International Primary Science Student Book 6

I N T E R N AT I O N A L

PRIMARY SCIENCE

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Student’s Book 6

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Contents Topic 1 Humans and animals 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10

The human body Major organs Body systems Locating major organs The nervous system and the brain The circulatory system and the heart The respiratory system and the lungs The digestive system The excretory system and the kidneys Essential functions of the major organs

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Looking back Topic 1

22

Topic 2 Living things in their environment 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

1

23

Humans and the environment Humans can have a positive impact What can you do?

Feeding relationships Producers and consumers More about feeding relationships Food chains in different habitats

24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Looking back Topic 2

38

Topic 3 Material changes 3.1 Reversible changes 3.2 Irreversible changes 3.3 Mixing and separating solids

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3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Mixing solids and water Investigate dissolving Solutions and suspensions Separating solids from liquids Mixing and separating in daily life

46 48 50 52 54

Looking back Topic 3

56

Topic 4 Forces and motion 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

Measuring force Weight and mass More about force, mass and weight Energy and movement Friction Air resistance Reducing friction

58 60 62 64 66 68 70

Looking back Topic 4

72

Topic 5 Electricity and magnetism 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

57

73

Circuit diagrams Investigate conductors Conductors and insulators Metals are good conductors Conductors and insulators in use Changing circuits Changing components

74 76 78 80 82 84 86

Looking back Topic 5

88

Glossary

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Topic

1

Humans and animals

This topic deals with the internal structure and functioning of the human body. You will learn about some important body systems and the major organs in those systems. You will use diagrams to learn more about where the major organs are situated in the body, and you will find out why it is essential that these organs function well.

1

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Key words

1.1 The human body

• structure • function

It is important to learn about the human body. If you know what your body is made of (its structure) and how the parts of the body work (their functions) you can take action to make sure your body is healthy and functioning well.

Think about your own body for a moment.

Every day you breathe, you eat, you move, you see and smell things, you think and you go to the bathroom. We can do all these things because our bodies work well and different parts of the body work together without us having to think about them.

The human body is made up of many different parts. We can see the external parts of the body, but we can’t usually see the internal parts without specialised equipment. Look at this image of a human body.

1 What does this image show?

2 Do you know the names of any of these internal body parts? Show a partner what you know.

2

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Topic

The different parts of our bodies each have their own special jobs, but they also have to work closely with other body parts in order to function. Single parts of the human body cannot function on their own, so if one part is damaged or not working properly, it affects the functioning of the whole body. eye

brain

Humans and animals

Activities 1 Make a list of the three

body parts that you think are the most important.

Next to each one, state why you think it is so important.

2 The human body can be

heart

compared to a machine.

Machines consist of many parts that work together so the machine can function. If one part is faulty, the machine may not work well.

Make a poster with the title: The human body – an amazing machine.

lungs

spinal cord

arm bone

1

leg muscles

3 Discuss how a human body might be affected if the body parts shown above were not functioning.

3 Look at the diagram

of a tennis player on Workbook page 1. Label the diagram to show which body parts are involved when you play a game such as tennis.

I have learned â—? The human body consists of many different parts. â—? Each body part has its own special functions, but the different body parts

need to work together for the body to function efficiently.

3

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Key words

• organ • organ syste

1.2 Major organs

m

Organs are parts of our bodies that are specialised to perform particular functions. Here are some of the main organs in your body: eye

brain ear

stomach lungs liver

heart skin

kidneys

1 What do you think the main function of each of these organs|is? Share your ideas with your group.

All of our organs have important functions, but they also work together. For example, your mouth, tongue, stomach and intestines work together to help your body take in and use food.

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Topic

A group of organs that works together is called an organ system. You have already seen how groups of muscles work together in our muscular system to allow us to move our bodies. You have also seen how the bones of the skeletal system support and protect our organs.

The skeletal and muscular systems work together to allow the body to move.

1

Humans and animals

Activities 1 What do you already know

about organs and organ systems? Complete the quiz on Workbook page 2 to find out.

2 When you are investigating

the human body, it is not always possible to carry out fair tests to get the answers you need. Read the questions on Workbook page 3 and decide which method you would use to answer them.

3 Today, scientists use

advanced technology to study the human body and its functions. This technology did not exist long ago. Do some research to find out how early scientists learned about the workings of the human body.

I have learned â—? Organs are body parts that

2 Which parts of the skeleton do you remember?

3 Describe how the muscular system and the skeletal system work together.

have specialised functions.

â—? A group of organs that works

together is called an organ system.

5

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Key words

1.3 Body systems Organisms, particularly humans and other vertebrate animals, are made up of several organ systems that all work together to make sure the organism can survive and function.

• organism • nervous sy stem • circulatory system • respiratory system • digestive s ystem • excretory s ystem

Human beings have ten important body systems bi Y ill llearn including a reproductive system that allows people to have b babies.

You will more about these systems and their functions in higher grades. Here, you are going to focus on five body systems to learn about their main organs and functions.

The five systems you will be learning about are shown and described below.

Look at the diagrams and read the labels carefully.

The nervous system The brain, spinal cord and nerves are the main parts of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord send and receive messages from the rest of the body, including the eyes and ears.

The respiratory system Your lungs and windpipe allow you to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

Your windpipe is attached to your nose and mouth.

The circulatory system The heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system.

The heart acts like a pump to circulate blood around the body.

The digestive system The stomach, intestines and liver are the major organs of the digestive system. The food we eat is broken down in the digestive system to form substances that can be transported around the body in the blood.

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Topic

The excretory system The excretory system allows the body to get rid of wastes.

The kidneys filter waste from the blood and these are then excreted in urine. The lungs and skin are also involved in excreting waste.

1 Which body system contains your heart?

2 Would you be able to see and hear without your nervous system?

Explain|your answer.

1

Humans and animals

Activities 1 Complete the table on

Workbook page 4 to summarise the information contained in the diagrams.

2 Prepare a set of cards

with questions and answers about body systems. Use the questions on Workbook page 5 as a starting point.

Add at least four questions of your own. Use your cards to quiz your partner about body systems. Take turns to ask and answer questions.

3 Choose one body system.

Prepare a short talk explaining what organs it consists of, what it does, and what problems a person is likely to experience if these organs don’t function well.

I have learned ● Human organisms contain many organ systems. ● The nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive

system and excretory system all have special functions in the body.

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Key words

1.4 Locating major organs You have seen that your body contains different systems, each with its own important organs. Now you are going to find out where all your organs are located in your body. You can probably easily point to where your brain is located, but can you point to the position of your heart or your kidneys?

Study the diagrams below carefully to see where your major organs are located in your body.

Front

brain

• brain • lungs • heart • liver • stomach • kidneys • large intes tine • small intes tine

Back

windpipe lungs heart liver stomach kidneys large intestine small intestine bladder blood vessels

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Topic

1

Humans and animals

Activities 1 Test yourself to see

whether you know the names of your major organs and their positions in the body by completing Workbook page 6.

2 Make a puzzle or game

to teach young children about the names of their organs and where they are located in the body.

3 Work with a partner to

create a ‘guess the organ’ card game. You will need to develop the game and also write the rules for playing it.

I have learned ● The brain is located inside

the skull.

● The heart, lungs and liver are

1 Why can’t you see the whole heart in these diagrams?

2 Why can’t you see the kidneys in the front view?

3 Describe the position of your lungs.

4 Where is your stomach in relation to your liver?

all located in the ribcage, and the stomach and intestines are located in the lower abdomen.

● The kidneys are located

behind the abdomen in the lower back.

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