APPENDIX | 94

Estuarine Emergent Wetland

Includes all tidal wetlands dominated by erect, rooted, herbaceous hydrophytes (excluding mosses and lichens). These wetlands occur in tidal areas in which salinity due to ocean-derived salts is equal to or greater than 0.05 percent (0.5 ppt) and is present for most of the growing season in most years. Total vegetation cover is greater than 80 percent. Perennial plants usually dominate these wetlands.

Unconsolidated Shore

Includes material such as silt, sand, or gravel that is subject to inundation and redistribution due to the action of water. Substrates lack vegetation except for pioneering plants that become established during brief periods when growing conditions are favorable.

Not Scored

Deciduous Forest

Contains areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall and greater than 20 percent of total vegetation cover. More than 75 percent of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change.

Evergreen Forest

Contains areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall and greater than 20 percent of total vegetation cover. More than 75 percent of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is never without green foliage.

Assigned “NODATA”

Barren Land

Contains areas of bedrock, desert pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand dunes, strip mines, gravel pits, and other accumulations of earth material. Generally, vegetation accounts for less than 10 percent of total cover.

Developed, Impervious

Anthropogenic features such as buildings, parking lots and roads developed from asphalt, concrete or other constructed surfaces which do not allow infiltration from precipitation.

Palustrine Forested Wetland

Includes tidal and nontidal wetlands dominated by woody vegetation greater than or equal to 5 meters in height, and all such wetlands that occur in tidal areas in which salinity due to ocean-derived salts is below 0.05 percent (0.5 ppt). Total vegetation coverage is greater than 20 percent.

Estuarine Forested Wetland

Includes tidal wetlands dominated by woody vegetation greater than or equal to 5 meters in height, and all such wetlands that occur in tidal areas in which salinity due to ocean-derived salts is equal to or greater than 0.05 percent (0.5 ppt). Total vegetation coverage is greater than 20 percent.

REFERENCES

A

“2020 Census Results.” United States Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/2020results. Accessed 4 Apr. 2022. A Framework for Resilience: Responding to Climate Change in the Deerfield River Watershed. Franklin Regional Council of Governments, Jan. 2019, https://frcog.org/publication/a-framework-for-resilience-responding-toclimate-change-in-the-deerfield-river-watershed/. A Watershed-Based Plan to Maintain the Health and Improve the Resiliency of the Deerfield River Watershed, Part 1. Franklin Regional Council of Governments , 2017 2015, https://static1.squarespace.com/ static/5f73e4a86e2d0366f17fb5cf/t/604634403b145c0c91a77873/1615213635673/Deerfield-Watershed-BasedPlan-part-1.pdf. Amherst, MA - Official | Puffer’s Pond History Website. https://www.amherstma.gov/1317/Puffers-Pond-History. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022. About-Rpa.Pdf | Mass.Gov. https://www.mass.gov/doc/about-the-massachusetts-rivers-protection-act. Accessed 27 Mar. 2022. Agents of Watershed Change | Watershed Academy Web | US EPA. https://cfpub.epa.gov/watertrain/ moduleFrame.cfm?parent_object_id=724. Accessed 24 Mar. 2022. Agroforestry: USDA Reports to America. United States Department of Agriculture, Fiscal Year –2012 2011, p. 8, Agroforestry: USDA Reports to America,Fiscal Years 2011–2012—In-Brief. B

“Be Resilient.” Biomimicry Toolbox, https://toolbox.biomimicry.org/core-concepts/natures-unifying-patterns/ resilient/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2022. Bellemare, Jesse. “Assisted Colonization and Shifting Definitions of ‘Native Plants’ in the Face of Climate Change.” Wild Seed, vol. 2, 2016, pp. 25–30, https://shop.wildseedproject.net/products/wild-seed-magazinevolume-2-2016?variant=19919011393. Bellemare, Jesse, et al. “Climate Change, Managed Relocation, Andthe Risk of Intra-Continental Plant Invasions: A Theoretical and Empirical Exploration Relative To the Flora of New England.” Rhodora, vol. 119, no. 978, Apr. 2017, pp. 73–109. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.3119/16-10. Berkshire Regional Planning Commission. The Massachusetts Buffer Manual: Using Vegetated Buffers to Protect Our Lakes and Rivers. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, 2003, https://www.mass.gov/ doc/the-massachusetts-vegetated-buffer-manual/download. “Black Locust.” Mass Audubon, https://www.massaudubon.org/learn/nature-wildlife/invasive-plants/black-locust. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. Brief History. https://www.mohican.com/brief-history/. Accessed 7 Mar. 2022. Bruchac, Margaret. “Revisiting Pocumtuck History in Deerfield: George Sheldon’s Vanishing Indian.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts, vol. 39, no. 1–2, 2011, pp. 30–70, https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_papers/106/. Burke, Michael, et al. Application of a Hierarchical Framework for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Dam Operation: Changes in Streamflow, Bed Mobility and Recruitment of Riparian Trees in a Western North American River. University of Idaho, US Forest Service, 16 Nov. 2007. C

“Climate Change Tree Atlas: Overview & Applicability.” Climate Change Resource Center, USDA Forest Service, https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/tool/climate-change-tree-atlas.

Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) - Office for Coastal Management. High-Resolution Land Cover Classification Scheme. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/ccap-class-scheme-highres.pdf. Accessed 7 Apr. 2022. Cohen, Russel. Fact Sheet #6: Functions of Riparian Areas for Groundwater Protection. https://www.mass.gov/ doc/fact-sheet-6-functions-of-riparian-areas-for-groundwater-protection/download. Cole, Lorna J., et al. “Managing Riparian Buffer Strips to Optimise Ecosystem Services: A Review.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 296, July 2020, p. 106891. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agee.2020.106891. Coltrone, Vincent. “The Role of Trees and Forests in Healthy Watersheds.” Penn State Extension, 17 Aug. 2015, https://extension.psu.edu/the-role-of-trees-and-forests-in-healthy-watersheds. “Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program.” National-Content, https://fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/ conservation-programs/conservation-reserve-enhancement/index. Accessed 6 Mar. 2022. Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. 1st rev. ed., 20thAnniversary ed, Hill and Wang, 2003. D - E

Dupigny-Giroux, L. A., et al. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II, Northeast. U.S. Global Change Research Program, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/ chapter/northeast. Accessed 4 Apr. 2022. “Ecology and Vulnerability: Beech-Birch-Maple Forests.” Massachusetts Wildlife Climate Action Tool, The Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment in the College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, https://climateactiontool.org/ecogroup/forest-beech-birch-maple?extents=. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. “Emerald Ash Borer in Massachusetts.” Mass.Gov, https://www.mass.gov/guides/emerald-ash-borer-inmassachusetts. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. F - G

Field, John. Fluvial Geomorphic Assessment of the South River Watershed, MA. Field Geology Services, Feb. 2013, https://frcog.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/South-River-Report_compiled_reduced.pdf. Field Geology Services. RESTORATION PROJECTS FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT RIVER CORRIDORS & WATERSHEDS. River Corridor Toolkit , The Franklin Regional Council of Governments , https://frcog.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/River-Corridor-Toolkit_Part_3.pdf. Floodplain Forest - Michigan Natural Features Inventory. https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/ description/10658/floodplain-forest. Accessed 24 Mar. 2022. Forman, Richard T. T., editor. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Island Press, 2003. Foster, David R., and John D. Aber. Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1,000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, 2006. Foster D. R., Motzkin G.1830 Map of Land Cover and Cultural Features in Massachusetts. Harvard Forest Data Archive: HF122 (v.16). 2009. Environmental Data Initiative: https://doi.org/10.6073/ pasta/7cb8f946f89e3b92d76431ab7cbd7c60. Franklin Regional Council of Governments, Pioneer Valley Planning Commission. “ CHAPTER 5: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES – FRANKLIN COUNTY.” Route 112 Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan, 2009, https://frcog.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/%E2%80%A2-Rt112ScenicByway_Ch5_ Franklin-County-.pdf. Friends of the South River. https://friendsofthesouthriver.org/the-river/. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Gan, Elaine. Multispecies Worldbuilding Lab. Season 2, Episode 9, https://multispeciesworldbuilding.com/ vicunia-lookofsky/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2022.

Gardner C. Bent, Scott A. Olson, and Andrew J. Massey. Tropical Storm Irene Flood of August 2011 in Northwestern Massachusetts. 2016–5027. H

Hart, Murray R., et al. “Phosphorus Runoff from Agricultural Land and Direct Fertilizer Effects: A Review.” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2004, pp. 1954–72. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.2134/ jeq2004.1954. Harvard Forest. “Landscape History of Central New England.” https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/dioramaseries/landscape-history-central-new-england. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. Hatch, Christine. “Hitchcock Center for the Environment | Education for a Healthy Planet.” Earth Matters, 26 Jan. 2018, https://hitchcockcenter.org/earth-matters/hurricane-irene-it-wasnt-the-wind-it-was-the-water/ Hawes, Ellen, and Markelle Smith. Riparian Buffer Zones: Functions and Recommended Widths. Eightmile River Wild and Scenic Study Committee, Apr. 2005, http://www.eightmileriver.org/resources/digital_library/ appendicies/09c3_Riparian%20Buffer%20Science_YALE.pdf. Historic Areas in Massachusetts - Hiking Tours Western MA - Historic Deerfield - Museum Tours Western MA - Zipline Tours - Mohawk Trail. https://www.mohawktrail.com/history.html. Accessed 27 Mar. 2022. How to Use Land Cover Data as an Indicator of Water Quality: Description of Data and Derivatives Used . NOAA Office for Coastal Management, https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/water-quality-indicator. pdf#page=3. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. I - J

Iverson, L. R., M. P. Peters, et al. States - Climate Change Atlas Tree Species Current and Potential Future Habitat, Capability, and Migration. Landscape Change Research Group, Dec. 2021, https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/ atlas/combined/resources/summaries/states/Massachusetts.pdf. Iverson, L. R., A. M. Peters, et al. One x One Degree - Climate Change Atlas Tree Species Current and Potential Future Habitat, Capability, and Migration. Landscape Change Research Group, Dec. 2021, https://www.fs.fed.us/ nrs/atlas/combined/resources/summaries/grid/S42_E72.pdf. Iverson, Louis, et al. “Modeling Potential Climate Change Impacts on the Trees of the Northeastern United States.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol. 13, no. 5–6, June 2008, pp. 487–516. DOI. org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9129-y. Janowiak, Maria K., et al. New England and Northern New York Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment and Synthesis: A Report from the New England Climate Change Response Framework Project. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Jan. 2018, https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/55635. K

Karmalkar, A. V., and R. S. Bradley. “Consequences of Global Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C for Regional Temperature and Precipitation Changes in the Contiguous United States.” PLOS ONE, Jan. 2017, https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168697. Kearsley, Jennifer. “Inventory and vegetation classification of floodplain forest communities in massachusetts.” New England Botanical Club, Inc., vol. Rhodora, 101, no. 906, 1999, pp. 105–35. King County Noxious Weed Control Program 2019 Annual Report. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/ water-and-land/weeds/Reports/2019-Annual-Report-King-County-Noxious-Weed-Control-Program.pdf. “Knotweed. Species at a Glance.” Oregon Sea Grant, 19 Dec. 2018, https://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/ menacetothewest/species-guide/knotweed. Kirn, Rich. Planting Guidance for the Revegetation of Riparian Areas in Vermont. Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, Jan. 2016, https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/wsm/wetlands/docs/Riparian%20Planting%20 Guide%20Final%201-8-16.pdf. Kunkel, K. E., et al. Massachusetts State Climate Summary 2022. NOAA Technical Report, NOAA NESDIS, 2022,

L

Lichvar, Robert. National Wetland Plant List Indicator Rating Definitions. ERDC/CRREL TN-12-1, July 2012, https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/documents/national-wetland-plant-list-indicator-rating-definitions.pdf. Lorimer, Craig G., and Alan S. White. “Scale and Frequency of Natural Disturbances in the Northeastern US: Implications for Early Successional Forest Habitats and Regional Age Distributions.” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 185, 2003, pp. 41–64, http://maforests.org/Lorimer%20and%20White%20-%20ES%20Habitat. pdf.

Lothrop, Jonathan C., et al. “Paleoindians and the Younger Dryas in the New England-Maritimes Region.” Quaternary International, vol. 242, no. 2, Oct. 2011, pp. 546–69. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. quaint.2011.04.015. M

MacBroom, James, et al. River and Stream Power Assessment Report Including Culvert and Bridge Vulnerability Analysis: Deerfield River Basin, Massachusetts and Vermont. MMI #4297-03. Major-River Floodplain Forest . Classification of the Natural Communities of Massachusetts , Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, https://www.mass.gov/doc/major-river-floodplain-forest-0/download. Marks, Christian O., et al. “Quantifying Flooding Regime in Floodplain Forests to Guide River Restoration.” Elementa Science of the Anthropocene. 2: 000031., vol. 2, 2014, pp. 1–15. www.fs.usda.gov, https://doi. org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000031. Massachusetts: Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast. Union of Concerned Scientists, https:// massachusettssolar.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/union_of_concerned_scientists_massclimatechange-2.pdf. Accessed 5 Apr. 2022. Massachusetts Culverts and Small Bridges Working Group. IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF CULVERT AND SMALL BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECTS. https://www.mass.gov/doc/massachusetts-culverts-and-smallbridges-working-group-report/download. Massachusetts Department of Transportation Highway Division (MassDOT) and Milone & MacBroom, Inc. Bringing Flood Resiliency into MassDOT Asset Management: Using Proxy Indicators to Estimate Culvert and Bridge Flood Vulnerability for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. MassDOT Highway Division, 11 Feb. 2019, pp. 13–17. Unpublished. Massachusetts Paddler. https://massachusettspaddler.com/deerfield-river-101-7-miles. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Matthews, Stephen N., et al. Assessing Potential Climate Change Pressures across the Conterminous United States: Mapping Plant Hardiness Zones, Heat Zones, Growing Degree Days, and Cumulative Drought Severity throughout This Century. NRS-RMAP-9, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2018, p. NRS-RMAP-9. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-RMAP-9. McCullough, D., and R. Usborne. “Emerald Ash Borer | FAQ.” Emerald Ash Borer Information Network, Sept. 2017, http://www.emeraldashborer.info/faq.php. Mohawk Trail (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/places/mohawk-trail.htm. Accessed 27 Mar. 2022. Mohican - Mohawk Trail | Mass.Gov. https://www.mass.gov/location-details/mohican-mohawk-trail. Accessed 27 Mar. 2022. N - P

National Research Council (U.S.), editor. Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management. National Academy Press, 2002. “Native Land Territories.” Native Land Digital, https://native-land.ca/. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022.

Natural Resource Conservation Service Specification Guide Sheet for Riparian Forest Buffer (391). https://efotg. sc.egov.usda.gov/api/CPSFile/22122/391_VT_PS_Riparian_Forest_Buffer_2009. Nicholas, George P. Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America. Springer, 1988. Open WorldCat, http://public.eblib.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=6573292. Ostrander, Madeline. “Can We Help Our Forests Prepare for Climate Change?” Sierra Magazine, no. January/ February 2019, Dec. 2018, https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2019-1-january-february/feature/can-we-help-ourforests-prepare-for-climate-change. Quantifying Flooding Regime in Floodplain Forests to Guide River Restoration.

Plant Finder. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx. R - S

Riparian Buffer Image. https://www.newswise.com/images/uploads/2018/09/7/RiparianbufferF.jpg. River Restoration: Culvert Replacements | Mass.Gov. https://www.mass.gov/river-restoration-culvertreplacements. Accessed 24 Mar. 2022. Route 116 Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan . p. Chapter 5, https://frcog.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/07/Chapter-5-Archaeological-Historic-Resources.pdf. Secor, Emily. Japanese Knotweed’s Effect on Erosion Rates in Riparain Corridors. https://epscor.w3.uvm.edu/ images/copies/t2.pdf. University of Vermont.

Schueler, Tom. Impacts of Impervious Cover on Aquatic Systems. Center for Watershed Protection, Mar. 2003, https://clear.uconn.edu/projects/TMDL/library/papers/Schueler_2003.pdf. Schueler, Tom. The Impervious Cover Model, Revisited (Again). https://www.cwp.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/04/ICM-Revisited.pdf. Ellicott City, MD. Silvics Manual Volume 1-Conifers and Volume 2-Hardwoods. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/ table_of_contents.htm. Sommers, W. T. “The Emergence of the Wildland-Urban Interface Concept.” Forest History Today, Fall 2008, pp. 20–26, https://foresthistory.org/periodicals/fall-2008/. Story Map Series. USDA office of Sustainability and Climate and the US Forest Service, https://usfs.maps.arcgis. com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=96088b1c086a4b39b3a75d0fd97a4c40. Accessed 25 Mar. 2022. Sutherland, Elaine K., and Todd F. Hutchinson. Characteristics of Mixed-Oak Forest Ecosystems in Southern Ohio Prior to the Reintroduction of Fire. NE-GTR-299, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2003, p. NE-GTR-299. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.2737/NE-GTR-299. Sutton, Ann, and Myron Sutton. Eastern Forests. Knopf : distributed by Random House, 1985. T

Terrestrial Habitat Map for the Northeast US and Atlantic Canada. https://www.conservationgateway.org/ ConservationByGeography/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/edc/reportsdata/terrestrial/habitatmap/Pages/default. aspx. Accessed 27 Mar. 2022. Thomas, Chris D., et al. “Extinction Risk from Climate Change.” Nature, vol. 427, no. 6970, Jan. 2004, pp. 145–48. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02121. Thompson, Jonathan; Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano, Eben Broadbent. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios for the Future of the Massachusetts Landscape. Harvard Forest and Smithsonian Institution, Dec. 2013, p. 4, https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/ Changes%20to%20the%20Land%20-%20final%20report%20-%20Jan%202014.pdf. Toensmeier, Eric. “‘Perennialize Massachusetts Agriculture,’ The Natural Farmer.” The Natural Farmer, https:// thenaturalfarmer.org/article/perennialize-massachusetts-agriculture/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2022.