Revision Guide
As A Second Language
IGCSE ENGLISH
®
CAMBRIDGE
Reading g skills Health
You must be able to: understand and pick out the details you need from a text make effective use of key question words to find the information you need.
• •
Selecting g facts an nd detailss accurattely from a written text
Revision check Words that go together
Measurement, time, technical terms Being able to select facts is important as they are likely to contain information you need to know. You need to make sure you can find the facts and get them exactly right. When you read texts, make lists of words and their definitions. Here are some useful terms related to the topic of food preparation: • measurements g = gram kg = kilogram tsp = teaspoon tbsp = tablespoon ml = millilitre • inexact times used with numbers about (two hours) up to (an hour) five or six (minutes) more than (four) • technical terms related to cooking
Cover the first column of the table and work out which words from the chapter are missing. types
of
likes
and
exercise dislikes
servings
of
rice and pasta
a chunk
of
ginger
a tablespoon
of
olive oil
healthy
eating
a healthy
diet
vitamin
supplements
a food
group
chicken
stock
ground
cinnamon
chopped
coriander
(healthy) food
pyramid
verb + noun stay
healthy
Verbs
Adjectives
Nouns
do
activities
to brown
chopped
a chunk
cause / prevent health problems
to season
crushed
a bunch
to simmer
ground
a sprinkling
have
a healthy diet
use
sparingly
Using key y questio on words to find answers When you are asked questions about longer texts, first find the key words in the questions. This will tell you what to look for. For example:
4
question word
what you are looking for
when
time or date
who
name of a person
where
name of a place
why
reason
what
event, object, idea, fact
Real life tip If you go to a Western restaurant and there is a menu in English, read the ingredients to learn more vocabulary related to food.
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Writing skills Health
You must be able to: use simple, compound and complex sentences correctly and securely vary your sentence structure for clarity and effect use noun phrases securely and confidently to add variety.
• • •
Using a range of different kinds off sentences in your writing In writing, sentences start with a capital letter and end with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). They contain a subject and a verb. To make your writing more fluent and interesting, you need to be able to use clear and accurate sentences and vary your sentence structure. Here is an overview of the different structures:
Revision check Missing letters What are the missing letters from these words from this chapter? nouns at
ics
Pi
tes
adjectives
ideas
simple sentences
compound sentences
complex sentences
one idea
two equally important ideas are joined
an interesting idea is added to the most important idea
purpose
– to give advice or simple explanations – to write for younger readers – to add drama and emphasis
– to give more information by using connectives such as or, and, but.
– to add further information and make the main idea more interesting by using connectives such as when, after, because.
example
You can record a personal best.
You may not break a world record but you can record a personal best.
When you join our athletics club, we will work with you on improving your personal best.
comp
d fect
verbs r im
rd ve
Including g noun phrases to o add dettail You can make your writing more interesting or persuasive by using descriptive noun phrases. The most important word in a noun phrase is the noun, and there can be descriptions of this noun before and after the noun itself short noun phrase
more interesting and persuasive noun phrase
noun phrase is the subject
The journey was not much fun.
The difficult and scary journey home down the side of a muddy mountain was not much fun.
noun phrase is the object
I enjoy walks.
I enjoy long, relaxing walks in the woods near my home in the countryside.
Real life tip Find the last email, social media post, or other text you have written in English. Did you use simple, complex, as well as compound sentences? Why (not)? Have a look at a short text written by somebody else and do the same. Thinking about why writers make language choices will make you a better writer yourself.
Skills : Revise
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Speakin ng skills Health
You must be able to: confidently use a good variety of structures when speaking make confident use of abstract nouns and noun phrases to give accuracy and variety
• •
Using a variety of structures when you are speaking Use a range of sentence structures to add interest to what you say. For example, compound sentences can help you make a persuasive argument. You can use complex sentences to give more details about an idea, e.g. reasons to support your arguments. connectives:
relationship to the first idea:
but
introduces an idea which is different
or
gives more possibilities
so
shows its result
and
adds a similar one
You can use a range of phrases to state your arguments: agreeing
disagreeing
I think that …
I don’t think that …
I believe that …
I don’t believe that …
In my opinion …
I disagree with the idea that …
Using abstract nouns and noun phrases to give variety to your sentences Abstract nouns name things that cannot be touched. They can be useful to add interest to what you say. You can also do this by using common noun phrases. Here are some examples related to the topic of global health: abstract nouns
noun phrases
– greed
– a balanced diet
– fatigue
– fizzy drinks
– excitement
– clean water
– weakness
– junk food – organic food – a positive state of mind
Don’t worry about pauses; it is normal in a conversation to say err or um… while you think.
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Revision check Words that go together. Cover the first column of the table and work out which words from the chapter are missing. access
to
treatment
available
to
everyone
concerns
about health
a state
of
mind
major
problems
poor
health
advanced
medicine
a malaria
vaccine
improve
education
improve
healthcare
a health
issue
physical
activity
eat
well
a preferred
method
a healthy/ an unhealthy
lifestyle
clean/ dirty
water
fizzy
drinks
a balanced
diet
verb + noun cause/ prevent
sickness
cause/ prevent
health problems
do
yoga
save
lives
Real life tip To add interest and variety to what you say, you need a wide vocabulary. Think about the last time you needed a doctor. What would you have said if you were on holiday and the doctor only spoke English? Can you talk about your health and ask questions in English? Can you repeat what advice you were given by the doctor? If not, use a dictionary to look up the phrases you need.
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Listenin ng skills Health
You must be able to: understand and pick out exactly the details you need when listening to longer and more complicated texts confidently predict the type of information you need by understanding the clues in the questions securely recognise and understand all numbers
• • •
Predicting the kind of information you will hear, including units of measurement When planning to listen to an audio recording, think beforehand about what specific information you are going to hear, for example units of measurement (time, distance) or of money. When you are going to listen to an informative text, think about the type of information it is likely to contain, and make notes about what you already know about this topic. This will help you focus on the relevant information when listening.
Recognising high numbers when listening You may have to distinguish and understand high numbers when you are listening. It is important to learn how high numbers are spoken and how they are written in numerals.
Revision check Missing letters What are the missing letters from these words from this chapter? nouns two th
nd
one bi
n
adjectives nat
l
ben
al
verbs prod sk
The following are some round high numbers that you need to know: Number
Word
1000
One thousand
10 000
Ten thousand
100 000
One hundred thousand
1 000 000
One million
10 000 000
Ten million
100 000 000
One hundred million
1 000 000 000
One billion
Here are some more examples of numbers and what you would hear when they were spoken out loud: Number
Word
12 400
Twelve thousand four hundred
120 400
One hundred and twenty thousand four hundred
1 240 000
One million two hundred and forty thousand
23 560 001
Twenty three million five hundred and sixty thousand and one
235 600 001
Two hundred and thirty five million six hundred thousand and one
2 356 000 001
Two billion three hundred and fifty six million and one
Real life tip You can get into the habit of predicting and improving your listening skills by going online to find short news items in English. Before you play a video, use the title to predict what it will be about. What types of data would you expect to hear? For example, a report about a coal mine closing is likely to talk about the number of years it has been open, how many people will be losing their jobs, how much coal there is now in comparison to the past, etc. Ask yourself some questions about the statistics and numbers beforehand and then listen specifically for those answers. You can check that you have got them right by finding a written report about the same story.
Skills : Revise
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Chapterr Test: He ealth 1
List the following as fast as you can: a) four verbs that you might find in recipes
[4]
b) five measurements that you might find in recipes
[5]
c) five verb and noun combinations that relate to the topic of a healthy lifestyle
[5]
d) four question words and the information they ask you to look for (e.g. ‘when’ asks for a time or date) 2
[4]
Put the following terms in the correct places in the table. There need to be five in each column. a balanced diet
a healthy breakfast
a positive state of mind
access to treatment
an active lifestyle
clean water
doing yoga
improve health education
malaria
organic food
regular exercise
the food pyramid
vaccine
vitamin supplements
joining a sports club
healthy eating
a healthy body/ better health
health around the world
[15] 3
4
What are the verbs that go with the following words? Choose from do, go, play. a) activities
d) basketball
g) exercise
b) Pilates
e) computer games
h) climbing
c) karate
f) running
i)
ice hockey
[9]
Fill in the most suitable connectors in the following compound sentences. You cannot use the same one twice. I like the outdoors (a)
I dance in my living room. Nothing is better than a walk in the
(b) woods though, (c)
I try to do that at least once a week, most weeks I manage to do this.
(d)
8
on rainy days, I go to the gym
[4]
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Test 5
This exercise can be done by listening to the presentation online or reading the presentation below. If you are listening to the audio, please cover the text below and then answer the questions. a) Before listening to or reading the presentation, consider the topic: world poverty. What types of numbers do you think you will hear? b) Now listen (or read). Write down what the numbers are in as many different ways as you can (e.g. words and numerals).
[10] c) Listen (or read) again. Identify one simple, one compound and one complex sentence. Simple sentences
[4] Compound sentences [1] Complex sentences [1] d) What is the effect of each of these sentence types on the listener/ reader? What is the effect of using all three types of sentence structure in this short text?
[8] e) Listen again. Find the longest noun phrase in the text. What is its effect on the listener/ reader?
[3]
There are many issues facing the world today but I can confidently say that there is one that is particularly relevant. The most important global issue is poverty. Have a look at the slides. The situation is worrying because 2.2 billion people live on less than the equivalent of $3.10 a day. Nearly 80 percent of the extremely poor live in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (389 million). This is a sad and worrying situation with severe consequences for healthcare. Total marks /75
Test : Chapter 3
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Vocabullary: Cha apter 3 – Health Food almonds bread cheese chicken stock clean water coffee couscous dates dry beans fats fish fizzy drinks fortified cereal flat breads fruit garlic green vegetables ground nuts herbs meat milk mozzarella nuts oils oily fish onion pasta peanuts pizza plantain poultry raisins red meat rice shellfish spices sugary drinks sweets tuna tomatoes vegetable yoghurt
Spices cinnamon coriander cumin fenugreek fresh basil ginger turmeric
Food preparation terms bunch chopped chunk cloves crushed dried
10
flaked fresh fried ground ingredients roasted toasted
serving skip meals supplements tasted toppings try vitamins
Abbreviations
Exercise and sports terms
g kg ml tbsp tsp
Cooking terms add boil bring everything up to the boil brown combine cook cook up cover dissolve fry grill heat mix pan prepare reduce the heat season serve simmer sprinkling stir tender
Other food terms balanced diet calories diet eating eat well fats food group food pyramid food types healthy breakfast junk food key nutrients low-fat meal number of servings organic food protein pyramid selection
active lifestyle athlete athletics track breathe dangerous exercise exhale get fit grass grip gym hurdles jumping matches membership outdoor personal best physical activity Pilates class popular practise races regular exercise sports centre stadiums starting points surface team train trainers training session watch the match world record
Health phrases ageing benefits beneficial change a bad habit developers education good for you habits happy healthcare healthy a healthy growth ill implications improve malaria medicine natural substance nutritionists play computer games poor health positive state of mind prevent reduce effects researchers risk severe toll short of sickness stage of life staying healthy tablets vaccines visit a doctor vital vitamin
Nutrients calcium iodine iron magnesium selenium
Sports do gymnastics do karate do yoga go boxing go cycling go for walks go running go skiing go swimming play badminton play football play tennis race run swim
Sickness and the body brain development brittle bones cancer diabetes falls and fractures heart disease immune system obesity old age produce insulin red blood cells
IGCSEÂŽ English as a Second Language Revision Guide
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