2016 Undergraduate Thesis: East Kensington Correctional

ID 453 / Contract Design

Cole Johns

East Kensington Correctional A contemporary, liberal prison system

Prison of the Ages A compilation of information and a commentary on the American and Norwegian penal systems.

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Table of Contents: 1.

Concept Statement

2.

Research Findings

3.

U.S. Prison History

4.

United States vs. Norway

5.

Site Analysis

6.

References

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Concept Statement: Within the United States today, there are nearly seven million persons that are under the supervision of adult correctional systems, including, but not limited to; probation, parole, jail or prison (U.S. Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014). With such a high number that has climbed steadily since the establishment of our correctional systems here in the United States, many individuals have pondered the reasons why such a trend continues.

The answer lies within our dealing with these criminals, both psychologically, and through their built environment. Controversial issues such as solitary confinement, police brutality, and inhumane living conditions are just some of the issues that face the American penal system. In stark contrast, we look at progressive countries such as Norway andAustria as inspiration, with amenities like various extracurricular activities, relaxed inmate-guard relations, and open, interactive communal spaces for inmates to socialize. These ideas are still not well accepted within the United States, but when looking at both Norway and Austria, whose recidivism rates show both twenty and fourteen percent, respectively, it is clear that their view regarding the “fundamental right of all persons deprived of liberty to humane treatment, and to have their dignity, as well as their life, and their physical, mental, and moral integrity respected and ensured� (Organization of American States, 2008) is a model which has consistently worked and should be recognized within the American society.

Utilizing the various techniques described within both the Norwegian and Austrian Prison Systems, a space that full envelops their ideas on both psychology and the built environment shall be created. This includes but is not limited to the use of natural elements, open spaces, communal areas, and activity rooms that seek to engage these individuals in a way that is beneficial to their overall quality of life once released from the justice system.

Research Findings

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International Incarceration Rate per 100,000 people 500+ 300-399 200-299 150-199 100-149 50-99 0-49 Source : International Centre for Prison Studies

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The United States has roughly 25% more incarcerated individuals than the next largest prison system (located in China).

Source : International Centre for Prison Studies

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nearly 7 million persons were under the supervision of adult U.S. correctional systems (including probation, parole, jail, or prison) by the end 2013.

- United States Bureau of Justice

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Recidivism

Defined as the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they had either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or had been trained to extinguish that behavior. The following shows the states with the highest rates of recidivism across the U.S. - The Sentencing Project (Research and Advocacy for Reform)

1. Hawaii

2. Idaho

3. Utah

4. Illinois

5. Tennessee

6. Washington

7. Pennsylvania

8. Florida

9. Connecticut

10. Virginia

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% U.S.

France

U.K.

Japan

Australia

Russia

Germany

Norway

China

The following graph shows a comprehensive look at the various countries and their recidivism rates. Based on their relatively low rates of recidivism, Norway will be looked at as the prime example for inspiration.

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In addition to it being the 7th

highest in

recidivism rates, the state of Pennsylvania

also holds the 5th

largest city in the U.S.,

at 1.56 million people, Philadelphia.

- United States Census Bureau

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Just 5

years after release from the penal system,

the Philadelphia recidivism rate increases to

71.1%

After the first year period, the overall recidivism rate is 36.2% for the inmates released in 2006. After three years, the overall recidivism rate is 62.7%. Slightly more than half of those who recidivated (rearrested or reincarcerated) within three years actually recidivated within the first year.

This shows the slowing rate of recidivism as time since release elapses.

Finally, the 5-year overall recidivism rate is 71.1%.

- Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.

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Crimes Committed In Philadelphia (by type)

- Federal Bureau of Investigation

Though the crime rate within Philadelphia is quite varied, it is clear that a number of the crimes committed are non-violent, and therefore these individuals will reenter into society. This information calls onto the need for reduced percentage of recidivism within this area, deterring those that enter into the penal system, to stay out of it.

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In 2013, the total number of prisoners released in Pennsylvania reached a staggering 20,455 (a 10.6% increase from those released in 2012.)

- U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics

SENTENCED STATE AND FEDERAL PRISON ADMISSIONS AND RELEASES AND YEAREND SENTENCED PRISON POPULATION, 1978–2012

As indicated above, the graphs show a steady increase in the amount of convicts released per year from 1978 to 2012, with these number just now decreasing slightly. It is clear that, by these numbers, a system should be instated that will deter these individuals from re-entering into the penal system. Through further research and development of various cultures and prison systems, such an establishment will be created.

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It is estimated that 93% of all prison inmates will eventually return home.

- Joan Petersilia, When Prisoners Come Home

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Who’s Coming Home?

Average of 34 years old.

A racial minority (47% black, 16% Hispanic).

92% are Male.

77% committed nonviolent crimes (drugs).

Only 17% are married.

44% are first time offenders.

Only 10-18% have weekly visual contact from family.

59% are functionally or completely illiterate.

75% of people will return to urban core counties.

41% more likely to have a transferable disease.

- Joan Petersilia, “When Prisoners Come Home”

U.S. Prison History

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“The purpose of punishment is not to torment a sensible being, nor to undo a crime already committed, but to prevent the criminal from doing further injury and to prevent others from committing a like offense.�

- Cesare Beccaria, Early Prison Reformer

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“Unless he has learned to do right on his own initiative, there is no security against his return to prison.”

- Thomas Mott Osborne, excerpt from his book “Within Prison Walls”

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“Prisons should help prisoners rather than just punish them.�

- John Howard, Early Prison Reformer

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Chronology of the U.S. Prison System (1750 - 2000)

1764 Cesare Beccaria publishes

1817

On Crimes and Punishments,

Auburn

penitentiary

The practice of probation is

a book urging imprisonment

open is NY.

Inmates are

introduced when shoemaker

as

housed in cell blocks but are

John Augustus reforms an

marched to workshops for

offender instead of sending

silent labor during the day.

him to jail.

the

main

form

of

punishment in prisons.

1750

1841 State

1800

1850 1870

1776

1829

Pennsylvania Quakers create

Philadelphia prisons introduce

The

the

Society

solitary, silent confinement and

Penitentiary and Reformatory

Distressed

drives prisoners insane. This

Discipline meets in Cincinnati

their

system impresses European

and endorses a Declaration

commitment to prison reform.

visitors, who adopt the ideas.

of

This same system is still used

the basis of the rehabilitative

in some prisons today.

approach that dominates the

of

Philadelphia Alleviating

Prisoners,

showing

National

Congress

on

Principles that becomes

US prison philosophy for the next 100 years.

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1998 By mid year, federal and state prisons hold an estimated total of 1.2 million inmates (a 60% increase from 1990).

1876 New Elmira and

1973

York

State

State

introduces

opens

the

Rockefeller Drug Laws are

Reformatory

passed, increasing the size and

rehabilitative

population of state prisons.

ideas (prisoner classification, education, vocational training, etc.).

Behind

the

scenes

1930

however, prisoners are beaten,

The Federal Bureau of Prisons

starved, and treated inhumanely.

is established by Congress.

1900

2000

1950

1895

1960’s

1980

Construction begins on the

The prisoners’ rights movement

In

first federal prison at Fort

emerges out of the civil rights

Justice finds the totality of

Leavenworth, Kansas.

movement.

Texas prison conditions to be

Ruiz

vs.

Estelle,

Judge

unconstitutional, and orders massive changes to be put into place.

- Nicole Rafter & Debra Stanley, “Prisons In America”

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Primary Prison Typologies:

1. Radial Design

2. Campus Design

3. Courtyard Design

4. Telephone Pole Design

1. Proposed that by “keeping prisoners in solitary confinement, separating prisoners and preventing prisoners from communicating with each other� it would lead to self-reflection and remorse and, ultimately, to moral elevation.

2. Concluded to be one of the most successful layouts for prison design due to the interaction and social gatherings to be had by prison and staff throughout the facility.

3. Allowed for reduced visibility of the outside to prisoners and decreased the likelihood of prison escapes due to guarded areas around the facility. Did create issue with interaction of natural elements for prisoners and staff.

4. Introduced a lower rate of violent crime between prisoners and staff through the introduction of high levels of visibility and decreased social issues between them.

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“More open layouts can improve inmate-guard relations and support a culture of progress rather than fear.�

- Karin Beijersbergen, Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement

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Auburn State Prison 1816, New York

Auburn State Prison established a disciplinary and administrative system based on silence, corporal punishment, and “congregate” (group) labour. Based on the architecture and design of the prison, Auburn became the model for the great majority of the penal systems establised within the United States.

Auburn originally used congregate cells, but borrowed the concept of solitary cells from the Pennsylvania system in 1821. A unique five-tiered cell-block of two rows of single cells, placed back to back in the center of the building. Cells measured only 3.5 feet wide, 7.5 feet long, and 7 feet high; doors faced outer walls lined with grated windows that provided indirect light and air. This pattern of small inside cell blocks was later adopted by most state prisons in the United States. Auburn prisoners labored in congregate workshops, offsetting imprisonment costs by fulfilling private-industry contracts. Auburn briefly (1821–25) implemented a threelevel classification system. Under it, minor offenders labored in workshops during the day and retired to separate cells at night; serious offenders alternated their days between solitary confinement and congregate work. The most-hardened criminals were placed in solitary confinement without work. After numerous suicides, instances of mental illness, and attempted escapes, the governor of New York terminated the classification system and the experiment in solitary confinement.

Despite the demise of the “ideal” system, Auburn remained the model for nearly a century, primarily because it had been inexpensive to construct and maintain.

- Encyclopedia Britannica

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Eastern State Penitentiary 1829, Pennsylvania

The Penitentiary would not simply punish, but move the criminal toward spiritual reflection and change. The method was a Quaker-inspired system of isolation from other prisoners, with labor. The early system was strict. To prevent distraction, knowledge of the building, and even mild interaction with guards, inmates were hooded whenever they were outside their cells. But the proponents of the system believed strongly that the criminals, exposed, in silence, to thoughts of their behavior and the ugliness of their crimes, would become genuinely penitent.

Thus the new word, penitentiary.

Eastern’s seven earliest cell blocks may represent the first modern building in the United States. The concept plan, by the British-born architect John Haviland, reveals the purity of the vision. Seven cell blocks radiate from a central surveillance rotunda. Haviland’s ambitious mechanical innovations placed each prisoner had his or her own private cell, centrally heated, with running water, a flush toilet, and a skylight. Adjacent to the cell was a private outdoor exercise yard contained by a ten-foot wall. This was in an age when the White House, with its new occupant Andrew Jackson, had no running water and was heated with coal-burning stoves.

Virtually all prisons designed in the nineteenth century, world wide, were based on one of two systems: New York State’s Auburn System, and the Pennsylvania System embodied in the Eastern State Penitentiary. During the century following Eastern’s construction, more than 300 prisons in South America, Europe, Russia, China, Japan, and across the British Empire were based on its plan.

Still, while this prison system may seem to have been a luxurious and innovative stance on rehabilitation of prisoners, the cramped quarters, solitary living conditions, and general inhumane conditions created an environment in which individuals are punished and receive little understanding of their crimes, causing them to recidivise.

- Eastern State Penitentiary Website, General Overview

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Elmira State Reformatory 1876, New York

Set atop a hill, the institution’s Victorian towers and turrets loomed above the town “like a college or a hospital.” This system was designed for reformatory work, with cells almost twice the size of Sing Sing’s and configured for separation by prisoner classification.

Soon into the creation of the prison, a three-grade system was instituted.

All new inmates were placed in the middle grade; six months of perfect marks in school, work and deportment earned promotion to first grade with extra privileges.

Another six months of perfect marks earned eligibility for parole. Unsatisfactory marks meant demotion to the next lower grade: demotion to the third grade meant a red suit, the lockstep and loss of correspondence and visiting. The next 20 years saw an explosion of ambitious and resourceful programming activity. Beginning in 1878, several educated inmates taught elementary classes six nights a week, and a professor from the Elmira Women’s College conducted courses in geography and the natural sciences for advanced students. The next year, six public school teachers and three attorneys were engaged to teach elementary classes and advanced classes were expanded to include geometry, bookkeeping and physiology. A professor from the Michigan State Normal School was recruited as “moral director” to begin courses in ethics and psychology. Lectures in history and literature were added in the early ‘80’s. In 1882, a summer school was started. Throughout the period, Elmira attracted prominent visitors as “Sunday lecturers.”

With success coming to Elmira very quickly, the Warden and creator of the system printed 3,000 copies of the annual reports and 1,500 copies of The Summary.

Judges--convinced of Elmira’s merits-- sent inmates faster than they could be paroled. Additions to the original 504 cells were made in 1886 and again in 1892, raising the total to 1,296, but by the late 1890’s there were nearly 1,500 occupants, creating similar issues as we have seen before in such prisons.

- The New York Correction Historical Society

United States vs.

Norway

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Average U.S. Prison Construction Cost

121,000,000 USD

Halden Prison Construction Cost

138,000,000 USD

1

= 10,000,000 USD

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“The estimated cost to build an institution varies between $98 million and $162 million, depending upon the level of security required, capacity, and other site-specific factors.�

Federal Bureau of Prisons Management of Construction Contracts

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“ Norway has only a tenth of the American prison population relative to the country’s population size.”

- Rick Noak, Washington Post

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United State’s Prison Rate

698 Individuals per Prison, World Prison Brief

Norway’s Prison Rate

71 Individuals per Prison, World Prison Brief

1

= 50 Incarcerated Individuals

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A Day in the U.S. Prison System (Maximum Security)

North Carolina Department of Public Safety

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A Day in the Norway Prison System (Maximum Security)

William Lee Adams, Time Magazine

Solitary Work Social

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U.S. Prisoners Engaged in Education (out of 100%)

Roughly 50% of prisoners engage in educational programs while in prison Bureau of Justice Statistics

Norwegian Prisoners Engaged in Education (out of 100%)

Roughly 80% of prisoners engage in educational programs while in prison Terje Manger, University of Bergen, Norway

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“Only 5.6% of prisoners with an undergraduate degree go back to prison.�

- Emary University, Department of Economics

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Halden Prison 2010, Norway

To anyone familiar with the American correctional system, Halden seems alien. Its modern, cheerful and well-­appointed facilities, the relative freedom of movement it offers, its quiet and peaceful atmosphere — these qualities are so out of sync with the forms of imprisonment found in the United States that you could be forgiven for doubting whether Halden is a prison at all. It is, of course, but it is also something more: the physical expression of an entire national philosophy about the relative merits of punishment and forgiveness.

“Nature is a rehabilitation thing now,” Molden said. Researchers are working to quantify the benefits of sunlight and fresh air in treating depression. But Molden viewed nature’s importance for Norwegian inmates as far more personal. “We don’t think of it as a rehabilitation,” she said. “We think of it as a basic element in our growing up.” The Correctional Service emphasizes what it calls “dynamic security,” a philosophy that sees interpersonal relationships between the staff and the inmates as the primary factor in maintaining safety within the prison. They contrast this with the approach dominant in high-­security prisons elsewhere in the world, which they call “static security.” Of the 251 inmates, nearly half are imprisoned for violent crimes like murder, assault or rape; a third are in for smuggling or selling drugs.

Nevertheless, violent incidents and even threats are rare, and nearly all take place in Unit A. It is the prison’s most restrictive unit, housing inmates who require close psychiatric or medical supervision or who committed crimes that would make them unpopular in Units B and C, the prison’s more open “living” cell blocks, where the larger population of inmates mixes during the day for work, schooling and therapy programs.

Overall, the prison system here, is one that focuses on the rehabilitation of its inmates and treats them in a way that is humane, yet restrictive in their ideas of punishment, creating a space where violence is low, and rehabilitation is high.

- Jessica Benko, New York Times

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Bastøy Island Prison 1982, Norway

Founded in 1982, Bastøy Prison is located on a lush, 1-square-mile island of pine trees and rocky coasts, with views of the ocean that are postcard-worthy.

It feels more like a resort than jail, and prisoners here enjoy freedoms that would be unthinkable elsewhere. Some of the 115 prisoners here -- all men and serving time for murder, rape and trafficking heroin, among other crimes -- stay in wooden cottages, painted cheery red. They come and go as they please. Others live in “The Big House,” a white mansion on a hill that, on the inside, looks like a college dorm.

The idea of Bastøy Prison isn’t to offend the people of Norway by pampering criminals instead of punishing them, but to change them, because, as Arne Kvernvik Nilsen, the prison’s governor, says, “what’s the point of punishment, except for leaning toward the primitive side of humanity?” And guess what, Bastøy works!

According to statistics, only 20% of criminals who experience Norway’s progressive prison system re-offend within two years of being released, and at Bastøy figures are even better, dropping to an impressive 16%. In comparison, the three-year reoffense rate for US prisons has been 43%, according to a 2011 study, with older ones indicating even grimmer numbers of over 50%. Despite being treated more like tourists than prisoners, all the inmates on Bastøy Island say they will gladly leave this place when their sentence has been executed. “It’s still prison,” one of them says. “In your mind you are locked up.”

Overall, while the prison has been compared to the “Holiday version of Alcatraz”, Bastøy Prison has been one that shows remarkable improvement in the recidivism rate, has a low escape rate, and a general uplifting spirit that involves the prisoners in as normal as possible lives.

- John D. Sutter, Cable News Network (CNN)

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Leoben Justice Center 2004, Austria

Opened in 2004, the Justizzentrum Leoben (Justice Center Leoben) was built in addition to the district court, houses 205 inmates, and focuses on two quotes: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” and “Each of the persons deprived of their liberty must be treated humanely and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human being.” Giving visitors the inspiration for creating such a liberal correctional facility.

Costing a little more than other prisons, (but not by much), utilizing glass (though it’s shatterproof), and incorporating open, natural spaces (though secure), Leoben helps to heal and rehabilitate these prisoners. Noise is also part of the chaos of prison life, however, architect, Leoben Hohensinn, took great care in the soundproofing of the space. He points out the social costs of prisons, such as the fact that convicts tend to come from cities; guards do not. Culture clashes inevitably arise. Skilled labor — doctors, psychologists and the like — is harder to find in rural areas, and so are the volunteers who work in the many rehabilitation programs within Leoben. The families of working-class and poor convicts often can’t afford to travel a few hundred miles to visit their relatives. As a result, prisoners have a harder time maintaining ties with the lives they left behind. And it isn’t only inmates and their loved ones who suffer. As Michael Jacobson, the head of the Vera Institute, put it, “Officers serve life sentences eight hours at a time.” To a surprising degree, then, both groups want the same thing: They want prisons to be safer and more humane, and they believe that can best be achieved by building in more face time between convicts and their keepers.

Overall, the idea of Leoben Justice Center is still remarkably new, and therefore not accepted by all, but the dignity and rehabilitation of the prisoners is key, something that Austria excels at, with a recidivism rate of nearly 14%, making them a clear example of frontrunner of such “luxurious” penal institutions.

- Jim Lewis, The New York Times Magazine

Site Analysis

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“The Kensington area has been listed number one in a 2007 list of Philadelphia’s top ten recreational drug corners.”

- Steve Volk, Philadelphia Weekly

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Crimes Committed In Kensington (by type)

2% 14%

19%

8%

6%

50%

- Philadelphia Police Department

The data above represents the various crimes that have been committed within the Kensington district within the past 30 days. Date measurements range from the 30th of December, 2015, to the 29th of January 2016. Please note that measurements will vary overtime.

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Kensington Quick Facts: Population: 50,055 Average Income: $38,235 Poverty Rate: 46.9% Unemployment Rate: 19.1% No High School Education:

36.5%

High School Graduate: 33.6% College Graduate: 13.3% - Philadelphia Police Department

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“Community service programs alleviate boredom and tension in prisons, resulting in a safer environments for both staff and inmates.�

- Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

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Ammenities and Community Involvement:

Through the integration of various spaces within the prison, a space which aids in the rehabilitation of individuals and reduces the rate of recidivism is achieved, while simultaniously involving the community in such activities.

Community Involvement:

Internal Ammenities:

Classroom(s)

Classroom(s)

Fitness Space(s)

Fitness Space(s)

Cafe

Kitchen

Technology Lab(s)

Technology Lab(s)

Library

Library

Auditorium

Auditorium

Outdoor Socialization Spaces

Outdoor Socialization Spaces

Lounge Areas

Dining Hall(s) Laundry Medical Facility Commisary Private Offices Detaining Facilities Sleeping Quarters

Resources

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Bibliography Adams, W. L. (2010, May 10). Norway Builds the World’s Most Humane Prison.

Time Magazine. U.S.: Time Magazine.

AIA Academy of Architecture for Justice. (2012, November 17).

Sustainable Justice 2030: Green Guide to Justice. Sustainable Justice

2030. AIA Academy of Architecture for Justice.

Andresen, L. (2015, 11 March). Norway’s Prison Without Bars: “It’s a Trust

Thing”. (L. Mallinder, Interviewer)

Carson, E. A. (2014, September 30). Prisoners in 2013. Bureau of Justice

Statistics Bulletin. Office of Justice Programs.

Cendon, S. F. (2014, October 24). How Architects Can Improve Justice Facilities.

AIArchitect. Kansas City, MO, U.S.: The American Institute of Architects.

Corbett, T., & Wetzel, J. E. (2013, February 8). Recidivism Report 2013.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.

Cornelius, G. F. (2008). The American Jail: Cornerstone of Modern Corrections.

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Eastern State Penitentiary. (2016). General Overview. Retrieved from Eastern

State Penitentiary: https://www.easternstate.org/learn/research-library/

history Gallagher, B. E. (2013, June). Science and Sustainability Programs in Prisons:

Assessing the Effects of Participation on Inmates. Washington, United

States.

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Bibliography (Cont.)

Harlow, C. W. (2003, April 15). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau

of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: Office of Justice

Programs.

Jacobs, R. (2014, June 17). How Prison Architecture Can Transform Inmates’

Lives. Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard.

Johnstone, J. (1832). Elements of Thought. The Schoolmaster, 172.

Kriminalomsorgen. (2016). About the Norwegian Correctional Service. Norway: Kriminalomsorgen.

Lewis, J. (2009, June 10). Behind Bars...Sort Of. The New York Times Magazine.

New York, New York, U.S.: The New York Times.

McKelvey, B. (1977). American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions. Montclair,

NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation.

Miller, E., & Montilla, R. (1977). Corrections in the Community: Success Models in

Correctional Reform. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, Inc.

New York Correction History Society. (2003). Elmira. Retrieved from New York

correction History Society: http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/

docs2day/elmira.html Noack, R. (2014, September 10). The ‘World’s Most Humane’ Prison

System is so Overcrowded, it’s Now Sending Criminals Abroad.

Retrieved from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/

news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/10/the-worlds-most-humane-prison-system- is-so-overcrowded-its-now-sending-criminals-abroad/

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Bibliography (Cont.)

Organization of American States. (2008, March 14). Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas.

Retrieved from Organization of American States: http://www.oas.org/en/

iachr/mandate/Basics/principlesdeprived.asp Osborne, T. M. (1914). Within Prison Walls - Being A Narrative During A Week of

Voluntary Confinement in the State Prison at Auburn, New York. New York:

D. Appleton and Co.

Petersilia, J. (2003). When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry.

New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Rafter, N. H., & Stanley, D. L. (1999). Prisons In America: A Reference Handbook.

Santa Barbara , California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.

Ryder, J. A. (2013, June 18). Auburn State Prison. Encyclopedia Britannica. New

York, New York, United States: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Smith, D. F. (2001, December 7). Executive Summary. Federal Bureau of Prisons

Management of Construction Contracts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department

of Justice.

Sutter, J. D. (2012, May 24). Welcome to the World’s Nicest Prison. Retrieved from

Cable News Network, CNN: http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/24/world/europe/

norway-prison-bastoy-nicest/ The Evergreen State College. (2015). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Report.

Sustainability in Prisons Project. Washington, U.S.: Department of

Corrections, Washington State.

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Bibliography (Cont.)

The Sentencing Project: Research and Advocacy for Reform. (2010, June). State

Recidivism Studies. State Recidivism Studies. The Sentencing Project.

U.S. Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2014, April). Recidivism

of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010.

U.S. Department of Justice: Special Report. U.S.: Office of Justice

Programs.

Volk, S. (2011, August). Top 10 Drug Corners. Retrieved from Philadelpia Weekly

:http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/

top_10_drug_corners-38426414.html

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the numerous people who have been involved in this, and the many other processes that have come before this thesis.

Thank you to my parents and family for being there to encourage and support me both emotionally, physically, and financially. You have always been there to listen to the problems and have continued to encourage my passions.

Thank you to my professors for their willingness to critique and solve issues that may have come across my projects. This list includes but is not limited to Professor Dean Martin, Professor Erica Bartels, Professor Sarah Owens, Professor Liz Mirick, Professor Alisha Coleman, and Professor Cristel Price. Thank you for pushing me in my education and design process for these last four years.

Finally, I must thank my wonderful classmates. All nine of you have come to be my closest friends and a second family. Your encouragement, insightful knowledge, and energetic spirits have helped to push me to the next level, and I couldn’t imagine a time where you weren’t all there. Thank you for the all nighters, the advice, the encouragement, and the friendship that will surely last a lifetime.

ID 453 / Contract Design

Cole Johns

East Kensington Correctional A contemporary, liberal prison system