Key Stage BritishModern3and World History 2nd1760-1900editionKnowingHistory:Student Book 3
Chapter 3: Plantation life 24
Chapter 2: Cotton textiles 34 Chapter 3: Iron and coal 36
Chapter 1: Urbanisation 44 Chapter 2: Factory life 46 Chapter 3: Social reform 48 Chapter 4: Political reform 50
Enquiry Question: Why did Parliament abolish slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833?
UNIT 4: The Age of Reform Enquiry Question: Did the industrial revolution improve the quality of life for working-class people?
Chapter 1: The steam engine 32
UNIT 5: The Victorian Empire Enquiry Question: How did the British rule their Empire during the Victorian period?
Chapter 1: The ‘slave coast’ 20
Chapter 5: Law and order 52
Chapter 4: Abolition of the trade of enslaved people
Knowledge organiser 42
Chapter 5: Ruling the Empire 64
Chapter 4: Transport 38 Chapter 5: The Railway Age 40
Chapter 5: Abolition of slavery 28
UNIT 3: The Industrial Revolution Enquiry Question: What drove the industrial revolution: steam, cotton or coal?
26
UNIT 1: The British Empire Enquiry Question: What motivated Britain to gain a global empire during the 18th century?
Chapter 2: India 10
Chapter 3: Australia 12
Knowledge organiser 18
Chapter 1: Queen Victoria 56 Chapter 2: Indian Rebellion 58 Chapter 3: Ireland and Home Rule 60 Chapter 4: The Scramble for Africa 62
Chapter 3: Westward expansion
Chapter 4: Life on the frontier 74 Chapter 5: The USA and Native Americans 76 Knowledge organiser
78 Contents INTRODUCTION 6 Contents
UNIT 2: The Transatlantic trade of enslaved people
Chapter 1: America 8
14
Knowledge organiser 30
Chapter 5: Wealth and trade 16
3
Knowledge organiser 66 UNIT 6: Birth of the USA Enquiry Question: Was the early United States of America a ‘land of liberty’?
Chapter 1: American Revolution 68 Chapter 2: Forging a nation 70
Chapter 2: The Middle Passage 22
72
Chapter 4: Ruling the waves
Knowledge organiser 54
82
Chapter 4: China in decline
116
108
106
Chapter 5: Latin America 124 Knowledge organiser
Chapter 3: The Opium Wars
90
102
Chapter 1: The Ancien Régime
Chapter 1: The Qing conquest Chapter 2: The Three Great Emperors
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Chapter 5: The Boxer Rising 112 Knowledge organiser
Chapter 4: Imperial Japan
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114
84
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Chapter 4: Wars of unification
Knowledge organiser
Unit 7: The French Revolution
Unit 9: Qing China Enquiry Question: Why was China often referred to as the ‘Sick Man of Asia’ by 1900?
86
Unit 10: Global imperialism Enquiry Question: How did different empires control their subjects?
120
Chapter 5: Ottoman decline 100 Knowledge organiser
Chapter 2: Tsarist Russia
Chapter 2: Belgian Congo Chapter 3: Dutch East Indies
110
Chapter 3: The Revolutions of 1848
118
Chapter 4: Britain’s response
Chapter 3: The rise of Napoleon
Enquiry Question: Did Napoleon Bonaparte save Revolutionary France from collapse?
Chapter 2: Execution and terror
88
Chapter 1: The Enlightenment
4
126 TIMELINE 128 INDEX 130 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134 Modern British and World History, 1760–1900
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Chapter 5: The fall of Napoleon
Unit 8: Nineteenth-century Europe Enquiry question: How successful were liberal movements in 19th century Europe?
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Chapter 1: French North Africa
The world today is as it is because of what has happened in the past. In studying history you may even start to see events in the present mirroring events in the past. As it is often said, history does not repeat itself, but it does sometimes rhyme.
6 Modern British and World History, 1760–1900 Introduction
During this period, a host of nations emerged as global powers. The unifications of Italy and Germany were completed in 1871, and they joined the Great Powers of Europe. The Japanese Empire spread its power through South-east Asia, and America grew from its original thirteen states to span an entire continent from the Pacific to the Atlantic Oceans. As the 19th century came to an end, many looked on at this new world of competing powers and prophesised the coming of a cataclysmic global war.
Robert Peal, series editor and co-author of Knowing History
William Makepeace Thackery, Cornhill Magazine, 1860 Book 3 of Knowing History focuses on the years between 1760 and 1900. In the year 1776, two new creations exploded into existence, and we can still feel their reverberations today. The first was Watt’s steam engine, which played a central role in the industrial revolution by liberating much of humankind from physical labour. The second was the American Declaration of Independence, which called into existence a new nation called the United States of America, and a revolutionary new idea: government by the people.
Like many empires, the British Empire was built on a trade in enslaved people. By the end of the 18th century, the empire was divided by a fierce battle to abolish slavery, led by campaigners at home, and enslaved people abroad. It is difficult to think of a more transformative period in British history than the 70 years from 1760 to 1830.
This period saw Britain gain a global empire following the Seven Years’ War, abolish the trade of enslaved people, and fight in the campaign to defeat the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Back home, the industrial revolution caused the rapid growth of cities such as Manchester, Birmingham and Leeds, and Britain’s economy grew at a speed unimaginable to previous generations.
‘We who have lived before railways were made, belong to another world…It was only yesterday; but what a gulf between now and then! Then was the old world. Stage-coaches, more or less swift, riding-horses, pack-horses, highwaymen, knights in armour, Norman invaders, Roman legions, Druids, Ancient Britons painted blue, and so forth…But your railroad starts the new era.’
The book is split evenly between British and World history. In the World history chapters, you will see how different cultures adapted to a changing world. Both Revolutionary France and Qing China found their societies split between the pull of tradition and the pressing need to modernise in the face of technological and intellectual change. This is a period in which competing empires came to dominate much of the Earth’s surface. Some harnessed changes in trade and technology to their own advantage, while others – such as the Ottoman Empire – entered a slow decline.
For the whole of its history up until the 18th century, humankind had depended upon the natural world for power. Ships used the wind in their sails to cross seas, and mills harnessed the wind to grind grain into flour. Some early factories used water power to carry out tasks such as spinning raw cotton into thread. But these factories could only be built beside fast-moving rivers, often in remote valleys. The great majority of industry and manufacturing, and all land transport, were carried out using human or animal strength.
Portrait of James Watt
Newcomen Thomas Newcomen was an ironmonger from Devon. Along with Cornwall, Devon was home to Britain’s richest copper and tin mines. As Newcomen would have known, 18th century mines were prone to flooding, frequently drowning the miners who worked in them. To solve this problem, Newcomen created a steam engine capable of pumping water out of a mine. Newcomen’s steam engine contained a single cylinder that filled with steam, which was then rapidly cooled by a burst of cold water injected into the cylinder. As the cylinder cooled, the steam turned into water, causing it to reduce to 1/1600 of its original volume. This rapid change of state created a vacuum, which pulled a piston at the top of the cylinder downwards. This motion was then harnessed to pump water out of the mine. In 1712, Newcomen built his first steam engine in a West Midlands coal mine. By 1769, there were around 100 Newcomen engines being used across the north of England and Scotland. However, Newcomen’s steam engine was not efficient, as the furnace that produced the steam required huge quantities of coal. The great majority of Newcomen steam engines were used to pump water out of coal mines, where the necessary fuel was abundant and effectively free. When Newcomen died in 1729, his obituary described him as, “sole inventor of that surprising machine for raising water by fire”. Few could have predicted the world-changing potential that his invention held.
The steam engine
Unit 3:
Boulton and Watt James Watt was a Scottish engineer, who specialised in making medical instruments. In 1764, he was asked to fix a Newcomen engine owned by the University of Glasgow. Watt was transfixed by the engine, and began designing a more efficient version, requiring less coal. Watt observed that the cylinder in Newcomen’s engine repeatedly needed to be heated, then cooled, then reheated. The Industrial Revolution
The windmill was a preindustrial source of power Drawing of a Newcomen steam engine at work in Lancashire
32 Unit 3: The Industrial Revolution
Painting of one of Watt and Boulton’s steam engines pumping water out of a coal mine, 1790s
3. How did James Watt’s steam engine improve on the design of Thomas Newcomen?
5. What purposes were Watt’s steam engines used for during the 19th century? Fact Watt struggled for years to build his first steam engine, and suffered frequent bouts of selfdoubt. In January 1771, Watt wrote in his diary, “Today I entered the 35th year of my life & I think I have hardly done 35 pence worth of good in the world but I cannot help it.”
For 11 years, Watt struggled to make his cold condenser work. In 1774, he moved from Glasgow to Birmingham, to become business partners with a wealthy factory owner called Matthew Boulton. While Watt could be rather gloomy, Boulton was a cheery, optimistic man. With the help of Boulton’s money and encouragement, Watt built his first two functioning steam engines in 1776. One was used to pump water out of a coal mine in Staffordshire, the other to power bellows for a blast furnace in Newcomen’sShropshire.
Chapter 1: The steam engine 31.1This process wasted huge amounts of energy. So, Watt started to design a steam engine with a separate cold condenser attached to the cylinder for cooling the steam, which allowed the cylinder to remain permanently hot.
first engine in 1712 required 20 kilograms of coal per horsepower hour, while Watt’s first engine required just 2 kilograms of coal per horsepower hour. Watt’s steam engine was significantly more efficient, and demand spread throughout Britain. When James Boswell visited Matthew Boulton’s factory in Birmingham in 1776, Boulton told him: “I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to have – power”. In 1781, Watt and Boulton devised a method for turning the ‘up and down’ motion of their engine into a rotation motion using a ‘sun and planet gear’, which spun a large wheel. This innovation greatly expanded the steam engine’s potential. Engineers could now develop more uses for steam engines, such as lifting heavy materials, pressing oils from seeds, and crushing sugar. By 1800, there were 451 in use across Britain. Over the course of the 19th century, the power created by steam engines was harnessed to weave textiles, harvest wheat, power trains, print newspapers, and eventually create electricity. James Watt died aged 83, a very wealthy man. His steam engine had liberated humankind from its dependence on wind, water and muscle as sources of power, by unlocking the energy within fossil fuels. More than any other invention, Watt’s steam engine can be said to have created the industrial revolution. Check your understanding
1. What was Newcomen’s first steam engine used for?
2. Why was it cost-effective to use Newcomen’s steam engine in coal mines?
4. What purposes were Watt’s first two steam engines used for?
33
92 Unit 8: Nineteenth-century Europe
The period from the late 17th to early 19th centuries was known as the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. It was a time when new ideas, science and philosophy fl ourished and challenged the existing political and social order.
Men gather to read the French writer and philosopher Voltaire
Starting in the 17th century, Enlightenment philosophers questioned the traditional authority of monarchies and religion. In England, the chaos of the English Civil War (1642–51) sparked new conversations about the relationships between power and the people. Philosophers argued that a government’s authority came from citizens consenting to be governed, known as the social contract Thomas Hobbes argued that humans are naturally flawed and only a strong, authoritarian ruler can maintain order and hierarchy in society. Citizens therefore give up many of their rights for the protection the ruler can give them, which is better than trying to change the role of the state. Hobbes’ ideas were widely used by conservatives to defend authoritarian rule.
The guiding principle of the Enlightenment was to gather knowledge about the known world and use reason to question traditional authority. Enlightenment thinkers made important scientific discoveries and suggested new ways that political reforms could encourage progress and improve people’s lives. Influential books and essays on these new ideas were distributed across Europe and widely discussed, laying the foundations of modern intellectual thought and enquiry.
In contrast, John Locke argued that humans are born “blank slates” and only gain knowledge through experience. This challenged the idea of social hierarchies by suggesting that those with power were not born to rule. He favoured equality and freedom, arguing that rulers should not oppress their people and instead allow religious toleration. The state’s role should be limited to protecting its citizens’ freedoms and property. The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jaques Rousseau built on this by encouraging people to question authority figures and how they exercise their power. This became known as liberalism In France, Charles de Montesquieu argued for a separation of powers between the government, an elected parliament and legal judges. This would mean that power was shared and balanced between those who enforce the law, those who write the law and those who interpret the law. Another philosopher, Thomas Paine, even argued that citizens have the power to overthrow the government if it does not serve or represent them as they wish. The American and French Revolutions (see Unit 6, Chapter 1 and Unit 7, Chapter 2) were directly inspired by these liberal ideas.
Theories of government
The Enlightenment
Fact The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) summarised the Enlightenment with the Latin phrase sapere aude, meaning ‘dare to know’.
Unit Nineteenth-century Europe
8:
Coffeehouses and salons
The tension between the philosophies of conservatism, liberalism and nationalism would reshape the map of Europe during the 19th century.
93
2. What is the social contract?
Most Enlightenment thinkers were from the upper and middle classes, and many reforms they suggested did not seek to help the poorest in society. Also, despite the efforts of female writers such as Mary Wollstonecraft (see Unit 7, Chapter 4), women were generally excluded from conversations on equality. Furthermore, to legitimise the expansion of their empires, Europeans emphasised racial differences as a hierarchy of intellectual and moral superiority. Many of the Enlightenment philosophers even personally profited from investing in slave ships or plantations while writing about ‘freedom’. Therefore, Enlightenment ideas did not generally challenge hierarchies of class, gender and race, and often reinforced them.
Travel and the visual arts
In 1753 Sir Hans Sloane founded the British Museum with his personal collection of over 71 000 objects from his travels. This inspired the public to engage with art and artefacts they had never seen before. With the growth of global imperialism, museums across Europe started to amass a wealth of objects that were bought, gifted or stolen from cultures around the world.
3. What do the terms conservatism, liberalism and nationalism mean?
Coffeehouses were popular places for the educated classes to meet and debate their ideas, but women were generally banned from coffeehouses. Therefore, many upper-class women hosted their own literary salons at home. One of the most famous British salons in the 1750s was Elizabeth Montagu’s Blue Stocking Society.
With its emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge, the Enlightenment encouraged the collection of artefacts and the recording of experiences. It became a rite of passage for young nobles to go on a Grand Tour of European cities to view great works of art. The excavation of ancient ruins at Pompeii and Herculaneum from the 1740s onwards encouraged the popularity of neoclassicism as a style of architecture across Europe.
Chapter 1: The Enlightenment 81.1Nationalism was another idea that took hold of Europe. An early supporter was German scholar Johann Gottfried von Herder, who argued in 1772 that shared language, culture and history bonds groups of people together. This built on the liberal idea that government should represent the will of the people, known as popular sovereignty. It encouraged people who believed that they shared a common identity to try and form their own nation state. Nationalism supported an alternative to large European empires that commonly ruled several different ethnic groups.
Check your understanding
1. What happened during the Enlightenment?
4. How did the Grand Tour change European cities?
5. Why might the ideas of conservatism, liberalism and nationalism cause political tension? The meaning of ‘freedom’
Divide and rule
The French colonial authorities incited ethnic tensions between Arab and Berber tribes to prevent them from allying against the French, a policy known as ‘divide and rule’. Despite living peacefully together for the last 1000 years, French colonists portrayed the Arabs as violent invaders who had conquered the Berbers and imposed Islamic customs. This was done to encourage Berbers to join the French army as auxiliaries known as zouaves Simultaneously, the French kept Arab provincial governors known as qaids intact to maintain order and collect taxes for the French government.
The Barbary corsairs were semi-independent rulers within the Ottoman Empire. For centuries, they had been a constant threat to the coastlines of European nations, with their pirate ships conducting raids on port towns and shipping routes. Outside of the city, Berber and Arab tribes spread through the desert landscape of the interior. They either owned subsistence farms or traded goods via camel Europeancaravans.powers had long wanted to capture Algiers.
French soliders and zouaves
116 Unit 10: Global imperialism
The Battle of Staouéli between France and Ottomanruled Algiers, June 1830
Unit 10: Global imperialism French North Africa
Since 1516, the city of Algiers had been ruled by the Ottomanallied Barbary corsairs. However, with Ottoman rule weakening, France took its chance to extend its colonial empire into Africa in the 19th century.
In the early 1800s, France found a pretext for invasion: the Barbary ruler Hussein Dey caused outrage in 1827 when he struck the French consul Pierre Deval with a fly whisk (a type of fly swatter) after a disagreement over debts. The French navy blockaded the port of Algiers, so Hussein Dey fired canons at French ships. In response, the French government amassed 600 ships with 34 000 troops to sail to Algiers in 1830, hoping a military victory abroad would ease rising class conflicts at home. After an intense three-week campaign, Hussein Dey surrendered and sent Ottoman soldiers back to Turkey in exchange for being allowed to keep his own personal wealth. When French troops entered the city, looting and massacres began. The French soon argued that to protect Algiers, they would have to extend their military control over adjacent provinces. Over the following decades, more territory was added to consolidate French Algeria. French protectorates were established in Tunisia in 1881 and Morocco in 1912. Within these protectorates, the previous ruling classes remained in power as figureheads, but French colonial authorities effectively controlled their decisions.
4. What did the pieds-noirs do?
117Chapter 1: French North Africa 101.1.1
It is estimated that 1 million Algerians were killed during French rule. Those who escaped death often found themselves deported as labourers elsewhere in the French Empire
1. How did the French capture Algiers in 1830?
2. How did the French ‘divide and rule’ the Arabs and Berbers?
3. How were the Arabs and Berbers deprived of citizenship?
5. Was the regime du sabre effective at controlling North Africa?
In 1871, the Mokrani Revolt saw more than 250 tribes join up against French rule after a devastating famine. However, their poorly organised attacks and random raids failed to defeat the French military.
For those who resisted, the official policy was regime du sabre (rule of the sword). Villages were burned to the ground and tribal leaders beheaded, their skulls sent to be displayed in Parisian museums. In some cases, entire tribes of civilians were murdered. During one 1845 massacre, the Ouled Rhia tribe fled to take refuge in a cave, but French soldiers lit fires outside and killed the Ouled Rhia by smoke inhalation. In 1852, the French authorities massacred almost the entire city of Laghouat. It became known locally as ‘khalya’ (‘emptiness’) or the ‘year of the hessian sacks’, due to the captives being tied up in sacks and buried alive in trenches around the city.
Algerian resistance to French rule Despite their brutal tactics, the French colonial administration struggled to prevent serious rebellions. Abd al-Qadir was elected chief of a tribal confederation aged just 25. He negotiated a treaty with France in 1834 to act as an intermediary ruler over the western provinces of Algeria. However, he soon used this peace to widen his influence and began a destructive guerrilla war from 1837 that took the French years to subdue. In 1854, Lalla Fadhma N’Soumer led a Berber resistance movement. She defeated French Marshal Randon on several occasions and caused over 800 French deaths at the Battle of Tachekkirt.
Algerian military leader Abd al-Qadir in 1875 Fact The French remained in Algeria for over a century, until a war of independence ended their rule in 1962.
The French government offered free transport and financial assistance to encourage White Europeans to settle in North Africa. Referring to the shoes they wore, the North Africans called these settlers the pieds-noirs (‘black feet’). As they grew in status and number, they took the best agricultural land, forcing whole populations onto land more vulnerable to drought.
However, both Arabs and Berbers faced a lack of rights in French North Africa. While in theory they could apply for French citizenship, they had to renounce their Islamic religion and culture to do so. This was a deliberate form of political discrimination. Without an official nationality under French law, North Africans simply weren’t considered to ‘exist’. Higher taxes were imposed on the Muslim population, their land was taken away from them, and children were left uneducated by closing madrassas (mosque schools).
Check your understanding
126 Unit 10: Global imperialism 1800 takesgovernmentDutchcontrol of Dutch East Indies from the VOC 1822 Brazilian Independence declared by Prince Pedro 1824 Battle of Ayacucho expels last Spanish viceroy from Latin America 1862 Sumatra and southern Borneo added to the Dutch East Indies Unit 10: Global KnowledgeimperialismorganiserKeyvocabulary
Cultuurstelsel Cultivation system used in the Dutch East Indies Divide and rule Maintaining power by breaking up and weakening adversaries so they are less likely to rebel Force Publique Military force used in the Belgian Congo Fukoku kyohei Slogan used by Imperial Japan meaning ‘Enrich the nation, strengthen the army’ Gran Colombia A nation ruled by Simon Boliver until it broke up into the modern nations of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia
Algiers Port city of Algeria Asiento Licence to provide enslaved people to Spanish America, issued by the Spanish crown Assimilation Process by which a minority group adopts the customs and traditions of a larger group Berlin Conference International conference of 14 European countries to discuss African colonisation in 1884–5 Chicotte Whip made of hippopotamus hide Castas System of racial hierarchy in Latin America Criollos White Europeans born in the Americas
Indentured labour Contract signed as a job offer but with harsh conditions such as working for free in exchange for transport International African Association Belgian organisation founded by Leopold II in 1876 to start planning his colony in the Congo Joseon Royal dynasty of Korea Juntas Military officers who seize power and establish an authoritarian government Lobbying Attempting to influence politicians on an issue
Nanshin-ron/Hokushin-ron Southern/Northern Expansion Doctrine of Imperial Japan Nyai (or njai) Forced indigenous housekeeper and concubine in the Dutch East Indies 1876 Leopold II establishes the International African Association 1830 French invasion of Algiers
127Knowledge organiser
Key vocabulary
Peninsulares
Quotas Specified quantity of a product Regime du sabre ‘Rule of the sword’ in the French colonial empire
Johannes van den Bosch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies who introduced the cultivation system in 1830
Simon Bolivar Leader of the Latin American independence movement
Lalla Fadhma N’Soumer Berber resistance leader who fought the French in North Africa
Enquiry Question: How did different empires control their subjects?
Leopold II King of Belgium who created the Congo Free State
1884–5 Berlin Conference discusses African colonisation among European powers 1904–5 Russo–Japanese War
White Europeans born in Spain or Portugal
Term used by North Africans to describe White European settlers
Key people Abd al-Qadir Arab resistance leader who fought the French in North Africa
Pieds-noirs
VOC United (Dutch) East India Company
Porters Forced labourers who carried objects through the African bush Protectorate A state that is controlled by another Qaids Arab provincial governors
1894–5 Sino-Japanese War; Taiwan given to Japan 1910 Korea annexed by Japan
Zouaves Berber recruits in the French army
Juana Azarduy de Padilla Mixed-race leader of the Latin American independence movement
121288 1761 openingTheof CanalBridgewaterthe 1765 Treaty of Allahabad 1833 FactorypassesParliamentBritishtheAct 1848 acrossRevolutionsEurope 1762stagesCatherinetheGreatacoupandbecomesTsarinaofRussia 1769 waterinventsArkwrighttheframe 1832 passesParliamentBritishtheGreatReformAct 1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican–American War and brings new southern and western territory under US control 1763 Years’theParisTreatyTheofendsSevenWar 1834 ActAmendmentPoorpassesParliamentBritishtheLaw 1842 The First Opium War ends with the TreatyNanjingof 1834 totransportedMartyrsTolpuddleareAustralia 1842 theConditionsTheChadwickpublishesSanitaryofLabouringPopulation 1838 is‘People’sTheCharter’published 1839 Lin Dexu dumps BritishPearlintoopiumtheRiver 1837 KingdomofbecomesVictoriaQueentheUnited 1772 The case of slaverySomersetJamesrulesillegalinBritain 1831 memoirspublishesPrinceMaryheroflifeasanenslavedperson 1851 The Great Exhibition is held in Hyde Park, London 1776 Watt builds his steamfunctioningfirstengine 1830invasionFrenchofAlgiers 1853WarCrimeanbegins 1764 spinningHargreavesinventsthejenny 1833 AbolitionParliamentBritishpassestheSlaveryAct 1845 The Irish Potato Famine begins 1842 MinespassesParliamentBritishtheAct 1831 movementYoungfoundsMazziniGiuseppetheItaly 1781 The takesslaveZongshipmassacreplace 1830 RemovalthepassesCongressUSIndianAct 1787 theAbolitionSocietyformsClarksonThomasthefortheofSlaveTrade 1829 PoliceMetropolitanpassesParliamentBritishtheAct 1776 IndependenceDeclarationtheCongressContinentalapprovesUnitedStatesof 1830 Opening of the Liverpool to ManchesterRailway 1788 The First Fleet of 11 convict shipsAustraliareaches 1825 DecembristRevoltinRussia 1770 Captain Cook BritainAustraliaclaimsfor 1831 inBaptistTheWarJamaica 1850 Taiping Rebellion begins 1884–5 amongdiscussesConferenceBerlinAfricancolonisationEuropeanpowers1890AmericansMassacreofNative at WoundedKnee 1895 Sino-JapanesewinsJapantheWarandTaiwangiventoJapan1898 thevictoryBritishatBattleofOmdurman 1899 The start of the Boer War 1900 The Boxer Rising 1775 CromfordopensArkwrightthe Mill Timeline Modern British and World History, 1760–1900
129Timeline Tim e lin e 1857 The Indian Rebellion begins in Meerut 1859EasternSSBrunel’sGreatislaunched 1860 Camillo di campaignsunifitheirGaribaldiandCavourGiuseppelaunchItaliancation 1788 ConstitutionStatesUnited is approved 1824 Battle of AmericafromSpanishexpelsAyacucholastviceroyLatin 1861 AlexanderTsar emancipationannouncesII of the serfs in Russia 1861 Cixi comes to powerBeijingin 1789 (July) The Storming of the Bastille, Paris 1821 Greek War beginsIndependenceof 1862 Sumatra and southern Borneo added to the Dutch East Indies 1789 autobiographypublishesEquianoOlaudahhis 1819 ManchestertakesMassacrePeterlooplacein 1866 Telegraph wire is Atlanticbeneathlaidthe 1792 andondeclaresFrancewarAustriaPrussia 1815 Napoleon is finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo 1869 The completedrailroadtranscontinentalfirstis 1793 ChinaembassyBritishMacartney’sGeorgeto 1811 NottinghamtakeLudditeFirstattacksplacein 1875 ActPublicpassesParliamentBritishtheHealth 1789 (May) The GeneralEstates-meet 1822 IndependenceBraziliandeclaredbyPrincePedro 1862 Homestead Act 1789 (August) FrenchDeclarationpassesAssemblyNationaltheoftheRightsofMan 1820 CompromiseMissouriThe 1864 armiesdefeatedRebellionTaipingbyloyaltotheQing 1791 The Bill of Rights approvedis 1815 ofCongressVienna 1866CapeareDiamondsfoundinColony 1812 NapoleoninvadesRussia 1871 unifiGermanyendsPrussianFranco–warandised 1793 Louis XVI executedis 1807 passesParliamentBritishtheSlaveTradeAct 1876 EmpressVictoriaQueenbecomesofIndia 1805 Napoleon wins the Battle of Austerlitz 1876 Leopold II founds InternationaltheAfricanAssociation 1798 takesIrishmenUnitedUprisingplace 1804buildsTrevithickthefirstfunctioningsteamtrain 1878 Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II reverses the Tanzimat reforms and constitution 1876 The Great Sioux War and indigenous victory against US Army at Battle of Little Bighorn 1882 British Army occupiesEgypt 1884 British Parliament Gladstone’spassesThirdReformAct 1804 EmperorcrownsNapoleonhimselfofthe French 1801 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is created 1803 PurchaseLouisianaThe 1799 ConsulbecomesNapoleonFirstofFrance 1800 governmentDutch takes control of Dutch East Indies from the VOC
