Nuevamente Biología Los procesos de cambio en los sistemas biológicos: by Marcela Lalia

AÍGOLOIB BIOLOGÍA

oibmac ed sosecorp soL :socigóloib sametsis sol ne aicnereh y nóiccudorper ,nóiculove

Los procesos de cambio en los sistemas biológicos: evolución, reproducción y herencia

Nuevamente

Recursos para el docente ESB 2.º año

T_biologia 2 docente.indd 1

María Cristina Iglesias

Silvina B. Muzzanti

Elina I. Godoy

María Inés Rodríguez Vida

1/28/08 3:47:28 PM

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ª 4BOUJMMBOB 4 " 1SPIJCJEB TV GPUPDPQJB -FZ

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ª 4BOUJMMBOB 4 " 1SPIJCJEB TV GPUPDPQJB -FZ

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ª 4BOUJMMBOB 4 " 1SPIJCJEB TV GPUPDPQJB -FZ

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mamíferos. En cambio, en la mujer, acontece el ciclo menstrual, que se ve incluido en un concepto de sexualidad, más amplio y complejo. Página 133 Es un poco menor que el tiempo fértil de la mujer, ya que en ella se extiende hasta seis días aproximadamente.

Página 141 Algunos términos pueden ser: sangre, sexo, semen, anticuerpos, etcétera.

Página 134 Las hembras pueden ser fecundadas varias veces en el mismo ciclo, si se da más de una cópula. Asimismo, cada vez pueden resultar fecundados varios óvulos, por eso, en general, la cría es múltiple.

Página 142 7 a) Falso. Los monos antropoides, como el gorila y el chimpancé, no poseen ciclo estral sino menstrual. b) Verdadero. c) Falso. La pérdida de sangre en las perras no es equivalente a la pérdida menstrual, sino que se debe a cambios en las células del epitelio o cubierta vaginal. d) Falso. El concepto de sexo hace referencia a las características biológicas, mientras que la sexualidad es más amplia, exclusivamente humana e incluye aspectos vinculados con la psicología y la cultura, entre otros. e) Verdadero. f) Falso. Es fundamental también como método de prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

Página 135 3 a) La vaca posee varios estros al año, y cada uno otorga posibilidades de fecundación. De todas maneras, el proceso de gestación causa un desgaste en la hembra, por lo tanto, este tiene que regularse para que sea en el momento óptimo del animal. b) Es mejor la fecundación en las primeras horas de celo del animal, es decir, pasadas las tres primeras horas. c) Según lo apreciado en el cuadro, la monta natural es mejor que la inseminación artificial. Esta debe efectuarse en un espacio de tiempo muy controlado para que sea buena. Esto sucede así porque no se puede obviar que el encuentro físico entre los dos individuos genera otro comportamiento y es provocador de estímulos que pueden colaborar en la fecundación. Página 139 4 a) Ovulación: día 18; menstruación: del día 5 al 8 aproximadamente; engrosamiento del endometrio: a partir del día 9; posible fecundación: entre los días 16 y 21 de mayo. b) Comienza el nuevo ciclo menstrual ante la próxima menstruación. Aproximadamente, si el ciclo es de treinta días, el 5 de junio. c) En el caso de la mujer, no hay un momento específico. Durante todo el ciclo la mujer está receptiva a encontrarse sexualmente con el varón. La fecundación puede darse solo en los días cercanos a la ovulación. Si esta se produce en la mitad del ciclo, sería cerca del 20. Pero la ovulación es muy variable en cada mujer. d) La menstruación es la eliminación de células del endometrio, que creció para recibir al embrión en caso de haber fecundación.

Página 140 Respuesta abierta.

5 a) Esto se da así porque en algunas culturas la concepción de un nuevo ser puede no vincularse en absoluto con la cópula o relación sexual. Entonces, la incorporación de un individuo a un grupo de parientes es formulada de acuerdo con las reglas sociales. b) Sí, en muchos casos, por ejemplo, el nuestro. Cada uno de nosotros pertenece a una familia, por los lazos de sangre y porque está así legitimado socialmente. c) No solo se incluye el lazo biológico, ya que hay casos, por ejemplo, de adopción. El docente podría aprovechar para adelantar algunas ideas en relación con las relaciones familiares en casos de fecundación asistida. Por ejemplo, cuando se donan óvulos o espermatozoides. d) Respuesta abierta.

8 b), a) y c), en ese orden. 9 t

Sexualidad: concepto que involucra aspectos biológicos, culturales y sociales. Existe un determinado comportamiento asociado a la sexualidad masculina, o femenina. Ovulación: alude a la salida del óvulo maduro de uno de los ovarios. Hay un desprendimiento del óvulo, que se dirige hacia la trompa de Falopio. Gestación: proceso en el cual se forman las células y los tejidos del nuevo ser, hasta llegar a su desarrollo completo.

10 a) y b) Se espera que los alumnos puedan elaborar un folleto en el que indiquen cuestiones acerca de la prevención de esta enfermedad, haciendo alusión a que uno de los aspectos básicos es la información. 11 a) Se observan el tamaño, las dimensiones, las particularidades de algunas estructuras, como ojos, brazos, orejas, manos, entre muchas otras. b) Siempre la observación es el resultado de una interpretación. El técnico puede observar una estructura, pero a partir de ella emite un juicio acerca de sus características. Esta información no solo proviene de lo observado, sino también de los conocimientos que el técnico posee. c) La realización de ecografías es fundamental para dar cuenta de los avances del embarazo, cómo se produce el crecimiento y el desarrollo del embrión, y si existiera alguna anormalidad o dificultad en ello, permite la intervención del especialista.

6 a) La sangre rica en oxígeno se dirige de la madre al embrión por medio de la vena umbilical. La sangre rica en dióxido de carbono vuelve desde el embrión por la arteria umbilical, hacia la madre. b) Una sustancia alcohólica, luego de atravesar el sistema digestivo, circula por la sangre y puede llegar por medio de la vena umbilical al embrión.

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