CORY HAYES PROFESSOR ZACHARIAH PURSLEY 2015
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Excelsior Cory M. Hayes Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture Wentworth Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture April 2015 Approved by the Committee:
Primary Advisor:
Interim Director, Graduate Studies: ________________________________________ Elizabeth Ghiseline
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________________________________________ (insert faculty name here)
Introduction Skyscrapers are a thing of beauty. Striking monuments of ingenuity and complexity. For the past century, our world has been building these huge monuments to house our businesses, ourselves and even our cars, but compared to many other building types, skyscrapers are relatively unexplored structures. We’ve been building up toward the sky as far back as recorded history, but only within the past 100 years have we been able to build so tall with such little mass to really make our endeavors worth while and occupiable. This was an amazing feat, and we took it in stride and have built many tall buildings all over the globe. But many of these tall buildings have all had problem, they became isolated storage bins high in the sky, with single uses and little diversity. Designers have caught on to this issue and exploration into how to create a more interactive community type skyscraper has finally come into the spotlight. This thesis looks to explore an idea of a vertical community with a mixed-use program that is dense and diverse as any horizontal city we are so accustom to experiencing. Key terms: Massing: overall shape and size of a building Form: the shape and size of different volumns and how they work with one another Mixed-use: A building or space with more then one program or function Height: the distance between the lowest point on a building to the highest architectural point Program: space used for a specific purpose(s) Verticality: elements the accentuate the height of a building Void: the unused space between planes Setback: a break in a building where the facade and floors retreat toward the core Facade: the exterior face of a building
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T H E R O A D
T H E B O U L E V A R D
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THE STREET
Abstract Vertical mixed-use community. What is it you might ask? Well its exactly what you might think it is. It is a neighborhood, like any other along a street, only turned vertical into the sky. It is an idea that has been around since the first skyscrapers were built in the late 1880’s but has only just now been gaining traction in the building community. This is in part because of two problems. One has to do with economics, more diversity means more occupants which translates into more money for the owner. As architects know, economics drives projects, but designing for money yields little reward, because the major, and second issue has to do with the people who occupy these monumental structures. When a tall building is constructed, floor plate after floor plate is constructed one on-top of another, but this creates isolation for the occupants of each floor. Employees of Sears back in the 1970’s quickly realized this problem when they were unable to see old colleagues they used to work with on regular basis. Modern buildings has only started to investigate mixing program with a single tower, but have only just varied it slightly to keep the economics is high as possible. But the problem with isolation needs a more drastic approach, one wear floors are broken and easily reached from one another. With this approach, more creativity with space can be explored and hopefully spark new ideas to improve upon what has already been started.
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Mind Map
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Where do I start?
Skyscraper Importance?
What defines a Skyscraper?
Skyscraper
Isolation Congestion Mixed Use Sky vs Ground Contextual Structural Expression Efficiency
City Density Efficiency Congestion Symbolism Urbanism Context Mixed Use
What is the purpose of a skyscraper? How does it stand for an area? -pride -jobs -reference/way finder -advertising / bill board (Burj Khalifa) -square footage / real estate -investment
Urban Planning Parts to a Whole Density Distribution
Picturesque
Landscape How one views the project How one moves about the project Visual appearance
Why Build Tall? Shanghai Tower
-Translation to a vertical street -Sustainability -Double Facade / Atrium Space -Sky Plateau -Trio / Pride / Symbolism -Wind Deflection
Four Technologies
Structure - How does the building stand up? Safety - How are occupants protected? Able to escape? Transportation - How do occupants move about the building? Amount of time spent moving? Habitability - How comfortable is it to live? Amendities? Ease of living? Light quality? Air quality?
Skyscraper Time 1880 - 1909 Beaux Arts
1909 - 1933
Balance
Art Deco Great Depression and WWII
1946 - 1980
Internationalism and Modernism
1980 - Present
Post Modern and Sustainability
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Relationship of Skyscrapers
Combination of:
Symbolism
Skin / Facade Program relation Contextual relation Materiality Function Sustainability
City within a city
Skyscraper Architectural Expression
Benefits? Complexities that need solutions Do the pro’s outweight the con’s?
Needs of Occupants / City
Examples:
Efficiency Simplicity Mass Production
Will this produce income by providing a livable environment in the sky? Relation to other buildings, streets, neighborhoods, and transportation
Magic Wonder Verticality
Highrise Architectural Expression
How can buildings a skyscraper be beneficial for the occupants / users?
Terminal Tower Carew Tower Shanghai Tower Rockefeller Center LeVeque Tower John Hancock Center Hudson Yards
Concept Examples: The Illinois Sky City 1000 Crystal Island Dubai Vertical City Shimizu Pyramid X-Seed 4000
Table ofContents
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Introduction Key Terms
Abstract Mind Map
Isolation Congestion Mixed Use Sky vs Ground Contextual Structural Expression Efficiency
What defines a Skyscraper?
Symbolism
City Density Efficiency Congestion Symbolism Urbanism Context Mixed Use
What is the purpose of a skyscraper? How does it stand for an area? -pride -jobs -reference/way finder -advertising / bill board (Burj Khalifa) -square footage / real estate -investment
Skin / Facade Program relation Contextual relation Materiality Function Sustainability
Urban Planning Parts to a Whole Density Distribution
Picturesque
Landscape How one views the project How one moves about the project Visual appearance
Why Build Tall? Shanghai Tower
-Translation to a vertical street -Sustainability -Double Facade / Atrium Space -Sky Plateau -Trio / Pride / Symbolism -Wind Deflection
Four Technologies
Structure - How does the building stand up? Safety - How are occupants protected? Able to escape? Transportation - How do occupants move about the building? Amount of time spent moving? Habitability - How comfortable is it to live? Amendities? Ease of living? Light quality? Air quality?
Skyscraper Time 1880 - 1909 Beaux Arts
1909 - 1933
Balance
City within a city
Art Deco Great Depression and WWII
Relationship of Skyscrapers
Combination of:
Skyscraper Architectural Expression
Benefits? Complexities that need solutions Do the pro’s outweight the con’s?
Efficiency Simplicity Mass Production
Will this produce income by providing a livable environment in the sky?
Needs of Occupants / City
Examples: Highrise Architectural Expression
How can buildings a skyscraper be beneficial for the occupants / users?
Relation to other buildings, streets, neighborhoods, and transportation
Magic Wonder Verticality
Terminal Tower Carew Tower Shanghai Tower Rockefeller Center LeVeque Tower John Hancock Center Hudson Yards
Examples:
Terminal Tower Carew Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower Abu Dhabi Central Market The Index
Concept Examples:
The Illinois Sky City 1000 Crystal Island Dubai Vertical City Shimizu Pyramid X-Seed 4000
1946 - 1980
Internationalism and Modernism
1980 - Present
Post Modern and Sustainability
Mixed-Use Vertical Community Skyscraper Efficiency Neighborhood Vertical Living Varied Program Expresive Facade Density
Pg. 8
Background Information
Pg. 14
Precedents Process Methodology Site Program Layout Building Layout
Final Design Conclusion Bibliography
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Pg. 6
Pg. 12
Excelsior: Vertical Living Skyscraper Importance?
Skyscraper
Pg.4
Thesis Statement
City Within a City Formal Relationships Massing Vertical Residence
Where do I start?
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Pg. 24 Pg. Pg. Pg. Pg. Pg. Pg.
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Pg. 44 Pg. 58 Pg. 60
Thesis Statement
Like a great work of art, a skyscraper is the pinnacle of architectural achievement. Whether through structural expression, visual appearance on a skyline or the overwhelming feeling of dominance, a skyscraper will surely make you notice its presence. What makes a skyscraper a special and unique element in a city is the functional use of its space and what community presence it can create. The goal of this thesis is to develop an under utilized site in downtown Boston on the corner of Congress and Purchase streets into a new symbolic skyscraper for the city of Boston. Excelsior is a skyscraper that has a dense, mixed-used program to faciliate a community feeling within the building. Different zones of program give sections of the building distinct identities much like city neighborhoods have based on local landmarks. This gives the neighborhoods and the building a sense of community identity that allows people to feel pride and be a part of a building such as this. No longer should a person feel alone way above the ground, but part of a community that lives vertically, taking advantage of the space the sky has to offer.
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Background Information
Skyscraper development poses an interesting yet difficult task to any designer. Skyscrapers came about just before the turn of the 20th century when elevator and structural improvements allowed more floors and weight to be supported, allowing for taller buildings. With taller buildings, more occupants can use the buildings adding a more efficient use of space, especially in dense urban areas. But as a building rises, more problems appear; structural supports, elevator layout and space use. Since the first skyscrapers were built, the idea of mixed-use has been a topic of discussion. Skyscrapers such a Cleveland’s Terminal Tower and Cincinnati’s Carew Tower both are early examples of mixing uses with the building. Spaces close to the ground were typically held for retail purposes because of the easy access to the street. Spaces above could be used for other uses such as offices, restaurants, theaters, hotels and apartments. A problem started to apppear though, many buildings were being used for just one function. This trend has started to be reversed in more recent years to allow building owners to diversify their structures in case a specific market slumps and tenents vacate. Diversifying building program also allows for a similar condition to exist like those in traditional horizontal neighborhoods.
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“I am particularly interested in the public role all (tall) buildings play. I believe we architects should try to go beyond our basic obligations to the public, and our opportunities to do so are many.� -Cesar Pelli
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A City Within a City The city within a city is a model of building resurrected from Rome and Trajan’s forum. Usually associated with skyscrapers, the city within a city is a development where space is used very efficiently to include a large amount of program of different functions, like residential, office, and education. Albany, NY is the location of one such city within a city. The state government built a large plateau that contains underground parking and roads, with large high-rise buildings that contain vast amounts of office space, a museum and meeting space. A massive open-air plaza connects all these spaces together.
http://nys.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Albany1.jpg
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Formal Relationships Form is the shape and size of different volumes, and when the form or forms come together they create a mass. Form is created when planes give a space a defined volume, and these volumes can be overlapped, placed on top of each other, inside and any number of other ways. By moving forms around, one can start to give the mass a dynamic presence. There are two ways of looking at form, as a solid like the ones pictured to the right, and as a void, which is the space that is left over essentially when solid forms are created. The buildings that make of much of Battery Park City on Manhattans south tip vary there forms to allow for setbacks which allow light to reach the street and for the building to take on an engaging shape. Not all the buildings use strict rectangular forms, some are warped into curved or angled shapes that break from the simplified way of formulating and create something more symbolic.
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Massing Massing is a very similar topic to form, but there is one striking difference, scale. Form is about the volumes that make up a mass, which is the shape of a building. Mass is focusing on the shape and size of a building in relation to neighboring building masses. In the case of Terminal Tower in Cleveland, Ohio, the tower is a very slender mass that rises three times higher then its surrounding neighbors, but the mass of the building tapers as it rises reducing the visual weight, bringing the buildings height down. The buildings that flank the tower are set forward against the tower, creating an illusion of slenderness as well as develop a vocabulary of verticality. Massing is important piece of building design. Careful massing of spaces was vital and gave Excelsior its unique presence. The pushed back spaces in the facade are a result of a change in program massing. Residential units dont require such a deep space whereas office and commercial spaces can have deeper spaces. This results in a variation on the facade, giving an undulating appearance instead of a clean uniform facade like most skyscrapers.
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http://media.cleveland.com/remembers/photo/terminal-tower-1947jpg-1cb8c917e165300d.jpg
Vertical Residence A vertical residence is not an uncommon thing in todays society. Just look at Manhattan, the whole island is vertical residences. But what this thesis is looking into has to do with creating a vertical neighborhood where many people can work and play within one building. The combination of program in such a dense layout was derived from layouts of traditional neighborhoods. The main circulation runs through the center core of the building, where all major program spaces flow off of. Secondary circulation pieces work off the core to move people out to the spaces and residences. There is also a large amount of space left over for community spaces where occupants can relax and enjoy different views of the city.
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Excelsior: Vertical Living
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Where do I start?
Skyscraper Importance?
What defines a Skyscraper?
Skyscraper
Isolation Congestion Mixed Use Sky vs Ground Contextual Structural Expression Efficiency
City Density Efficiency Congestion Symbolism Urbanism Context Mixed Use
What is the purpose of a skyscraper? How does it stand for an area? -pride -jobs -reference/way finder -advertising / bill board (Burj Khalifa) -square footage / real estate -investment
Urban Planning Parts to a Whole Density Distribution
Picturesque
Landscape How one views the project How one moves about the project Visual appearance
Why Build Tall? Shanghai Tower
-Translation to a vertical street -Sustainability -Double Facade / Atrium Space -Sky Plateau -Trio / Pride / Symbolism -Wind Deflection
Four Technologies
Structure - How does the building stand up? Safety - How are occupants protected? Able to escape? Transportation - How do occupants move about the building? Amount of time spent moving? Habitability - How comfortable is it to live? Amendities? Ease of living? Light quality? Air quality?
Skyscraper Time 1880 - 1909 Beaux Arts
1909 - 1933
Balance
Art Deco Great Depression and WWII
Relationship of Skyscrapers
Combination of:
Symbolism
Skin / Facade Program relation Contextual relation Materiality Function Sustainability
City within a city
Skyscraper Architectural Expression
Benefits? Complexities that need solutions Do the pro’s outweight the con’s?
Needs of Occupants / City
Examples:
Efficiency Simplicity Mass Production
Will this produce income by providing a livable environment in the sky? Relation to other buildings, streets, neighborhoods, and transportation
Magic Wonder Verticality
Highrise Architectural Expression
How can buildings a skyscraper be beneficial for the occupants / users?
Terminal Tower Carew Tower Shanghai Tower Rockefeller Center LeVeque Tower John Hancock Center Hudson Yards
Examples:
Terminal Tower Carew Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower Abu Dhabi Central Market The Index
Concept Examples: The Illinois Sky City 1000 Crystal Island Dubai Vertical City Shimizu Pyramid X-Seed 4000
1946 - 1980
Internationalism and Modernism
1980 - Present
Post Modern and Sustainability
Mixed-Use Vertical Community Skyscraper Efficiency Neighborhood Vertical Living Varied Program Expresive Facade Density
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Precedents
Courtesy of Foster & Partners
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Courtesy of Foster & Partners
The Index Dubai, UAE
The Index is a building designed by Foster and Partners and built in city of Dubai. The building is important because it incorporates a mixed-use program layout, stacked vertically. With retail space occupying the street level, people have easy access to the buildings shops. Office space is then stacked on top where distance the street is kept at a minimum to reduce travel time within the building. A community like space then breaks the building in half acting as a security barrier between the office and residential units. The top portion of the building is all resident space, to capture the views the building has to offer and provide peace and quite for its residents. This building has a few pull aways that aided in the design of Excelsior. First was the retail portion close to the ground to give the building street presence and interest. The general layout of office lower and residential higher was a key component to provide more comfort for the occupants by keeping travel times down and security and peace high.
Courtesy of Foster & Partners
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Residential
Community
Office
Retail
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Central Market Abu Dhabi, UAE
Abu Dhabi’s Central Market is an impressive project only just completed. Also designed by Foster and Partners, the major changes between The Index and A.D.C.M. is the organization of the program. It keeps to the idea of a retail base allowing for people to easily come in from the street, but moves the community space down to the roof top of the retail so that more people can enjoy the benefits of its space. The towers program is varied though, as each tower has its own identity. Two of the shorter, smaller buildings are residential and hotel, while the larger tower is all office space. The strong ideas that came from this project were the community space for all and the massing of space for the different program uses. The building has to be designed for its occupants which makes the A.D.C.M. a strong precedent for the design of Excelsior.
Courtesy of Foster & Partners
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Office
Residential
Community Retail Parking
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Shanghai Tower Shanghai, China
Shanghai Tower is a new mega-tall building nearing completion in Shanghai, China. It is a new model in skyscraper design with its creative use of space. When looking for inspiration, Gensler looked to the surrounding communities in Shanghai, specifically the street scape of the traditional city. The architects took the street and translated it into a vertical building. Sky plateaus built every 20 floors allow for places of rest for people and elevators. Shops and restaurants are located on these plateau levels to create a civic space feel, as well as the introduction of vegetation and fresh, clean air, a precious commodity in smoggy Shanghai. The unique program set up gave way to a very dynamic and lively mass. The buildings plateaus are pushed in different directions on each floor, and these gives the buildings an undulating presences the snakes its way into the sky.
Courtesy of Gensler
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Mechanical Equipement
Open Air Spaces Hotel Zone
Secondary Circulation
Office Zone
Primary Circulation
Retail
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Courtesy of SkyscraperPage.com
Process The way in which Excelsior was designed can be broken down into three parts. After completing research on different buildings and design ideas, crude massings were used to play with space and explore mixing of different programs. Then multiple hand and computer aided drawings were produced to understand the sectional qualities of the layout. These is where the shifted floors came about to add variety to the spaces and programs. Lastly was the use of digital modeling, to capture and explore the spaces in a three dimensional form and spaces in a much quicker way then physical modeling or drawing.
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Methodology The methodology behind designing a mixed-use vertical community can be broken down into three steps. First, research of skyscrapers and other mixed-use developments, focusing on key accomplishments that made these projects a success. Second, model a form both three-dimensionally and two-dimensionally and work through the challenges multiple times. Lastly use digital and physical modeling to create human scaled spaces that offer the ability for varied uses, this means designing more open spaces that can be easily manipulated for different programs.
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Site Located deep within the heart of the Financial District of Boston, bound by High Street to the north, Purchase Street to the south, Pearl Street to the east and Congress Street to the west. This site is an under utilized set of parcels that currently contain low to midrise buildings surrounded on three sides by high-rises and to the south, the Rose Kennedy Greenway and Russia Wharf. The site allows for a great exploration into the realm of high-rise design and layout. Downtown Boston is a neighborhood of verticality with many different programs and space uses, which creates an ideal condition to design a new mixed-use vertical community.
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Google Earth
Program Layout Excelsior has a diverse program laid out over its eighty-seven floors. From open office space to a micro brewery to luxury condos with sweeping city views, Excelsior aims to create a community in the sky. The different programs are based on the needs of demographic in the financial district with spaces that offer activity and relaxation. As the building moves upward, the program slowly transitions from business to residential, while keeping community spaces scattered about a constant.
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Building Layout The building layout was derived from a typical horizontal neighborhood. A core of high speed elevators rapidly move occupants to the different neighborhoods. Within the neighborhood one can move between the different floors like a side street to their respective spaces. The different programs are places specifically on different floors depending on space requirement. Large spaces like offices can occupy floors with fourteen foot ceiling heights, and smaller spaces like apartments can occupy floors that have nine foot ceiling heights. The different floor to floor heights give the building its distinctive look.
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Final Design
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Neighborhood 1 Retail Podium The retail neighborhood occupies the lowest floors of the building. Here are located the larger shops and office spaces. The residential units located in this section are all raised above street level to provide the most privacy possible and have little office spaces able to view any residences window or space within. A bridge connects across to the green-way plaza where more shops are located and easy access to the green-way itself is available. The most unique element of this neighborhood is the incorporation of the Richardson Block, a historic building that Excelsior embraces but does not disturb.
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Neighborhood 2 Brewery & Bar The brewery neighborhood lays just above the retail neighborhood. Here a larger brewery dominates the northwestern (or right-hand) portion of the building where huge open spaces were created to allow for the brewing process to take place. Above the brewery resides an open bar with views and access down into the brewery so people can experience the operations first hand. The brewery shares space with more residences and office.
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Neighborhood 3 Hotel The hotel neighborhood, located conveniently near the brewery, is mostly occupied by a hotel and its amenities, which are shared by all residences. Hotel rooms are laid out similar to those of apartments to keep to the community feel, and also allow for flexibility by allowing guests to occupy the rooms for up to 180 days, a new trend in hotel management that has caught on in recent years. Some full time residences are within this neighborhood but the focus is on short term rentals for constantly moving business person.
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Neighborhood 4 Gallery & Studios The gallery neighborhood is located a little over half way up the building. Mostly comprised of taller floor spaces, artists are allowed more freedom and flexibility with space. Many sections of the floors are removed to provide double height spaces and visual connects to facilitate ideas and inspire creativity.
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Neighborhood 5 Corporate Center & Collaberative College Neighborhood 5 is where the collaberative college is located. Designed similar to the art neighborhood, here a company can partner with a school to provide a better learning experience for students. All the requirements of both office and education would be met here, from food service space to living space, conference and community space are laid out within this neighborhood and would be shared.
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Neighborhood 6 Penthouses & Roof Finally we arrive at neighborhood six, the penthouses and roof. Located at the top of the building to maximize views, privacy and reduced noise, each penthouse apartment has its own unique vista of the city to look upon. The floors are all accessible but a separate stair system outside of the core to allow people to easily move about up and down and visit neighbors. A large viewing deck occupies the roof to give Bostonians and visitors alike the ability to enjoy Bostons stunning cityscape, beautiful natural bay and rolling green hills.
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Conclusion Excelsior is a new breed in mixed-use skyscraper design that dares to explore the ideas and challenges of combining many programs to try and achieve a neighborhood presence. Rising 800 feet tall, six major neighborhoods spread out on eighty-seven floors. Each neighborhood with its own identity and bountiful community spaces where residents and workers can relax and mingle. Excelsior strives to be a building of change, to start a discussion of what a skyscraper can truly be and how it can improve the lives of those who occupy it.
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Bibliography
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Bletter, Rosemarie Haag. “The Invention of the Skyscraper: Notes on Its Diverse Histories.” Assemblage No. 2 (1987): 110-17. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3171092?ref=no-x-route:63af6d236be84f21ac42910703e5fa59 A detailed and analytical look into what was the first skyscraper and what made it viable to hold that crown in history. This article was interesting and insightful into what makes a skyscraper truly a skyscraper and the aesthetic elements that go into it. CCTV. “03/05/2013 China’s Mega Projects Part 2- Shanghai Tower.” 03/05/2013 China´s Mega Projects Part 2- Shanghai Tower CCTV News. CCTV, 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2014. CCTV created a wonderful documentary of the design and construction of Shanghai Tower. Skillfully walking a viewer through the different phases of building a skyscraper, starting with design, then each phase of construction, all the while looking into how it effects the people of the city. A great source for learning how a project of this scale comes together in all aspects to create such a monstrous building. Dupré, Judith, and Adrian D. Smith. Skyscrapers: A History of the World’s Most Extraordinary Buildings. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2013. Print. A very well assembled collection of some of the most iconic skyscrapers around the world, keying in on those that pushed the boundaries of what a skyscraper can be, and how high it can reach. Skyscrapers provides a great source for precedents because of the assemblage of historically ordered buildings and large images that accompany a simple description of the design intent of those buildings. Gittler, Joseph B. “The Family in Skyscraper-Dwellings.” Social Forces 21.2 (1942): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www. jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2570550?ref=no-x-route:fd74c6800791bf23d1e026ed1dbd7bf9>. Here Joseph Gitter explains what it is like to live in a highrise apartment building. He provides coverage of daily life and how people interact with this sky-high environment created by man. This article though enlightening did not prove to be useful in the direction this thesis was aiming for. Pelli, Cesar. “Skyscrapers.” Perspecta 18 (1982): 134-51. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1567040?ref=no-x-route:ddd75b9aaea0f819ae97c102ab733cde>. One of the most important articles on skyscrapers written by a well known and seasoned skyscraper designer. Cesar Pelli walks through the history of skyscrapers in an easy to flow and understandable way, drawing connections to many of the famous landmark skyscrapers that defined the past century. He focuses on the relationships of certain elements of skyscrapers and how they have been translated over time. He looks at not only the successful buildings but also unsuccessful buildings and he explains how they can be reworked to be successful skyscrapers. “Tokyo’s Sky City.” Extreme Engineering. Discovery. Silver Spring, Maryland, 2003. YouTube. Web. 02 Oct. 2014. A visionary project based on passed ideas and designers who are dealing with a very difficult challenge, this documentary looks into the creation of a city in the sky. Discovery, along with a team of designers envisioned a new skyscraper, larger then any before to house thousands of people in the city of Tokyo where no available land exists, and building up is the only way to provide enough space of the cities residents to live, work and play. This is a great documentary if the idea of a skyscraper in ones mind has not be challenged yet, and provided with a solution that is feasible. Webster, J. Carson. “The Skyscraper: Logical and Historical Considerations. “ Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 18.4 (1959): 126-39. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/987902?ref=no-x-route:7313718c1ed018dc82a3ceabe705a9fd>. This article is a breakdown of what a skyscraper is, what it means and its function as a building type. He dives into the details of what makes a tall building successful and how certain elements need to come together in order to make that happen. This is an important article because it provides a base knowledge of skyscrapers and their make up and all the essential elements a tall building needs. Wolner, Edward W. “The City-within-a-city and Skyscraper Patronage in the 1920’s.” Journal of Architectural Education 42.3 (1984-present): 10-23. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1425087>. A relatively new idea that has emerged within the city is a group of buildings that forms its own city within a larger city. Here Edward Eolner looks into four key projects that are not well known located in Ohio; Terminal Tower, Carew Tower, AIU Tower and the Fisher Building. Each unique in their quest to provide a fully functioning city in one or a collection of buildings, usually connected indoors. This idea is a great starting point in the conversation of building relationships, for instance in the case of the Carew Tower, the tower building had to be built to work with the original buildings already on the site.
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