Power Ultrcaps For Electric Vehicles by Copyright Cracker

2008 APowerCap Technologies

Dr. Andrew Burke (Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis):

US: 541 Jefferson Ave. Suite 100 Redwood City, CA 94063, USA Tel: +1 650 206 2323

APCT ultracapacitors have superior performance comparing with other developers. «The RC time constant of the APowerCap cell is significantly lower and its peak power is considerably higher than any ultracapacitor previously tested from other developers»

Eastern Europe: 21, Lobanovskoho Str, Block 6 Chaiki, Kyiv Region, 08130, Ukraine Tel: +(380)44 569 5678 Fax: +(380)44 569 5679 E‐mail: info@apowercap.com www.apowercap.com

About APowerCap Technologies APowerCap Technologies, LLC (APCT) develops and manufactures high‐ power ultracapacitors and provides ultracapacitor‐based solutions. Incorporated in the U.S. in 2006, APCT has been invested by a pioneering Ukrainian venture capital firm TechInvest. Nowadays it is backed up by the large multibillion Ukrainian financial group which is based in UK. The market niches can be grouped into: ‐ transportation, ‐ industrial energy generation and power supply, ‐ consumer electronics. APCT ultracapacitors provide opportunities for battery manufacturers to offer to the market combined battery/ultracap power sources that have the advantages of common battery and ultracapacitor. Ultracapacitor companies are considered to be very attractive because of growing forecasts for the global ultracapacitor market (exp. to reach 1 bil. USD in 2012). They have high valuation ratio, e.g. Maxwell Technologies (Nasdaq: MXWL), a direct APCT global competitor, has 3.5 capitalization to revenue multiplier). APCT has built its own technology advantage by taking up Ukrainian High‐Tech companies specializing in development of separate elements of ultracapacitor technology. APCT has acquired several eastern European R&D companies , which have the history of research in ultracapacitor field going back to mid 90‐s. APCT involved other scientists, engineers and managers to create the breakthrough technology and bound links with production partners in Russia, Europe, North America and Japan. APCT cooperates with the leading R&D centers in ultracapacitors and new materials development all around the world. APCT utilizes modern materials and equipment provided by European, Japanese and US companies as well as proprietary materials and unique equipment designed by APCT engineers. The IP of the Company is protected by international patents which cover over 30 key technology processes and new materials developed by APCT. The ongoing R&D on ultracapacitors will allow APCT to improve the technical characteristics of its ultracapacitors and expand the variety of applications where they can be used. In 2008 APCT launched pilot production facility in Ukraine and started to provide its potential clients with samples of its products. The current client portfolio of the Company exceeds several hundred million USD. APCT is focused on building mass production capacity.

APCT Team

Serhiy Loboyko

Eveline Buchatskiy

Co‐Founder, President

Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Loboyko is with APCT since its establishment in 2006.

Ms. Buchatskiy has joined APCT at the beginning of 2008. She is responsible for overall management of APCT, business planning of its development and execution.

Serhiy is a pioneer of VC business in Ukraine. He has more than 7 years of successful experience building companies on the basis of new materials, ICT, energy

Before APCT Eveline worked for 9 years for a global Fortune 500 company in the industrial sector, being responsible for projects in different industries such as hi‐tech, steel, chemicals. Projects were conducted in several locations worldwide, including US, China, and South America.

etc. technologies. In 2004, Mr. Loboyko formed VC firm TechInvest, which is focused on establishing and building global companies on the basis of Ukrainian high‐tech and engineering talents. TechInvest has been recognized as a local partner of IBM VC Group and VC firm DFJ (Draper Fisher Jurvetson). Under Serhiy’s leadership, TechInvest has provided its investment partners with a 2.5x return on their invested capital within the first two years.

Eveline holds an MBA from INSEAD. She has graduated from University of California, Berkeley, with a Bachelors in Science in Chemical Engineering, and from State University of New York, Buffalo with a Masters in Engineering.

Vladimir Bilodid

Serhiy graduated cum Laude with a Master’s degree in Economics from Lviv State University, Ukraine. He also holds a certificate in technological entrepreneurship from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.

Chief Technical Officer Mr. Bilodid has joined APCT in 2007. He is responsible for leading the team of engineers, which designs new APCT ultracapacitors and UC‐based solutions. Vladimir also leads APCT pilot production and production technology development.

Yuriy Maletin, PhD, DSc Co‐Founder, Chief Scientist Yuriy Maletin has over 18 year’s experience of research in the field of ultracapacitors. He is a co‐founder of APCT and responsible for its proprietary IP development and management of its R&D activities.

Mr. Bilodid has over 20 years of experience in Ukrainian and global high‐tech business and technology projects. Before APCT Vladimir joined as a partner VC firm TechInvest, where he was responsible for evaluating and developing new technology start‐ups in different areas. Before this for over 10 years he was involved in the global ICT business. He was a founder and CEO of Tessart Ukraine LLC., one of the first Ukrainian IT export companies, which was later invested by the American VC Fund, Western NIS Fund. Latter he act as CEO and CTO of the United Software Corporation, which was recognized as “Approved Vendor” to IBM and performing R&D for IBM. Within these companies Vladimir and his team carried out over 200 hi‐tech projects for European, US and Mid Eastern customers.

During 2002‐2007, Yuriy Headed Physical Chemistry Department of the National Technical University of Ukraine “KPI”, Kiev. Prior to that he was the Head of Coordination Chemistry Department of the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Yuriy Maletin published over 70 scientific papers in referred journals, he was a co‐inventor of over 20 patents. He has Master degree in Chemistry from Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University (1971), PhD in Inorganic Chemistry (1977), DSc in Physical Chemistry (1989). Yuriy is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.

Vladimir Bilodid graduated cum Laude from Physics Faculty of Kyiv National Shevchenko University. Vladimir is certified Project Management Professional, and certified Assessment Team Member (CMM model).

Alex Shnaydruk VP of New Business Development, Chairman

Evgeny Pilyankevich, PhD

Mr. Shnaydruk has joined APCT in 2007. He is responsible for management of APCT clients, new business opportunities development, including business and manufacturing partnership, coordination of APCT Board Members.

Chief Marketing Analyst Mr. Pilyankevich has joined APCT in 2007. He works on APCT markets and products analysis, evaluates new business opportunities, technology and R&D plans of the Company.

Mr. Shnaydruk has over 5 years of experience in hi‐tech, including new materials and WEB 2.0 domains. Alex has held positions of CTO at ROBONET Technologies; CTO/partner at SATLABS IT Solutions Company.

Evgeniy has over 25 years of analytical and R&D activities in different hi‐tech sectors and projects since USSR era till our days. He worked for Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian, Government and business.

Alex graduated from Moldova State University, Department of Physics and Computer Science. Alex is an alumnus of FSA FLEX program in 1997/98 and member of E‐Xecutive.ru managerial society since 2000. He has graduated from the international leadership program «Global Village for Future Leader of Business and Industry 2007», Lehigh University’s Iacocca Institute, College of Business and Economics, USA.

Evgeniy Pilyankevich graduated from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (1979). He holds Ph.D in solid state physics.

APowerCap announced as the Most Promising Technology Company of 2006 in Silicon Valley APowerCap Technologies (APCT) was announced to be the winner of the second annual “Silicon Valley Open Doors“ (SVOD‐2006) technology investment conference, which took place in Silicon Valley (California, USA) on November 16‐17, 2006. APCT was recognized as the Most Promising Technology Company of 2006 and received the “Golden Lock Award”. The Panel of Judges comprised representatives of leading international venture capital firms and technology companies, such as Alloy Ventures, Asset Management Company, Canaan Partners, DFJ, Doll Capital Management, Google, Institutional Venture Partners, Intel Capital, New Enterprise Associates, Pitango Venture Capital, Rembrandt Venture Partners, 3i, Vivo Ventures, Worldview Technology Partners. APCT representative Jim Nickerson receives AMBAR «Golden Lock Award» and certificate «Golden Lock Award» Sixteen projects were selected from more than 60 candidates from Ukraine, Russia and other former Soviet Union countries. APowerCap Technologies, which received seed investments from TechInvest, was established in 2006 by a team of Ukrainian scientists. TechInvest has provided funding for the Company’s R&D, market research, IP protection and legal support, as well as establishment of pilot production in Ukraine. Apart from that, TechInvest helped APCT with the development of business strategy, preparation of a business plan, building of partner network, search for clients and professional management.

High Priority Market Niches for APCT UC‐based Solutions and their Advantages

№

Case

Average UC‐based solution advantages

Poten‐ tial clients

APCT solution advantages over average UCs

Industrial/Consumer Electronics 1

Portable electronics and hand‐held devices, incl. laptops, PDAs Portable consumers’ electronics

Portable tools (drill, screwdriver etc.)

Smooth HDD, CD, DVD etc. start‐up 10 g weight APCT module provides peak‐ power peak less power consumption profile (thus extends battery life and prevents overheating) Provide the power bursts needed Makes devices more productive and for reading a disk drive or enabling comfortable. wireless transmission. This extends the playing time by supporting the battery operations, and enables the design of smaller, lighter devices Better user performance, less Makes battery‐powered handheld tools energy consumption more productive and comfortable

Industrial/Civil Transportation (S ‐ starter; SS ‐ start‐stop; PMD –

HEV cars, buses (SS, PMD) HEV – heavy vehicle, trucks (SS) Electric bicycle, tricycle, golf carts etc. (SS)

ICE start (S)

Jump Start ICE

Locomotives

Same performance will be provided by APCT module of 30‐35% weight, 35‐40% volume Provides acceleration & uphill Provides same power boost and fuel climbing power for in‐wheel motors savings with 2 times less weight and price of battery module Provides acceleration & uphill Provides same power boost and fuel climbing power for in‐wheel motors savings with 2 times less weight and price saves fuel (up to 12%) of battery module Better consumer properties (better Same results with APCT UC: acceleration/uphill). - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and 3‐3,5 times less mass and size Longer way before recharge, battery life Decrease/extinguish PA batteries More reliable start (esp. at low Same results with APCT UC: temp.), 10‐15 times less mass and - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size size of starter battery, possibility to reject PA battery Portable tool to start vehicle engine Same results with APCT UC: when battery is empty or too cold - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size Energy recuperation. - improves diesel start and saves f - el Longer way before recharge, - smooth start/uphill power battery life consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

power management/distribution, incl. recuperation) 4 Racing cars (PMD) Enables energy recuperator

E‐vehicles (e.g. – car, bus) Better consumer properties (better (S, PMD) acceleration/uphill). Energy recuperation. Longer way before recharge, battery life Decrease/extinguish PA batteries Metros, trains Energy recuperation. Longer way before recharge, battery life

improves battery performance; smooth start/uphill power consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

smooth start, power consumption and recuperates brake/downhill energy

Industrial/Civil Power Management 13

Li‐ion, Ni‐Cd and Lead‐Acid accumulator batteries and Li primary cells

Solar generators

Windmill generators

Fuel cell generators

UPS

Telecom autonomous base stations

Oil/gas well drilling

Forklifts

Welding machines

Autonomous gadgets (garden/house, traffic lights, buoys, toys, autonomous sensors)

Integrated UC prolongs battery life time (number of cycles), tolerance to overload. Drastically expands usage possibilities for accumulator batteries (less mass and volume, less heat release) - enables AC converter - up to 20% better performance (NASA) Used to absorb energy at wind gusts (15‐20% gain of energy yield) and to feather blades at gales (safety) Honda FCX: UC battery provides energy for start/acceleration/uphill, and recuperates energy at brake/downhill To smooth power peak/drop and bridge power cut‐off As a part of power supply from renewable energy source (windmill, fuel cell, photovoltaic) Never tested. MXWL estimates drilling as one of interesting potential users. Better performance and efficiency; less weight Better quality of welding, better quality of apparatus To provide maintenance‐free and energy feeding autonomous warning, decorative, information etc. small equipment

Provides best results (especially lifespan, number of cycles, temperature range, overload tolerance) with 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and 3‐3,5 times less mass and size any other existing UC

Provide same results cheaper, with less mass and size

Same results with APCT UC: - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size

Provides same performance with: - 7(!) times less mass and size, - 8‐10(!) times less price of UC module

Better performance due to lower RC‐constant (3‐5 times faster) - UC unit costs 3‐3,5 times less Same results with APCT UC: - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size -

Same performance will be provided by 2 – 3 times cheaper solution Provides best results, with less mass and size Existing industrial tools can be done smaller, lighter and with better design Same results with APCT UC: - 3‐3,5 times cheaper, and - 3‐3,5 times less mass and size

3 3

Ultracapacitor

A supercapacitor or ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors. They are of particular interest in automotive applications for hybrid vehicles and as supplementary storage for battery electric vehicles.

The charge they hold is like the static electricity that can build up on a balloon, but is much greater thanks to the extremely high surface area of their interior materials. ¾ An advantage of the ultracapacitor is their super fast rate of charge and discharge... which is determined solely by their physical properties. A battery relies on a slower chemical reaction for energy. ¾ A disadvantage of an ultracapacitor is that currently they store a smaller amount of energy than a battery does which makes them larger. Ultracapacitors are very good at efficiently capturing electricity from regenerative braking, and can deliver power for acceleration just as quickly. With no moving parts, they also have a very long lifespan. An ultra capacitor, also known as a double‐layer capacitor, polarizes an electrolytic solution to store energy electro statically. Though it is an electrochemical device, no chemical reactions are involved in its energy storage mechanism. This mechanism is highly reversible, and allows the ultra capacitor to be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times. Once the ultracapacitor is charged and energy stored, a load (the electric vehicle's motor) can use this energy. The mount of energy stored is very large compared to a standard capacitor because of the enormous surface area created by the porous carbon electrodes and the small charge separation created by the dielectric separator. An ultracapacitor can be viewed as two non reactive porous plates, or collectors, suspended within an electrolyte, with a voltage potential applied across the collectors. In an individual ultra‐capacitor cell, the applied potential on the positive electrode attracts the negative ions in the electrolyte, while the potential on the negative electrode attracts the positive ions. A dielectric separator between the two electrodes prevents the charge from moving between the two electrodes. Electrical energy storage devices, such as capacitors, store electrical charge on an electrode. Other devices, such as electrochemical cells or batteries, utilize the electrode to create, by chemical reaction, an electrical charge at the electrodes. In both of these, the ability to store or create electrical charge is a function of the surface area of the electrode. For example, in capacitors, greater electrode surface area increases the capacitance or energy storage capability of the device. A third type of storage device, the ultracapacitor, relies on the microscopic charge separation at an electrochemical interface to store energy. Since the capacitance of these devices is proportional to the active electrode area, increasing the electrode surface area will increase the capacitance, hence increasing the amount of energy that can be stored. This achievement of high surface area utilizes materials such as activated carbon or sintered metal powders. However, in both situations, there is an intrinsic limit to the porosity of these materials, that is, there is an upper limit to the amount of surface area that can be attained simply by making smaller and smaller particles. An alternative method must be developed to increase the active electrode surface area without increasing the size of the device. A much more highly efficient electrode for electrical energy storage devices could be realized if the surface area could be significantly increased.

High Performance Ultracapacitors from APCT: Key Competitive Advantages

The APCT ultracapacitors’ competitive advantages are based on their unique design and materials, resulting in 1.5 to 2 times: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

better power performance, less self discharge of modules, lower cost, smaller volume/weight,

compared to the best competing products available at the market. Also, APCT technology has wider operating temperature range then the one of average ultracapacitors. The APCT R&D team has developed and filed for patenting a proprietary technology that significantly reduces the ultracapacitor’s internal resistance, self discharge in modules and their cost of production. Over the past 5 years ultracapacitors have been positioned as both competitors and natural allies to advanced batteries. Current commercial NiMH and Li‐Ion batteries have power density up to 1 kW/kg, but exhibit a short cycle life and risk of overheating. The best ultracapacitors on the market have power density 1‐2 kW/kg and much larger cycle life without danger of overheating. With power densities approaching as high as 6 kW/kg, the APCT product offerings far surpass the competition as seen in the comparisons conducted by the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis, USA in the end of 2007. For fast cycling applications the lower resistance of the APCT ultracapacitor significantly improves the system safety by avoiding the overheating problems, experienced by batteries and big ultracapacitor modules. Another advantage of the higher power density is the possibility to produce smaller size products with greater opportunities for cost effective solutions. For a given power delivery requirement, the benefit of APCT’s smaller cells will translate into significantly lighter power modules, improved portability of hand held applications and fuel efficiency for automotive applications. Also, integration of APCT ultracapacitors into battery powered devices is a low‐cost way to extend battery life by more than 300%. Advanced APCT charge/discharge balancing scheme provides 4‐5 times slower self‐discharge rate of ultracapacitors’ modules then self‐discharge rate of best competitors. Load leveling capabilities (fast charge/discharge cycling with 95% efficiency), smaller volume/weight, low cost means of managing power delivery are critical advantages for many applications ranging from handheld devices to transportation, telecommunication infrastructure and various industrial applications. APCT ultracapacitors provide a competitive solution that enables significant increase of competitiveness of various CleanTech solutions – from renewable energy to hybrid and electric vehicles.

Safety and Reliability of APCT Ultracapacitors

Even after super load safety and reliability of APCT ultracapacitors remains high. Furthermore, the cell retains partial capacity for work!

6 V

APCT ultracapacitor

Comparison of the Energy Density and Pulse Power (95% efficiency)

Developer

Energy density, Wh/kg

Power density, kW/kg (95% efficiency)

Power density, kW/kg (80% efficiency)

Li‐Ion Batteries:

GAIA

1.03

3.5

Quallion 200

170

.23

1.3

Quallion 100

140

.34

1.2

A123

.74

2.5

Altairnano

.52

1.8

Panasonic EV nickel mt. hyd

.21

.71

.05

.17

Ultracapacitors:

APowerCap 55 F

5.5

5.7

APowerCap 450 F

5.8

4.4

17.6

Maxwell

4.2

1.7

6.8

Batscap

3.7

1.4

5.6

Fuji hybrid

9.2

1.0

4.0

NESSCAP

3.6

0.9

Battery power: P= Eff. (1‐Eff) V02 / R Ultracapacitor power: P= 9/16 (1‐Eff) V0 2 /R

Visual Comparison of APCT Ultracapacitors Power and Energy Densities with Major Competitors

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Li-Ion

Best UC on the world market

Specific Energy, Wh/kg

APCT

Specific Power, kW/kg

*with 95% efficiency

Change In Ultracapacitor Mass with Power Requirements (upper blue line – best of competitors, lower red line – APCT)

Ragone Plot based on ITS Test Results

ITS ComparativeTest Results: 1 - APCT (UC-100-01); 2 - Maxwell(3000F)/Batscap(2682F); 3 - Maxwell (650F); 4- Nesscap (1800F) 10

E, Wh/kg

M 4 3

1 100

1000

10000

P, W/kg

Ragone Plot (normalized) based on ITS Test Results

ITS ComparativeTest Results: 1 - APCT (UC-100-01); 2 - Maxwell(3000F); 3 - Maxwell (650F); 4 - Batscap(2682F) 1,05

normalized energy E/E 0

1,00 1 3 0,95

2 4

0,90

0,85

0,80 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Power, W/kg

Advantages of Combined Solution: APCT Ultracapacitor and Lead‐Acid Battery

Parameter

Lead‐Acid battery

Combined solution

Advantages of combined solution

Battery type

55 A‐Hour

18 A‐Hour

Battery is 3‐4 times cheaper

Volume, L3

8,05

3,24

Volume decrease 2,5 times

Lead mass

100%

33%

Ecological aspect (Directive of European Commission on ridding from lead) and economy aspect (Lead price doubled in the last two years)

Lifetime

100%

200%

Lifetime increased two times. Further increase of lifetime is possible by utilizing less compact battery design

Toleration of overload

100%

1100%

Can speed boost motor wheels for hybrid cars, electric automobiles etc.

Cold weather performance

Poor

Good

Better consumer quality

Replacement

Complete

Partial replacement (battery only, 18 A‐Hour)

Can change cheap spare parts instead of the whole module

The market of lead‐acid starter battery is estimated to be $17 bil, the market share of APCT ultracapacitors can reach $4 bil.

Summary of APCT Ultracapacitor Competitive Advantages for Freedom Car (by USABC) Target Implementation

Implementation: engine start (cold cranking pulse is 4,2 kW) Required discharge pulse: 4,2 kW power / 2 s duration APCT module has exactly the same values as FreedomCAR requirements set for the following parameters: Discharge Pulse, kW / 2s

4.2

Cold Cranking Pulse, kW / 7 V min

4.2

Recharge Rate, kW

0.4

Cycle Life

750 000

Calendar Life, Yrs

Energy Efficiency, %

Self Discharge rate (72 hr)

<4%

Maximum Operating Voltage, Vdc

Minimum Operating Voltage, Vdc

Survival Temperature Range (°C)

‐46 to +66

APCT module compliant with FreedomCAR requirements has the following better characteristics:

12 V Start‐Stop (TSS) USABC, EOL

12 V Start‐Stop

Minimum Operating Temperature (°C)

‐30

‐40

Maximum Operating Temperature (°C)

+52

+60

Maximum System Weight, kg

Maximum System Volume, Liters

0.8

System attributes

APCT module