2.grici.;.ltu-

Dominican Possibilities

Sixty three miles west fif P\lerto Rico líes the Dominican Republic, another object of mur,h discussion of emigra.tion possibilities. The country has a.na.reo. of 49,543 km2 (19,332 squLtre miles) or a.bout 5 ]/ 2 times that of this island. rts population on January 1, 1946 was estimated at 2,059,113 or approxima.tely the same as pUerto Rico. The population almost quadrupled between 1824, when it stood at only 54,000, and 1946. Population density was 41.5 per km 2 (106 per square mile) in 1946, having increased from 29.9 (76 per sguare mile) in 1935. Puerto Rico• s density in 1946 was 62 8 pe,. .. square mile.

The Dominican density varied greatly from one province to another,

The 1940 rate of natural increase vm.s high, 22.l per 1000 since a high birth rate (31.4) was countered by an incredibly low death rate of only 9.3. These figures, while officia.+� are undoubtedly unreliable since they are based on incomplete date.. There has been no census since 1935. pUerto Rico•s birth and death rates in 1940 were 38.7 and 18.4 respectively, with a conseguent rate of natural increase of 20.3 or 1,8 below thn.t of the Dom:Lnicans. This rate, plus the increase in population density noted a�ov�, indica.tes that the situation regarding available resources should be examined carefully, before any largescale :inunigra tion program is considered. Nevertheles s, the goverrunent has repeatedly expressed its interest in receiving up to 100,000 European refugees �nd now has recruiting agents in rtaly. rt aided in the creation in 1940 of the Sosua colony, on the north coast near Puerto Plata, which gave s helter to ulmost 500 ,Jewish refugees. several thousand Spanish refugees were also allowed to enter the country.

A nU111ber of Puerto Ricans have already migrated to the republic. The 1935 census showed 3,221 of which 1,905 were males o.nd 1,316 females. Ethnically Negro, 200 they were classified lOl¡. Data on their as follows: white, 2,2 22 ; entrance into the Republic mixed, 799; since that time are unavailable. The writer has received various esti:m.ates of the number in 1946 which range from 9,00,0t to 12,000. The official estímate of the United States Consulate/Ciudad Trujillo is 4500• The 1939 industri0,l census showed theim v1ith investments representing about lo percent of all industrial capital. Industries, and investments, were: food products, 4Li,567 pesos; chemicals, 12,3QO; v1ood and wood products, 111024; bui}ding materials, 1,435; hides and s)dns, and textiles, 111.lO� Chocolate from cacao, distilling, ice 2 74; plants, bakeries a.nd corn mills were, in d,es conding order, the principal foódstuff industries,

prospects for further emigration .should be anal_yzed with the facts, about agriculture, land tenure, crudit, laws and customs, income and the political situation in mind. Fortunately, the Brookings Institution made an extensive report on the capacity of the Republic to absorb immigrants.103/ Unless othervJise noted the. following material on agricul ture and income is taken from the Brookings report at the pages noted in parentheses.

Agriculture accounts for about 60 per cent of the :1ational income and the farm population is around 80 per cent of the total. (pp. 125,229) Uost industry, the largest of vllich is sugar millint;., is dependent upon agricul ture. 0nl�r sli6htly over 20 percent oí' the total land urea is cultivated. The percentage varies greutly from one province to another. 'I'here are vast areas of arid land, inaccessibÚ territory and mountain slopes (some of the peaks reach 10,000 feet). The 1940 agricultural census cov""red 4.8 million acres, of which a.bout 2.5 were pla.nted to crops s.nd culti':ated pustures, approximately 1.7 were in forest and around o.6 wsre listed as abandoned lands. (PP.• 125-6)

Plantains and bananas represent the largest crop in tln-:1s of value, followed by su¡;ar ce.ne. Avocad-os, rice, cacao, a.nd coffee are next. Root crops - yuca, sweet potatoes, fiame, yautías - and corn ar1 next. These 12 crops 1,10.ke up more tha.n half the Y:J.lue of the coi:mtry s agricultural production. (pp. 127).

Export trade is heavily depe�1dent en sug;ar and its products. Sixty-five percent of the va.lue of all exports i:o p1·e·;:ar years was in the se i tems: cacao, 13 p;:ircent and coffee from 7 to 10 percent. Tapioca (from yuca), tobacco, corn, bananas, tropical noods, and cattle al so a.re exported. ( Ch. XIII)

Irrigation has recently been pushed in ordur to bring more land into the arable classification. Some 120,ú00 acres were under irrigat�on in 1945 and projects under construction ":;ere to bring; about 30,000 more acres intc production. r,'ut lre plans cu.lJ.1:::c1. f0r :?rcvü!ing 1,✓ater for another 50,000 acres. production of ricJ, the chiC';lf ir:·igated crop, inFeo.sed from 7,500,000 p0u.nds in 1927 to r.,bout 100,000,000 in 1945. 104¡

Technics of farmi.ng are generally prilr.ithre, being cllar�,cterized by machete, hoe and oxen outside th0 sug:u pJ.o.11h,tions, yr��ich are relatively modern. Crop rotatiOl?- is Lt. le usad n.ncl fertilizer is almost unlmoW-fü Livestock depe;_1ds almost v,holli on p�,sturo.ge. (pp. 138-9).

Wages in agriculture .are low, c,s might be e::pect0d undcr the cir1t1.urlstances. Unskilled fann :-1a.;.·_ds in 1940 rec0ivcd bc:stneen 2S and 35 cents pe.r d.ay. cane cutters, vior1:in,6 c..t piece-:c,,��s, mo.de as much as 60 cents per d·· y. 'I' 1e 1340 cens�s do.ta are ti ven by provinces in Table XXIV•

Two aspects of land tenure must be fiirther inves·':igc.:ced: large absentee holdings and difficulty oí' obtaü:inc clear htles. The Brookings report says, in respect to the farmer: to 111arge tracts of the most fertile 10.::.1.d are held by absentee ownership, resulting in relatively unproductive forms of explotation, such as leasing land for charcoal production or for pastures, because these uses require little owner supervision. The existence of lar ge, ineffioiently utilized trn.cts has boen one of t:1e factors thut hn.ve forced the growing :D'arm po9ulatio· .1 to e:;cpand into the hills, where the cutting of forests to mfüs:e conucos or small gardens is causing a disastrous· loss of topsoil b;)" erosion. 11 The Vmd Registro.tion Act of 1920 stc.ted the situn.tion ith regard titles thus: "It is a matter of public knowledge that land titles iú Santo Domingo are in g:e:J.eral so conf-qsed and uncert...ün RS to handicrtp the development of t}-ie co¡_,mtry, foste1� fro.ud and blac.'1nail on a wholesale sen.le, and resul t in un.�u · st depri vation of rightful owners of their land _ . thus provolcing disorder and breaches of the peace, and tendin6 to loss of coi-:fiden.ce in ·fhe sta.te.

Advances tov.¡ard clearin¡; U:? titles llave been p1ade ::,ince that time, but Dr. Raymond �. Cri::;t reportGd in 19�6 uThere still remain extensive arec:..s, hoHev_,r, where le¡;;al title is ,,ard to est::i.blish, especially in producti ve regions � 11 ]-061' 0pportunHies for economic expansion seem to exist in (1) industries which mig!1t be modernized and impi·ovcd, (2) n0v1 industries to replace imports ,"'i th local goods, ( 3) raisü1g nutri tional levels of the peo ple so th • ..1.t new crops would fi:1d a domes tic nurket and ( 4) export of agricul tural products, L1.cludL1.g mea:: and hides and skins. The Brookings report suggests the following possible export crops: arrowroot, bananas, plantains, citrons, cacao, cof/ee, fiber e ops, rub�er, coco�uts nnd copra, essential oils, papain, s;icos, castor ·oea:ns, pineapples, limes and :::mimal products. (pp. lG0-J0), Industrial possibilities are examined in sorne clett.il L1 paces 370-404 of the Brookings :i:-eport and i�1 The :sco:.J.ornic Development of' the Dominican Republic. Ceme:1.t, glass, cara.m1cs ,.�Y-fiTes , -cF..2m1cals, paper, alr:ohol, glycerine, plywood, ai1d various food indnstries are suggested. There 8.lso seems to lle a need for foundries, mac!-�inery shops and forges. Coloniza-'.:;ion E;-JCperience Intorne,l colonizn.tion has b0e;1. und.er v:ay since �9 .33. Thirty four 0olonias with 26 _ ,52�:í members cultivtltecl 401,091 ta1·oas (61,900 acres) in 1943. By the en� of 19,�5 there werc 38 -::olo_ües ,vith 8511 families a;_1d 516,935 tc.reo..s. o�, '.!:'he o.im has bee�1 to st_ enghter the v:estern frontier U[;ainst the.population pressure of the Ho.itians. The

boundo.ry has be(;,n a source of friction fer years and was the sce:n:e of the infamous massucre of several thousand Haitian migratory workers in 1937. The mD.ssacre was directly COffiiected wi th emigration o.s an attempt to reduce the overpopulation of Haiti. For years Haitians had gone to Cuba and the Dominican Republic as cane workers. Batista expelled about 30,000 in 1936 and •37 because of the depression in Cubo.. No.ny of them at-.empted to cross the eastern border after their return to joblessness in Haiti. Leybarn l08Í estimates that 11 certainly as many as 5,000 were butchered or drow:ned a:nd it is likely that 20,000 would be·�- more ac ,urate figure if the whole truth were known. 11 A joj_nt inter-America,,"1. committee (United States, Mexico and Cubo.) o.warded Haiti dame.ges of $750,000• Border towns a:nd a north-south highway have been built 011 the east side of thc border since then and the unoccupied land has been the object of exte�1sive colonizing activity. Land, seed, tools, machinery, and credit ha.ve been made available to poor far:m.ers. Colonists and other farmers a.re benefiting from incr·✓ ased services to agricul ture, from new experiment stD.tions, fruit inspection, soil analyses, etc. Central E1Jropean refugees, represented by the Dominican Republic Settlement Associo.tio•1s, and the gover:'1l!lent sig.ned o. co:ntract on Jo.nuary 30, 1940. It is a model of both practicality and humane , consideration for the 'NelfL, e of harassed o.nd persecuted persons.

1091 It provides for -che admission of up to 100,000 refugees, in groups of a.pproximately 500, and. outlines the rights [llld duties of both the government v.nd the Associ:.:.tion, the selection machinery, taxes, and ex·t: ent of governmentLü coopero.tion. The former Uni tod Frui t Company property of Sosua, near Puerto Plata, we.s chosen. 1'h0 first large group o.rri ved in i1ay, 1940. Wi thin two years the '!Ol0nists numbered 472. A preliminary estimo.te of the expenses of the Associati: up to July 1, 1941 gave a total of $648,ooo (PP• 295-6) and significant sums must ho.ve bcen spent since that date. 'rhus, about $1,373 wns spent on each man, women and child if the total of settlers in June 1942 is divided into th0 expenses up to the previous year. A more recent report confirms this cc.lcu.lation: 11 The , total investment for every homcstead amounts to $6,000 to $7 ,000. 1122.'±' The homesteaders are charged $3500 as a maximum, which thcy are to repay, with 2 percent interest, in r.1.onthly installihents of $lo. The t'otal I)Opulation of Sosua on Harch l, 1947 was 359 of whom 145 are homesteaders, and 214 are v10rking in the suburba:n center of Batey. Each homesteader receives 30 hecto.res (74.A.) of land, 2 of which are arable, the rest pasture; a 2 room house; a eow-bo.rn, a shed and a pig.:.str; 10 cows plus one additional for a wife and 2 far ea.ch child; a horse, a mule nncl a loo.n for the purchase of a pig. The 1::1.nd is fen�ed and a safe wa. ter supply is provided. There are cooper�.tives for the processing of dairy products, meat and essential oils, o. cooperative grocery :>.nd a credit union. production by the settlers in shops they ha.ve crí:lated includos mattresses

and pillows, shirts and work pants, turtleshell artcraft, co.rpentry, sausagcs 8.nd charcoó..l.

The Joint Distri bution Commi ttee, a Jewish refugc:e o.gency of New York City agreed in 1946 to settle an additional 100 families in Sosua. So:r.1-e urri ved in January and February, 1947 and the reminder are expected duri-.,.� the yea.r. They will bring the total up to about l percent of the number mentioned in the agreoment of 1940,

Spanish refugees wera also settled in 7 colonies which containad 245 fawilies by the end of 1941, according to of.ficial fic;urcs. rt has baen reportad that 3,650 Spanin.rds carne in aJ.l, und;;:r t:1e auspic0s of threo different relief organizations. Only 10 perce-s1t of them ramain in tha Rapublic according t a recent rapcrt.]:_11; Tha se.me source raports that 11Tha Spanish Republicans turned ovar t425,000 to his (Trujillo1s) govermnent and they found np,evidence that he had spent as rnuch as t25,000 in thair behalf,

111121

r:rronigrC1.nt-Rocaiving capQcity

The Bro0ki·'lgs rnsti tation, after examining a.11 ralevant factors, ca.me to the following co,1.clusion:

11 By proceeding graduo.lJ.y it rnig!1t ult::.1710.taly be possible to sattlo from 3,000 to 5,000 i:rnmigrants in thEi' i ep-..i.bUc n.nd it might evontually be :t:JOS3ible to ta.ka en.re of in a.cldj_tional number in industrial undertakings.

Qne uf the survey staff, Mr, f,.thcrton Leo, ex:pressod the opinion tha.t 10,000 settlers could be o.ccomuoda.ted. rt v:as rocognized tho.t increased irrigation o.nd lo.ncl. reclamation mi6ht muke opportunities for a somewhat largar nurnbor. Everything in the report, however·, indicn.tes that the original invitation to sand 100,000 settlers was so far w:.de of o.ny reo.listic estímate of capacity o.s to be ludicrous.

Trujillo has issued o.n eln.bor�ta o.tto.ck on the Broo�in�s report in EngUsh, French and Spanish. 116i rt ino.kes the point that the Brookings estímate is too low because they wo.nted too fo.vorable conditions for the colonists. rt sa.ys: 11 The aforesaid report refers simply to the Europ0an ilt1nigrants tho.t �ould be cste.blished iz1 Dominico.u terri tory as small ·welJ.-to-do rural lo.ndownars on fo.ns of not less t}1an 35 acres for ea.ch hcad of far!ily, grouped in conrrnunities indcpendent of the zones occupied by Dominic:ms, and wi th a bn.lEm,;ied proportion of lo.nds o.deque.te for subsistence fa¡_

·m.L1g, so.leable fruits, vegeto.bles, woodlo.nds, o.nd natural pasture land. '.Chat is to so.y, that the immigrc..tion to Yihich the Brookings rnsti tute surve,- refers is of the kind thEt would be planned for colonizing uni:nho.bited pln.cEs, or to supplant the undcsirabl e na ti ves in ,mci vilized oountries, in order to relieve the congestion of humo.n ½eings in o.rca.s superso.turated on aocount of the vegetc..tive grm-.th of the indigenous popufo.:bon.

11 The Christian .Dominin,an desire to offer, divido on the other hand, wo.s our oread and our l:.omc inspired Y,ith tho by the expatrintod

who, cast out by their European neighbors, in vain implored shelter in American countries more pro�perous than ours. The irnmigration which we offored to receive was, then, through circumstances, an innnigration of redemption and not a trnnsplanting of huma.n-beings who could choose freely between the good and the better, 11114/

political Consideration

Economic facts must be supplemented with at least a hasty survey of the political situation. The country has been ruled by one man since 1930, Freedoms oí' specch, press and assembly are non-existcnt, The only political parties are controlled by the dictator. He and his fa.mily �ta.ve their fin.gers in much of thc econom,:i.c a.ctivity of the country. � reported on November 19, 1945 tha.t: 11Many of the dictator• s enterprises are divided mnong his . brothers. Swarthy Rector (11El Negro") is Secr0tnry War and N�,vy, ,'lith real estate on the side, petan in fruits and protection, operates a radio station. prostitution.11 of Sta.te for specializes Pipí r�gulates

Trujillo is widely understood to be one of the greatest land ow:ners and his income is c,stimated at $6,000,000 annually. His 11 pusines s11 activities and how he becomes engaged in them are rela.ted in sorne detail in a ch1.ptc,r ca.lled "Tropical Gold" in Eick,s book. 11 5/ He has complotely absorbed into his machíne all ?Ossible sources �civic education, including the church. Illiterucy is high, (the official figures are 50 percent) class and. caste J.ines are t.ightly <irawn and democrutic growth is thoroughly chol<;ed off. Opponcnts and even independent-mindcd citiz0ns, are either killed or exiled. Refugees from Trujillo in Mexico, cuba, thG United states and ¡\i.erto Rico keep upa constant propaga�da against the dictatorship.��Under the circU1nsta:'.1ces, i t ·would be ab1ost m.irn.culous if a pen.ceful transition from clictatorship -Lo democracy were to take plac.e ti.pon the death or ovorthrow of Trujillo. It is possible, but scarcely probable, that he might follow the pattern of Batista and try to smooth the wa? himself. Thus, any reo.listic a.ppro.isal of the future must take into account at least internal distunbanoes, if not civil war,

This raises the question of wh�tt is likely to happen to any sizeable foreign minori ty during a revolutio:imry upheuval or civil wi r. sco.pegoo.ts are ¡¡¡vnerally sought during such a period :;i.nd undoubtedly the few continental Amcrictms Who now live in tho Dominican Republic, and their cousins, the Puerto Ricans, would supply a convenient group. There is a reL l hatred a.g;ainst the conti-i.entals now 1Jccause they own such a lurge share of the industries of the country. (To.ble XX.V) The Puerto Rica.ns have a tradition to overccme since thGy -rrere often used by the United States mü..rines in the occupution of tho Dominican Republic as soouts and spies. They ar,::: often spoken of derisi'Vely c,s 11 1\lnerique.flos.

Venezueln - A Casa Stug;z

Venezuela is often mcntioned as a possible receiver of the island's populc.tion overflow, The prospccts sound good. There r.re vo.st undevPloped areas. Average population density is only 9.8 por square mile, as compnred with Puerto Rico's 628. Evon the F'edernl Distr::.ct (Cr.ro.cas) has a density of 380 as contr8.sted with San Juc.n I s 21:.,164. The country is rich in mineral wealth, imports much of its food, a:r.i.l. sustc.ins n high price levol. Food and other prices are kopt high by ta:riffo in the hope thut domostic producers will thus find incentive to incroase their supplies. Vigorous efforts e.re being mnde to incrcaso aericultural production by cducntion, expanded credi t ::acili ties c.nd lm d distribution. Incrensed industrializr.tion holds prorise of <)Xpanding urb11.n markets.

The revolutionrry government seems to be sweepjng o.wc.y the of ruro.1 feudalism and the tyranny of the Gómez d:ictatorship. stabiJ.ity would secm to be e fcir prospoct after the eloctions 191,,7. rumains PoliticnJ. of July,

Scveral hundrod Pnort.o R:icnns are alreé1.c';y resid.ents of Venezuolc:.. Direct air J.j_n_"lrn ·,¡� 11 incro,:se inter--cornr'.u::'lic�tion with rn nttende.nt rise in news f:rom that coum,ry in Puorto Ricrn rnmspo.pers. Undoubtedly many persons will fGcl the surge of the pi,rneor spiri t cnd wish to transplnnt themselves rmd tl:nir fr.miliGs. Sorne ha.sic consid0rntions n.bout opportunitios in Ven'.:lZU.ÚD. wm.Jld se0m in crder.

Tr�e aren of thc country is slightly ov0r 100 times tha.t of Puerto Rico, 352,170 squo.re miles 1:hile the pcpul:::.tion is 3,491,159 (193�) or less th2.n twice thnt of this i.:,land. Popull'.tion is r,oncentro.ted in the northcrn hie;hlo.nds, lenving v,:\st terri tories to the south cnd to the north,¡1est spnrsely ir..hno:tted. The FeC:ero.l District ui.d its tuo clocest mdghbors contnin only eight--tonths of :i_ pei·ccr.t of the nntion Is e.reo. but h2.vo 15 percent of the totc:l pop1.:lntio�1.

Population concentrntion in nny area nnd sparcit�r in ot.hers r:1Ust, of cou�se, havo nn e��plunc.tio:i. Obviously people hGVG found sorne placGs ev.sier.i r.iorc plensent or more profitnble thnn othern. Ee:ütl-i, S[:nit,é:'ry , educ�tiancl, recreationaJ. nnd other facilities for civilized living rr:ust h::::.ve becn joined with opportunities for mtúinc; a living i�1 the more donseJ.y settled apots. A clue to the . scnrci ty of people in one j mport•mt section of the interior pl::iins fo found i::1 the song of the plcinsmen, quoted b::,· Gcrm6.n .Arciniegas:

"Whoevor goes to the Orinoco

E; thcr dies or con es back loco. 11

OH ho.s beon Venozur.lc.' s gre:--.test som·c0 of wenlth for mcmy years. Naturo.11 , larger sottlorncnts havo grmm uround oíl installations. Centers of commerce nen.r the oil fiold;:; hnve also pros:pered. These urbo.n concont:i.·ntions :nve drrd rnJd other pr'.rts of the country 2.nc "the signs of nbo.ndonment c�n be rH.d in the ruins of villr:ges o.11 but oblit.erl".ted

in n to.ngle of tropical plnnts.

11 117; Around 40 percent of the food to supply the u11bnn arens must be importad. 11,V Wylie hc.s estimnted the percentnges imported for certnin products as follows: barloy, 87; whent, 81; lard, 75; rice, 74; butter, 47; potcitoes, 41; and both -0live oil vnd preserved and ccnned fruits nnd vegetables, 100. 1�

Why does not domes tic production supply the markct? The .o.nswers are related to the ronsons for the underpopulation of large sections. Mountnins, rivors nnd swo.mps divido the country and rnake trnnsportntion and comrnunication difficult. There are only 539 miles of rnilroad o.nd highways are yet to be developed in most sections. All-ueather ronds total only 3 1 900 miles. Rivors provide nccess to sorne nre�s but much cattle and forost lo.nd cnn be reached only by air. Thus the tro.n13port of agriculturc.l products is expensive.

Much of the so:Ll is poor. The mountnin c.rec.s ha.ve suffered from ero�ion nnd the plnins havo beon le�ched by henvy tropicc.l rnins vnd floods. The chernicc.l composition of much of tho pluins nreo. is such as to require lime fertilizors.

Her.lth o.nd Snnitc.tion

Tropical climo:tos requfre more public henlth n.nd snnitntion effort thnn is necessary in the ternperate zones. Human beings and animv.ls both D.re ntto.ckcd by parnsites nnd in::wcts munbered by the thouso.nds. Life expectnncy in Venezuela is only about hnlf of thnt for the United Sta.tes; v.round 30 ye.:crs instoo.d of 62 yenrs and 5 months (1940 data). Lo.ck of modico.l cr'.re is indicv.tod by th e f 2..ct thct in 1942 58. 3 percent of nll me.de. recorded 120/ deo.ths occurrcd with no modicnl diagnosis hnvine been

Tuberculosis is the chief cnu.se of deo.th.

11 In Venezuela, 75,993 tests given in sixteen diffcrent locelitics - fourtoen of thom with more thnn 10,000 poople ench - gnve tho following results: O to four yeo.rs of o.ge, 20 porcent infected with tuberculosis; yeo.rs, 51 percont; over fourteen yonrs, 83.2 porcont. five to 11 l21/ fourteen

Pnro.siti.c infoction is c.lmost universc.l. Scv-eral different studies of rural populc.tions have f ound 95 to 100 percent of c.11 fo.rm dnellers suffering from hoolmorm o.nd othe::.· pnro.sites. Malario. is nlso nlmost universo.l in much of tho territory.

Dr. Gcorgo W. Hill, in a study of immigrntion poss::j.bilities, sums up the situc.tion thus:

"Under existing henlth conditions, additfonc.l successful settlement in rural. Venozuela is impossiblo. Furthormore, i t v:ould be do.ngorous to bring in l?.ddi tioncl peoplo until there are more mcdiccl f�cilities. More poople addod to tho o.lroc.dy sick, disco.se-wenkened populntion would sprec..d cornmuniceblc, contc.gious disec.sos,

which could not bo chec!rnd wí th the presont irn.:.dequate modico.l rcsourcos. 11 122 /

Hill sto.tes that the country hc-s only 1,049 doctors nnd noeds 4,000; only 1,500 nurses nnd needs 8,000. The cities, as in other Lo.tin American nations, co'1tnin more than their "shnre11 of professirmnl peo ple in this c.nd otrei· fields.

Educntion

Rural educo.tion, without which it wotüd be im:)ossiblo to r�.ise levels of living, is misoro.bly under-staffed, undor-fimmced c .. nd poorly equipped vd th ei ther building, texts or school room parGphornnli.a. Proeress has beon mo.de sinco, but in 19,�l childron of school nge no·c o.ttending school roprcsented 66 porccmt of tho school populcition rnunicipalities report up to 95 percent non-nttendo.nce. __ 123 / . Sorne

Fnrming technlcs nre nntiquated, c.s might be oxpectod frorn the lnck of educntion. "Fire ::i.gr:i.cuJ.ture" is still prQctfoed widely. "Mechnnizntion is slow becc.uso of the high cost of imported me.chinery o.nd the inndnptability of rnac} j_no msthods to rcgions nnd too much moisturo during th0 tho mountldnous conditions in sorne growing oca.son in others." 124 /

Rural Economy

The conditfons just listed refloct thomsolvos in the average income of vnrious cconomi.cnlly o.ctive group8o The trades nnd scrvices group, including governmcnt employeos, nvornced 3 to 4,000 holívaros annually in 1940, or from $1000 to $1330. Those engcged in mcnufocturing, including the oil workors, mo.ke r.round 2,000 bolí vr.r·es, but the ngriculturo.l 'íOrkers receive nn D.VGrage of only o.bout 600o�

Avernge d2.ily w2.gos in agriculture and J.ivestock wero reportr:id by st2.tes for 1937 n.s shov,n in Table XXVI.

politico.l conditions. It is being attacked under the agrarinn lnw of Sept. 10, 1945. Article 1 provides:

11La presente Lsy tiene como propósito la trc.nsformación de la estructura agraria del país modinnte la adecuada incor·poración del cempesino r.l proceso de ln p roducción nacional, el fomento al proceso de la p roducció11 agropecuo.ria, la distribución equitativa de le tierra, la mejor organización y extensión del crédito ngricolo. y el mejoramiento de lns condiciones de vidr-. de ln pobll:'.ción cnmpesina. 11 127 /

Immigrntion and Colonization

The shortage of fnrm labor h['.S resulted for yel'.rs in ngitation for the promotion of immigro.tion. The first colonization attempt was made somewhnt overo. century ego when 374 &.vnrians vmre settled in an isolnted spot in the stnte of Aragua. It did not serve as a 11 pump primer." Venezuela hns never nppenled to voluntary immigrants. Several more recent nttempts to gota migro.tory streo.m moving into the country have been made and o.t lecst 14 colonies have been creeted. Danes, Germans and Portuguese have been imported. Venezuelo.ns havo been moved from one pc.rt of the country to another. '!orkers discho.rged by the oil compcmies during tho depression were settled in two colonies. At least 1500 fnmilies have boen invol.ved.

First-hv.nd reports from several competent observers indico.te tho.t there is not n single successful vonture to be shovn1 for the lnrge sums of money nnd the gr-.:�t offort which hns been expended. The failures of the colonias cnused the governmont in 1938 to request the technical nid of the Intcrnntione.1 Labor 0ffice in cronting en administrative organizntion to handle such acti vities. The resul t of sever['.l months work by I.L.0. oxperts ras the creution of tl1e Instituto Técnico de Inmigrr.ción y Colonizc.ción, n dependency of the Depo.rtment of Ji,griculture. 128/ The mcchr'.nism outlined wc.s one of the most suitnble to be imagined - on paper. At lenst until the Revolution, however, its activities were consistently crovmod with failurc. Political mnchino.tions ho.ve led to the choice of unsuitabJ.e J.ocations nnd interfered wi th the seloction of proporly equipped technicc.l nssistnncc. The Instituto wc..s rcorgo.nizod by thc nev government, howerer, and its program is being closol;¡r linked wi th tht:t of the agrarian institute eren ed by the lnn mcntionod nbovo.

Th0 causes of fniluro of the colonias are many. Venezuolan, c.s v1ell es other venturos, he.ve boen wrecked on tho rocks of profit-tc.king. Mnny persons hope to ronp the bonefits of thc labor of imported farmers through rising J.c.nd vnlues or by furnishing crodit, machinery, seed and supplies at oxorbitr.nt ro.tes. Tho selection of the colonists has o.lso been en impork:nt fo.ctor. De.nos, with a reputd-ion o.s successful farmers, wero brought to one colony. Thc selection hc.d boen mnde by combing Copenhc.gon I s slums, horrever, Somcone got so much per hoad for recruiting and of cot�rse did not bother to question agricultural training or experienco. Lack of trc.nsport�:tion for products, poor soils, mo.lnric.

und other diReo.ses: lo.ck of technical preparo.tion c.nd scpervision, lo.ck of credit, inr.la.dministro.tion, o.nd plots tor:i smo.11 to support fo.milies by the typo of fo.rming possiblo ho.ve contributed to the fo.iluros of the colonies.

Theso are o.1'1 remed:i.e.blo, of course. Proper technice.l propl'.ration c.nd foresight still ho.s to be applied. Plo.ns now being mo.de to recoiiro largo number� of European immigro.nts are presum2.bly benefiting from post fc.ilures. Technico.l aid from agriculturo.1 engineors and United Sto.tes-truined technicio.ns is being used. Tho country1s own fo.rm schools o.re being pushod to turn out trc.ined personnel for o.n expanden. progrnm. Tho e�cperience should be wntched carefully for indicc.tions of improvement in the Institute 's ability to cope with this problom.

The Need for Agriculturnl Technicio.ns

'rhe Institute of Inter-Arnerico.n Affo.j_rs, crented during the war by the Unitod Sto.tos Coordinntor of Inter-1\merican Affairs� hr.s hada food supply mission jn Venezuela far the pc.st severnl yeecrso Lo.st yeo.r it reportad on one of tho most so:�ious h2.ndicc.ps to tho devolopment of egrj_cul ture in Vonezuclc, thc lnck of suffid.e�1t agriculturnl tochnicio.nD o.nd f nrmers wi th modern f nrniing ex-perj ene eº Amonf othor thin1:rs, i t snid:

11An indicetion of the hoed f.'or more tcchnjcians is the estimnte th¡,.t t.here aro 225 ,ooo ruro:l fo.rnHios in need of tre.ining and educc:tion in l'.griculture. If only one agronomist o.nd onc homo-demonstrution agent is o.llotted to provide procticnl trujnir:g for eu:ch 500 fo.milies, there io n nc.tionnl roquirer,.ent of L.50 Lgronomists o.nd 450 home-demonstrntion o.gents. 0r, ;tnking it o.nother vmy, if c. goal is set to provide nn ngronomist o.nd D. homc-demonstrotfon ngent for 500 of tho 633 11municipios11 (smallest govern."Ilental unit) in the country, oliminc.ting the urban 11municipios11, then we he.ve a nationnl rerequirement of 500 agronomists und 500 home-demonstre.

tion ngents.

111'his is the modest estimD.te of the techniciuns needod by the Ministry of Agriculture to approc.ch the tremondou(:l trdning nnd educntion job to be done. In addition, it is estimated thnt tho Agricultural Bo.nk could uso at lccst 100 ngronomists to give technicnl supervision to the 382 rural cooperatives (1944) nnd the 3,000 individuc.l loo.ns to o.gricultural nnd livestock operntors (1944)º

"Up to the prosent time, Vonezuoln's No.tional Aericulturnl University has grnduo.ted 120 11 Ingenieros Agrónomos, 11 or technicnl agricul turists. The pro.ctical agriculturo.1 school ut r.::o.racny hc..s gro.duo.ted 59 11perit .

os egrfoolr.s, 11 or prc.ctical c.gricul turrnts, since

on The 1)utch tradec1. the Suriname rivor 11iB.nhattan 2ro ;yoars Island for a sm..'1.ll Enc;li:Jh settlement r.• .go. Tod�.y l1a.rr1attan ba3 some,.¡hat over 2,000,000 inhalütants nnd Dutch Guiana (Surinam) h<l.s 178,000. Na.nhattan has become the norv0 c·:mtr�r of' the f].ncmcial str1.1.c-i:,1.,1re or' the world I s richost country; Su:cine.m is a financin.l el.rain on the moth·1r country.

}1ow it is proposed that the Dutch em1::::.r0 g:i.ve up th:i.s one of its two terri tories in the 1.'est3rn Hemisph··)re ( the othor . einp; Cura.ce.o), anc1 that it be colo11ized by 11surpJ.us" P1:erto Rica.ns. Tho poJ.itical aspects alone proba.bly will resuJ.t in the deo.th of tho prcpooaL The Dutch muy not wish to sell. Tho people of the color.y h�¡v(.. .":�.-.9•L·U:· been granted :.·eprcs,mtation in the Dutch pe.rlia"llent. 'I'hoy m[ y woll object to cominG tUYlor the American flag, si::::ice thoy a.re at le'lst 92 p0rcent colo:red. Anti-ii-:r:ierialist forces in I.a-�in Am0rica '..mdonbtedly woulél. soe a. monace to t 1e in�1eprmdencc of their cour.tries in such a move.

Assuming tha.t tho 2rne. is avai1able D.t G. roasonablo price, what does it offe:.:-? Somo •:3.ato. i:..1-:r be prosentetl in answor, e.lthough a detailod survf:ly of spGd.fic J.ocu:i ties �·JOtlld ha-.,re ·e.o 1.)13 ,:iade befare a final 'lecis:i_on on :..;ottlr:i�;.ent pos�ibilities could be made.

It should bo noteJ t;:w.t t:.ho rn.:ltt.3r is too sor:Lous fo:c sim:üe arithmetic, A newsp,?.per hoacUine so.yt:, i�efnrr:i.ng to ·;,ho proposo..I to buy Surinam, probleina 11lh:c1entarí act�,_o.l de a el tar.a:i'ío su.p0rpo"L,lnci do lo. IiJlil N:i ón. 11��1 'I'h0 nc:; v :leos, resolviendo st'-'-te.;1ent i:3 fantastically false. The surfr.ce milea�e of' ::i.n�· co'.mtry is abnolutuJy nonningless unless i t is 1:�nalyzod 2.t least in tr:mns ot' 1.rcble ar:c1 non�-arablc land. Mountai.ns, are-as of peor soil, swamps, 1·ivors, all r,it�st be substracted from t.he totalo

A rou,'.;h inde,, of the 2.rn.bl8 l"i11c1 in 3urlna;a, in the 2.bsr:ince of a soil survey, �-s the am:mnt now uné1.8r cultiv,:ition. CnJ.Jr 150 of the 50,000 square miles is now f..:.]:med, or .003 percent. Filrming is 11pra.cticable under p-··esent con-ii tions II only a.long tho coast whore, on much of the la.nd, ctikes :nus-1:. be maintainod_ t9 ,hold bo.ck tho sea an( cxpensivo irainage must be practicedo.1]]/

Thore is a save.nno. zone betwoen coa.sta.l pla:.n o.nd tho mountainoun interior. Accorcling to t;.1e American GoogY-aphical Socicty, 11mo:rc oi' the zone is ,,rorthlos::; for 2.gricultural pv.rposos. Strips of alluvial soil alon¡; the r:i.. ver u, ho1,.rove1·, off or loc.:i.l :.ü'':las Sl_i t�bl)' for s111J.ll farms but not for lP..rge-sc,J.lo commercir.J. plantat:i_ons. u¿.22,

The fact th::�t :'lo uor 3 l.:.,nc1. is 1.wed is not conclusive, of course, but ít is strong pr.Jssrnn:pi:.:í.v:J evidence thé'.t the ot1-ior lv.nd, �,ithout hea�¡ expenc'.itm"e on health am: so:1nitc.1.tiorr, cl.ra:i.na -:0, i·-rigation, transport .tion and COlJ1Jutmict.tfon im,: other mo(icrn (and costly) devices is not economically r:rable.

Tho m..9.in pillars of the [\grfoultt,_rn.l oconom:í' a:".'e su.-scr, rice, coffoe nd pla.nto.imi. Rice is th0 onl;y- ono of tha fom' w!;ich offors any prospect for prc?itatlo e::port in ·�he futu:.:o. lt wotüd undoubtedly

run up against él r�uota system if expanoion within the United States tariff walls th:c-eatened the domestic rice growers. The cost of production would have to be studied in detail, of course, before a final judgemont is e:xpressed.

Bauxite and gold have been important items in the e:xport trade, but until the war sent alrnninum production soa.ring and thus pushed bau.xite prices up the colony 1 s trade balance was liunfavorable 11 • This is another piece of evidence, althou�h inconclusive, that the territory does not have the resources to maintain itself. The third piece is supplied by tho government financcs, on which Platt and his colleagues report thus:

11The Territory has been a liability in so far as costs of gov, ··ernment are concerned. Since 193L� annual subsidies of 24?2 to 2988 thousand guilders have been required to make good the difference between revenues and expenditures (in thousands of guilders, revenues in 1939 were 4553; e::-..-pendituros, 7145; subsidy, 2592). In l9L�O the deficiency was expectcd to be even grc:::i.tcir. It was estimated that expenditures revenues of 1+ would amount to 7517 thousand guilders as ag��;J�t 189, requiring a state subvention of 3.328. 11 d:221' There is still furth9r evidence. A preliminary study of s�ttlement possibilities has been me.de in British Guiana, just west of Surinam. Geoeraphic conditions are closely similar. The British have 90,000 squa.re miles in place of the Dutch 50,000 and they have 198 square mils,-s made fer the under cultivo.tion compared with Surinam's 150. Presid0nt's Advisory Cornmittee on Political Refu The study gees, ., concludes that Hthe settlement capacity would be.rather sma1111

investigating both agriculturr-ü e.nd industrial possibilitiei:,. 327ter

The report rnakos a rocoITu�endation which might be considered for Dutch Guaana or any other undevelopod area about which there is inadequate information:

11Facing the situation realistically, it must be definitely stated that immediate large scale settlem':3nt of refugees in Bri t.:: 3}i_ Guiana is nei theI' possible nor advisable under present condi tions. On the other ho.nd, the cotmtry is obviously not a 11pest hole11 unsuitable for human ho.bitation, and possosses substantial potential possibilities. A practical way to secura the lacking necessary information and to determine to what extent tho latent potentialities may be developed in reality, would be to plant, at properly chosen strategic points, groups of c-arefully selected young men · and women in what may be called 1 scouting camps' settlements. Each of these groups should include a numbcr of properly trained people who under competent technica.l guidanca would be capable of securing the required information and co.rrying out the necessary e:xperiments. Each group should, of course, also include a numbar of physicians and medical assistants. Wi th the ho]p of the · scouts _ 1 who themsel ves would be prospective settlors much more valuable inforrnation couJ.d be secured in a shorter time than by a small comrnission of experts.

11112/

Prospects for tl10 Fi.1.tm·e In spitc o.f t:10 ',1:lcbspr0;:d talle of the need for iIJ1Iní0-r,:nts, what most latin .A;aoric'J.n co1mtri0s need :1.s not !t:Ol'e peo: . . Jlo t-u� more technlcs a1'.'.0. nachil1ory, ;nor3 edi..�ca.tion, f.:.cilitiGs, mo�-e an·� cheaper f. raore so.11i tation., rm cre'.it, r:.ore mOl'O tr .. ms1Jo:;.�ta tion equitablo é'.ist.ribut::.on of 1m1d, and wi·iJ s�J:i.'0EH.1 c:12.nce in a tti tuJcs tow2.r3. uork with the soil. Romo, A.s e. m:rt.t0r of fact, o.re alrG2.dy ovcr-popul.J.ted in t.e1..·,ns of the pr:::sent 1:se of the.�r resources. Hoxico, far ex2.mple, finds :í.t ,üfficult to �·esüit the prcssnre of people mov-iJ-16 north into the Uuí tec. 3t.a·i:,os far Jobs o.t a time when it is in the nri.ds-� of a vast ecouor:ic eJqnnr.ion :_Jror,ram -1nc''. is tc..lking of tho noed far iLrrrd.3-rc.tio:1. The populo.tion o.f South Americe. he.s more than do1·blod since 1700. Its rrowt�1 d?-vcontinont. 1 ::> this century has been :uiore rapid tha.n Re cor, t a ·1van0es in henl th an� sei.nit2. t;w.t of e.ny other tion, pl11s +ho youth o'!' the popul-J.tion, indicat0 con-�im�ed r2.�Jir1 p·out�º Hill 137/ poin,..s oi.:.t tha·� a fee.sible hco.lth p:.'o.r;:;_•am in Vorwzu.ela 1\>lill be sc:..ving from avoic.lable der.th not lcss than 25,000 nntiYe-born cit:lzcns annun.lly. In a.:::;_di tionv i t uill ii v0 to the new goneration a :JO'lY, a m:Lnd a.nd a spirí t tho. t Vencn·.ela 1 c..i�ts. It w�.11 givo to the �:cpüblic a heE1.lthful, vi.¡;orous wori::i.ng lJO�'u.lat:i.on that it é�oGs not he.ve. The bcl:i..cf is r�.rowi.nt:,' t:1ro:�ehout l-8.tj n A1ll.Jrico. -cbat the solu,tion to the popul�-Lion problc:.n i., to be found nt .orne. not dortlnr.nt. It ;Jtill ::.:01::fli-::ts 1-1:i.th t;10 �r:.sh o . .. � Tlüs "'<:Ülef is still tho hnc_c� dq.,lo and the f�_cpd9_ír9. for th8 �-,;-,c:ctc.tion o.f ch1x:,.p é.'.nr:l '.:',ocik f ..i.�ld workors and the hope of the land specl.1:--.tor :far 2-. r,turn to tho ;;f;OOd old days11 of rc.pidl;1r risin::; li.:..nd pr:!.ces. It co;1fllct;:i ui th thJ horita¡;e left by slavcry a.1Yl rnr�l foud;;.lism. Therc are still a f ow, but ext:rGmcly few, U")C/3 uhe:. e pioneering is foasible. In B:;:-rzil� o.ccon:1:i.ng to J2?.1cs, li'fhe ii:.os-t iuportant area of tbis sort :5.s in ·:.he fm:o.,,cs of ·,,0storn fü.na:JR ··,ne: 82.nta C:-talinc., and r.orthwost .rn R:tc Grande ,::io 3ulo Possicly certe..i:a p.:1.rts� perb;•.ps o. . le.rge pioneer part, lc.nd. of ;!t7ut.1orn 11 =- u ·frl.tto Grosso siwulc� '.:lo incl11.ded as potential The Erazili2.n ;::;ov ·rnrion+,. ís commi.ttod to the opaning of Vc'.St under-populJ.t0d Lreo.s. Thsso activities shov.l:i bG watc'10d ca!'efully. '.Chere :-.s rnuc11 d:i.:.:c1,csion of c2evolopin._:; w:.to�� poHor a:ric1 irriec.tion :)ossibtlitie:1 in the 7alJ.ey of the Río Scw Francisco, for ext..m:¡üe. An unpublish3d stu.:-1.y condnctcd urdor th".) 2.uspiccs of the Fational Plérnn::.ng Ass 'n. in J..9,';3-4./:. f01mrl. gront potcntüüities.13.9L'. Two Puerto Rice.ns w}10 bcc2.::1c :i_nt'3re·::ted in coloniz:i.tion in th0 v&lley have :-iroposcd ti e f ollowin::; 'bu l�;et f or the settlomont of 750,000 omi:;ra lt,s ov0:r- 2. 10 yuar pe:::-:..od:

Tr-:i.nsport:.:.tion of iT:i·.:i;-;!',:mts Housin::; facilities for 150,000 fa:·illlics Public titil:Ltios, schools, hospi k,1s In 'us·:.ri2.l devolopmont Powor dovelopmont and ,'.istri bution Irrig::-.tion, lGn·::1. inprovem.:mt a.nd a�ricultural GQ'\.Üpment Tr011sport:.t:i.on D.r.:: co1n:mmüc:i.tion syst :ims

Hiscc1laneo1.w 10%

37,50C,OOO 180,000,000 36,000,000 250,000,000 100,000,000 50,000,000 ___ 122, _QQ')_,_Q_0Q 773, ooo· , ooo _. .7.8.i9_o_o .J.ooo C56,coo,ooo

3uch a progru1:1 would depend on funds froi;1 the continent, obviously, anrl would h�• .ve had a bott0r chance to sorious consid0:cation befare the prcs�nt congrcssional economy wave.

The:,: a are ar·:;as in Venezuela whe;:·e, t:\fter tho expen=li tu:r.·c of laree siuns far hiGh1,r¿�r an·l rn.ilroo.d const:.-uct:i or., irrico.t.:i.on, drain2..ze and so.nitat5.on works, c.nd coru:munitir facilitfos it 1,,ro1.�lc .. o possiblc to · settle f2.rmors. lf they have thr� prop01· e:-porience, tr.:·.ininc, .10alth, persistence, cred:tt, Ii1?.rketing and other needed economic organizat:i.onal aic1s, they should be able to succocd.

It is obvious, froru tl1e short ro::_:,ort .10. 0 �Jrcsonted, that no now 11:i7:l Dorado11 lion in any of tho ;:-o Lo.tin �'u1Lrican :;:-epublics. Tho co:o.ccssionaL:-es of 2. homosteadin?; e.roe in Ec1�aj_or issl.ü this warning in their udvortising:

HThose who contempla

• . e 2..pplyine; for a part of this land should be aware of t.�1e fact tl10:t the lancl is unclearod, undeveloped, and of a. tropical rn.,tµ:.>o with all tho attributes th2.t such descriptive torms iI:ipl;?• iíuch of the timber upan the 1.:1.nd is valuable, much of it :i.s worthless. Tho ree;ion is one of the rich0st, potentiully, upon earth today, yet the prospective oettler should takc into co:1si'.:l.er2.ti0n the fact thnt a. substanti2.l a.1;1onnt o.f uork 2.:1. soITlo T!l0!1ey must be spc:mt upon the land 'Jefore 1t can 110 pro.-.luctive of food and pa.ying crops. Onl�r tho pionecr m.i..nctod t;ype of inr1i vidual should ap1Jly far t!')i.S br..c.t, come to J.ivo Ll-:ion it and work it.

nunder no circurnstfmc0s is it the wish of ei.ther the l�cuaiorean Governrnent or tho Int0rmediaries, to so oncourago the sot.tler o.s to misleacl him 3.nd bring about lator regrets and remorse over thc to 'oe fo"Lmd, 11 must move. A Ifl..a�i.e-to-orc1cr P2.radisc is not l1.Q -�qat.e:) 12Y.: tl}Q .é_Q.\.t_lpJ.:, a.nd by dint of hard -rnrk c.nd a ree.sorn::ble e::r.p-::nd.i ture to mo.ko of his land a prosporous, product:,.ve farF-. Those uho are incapablc of hard work, ·.1ho he.ve insufficient finances to ;1sce them throughrr J.n.d those wio ,1.rc not willing to :fors2.ke the conveniences and comforts of a mo:t,?; pro[_;re�isiv0 ( to r1i,te) and

ORGAHIZED EHIGF.ATION

The i'IIyth of Uhplanned Inmügration

Tre suffer from a romantic n'.:ltion of the European peasant or urbo.n worker, diss�tisfied with his economic, political or social conditions, pulling up stt1.kes and wending his way to the New World. We seldom stop to wonder how an. illi ter ate person lea.rned of the new opportunities, how he arr�nged his passports and visas, his transporto.tion, his livelihood until he got a job, the location o.nd purchase of land, o.nd the thousand and one other dctails of a shift from a fa.rn.iliur to a strango and often hostile emriromn0nt. School books gj.ve the impression that this a.11 happened by ch:,.nce. There were many such ct\sos, but they were marginal to the mo.in stree.a of immigration and the f'e.ct that they happoned at all is clue to dJfinite organiza.tional a.ctivities on the part of groups with 11 0.xes to grind."

A migrei.tory strcrun o.l mys presents three phases, whj_ch inter-act upon ea.ch other: ( 1) a. 11 push11 supplied by social changes which reduce economic opportu:n.ities or vihich otherwise jeopardize thc sh tus of individuals or g::·oups; (2) a "pull" supplied by the e:dstence (real or ima.ginary) of op.t?ortunities elsewhere; a'-1d (3) conunu,nic�\tion of the existe�1ce of the opportunities in the "pull" area to perso:::s '.'iithin the 11push11 o.reo., Thc thircl phase is often overlooked. The cornmunica.tion fun�tion has been performed by a wide variety of a.gencic,s. It is only in recent yoo.rs in the United stntes tho.t intornal m.i.grants y1ere not at the merey of unscrupulous promoters - ·whose intorest wo.s confined to the "heo.d fee11 they received for. every person they brought to a:n a.rea of short labor supply - or the local employer )'Jho could use a surplus of lo.bar to reduce wag;es. The United Sto.tes Employment service now supplies o.ccur,1.te information on job opportunities and tb.us saves millions of ma.�1-da.ys formerly wa.sted following mira.ges, someU.mes doJ.iberately creo.ted.

The classic migratio,1s Y1cre set in motion by ¡:,;roups with varicd interests. The Spanish seo.rch ·for gold was '.l.n elnborately organized commerdo.l venturc), us,.mll;i with pohtical support. It gavc drive to the empire-building desires of the Spo..rd.sh monarchs, who sent a retinue oí' planners nith the main expoditior:.s, These experts la.id out towns and arrangod the deto.ils of their functioning, Military, ::10.va.l, e ccmomic, poli ti cal cnd ecclasit:.st:í.cal :m.a tters ·were all elo.borately planned.

Anglo-so..xon colo:::üz�,tion wt:.,s not so highly organized but the majot settlemen-: s were th0 resul t of group ph1.:nning o.ncl financing. Imperial rivc..lries 11cre sipü.fic.:\¡1t fnctors in the promoti1;m of emir;re.tion. Religious 6roups were responsilble for developing some new a.roas, royal adventurers for others. Still othors rere peopled by ?risoners relea.sed on condHion that they migre.te or tation" • _Austral ü,, i�O ,e:x:ampl , by m1t comricts sontencod to il l'.140 received more "transporconvicts than free irnmigra�1ts • .:...._l'

European goverrunents, inclu.ding Greo.t Britain., Germany, switzerland, and S1'1eden in th0 ecc:-:1omic crises of the 19th century II subsidized the emigrt1tion of unemployed, paupers, · nd vagrants." From 1819-27 the British govermnent made five appropriations far the support of emigration and by the Poor Law JiJ11endment Act of 1834 local bodies were permi tted to provide wn.s used extensive fino.ncia.l ly, especi assisto.nce for emigr;;,tion, a power which ally during the patato farnine of 1946-47. 141

Popuil.ation growth llnd prospects of even greater numbers bego.n to send land prices upwe.rd. New terri tory was opened by speculators and railroad builders (somet:i.mes the same personsi). They sent recruiting agents to Europe vd th pri'lli:ed litera ture to distriby4� 1 as they spoke of the great possibilities in the Western Hemisphere. __ '/

Argentina I s experience ho.s been smnrned up by Mr.,rk Jefferson:

"As soon as trie advantage of colonization in the rapid valorization of i::he land vms perceived by the Creoles, the goverrunent bogan to spend money in fostering irnrnigration. A long history ctm be written of this official quest of immigrants agents in Europe. . appointed o.t �ents were employed abron.d to collect theI}l, Buenos AirQs o.nd Rosario to receive them, ca.re for them, and move thern into the interior. At O® ti!lle agents in Europe were paid u bonus of $5 for every iunnigro.nt secured, provided he paid his ovm passag_e and actually a. rived in the country. In the extravagant years just befare 1890 the government gnve free passn.ges from Europe ,"Jithout scrutiny of the applicants. Hill ions of dollars were spent in that way; but tha mass of the immigrG.nts ho.ve come at their own expense certainly the best elements have.

"In Buenos Aires they are well treated and well ca.red for; occupation is found for them if desiréd, free mainten::mce for fj_ve days given them, and free po.ssages into the interior if employ;:i.ent is found for them there. For a long t:ine this was the work of a philunthropic society of citizens of Buenos Aires, aided by grants from the city, the province, nnd the na.tion -an admirable exhibition of the universal Crvole kindness of he�rt tlmt does not willingly see o. rJtraj1ger suffer at its door.

11 143¡

It is importo.nt to note Jefferson• s remurk that 11the best elements" have paid their ovr.n �ªY• Hanson mo.kes a similar stc.tement in discussing the Irish paupers whose fare was paid: 11He lac:c7d the ini tia ti ve

and energy Of .,_he ne"'comer ''ího pn.,_·d 1-_,1· s own w,,y.� � " ' - �11144¡

rnternal migration in the United States has been of greo.t significa11ce since colonial days and most of H consisted of persons "who paid their own v ay1' . rt has not been unguided, however, as is shown in Migration and expenenc0 oí' 1nig Economic rJJ.nts. T Op hi portunity, un impressive study of the s study,--in discussing the cutover forest region and the Grec,t Plains aret\ of the U1üted Sto.tes says:

11Here as elsewhere, indeed, what we he.ve described as tunguided' migration appears on analysis not to be tspontaneoust in any unique sense, but to be pulled und guQded by a.11 manner of influences ext0rn�l to the individual. There is of course no instinct which onables the prospective migrant to rpointr uneri:ingly to lri.nd or a job fi ve hundred miles away. He may learn of the real or fm1cied opportuni ty through real estate promotion or ehamber of connnerce boosting, through advertising or through i1.e,vspo.per co1ru.1 .ent; he may be brought to it by an employment n.gency or by org!:mized industrial recruiting, a process of which ecoi1.omists knov! too li t'i.:le; or perhaps more often he mny move as the result of letters or visits or �ha.nce oontacts with friends or relatives, a process of whi�h economists know st:i.11 less. In such an unorganized market, and with such a varioty of bia.sed . and casual in_ fluen�es, it would be absurd to expect u perfect adjust .. ment of the supply r..nd dema11.d for mo.npower. Y{here the mistakes become a mass phe,1omenon, ag in the Florida Boom or the ca.ses just cit0d, they come to our attention; but we co.nnr,t doubt �ho..t many individual blunders, anda vo.st amount mont is of on v1aste 1•1otion, ma.7 be found even where the move. the ·,.hole in an uconomico.lly favorable direction. 1 / " 45¡

The e:.-�perience cited shou.ld so.tisfy those who ask, "Why must we spend government money on organi?..ing cmigration when people ca.me to to the United States by the rnillions without o..ny tplanning'?"

pla.n .. n ing, thon, tool:: pla.ce, even though it might ho.ve been only for the benefit of profit-s0eking individuals. There is another differemce between the stre'..l..m of fo.rmer innnigrants to the Uni ted Sta tes, o.nd to a lesser degrce to Argentino. and Bro.zil during the 19th �entury. Tho.t difference lies in whl t we might call the II convcnience dishmce11 between 1847 o.nd 1947. The European of n. century c .. go left no electric lights, telephones� hea.lth and sanito..tion services, tro.ins, co.rs, po.ved ro8.ds, well-orgo.nized ma.rkets, ro.dio, nevrnpo.pers, schools, and rn.ovies, to :--o to a.n �1.r;..o. without the.m. Thn.t is whut is now expected of 11 pioneers11 • It requires rnuch gr¿_,ater sac:cifice todo.y to ¡;o to an undeveloped torri tory w:-iere these fer,trii:-es of rnodern civiliza.tion are entirely or almost entirely lacking. This fartor must be taken into a c0ount in assaying the pr(!Jspects of spontn.neous emigra .. tion and th�- components of orgo.nized efforts.

Japigration for Colonization

Most Lo.tin American countries want settlers for vaco.nt land. Inter-American conferences h�vo often,recorded this desiré. The Eir,hth Conference of !unerican S tates, held in Lima, ndopted the following resolution:

"Receptividad Immigratoria11 11 CONSIDERANDO: Que los movimientos migratorios hecio los pueblos de América y los que pueden producirse entre ellos mismos, deben estudiarse por cado Estado en cuanto ntu..ñe a sus específicas condiciones y necesidades y u las ex�gencic.s de sus legislaciones in.ternas sobre materias sociales, políticas o económicas, nl objeto de uni:t-·, en un punto.de convergencia de mútua utilidad, los inter3ses de los futuros inmigrnntes con los propios del pais en el que fueren a radicarse; y Que cada nación de asto Continente poseo cc.racterístioos peculiares y necesidcdes específicas, de ncuordo con su posición goográficn, extensión, densidad de población, desnrrollo industrio.l y otros fnctorcs, Lo. Octavo Conferencio. Internn.cionnl Americe.na RESUELVE: l •. Que manteniendo las naciones del Continente

Americano el derecho privativo de cada Esto.do para legislar y reglamentar cuanto a cada uno concierna en materia migratoria, procurnrán dar cabida n los inmigrantes intcrame�icnnos o europeos, coordinando lns necesidndes internas de los países con lns condiciones y actividades cnlificadas o específicas de los inmigrantes. 2. Al efecto de hacer vio.ble 1n disposición que nntecede, le. Unión Panv.mericc.na llcvc.ré. un registro de lo. recepti vidnd inmigratoria, cnlifico.dc., de ende. país en cuanto a ln profesión, nctividnd y condicione& de los inmigrantes que puede recibir. Las informaciones pnrn este registro deben ser proporcionadas por cada uno de los Estados miembros de le Unión y comunicarse a todos los demás, revisr.J1dose de o.ño en a..ño. (Aprobada el 23 do diciembre de 1938)1_'_ 146/ So far es could be learned, the rosolution did not result in notion. The Thira Inter-Americc..� Conferonce on AGriculture in 1945 ndopted

10 resolutions dcc.ling with vnrious aspocts of imnier�tion, pc.rticulo.rly with colonization. Includod wo.s o. request th_-,_t thc Po.n !m1orican Union "esta.blish o. Section cho.rgod especfolly wit.h the: comp:ilntion, interproto.tion nnd distribution of existing dnta concerning ngriculturnl migrations nnd colonize.tions in Amorica; tho stnff of the suid 0fficc to servo, in effcct, ns nn advisory body of specio.lists in Agronomy, Engincering, Economy and Sanitation, nhich nill be placed o.t thc disposnl of the .American countries to advise nnd holp them in the planning cnd developmont of thoir respectivo projccts. 11 147/

Tho Third Conforonce of tho American Stc.tes Mernbers of tho Intorno.tional Lc.bour Orgnnizntion, meeting in biexico C ity, in .April, 1946, o.doptod a ronolution a.ttnching 11groc.t importt'.nce to tne systomo.tic orgnnizntion of migration with o. v'iew to t'.ssisting the agricultural nnd industrial dovelopment of tho American countries. 11 __ 14V

Tho Inter-Amcricc.n rosolutions do not soem to havo lnunchod pro•grams. The empho.sis is on pcrsons with a record of succesGful fnrming.

The insistence on rurc.l workers is me.de necessory by sevornl f�ctors. The feudtú s;i,rstom of latifundin, until recontly chnro.ctcristic of most of thc rural aren, usod fou pcoplo in its oxtcmsive fnrming practices. Thus, land not e.lrendy populnted by indigonous groups was not filled up by s0ttl0rs in tho menner f o.miJj_c.r to thoso who know the economic history of the United Statos. The neucomers oven dopopulated well-settled creGs, in many c�ses.

Immigrntion from Europe <lid not fill the empty country-side. Geogrr-.phic rer.sons for this probr.bly predomino.te. Tho possible settlers lnrgely went to the United Sto.t s whero tho clime.te wo.s moro like that of their homes. It should bo noted thnt nround half of the 11,000,000 immigrants to Argentina and Brc.zil ir: the century of "the grec:t migrntion" loft thosc countrios oither for the Un:.ttod Statos or to roturn home.

Tho rural populntion hes hoqn dosorting tho soil in largo nl.lI!!bers in the relatjvoly rQcent pr.st of freedom from feudal rostrictions 011 movomcnt. The grovrth of citi�s in Lutin Amcrica is much more rcJ.pid thnn tho gronth of the rural popul�tion. In four countrios wi th �.vc.ilnble dutn (Chile, Cuba, f1�0::dco nnd Pana.mo.), "tho growing on ::n o.vercgo �bout ,twico as fcst c.s tho urben rurnl populetion is populatiJ:J11. 11 142! "Between 1920 �nd 1940, the popuJ.ntion of Bruzil incrca.sod 36 porcont c.nd t.he populntfon of 22 citics ••• incrcnseci 61 percent. For thc Sill:!Er pcriod tho corronpond:i.ng porcents f or Chile wore 34 and 69; f or Coloro• bia betwacn 1918 c.nd 19.38 t.hoy woro 49 prove thnt this incroaso resultad from rute of natural incrncsc. nnd 126. 11 migrction 15o/ Dnvis and und not froLl n Co.sis higher

Tho exodus from the lD.nd to the city undoubtodly increasod j_n most Lo.tin American countries durinr-; the ,mr. Jobs in industry nnél t.he life of the city , with more opuortunities for recreation, educc.tion, so.ni-

tation and other f:--.cilitfos for er.-.sier living, appeal to t he underpnid fnrm worker there r·.s they do elsewhere. One differenc0 is thut few smnll farmers in L�tin America hnve renched tho eco�omic prospority or securi ty c.chievud by millio,1s of their fcllows on farms in tho United States. Also, there o.re far grenter contrQsts between the luxurios of the cities nnd the abject poverty of most rural dwellors. Thore is, too, tho tredition of farm work being degrnding as contrasted with tho yeomun horitnge of many North American rural dwel lors. The Co.re.cc.s o.griculturul conferonce put the co.s� in the folJ.owing words: 11The isolation, disorganization, misery cnd ignornnce in which n great pnrt of the American o.griculturc.l workers live is tho principnl en.use of tho stagnation of agriculture. 11 151/

All this menns thnt the prospcctive settler in a Latin A.merican country fo.ces a situation in wh:.i_ch thoso countries cannot keep their own people on the soil. Instead of depending on policies of improving rural conditions they ere nsking foroignors to come in c.nd do whnt they will not or cannot do fer themselves. Tho chnnces of success should be assc.yed ago.inst tho b�:ckeround of condi tions o.s they exist and not with rmn2.r.tic not:i..ons of 11pionoering11 e.nd 11independence11 and 11being m y ovm bos s II in mind.

The most r0levant of these conditions nre sumr.mrized by Soulo, Efron o.nd Ness D.S folJ_ows:

11Two thirds, if not mo:·e, of tho LC-tin-Anerican population ·are :physicnlly undernourishc-d, to the point of actuf'-1 stnrvation in sorne regions. 'l'here are mr-my who continue to be 1 il� foo, ill housed, ill clothod. 1

11Three foul't'hs of the populntion in severo.l of the Lntin

A morican countries are iJ.li terde; in the oti.1nrs, from 20 to 60 poreont.

"One hr.lf of the Lr.tin American populntion aro suffering from infectious or deficioncy disenses.

1 _ 1Two thirds of the L bonefits of soci2l o.tin-Amcricr.n security. populntion lr.ck the

"About one thiro. of the Latin-.American working population (pnrticularly the groat ma,;or�_ty of the millions of

Indinn lnborors) continue to remc.J n outside the oconomic, socir-.1 2nd culturcl Tho con3111Iling po7ior pnlo of the Lntin of the Latin-Amer -American community. ican IndL,n ia in mnny aroc.s Plmost nilo Except in M0:::ico, he is politicnlly u socond-clcss citizen.

1'1'wo thirds of the Latin-Amoricun population suffer semif cudi:ü working candi tions.

ngriculturnl, forest. and livestock rcsources of Lntin Am;:;rico. are owncd or controllod by et hcndful of no.tive lnndlords nnd foreign corporo.tions.

"Living conditions for the bulk of the k\tin

A mericnn populD.tion o.re pnrticulo.rly unstable, being dependent on thc fluctuations of the forcign market. Concentrc.t:ton on one extrc.ctive industry or on monoculturnl production of 11dessert II crops ( e off ee, sugar, cocea, br,ncnc.s, c.nd the like) for forcign consumption, with dependonce on imports rnther tha.n home production both agriculturally nnd industria.lly, h::cs brought mnny erer'.s to the vcr;:e of economic ruin.

11Except for Colombia, Argentina, Bro.zil nnd Uruguay, the pcrcentnge oí' 1 o.ctive' or gninfully omployed pooplo is consider::i.bly lowcr in Lntin

Americe. t.han it is in thc Unitod Sto.tes cnd on the Europonn eontinont, (o.b0ut 31 porcent, as ngninst 39.8 porcent in tho United Stntos oven in t:il!lcs of uncnployment; about 45 nercent in

Europa; nnd L,3 purcont jn Austrnlio.). This higher proportion of unused popul�tfon in Latin Americn constitutes n hec.vier burden on the economicnlly active,

11 But tho producti vi ty of tho I o.e ti ve I L.:itinAnerican workor is r.mch loner tho.n thc.t of the Americr.n or tho European �- on c,ccount of hnndicc.ps elreudy suggcstod, such o.s undernourishmont, lo.ck of educntion, o.nd underequipment. 11 Whnt type of Puerto Ricen would be nble to succeed undcr these conditions? He wouJ.d requiro tro.ining, experienco, inHio.tive, resovrcefulness, self-1�0lia.nco, hnbits of long, hnrd work, c.nd porsevernnco. Javnnese oxperionce :vur�s a.goinst forr:10:r plcnto.tion v1orkers. 11 In 90 percent of all Cé' ses thcy nro the c2.use of discontent in thc colonies, 11 reports Karl Poltsor._� A fnmily thr:t vould be ablo und willing to endure hnrdships for some ye.!:.rs in tho interests of future sccurity o.nd porho.ps prosperity is ulso indicc.ted. Young, unmc.rriod nen who vmuld find their m2tos in the receiving country nould be thc exceptions.

Our study of tho e::pt�rienco of ¡;o.r r.:nnpower Commission recrujts indicntos thct o.bsonce of fnrnHy is onc of tho c:rec.tost sourccs of dis..'. so.tisfo.ction. The fc.mily, of course, must be c. well-knit, coopere.ti ve group the membors of vhich ro.ve exporionced fr.rm lifo cnd displ?..y c. genuine liking for it. Children should nlro�,dy be et 1eo.st of the "chore" uge c_rid not so young thnt thoy nro nnother drcin on resourccs.

difficulties in with their land tho past. or they or Feudal landlords eithcr do not wish to third pP.rties wish to speculato on the pnrt 11unearned increment" suppliod by the labor of the irnmigrnnt applied to the 12.nd. Thero are still few spots in Latín Americn where this problem has been solved satisfactorily.

Tho lnnd must be ndoquately locnted nnd a lnrge number of physicnl, honlth, economic and locntional fo.ctors must be consideTed. These nnd othor cruciGl details are being deult with at length in n later section.

Training for Farmor �nigrants

Assuming that all the above mentioned fnctors have been urrangod sc.tisfé'.ctorily, who.t kind of trnining should be provided? One suggestion co.n be mudo with fuir o..ssurD.nce thnt it will be useful not only to prospective emigrants but to those who stny ns well. Propnratfon for scientific truck fo.rming would soem to preparo a mnn for a useful �nd remunerativo life either in Puerto Rico or many Ln.tin .ArnericQn countries.

Any other suggestions would have to be mnde on the basis of cxnct knowlcdge of the soil c.nd other conditions of the specific regían ta be fe:rmed o.bread ns well &s the nw.rket and crodi t llrrGngomcnts.

Attention hes boen co.lled to the rnpid growth of Latin American cities. Puerto Rico has shown tho se.me phenomenon. Gencrnlly this meo.ns f ood short.2.ges nnd high pricns in the urbnn urea.. Lnnd tenure reo.rrangements ore eventuellr for-ced upon ownors in the "economic wntcrshed11 ( 11lu cuenca oconómica11 J of the city c.nd food production for urbo.n consuJnption is undertclrnn. Such production fa highly developed in western Europe and the United Sta.tes. There is a vnst fund of experionce to drnw upon. Applying this exp0rienc0 to tropical imd sub-tropicc.l nrec.s might be one of the contributions Puerto Rico could meke to the improvement of living conditions in lc.rge soctions of Lc.tin .Americe.

Ce.mp O'Roilly has beGn mentionod GS n possiblo voterr.ns training center. It is suggestüd that considero.tion be given to tho crention of o. h.rgo 11pilot" truck fcrm in cor1nüction v1ith the C.'.l!IIP• Evcry offort .should be mnde to choose men who hnve rurnl ba.ckgrounds �nd experience and trnin them in the newest tochnics of intcnsive vcgetuble production.

Grc.duates of this coursc v10uld undoubtedly be in dernr.nd both in Puerto

Rico nnd j_n tho industrinlizing countrics of Latín .Ancrica for sevoral yoc.rs to come.

Fcw of thc many orga.nized settlement efforts in La.tih Am .. ,rica have succeeded. The causes for faiJ.ure have, oen citad in the section on Venezuela. Tho oldest and most successful colonization o�go.nizo.tion oporuting in this hemisphcre is the Jc�dsh Colonizo.tion Associc.tion, which has worlrnd in Araontina since 1891. On i ts 50tq anni versary i t sUimnarized its basic principles us follows:

a) To choose land of good quality in zones which afford sufficfont rnoans of co:nm.tmicr-.tion so that the products can be economically transpo,:-tod to centres of constwption.

b) To select the candido.tcs in thc country of origin through the r,1cdhun of a competent representative of the Colonization Organizo.tfon. (Young fa.milios, physically fit, with a J,-,..nowledge of rural work, c.¡1,1 ui th sons un:-:1cT 18 ycars of CT.Ge should be chosen by preference.)

c) Whon dealin�� \á th work•:irs who do not possess any apprecio.blc agriculttrro.l lmowlod1e, tuition centreD are org •. nized in the rocruiting (istricts in orc:.er to test the ability of thc workers.

d) Br�.ng ot:.t in o.-:::vc.nce to t!le countI"J one memb'-)r of the prospective colonizing :í:amíly so that he ;ffiy familiarize himself beforeh2.nd ui th thc i\rc-;entino surrovndine;s, in orr:.:.er thnt i1hen tho rer.minine; nw.mb0rs of thc f2;,úly arri vo he co.n avoid their passing through ·c.hat period of difficultios an•! confusion which is the rilost trying phaso of all feats of colonization-"

e) Prepare thc plots of land to be colonized uith sufficient anticipation in or,lor that tho colonist.s may com.;nence HOrk inlinediz;cely upon th0ir arri val. In cenoral, plots ui th scrub or brushwood should be cleared, even though only partially, fcnced, v.nd he.ve o.ll the nccessary bu.ildings c1.n'1 mea.ns of aocoss. 1-!i th rog2.1°d to the purchasc of thc i toms fi.guring on the inventory, this cnn be uithheld until th3 o.:;.�rival of the Í:ll!.ni3-rant who should be present when it is drawn up :J.nd so 8.void ulterior claims.

f) To assist tbe colonist to ptrrchnse the L:md which he works, on long tcnns 2.nd. at a reducod rc,te of intcrest.

g) If' thc m--:1í3ra.nt does r�ot possoss work:1.ng CG.pi tal, to place at his rEs�Josnl long t-erm credit D.t a roducod intorcst.

h) Place at the disposc.l of o ' .ch group of 100 families, an adninistrative, tochnical arnl o.gricultural advisor; a school, a cooperv.tive socioty; a Sfl.nat�:;;-;rnn; ::.:. church o.nd e:. cultural, reci�eati ve anr:1 sports clut.1.5-1r This insti tution, :i.n its first 50 ycn.rs, settled 3,946 fnmilics, consistíng of 27,L.48 pcrsons, on 413,059 hectarcs (1,020,260 A.). It lms b'-'cm Ol�tstan-:l.ingly succossftü in seeing people romain in thc lo.nd e.nd becomG cq-1fortably situatcd without r,tting involved in land spoculation.,

íihich ht.s :1rockod so r ... ny colonizntion vontur0s.

Caroful selection an:.1 trn.ining a:ce the fi:_•3t stops. Thon tho settler roceives arou.nd 75 hectares (186 A.) of good laffl. v2.lued et arou.nd )25 por hectarG. Buildings and eqt.ipmont valuad 2.t around ::,1500 to ·::,1875 (1941 prices) are 2.lso suppliod. The insta.llatiom: c.1·e worth mentioning in detail: '· ,uildings, ( 1) house ( 2 rooms o.nd a ki tchei1), (2) boundary fences with 1 or 2 d.ividing fencos, (3) woll (sometimos shared by two fo.r,tllios), (L:-) poultry nm, shed, yard, etc., onclosod by a uire, and ( 5) netting fence; ·:,roecling and drat,3ht stock, ( 1) 1 bull ( shar..,,d by two coJ.onis·ss), ( 2) 10 to 20 cows or heifers, (3) 8 to 10 horses, a.nd (4) 25 to 50 fowJ.; agr:l.cultural imple!nonts, (1) wagon� (2) plough, (3) harrows, (4) harness{ (5) various im9l�mcnts, and (6; f\�rnituxe anct fittings; sundries, (l; soods, rnain·ceno.nco fi:r.th0 first fow months, c.nd (2) trmr0ling expmi.ses to the Colony, etc.b?ltl Repayment is pL .. cod on a renb.l basis for tho first fivc yea.rs. Rent is calculo. ted a.t 4 percent on the ve.lue of th8 land 2..nd 5 p::rcent on the value of the buildings. land taxos o.re paid through thc Association.

Title is secnrod as follows:

i;At tho timo of s�.gning th3 re:it.3.l contr2.ct, the colonist is handod a pro:mise of salo, in whfoh it is stipi!.la.ted thc.t :5..f, after a mo.:ximum of 8 yoars - not bofore, bocr.usc tho aim of tho Association is to e3t.�1.b.t:l.sh t}1::; colo ist on a sotmd footing v.nd not to favor speculat:.on - he h::ts compliGd wi-�h the t..:n"!Ils of tho r'.mtal contract, and has f rrthormore pa.ic.1 ·i.,he vo..lue of the inventory bnildings, and 50 pcrcent of th'J v2.luo of the land, ho íll be handcd o. dcfinitc titlc doed to the property, with a mortc;a��o in Q;uarantoe of I'la.Ximu.!11 of 9 the balance ouinG o.nd which he i.d.11 ycg_rly inst::i.lJJnents at 4 porce,1t int rcpay yiJ2in c:rest. Y a

The uork of the Associ::i.tion, which has also opern.t id on a small scale in Brazil, is 2.ssayed as follot•JS ':Jy tr..e Int,Jrru.tional Labour 0fficc:

liThc Associo.tion is endowed with capital g:i..vo!l to it by phil2.n-:thropists, and its activity is governod by a')solutely non-cor;mcrcial moti ves. Its \/hole orJo.nizo. tion e.nd the condi tions th ... i.t i t offers to sottlers ( which r.re o.s generous o.s the necessity of maintr.ining workin3 capital ancl covering ovorhcG.d ,Jxpensos pormi t) aim first and fo,·emost 2.t onsuring st1 .ccossful settloment. It should be mentioned in passin6, }iouev:::r, th -.t el .espite its social ch:'.rnctcr and the philanthropic spiri t in which i ts 1)olicy is fr,med, the Association does not mako the mistake of plac':i,.;.1 -;;· i ts .-3veryd;7.y ¡�elo. tions wi th tho sottlors q.li n philanth1·op:Lc '.:>asís. �foon mut1.12.l rights .::.nd olüi'.;':ltions he.ve once lJeen defiaod, strictly cor:m10:;-,ci2.l methods c::.re used. It is to this policy thc.t the Associat:i.on attributcs its succcss, for it has m.0ant the Drcs3rvation in tl:.c settlcrs' rninds of a sense of rcsponsibi]j � u.ndermincd. which misunderstooc1 philant}i11opy mí0ht well he.ve

101

Laiss_e_z-fai_r� in the or¡;aniz;:ition of emigra.tion will give results neither in numbers moved nor in satisfa.ctory livinc; conditions far those who set up new homes elsewhere. This is particularly true in the case of migmtion fer settlemeEt. It is st�w;ested that an Emigration 0ffice be created.

Such e.n office, fer a start, could be ene r:ia.n attached to the Governor1 s staff. He should be empowered to call upen' any government agcmcy which could help in the elaboi-o.tion and execution of an emieration proiram. He should work closely with the Department of Labor program of helping in the recr-.ütment of migratory and domestic workers far the continent and the United States Employment Service in arder to take adva.ntaee of its reports on jobs available in Latin .America.

Initiative and sound judgemr:mt plus full-ti.me concentration on ex¡,lorine emigration (1) to report on any possibilities shouJ.d enable him, within definite possibilities for colonization a year, with a specific program, lncludin;; ctL�ect costs, fer taking adva.ntage of them, and (2) to have been constantly useful to the vocational educ.:üion and employment personnel.

'.!.'he functions which v1ou1d have to be carried on by a full-scale office are indicated below. It should be noted that these suggestions probably woulcl have to be expanded in op-:;ration.

Ftmctj_ons

InformatJon on job e.Dd settlement possibilities in Latin America could be gathored and disser.tln,?.·;:,r,,d at small cost. · Possibilities on the continent have already been explored and the work of an emi:lra.tion officer sug:1estecl. Services could be rendered to (a) skilled and semiskilled workers and (b) prospective settlers.

A. Latin AmerJcan inclus·:�ry is developing rapidly and the demand fer skilled labor is far ahead of the supply. Some of the kinds of openings have been mentioned. It is possible thc.t Puerto Rico may fincl itself with a surplus of trained persons in some of the fields notedo Efforts should be rnade to place these people abroacl in the hope the.t they may serve as 11pwnp-priming11 and init:ia to- a tr-ickle of ernigration which might expand into a stream under favorable conditionso

The 0ffice should maintain a file of persons w:Lth technical competence. The existence of the file shou1d be ma-:.le known to the (J. Rafael 0reamuno, Inter-.Arnorican Chairm�n, 2400 Development - 16th St., Cornmittee, No w., Washington, D. C.) and sj_miJar organizations as well as privLlte companies.

The Of;ice also should accumulate data on all possible openings in the Latin American area.. Basic material in the field is listed herewith: Ralph Hancock, Q1m9rttmities in La.tin America, N. Y.,

Duell, Sloan and Pearce. 1946. 278 PP• The main emphasis is on business opportunities, Useful material divided into chapters on Postwar Prospects, Social Welfare,- Transportation and Commtmication, Industrial Power, Agricul ture, Y.1aJ1ufactt:ring, Hinin::; and Petroleum Forest Prodncts, Fisheries, Trade and Travel, and subdivided into countries. Lloyd J. Hughlett, Industrfalization of Latín America. :P. Y., McGraw-Hill, 1946. 508 PP• Divided on the basis of j_njustries, uhich are then treated fi.rst on a continent-wide basis and then by the countri9s in which the most importa.11t developments are takint.; place. The industries covercd are: the ce:nent inc!.ustry, the chenicé:tl indt'.stry, cm:mo .. m.ic.:i.t.ions, the fishing ind.u.stry, the food industry, tl1e leather indllstry, the metHlwo:rking industries, the minfog industries an.d their industr:Lalizat.ion, paint and v.:-.rnish industry, · · petroleum industry, pharmaceutic8.l indnstry, power industry, publish:i.ng, pulp, pn.per and lu.rnber industry, suga.r industry, toxtile industry.

Soule, Efron and Ness, La�in &uerica in .�he F�tu.re World,

N. Y., Farrar and Rinehart, 1945. 372 ppa Important far an understancling of the ]Je.sic social, political and economic issues involved in the changing pattern of Latín American econo::iies. George lJythe, Indus�ry in I.atinJmerica.. 1

1 •

University Press. 1945. 371 PP• Columbia

Contains a cotmtry-11:y--country description a11d. analysis aft0r a valuahle 77 pac�e introduction which deals with background and problems. The specialized publications Usted below should be examined regularly for nows of current devolopments: América Industrial �Jnerican �xport and Ir.i.port Eulletin Chemical and Netallurgical Zngin9ering Engincering r-rews Record El Farmacéutico

Foreign Commerce Weekly F.l Indicador M3rcantil Ingeniería Internacional -� Construcción Ingeniería Internacional - Industria Petróleo Int3ra.:mericano Prodt�ctos :Puevos Textiles PanamericanGis

Foticias, a weekly digest of hemisphere reports from newspa.pers ancl magazines should also be avaiJ.abJ.e. It is ::--ublished by the Council for Inter-America.n Cooperat:hon, Inc., 57 Willia.1¡1 St., :tfow York City at ��10.00 pur year.

Teachers for :tforth American-sponsored schools j_n Latin America are placed by the Inter-A.i�8rican Schools Tasco Davis, Ji-:-ector, 71+4 Jackson Place, J:-!'. w., Service, Roy 1-Tashington, D. c., whlch regularly publishes lists of openings.

The monthly reports of tlw United States Employment Service often carry notices of positions available with u. s. concerns in Latin America. Tho Pan Amer:Lcan Union, the Interpe.tional 18.bour Office and the Intor-American Dornoe;ra:,hic Committee, Mexico City, aro other sources of useful inforrnation.

A..ri. experioncod person keoping in tonch w:tth developments should be nhle to lssue a valuablo ;,1onthly riümeographed bulletin w:tth st1.,i;:2;estions far ,job-soo1�ers. inthin a few months the s3rvico should be able to preve j_ts valu.e t.o firms seeking workers and be in receipt of a steariy str0a1:1 of inqu.iries ..

Those who a::.-e placad should be followed up ,¡i thin a few nonths in tho expectation thnt they mi.ght. })o ablé: to sugge,st othor opportunities for Puerto Ricans.

B. Higration fo1;' settlement may offer far greater possibilities for 1iexport11 of men and 1 ,1omon. It is in this field that the most careful work :r.mst be done in examining possibilities and in planning and carryine; out coloniza.t:lon projects. This work may be dividcd into threo parts:

l. Provision of informntion on fc.rnüng possibilities for those 11ho can fi:r..ance thoir own transport2.tion and land lJurchase;

2. Arranging of credit for those who, while cxperienced and r ::sponsible, ar-) not a ble to carr-J thr01.1-c;h a shift of home ruid far.m. without credit; and

J. Organizing group colonization.

The f irst ftinction conl-:1 be i1andled by co:i:-r,espondence wi th the official i.I1unigration ancl colonizo.tion instHutions of the Latin

A.tncrican countri,s. Possibilities should be canvassed from the follouing sources and others which undoubtedly would appear as the work dovelops: Argentina: Dirección General de Iruni�ración, Dársena Norte, Buenos Aires. Bolivia: Comit8 de Ipmigración del Ministerio de Relaciones :;;xteriores, La Paz. Brazil: Senhor Joao Alberto Lins elle Barros, Conselho }1acional de �migracáo, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Río de Janeiro. Chile: Ministerio el.e Relaciones Sxteriores, Santiago. Colombia: Minis·�erio r1e ilelaciones Exteriores, Bogotá. Costa Rica: Sr. Carlos Johnanning, Jefe, Departamento de

Ecuador:

Migración, Secret�ría de Seguridad Pública, San José. Sr. Manuel Paredes Lasso, Director General de Imnigración y Extranjería, Quito. México: Departamento de Migración, Bucareli 99, México, D. F. Per-�: }tinisterio de Relaciones Exteriores, Lima. Venezuela: Dr. Sánchoz Pernia, Director, b.stituto Técnico de Inmigración y Colonización, Caracas. The second possibility should be examined on the basis of the information obtained from the first opera.tion. Possibilitfos not now apparent may woll be found as the work gets under way. It is highly probable however, thJ.t the only substantial contribution to thc promotion of emigration will come through the third funct::.on. It wil1 bo examined in more detail. Colonization Functions

Preliminal'"IJ information on co1.mtry clesirine colonists, m.unber, probable amount of land, political and economi.c conditions and prospects, and assistancc offered. A short preliminary study somewhat along the lines of the Dominican and Vanezuelan soctions of this report would be the minimum be.sis f or further action.

Negoti..-,_tfon with the cmmtry w2,.nting colonists on conditions of admission of · settlers, including ci tizonship arran:�ainents, custom duties, consular fees, land and other laws applying to aliGns only, types of settlers desired, relations between the Emigration Office a.nd the Immigration Institute, facilities offered Puerto Rico far studying the specific areas to �,e colonized and points needed f or a general estímate of possibilities of successful settlement. (This stago of course would have to be conducted through the good offices of the Unitcd States wpartmont of Stato.)

Suggestions on preliminary surveys, colonization , _ :ilanning and selection of colonists e.ro included as a:Jpendices.

Training

It must be obvious by 11O1,.r that people cannot simply be transplanted from one country to another, placed on a f8.rm, and loft to their own devices without overwhelming chances of failure. Past experience has proved that a shift from ano soil type to another, for example, without re-training, is a major cause of fa:ilures.

The training plan must be worked out after the new envirorunent and the type of f2.rrn:í.nE:, ar0 know-D. Not the lcast of the necessa.ry i tems is an introduction to the history and cult-L<::·e of the ::eceiving countr"J•

'.i.'ransportation

Thc problom of shifting a man and his family is one which Cf\P. cause much hardship ancl disillusionment. It may, if badly handled, doliver a family to its new home already in a pessimistic frame of mind.

Ti... 11iing is particula.rly important. The head of the farnily m.ieht go ahead of his irife &'1d children, 13ut often provision would have to be rnade for their maintonance until thoy join him.

Reception ar.:d Settloment

Sevoral imrni�rant-recoiving corn1tries have adeouate facilities and experlenced personn01. The Intornationa.1 La.bour Offi.co cites the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo as an exrunple:

i1The arrangemonts )J1ade f or recei ving the immigrants are e.dmirable. The hostel of Isla das Fleos at RÍO de Janeiro may pArhaps be superior to that at Sao Paulo by the beauty of íts surroundings, but the dining rooms, dormitories, sanitary arrangoments, mcdical services, 8.nd sick roorns in both are equally perfoct.

11When the immigrant ho.s been examined by i·.h0 Federal authori ties at .Santos and subsoqucmtly br::.efly inspect·ed by th0 Sta te Irnmigration authori tics, he is sen-e uu u11e ho::; �,::i at Sao Paulo u..ntil he can be placed on a planta.tion, unless his destination was decided beforehand, when he is sent on at once at the expense of the State. In view of tho m��ent demand for

106

lab0t1r, the stay in the hostal tisually lasts only a few days If his bealth is not satisfa.ctory, he receives medical and hospital treatment f'm• ,-:i.s lon¡:, ·-1s raay be nocessary.� .

Venezuola ports. is reported building rvceiving hote.Ls at its íour main

or Maintenance while eetU.ng grants tL11til the first crop settlcd and ::.s rnm·keted support in the form as a necessity. of credit

Supervi::Jion and Insurance

Technical assiste.nce is anothe¡• reC:_ insurance against crop failures far tlu uirement, as is sorne first year or two. form of

This problem is intimatcly linkod recont rsport on 2ettlement e;:perience :story in the followin:;- surru:aary: with the provisíon of credit. in th0 Unitod States tells the A

Hit was fotmd tn.:.it tho ovailability and the uise use of credit were important factors in tho stability of settlers. A largo pa.rt of the family cliscord, poor health, social isolation, and evcn the tmsatisfa.ctory work habi t5,)/,ould be traced to the

lack or m:!lsuse of crodit facilities.

111 ° Prornotion of Furthcr En.igration

Assuming succossful sottlomant of a substantial initial group, and the existonce of mo:;:e pos si bili tios, tho fuic;rQ.tion Offico should unriertake propaganda for furthor movement to th� new sourQes of livelihood. There is Httle d01fbt that lar6e numbers of persons could be f ound who would be ¡¡jJ_ling to eitligrat.0 if there were real possibili ties of improvcment in lev0ls of livinc. Little expenditure would be needed. Letters to locnl newspaper:s from st,ccessfuJ. settlers, 11canned11 intorviewl'.l rcoorclod for -;:,ranserí.ption ov0r Fu0rto IUcan radio stations, a raovie, a display of photogro.:!_Jhs, anr1 spoakin.r; tours by colonists brought back for t}1e purposo wo1..ud rosul t in a f'lood of' applications.

EMIGRATI0N IN THE S0LUTI0N 0F THE P0PULATI0N PROBLEM

Monetary Costs of Emigration

The a.nalogy is sametimes drawn between the export of wheat by Cana.da, of meat by Argentina or ni trates by Chile and the proposed "business" of exporting men from Puerto Rico. This rt�asoning neglects one key aspect of the export business -- wheat, meat, and nitrates are purchased by the receiving country. Usually the price covers the cost of production. Irnmigrant-seeking countries may be willing to expend funds on transportation facilities and other internal improvements in arder to attract settlers, but none has thus far suggested paying the country of origin for its "products11 • Th erefore, we should seek to estímate about what our 11 exports" are going to cost us.

Estima.tes indicate that raising a. male child to the age of 18 in Puerto Rico costs his family o.round $2500 in rural areas and about $3000 in cities. If we add the per ca.pita cost of insular and municipal government, using 1925 to 1943 as the 18 years during which the boy was raised, we get approximately $500 more. Thus we arrive at a "cost of productdm" of $3000 to $35()0 by the time a youth gets to the point where he begins to repay the investment made in him by his family and his government. 16�

rt must be noted that we are not here dealing with the personal intrinsic value of a man as a husband, father, son or friend but solely with the value which may reasonably be a.ssigned him as a factor in the economic life of the island. Data are lacking with which to make an estimate of possible future earnings, which would be a more efficient method of computing value. We must therefore fall back on "cost of production" as a rough measure of the value of a man. 0bviously, if future earnings were capitalized, the figure in most cases would be considerably higher than the present estímate.

puerto Rico•s 11exports11 then, when they consist of males of approximately 18 years of age, cost the economy around $2500 to $3000. The "cost of production:1 of femo.les is probably slightly higher but has not been calculated sepo.rately. costs arising from the exporting process, in the case of planned colonization, must be added. Tha.t this process is complicated and expensive should be apparent from the sections dealing with the work of the Emigration 0ffice. preliminary ando.rea surveys, selection, training, transportation, maintenance, land costs, credit, machinery and insurance are among the items which must be covered. It is assumed that the receiving country would provide the roads or railroads, health, sanitary, education and other developmental facilities. These could not legitimately be added to the capital cost of a colony without burdening it with an impossible load.

A fairly exact budget could only be arrived at on the basis of a specific project. There is a considerable amount of experience on which to draw, however. An idea of costs involved may be secured from the amounts spent on other settlement pro jects. Under partieularly favorable conditions families ha.ve been settled in agricultural

colonies for as little as slightly ovcr �1000 (in 1938 prices). In more heavily capi t-. lized settlements costs have run as high tts $20,000.161/

Farms in the most successful colonies in Latín America, those of the Jewish Colonization Association in Argentina, in 1941 cost $3,750, half for land portation and and half for buildings, equi other costs certainly would pment bring rmd the stock. Transtotal to at least $5,ooo.

In the Sosua colony in the Dominican Republic, a moderately successful project, it has been seen that the cost per person was $1373 for the first year. It is not Jawwn how much has since been spent nor how much has been or will be recovered. The figure givcs us a.nother rough measure of probD.ble expense, howc�er. Family costs would run somewhere in the neighborhood of $6000•

The Federal goverrnnent settled a.round 200 famiJ.ies in the Matanuska Valley, Alaska, in 1935. Homes, barns, wells, livestock, farm machinery and equipmcnt, hous.:hold eguipment and supplies amounted to $3,250 for each family. Transportation and subsistence for the first nine months brought the total up to $5,435.162/

The Brookings Institution givca sorne significant figures.

"To resettle and will require reestablish substantial numbors of impoverished people large sums of money. The prevmr cost of settling 500,000 persons abroad was placed somewhere near 2 billion dollars, or almost $4,000 per settler. Estimo.ted per capita costs of settling limited numbers of refugees in the Argentino and in Rhodesia exceed this figure. Palestine costs range from $2,500 to $6,000 pcr settler.

One could make a reason ble guess, on the basis of these experiences and estimates and taking price rises nnd differences in transportation costs into accou.nt, that colonization of puerto Ricans in Lt-1.tin America would cost around $5000 to $6000 per fn.mily.

W� are now in a position to estímate the cost of emigration on two different bases, taking both direct and indirect monetary costs into account. First, l t us assume tha.t the present populatj_on, if not burd'ncd by future expected increases, could raise its levels of living by iucreasj.ng productivity. The problem is therefore to export the annual increment. cusanova.163/ estima.tes that the average annua.l increa.se during 1910-50 will be--z.r2', 551 as coir.pared wi th 32,534 during the previous decu.de. If this figure is converted into families which a.vera.ge five members, vre shall huve to "export" an annual incroment equivalent of 8510 fa.milies in order simply to keeP the same population.

Simply in order to stand s.till, then, we must spend from $42,500,000 to S51,000,000 annun.lly (o.t ��5000 to f:�6000 per family) in cxporting our "surplus" families. !'íe must add to this sum an annuo.l loss of about $25,500,000 to �29,780,000 to cover the export of human productive

109

reGources for which the insular community has alrcady paid. Thus we arrive ata total cost to the isln.nd of from $68,000,000 to $80,000,000• Second, let us assume that the present population is so far beyond the reasonable limits of the economy that improvement will come abou t only if the popula tion is reducod ::,,nd the alli:.ual increment is exported. Unfortunr.tely, scientific devices"I"or men.suring the true extent of any such overpopulation have not been worked out. We can rely on 11educated guesses" made by one of the isla.ndt s outstanding students of populo.tion problems, Rafael J. Cordero, and b r Senator Luis Muñoz Marín. Cordero has estinated that about 100,000 families should emigra.te if levels of livingn.re to be ra.ised. The Muiíoz estimate was ma.de in terms of 500,000 inhabitants, which amounts to about the so.me number of families.164/ Assuming that these estima.tes are close to the fn.cts, we must fa.ce an outright expenditure of from $500,000,000 to $600,000,000 plus a loss on previous investment of $300., 000,000 to $350,000,000, or o. total initial cost of between $800,.000,000 and �950,000,000• In addition, there would be the o.nnual cost of from $68,000,000 to $80,000,000. The practico.lity of such expenditures may be measured by comparing them with the toto.l insular income, which is probably around $500,000,000 per year.165/ and with the net governmental ñisñursements shown for 1924-2 5 toi943-44 in Ta.ble XXVII. The tote.l insular and municipal expenditures for 20 years are o!'lly ;¡:937 ,058,492 or an average of $46,852,924 annuo.lly. It is true thn.t sorne direct return would eventually accrue to the Puerto Ricn.n econo1ny through remittances from the emigrants to their relatives who rema.ined bohind. There is no real basis on which to estimo.te such a return. It TJas found that few st. Croix migro.nts sent money home. Among thu vm.r i;•orkers on the continent there were many who were using the opportunity to escape from burdensome fin(1.ncial commitments.

Really ln.rge scale emigration obviously would be so costly that it would either mortgage the future of those who remained on the island or cn.11 for huge outside aid.

The Role of Emigration_

The above data should be kept in mind while we examine the question of how much relief Puerto Rico might expect from emigration. There is a great deal of historical expericnce from which to drnw. Emigro.tion has appealed widely nnd lo�g to officials of over-populated countries. The opinion of demographers who have analyzed all the important efforts is summed up as follows: "In short, relinnce on emigration ns n means of relioving population pressure has hitherto proved almost a complete fnilure, whether officially administered or left to the initiative of the individual migrants. It has practically never reduced the home population sufficiently the level to of provide for a significnnt living." 166 / improvement in

The solo significnnt exception seems to be Eire (Southcrnireland) and its experience must be examined carefully. Its population dropped from 6,548,000 in 1840 to 2,992,034 a contury later. The groat patato famine drove large numbers from the islnnd. It also killod around a million people. Emigrntion alano, it must be stressed, did not do the job. It and the large number which perished gave the Irish a breathing spoll during which they began to reduce their birth rate. 167 / The technic used was delayed mnrringes. "The percentages of unmarried among the countries, males of each age group 11 nccording to a rocent are usually double those 9f anthropological study. 168 other /

There are throe important factors to be noted in the Irish experiepce: (1) There vm.s a large-sce.le outpouring of emigrants within a short time, (2) there were about a million deaths and (3) those who remained undertook to plan their lives in such a wny as not to fill up the space left by the migrnnts and the deceased. Too much stress cnnnot be put on the fact that it wo.s a combine.tion of the throe factors which produced a lowering of population pressure.

The case of Ireland illustrutes a principle ncceptcd by all modern demographers: it is extremely unlikely that emigration alano will result in a permnnent reduction in the population of a given area. The basic recson is the animal tendency to over-reproduce unless human reason enters into thc reproductive process. It is that factor in the population problem to which we turn in the next section.

We smv in Chapter II what out-migration has been since 1908. The little which is known about the ago nnd sex composition of thc migrants is summarized in the last section of that chapter. A projectionaf· ·populntion bo.sed: (1) on the ne.tu.ral rate of j_ncrease, employing the survival rates and reproduction rates of 1939-41, and (2) an nssumption of annunl omigration at the average rute of the decado l937-1946, yields the following results in population for the years given, with and with-

Other Aepects of n Ponulo.tion Pro_g_ram l 73/

A program for denling with tho pressure of populntion on resources must have at le�:st four intcr-related e.spects including emigration: Ra.ising the lovels of living E.ducntion Plnnned Po.rcnthood

Rnising the Levols of Living It is frequently stnted that the population problem will only be solved when the levels of living are raised to the point where the fomily size drops. This is indlsputnbly en rdmiro.ble goal of socio.l policy, but it is easy to demonstrate that it j_s not feasible to wait for that hnppy circumstnnce to solve tho probloms o.rising from overpopulo.tion. Fortunntely wo have recently acquired mc.terial on the basis of which we may exnmine this nrgument. Data gathered in June, July, ünd August of 1946 by field workers under the direction of Dr. Lydio. J. Roberts show that D. drop in fnmily size of rural housoholds does not toJte place until en income of botween $1500 and $1999 is reached. Urbo.n households show a perceptible dr,op in number of children only after they hnve renched the $2000 o.nd $2499 income group. Consider, novi, thnt tho average f2.mily incomg;for 1946 wore as follows: wage oarners $596; rural fnmilies, $633; all fnmilies, $829;·urban families, $1,092. Wo also know thnt femily incomos (for wo.ge earners) increased betw0en 1941 and 1946 nt the ro.te of $40.83 per yeo.r (at 1946 prices). If v1e choose $1700 ns the point nt which a drop in f amily size will tale e place nnd if we furthor nssume that the insular income will continuo to incrense at the rate of th0 previous five yonrs, it would take 27 yenrs for the average w�ge oarner fo.mily to be rniscd to the income cless in which a significc.nt drop in the fnmily size would be recorded. It would be nothing short of e miro.ele if the 1941-46 income increases wero to be contiñued. In fnct, all economic projections indico.te that n drop, rather than a rise, in por-cnpita income is to be expect.od within tho noxt decv.de or so unless there is a fundamentnl ch.:mge in thc insular economy.

Educntion Undoubtedly rc.isibg levels of living will hclp but it is fo.llacious to o.ssume thnt nothing can be done until lov0ls of living are rnised. It is true that on thc wholo people with highcr incomes hnvc fewer children. It is &lso true thct peoplo v¡ith higher incomcs are bett0r 0duco.tcd. Why must it be assumed that oducntod poor poople would not seo the wisdom of limi ting f nmily s:i.ze? _ There is overy i rrlication thnt poor poople in Puerto Rico would welcome informo.tion on the prevention of un-

wcnted children justes engerly as rich people do. To deny the poor people the right to ho.ve children only when thoy wi:,nt thom is as undemocratic as to dcny them the right to any other type of educe.tion or participation in the good things of life me.de possibl0 by modern wealth production.

Moreover, a desire to mnintnin living atnndnrds is not the only rcnson for conscious birth control. Throughout history there have been cultures in which pcople limited birth far various reesons besides-the .cconomic, Lysistrata, it will be rcm0mbered, cnlled upon the women of Greece to refuse to boar children until the men stop butchering them in constnnt vmrfnre. Numerous conquered tribes in .Africa o.nd the Americ�s hnve deliberntuly rcduced thcir births �s pQrt of their resistnnce to conquest. Anthropologists, in a rcccnt compnrative survey of human roproct�ctive practices, found contraceptive devices being used in 16 out of 25 conternporary primitivo tribos studied. 171/

We o.re nlso f ortunc.te in mving re cent do.ta �howing the relc..tionship between schooling e.nd the number of children born (Table XXVII). The study dirocted by Dr. Roberts found thc�t births were reduced by one-hnlf or more when the mothor hnd a high school educntion or more. The extension of cduco.tion to the whole population is one of the ba.sic o.iras of tho insular government. These f2.cts give the promotion of educ�tion an cven greGter urgency.

It js not enough to knoí:í those genernl relations, howevor. We must know what phc.se (or phnsos) of schooling hns had the desired cffect and ·whother thc.t pho.so co.nnot be o:-:tended to persons outside .the formal school orgc.nization. It is prob.'.'.blo that c.dult educntion, cnrriod out with unions, ferm workers, fnctory meetings, civic nnd church groups, would n�ke Q significnnt contribution. Experionce on the contincnt indicntes tha.t tho educr.tion that of the husbruid. 172J of thc wifo is of grontcr influence then

T[l.blo XX.VIII gives us a clue to the influence of non-acndemic oducction. Urbnn mothers produce fev1or children o.t tho so.r.ie schooling level than do rural mothers. Whc.tever factor it is in schooling which helps lovror the birth ratc is present in urban arens either to a grer.ter extent in tho schools or is found outside tho schools. It seeQS rc�sone.ble to c.ssume tho.t gree.ter opportunities for .:i_nfomc.l oducntion, plus the avt.ilnbility of mcdice.l scrvices denied moot of tho rurcl populntion, account far the improvement.

This reinforces the widely-recognized ncod far an intensificc.tion of both o.dult o.nd formnl oduca.tion. Tho finnncio.l obsto.eles to nn adqquate expansion ere grent. Only hc.lf the childron of school nge arG nt presont tho fourth c.ccornrnoduted in schools nnd most gro.do in school. 173/ The fourth of tho othcr ho.lf reach only Six-Yonr Finnncial Progrnm, 1947-48 to 1952-53, provides for a capitel i�provement outl�y for educr.tion of only (ipl8, 856, 750 and nn annuo.l approprintion of 13 to 15 million

doll2.rs period. prevido or 23.6 porcont of the total govornmont expenditures in the 'l'ho Plc.nning Board reports tho.t "the presont Progrnm would for nbou;t hnlf of tho Island' s r.iinimun needs. 11_2:,Z0'

This field offers a perfoct �xrunple of a v1c1ous circle. The populc.tion grows e.t such a rnpid rate tha.t educo.tional fncilities cannot be providod in sufficiont qunntity ond quality to copo with tho annunl incrcnent of children of school ago. Lo.ck of schooling in turn is reflected in the high birth rato. Puerto Rico hGs n much higher proportion of i ts populntion of school o.ge thr..n c.ny stnto on the continent.

Civic organizntions such c.s sorvice clubs, unions, farmors' organizations, churchos, the .Adult Educ;:,.tional Associetion and priv8.to schools must supplement the publfo systom. Only l'.n islnnd-wide pnrticipntion by alJ. civic-minded citizons can brcc.k the vicious circle.

Pltnned Po.renthood.

No mattor whr.t elsc is done, tho kc,y to populntion control lies in e.pplying group o.nd porsoné.ll intull:igenco to the: redut.::tion of births in the same way it is o.pplfod to th0 rcduction of donths. This menns plc.nning the size of tho f nrniJ.y. It moa.ns thinkine of co1csoquor:ces. It meo.ns widesprccd knowledgo of tho toc}·mfos o.:í:' birth control cnd a willingnoss to undergo minor inconvonfoncos for tho sc.ke of tho family and for e bottor futuro for Puo:rto Rico.

Thc nrgumonts for o. plcnnod p�!ronthood pr·ogrnm are formidcble entir0ly apart from tho nocesso.ry roductfo�1 .::.n populntion r,:cowth. The criminally high infant nnd mcterno.l death re.to must be reduced. Tho infnnt mortnlity ro.to in Puerto Rico in 1943 wr.s 95.3 p r 1000 live births o.s cornpared 'lüth 40.4 in thv.t same yoc.r in thc Un:itGcl Strtcs. The United Statcs itself ho.s nn indefensibly hi,'.{h r, .te, much of which is eccounted for by the lnrgc, deeply ignorr.nt soctors of thc populGtion of tho southorn sto.tos. Me.te:rn[.Ü deo.th rLtes in 1942 wero ).,lo 7 per 10,000 births :l.n Puerto Rico c.s campe.red wi th 5.11• in tho Unitod Sto.tos. Recent investigations conductod by Dr. Lydin J. Roberts havo showod that nmong large frunilios ns mú.ny o.s 43 percont of th0 childrcn born ·ha.ve diod. Similo.r nlerming figures couJ.d be givon for still-births and nbortionso An c.nalysis of 7,000,000 births in tho United Stf'.tos h2.s proved thnt "the interval botweon births is o. be.sic fc.ctor in thc incidonce of stillbirth.

All of thosc figures o.dd up to e distressingly high wnstage of humen life. Surely we cc.nnot rost until wc he.ve adequnteJ.y tnckled this cspcct of involunte:ry pc\renthood. Tho psychological nspect of the ¡roduction of unwc.ntcd chHdrcn, both legitimo.to o.nd illcgitimntG, is n fo.cot of tho problem which cnn be men.1..foncd only in passing.

Ho�lthior mothors, hoclthicr be.bies, happior f2.IlliliGs nnd a strongor Puerto Rico e.re worthy idonls to be inculcatod into o.11 citizens, but pnrticulo.rly into thc public hoo.l th doctors e.nd nurses o.nd the school tenchers upan whom the burdon of the work must fnll.

Educntion in tho use of contrnceptivcs would be en cxtremely difficult job if there were no demnnd for this informction. Howover, this is not thc cese. There is an nbund�nt ovidence thnt thore is a widesproti.d, pors:i.stont ·demnnd for knowledge of how to nvoid unwnnted children. A study of the �ipio of Lajcs conducted by Dr. Morris Siegel and Marguerite N. King showed nn almost unnnimous desire for contrnceptive knowlodge among the womon intorviewed. It showed only a few persons using modern contrncoptive methods but many using crude herbs, drugs end oven rncgic to avoid conception. 17_5/ Similar studies me.de by Drs. Belavel and Beebe in 1941� and by the speaker omong the Puerto Rico.ns in St. Croix in 1946 c.nd the cxporionce of birth control clinics and hospitals furnish a mass of evidence for the existence of such a demand. The widesprend incrense in sterilizction in the past few yef..rs is enother weighty bit of evidence. This operntion, formerly confined to rich womon, -is now :.i.n demnnd nt both public nnd prívate hospitals in �pit� of the opposition of certain groups nnd of the drastio nctUJ;o of the step.

Tho effectiveness of the practico of contreception hes bcen testad sciontifically in Puerto Rico. Beebc and B0lavnl studied thc experience of 1962 fnmilies using the facilities of 15 clinics. Rural dwellers nccounted fer 68 porcent of tho clients studied. A reduction of 44 percent between the act'!:1-� ,Pcxpected wcs achieved • .111; regnnncies Obviously nnd the those thnt would hnve extension of clinico.l been service to tho entire ndult fome.lo populntion of the island is imporative. According to Dr. Christopner Tiotze, 11.Since the innugurntion of the service in 1939 nlmost 50,000 womc-n have pnssod through the contraceptivo clinics o,f tho Henlth Dcpartment, nbout 10 porcent of the adult femnlo populntion. 11 Beebe nnd Bolaval report that an csti.I!lato of the covere.ge of the clinics in the lar-ger barriQs showod that several ho.d renched between 10 nnd 20 percent of the fnmi1i0s in which there: wore women of reproductivo age. It probably woulcl be sde to .... ssumc thnt o. ton-fold oxpansion in tho servico of tho clinics is noeded.

The 1947-48 budgot for tho ontiro Bureau of Maternal nnd Child Honlth is only $69,985 or 1/2 of 1 pcrcont of the wholo Henlth Depnrtm8nt budgot. Bc:rtlütt nnd Howcll ostimnted tho.t ene fourth of tho Bureau's oxponditures werc fer contr.:.i.ceptivo servicos. This would uean that oround 1/8 of 1 porcent of the health budget is being spont on this crucial scrvico.

These figures should bo borne in mind in evaluating the messo.ge of formal' Govornor Tugwell to the 16th Legislc..ture when ho spoko of 11the fnilure of Pu.orto Rico's birth control law to nffect tho birth rete in the slightest degree.

It is unfortunnte tho.t such n stnteraent wns mude, since there is no factual justifico.tion for it. 0n the contrnry it is quito prob�ble thnt the Puerto Ricnn. birth rato would hnve :rison with the return of prosperity, es it did on the continent without the protection nfforded by the law. It is highly probable thnt tho wnr yocrs would hnve soen a substnn-

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tial increase here as it did on the continent. The experience of the clinics, analyzed by Beebe and Belaval, preves that substantial reductions in births were achieved among thos� reached .QY the clinics. This factor must be considered in assessing the success or failure of what is, after all, a new law. It was passed only 10 years ago. The public clinics under it were not organized until 1940. The functioning of the clinics has been hampered by the opposition of certain individuals, both on the contj_nent and the island; by lack of trained personnel, especially women nurses; by the lack of modern sanitary facilities in the vast majority of all homes; by the lack of education of the people; by the mistaken feeHng of security which a large number of children gives; and by other cultural factors. These are not eoing to be overcome in a few years, particularly with the expenditure of a mere pittance. Again in this field, public efforts must be supplemented by prívate endeavors. The Asociación Pro Salud Maternal e Infantil de Puerto Rico. founded in Decernber 1936, is an encouraging exarnple of civic enter�·. prise. 178/ The public forurn on population, sponsored in July 1946 by the Asociación de Salud of over-population. Pública increased public interest in the problem J:B/ iV!ore recently (0ctober 1946) another civic o rganization was founded to promote the study and public discussion of population problems, the Asociación de Estudios Poblacionales, headed by Dr. José N. Glndara. Public and prívate efforts are needed in an island-wide educational campai::-·n to increase awareness of the danger of continued drift toward economic disaster and the possibilities and technics of individual action.

Stn1fi.:ARY Al'!D P..Ii::COr-ft-iE:t-mATIOFS The pressure of populo.tion on resources in Puerto Rico is a monace to the welfare of the people. It dfrectly affects each person on the island. It reduces th,� che.nce'S far a ftül life. It sentences the vast majority to a lifetime of went.

Emigration alone holds lHtle hope as a solution. The results would be as permane�t as if one were to atter:1.pt to bail out a wash tub while allowing water to pour in from a faucet. The problem is the more fundamental one of reducing the flow from the faucet!

The situation is so desperate, however, that emi:;rntion must be includecl in well-rounded progra.m for attacking overpopulation. It must be pushed intens5.vely, with ·011thusiasm, initiative and imagination"but also with balanced judeemont.

Emi�;rv.tion must be or,�2.nized. The days of 0pioneering11 by vast munbers who movc automatically to open territory and farm. virgin soils are gone. Lar[;cly they were myths anyway, but theI·e are f ew a reas left in the world where the opport:un:i.ties e:xist which drew millions to the Great Plains of the United States. fo.tin America, wh:l.ch is often spoke:!1 of as a potontial area of pioncer settlememt, is shown to hold forth few hopes for Puerto Il.icans.

Venezuela el.ces offer land far colonization purposes. Properly eg_uipped persons, well organized, financec1 and su.pervised rllieht malee a success of pioneer f�rming in that country. There are some other spots whera a f ew thousand persons :rru.e;ht find homes and chances f or a livelihood. They aro scarce, but openings could be found wHh comparative ease for persons with t.raining a.nd exporience in truck farmin6, far instance.

The e:xpandine; industrial sectors of the fa. tin American economJ,r also offer opportmü tics to Puerto rlicans wi th trainine and 0xperience in modern indust�·üü pructices.

On th0 whole, 1:Jigre,tfon to continental United States scems to offer the best inunedi,.,te opportmüties. There is a pressing need for household workers and, seasonaJ.l.y, f or unskilled anrJ. semi-sldlled farro and farm factory workers. Certain types of skill,s ure also needed in industry.

Possibilities, then, will be foun�. in retail rather than wholesale lots. This does not moan that emigr.:d:,ion should be treci.t.Jd 2.s an impossibility. It means th2.t, recognizing the difficuJ.ties and the costs, it must ncverthelcss be promoted and 1,1lw:tever opportuni ties exist mu.st be ferreted out. T!üs requircs the fuJ.l timo of a.t loast one person, able to call u pon the services of insular and federal govorrm1enta1 agencies, ano, to keep in t01..1ch with public and private B'0Urcos of information on the continent and in Latin Amcrica. �fo must be aware first of the urgency of the popu.lation nrcssure, second the past cxperiences of Puerto Tl.ican r.Ji5-rants, t !:'.;:·e! thc, :aanpowor rosourccs of Puerto Rico 1!l'lch �a¿· l,o offorod abroad, fourth ·ºhe obsto.clos to be ov,)rcomc in offcctivo utili-

zation of these rosources outside the island, and fifth the sources of data on the possibilities of their utilization. This report is intended to give some background for the second and some informe.tion on the fourth and fifth items. This study may gi ve usefttl leads to both posi ti ve and negati ve aspects of a populat:ton program. Sorne of the i tems which �ould be borne in mind are:

1, The idea that 11-the Puerto Rican will not emigrate

5,

is unsound, He, like most other human beings throughout history, will go in seo.rch of a better living far himself and his family, and often of adventurc. The number leaving the :i.sland is intimately connected wi th prosperity on the continent. The daneer of a back-fJ.ow from the continent it the time of the next dcpression docs not seem as 1r0at as previous oxperience suggests beca.use of the social sccurity laws. Puerto Hicans on the continent should be mar:1e aware of ali relevc:i.nt ;:irovisions of these and state and local welfare laws. There has bcen a steep increase in the number of 01.:.tmigrants since tro.nsportation facilities have 0xpandcd, foJ.lowing the cnd of the war. The five ycar period, 1941-46, accounted for 4 7 percent of all out-migr,:ttion in the 38 ye;,.rs from 1908 to 1946. 'l'he 1946-L�7 fisca:l year promises at l0ast a 50 percent increase over thé previous year, Havaiian experience, the earliest of the modern emigration projects, indicates tha.t only carefully solected Puerto Ricans can compete against groups of a lower level of living who have a well--lmi t socj,aJ. organization and deeply rooted habi ts of hard work. Thc St. Croix experiencc indicates that in a nearby area containing a disorganized people with an antipathy to work, the Puerto Rican uho has initiative and willingness rnay fare bet.ter tha.n at home. Those who are not ablc to compete rett:.rn to Puerto Rico. Thus the successful migrant is the product of a process of Tiatural selection, Every group om.igration of which we can find record indicates:

that careful selcction must be exercised; b, that persons with education, training and experience adapt to their new environmcnt much moro ably than the uneducated and unskilled;

c. that the recruiting a_r;-snts t,'.)nd to pla.y do1m the a.11.gle of hard work to be performod and, intentionally.or not, hold out promises of better uagos and working and living conditions than can be deli�ered; and

d. that physical well-being is a crucial condition of succcss in a new, strange and often hostile environment.

8. The experience of the war workers indicatos, in addition:

a. that lack of English hns been a severo handicap to adjustmen t, both pernonal and voco.tional, on the continent;

b. th2.t absence of families is ono of the principal c"auses of dissatisfa.ction;

c� that Puerto Ricans with darker skin::i are less lilrnly to mako satisfe..ctory adjusti::ients on tho continent than those who are fair, and

d. that, far from being a cai1se of dissatisfaction, better food is listed as the rnain reusan far liking life in thc

Unitcd States.

9. The proportion of \lar workors coming from families of 10 or more was muc:1 hishor thun the proportion of such families in the total po:r,mlation.

10. Out-migrants come from San Juan almost three-and-one-half tirr,es as oft-,n, proport:i.onately, as thc city' s share of the total po1_)uJ.:üion would indicate they should. Other urban arcas contribute fo.r mor·o than their share, indicating that far many of the island 1 s :i.nt·::rm1.l migrants an insular ci ty is simply a step on the road abroad.

11. Out-migrants go to thc United States aL11ost exclusively and to

New York Cj_ty in the ovoruhelming majority.

12. The relief, fe..mily welfare, housing and educational problems of �rew York City aro increascd to such a:r.1 ex-cent by the f'lood of unprepared migrants th2.t serious frJ.ction arises.

13. There are Puerto Rican 11colonics11 in other cities which might be appealed to far help in gotting jobs for peopJe coming from the island and in orgo.nizing an educo.tional and recrcational progrrun.

14. The services of thc United States Employment Service, the

Unitod Stat.es Departmcnt of Agrfoulturc, and state, local and prívate employment officcs should be utilized to place competent

Puerto Ricans in jobs on the contincnt. Each recent monthly labor markct report indicates thnt thore are opportunitics for skilled und semi-skilled workers.

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15. Many seasonal agricultural workers caüld go to the continent at the clase of the cerne cutting soasan on thc island and spend most of the slack season llfollowing thc crops11 , roturning in timo for the next cnne season. Some of them will be able to escape from the status of migratory workers, find steady jobs, S'�ttle down and sond for their farnilies,

16. Household employm.cnt o:fi'ers q:>portuni ties for sorne thousands of women. A s1."!.ggestion is made in Appendix E for an experimcnt to see how f�r community action can reduce the undesirable fen.tures of the work.

17. La.tin America, whilo offeríng no El Dorado, should not be neglectod. It wants persona with specífied industrial skills a.nd colonists for lmsettled e.reas.

18. The organization of colonization is an extremely difficult task. It T:1Ust be a group ondeavor. outlined in Ch. D! and appendfoes A, The essontial B and c. aspects are

19. The rosponsibility for orga:.rnzing anrl supervising e.migration nüght woJ.l be lodged in an Emigration Off ice, the head of which could call upon va:dous govcrnment agencies for assistance as the need arises. Such an oí.fice nced not be large, but its head should embody both enthusiasm and judgement, Its functions are st1.gr_:;cstcd in some cletail in Ch. IV• 20. Venozuola would appcar to to a likely plo.ce to carry out a 11pilot 11 project since t.hcre is a governmenta.l ue;ency there dedicated to colonization and since the cconomic and political situations �re c:lüte favorabJ.e. A truck farming urea not too far from Cu.racas might well be tho site. The contribution to be Dade b�� migration may easily be o·nr-estimated and its cost, on a largo-sea.le bél.sis, under-cst:l1aated. It must be stresscd again that it can ma.ko a con-cributfon onlv if it is part of a broad program of population adjustment. �1othing but a concerted anr::l. sustained attack on ovor-popul,1tion from sovoral directions will solve the problem. aaising lcvels of living, educ,J.tion, ple.nned parenthood and omigration are all inter-related and must all be advv.nced vigorously.

11

Projection by José L. Janer based on his life tables being calculated for the Population Research project sponsored jointly by the Social Science Research Center and the Office of Population Rese2.rch, Princeton University ..

Ramón Colón Torres, Soils of Puerto Rico, quoted by Sol L. Descartes, Basic Statistics oi' Puerto Rico, p. 24; R. C. Roberts, Soil Survey of Puerto Rico, vfasru.ngton, 194�, 503 pp.

Daniel Creamer, The Net Income of the Puerto PJ.can Economy 1940-1<)¡. 4. Río Piedras: Social Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1947. p. 30.

A Development plan for Puerto Rico. Santurce, Planning, Urbanizing and z oning Board, 1944. pp. 8, 10.

Creamer, op.c��., p. 23.

Puerto Rican Develo_i)inent Company, Annual Report, 1945 • .3an Juan, 1946. p. 6.

_Jlessage of R. G. TugwelJ.. •• to the 16th Legislature, Feb. 12, 1946. p. 25; U. S. Congress. House. Comnri.ttee on Insular Aff·i.;_rs. lnvestigation of political, economic, and social conditions in Puerto Rico. Report of the Com111ittee on Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy ninth Congress, First session, pursuant to H. Res. 159 (Seventy-eighth Congress) and H. Res. 99 (Seventy-ninth Congress) ••• \vashin�ton, Govt. Printing Office, 1945, 50 pp. The full reco1m-aendation follows:

In view of the f act that there appears to be no irilmediate complete solution to the current chronic prooleJ.'.lS of Puerto Rico arising because of the lack of natural resources and the congestion of population there, the subcommittee feels that a wise and prudent program of emigration might. be helpful. The subcommi ttee suggests study of that possibility.

Several Centl'·al and South Ai,erican countries could easily support larger populations than they now have and could benef'it thereby through the development of their natural resources. It has been estima.ted that these countries could absorb one-half of Puerto Rico' s 2,000,000 people with the result that there would be a sharp increase in the.island1 s living standards, unemployment would end, and United States tax:payers would be relieved of the heavy annual relief burden.

It ha::, been esti1nated that an entire fam.ily of f'ive or six: individuals could be transported to any of these nearby countries and securely established on small homesteads &t a cost of about $1,000 per family. Thus, it beco1 es evident that the total cost would be no greater than the expense of Hl.sintaining those fanilies on relief for a period of 5 years, as is indicated now in the postwar period.

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The resources of the island could well sustain the remaining population without present hardships existing.

It is recognized that Puerto Rican people and their governrnent have been cool toward emigration in the past and might be s o again. The island 1 s past experiences have not been favorable although it is the feeling of the subcommittee that wise and adequate planning· could overcome obstacles that are now objectionable to Puerto Ricans.

It is felt that with the active support of the Secretary of the Interior, who testified before the committee as to the possibilities of emigrat.i.on, and that of public-spiri,ted leaders in Puerto Rico, such a plan could be worked out successfully.

It is realized that serious problems and obstacles wj_ll arise in this connection. Regardless of that, the possible gain is so great in benefit to Puerto Ricans and to the LJn.i. ted Sta tes that i t should be studied thorougi1ly.

The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico cited emigration as one of the pos si ble solution to the problems arising fro.m overpopulation on May 19, 1947. Chief Justice Travj_eso, speaking for the court, said:

11Siendo coülO es Puerto H.ico un país pequeño y superpoblado, dedicado principalmente a la agricultura y sin tierras laborables suficientes para producir los alimentos necesarios para una población de más de 5')0 habitan tes por milla cuadra.da, es obvio que el serio problema que presentñ la superpoblación insular solamente puede ser resuelto de dos maneras: mediante la emigración de ' nuestro exceso de población a otros países donde pueda encontrar trabajo y condiciones de vida favorables o median.te el establecimiento de nuevas y variadas industrias en la Isla. Cr�emos que es razonable presumir que el legislador insular, familiarizado con las condiciones locales que hemos descrito y deseoso de encontrar remedio eficaz para las mismas, al disponer que 'estarán exentos del pago de los arbitrios 1 • • • toda maquinaria, aparato o equipo que sea esencial para el establecimiento y funcionamiento de plantas industriales, tuvo la intención y el propósito de facilitar y estimular el establecimiento en la Isla del mayor nÚ,11ero posible de industrias en las cuales pueda encontrar empleo bien remunerado una gran parte de nuestro excedente poblacional. 11

11Caparra Dairy, Inc., Peticionaria v. Tribunal de Contribuciones de Puerto Rico, demandadoJ Rafael Juscaglia, Tesorero de Puerto rtico, Interventor, Certiorari, Hum. 123."

This statement is taken from a confidential report to Governor Tugwell fro a man who has held many important puolic posts.

11Info:t;.1e al Sr. Rector de la Universidad de l)uerto Rico sobre la labor a realizarse por el Centro de Intercarnoio Universi tc:1.rio. 11 September, 1945, 24 pp. ( typed).

125

Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940. Popula.tion Bulletin #4, Migration Setween Municipali ties, p. 3. 1 Statistical Abstrae© of thc United States, 1946. p. 31. It is reaHzed that the percentage would be . uch higher if movement between countries in the United States were considered.

Frederic P. Bartlett and Brandon Howell, Puerto Rico .y su Problema de Población. Santurce, Junta de Planificación, Urbaniz�ción y

Zonificacion, 1946. pp. 68-69. "Encuesta sobre las personas que salieron de Puerto Rico en noviembre, 1946 • 11 San Juan, Office of t he Governor, 1947. 27 pp.

Stowaways (;eolizones) are not included in· these figures, but they probably representa sizeable number over the years. Authorities at New Orleans stated in Septer.iber, 1946 that sorne 150 Puerto

Ricans had entered the country by that port alone in the previous year and a half as stowaways or by deserting ships on which they had signed as crev1 members. They quoted arrested stowaways as saying that at least 25 were entering ilJew York and Philadelphia ports per month. El Mundo, 13 de sept., 1946. Federal J udge Jorge

L. CÓrcj.ova DÍaz announced in July, 194ó, that the number of stowaways had mounted so rapidly that his court was being forced to change i ts mild policy in dealing wi th ther. Court records showed forty arrests in the· first six ,nonths of 1946 colllpared with fifty far the entire year of 1945. El 1,1undo, 21 de julio, 1946. 1j/ Census of the Republic of Cuba, 1919. Havana. 968 pp. 16/ The Center made an analysis of the application for OPA ration books in St. Thomas. Books had been requested far 732 Puerto

Rica.ns, 13,426 vras the total requested, so that the Puerto Rican migrants on the island represent 5 pcr cent of the population.

The age and sex distribution is given herewith as of value to future research. Children under 2 years are under-enwnerated.

The group contains a disproportionate nurnoer of women for migratory group.

128

that sorne secured the cooperation of a literate friend and filled in the í' orms, but the number is probably small. The bias on education, therefore, is likely somewhat to favor those with more schooling. This bias is carried still further by the fact that 11the better educated are, generally speaking, more likely to return questionnaires than the less educated. 11 See Geor&e A. Lundberg, Social Resuarch. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 19L�2. pp. 206-8. Un questionnaires the see problems and results John F. Cuber & John of 3. testing attitudes by GoriJerich. 11A Note on Consistency in Questionnaire R.esponses. 11 American Sociological Review,_ 11:13-15. Feb. 1945; and Lundberg, op.cit., ch. VIII.

47/ Paquita Ruiz, Vocational Needs of the Puerto Rican W.grant

· , RÍo Piedras, Social Science Research Center, Uni ver si ty of Puerto H.ico. 1947, p. 7.

!±§/ op. cit., p. 16.

_lf}j It is possible that these data are ing on the part of those who respon invalidated by a misunderstan ded. Sorne must have given dtheir place of birth instead of' the place of last residence on the island. The data as recorded are not in line with our knowl�dge o.f migration experienct!. A study ú18.de in 1-Jovember 19/+6 by the Division of Statistics of the Insular .8urea.u of the Judget showed that urban emigrants represent,ed two and a half times the proportion the urban population is to the whole.

21./ l'wo thc qualifica.tions should be kept in mind ín comp:3.ring tho sizes of families from which the War Manpower Commission recruits carne with the Roberts sample:

21

l. The sa.mple represents a la ter generaU.on, in which i t is probable that there is sorne reflection of a tendency toward sm.aller fam.ilies, as people are influenced more by education and rises in standards of living.

2. Data are not strictly comparable. The Roborts study reports on households; that is, families livlng under one roof, whereas the question put to the war workers Wél.s 11How many children did your father haveJ" It is possible that the answers include a number of children by two or rnore dif lerent rnothers.

Chicago Daily tJews, March 6, 191+7; Now Repuolic, April 28, 1947; Zl Mundo, 13 de sept. de 1946; 22 de sept. de 19h6; 24 de sept. de 1946; 27 de sept. de 1946; 17 de oct. de 1946; 27 de nov. de 1946; 4 de dic. de 1946; 14 do dic. de 19/�; 16 de dic. de 1946; 19 dé dic. de 1946; 23 de enero de 1947; 29 de rna.rzo de 1947; 31 de marzo de 1947. El Imparcial, 12 de dic. de 19h6.

11Encuesta sobre las personas que salieron de ?t.Erto Ricon en noviembre, 1946. 11

129

This figure is not too reliable. Cla:3sification as to color is not objective since it is subject to the enumerator1 s judgment. Not ali persons who have attended school know how to read and write. 0n the other Mnd sorne persons who have never attended school know how to·read and write. Institute of Intemational Education� Twenty Seventh Annual Report of Director. New York 1946. p. 90. Ruiz, op.cit., p. 24 11New York 1 s Latin Quarter," the Inter-American, Jan. 1946, pp. 11-13, 36-37. El ifando, 27 de abril de 1947. Ruiz, op,cit. Ibid, pp. 4-5. Ibid, p. 31. L. R. Chenault, The Puerto Rican r·ügrant in New Íork · CitY., New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1928. pp. 58-60. Sorne of the educational problems a.re dealt wi th in Frank D. · 1ihaleu, 11The Bronx.

Averts a Racial Crisis." The Journal of Education, Sept. 1946. pp. 200-201. General probleíns were reported in an admirable series of articles by Willis Homan in El Mundo, March 26, 27, 28, 29, 31 and April 1, 2, 5, and 17, 1947. The two principal publicn.tions of the United States Employmont Service are The Labor Market, a monthly di gest of the enployment situation on the continent, and 11Labor Market Information, Area Series11 which covers all of the Jarger labor 1narlrnt areas in the United States monthly and the smaller in alternate months. Detailed infor;.ia.tion by ci ties is given in the la test issue for 75 cities. Arnangements could be nade to ha.ve these publications reach the Insular labor officials by airmail and airmail letters could be get off immediately to state and local employment offices in the labor rna.rket areas which show shortages which Puerto Rican labor could help fill. The local files, of course, would supply the information as to the training and skills of persons seeking work.

An example of the inf orrnation given in the "Labor Market Information, Area S1.;ries11 are the f'ollowing two paragraphs from the Birmingharn, Alaba.ina area listing: Total expMsion demand .for t he next four mo,1ths is approximately 1:400 (100 worren). Industries with the major

requirements are construction, 800; fabricated metal products, 200, coal mining, 100; and stone, clay and glass products, 100.

Current job openings listed at the Eraployment Service on ivíarch 25 totalled over 1,000. The mining indu.stry lists openings for 250 workers, retail trade 150; service establishments, 100; and iron and steel 100. Unskilled entry �ages range from 40 to 60 cents per hour in trade and service, 75 cents in construction, a1¡.d from 79 to 159 cents in mining and iron and steel. Skilled wages generally range from ,lil to .;p1.44 per hour in industries other than construction, where the range is from $1.38 for glasiers to $1.94 for bricklayers. Clerical wages generally range from $90 to .jpl50 per month. Professional, technical a.nd ma.nagerial salaries are from $2,000 and up per annum.

The Mobile, Alabama, listing contains the following information:

About 300 addi tional workers, mostly women, are to be needed for an addition to d. paper bag plant and a new garment factory. Trade and service employment will probably remain approx.imately stable. No defini te indication can be made for the shipyards. However, it seerns probable t}nt they will maintain a high level of employment for possibly two or three months, at which time lar ge layoffs will very likely occur.

cm�rent j ob openings listed wi th the Employment Service in the area are for over 60b workers. 0f the total, over 200 are for skilled worke rs, mostly in the shipyards, who are being offered an average wage of �1.38 an hour. Clerical and sales openings nwnber almost 200; seruice openings, over 100, and there Wages for are a few professional clerical workers range and managerial openings. from i1s per week to '.rl60 per month, sales clerks and waitresses, from 1pl7 to J25 per week, and domes tic workers, from ,�10 to J15 per week.

Sufficient housing is available in the area. However, desirable family housing rem..tlns scarce.

The information we have from the War ivianpower recruits rho returned to Puerto Rico but who would like to go back to t he continent indicates that there are people with experience during the mr who could fill sorne of the jobs listed as available in those two arcas.

64/ A. J. Jaffe and Seymour L. Wolfbein, 11Internal Migration and Full Employment in the United States. 11 J:>ü•rnal of the A.lffirican Statistical Association, Sept. 1945. PP• 351-363.

65/ For provisions of the Act and a discussion of Ann ScitovsJJ-y, 11 The Employment Act of 1946.

11 Bulletin, i,Iarch, 1946, pp. 25-29, 56. its background see Social Security

66/ Jcrome Corn.field, W. Duane Evans, and Marvin Hoffenberg, 11Full

Employraent Patterns, 1950.

11 Reprint from the L1onthly Labor Review. Feb. and March. 1947, 41 pp.

§1/ National Dudgets f or Full Emplo.zmcnt, ning Association, 1945. 96 pp. ifashington, Natio�al Plan

éQ/ W. S. Woytinsky, 11Postwar Economic Perspectives. IV. Aftermath of the War,11 Social Security Bulletin, March, 1946, pp. 11-25.

The Labor 1.farket, April, 1947; IHS despatch from 'Hashi..TJ.gt� June 10, 1947.

Julia Henderson, 11Foreign Labour in the United States During the War. 11 International Laoour R.eview, Decembdr, 1945,PP• 609 - 631.

Financial Week in Tuexico, Nov�nber 3-9, 1946.

New :(ork Times, February 7, 19h7.

"M:i.gration,11 Director 1 s Report, Internationr,.l Labour Conference, 27th Session, Paris, 1945, PP• 101-103; Julia Henderson, op.cit.

Henderson, .2.E.!.cit.; Robert C. Jones, op.cit. (The Pan American Union issued the same report in Spanish as 11Los 3raceros Mexicanos en los Estados Unidos," 1946, 50 pp;: R. C. Randall, 11Latin American Migratory Labor and its Contribution to the Developmont and Maintenance of the Sugar Beet Industry in the Uni tcd Sta tes wi th Particular Reference to 194d" , ".Jashington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ex:tension Service, 1946. 12 PP•

op.cit., pp. 630-1.

�uide to Farm Jobs Along Western Highwa,z�, Exte.-1sion Service, United States Department of Agriculture, April, 1947, 20 PP• ; A Guide to Farm Jobs ·From Gulf to Great Lakes, Extcnsion Service, United States Departmcmt of Agr:i.cultl.Ir'e, 1Jay 1947, 32 PP• C. W. E. Pitt.rnan, Atlantic Coast dligratory u[ov0ment of Ag.i·icultural Work.ers War Years, R.ecruitment and Placemcmt Di vision, Extension Farm Labor Progr.:1m, 42 PP• c. United States Department of Agriculture, June, 1946, W. E. Pittrr.ar;, AtJ.antic Coast Migration of Agricultural Workers, Division of Rccruitment and Placa;-;ient, Extansion Service, United Sta tes Department of Agriculture, April, 1946, 2 PP• 0utline of Plan to Assist the ,Iovement of Atlantic Coast i,Iigratory Farm Workers, Extension Service, Unit,;;d States Departnent of Agriculture, Marcfi--;°1946, 4 PP· Sumrnary of Meeting of Farm Labor Supervisors of Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, 0r�gon, Ex:tension Service, Unite9- Sta tes Department Utahi Washingt<?!!, of AgTicuJ.tur0, J· a.nuary, 1947, 8 PP• 0utline of'. Plan to Facilita te the Hovement of i,ligrants

'lQ/ ']]j

'121

132

1V

'1J.I

Essential to Farm Production in Western States, Ex.tension .Service, Unitcd States Departm.ent of Agriculture, January, 19Ll/, W1paged; SUi.unary of Meeting of Farm Labor Supe1·visors or Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, ivli.chigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, M.issouri, 0hio, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Ext�nsion Scrvice, United States De?art1t1ent of Agriculture, February, 191+7, 8 pp. 0utline of Plan to Facili tate the i1,fovement of Migr-atory Work�-� Essential to Farm Production in North and South C0ntral Sta te::;. Extension Service, Un:Lted States Department of Agriculture, Feoruary, 1947, unpagcd.

11Migrant La.bor Report Seeks Aid for Forgotten Peo ple, 11 Labor Inf orrna tion Bulletin�ited States Departrnent of Labcr, .\pril, 1947, PP• 10-12.

11Househ0ld .l!;mployment! A lligest of Current Information, 11 Washington, U. S. Dept. of Labür, 1946, 75 PP•

Edward F, D;mison, 11Service Industries - Trends and Prospects", Survcy of Current lusiness _, J aYJ.uary, 1945, PP• 11-20.

Adapted from Emp_lo:t:ri:e11� of United st .. rtes Citizens in LJ.tin America, Pan American Union, 1Ls:1ington, l)L�5. 18 pp. and 11Employment Situation in Latín .1-\.m0rica11 , ;'l.ionthly Laoor Hovicw, fob. 19/+6.

Georg0 Wythe, 110utlook for Latiu Americ:1. Industryil, Inter-Am.:lrican quarterl;:c, Ai:-ril, 1940, p. 46.

ª2./ I. 1-· ·º�-'- . Third Confe.ccnce of .e ... ican Statt.s. tAontreal, 1946, p. 17,

§/ Ibid. p.. 33.

85/ J Rafael 0reamuno,

11Industria.lization in Latin America11; An 0utline 0f Its Development, Interanericc:=:.n Developmcnt Commisoion, Washington, D. C., p. 7,

.� Richard r. Bchrondt, 11Latin Am�rica-Host to Homeless 1,li.llions? 11 ·vforldover Press, Jan. 31, 1947.

§1/ New York Times, Feb. 20 n.nd 22, 191..7.

§§./ World Report. Dec · , 24, 1946.

§J./ La Prensa, New York, Arril 20, 1946.

<JS2./ New York TilnP-s, May 18, 1946

:]]j New York Times, April 17, 19M

22) UN Weekly Bulletin, Sept. 23, 1946, p. 4

mi

Joseph A. Rosen, Problem��of Large Scale Settlement of Refugees_ from Middle Europe in British Guiana. N. Y, 1939, 21 pp. �' p. 14,

Helbert L. Dunn, Hope Tisdale Eldri�ge, and Nora E. Powell, 11Demographic Status of South A1rerica,11 The Annals, January 1945, pp. 22-33.

Prestan James, .2E. ci. t., p. .569.

Jorge Zarur, The Sao Francisco River l[alley. mss,

Irma. Forencai, v. 10, p. 434,

11J..Ügrations, 11 �ncycloped:La of the Social Sciences.

Ibid --

Promotional literature and other techniques are described in M. L, Hanson, The Atlantic l·.fi.gration, Carnbridge, 1940. 391 pp., and The Immigrant in .11.rne.cican i-L-i.stcry, Cambridge, 1942. 230 pp. Caroline F. .¡are,

Scienc:es, V, /+8611Er.a.igra tlon. 11 Enc.,rcl_oyedia of the 92; and in Howarcl MW1ford J ones, Social

11Tlw Impulse, 11 Proceedings of the American Philosophical So Philadelphia, V. 90, No. 2, J,tay 10, 1946. pp, 131�1. Colonial ciety,

11+3/ Mark J efferson, Pe-:>olinUh<.:,.. �rgentine Pampa._ New York, The .h.merican Geographical Society. 1�30, p. 180.

The Atlantic rügration, p. 281.

Carter Goodrich, 11iligra.tion and Economic Opportunities, 11 Philadelphia, 1936, pp, 517-18, Resolucio:1es, Acuerdos, __ fl.��endaciones ,Y Declaraciones de Conferencias InLn·nacio�1alc:3 Americanas sobre Problemas Socialc➔s. Union P.<\.namerica.na, Ofic;Lrnl de lriformacion Obrera y Social ... -:;Jashington, D. C. 1945. p. 23, Quoted from p. 14. Final Act of the Third Iuter-J\.r.1er lGan Conference on Agriculture. Helci at Caracas, Venezuela, July 24 to August 7, 1945, Pan merican Union, Washington. 1945. 113 pp • .:�ucted from p. 101. International Labour Office, Rosolutions Adopted 'oy the Third Conference of the American ::;tates .l'J.embers of the lnt,ernational Labour Organization. pp. Jl-32. Kingsley Da vis and Ana Gasis, 11Urbanization in Latin Amcrica, rr Milbank Memor�al Fund QuarterlyJ April 1946. p. 11,

147/

Dunn, -�· cit. p. 25

Pioneer SettleMent in the Asia tic Tropics., pp. 200-10. J ewish Colonization Association. Its Work in the Argentine Republic, 1891-1941. Buenos Aires, n.d., 94 pp. pp. 11-12. Ibid, p. 22. Ibid, pp. 23-24. International Labour 0ffice, Technical and Finru1cial International Cooper:..tion with reg,ard to Migration for Settlement. Geneva 1938. 180 pp. p. 16 • llThe Problem of the Displaced Persons, 11 Report of the Survey Committee on Displaced Perscns of The American Council of Voluntary Agencies for F':.lreign Service, New York. June, 19L}6. 60 pp. p. 53. International Labour Heview, February, 1937, p. 241. Walter C. IácKain and H. 0tto Dahlke, 11Turn-over of f2.rmowners and operators, Va.le and 0wyhee irrii3-:1tion projects.11 27 pp. Bur. Agp. Econ., U. S. Dept. of 1 griculture, Jerkeley, California, June, 1946. These estimP.tes were arri ved a.t by following the methcxis used by Louis J. Dublin and J\.lfred J. Lotka, in Th��oney Value o_f a Man, New Xork, Ronald Press, 1930. 264 pp. as sup:_;l.ei,11.onted by 11ilfeasuri.ng 6-8 Fa.i11ily Responsi bility, 11 and 11The "· ,Ioney Value of Statistic2.l. Jullet.in, May, 1946, a ,an, 11 Statistic�·.l Julletin, Aug pp ., . 19/+6 and . pp. 3-5. The cost include::, fo,;� clo ,tÜ:tc5, shelt8r, fuel, household equipmer'1t, mr.,dica]_ carc, r.e rsonal care, light entertain,111:nt, t:..·ai1sportation, educ . .ltion and vocational training, gifts and contributions. Intere3t, 11spoilage11 ancl cost of oGing born are not included in the f,w1ily cost r�or are a,,r1y Federal e:,q:,e;1dit1.ires, such as free .food for school lw1ch units, etc., included in the governrnent bud¿;et. It is apparent that their figures represent n most conservative e•3timate. The importftnt point is not the e.x.act amount but the fnct th:l t there is such a 11cos t of product,ion.

161/ Sir Jor,11 Simpon, The Refu.p;ce fr,:iblem. Lo;1do1�, 0x:ford University Press, 1939. I'.P• 5Y--5: The 3rcob:ings :i:nstitution, Refu�0e Settlemer.t in ·:_,J3 �O!,Jinica,1 R0puJ:Uc, ·,;as;ür:,:;ton, 19l¡.2. 1+10 pp.; Wilbert i •.. oor·2i, 11:-::·..:cnojtlc Llmits .:.ii' Intvrnational Resettlement.

11 American Sociolo,:;.\. c:tJ_ Revicw

, ;._pril, 19/+5• pp. 274-81.

Jí:>�/

Data through the courtesy of J oseph T. Flakne, Chief, Alaska branch, Division of Territories and Island Possessions, Department of Intr�rior. Casanova, 11El aumento de la población de Puerto Rico," Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1946. Luis Muñoz 1.Iarín, 11Carib.Jean Dilemma, Puerto Rico. 11 The InterArnerican. Ju::ie, 1946. pp. 12-15. Creainer, 52.E• cit., p. 96. Fairchild, Henry Pra tt. Population. New Iork: People, the Quanti ty and Quality of Henry Holdt & Co�, 1939, p. 235. Guy Irving 3urch, 11The Luck of the Irish, 11 PoÍ:>ulation Bulletin, Washington, Nov., 19llb, pp. 45-61. 168/ C. A. Arensberg and :3. G. Kimba.11, The Family and Commw1ity in Ireland. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1940. p. 104 (quoted by Burch, E.E• ill•) 16'!/ I am indebted to José L. Janer of the Social Science Research Center Popula,t:l.on Proj ect and Harvey Pcrloff of the Economic Budgeting Proje et for ti1ese data. 170/ No atternpt is ;nc;.de in t,lis report to doal vtl. th the resources and resource-utilization aspect of the populati on problem. It is being attached vigorously by the Puerto Rico Development Company, and other governmental agencies, and is the subject of a forthcoming report from the Social Science Research Center by Dr. Hnrvey S. Perloff. Nor are questions of political status, income re-distribution and other similar issues raised although they undoubtedly must be considered in any complete demographic discussion. It is assumed that although improvements undoubtedly can and will be made in the economic aDd political field, population pressure wiJ.l interfere wl th a better life for the average Puerto Hic-an until population growth is brought under control.

167/

171/

Clellnn Ha ven. S. Ford, A CompC1:t:�i.�ive Ye.le Univc.:rsi tJ Press. Studt of Hwnan 194 • 96 pp. Reproduction. New

173/

11.W

11Fertility and Educational L�v-el of Parents,11 Statistical i3ulletin, Nov. 1945, PP• 6-7. The exact fig.¡re of children OL1tside schools was given by Dr. Ismael Rodríguez Bou as 46 .69 per cent in July 1%6. El Problema Poblac.ional de Puerto Rico. San Juan 0ffic8 of Information. 1946. p. 16. Puerto Rico Planning, Uroanizing and Zoning Board, Fourth Six Year Financial Program, Santurce: lviarch, 19h7. 79 pp.

THb SEL'3::CTI0t-1 OF COLOl'LSTS Tte long -::-ocord of plmmed settlemont is he:a.vily r.18.rked with faílures arising from poor selection of entirely olimino.\ed, of course, but p2.rticipants much can be . .Failures done (1) to cannot be éliminato those most likoly to fail and (2) to narrow down the choice from those remainj_ng to thosc most likely to succeed. Th,e second is obviously the more difficult task. Fortuna.tely, there is somo e:;qJerience on which to draw for help. The F'étrm Securi ty Administrn.tion and Burcau of Agricul tur2.l Zconomics made a study of selection experience in 1937. It indicated the following qualification recuirements: (1) Technical knowledce, gained chiefly through e:xperioncc, of th0 typc of agricultu,·e to be pructiced in the i1ew farm settlcment. Lacking tr.is, the settler needs additional training, intolli1encc, desh�e to 102.rn, and, perhaps, mo:c'e capital ·.-!hcn i t is nccessary to Htide ovor" somc lean lo['.rning yc�>.rs. ( 2) A n1dirncntc�i'Y educa tion and e.s much addi tional educo.tion as is in hamony 1ú th 2. favorabl0 atti tude toward furm lifc. ( 3) Cooperat�.ve ani harmonious family lif e -- a coopera ti ve wife and ch.í . .1.dren, who want to Hvo on 8nd help wi th a farrn, and who ha.ve 0)..'}")e.d.onccd agricfaltu-ra.1 life. A size and age-·sex composi tion of the just.od to the sizo and typo of f2.rm. groi1th or c1ecroasc in thc oize of the must bo consi·Jered as woll, frunily that is adThe probable future family and its necds

( 5) Thm general good heal th an�l st2.JJ1.ina of the f21nUy m0,mb-3rs that o.re necessary for farm J.ife;' thc ab.,encc cf he:.-e-:litary di:Je2.se disea.se. or horcd:i.tary snsceptibili ty to a disqualifying ( 6) Ch,.r2.ct.,Jr, stabili ty, and a sen se of rcspons i½ili ty. (7) Intelli·:ence, alortness, resourcofulrioss, arrl ju,le;emont. (G)

A favorable o.tt.ltude to�mrd far·m lifo ancI thc particl'J.o.r opportu.ni ty to sett.le -- n wish to farm an :1 a wil='.ingness to sacrifice cor.1fort ;:-.nrl otl,8r valt,es when nocossa:cy.

(9)

Commu;1ity cooperativo of benef·�t. o.biUty,

whero comr.Jon enterprise is

(10) Reli'jiosity or loyalty to an icJ.oalistic group, if it tencls to sanctify tho a.1)ove a.gricultural v:lrtues, 2..nd if the menborsh:i..p in the religious or et.her group tends to bi.id the ind:� vidual. to the grot�p ':Ji th which bese interests are identified, rather than to separata '.":.'.m from H.

(11) •

Capital, or oth'Jr mcans, for such e:;rp-::nr:l.iturcs as are req1ü:.·ei to develop the ff.rm to the poi.nt of profi table cultiv,1tion; also, capital for a sufficient 11deposit11 investment to guarantee seriousness of purpose a,nd the sacrificcs neccssury to surmount difficultics.J/ Thc emigration orgcmizatio!} must be eqtüpped to asc0rtain the facts about prospectivo settlers.

The following steps are su�gestcd:

I. There P,ust be a pool of porsons fron which to choose. )�xperionce has indicated thut tho ra·:':io anr1 newspaper announcements will bring a lc:1.rg-3 m1mber of in(!uiries. It should be st;,essod th,4t applicat.ions would be accepted only by roail. Othcrwise the office would be flooded by personal apnlicants. The use of a post office bo� uould elirninate that. haz�.rd.

II. An accurute, comp:cehensive description of tho project, should be sent cach inquirer, with a d0ta:;.1ec�. list of the qualifica tions :Jeill8.nded.

III. li.pplicants shoulct fill out a form containinz a fairly cor.iplete life histcry, indic,:-.ting fA.rl!ling e:-:perience, chvnges in location and j obs 2.nd rGa.sons f or them, capital a.vailable, an:::1 th3 ust�al 1-3.ta on aJe, height, weight, hcalth, 6.ducation, far himself, u1fe an:T children, etc.

IV. A short ess;,.,y on i;�-lhy 1-iy F8.111:ily ano. I Like .ural Life11 might give a clue as to the undorlying atti tudC:s of the ap_�•licant. It should be possible to elinlinatc some 11tourists!1 'by judging the sincority and intolligence shown.

V. Those not elimínated in the:;e preliminary steps sho11ld then be su ject to local inv8st:lg,•.tion by tr,:ünod intorviewers. General questions such as 11Is José GÓ:nez i1 good i'arr10r? ll should be avoided in favor of a c.::ü�efcll�r Suggestions for such a schodulo cor.structed i:i:rt,erview are availablc9 schedule.

VI. The applicant himself shoulc1 be i:,t:)rviowed ¡i th anothor type of schoculo, ,Jesizned to probe fn:cther into his aptitudes, tra.ining, eJ..1)�rience, an·:1 stt�bili ty, o.s t1ell as the reactions an:.1 attitud.os of hls wife .J.nd ol-:1:::r chilr.fren.

VII. T'.1e final test for thoso not eli::::iinc.tecl -1uring the fírst six stcps, might be carriod on J.t insulo.r exy,Jrin1ent statíons. This wou.lr:1 invol ve thc h<-mcUing oi' f ilrm tools ,1.nd ,;1achinery ( oven thot:.gh somo of thom might not be used in the ·•1cw settlemont). Thc pnrpose is primo..:dly to test aclaptabilS..ty und not pre-exüiting' skills. An Gxp0ríonc d farm sup·Jrvisor can c1Gcide from the :::10.nnor in which r, man con tucts himself with ania,.ls, fowlsj tools, pL.nts, fertilizer an'l earth,

wh other or not he is really a farmer i. e. , 11hether he has what gardcners call 11a green thu.mb. 11Y Such tests should be conrlucted in groups which should live together for several r\ays cluring which tir;ie the members would be observed both ' é!.u.ring work and recreation time .. Work-shirkers, play-boys, thc "bossy" type, the bad sports, the unstable, the uncooperative can be spotted under these condition�. The experience of the Farm. Security Administration in selecting Puerto Rican applicants for loa.ns should be ,frawn on, since its clients have a fine :i..�ecord of successful farming. Obviously this proce'3.ure is intrica te ani costly :in time and effort. Like the outlines for survoys and plans, it is only sugGestive of what must be clone. This step can be netzlect,d, however, only at the risk of jeopardizing the success of any proposed settlement wi th the atten'lant disruption of the livcs of th0se who have trusted the emigration official.�.

APP &r JIX A - Footnotes 1/ J ohn B. Hol t, /m ..l}.nal_ysi_:¿__o..f.Ji'.l�flOc1s ancJ. _Gr� t ,_r.j.._ a _ J[�_e.Q_ i.n. _S§l�_c Familiss for .Q.o.l.9..n...i.?_a�J.011_..f.r..oiq9._ts, Hashin.'..;t.on, 1937. 54 pp. j;_�ng Hol t explains each point in somo 1etail. Pelz,:;r reports a set of rules worked out by Dutch coloniza.tion organizcrs on the basis of thoir Java experience wlüch they call "the ten commandments of colonization. 11 It is interesting to sec the points at which they coincide wi th the expericmcos st1..11IBlarize :l by Hol t from entirely different cultures. 'l'hc 11comma·ndrnents11 e.re: I. Select real tanis (farmcrs); non-farmers are a l:;,v.rd0n for a colony o.nd cnd.2.ngor its success. II. Seloct physically strong peoplo; only they can stand tho hardships of pioneering. III. Selcct young peoplc; by taking them or1e reduces future population increasc in Java. IV. Select fa.milies¡ families are ·>he foundation of peace and order in the colonias. V. VI. Don I t seloct families ,Ji th many young children; the working momb:::rs of thc ,Z.1.mily cannot carry that burden at thc start. Don't select former plantation laborers; in 90 pcrcent of 2.11 cases thcy are tho cause of discontent in the colonies.

A proliJ.ilinary survoy is an indi.sp0nsable prelu le to successful colonization. A reconnaisance survey should be mad.e to detcrrnine the foasibilHy of a moro thorough stud.y. Many proposed areas would be eliminatod on the basis of the ffrst o::--:ami..Ylation. The a:ceas tentatively solected could then be inspectect minutely. The successful experionco of the Dutch surv3ys talco around two in the 7ast years.1Indies indicates that preliminary

The following outline is only suggost:l.ve. If it seems mct.1.culous to insist on this information beforc reaching él. r:l.ecision, it should be recalled that it is human lives tha.t ar8 at stake a,nd not pawns to be disposed of at will.

I. Employ:-:1ent Pattern.Y' Aroa Analysis

EmploYJt!ent and unemploy·D.ent .show thc health or illness of the existing oconomy of an ar.)a and are therefore taken as a point of departure. The total employmont, its distrí utíon and its characteristics, i.e., steady, s�asonal, sporadic, etc., are needed.

In inv0stigo.ting the employrnent structurc of a given area, it will be holpful to orient the work around·a series of quostions like the following:

A. 1-foa t is the relation of tho total gainfully employed to thc total ' population of the urea? B. Wha.t are the occupations in which peoplc are employod, and what porcontage of tho total gainful emplo;:rt1ent is representad by oach of tho major occupations? The occupo.tfons rnight be classod as 11primar-¡u ( to include farming, forostry, mining, fishing, ma.nufc.ct1xring and recreation) und 11servicon ( to inclu:le wholesale o.nd retail, tra.nsporta.tional, oducational, financial, political, profossi-0nal and personal). Only thc major service occupations:meed be singled out; the others may qo grouped together.

c. Who.t is the average income per worker in each majar occupation?

D. What are tho relativo amounts of (1) unemployment, (2) 1.mderemployment ( those mal:ing ineffcctive uso of tho normal working yoar) ll (3) r(üiof and emorgoncy workers, and (4) un¡_Jroduc-tive individua.ls ( those recoiving abnormally low incomesJ? These facts le.s.d to an estimation of the total labor force of tho area.

E. What seasonal stability or instability in employment is chai-acteristic of the area, both in the aggregatc ancl. for each 1T1J.jor occupatiÓn;

J. Cost of production

K. Prospects for profit

IV. Crodit, Insurance and Supervision

It is suggest)d here th.:;..t thc Moxican plan of tying sup,3rvision with credit be utilized. The sourco of credit should provicl.c tochnically competent porsons to work uith the settlcrs in mappine out a farming plan for the season. Such an agoncy sh01.iJ.d b8.se its plans on a crop reporting and: foreeasting service, without which i t would be working in the da.rk.

Crop insurance, while always necessary, is crucial during the first year or two of a colony' s existence. Farming is always a gamble. A crop fa.ilure during the first season from causes entirely beyond the responsibility of thc settlers might ruin the entirc projoct.

Some priva.te settlement schomes ar,; so organizec1 that a man accu..rnulatcs no equity in his plot 1.mtil it is completoly free of dcbt. This type of injustfoe should be guarded against.

V. Contr.:i.ctual P.eb.tions

The i1ic�r2.tion e;,.'Perts of thc International Labour Office advise as follows:

i;rt is of groat h1portanco tho:t t.he mutual undertakings of thc ·'.l8.rt:tcs should :from thc out set be embodied in a wri ttcn contract. !.t times whon a settler is discouraged, he will derive r.1uch moral support from a pieco of paper reminding him that if only he perseveres ono day his dream will como true and ho will bo a freo man. l';othing could be more detrimentn.l to the methodica.l orianizC1.tion of his work or the judicious use of tho a·'lvances he may 1,e 1rantod than tha t he should be J.eft in ignoro.neo o.s to tho a.mounts he will have to pay a.nd, tho time he is 2.llo;-10d in which to meet his liabili ties. 1/ 11

The Venezuelan Instituto Técnico do In.mis-ración y Colonización provi'kJS in each a.greement of Sé.lo of plots to settlcrs tha.t it ma.y:

11oxpel a.ny settler who has not yet acquired o. provisional title doed if he (a) lacks disd�Jlino or misbehaves, (b) neglects his lot or cloarly J.ac1-:s abilíty to fr.rm it or to preservo the building�, ir.1prov0m0nts, or ee:tüpments bolonging to the Instituto, (e) refuses to follow the rorking and pro-1uction plan reconnnended{ e;ivcn, l)y the Institute, (dJ or tho technical _i_nstructions ropoatodly fails to porform his cluties as a member of the co-opcrative socioties (in this

APPE}TJIX D

152

Tho Pan American Union rcports on an Ar�ontinian developmcnt in planning colonization which merits caref'ul attention. Tho following description is taken from Hous.�ng__a_n _q_):l§._n¡:ij.p,.g (l'.Ttunber 4, lfarch, 1947, PP• 1-4) a publication of the Division of Labor and Social Information.

Lifetime Leasing of Land Pormits Rational Colonization Scheme

Few attempts have been made either in South or i:Torth America to establish security on tho land for rur�l familios through the principle of planned development nnd public ovmership. This has been a�e to a general concept of landas a sourcc of speculation and profit rather than as a public resource to be shared and usod in the most effective rnanner to advance tho general welfare. It is cmbodied in the Argentine Colonizution this latter princi-ole Law under Articlo 63. which This is article, originally passed in 19L�O, permits the lifetime leasing of public lands 1.mder tl e jurisdiction of th-3 National Agrarian Council (Consejo Agrario Eacional). The law was furthcr extended in 1946 by a decree per:mitting its applicQtion to whatcver lands rnay be acquired by the Council as wcll as thosc bolonging to the public domain. A certain amount of public subsidy is also p':mni tted in setting the rental foe for use of tho lands.

Julio Villalobos, architoct, and .Director of Planning for the lfational Agrarian Co1.mcil, has published a description of the first project plannod for developmcnt, 1.mder this law, His report entitled PLAN DE COLOi:'IZ,ACIOi1 ZP BALCARCE outlincs the plan for a decentralized conm1unity covering an a¡•ea of about 60 square miles and housing a popuL,,_tion of 6,700 persons. It is an cxamplc of regionn.l planning which incorporates eco�o�ic, social and geographic factors in a progressive and comprehensivo manner reminiscent - though on a small scalc - of ple.müng done by the Tcnnessoo Valloy Authori ty. Vill.::tlobos travolled extensivoly in the United S tates several years ago and has studied the' agricultural land subdivision practices of the United States. He points out the errors generally !llftde in 0stablislüng arbitre_�, property lines bearing littlo or no rel.e.tion to the social and :E\mctional needs of tho settlers. Arbitra!'IJ layouts have resulted in inconvenient road systems, inefficient land uses and f2.rm land subject to erosion. Thc vndulating terrain of Balcarcc partic1.üo.rly rer:uires plari.rling in relation to contours.

Under the plan the land is maintained permanently under thc control and lll8.nagcmcnt of public authori ties with the ri:;ht to occupancy granted and guaranteod by the government, upon payment by the settler of an annual fee. However, after a period of six years of compliance \lith thc various r eq_uiroments, the settler is given un option to purchase. Resale for profit is not permitted. In the c&S3 of continued rent the guarantee of occupancy rnay be passed on from a doceased hc�d of the family to the surviving membors, thus assuring thc protection of any improvements made by th� settlers.

Hoojed arcas and stémc p.nd gravol nmrrios hr,.ve bcon reserved for commnni ty use and tho 1J,c.n�-cs of the stream ru.nninz through the property havo bGen set aside as a recr::iation o.roa. The ro.id system seeks to tako rdvantage of the contours of thc lo.n:1 and consists of a mininrum number of through roads leading to the main lüshway wi th numerous rr�l-de-sac roa�s s8rvine tho groups of farm c:wellings.

The rolline site for the projoct has beon used in the pa.st for grazing, wheat an� patato crops, generally rotating those thrce uses from ono yc2.r to tb.e next. Tho lnnd has been worked by scmi-migra.nt farmers \Tho r cnt thc land for an assurod period of no more than one year. He is thus una.ble to make perrnanont improvoments or establish a real home and clos0r intorest in tho land; he is also depcndont on a single crop for his incorao E:.nd m.ust secura additional food from shops locat0d in nearby towns.

Given tho opportunity of leasing the land for a lifetime the fc.rmer may thcn direct his attcntion toward a long-rango program of crop production not only to provicle himselÍi and his family w i th an ample, balo.nced diet but also to sell commercially. Once stc:1;'.;:i..lized· on the lo.nd thc farm,)r may thon produce green vo:,;.Jtables, fruits, milk, chickens, eggs, and honey. Thc market for such diversified crops would be in Mar 1el Plé::..tu, the popular soaside resort to1,,m loca.ted only 80 kilomoters from the site of the colony and acccssiblo by paved highway. In this way, tho at�thor inrlicates, the f'utt1.ro of the farm family would not depond on., thG success or failure of a sinelo crop or the fluctuations of prices in/far-off markot. The author describes this pThase of his plan as an a ttompt to return to thc small, scmi••subsistonce type of f2..rming which clirninishod in parts of the Unitod States and Argentina d.uring thc 1870 1s and 1880 1s whon the growth of largo citics began and farming was oreanized , for largo-scale production. Tho dwellings to be built by the lfotional A.erarian Council in thB Baleo.reo colony will be minirrmrn in size allowing í'or eventual additions by the sottlor in. accordance w:i.th his 01,m tastos, nocds o.nd economic status. A basic pr1nciple in all d:>f0the planning 5-s to lea.ve as much of tho devolopment o.s possiblo to the initiative of thc settlors thomselvos and thus avoid stato paternalism. The total appropriat:Lon for the project comos to Li-,200,000 po·sos*. Ren.ts will be esta ,lishod a.ccording to the potontia.l incornc of th,:; land depending upen what it roa.y produce whe-ther rural, semi-rural or urban. A total unnual incone of 1,050,000 pesos is cstimated. Tho· total cost of all j_mprovoments•is entimatGd at 6,500,000 pesos. About half of this amount is to be spcnt for housing.

Tho First Congress for J.ogional Planníng, hcld at S:111tiago del Estero in Soptomber 1946 on the initiative of Argentino planners, recommonded that the principle of lifetime lea.so of' land ombodied j_n tho Villalobos plan far Balcarco _ bo appliod gencrally in colonizv.tion programs in as much as it 11facilitatüs plo.nning ancl stabilization of the population and provides a financial basis far tho cxecution a.nd maintonance of public

:k Tho Argontinc peso is currontly quoted at approxirnatoly ·::>. 25 u.s.

EXPERil@n IN PLACEtIE}TT OF HOUSEHOLD HOlUffil1.S

It is recom.mended that an experimont bG carried out to determine (1) tho oxt:mt to which tho:·�e would be a response on th0 part of Puerto Rican yolmg women to thc opportunities mentioned in chaptor III; (2) the extent of thc possibl-) dem.."Uld in thu Sta tes u,ndcr the condi tions set forth; (3) the need for a specialized training program; (/4) the need for financial aid and (5) thc possibilitios of recovcring any loa.ns which might prove necossary. It is suggjsted that 200 young women be recruited for this cxperiment Spocial attention should bo givon to their heulth, training and cxperience, and they must havo at least a rudimontary knowledge of English. It might be possiblu to rccruit 200 household workers with sufficiont exporiencc to satisfy a roasonably exacting continental housewifc without resorting to spocial training. Tho resul•t,s of thc experimont would cast some light on thc need for a special training program for household workors.

An arrangemcnt should bo ma·1e with women I s organizations in four diff orent ci ties in the Unitod Sta tes, whore a coopera ti ve connmmi ty program along the lines sug::;osted by the v!omens Burcau of thc Uni t0d States Departmcnt of Labor hns bccn organized. Such programs are found in Cleveland; Philadclphio.; Chicago; Evansville; Indiana, Boston; Springfielc,l; ho.ss�;. íürtford; Stanford; Buffo.lo; Duluth; St. Louis; Detroit; Tulsa; Atl ... ntu und Mo1�ile. Succossful programs of improvement of household omployment have becn workcd out by tho Y.u.c.A.s in Buffalo and Syracuse, Now York; Donvor, Colorado; and Oo.kland, California, and by tho Cincinnati, Ohio, Com.mtmity Committoe on Hn.uschold Employmont, as weJ.l as by the Chico.ge o.nd St. Louis Househol'.i Etnployers Leagues. Those groups should bo approached far their coopero.tion. The Puerto Rican Dopartmont of Labor coulct agree to furnish household workers selected on thc basis of criteria furnished by the abovementioned orga.niz2.tions. In rctmn t,h,3se orgc..nizations should agree eithcr to place or co.refulJ.y to suporvise placemont of Puerto Rican women, to modiate in any difficulties which a.rise botwecn the employer and the cmployoo ond to assuro a high degree of responsibility for organizing :r:ecrca tional and educ.J.tional activi ties. If fifty girls wo:ro sent to each of four cities it would provido a sizeable group whfoh'could get together once e. woek for recreational a.nd educe.tional pu.rposes, so that homesickncss might be reduced and wholcsomo activitios be offor:.id to cut do\m the possibility that the girls uonlrl fincl. rccroation only through co;nmercialized channels, wi th their attendant dangers. It is probable thn.t somo trai.ncd éll1.d cxpericncod workers who would havo good chances of succoss in the Sto.tos would not bo able to go becausv of lack 1r20,000 of be resources. croated for It is m1gg3sted this ·oxpcriment that a revolving and thr:i.t sums up loan fund of to ;:;ioo be advanced to propor a.pplicants who othorwisc could not mako the trip.

156

157

The loan should bear a low rate of intcrest and be repayable overa period of 12 to 15 months. The extent to wlüch thc rcpayment of the loan should bo po.liced in futuro ca.ses could be decided on the baais of experience with the experimental group.

It is folt th�t tho rop0rcussions of the success of this experimont would be highly useful, both on tho continent and in Pu.orto Rico. The idoa of corrmmnity-wido cooperative organization is spreading under thc ímpetus of the presont shortago of compctont houschold workers.1/ It is being ppomoted by such govornment agencies as the Womens Burcau and ouch prívate agencies ás the Y.ii.C.A., thc Womons Trade Union Lea.guc o.nd tho Amorics.n Association of Universi ty Women. Wcws of the success of the expcrirnont will tmdoubtedly load to re�ucsts from othúr community groups, to tho Insular D::ipartmont of Labor for si.r.iilar arrangements, as woll as encouruge the organization of more such groups to take a:ivantage of tho vast potential resourccs in this field which Puerto Rico offers.

0n tho Puerto Rican sido it will increase the job opporttmities of Puerto Rican young wo:men, as well as thoir chances of travol, recreation and education. Thcy nood not look forward to a lifotime of domestic servico. Thc capable ones who clisplay initiative will find opportunities in the fiold of hotel o.nd other institutfonal housekoeping. Even if thoy roturn to the island aftor tuo or three years Ilk'7.ny of thom will bring back oxpcrionce which will holp them her0. And ther0 is always tho possibility of rna.rriage on tho continent. If it a ppoars, on the basis of this cxporir:iont, that a training progrrun is noodod, the Federal G overnmont makos availablo funds unclor tho Smith-Hu¡;hes o.nd George-Dean acts which can be used by the vaca tional oduct� tion soction of the Insular Departnmnt of Educ,7 .tion for oxpnncling its courses in h ousehold work.

Tho;�o is a wealth of expericnco to draw upon

a projoct for training household workcrs in '-1940 • .:/ The HPA organized The Insular Board for Vocational 3duc2.tion and the Home Economics Dopartmont of tho UnivorsHy of Puerto Rico have persons iJith mctensive o:xporience in this field who should be called upon. �PPENDIX � - Footnotes 1/ Caroline F. Labor School Ware, ed., Labor and �Democracy in the Home,Hudson Shore , West Park, J\'. Y. and Va.ssnr Surn.mer Instituto, Vassur Colloge, Findin.E,.s Poughkcopsio, }i.Y of Housohold Emn]. ., July, 194;-,. rrlii::ioo. oyees Gro1m, Bryn Mo.wr 41 P• Summer School for Women 1-lorlrnrs irl Industry, 1-/Jst Po.rk, J\1 .Y., 1937. mimeo., 8 P•

yP. R. Labor l170ws VoJ.. III :tfo;:3. 3-4, Me.y-Aug. 1940, PP• 6,3-65.

APPEFJIX F

cu::sTIOi\TARIO A

�.J1.TIVi:RSI JAD iJE ru.-;:;RTO :;neo C"8FT1l.O m Il'1V::'.i;STIGACior··.:;s SOCIALES RIO PrEDRAS, P. n. Para los trabaja.-Jores puertorric:uei'í.os cue se han c,uedado en los Estados rnidos. 158

(Sírvase poner una marca después de la línea que esté más de acuerdo con lo c,ue usted cree.) Creo que comparada con la vir1a en Puerto Rico, la vicla en los Este.dos Unidos es:

Mucho más s.::.tisfactoria Hás satisfactoria Menos satisfactoria Hucho menos satisfactoria Casi igual

II Los aspectos favorables más i1n'.:iort211tes ( las cosas 0ue más me gustan) en el Continente son: ( sírvase poner el mboro 1 a.nt0s del más :hnportante, el número 2 en el cuele sigue en importancia y así sucesivamente hasta el núnero5 si 11ega hasta ahí. Escriba cualescuiern. otros en las líneas en bl�nco.) �'1ejor alimentación Mejores viviendas El empleo ofrece más posil,ilidades de progreso He mej oro::io físicari1ente ,iejor asistencia médica rfejores facilidades c1e diversión y :·ecreación La sem:ac:i.ón de 8star en un si ti.o extra.fío Las relaciones personales son cordiales Los salarios son más c:ltos Estoy aprenliendo un oficio nuevo

III Los aspectos �1esfavorablos más importantes (las cosas rue no me gustan) de la vir1a en los Efd,ados Unidos son: ( sírvase poner el níunero 1 antes del más importante, el nú.1ero 2 en eJ. r:ue le sigue en importancia y así sucesiva.11ente hasta el núrnero 5 si llega hasta ahí. :'.l:scriba cuaJesruiera otros en las líne¿s en blanco.) Salarios muy bajos Echo de menos a mis familiares y amigos

III Bclance of Out-migrntion nnd In-migration, Puerto Rico, 1908-1909 to 1945

Next Article

II Occupational Stntus of Mig,rants to Sen Junn and Río Piedrr.s by Sox, 1935 - 1940

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11.W

More articles from this publication:

II Occupational Stntus of Mig,rants to Sen Junn and Río Piedrr.s by Sox, 1935 - 1940

V Indices of Disorgnnizntion

Percontc.ges

XVII Distribution of Maximum V!eekJ.y Income

XIV Distribution of thc Numbcr of Yeo.rs of Schooling

This article is from:

Puerto Rican Emigration (1947)