School of Urban Activism Project Manifesto

C harles Per riam

C o m bi n e d T he si s R e port

SHEFFIELD SCHOOL OF URBAN ACTIVISM

U C E

THE UN I V ERSI TY O F THE C LI MATE EMERGEN CY

I would like to give special thanks to my tutor Dan Jary for his guidance and encouragement. Very special thanks also to Kat Haycock for your continued patience and incredible support during the making of this report. I won’t ask you to proof read anything after work ever again!

Thanks also to: Studio Collaborative Production Richard Rothwell The team at Hadfield Cawkwell Davidson SADACCA Emmaus Sheffield AFK Kickboxing Sheffield Jess Trickett, BDP Rod Vann, BDP Delia Harmston, HLM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Higher Education is failing. This is not only an assumption upon which Studio Collaborative Production is based, but a statement of fact that comes about from the exclusive, money-making machines that UK universities have become. Focusing on the Wicker in Sheffield, an area seemingly forgotten by the rest of the city, my thesis project considers what role higher education could play in this area’s long overdue recovery from de-industrialisation.

My Manifesto is a critique of the economic forces that drive modern development in cities like Sheffield. It looks to explore how university functions can be woven back into the urban environment, introducing the idea of a School of Urban Activism. This is a place where under-represented communities can be empowered to democratically develop their own city, through positive interaction with the students and professionals who are currently making those decisions.

The Technology Report examines the context of the Wicker in more detail, and the challenges that come with the creation of new campus buildings for a changing climate. It examines some of the key climatic events of recent times and the role of university buildings in adapting to a new norm, through adoption of passive systems and communal energy.

The Management Report looks to uncover how a building can be designed and delivered in a more collaborative way, extending the social benefits that the completed building will offer into its design and construction. It looks to develop an understanding of what ‘inclusive’ design really looks like from both a legal and spatial standpoint, using this to drive the design forward.

While at this point the themes explored remain speculative, the intention is for the contents of this report to ignite a conversation about where universities and cities currently find themselves in relation to each other, and how their convergence could inspire positive social and environmental change.

C ONTENTS DESIGN MANIFESTO

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ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

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M A N A G E M E N T, P R A C T I C E & L A W

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CONCLUDING SUMMARY

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REFERENCES

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ARC583 DESIGN MANIFESTO C harles Per riam 180208070

“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody�1 Jan e Jaco bs

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY EMPOWER COMMUNITIES IN ITS PROXIMITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR CITY?

This is the question that this project will look to respond to in its simplest form. Throughout the course of this document, as a result of various explorations relating to approach, site and brief, other lines of inquiry will be raised to be taken into consideration when beginning to formulate a spatial response.

THESE OTHER LINES OF INQUIRY WILL BE H I G H L I G H T E D AT T H E R E L E VA N T P O I N T S

Starting with the studio context...

I then look to develop a...

Fundamental understanding of context from...

C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

PERSONAL APPROACH

SITE E X P L O R AT I O N S

Collaborative Working

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Developing a Personal Approach

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Site Location

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The Wicker

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Gathering Stories

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The Site

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Representing the Site

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Physical Narratives

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Visiting the Site

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Key Theme - Education

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Gentrification

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Politics in Sheffield

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Democratic Architecture

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Plan of Action

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Studio Strategy

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Collective Principles

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Environmental Moves

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Vision

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Wo rd C o unt : 2 7 1 8 (N o t i ncl udi ng c o n t e n t s, t i t l e s, re fe re n ce s, an n o t at i ons and c a ptions) A l l i ma g es by t he au t ho r u n l e ss o t he rw i se re fe re n ce d.

As a direct response to people and place...

From all this I can begin to think about...

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

GOING FORWARD

Thesis Development

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Working Methodology

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Emergence of Programme

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Inclusivity

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Strategic Move 1

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A Spatial Journey

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Strategic Move 2

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Strategic Move 3

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Proposed Timeline

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My prefer red a pproach to a projec t is not with a set idea of what it m ig ht bec om e from the outset, instead letting the prog ram m e or g anic all y de v elop from stu dio them es and a natural response to the c onte xt in which it sits. A s such, the layout of this doc um ent look s to g uide the reader throug h this proc ess.

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COLLABORATIVE PRODUCTION Collaborative Working

Studio Strategy

The Wicker

Collective Principles

Representing the Site

Environmental Moves

Key Theme - Education

Vision

Politics in Sheffield Plan of Action

C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

C O L L A B O R AT I V E WORKING We are Studio CP, a practice of unique architectural designers that each brings their own interests, perspectives and experience to collaborative projects in the Sheffield area.

We use collective knowledge and research to drive projects that address some of the environmental, social and political challenges of 21st century life.

Our studio is set up to reflect our collaborative ethos, with one large table in the middle of the space to allow for the interaction that is essential to our design process and viability of design outcomes.

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One lar g e c entra l table to fac ilitate disc ussion and c ollaboration

Dra wings pin n e d u p for g roup discu ssion or addition s

Door ope n for c onnection to the outside

A representation of the studio layout, maximising collaboration.

Sc reen for presentations and disc ussions from both g roup m em bers and e xter nal c ollaborators.

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION THE WICKER

The Wicker is characterised by its postindustrial gridded streets.

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T he Wick er

Advan ce d We llbe in g Re se arch Ce n tre

T he U ni v ersi t y o f Shef f i el d

Advan ce d Man u factu rin g Re se arch Ce n tre

The Wicker in relation to Sheffield and its major educational campuses.

Shef field Hallam Univ ersity

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

Wicker itself was historically a thriving thoroughfare.

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The studio is currently based in the Wicker, to the North East of Sheffield City Centre. It is an area that continues to demonstrate the city’s decline in the post-Thatcher years of de-industrialisation. Where once this was a thriving social neighbourhood, the Wicker now feels physically separated from the rest of the city by the River Don (that surrounds the area on three sides) and the inner relief road that bisects the area, constructed in 2000.

The construction of Derek Dooley Way has dramatically impacted the area.

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

REPRESENTING THE SITE Keen to not reduce our analysis of the Wicker area to limiting desktop research, the studio used an assemblage methodology in its early investigations of the site. Working initially with artist Steve Pool we were encouraged to reveal connections and narratives through the layering of projections and objects, focusing on a process of ‘bringing into existence’ a group of otherwise heterogeneous elements.2

Using photographs to record objects and actions.

Representing the area through playful combination of projection and found objects.

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Taking this methodology forward into a presentation of the site analysis phase started to provide the audience with a subjective view of the study area, something we thought would be valuable. In response to this I found it useful to critique our engagement with the idea of ‘assemblage’, identifying areas that can be built upon through our individual projects.

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION K E Y T H E M E - E D U C AT I O N

The studio is collectively analysing the appropriateness of placing a new educational campus in the Wicker area of Sheffield. To do this, our initial research has been focused around a critique of the current model of higher education. As demonstrated by the sharp increases in tuition fees in recent years, universities today are increasingly operating as ‘machines for money-making’ with incredible facilities and resources in cities like Sheffield being hidden away from the public by an institutional barrier (whether physical or psychological).

This ‘exclusivity’ of education is made more alarming when examining the statistics around university admissions in recent years, with the majority being white, able bodied and coming from more affluent backgrounds.3

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITIES BROADEN THEIR AUDIENCE TO BECOME MORE INCLUSIVE?

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66%

OF UK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN 2017/18 CAME FROM A HIGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

34%

OF UK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN 2017/18 CAME FROM A LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

SOURCE: HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY

26.3%

ONLY OF PEOPLE WHO RECEIVED FREE SCHOOL MEALS PROGRESSED TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN 2019 (COMPARED TO 44.9% OF PEOPLE WHO DID NOT RECEIVE FSM).

SOURCE: WIDENING PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION, UK GOVERNMENT REPORT 2019

50%

IN OVER OF UNIVERSITY PROVIDERS IN THE UK LESS THAN STUDENTS ARE FROM LOW PARTICIPATION NEIGHBOURHOODS.

5%

OF THEIR

SOURCE: NATIONAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY NETWORK, 14TH FEBRUARY 2019

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

POLITICS IN SHEFFIELD Sharing the belief that the current economic model of free market capitalism is unsustainable, particularly with regard to education and the notion of ‘owning knowledge’, the studio uses discussions of anti-capitalist theorists such as David Harvey to explore how a rejection of capitalism can result in positive change for Sheffield.4

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SOUTH YORKSHIRE

130,735

49%

REMAIN

136,018

LEAVE

2016 EU REFERENDUM RESULT - SHEFFIELD

51%

M E M B E R S O F PA R L I A M E N T F O R T H E S H E F F I E L D R E G I O N Elected December 2019

LEFT WING PERSUASION SHEFFIELD HALLAM OLIVIA BLAKE LABOUR 28

BRIGHTSIDE AND HILLSBOROUGH GILL FURNISS LABOUR

SHEFFIELD CENTRAL PAUL BLOMFIELD LABOUR

SHEFFIELD HEELEY LOUISE HAIGH LABOUR

MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE SHEFFIELD REGION ELECTED DECEMBER 2019

SHEFFIELD SOUTH EAST CLIVE BETTS LABOUR

A US RC HO PO ED HIT W E CA L N T IT TO CT PO O B ICA TE UR SI RI L T ST E B TI N VE G HEO NE E W C HA B O R I AN UT ES GE ?

SHEFFIELD CITY COUNCIL Elected May 2019

B U R N G R E AV E KELHAM ISLAND

WICKER

PA R K H I L L CITY CENTRE

SHEFFIELD CITY COUNCIL

49 LABOUR

26 LIB DEM 8 GREEN

BURNGREAVE

CITY

DARNALL

MA

NO

RC

AS

TL

E

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

PLAN OF ACTION A NEW UNIVERSITY FOR SHEFFIELD TA C K L I N G T H E C L I M AT E EMERGENCY

“We are in the beginning of a mass extinction and all you can talk about is money and fairy tales of eternal economic growth. How dare you!�

Gret a T hunber g , U N C l i m at e Act i o n S u m m i t 2 0 19

With governments around the world reluctant to consider policies geared towards sustainable climate action that will undermine their pursuit of economic capital5, we will look to explore as a studio how a new university can directly tackle the climate emergency on a neighbourhood and city scale. In the early stages of the project a series of discussions contributed to the creation of a group manifesto, using the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a starting point. This can be used as an organically evolving reference point upon which to test ideas and designs as they develop over the coming months.

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GROUP MANIFESTO T he U ni v e rsi t y o f t he C l i m at e E m e r g e n cy will...

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION STUDIO S T R AT E G Y

Conscious to not use the word ‘masterplan’ because of the connotations it carries with regard to architects or developers superimposing their ideas on an urban area, initial moves have been made to create a more fluid group design strategy. At the outset mapping individual sites and themes of interest and drawing connections between them, this has evolved into a more established strategy that will continue to evolve alongside the individual projects within it.

STO CKS BRI DGE KELLHAM ISLAND SHEFFIELD

VICTORIA QUAYS

TRAIN STATION

SHEFFIELD CITY CENTRE

Legend

The studio strategy suggests the creation of a number of routes upon which individual projects will be located.

Civic

Key Routes

Learning Making Distribution Well-being Wetlands

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The Civic Route addresses the pace of movement on the A61 and aims to celebrate the surrounding civic infrastructure.

The Distribution route re-connects the Wicker to surrounding communities and educational institutions. This promotes the distribution of new interventions and education from the Wicker across the city.

The Learning Route aims to integrate a number of green spaces that connect through to Victoria Quays.

The Well-being Route aims to improve connections between the public and biodiversity along the river’s edge. It also aims to offer the public opportunities to participate in sports and recreational activates.

The Making Route aims to bring vibrancy back to the Wicker by celebrating the industrial period which is part of the areas heritage.

The Wetlands aim to reduce the chance of flooding whilst providing a new soft edge to the Wicker along the A61.

RENEWABLE ENERGY WETLANDS

MEMORY ARCHIVE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

INNOVATION AGORA

TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTRE

SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH

CULINARY INSTITUTE BUSINESS INNOVATION CENTRE

WATER FILTRATION

SCHOOL OF URBAN ACTIVISM URBAN FARMING

The location of individual projects from Studio CP.

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION COLLECTIVE PRINCIPLES

Emerging from the group strategy are a series of principles that will serve as a starting point to our architectural design work.

These draw on discussions with local practice as well as the idea of the ‘Civic University’, whereby educational institutions are fully engaged with the social fabric of the city in which they are situated.6 The first looks at the strategic layout of buildings to allow the interaction of university activities with the public and the commercial workplace. Remaining as a diagram at this stage, this model will be open to alteration as it begins to be implemented and tested in the architecture.

T RA NS FORMAT IV E, RES PONS IV E, DEMA ND-L ED A CT ION

The ‘Civic University’ combines teaching and research activities with public engagement in the city.

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING ENCOURAGE C O L L A B O R AT I O N AND ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS?

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This has manifested itself as a principle to allow public movement and showcasing on the ground floor of all buildings.

A single room used as a lecture theatre during the day can be adapted into a theatre in the evenings.

Another principle looks to ensure that university buildings remain in use throughout the day and year through adaptable design solutions that encourage multiple uses of space.

However, the requirements of some who struggle mentally with being able to predict the kind of space they are entering presents an interesting challenge to be approached through design.7

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING REMAIN ACTIVE AFTER I T S D AY T I M E AND TERMTIME ACTIVITIES ARE COMPLETED?

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

E N V I R O N M E N TA L MOVES Three major flood events in the last thirteen years in Sheffield has highlighted the need for robust flood resilience systems in order for this area to cope with the challenges that climate change will continue to present.8 Using similar systems to those used by the Cloudburst Management Plan in Copenhagen9, planting and channels incorporated into major roads around the Wicker will allow the roads to flood at times of high rainfall or water level.

The flood risk map of the Wicker shows most of the area at high risk.

H i g h R ai nfal l

M edi um R ai nfal l

Lo w R ai nfal l

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HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY AND ITS BUILDINGS BE RESILIENT TO A C H A N G I N G C L I M AT E ?

Using the opportu n itie s of the site for re n e wable e n e r g y that feeds the n e twork

The creation of the campus also presents an opportunity for this to adopt a circular economy, whereby resources and consumption remain within a closed loop. This is a good target for the creation of a new campus.

Ener g y supplied c entra ll y an d stored in c am pus buildings be fore c onsum ption

B u i l di n g m at e ri al s t o be so u rce d w i t hi n a t ar g et 3 5 m i l e radi u s

C onc rete, brick and plasterboard waste from the dem olition of building s on the c am pus is used to produc e strong er, lig hter ne w brick s using lo w-em ission technolog y de v eloped by Heriot Watt Univ ersity 10

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C O L L A B O R AT I V E PRODUCTION

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This collective work has culminated in a vision for a new civic university to become the gateway to Sheffield for people coming from the East and the reinstated Victoria Railway Station. New buildings will become extensions to the public realm while the streets will become safe places for travel by electric cars, trams, cyclists and pedestrians alike.

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2

PERSONAL APPROACH Developing a Personal Approach Gathering Stories

Physical Narratives Gentrification

Democratic Architecture

PERSONAL APPROACH DEVELOPING A PERSONAL APPROACH

I’ m C harl i e, a 2 6 -ye ar-o l d archi t e ct u ral de si g n er l i v i ng i n Shef f ie l d. C u r re n t l y w o rk i n g w i t h St udi o C P, I hav e spe n t a l o t o f m y t i m e i n T he U ni v ersi t y o f S he f f i e l d’s Art s To w e r o v e r t he past se v en years. I lo v e be i n g abl e t o w o rk w i t h t hi s uni que perspec t i v e o v e r t he ci t y, ho w e v e r i n re ce nt years I hav e be g u n t o n o t i ce m y di sco m fo rt at be ing a so c i al l y fo c use d de si g n e r at t he t o p o f an ‘ i v or y t o w er’ .

HO AN W OF IN CAN C WH ARC LUS I DE AT H I T I V E S I G N E P AN IS CU CTU IEC E E R R X U E IN EN NIV CLU REN VI E R S I V T LY RO S E NM ITY EN T?

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Ke y te xts by Da v id Har v e y help to set th e politic al c onte xt while Jan G ehl and Jane Jac obs help to be g in a physic al response

U si n g dra w i n g s t o de v e l o p si t e e x pl o rat i o n s an d pro g ram m e K ee ping in touch with m y hobb ies to m aintain a healthy work -life balanc e

My natural approach to any architectural project is to let ideas organically emerge in response to a culmination of site specific issues, in line with the assemblage methodology adopted by the studio in the early stages. As such, I began my personal line of enquiry without a vision into what it might become, instead using first-hand investigations, key texts and analytical drawing to reveal the unique environmental and social issues that will inform the direction of the project from this point, and the role of architecture in responding to these.

Using m y dissertation to infor m an inclusiv e design a pproach Plants to pu rify the air

De v e lopin g inv e stigation s inspire d by Italo Calvin o’s ‘Invisible Citie s’

Exploring architec tural possibilities prim aril y throug h dra wing s and m odels

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PERSONAL APPROACH

G AT H E R I N G STORIES “Cities, like dreams, are made of desires and fears, even if the thread of their discourse is secret, their rules are absurd, their perspectives deceitful, and everything conceals something else.”11 Italo C alv ino A key focus for analysis of the Wicker area has been by the collection of stories and perspectives. Using an ethnographic approach, I have attempted to reveal the community that is often lost behind the negative perception of the area in which it exists. These stories not only focus on memory or knowledge obtained from the person speaking, but also the experience and observation of the environment in which the story is told. Conscious that participants could change their behaviour slightly because of my presence, I made efforts to ensure that they were as comfortable as possible by ‘actively engaging’ in whatever activity was taking place.12

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---Carpent er, Yo rkshi re Art space

---C hair, SA DAC C A

“...I was the first in here when it opened about six years ago, but I’m moving out soon because I want to be more sustainable.

Currently it is a bit of a nightmare getting materials into the studio, because of the big roads and the new traffic measures around here. Its also not very nice walking through all the people who hang around on Exchange Street every day...”

“...I’ve seen every change that’s happened here and I’m still waiting to see a change that makes sense environmentally, socially. The council are trying to get hold of our building because they don’t see how much we’ve contributed to this area. They don’t see people like us as ‘gentrified’...”

---C o ach, A FK K i ck box i n g

---Resident and Em plo yee, Em m aus Shef field

“...We have people of all ages come here from all over Sheffield and loads from Rotherham too. Some of us are a bit older, some just out of uni. A load of our guys are from the same school, some came in after they had fights and people suggested they come here to channel that energy. It really works for us here, there’s plenty of places for us to go after the classes...”

“...I married very young and had some problems in my life, but I came to Sheffield to get away from that part of my life. I just needed that support around me to be able to move on and that’s what I’ve got here. I love the people and work here full-time. I was able to get jobs before but nothing that lasted a long time.

I’m living the dream...”

R i chard M usi c i a n “...I used to walk across that bridge every day to get my fruit and veg from Castle Market when I first moved out of home when I was seventeen. I had nothing else to do and I had no money so I used to stop on the bridge and watch the water for a while.

It reminded me of my dad because me and him used to walk across that bridge a lot to go to record stores and go for musical journeys together...”

Kat Motor Bik e Enth usiast “...For years I’ve been coming with my dad to visit this bike shop, its great because there’s not many of them about. On a sunny day the car park is full with bikers using the shop or cafe. It’s quite a social hub. Bikers love a cup of tea...”

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PERSONAL APPROACH PHYSICAL N A R R AT I V E S

FARHAD

KAT

JASON JOHN ROB RICHARD HENK

“First life, then spaces, then buildings, the other way around never works”13 Jan Geh l

Inspired by Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities I am interested in the process of building a visual interpretation of a place based on memory and narrative. This helps me to identify areas of the existing urban fabric that are important to the community that live and work there, whilst also giving me an insight into how people have (and continue to) move around the area.

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HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BE SENSITIVE TO THE MEMORIES AND STORIES EMBODIED BY THE S U R R O U N D I N G B U I LT ENVIRONMENT?

“O n a sunny day the c ar park is full with bik ers using t he shop or c afe. It’s quite a so ci al hub.”

“I’m liv ing the dream rou n d here after a da rk period of m y life. I’m still g etting used to soc ialising properl y but pe ople hav e sho wn m e som e nic e place s to hav e a drink and play pool in.”

“ T he bo y s he re l i k e g o i n g do w n t o I m ran’s t ak e a w ay af t er t he cl ass. I t ’s a pl ace t o chi l l o u t an d t he y can t al k abo ut ho w hard I ’ v e m ade t hem w ork ! ”

SMC BIKES

“A c ross the road La Pe rle is one of the be st bak e rie s in the c ity. T he che f came ov er from Paris. A lot of the tim e we go ov e r the re from here.”

AFK KICKBOXING CAVALRY DELIVERANCE MINISTRY

“ To an e x t ent i t st i l l do e s but Lady ’s Bri dg e se parat e d t he E ast and Nort h si de s o f Shef f i el d w i t h t he m o re af fl uent West en d o f t o w n .

I used t o w al k a cro ss t hat bri dg e e v er y day t o g e t m y f r ui t and v e g f ro m C ast l e M ark et w hen I f i rst m o v e d o ut o f ho me w he n I w as se v ent een. ” LADY’S BRIDGE

LA PERLE

IMRAN’S THE BIG GUN

SADACCA

“T his area used to be the social c entre of Sh ef field with all the pubs, the best plac e in the city for a pub c ra wl. Ha pp y me morie s. A lot of them closed do wn in the late 80s and earl y 90s, le ft this place a bit lost.”

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PERSONAL APPROACH

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G E N T R I F I C AT I O N “I’ve seen every change that’s happened here and I’m still waiting to see a change that makes sense environmentally, socially. The council don’t see how much we’ve contributed to this area. They don’t see people like us as ‘gentrified’.”14 R o b C o t t re l l , C hai r o f S ADAC C A

One of the overriding themes that emerged from speaking to people on the Wicker was that they feel forgotten or disregarded by those making the decisions about Sheffield’s future. The recent focus the council seem to be putting on providing places and amenities for a very narrow demographic (young professionals with disposable income) projects the idea that parts of Sheffield are becoming places for people who can afford to be there, often displacing others in the process.15

‘People or uses with more money at their command, or greater respectability, can fairly easily supplant those less prosperous or of less status, and commonly do so in city neighbourhoods that achieve popularity.’16 Jane Jac obs

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY PROMOTE SOCIAL EQUALITY IN ITS URBAN CONTEXT?

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PERSONAL APPROACH A N TA G O N I S T I C

The House of Commons is arranged with two opposing banks of seating.

This encourages the antagonistic nature of political discourse.

Circular or horse-shoe shaped spaces are much more likely to encourage productive political discussions as they represent democratic equality.

PRECEDENT A x i o m A rchi t e ct s - Parl i am e n t R e de si g n Lig ht, open spac es prov ide m ore positiv e atm ospheres for politic al disc ourse

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING ENCOURAGE POSITIVE POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND CHANGE?

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Spac es for pe ople to g ather and c on v e rse spontaneousl y

D E M O C R AT I C ARCHITECTURE THE SOLUTION? Identifying the need for democratic space in the area through the accounts gathered, investigations into this typology give me an insight into the kinds of architectural space this implies. The aim is to translate some of these simple ideas into the design of the public elements of the projects.

I n v i t e d S pace s: Pro v i ded i n re spo n se t o po pu l ar de m an d

Jane Jacobs amongst campaigners protesting the planned demolition of Penn Station in New York in 1963.

Popular Spac es: People c om e tog ether at their o wn instig ation

C onquered Space s: Existing as a resu lt of suc c essful dem ands

Types of democratic space as defined by Professor Andrea Cornwall

‘This is the real design project of democracy: to make our cities places of open engagement where we come together and actively participate in society.’17 Sam Jac o b

BERNARD BARUCH, THE PARK BENCH STATESMAN

Kno wn as the ‘Park Bench Statesm an’, Ber nard Bar uch was well k no wn for sitting on benches in park s in Washing ton DC or Ne w York and disc ussing the issues of the day with whoe v er ha ppened to join him . It is a v er y sim ple way of sho wing that dem oc ratic spac e c an be bor n in som ething as spatiall y sim ple as a park bench, if a desig ner c an som eho w enc oura g e the users to eng a g e with it.

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3

SITE EXPLORATIONS Site Location The Site

Visiting the Site

A izle wood’s Mill

Wav erl y Hou se

Stan le y Stre e t

Lady’s Bridg e

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SA DAC C A W i ck e r

Wick er A rches Derek Doole y Wa y

The site was chosen because of the opportunities it presents to create a permeable building that draws people from the high street and into the under-populated streets that sit behind, exposing the pockets of community that exist there. The main constraints are the vacant buildings that currently occupy the site, with two former retail units and a number of empty warehouses presenting questions about the most sustainable and appropriate treatment.

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SITE E X P L O R AT I O N S

T he ret ai l uni t s faci n g o n t o W i ck er i t sel f are bo arde d u p

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THE SITE Wick er Lane is post-industria l in charac ter with the m ajority of the building s l ying em pty

T he back of the em pty retail units are ov er g ro wn and fe n ce d of f

Wick er Lane is nar ro w and m ore to hum an than v ehicle sc ale S ho ps o n t he co r n e r o f W i ck er Lan e an d S t an l e y S t re e t are em pty a part f ro m a barbe r sho p 57

SITE E X P L O R AT I O N S VISITING THE SITE

10

9

8

7 6

2

5

4

3

1

Mapping a story of my first visit to the site.

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1

Get t i ng o f f t he 5 2 bu s o n a S at u rday l u n cht i m e and c ro ssi ng Lady ’s B ri dg e a yo u n g m an a ppro ache s m e

w i t h a beer can i n hi s han d ask i n g

2

what I am do i ng and I ’ m su dde n l y e m bar rasse d I hav e a

sk e t chbo o k i n m y han d. I st o p fo r a

l i t t l e w hi l e an d e x pl ai n , an d he tells m e about his studies in IT. I co n t i n u e do w n t he st reet, stopping

at t he sho p t hat sham elessl y bra g s about

abo u t be i n g ‘ B ri t ai n’s big g est fishing

3

t ack l e dealers’ and

t r y t o g e t a l o o k i n bu t the windo ws are c ov ered with years worth of g ig posters.

I wander back round in the direc tion I c am e, pluck ing up the cou ra ge to g o inside the Big G un. I feel the

em bar rassm ent a g ain, I’m at least

20 years young er than e v er yone else and I look a

bit dif ferent too in m y long c oat.

N e v ert hel ess I man a g e t o hav e a chat w i t h t he bar man and a c ustom er about the area’s he y day “pre-T hatcher”.

Leav i ng t he pu b I t u r n ri g ht do w n t he n ar ro w G un Lane.

A bi n l o r r y sudden l y t u r n s o n t o t he st re e t an d I am forc ed onto the pav em ent where I c an see t hro ug h t he di r t y w i n do w s o f t he ho u se n e x t t o m e.

D o e s an y bo dy l i v e t he re ? T he re ’s a load of g raf fiti

o n t he i r w al l t o o.

4

Tur ni ng t he co r n e r a g ai n an d sk i rt i n g ro u nd the c ar that is ov erhang ing the path

I stop to look ov er the g ate and barbed wire 5

into an ov er g ro wn yard at the back of one of the em pty shops. T he

windo ws look quite ne w but the building is definitel y em pty.

I c an hea r musi c co m i n g f ro m be hi n d m e so w an de r of f in th at direc tion follo wing the sound,

6

m ak ing e ye c ontac t with an elec tr ic ian work ing in

a house on the way do wn Nurser y Lane.

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SITE E X P L O R AT I O N S

T he so u n d o f l o t s o f pe ople cheerfull y sing ing is c om ing from the four store y

bui l di ng ne x t do o r. It s do o r i s do o r sl i g ht l y ajar so I w ander in to see

w hat I can f i n d. S u dde n l y a l i g ht t i ck s on in the em pty

c o r ri do r and I fe e l l i k e I ’ m i n t r u di n g so se t t l e for listening outside for a while.

7

Wal ki n g back do w n W i ck e r Lan e t he re i s an o pe n do o r

wi t h o ne man w o rki ng o n a ci rcu l ar sa w i n si de t he e mpty shell of a building.

8

A nother m an passes m e in the street, the first sinc e the high

st re e t , he i s i n hi s t hi rt i e s an d professional look ing.

I t u r n t he co r n e r a g ai n past the entranc e to

a po o l hal l o n t o S t anle y Street

an d pass D a ppers Barber Shop

ju st as i t o pe n s.

Ne xt do o r i s La Perl e w he re I had l u n ch ju st a fe w day s a g o,

t o day i t i s quit e qu i e t w i t h o n l y o n e t abl e o ccu pied and the

9

w ai t re ss o n he r phone by th e c ounter.

10

C om ing back round onto Wick er itself I c ross the

ro ad t o g e t a better v ie w of the ro w of shops I hav e just

walk ed around, La Perle c afé,

a sci -f i l o ok ing book shop and a num ber of k ebab shops.

T he bu s st o p bl o ck s m y v ie w opposite the old fishing tack le shop so I walk

i n t he l ay by sli g ht l y be fo re w ai t i n g at t he cro ssing to g et back ov er.

HOW CAN A PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE I M P R O V E F O O T FA L L FOR LOCAL BUSINESS LIKE LA PERLE?

60

HOW CAN A PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE ENCOURAGE DAPPERS’ BARBERS TO CONTRIBUTE IDEAS TO LOCAL DEVELOPMENT?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY R E I N S TAT E P E O P L E ’ S PRIDE IN THEIR LOCAL AREA?

A photographic study of the site and surrounding area.

61

4

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT Thesis Development

Emergence of Programme Strategic Move 1 Strategic Move 2 Strategic Move 3

Proposed Timeline

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

THESIS DEVELOPMENT

Fitting into the collective studio strategy for the university whilst also addressing the site specific questions that have arisen from my own investigations, the brief for the project has exponentially grown.

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING ENCOURAGE C O L L A B O R AT I O N AND ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS?

HO AN W OF IN CAN C WH ARC LUS I DE AT H I T I V E S I G N E P AN IS CU CTU IEC E E RE R X U IN EN NIV CLU REN T S VI E R O R S I I V E LY NM TY EN T?

64

HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE BE USED TO TEST NEW POLITICAL THEORIES TO BRING ABOUT POSITIVE CHANGE?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY PROMOTE SOCIAL EQUALITY IN ITS URBAN CONTEXT?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING ENCOURAGE POSITIVE POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND CHANGE?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BE ACCESSIBLE TO SOMEBODY LIKE JASON?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BE SENSITIVE TO THE MEMORIES AND STORIES EMBODIED BY THE SURROUNDING BUI ENVIRONMENT?

A BE O ES S THE B U I LT T?

“The freedom to make and remake ourselves and our cities is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights. How best then to exercise that right?”18 Dav i d H ar v e y

‘URBAN ACTIVISM’ E f fo rt s t o pro mo t e o r di re ct so ci al , po l i t i cal , ec o no mi c o r env i ro n m e n t al re fo r m w i t h t he de si re to mak e po si t i v e chan g e s i n t he u rban e n v i ro n m e n t

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY BUILDING REMAIN ACTIVE AFTER I T S D AY T I M E AND TERMTIME ACTIVITIES ARE COMPLETED?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY AND ITS BUILDINGS BE RESILIENT TO A C H A N G I N G C L I M AT E ?

HOW CAN A PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE I M P R O V E F O O T FA L L FOR LOCAL BUSINESS?

HOW CAN A PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE ENCOURAGE LOCAL PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES TO CONTRIBUTE IDEAS TO LOCAL DEVELOPMENT?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY R E I N S TAT E P E O P L E ’ S PRIDE IN THEIR LOCAL AREA?

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITIES BROADEN THEIR AUDIENCE TO BECOME MORE INCLUSIVE?

65

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

HOW CAN A UNIVERSITY EMPOWER COMMUNITIES IN ITS PROXIMITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR CITY?

“We’re a part of the regeneration process but we haven’t really been consulted, people round here have a vision for this area but nobody is listening”19 O l i v i er Tsemo SA DAC C A 66

EMERGENCE OF PROGRAMME The building looks to incorporate a new home for a School of Urban Activism on the Wicker, incorporating research and teaching facilities similar to those in a school of architecture.

Acknowledging the value that communication between students and professionals of the built environment can bring, space will also be designed to allow a professional ‘teaching practice’ to be based here.

public with a platform to express their opinions about the urban environment that they know so much about, a notion it is extremely valuable that both those practicing and training in this city engage with.

Tackling the feeling of discontent at the lack of sensitivity to existing communities in recent development in Sheffield, underpinning the whole thing is the element of public engagement achieved through permeability. This provides the

“It has long been my hope to inaugurate a teaching office with a role similar to that of a medical school, where young designers can receive practical training to supplement their theoretical education”20 Geo r g e Gre n fe l l B ai n e s ( S pe ak i n g i n 1 9 7 4) Fo under o f B D P an d t he D e si g n Te achi n g Prac tic e

A rchi t ec t ure Teachi ng Faci l i t i e s

A rchitec ture Research Fac ilities (Urban Institute)

C ollaborativ e Workspace for Professional Practice

O pen So urc e Wo rk sho p an d Li brar y

A Ne w Hom e for the C ity Re g eneration Div ision of the Planning De partm ent

Dem oc ratic Public Space 67

68

“Through their daily activities and struggles, individuals and social groups create the social world of the city, and thereby create something common as a framework within which we can all dwell�21 D av i d H ar v e y

69

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT O’ D o nnel l and Tuo me y - C e n t ral E u ro pe an Uni v e rsi t y, Buda pest

Potential issues for privacy and security

Multiple routes through the building involves interaction with the central space

Provides a large, light central space for people to spontaneously gather

70

Multiple entrances/exits allows people to walk through the building as part of their route through the city

S T R AT E G I C M O V E

NEW ROUTES

Prov ide Ne w Urban Rou te s

Places to gather spontaneously

Multiple entrances/exits for choice of route

C an the building be come an e xtension to the pu blic realm ?

71

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT O’ D o nnel l and Tuo me y - C e n t ral E u ro pe an Uni v e rsi t y, Buda pest

Up-market materiality could be seen as exclusive

A civic facade that engages with the street

Offers glimpses of activity inside through the placement of windows

Invites people inside through its form Could be more aligned to the human scale

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S T R AT E G I C M O V E

FA C A D E S

Introduc e Ne w Fron ta ge s

INDOOR/OUTDOOR Workshop

ACTIVITY Studios Offices SHOWCASE Exhibition space Public events

W hich parts of the prog ram m e c an be se e n from the street?

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BRIEF DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT Var go Ni el sen Pal l e - Aarhu s S cho o l o f Archi t e ct u re

Larger spaces provide the opportunity for visual connection between floors

Providing ample space and height for 1:1 building

Large spaces could be overwhleming to some and therefore not inclusive

Large doorways allow activity to spill out and people to wander in

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Concrete, an unsustainable material choice

S T R AT E G I C M O V E

SCALE

Enlar g e the Sc ale

E nsure sc al e al l o w s t he bu i l di n g an d t e st i n g o f ne w sy st em s i n -ho u se. T he se sy st e m s co u l d hav e been de v e l o pe d as a re su l t o f m at e ri al research el se w he re i n t he u n i v e rsi t y st rat e g y.

Use inc reased sc ale as an opportunity to m ain tain transparenc y between floors and ac tiv ities

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BRIEF DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED TIMELINE

UK fails to hit Paris 2020 e m issio n tar g e ts

2026 S hhee f f ie ld flo o ds

C onse r vativ e Party w i n 8 0 se at m aj o rity

C o n se r v ativ e Party w in 93 se at m aj o rity

U K v o t e s t o l e av e t h e E u ro p e an U n ion

G re e n Party t ak e c o n tro l o f S hef f i el d C ity C o u n ci l U K le av e s the E u ro pe an Un io n

T h e S cho o l o f Urban A c tiv ism pro po se d

2 0 1 9 Sout h York shi re fl oods

T h e S cho ol of U rban A c tiv ism compl et ed

T h e Un iv e rsity o f the C lim ate E m e r g e n c y fo r m e d in S h e f f ie ld

2025

2020

2015 76

2030

S tro n g o p po s itio n del ays t he ta k e o v e r o f S A DACCA

Parts o f the W ick e r in clu din g S A DAC C A e ar m ark e d fo r ta k e o v e r u n de r the e xte n sio n o f the K e lham lha m I slan d de v e lo pm e n t are a

Pl ausi bl e

Where I hope to operate Po ssi bl e

Probable

Where most projects operate

Using futurologist Stuart Candy’s ‘cones’ of potential futures to begin to suggest events that form the context within which the design process will sit. These are defined as the probable, based on what is likely to happen; the plausible, where alternative economic or political futures are explored; and the possible, where links are made between today’s reality and a suggested one.22

Po lar B e a rs be c o m e e xtin c t 5 0 % of Los Ange l e s de st ro ye d by w i l dfi re s

R I BA su c c e ss f u l l y l o bbi e s fo r all bu i l di n g s t o be de sig n e d to be ze ro - c arbo n Ma g id M a g id e le c te d of fic ial First M in iste r o f a n e w de v o lv e d Yo rkshire pol itic al re g io n

U n iv e rsal ba si c i n c o m e in tro du c e d i n t he U K o u t o f n e c e s si t y

Sh e f fi e l d ’s ol de r U ni v e rsi t i e s c ol l a pse t hrough l a ck of fundin g

Le g isla tio n is in tro du c e d fo r all n e w bu ildin g s to be c o lle c tiv e l y o w n e d u n de r the Urban C o m m o n s A c t

S cho o l o f U rban Ac t i vi sm and I n n o v at i on Agora d e v e l ops m a t e ri a l t e chnol og y for fast bu i l d h o m e s ai me d at sol vi ng t h e ho u si ng c ri si s

2035

2030

S tu de n t s f ro m t he S cho o l of Urban Ac t i v i sm de l i v e r re f u rbi sh m e n t o f S ADAC C A’s G - Mi l l as a n e w fl e x i bl e e v e nt spac e

2040

70% o f all S he f f ie ld’s n e w bu ildin g s are c o - de sig n e d in th e S cho o l o f Urb an A c tiv ism

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5

GOING FORWARD Working Methodology Inclusivity

A Spatial Journey

GOING FORWARD WORKING METHODOLOGY

Through defining the programme as a mix of workplace, university and public activities the project has become more than just a response to local issues, but a statement about the way in which professionals in the built environment work.

In a similar way to Awan, Schneider and Till, I have become uncomfortable describing this approach to design as ‘alternative practice’, instead using their term ‘spatial agency’ to describe the process of empowering a much broader social audience to contribute to the production of space.23

“Social space is a social product”24 Henri Lefebv re

As such, my methodology for designing will reflect the values of collaboration the project is trying to embody, with key decisions being made alongside design professionals and the local community. This will be done through informal consultation organised with a number of local community organisations with which I have developed a relationship in recent weeks, as well as contacts in Sheffield-based professional practice.

The process of designing a school of architecture within a school of architecture can be likened to an ethnographic approach, using my own experience, alongside that of peers, to inform the design of a new environment to house our activities.

Pro fe ssional Expertise and Resourc es

STUDIO CP K n o w l e dg e, D e sires and A spirations for the Loc al A rea

80

Through this approach, the boundaries between the various qualification levels will be deliberately blurred, reflecting my discomfort at the strong separation between activities implied in the group principles. This is likely to result in a physical architecture that is rebellious to this strong separation, with a playful approach to the symbolism the floor levels now hold.

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GOING FORWARD INCLUSIVITY

Given the statistics suggesting exclusivity of education to those from able-bodied, white middle class backgrounds25, this project will look to draw on research and experience to explore how a piece of architecture can challenge this notion.

Using the principles from Jos Boys’ book ‘Doing Disability Differently’ as a starting point, and in line with the theme of storytelling, I will use a constructed scenario begin to understand the very precise needs of a specific group of people.26 It is hoped that elaborating this scenario as the project progresses will help me to design architectural space that caters as much as possible for the needs of this group, something I believe should be done by architects as a matter of course.

Peter (Elderl y) Luc asz (Hom eless) Yo l an de ( Phy si cal l y D i sabl e d)

H assan ( R efug ee)

Sophie (A utism Spec tr um Disorde r)

De v (Dwarfism )

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BETWEEN APRIL AND JUNE 2019

68,170

HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK ASSESSED AS ‘THREATENED WITH HOMELESSNESS’ SOURCE: MINISTRY OF HOUSING, COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LUCASZ MIGHT NEED...

Outlining spatial principles that can inform the design of inclusive space for those who are (or have been) homeless.

A sm al l e r pri v at e space so he has so m e w he re t o g o t o co m po se hi m se l f

Natural and pastel c oloured m aterial finishes are soothing

Vie ws out and in for transparenc y

Plac es to a p propriate an d bec om e his o wn

D o m e st i c i n scal e for co m fo rt

Predic table architec ture or sig na g e to av oid unsettling surprise when entering a room 83

PHYSICAL DISABILITY 1 3%

87%

PERCENTAGE OF UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS IN 2017/18 NO DISABILITY

SOURCE: HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY

YOLANDE MIGHT NEED...

Outlining spatial principles that can inform the design of inclusive space for those who have a physical disability.

BETWEEN APRIL AND JUNE 2019

68,170

HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK ASSESSED AS ‘THREATENED WITH HOMELESSNESS’ SOURCE: MINISTRY OF HOUSING, COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

W i de doorways for ac c ess

Stora g e and work surfa c es at a lo wer heig ht

H i g he r l e v e l s acce sse d w i t h ram ps A m ple spac e to tur n her wheelchair Robust solid floors

84

15%

48%

OF OF PUPILS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS PROGRESSED TO UNIVERSITY IN 2017/18

OF OF PUPILS WITHOUT SEN PROGRESSED TO UNIVERSITY IN 2017/18

SOURCE: NATIONAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY NETWORK, FEBRUARY 2019

SOPHIE MIGHT NEED...

Outlining spatial principles that can inform the design PHYSICAL of inclusive space for those whoDISABILITY have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

13%

A se parat e se n so r y space t o de -e scal at e an d re g u l at e

87 %

PERCENTAGE OF UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS IN 2017/18

NO DISABILITY

SOURCE: HIGHER EDUCATION STATISTICS AGENCY

C ontrolled ac oustic s to im prov e attention span Visual c onnec tion to outside or other parts of a building for orientation

BETWEEN APRIL AND JUNE 2019

68,170

HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK ASSESSED AS ‘THREATENED WITH HOMELESSNESS’ SOURCE: MINISTRY OF HOUSING, COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Do o rs t o o t he r space s v i si bl e t o pro v i de a c o nst ant opt i o n t o e sca pe

Extra spac e prov ision to pre v ent anxiety throug h lack of personal spac e

Material features for sensor y stim ulation and physic al reassuranc e

85

GOING FORWARD

Wal king do w n t he Wi ck e r as u su al yo u

a ppro ach t he bu i l di n g w i t h t he shi n i n g l i g ht s

A S PAT I A L JOURNEY Going forward, my design methodology will involve the creation of a series of architectural ‘moments’ forming parts of a person’s route through the building.

Closely aligned with Gordon Cullen’s concept of ‘serial vision’ whereby the dynamic elements and contrasts of urban movement are showcased through a series of vignette sketches27, my design will be explored through working drawings that will be continually developed, gradually refining the experience of these particular spaces. I will then look to connect these moments together using models, effective for their ability to communicate threedimensional ideas to those who will be helping me to design their new route through the neighbourhood.

co m i n g f ro m t he w indo ws Look ing up as you enter

you c an see ac tiv ity on the floors abov e

Gordon Cullen’s ‘Serial Vision’ sketches of urban ‘moments’.

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Lo o ki ng do w n t he buil di n g t he re i s a hi v e o f act i v i t y,

w i t h peo p l e t e achi n g an d w o rk i n g o n pl at fo r ms

t hat ho v er aro und a ci rcu l ar se at i n g are a

w he re pe o pl e are di scu ssi n g the

pl ace m e n t o f n e w housing in th e area.

A s you leav e v ia the door onto

Stanle y Street there are a num be r of pe ople building parts of these houses in the lar ge space n e xt to

the work shop.

Look ing up you c a n see lots of pe ople watching from the u ppe r floors.

87

C harles Per riam 180208070

ARC584 ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY

90

PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH

STUDIO CP

C l i mat e e m e r g e n cy mi t ig at i o n

Adv an ce d m aterial t e chn o l o g ies in the bu i l t e nv ironm ent

Self-sustaining neig hbourhoods

Soc ial sustain ability

PRACTICE D e si g n i n g fo r longevity

Hig h perfor m anc e retrofit

PERSONAL

Desi g ni ng fo r l o n g e v i t y and resil i e n ce i n t he c o nt e x t of a chan g i n g cli m at e

Pushing the boundaries of su st ainable m a terials

Re-use of e xisting building s or waste m aterial in c onstr uc tion

C reating comfortable env ironme n ts for people with spe cific im pair me n ts

QUESTIONS

H o w c an u n i v e rs i t i e s and t heir bu i l di n g s be resil i e n t t o a chang i n g cl i m at e ?

H o w c an sustainable or adv anc ed m aterials be used t o ach ie v e spec ific architec tural g oals?

Having now declared a climate emergency I am interested in how buildings can be designed to work with the changing climate, rather than against it, to create places that are useable for years to come.

As many universities continue to work on innovative new material technologies, I am interested in how these materials might be used to solve some of the issues that the built environment currently faces. This could be as simple as the use of lighter materials to reduce embodied energy in transportation or as complicated as developing new systems for the fast construction of much needed housing.

As architects make value judgements about existing buildings and the level to which it is appropriate they are retained, I am interested in exploring how buildings that are coming to the end of their useable life can still be ‘recycled or reused’ in some capacity.

A lack of attention to the needs of those with non-physical disabilities in current architectural projects has resulted in buildings that are uninclusive. I am interested in how informed technological and detail design decisions have the power to improve the experience of those with specific impairments to create a built environment that is inclusive to all.

The Cork House incorporates advanced material research to offer a sustainable solution to housing construction.

Whitby Abbey Visitor Centre

by Stanton Williams places a new structure inside existing ruins.

Hazelwood School by Alan Dunlop Architects uses textural materiality and low-level controls to assist those with dual sensory impairments to move through the building.

The Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland

by Hassell uses Geopolymer concrete, natural ventilation and its own solar energy source to operate as a carbon neutral space.

To what e xtent c an e xisting building s be ‘rec ycled’ to ensure sustainable c onstr uc tion

Ho w c an te chn olog y be utilise d to m ak e buildin gs as inclusiv e as possible ?

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ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY S U S TA I N A B L E C O M M U N I T I E S

E m po w er l o c a l c o mmu n i t i e s t o f u l f i l t he i r share d aspi rations throug h desig n

This project is founded on the basis that environmental impact of architectural projects is not measured through CO2 emissions alone.1 In addition, social, cultural and political implications are considered to create a more rounded definition of sustainability.

As described by the manifesto, this project comes in response to some of the decisions currently made by Sheffield City Council in pursuit of economic capital, often disregarding or displacing local people in the process. Using architecture to integrate public functions with those studying and practicing in the built environment in the city, the intention is to instigate socially sustainable decisions through a physical place that gives people a platform to express their opinions.

LOW CARBON DESIGN OR POSITIVE CARBON CAPTURE Use rene w abl e ener g y w he re a ppro pri at e – i n cl u di n g passiv e m eans such as solar g ain Embracing the likelihood that wind and solar are going to be the primary sources of renewable energy in the future2 the campus will look to reduce its energy demand by exploiting its position in a valley by placing turbines on the Wicker Arches to harness the south-westerly wind, while solar panels will be placed on south and west facing roof faces of university buildings.

Each individual building will look to lighten their energy demand by passive means such as using orientation to maximise solar gain in the winter months, maximise natural ventilation during hotter seasons, and using thermal mass as a method of passively heating certain spaces. In line with the self-sustaining model, waste products such as timber and food waste will be used to fuel energy systems where possible.

The University of Nottingham’s Jubilee Campus by Hopkins Architects uses a combination of natural and low-energy mechanical ventilation to passively ventilate the space. The project also has a large glazed central space to light and heat the adjacent workspaces.

U S E R E S O U R C E S S U S T A I N A B LY E val u at e env i ro nment al i m pact o f spe ci f i cat i o n s i n cl u ding m inim ising em bodied ener g y, m inim ising pollution at sourc e, an d m i ni m i si ng w ast e i n pro du ct i o n , re cycl i n g an d l an df i l l where possible The University of the Climate Emergency is founded on the assumption that existing measures being taken to tackle the global crisis are insufficient, and is therefore committed to leading by example with regard to sustainable construction. As such, during the construction of the School of Urban Activism, targets will be set to exceed the current recommendations with regard to material sourcing within a 100km radius.3 Instead, I will aim to source materials within a target 35 mile (56km) radius to further minimise embodied carbon. The position of the Wicker also presents some unique infrastructural opportunities to reduce the impact of material transportation to site, including the Sheffield-Tinsley Canal connecting to the River Don near Rotherham, and the newly reinstated railway running out to Stocksbridge.

The project will also aim to incorporate new low-emission technology that has been developed by Heriot Watt University whereby concrete, brick and plasterboard waste from the demolition of buildings is used to produce stronger, lighter bricks.4 Where the demolition of existing buildings is necessary on or around the site, the waste product can be utilised in this process to ensure minimal waste.

92

Site Brick manufacturer/quarry Timber manufacturer Hemp producer

Steel manufacturer Concrete supplier

SHEFFIELD

Identifying the location of various material sources within a 35 mile (56km) radius of the site in Sheffield.

PROJECT SPECIFIC PRECEPTS OF S U S TA I N A B L E D E S I G N D E S I G N H E A LT H Y B U I L D I N G S Pro v i de bar ri er f re e e n v i ro n m e n t s fo r al l , m ak i n g sure the young and the elderl y a s well as those with partic ular impair me n ts c an use nec essar y faci l i t i e s Using my previous research into the design of physical space for those with autism as a starting point, my design will be centred around the specific needs of those with both physical and non-physical impairments. To do this I will be exploring the extra dimension physical space can have when viewed from different perspectives, and the unique technological solutions that can ensure that those with specific needs feel comfortable to engage in activities within it. For ASD these technological solutions will include design and construction methods that ensure an honesty of materials, allowing an environment to be ‘readable’ to users who might find complicated spaces stressful. Robust finishes and low level controls are also key considerations, allowing those who need specialist equipment (such as wheelchairs) to use and move round buildings safely and comfortably.

The Young Vic Theatre by Haworth Tompkins makes no attempt to deceive users about its varied material palette.

The Classroom of the Future at Mossbrook School, Sheffield by Sarah Wigglesworth Architects exposes its robust metallic and timber finishes whilst also providing low level window controls allowing disabled users control over light levels, temperature and views.

Using sketches to visualise how key principles for the design of those with specific impairments (example is for ASD) manifest themselves in physical space.

D E S I G N H E A LT H Y B U I L D I N G S Desi g n fo r c o mfo rt – pro v i de a ppro pri at e t he r m al, v isual, ac oustic, hum idity, v entilation le v els When designing on the basis of ‘inclusivity’ one of the most important factors to consider is the creation of an environment that is comfortable to as many people as possible. This will include providing appropriate natural lighting levels to reduce the need for artificial lighting, a prerequisite for a healthy and comfortable environment.5 Appropriate control over temperature is also essential (and will be discussed in more detail later in the report), particularly given the prospect of rising temperatures in the coming years.6 Perhaps the most important consideration to ensure spaces within the building are useable and inclusive to those with non-physical disabilities is noise.7 Particularly pertinent in the School of Urban Activism where visual connection both internally and externally is essential to ensure the transparency between university and public, herein lies a challenge in placing separate functions, with varying requirements in terms of acoustic control, in close proximity.

Buf fer Sala 2 Sala Su g gia

In OMA’s Casa da Musica different auditoriums are placed adjacent to each other. The risk of disruptions to the performances is minimised by the inclusion of a buffer zone between the outer walls of each space, acting as an acoustic air cavity whilst in this case also serving as a circulation route.8

A traditional stud wall has a sound reduc tion inde x of 37dB A wall with air c av ities has a sound reduc tion inde x of 60dB 100m m In the School of Urban Activism quiet spaces such as libraries and office space will be positioned in proximity to louder public spaces and workshops.

170mm

Analysis of the acoustic performance of various wall build ups indicates the requirements in terms of internal wall thickness (data from Rockwool is approximate)

93

ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY EXISTING BUILDINGS

A number of vacant buildings currently sit on the site. Ex-industrial in character they appear to have fallen into disrepair following several years without use. The environmental impact of removing these buildings has been assessed against the risk of using these potentially unstable structures in the design, with the decision being taken to remove the buildings and instead utilising the material waste in the production of new building materials.

SITE CONDITIONS

1

2

W i ck e r

40

The wind rose shows how many hours per year the wind blows from a certain direction. It shows a clear tendency for the prevailing wind coming from the south-westerly direction.

94

2

50

40

1

Wi ck er Ln

Positioned in an urban area it is important to be aware of the potential for natural daylighting to reduce the need for artificial lighting as much as possible. This is done through analysis of the angle of visible sky allowed by the largest adjacent buildings.

Using a point on the site boundary at a 2m datum as recommended achieves angles below the recommended 65-68 degrees50for good daylighting on the lower floors.9 This means that decisions will have to be made to improve the daylighting potential including positioning the building away from the site edge or changing the form to increase the angle of visible sky.

SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY ISSUES FLOODING The east of Sheffield is particularly prone to flooding, with three major flood events in the last thirteen years. The majority of the Wicker area (including the site) sits in an area of high risk, despite the addition of flood defences in recent years.

Wicker during a major flood event in 2007. There have since been other significant floods in 2012 and 2019.

Sheffield City Council’s flood risk map shows the majority of the Wicker area at high risk.

As a method of mitigating the increasing flood risk within the campus strategy, the studio has adopted similar technologies to those used by the Cloudburst Management Plan in Copenhagen. This incorporates wetland zones in the central reservation of the major roads around the campus, and channels running underneath the road surface that will begin to fill when the ground becomes saturated. In the event of extreme water levels, this allows the recessed road to flood, minimising the risk to inhabited areas around it.10

Lo w R ai nfall

Despite this, the implications of the flood risk to the building have been considered and have started to inform spatial arrangements and principles as well as technology that could be investigated in more detail as the project progresses.

M edi um R ai n fal l

H i g h R ai nfal l Our studio proposal for the redevelopment of major roads inspired by the Cloudburst Management Plan.

Relocation of mechanical systems out of flood prone areas is essential.

Robust, cleanable material finishes on the vulnerable ground floor.

Raising floor above the vulnerable level has negative implications on active frontage and accessibility.

Beginning to think about the vertical positioning of spaces in the building in accordance with the risk of flooding. Spaces which can be designed to be flooded stay low whilst spaces with specialist equipment are placed on the higher floors.

‘Amphibious House’

by Baca Architects is designed to float during tidal flood events on the River Thames.

Exploring the possibility of certain spaces being positioned in a ‘dock’ to allow them to float in position during flood events, becoming temporarily unusable but preserving the contents and finishes.

95

ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY P R O J E C T E N E R G Y S T R AT E G Y Since 1988 energy for Sheffield’s universities, hospitals and civic buildings has been supplied by a District Energy Network, the kind of system that is generally accepted to be one of the most climateresilient and efficient methods of producing energy.11 This provides an efficient, low-carbon resource already passing through the Wicker area of the city, reducing the need for new systems to be built.

As well as reducing its energy demand from the District Network through passive heating and cooling, The School of Urban Activism will look to existing models like those developed by Swedish district Hammarby Sjostad to generate its own energy. This model uses waste products from the neighbourhood as biofuel that can be used for heating while collected waste water can be used for space cooling.12 Any excess energy produced from this system can be fed back into the network.

S hef f i el d’s Di st ri c t En e r g y N e t w o rk ( C i t y S cal e ) EN ERGY S TAT ION S

T he Ham m arby Sjostad Model (Building Sc ale) S PA C E C O O LI N G

R E N EWA B LE ELE C T R I C I T Y

ORGANIC WA S T E

WA S T E O R C O LLEC T ED WAT E R

WAT E R T R E AT M E N T

H E AT I N G BUILD INGS

BIOGAS FUEL

NATI O NA L G R I D

EN ERGY REC OV ERY FAC ILIT Y

R E F U SE TR U C K

S o l ar pan e l s o n so u t h and so u t h-w e st faci n g ro o f fo r m s re du ce t he bu i l di n g’s de m an d o n t he D i st ri ct E n e r g y N e t w o rk

Work spac es desig ned to the optim um width of 15m in relation to a heig ht of 3m for natural c ross v entilation

Wo rksho p spac es rec ei v e di f fuse no rt h l i g ht

Wast e mat eri al s f ro m t he o pen so urc e w o rk sho p can be used as bi o mass f u e l , pro duc i ng ener g y t hat can be used t o heat the bu i l di n g w i t h e x c ess fed back i n t o t he Di st ri c t N et w o rk

96

Rain wa space co

E N E R G Y S T R AT E G Y A N D C L I M AT E C H A N G E A D A P TAT I O N A D A P T I N G T O A C H A N G I N G C L I M AT E 3 0 oC

Predictions that average temperatures in UK cities could rise by up to 5.9 degrees by 205013 highlight the need for sustainable cooling strategies in new buildings (particularly those designed for longevity).

I have begun to look at how the incorporation of passive cooling systems could start to influence the building’s form whilst also acting as vehicles to drive the social goals of the project.

2 5 oC

2 0 oC

1 5 oC

1 0 oC

h

5 oC

0 oC

5h The ideal depth of spaces for natural cross ventilation is up to 5x its height.14 Therefore, looking to create less oppressive high spaces with a floor to ceiling height of 3m, any space with a depth greater than 15m will require mechanical assistance for ventilation. In addition, window sizes will look to exceed the minimum 10% of room floor area required for effective ventilation.15

C o o l e r ai r f ro m t he pre vailing wind i s ca pt u re d by a ‘ w i n d to wer’ and di re ct e d i n t o t he l o w e r floors of the bu i l di n g.

T he r m al m ass i s pro v i d ed to the south side o f t he bu i l di n g t o ca pt ure heat from the sun du ri n g t he day an d re l e ase into the adjac ent space s w he n t he y co o l at nig ht

in water i s co l l ect ed f ro m t he ro o f an d u se d fo r ac e cooling and for fl ushi ng t o i l ets

JAN FE B

MAR AP R MAY JUN

JUL AUG SE P OC T NO V DEC

Predic ted av era g e tem perature range in Shef field in 2050 C ur rent av era g e tem perature rang e in Shef field

Traditional Iranian windtowers (badgir) capture the wind from all directions and direct it into the building below to cool the spaces.16

Hemp lime provides a good thermal mass capacity of 1700J/kgK offering a low-carbon alternative to concrete.17

97

C harles Per riam 180208070

ARC585 M A N A G E M E N T, P R A C T I C E & L A W

Wo rd C o unt : 2 1 8 2 (N o t i ncl udi ng c o n t e n t s, t i t l e s, re fe re n ce s, an n o t at i ons and c a ptions) A l l i ma g es by t he au t ho r u n l e ss o t he rw i se re fe re n ce d.

CONTENTS Setting the Scene

102

Site Specific Risks

106

Inclusivity

110

Procurement

116

Value

120

Programme of Works

122

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW SETTING THE SCENE STUDIO CP A collective of unique architectural designers, Studio CP undertakes local projects that share its environmental and social values. We are employee-owned, finding this ensures decisions are representative of the entire group, enhancing employee motivation and togetherness.

K RIS T IE

DA N I E L L E

J OE

J O SE

KANAI

YI

R ORY

S AY Y I N

CHARLIE PROJECT A R C H I TE C T

FRANCES

KELUBIA

DAN

During the project, Studio CP proposes to relocate into a vacant building on the site. Once the project is completed the intention is to keep our offices in the school, becoming a new teaching practice.

A llo ws us to fa c ilitate a partic ipator y desig n proc ess on-site.

Opportunity for m axim um ef fic ienc y when workin g and c om m unic ating with c onsultants.

Better position to tack le problem s that c om e abou t from the site risk s.

A llo ws us to work with the c ontrac tor to promote the hig h de g ree of desig n quality e xpec ted.

102

CLIENT AND S TA K E H O L D E R S The University of the Climate Emergency

C lient

U C E Local O r g an i sat i o n s

U CE B OA R D

OL IVIA L A MB ERT HEA D OF CA MPU S DEVEL OPMENT

S t ak eholders

L O CA L CO M M U NITY

Stak eholders

FU TU R E STU DENTS

FUNDING As a result of the UK missing their 2020 emission targets, the government has increased funding for organisations that look to directly tackle climate change. The University of the Climate Emergency was formed with boosted funds from this venture.

As the university establishes itself as a credible and forwardthinking alternative to the current higher education model, its funding will be supported by students ‘subscribing’ on a monthly basis for access to formal course material and qualifications.

£ U C E

C LI MAT E C HA NG E RES EA RC H

T HE U N I VE R S I T Y O F T HE CLI MAT E E ME R GE N CY

LO C A L C O MMU NI T Y

£

FU T U RE STUDENTS

EVENT S

103

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW PROJECT INCEPTION At its inception in 2021, The University of the Climate Emergency (UCE) set up a Consultancy Services Framework to select consultants for numerous developments in their new campus. Making use of sustainable local supply chains to invest in the local economy, architecture practices within a 30km radius of the planned campus were selected to take part.1 Studio CP was appointed to carry out the initial feasibility and campus strategy phase of work, involving the creation of an initial vision for future work to fit into. It is from this existing relationship that UCE invited Studio CP to tender for the School of Urban Activism, as they believed the practice embodied the collaborative social ambitions they had for the project.

STUDIO CP

Campus strategy phase.

THE SCHOOL OF URBAN ACTIVISM

STUDIO CP Individual building.

104

BENCHMARK COSTING Town House, Kingston University Architect: Grafton Architects Reason: University Classrooms and Public Facilities Completed: December 2019 Floor Area: 9,100sqm Total Cost: £50,000,000 Central Saint Martins, Granary Square, London Architect: Stanton Williams Reason: University Workspace with Public Element Completed: April 2011 Floor Area: 40,000sqm Total Cost: £92,000,000 Here East, Stratford, London Architect: Hawkins Brown Reason: Workshop Spaces Completed: February 2018 Floor Area: 6,200sqm Total Cost: £10,000,000 Second Home, London Fields Architect: Estudio Cano Lasso Reason: Collaborative Workspace Completed: June 2019 Floor Area: 2,400sqm Total Cost: £5,000,000

T he c ost per square m etre of the buildin g is raised by the use of the To wn House pre ce de n t as a benchm ark . T his is due to the high qu ality spec ific ation of public areas that is a k e y c onsideration in the School of Urban Activism.

We will look to c om plete the building to a c om parable spec ific ation in an attem pt to in cre ase the soc ial v alue of th e output whilst also lo we rin g m aintenanc e c osts and therefore the life - cycle cost of the building. In order to achie v e this, con trol ov er quality will need to be m aintaine d throu gh the building ’s p roc urem ent.

City of Glasgow College Architect: Reiach and Hall Architects and Michael Laird Architects Reason: Classroom Spaces Completed: August 2016 Floor Area: 60,000sqm Total Cost: £162,000,000

A l l pro j ec t dat a o bt ai n e d f ro m t he Archi t e cts’ Jour nal

Programme

Benchmark

Cost per sqm

Area (+20% contingency)

Cost

Public Space

Town House

£5,495

5,500sqm

£30,222,500

Studio Space

Central Saint Martins

£2,300

2,000sqm

£4,600,000

Workshops

Here East

£1,612

400sqm

£644,800

Collaborative Working

Second Home

£2,083

1,800sqm

£3,749,400

Classroom Spaces

City of Glasgow College

£2,700

1,400sqm

£3,780,000

£3,874

11,100sqm

£42,996,700

105

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW SITE SPECIFIC RISKS From: charlie@studiocp.co.uk To: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk Subject: Site Risks and Issues Dear Olivia, Having visited the site, there are a number of risks I would like to make you aware of. For each, I have outlined Studio CP’s preferred design approach, and the repercussions these might have for UCE. I think we should be mindful of this from the outset so we can collectively make appropriate decisions to help us move forward, with minimal unforeseen costs or issues.

There are a number of existing ex-industrial brick buildings on the site, the majority having been vacant for an unknown period. We are proposing the temporary occupation of these buildings in the near future, however the risk associated with with re-use of structures that are in poor condition needs to be avoided.

Therefore, the extent of temporary retention will be determined by extensive site investigations and surveys.

The site sits in an area of high flood risk, with several significant flood events over the last decade. Our strategy for mitigating this risk is to be ‘resilient’ to inevitable flooding, rather than resist it. We recommend investment in robust material finishes for the flood prone ground floor. I would argue that committing to a slightly increased budget at this point is worthwhile to reduce future maintenance and replacement costs.

During the course of Stage 3 design, we will also look into various other technological solutions to flood management.

E st abl i shi n g re st ri ct i o n s o r spe ci al prec au t i o n s t o be i n cl u de d i n t he desig n as a re s u l t o f si t e spe ci f i c i ssu e s su ch as fl o o di n g i s adv i se d t o en su re t he cl i e n t i s a w are o f t he po t e n t i al i m pact o n pro g ram m e an d budg e t at t he e arl i e st po ssi bl e po i n t . 2

For an overview of all site risks we have identified please see the attached file. Feel free to let me know your thoughts on any of this as we proceed.

Kind regards, Charlie

106

I N V E S T I G AT I N G T H E F L O O D R I S K Risk of entr y throug h or around pipes that pass throug h walls M I T I G AT I ON: E l e ct ri c cabl es and so ck e t s pl ace d abov e fl o o d ri sk l e v el on g ro u n d fl o o rs

Risk of entr y throug h opening s (doors and windo ws)

R i sk o f ent r y t hro ug h part y w al l s Risk of see pa ge from the g rou n d

M IT IGAT IO N : Fl o o d mana g em e n t as part o f c am pu s mast erpl a n redu ce s t he ri sk o n t he si t e

MITIG ATION: Use of resilient and/ or wipeable m aterial finishes to m inim ise lasting im pac t of flood water and reduc e need for frequent re plac em ent

107

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW 1

Flood Risk

T he si t e has e x pe ri e n ce d t hre e fl o o d e v ents in t he last t hi rt e e n ye ars. D e spi t e t he addition of fl o o d de fe n ce s fo l l o w i n g m ajo r fl o o ds in 2007, i t i s n e ce ssar y t hat pro po sal s are de sig ned to be as flo o d re si l i e n t as po ssi bl e t o av o i d inc reased c o st t hat co m e s w i t h re pai r o r re pl ae ment

2

Party Walls with Existing Buildings

Bui l di n g i n prox i m i t y t o a n u m be r o f work ing ret ail an d co m m e rci al bu i l di n g s i s l i k el y to c ause di sr u pt i o n an d po t e n t i al di spu t es about adj ace n t l an d. T he re m ay al so be so me issues w i t h part y w al l s t o t he adjace n t pro perties.

3

c onduc ted prior to RIBA sta g e 3 to allo w the desig n team to c onsider c onstraints broug ht about by g round c ontam ination. T his will help to m inim ise disr uption during c onstr uc tion.

Site Access on Small Streets

M an y o f t he st re e t s su r ro u n di n g t he site are l ess t han 6 m i n w i dt h, cau si n g po t e n tial issues g et t i n g m at e ri al s t o ce rt ai n are as o f the site.

T hi s w i l l n e e d t o be co n si de re d by t he desig n t eam du ri n g R I BA S t a g e 4 , w i t h co n sultants

5

Under the Party Wall A c t 1996, should disputes arise, each party will a ppoint a party wall sur v e yor to c om e to an a g reem ent on ho w to proc eed.

Ground Contamination

Si t uat e d i n an are a t hat w as pre v i o u sl y hom e t o mu l t i pl e st e e l w o rk s, i t i s po ssi bl e that t he g ro u n d co n t ai n s co n t am i n at e d e l e m ents as a re su l t o f t hi s i n du st ri al past . I t is rec o m m e n de d t hat e x t e n si v e g ro u n d su r v e ys are

4

of finishes and c ontents ov er the building ’s life. Measures hav e also been included in the ov erall c am pus strate g y to m inim ise the risk of building or c onstr uc tion site flooding and the inc reased c ost that would c om e with this.

produc ing track ing dra wing s to dem onstrate ho w ac c ess c an be achie v ed. A C onstr uc tion Traf fic Mana g em ent Plan will also be produc ed to m inim ise the ef fec t of the work s on the sur rounding roads.

Structural Risk of Old Buildings

T he st r u ct u ral co n di t i o n o f e x i st i n g e xi ndu st ri al bu i l di n g s w i l l n e e d t o be e xtensiv el y anal y se d be fo re an y k i n d o f re -u se i s e v en c o nsi de re d. S u r v e y s o f t he se bu i l di n g s will be c o missi o n e d pri o r t o S t a g e 2 de si g n .

6

Asbestos Risk in Old Buildings

T he a g e o f e x i st i n g bu i l di n g s o n t he site i mpl i e s t hat t he re m ay be an asbe st o s risk w hen ada pt i n g o r re m o v i n g t he m . S i t e sur v e ys w i l l be car ri e d o u t t o de t e r m i n e t he e xtent and spec i al i st s w i l l be a ppo i n t e d t o re m o v e any risk 108

before c onstr uc tion work be g ins. It is worth pre paring for the financ ial im pac t of this in adv anc e.

6 5 4 3 2

1

109

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW INCLUSIVITY From: charlie@studiocp.co.uk To: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk Subject: Clarification of Ambitions Dear Olivia, Following your instruction to proceed with the Concept Design of the School of Urban Activism under RIBA stage 2, I would like to take this opportunity to clarify your key ambitions for the project.

Our understanding is that you are using the creation of the School of Urban Activism to tackle the current ‘exclusive’ nature of both educational institutions and urban decision making. This is something we are completely on board with and will endeavour to create an architecture where accessibility is not an afterthought, but a driving design principle that celebrates diverse requirements.3 Kind regards, Charlie Perriam Project Architect Studio CP

C l ari f y i n g yo u r u n de rst an di n g o f a pro je ct f ro m t he o u t se t he l ps t o asc e rt ai n fe asi bl e o bje ct i v e s w i t h w hi ch t o m o v e fo rw ard 4 , av o i di n g t he need t o re v i si t e l e m e n t s o f t he pro je ct l at er i f t he y are m i si n t e rpre t e d, resul t i n g i n adde d co st t o e i t he r t he cl i en t o r t he de si g n e r.

From: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk To: charlie@studiocp.co.uk RE: Clarification of Ambitions Dear Charlie, Exactly! We would welcome some creative ideas about how the building could be experienced by those with specific impairments. In our opinion a building like this would be incredibly valuable to the city and its residents.

Best wishes, Olivia

110

‘Social value is the direct, positive impacts for people and communities that can be created by going beyond ‘fit for purpose’ built environment design and creating socially sensitive infrastructure or architecture’5 I t i s cl e ar t he cl i e n t i s k e e n to inte g rate soc ial v alue into the projec t, potentiall y al l o w i n g m o re t han f i n an ci al dec isions to influenc e the direc tion the p rojec t tak es. T his i s n o t al w ay s t he case, w i t h c are needed during RIBA sta g e 1 to ensure the client’s aspi rat i o n s are i n l i n e w i t h the needs of the c om m unities. T his ultim atel y inc reases t he v al u e o f t he asse t . 6 O u r co r re spo n de n ce w i t h t he client will look to pursue quality architec ture by re co m m e n di n g ho w so ci al v alue c an be included in the way a building is proc ured, de si g n e d an d de l i v e re d.

EN

VIRONM

EN L TA

SO

CIA

Inclusiv e and ac c essible design

L

Loc al proc urem ent Loc al em plo ym ent Responsible sourc ing

M

IC

Ethic al business prac tic es

ECO

NO

Mapping actions that could be used to achieve social value in construction against three dimensions of sustainable development.

111

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW STUDIO CP DESIGN IDEAS E l de rl y Phy si c al l y Di sabl e d

H o m e l e ss Refugee

Au tism S pe c tr um D i sorder

D w arf i sm T he suc c ess of this entire projec t is reliant on the idea of ‘inclusiv ity’, the ab ility of a piece of architec ture to feel welc om ing to as m any people as possible. T he reality is that desig n (not ju st architec ture) is inc reasingl y being c entred arou n d an able-bodied, white, m ale ‘standard’, with little thoug ht being g iv en to anybody who does not f it into this nar ro w brack et. 7

In the project manifesto, we started to imagine the spatial needs of a diverse group of people through imagining them sitting round a table together.

1

Equitable Use

2

Flexibility in use

3

Simple and Intuitive Use

4

Perceptible Information

5

Tolerance for Error

6

Low Physical Effort

7

Size and Space for Approach and Use

In the School of Urb an A c tiv ism , as with e v er ything we do, we are look ing to desig n env ironm ents to be useable by all people to the g reatest e xtent possible, without the need for ada ptation or spec ialised desig n. A s a startin g point we hav e used the 7 Princ iples of Univ ersal Desig n 8 to be g in to hig hlig ht areas to be c onside re d as the architec ture prog resses.

T hink func tionall y about building features and the issues the y c an pose

G o be yond the le g al requirem ents to m ak e env ironm ents g enuinel y c om fortable

C onsider the v alue of m ulti-sensor y c ues and landm ark s for people with sensor y im pair m ents 112

Tran si t i o n s be tween m ajor space s co n t ai n v isible o pt i o n s t o e sca pe into m ore t ran qu i l space s

Lar g e c entral spac es provide opportunities for v isual con n e ction , of fering a feeling of orie n tation that c an be piv otal to people ’s ability to feel c om fortable in the e n viron me n t

Way f i ndi ng i s no t o n l y v i sual and c o ul d in co rpo rat e t e x t ural o r audi bl e e l e m e n t s

Beginning to develop moments along a route through the building, incorporating some key inclusive design principles.

Sim ple additions such as a handrail m ak es the building feel m ore welc om ing to those that need it

Lo w l e v el w i ndo w s al l o w v i e w s t o be e x p eri enc ed e x cl u si v e l y by t ho se i n w heel chai rs ( an d chi l dren), w i t h the bu i l di n g re v eal i ng i t sel f u n i qu e l y t o c ert ai n peo pl e.

T he fac ade prov iding plac es for people to sit challeng es the g ro wing issue of ‘antihom elessness’ 113

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW From: charlie@studiocp.co.uk To: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk Subject: Inclusive Construction Dear Olivia, To make this building truly inclusive for a previously marginalised community, we are keen to open up the site prior to and during construction. This would allow the public to become involved with the design and construction process, potentially helping them to feel more comfortable using the completed space that they have helped create.

As the practical requirements of this are unlike any project we have worked on before, we will likely seek to involve the expertise of contractors during the design phase. It will also be necessary to anticipate health and safety issues in advance, investigating the effect these will have on the planning process and building insurance before deciding if this is appropriate.9

It i s i m po rt an t fo r archi t e ct s t o real i st i cal l y a pprai se t he i r abi l i t y and re so u rce s t o u n de rt ak e spe ci al i st w o rk s, m i n i m i si n g t he ri sk t hat c o me s w i t h t ak i n g o n w o rk t hat fal l s o ut si de t he i r e x pe rt i se. 10 I n t hi s i nst an ce i t i s adv i sabl e t o se cu re t he e x pe rt i se o f o t he r co n su l t an t s t o ensure t hat w o rk i s safe l y co m pl e t e d t o t he hi g he st po ssi bl e st an dard.

Please be advised that this approach is also likely to incur an increased cost, although I would argue the inclusive social benefit is well worth the investment.

I look forward to your thoughts on this.

Kind regards, Charlie

From: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk To: charlie@studiocp.co.uk RE: Inclusive Construction Dear Charlie, I have discussed your proposals with senior university staff this morning. In addition to the benefits for inclusion you have outlined, we believe this is an effective way of allowing certain building functions to become operational sooner by being temporarily placed in existing structures on the site. This will increase our revenue and help the campus to begin having a positive impact as quickly as possible.

Best wishes, Olivia

114

Existing

St udi o C P o c c upi es e x i st i ng bui l di ng as o n si t e o f f i c e an d urban ro o m

C o n t ract o r o f f i ce w i t hi n an o t he r e x i st i n g bu i l di n g

Site and remaining existing buildings opened up for the public to contribute their ideas.

Ne w block c om pleted and opened

Existing buildings freed for demolition as functions are moved to new completed block.

Studio CP of fice remain s on site to be come a ‘te achin g practice ’

New building complete and functional.

Extra risk s tha t e xist as a result of opening up the site before and during c onstr uc tion: - Str uc tural r isk of e xisting building s - Risk of public e xposure to c onstr uc tion equipme n t - Risk of public e xposure to unfinished or unsafe str u ctu re s C lear boundaries between public and c onstr uc tion are as will need to be established and c onstantl y re-asse sse d as the projec t prog resses to m itig ate these risk s. With both the architec t and c ontrac tor ba sed on site, this bec ome s more feasible.

115

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW PROCUREMENT From: charlie@studiocp.co.uk To: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk Subject: Procurement Recommendations Dear Olivia, Taking into account the design risks and constraints so far, Studio CP’s recommendation for procurement is the use of a traditional route that includes a two-stage tender process.

The traditional route would allow the university (as the client) to maintain ultimate control of the design by appointing Studio CP as the principal designer, something that is essential to achieve the level of quality and inclusion we have talked about.11 With the expertise of the contractor key in achieving a buildable design in a quicker time12, a two-stage tender approach allows contractor involvement at an earlier stage, something that will help us to achieve a design that is suitable for staged handover within the required time.

SERVICES CO N TRACT

U N I V E R SI T Y O F T H E C L I M AT E EMERGENCY

P R E - C O NS T R U C T I O N S E R V I C E S A G R E E M E NT

C L IENT

C om m unic ation D ESIG N TEAM

S TUDIO CP

A RC H I TE C T PRIN CIPAL DES IG N ER

C om m unic ation

C O NT R AC T O R

QU A N TI TY SU RV E YOR

D E SI G N CON SU LTA N TS

C ontrac tural link Func tional link

Outlining the position of each party in two-stage tender approximately between RIBA Stages 2-4

If a ppo i n t e d t he pri n ci pal de si g n e r, mana g e m e n t o f he al t h an d safe t y ri sk fo r t he pro je ct i s o u r re spo n si bi l i t y. 13 A t t he pre -co n st r u ct i o n st a g e t hi s w i ll i nv o lv e e n su ri n g t hat he al t h an d safe ty st andards are be i n g m e t by co n su l t an ts as t he pro je ct pro g re sse s. Li ai so n w i t h t he co n t ract o r pri o r t o t he co n st r u ct i on phase i s t he n e sse n t i al t o k e e p t he m a w are o f an y ri sk s t o be co n t ro l l e d o n si t e 14 , part i cu l arl y g i v e n t he o pe n i n g of t he si t e t o t he pu bl i c. C o m m u n i cat i o n w i l l be assi st e d by t he cro sso v e r be t w een desi g n e r an d co n t ract o r al l o w e d by a t w o -st a g e t e n de r a ppro ach.

In single stage tender traditional contracts the design and construction stages are completely separated, making communication more tricky.

Two-stage tender brings the contractor on board earlier, making communication easier.

116

Perhaps most importantly, conducting a two-stage tender reduces the risk of social value being lost between designers and contractors (separated in standard traditional routes).15 Early appointment of a contractor has the potential for a better integrated project team, with each party more on-board with the ethos of the project through their increased involvement from the outset, something that will reduce the risk of disputes at a later stage.16 SERVICES CONTRACT

UNI VER SI T Y O F T HE CLI M AT E E M E R GE NCY

BUI L DI NG CO NT RACT

CLIENT

C ontrac tu ral lin k Func tional lin k

DESIGN TEAM

STUDIO CP

ARCHITECT

DESIGN CONSULTANTS

C om m unic ation

QUANTITY SURV EYOR

C om m unic ation C om m unic ation

PRINCIPAL DESIGNER

CONTRACTOR

S UBC ONT RAC T OR

S UBC ONT RAC T OR

Two-stage tender allows greater client involvement in the selection of subcontractors in the construction phase Having said all this, I would be conscious about the ‘top-down’ approach that a traditional procurement route lends itself to. As we have discussed, it is imperative to the ethos of the project that subcontractors and consultants are employed from the local region. Two-stage tendering allows a greater involvement in the pre-selection of subcontractors after the first stage.17 I would also advise that clauses be added to the contract that obligates all consultants to act in the interest of the ‘bottom-up’ project ethos when appointing subcontractors.

C o st s are mo re cert ai n unl ess thi ng s are m i ssed, resul t i ng in premi um char g es

I would recommend the use of a Pre-Construction Services Agreement (PCSA) between the first and second stage tenders. This will serve as an entry into a JCT Standard Building Contract for the construction phase. To avoid the risk associated with rushing to provide a full bill of quantities for the early appointment of a contractor (which could result in them raising their price for anything that is missed18), providing a bill of approximate quantities will allow the flexibility this kind of project is likely to need.

Lump-sum

Measurement

Of course, the final decision about procurement will be made by the university, however I hope our advice has been of some use.

Kind regards, Charlie

117

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW STUDIO CP INTERNAL DISCUSSION PRIOR TO CLIENT EMAIL On t he face o f i t , t he u se o f an allianc e proc urem ent m odel throug h c ontrac ts such as the N E C 4 Al l i an ce C o n t ract a ppears to be ef fec tiv e in achie v ing the shared soc ial g oals of t he pro je ct t e am t hro u g h de ci sions m ade by c onsensus of the c ore parties. 19

SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY

CLIENT

THE HALLAM ALLIANCE

DESIGN C O N S U LTA N T S

CONTRACTOR

FA CI L I T I E S MANAGEMENT

There is already a precedent for this model in Sheffield, with Hallam University procuring a campus masterplan using an alliance involving a design team, contractor and facilities manager all working together towards a collective end goal. As part of this agreement there is no need for Professional Indemnity Insurance as alliance members cannot claim against each other.

B e i n g a sm al l pract i ce, t he co n ce r n for Studio C P is the elem ent of financ ial risk we w o u l d be t ak i n g o n i n re l at i o n t o our relativ el y sm all fee for the work . T he sharing of bo t h pro je ct be n e f i t an d co n se quenc es of failure 20 is less of an issue for lar g e archi t e ct u ral co m pan i e s ( su ch as BDP for the Shef field Hallam e xam ple) who are c o n si de rabl y be t t e r po si t i o n e d t o an a g reem ent that has the potential to im pac t financ es si g n i f i can t l y sho u l d i ssu e s ari se.

In a standard NEC4 Alliance Contract the risk is shared between all parties

Changing the way the risk is apportioned to protect smaller companies from going out of business has the potential to undermine the alliance and result in some members being ‘bullied’ out of decisions.

I t i s fo r t hi s re aso n S t u di o C P w ill rec om m end a dif ferent proc urem ent route to ensure w e are i n a po si t i o n t o car r y o u t the work without the risk of it putting us out of bu si n e ss, w hi l st al so pu rsu i n g so me of the positiv e c ollaborativ e benefits that the al l i an ce m o de l di spl ay s.

118

Traditional

Design and Build

Management

I n co n t rast t o t he de si g n an d build m odel, choosing a traditional route has the po t e n t i al t o k e e p co n t ro l o v e r quality.

Alliance

C o l l abo rat i o n

C o l l abo rat i on Two-Stage Tender Traditional

DE S IG N T E AM

C O NT R A CTOR

With traditional contracts you lose the positive collaborative benefits of an alliance through the design and construction being separated.

C o l l abo rat i o n

DE S IG N

C O NT R A CTOR

A traditional route with two-stage tender helps to bring all parties together to create one collaborative team.

A ppl y i n g t w o -st a g e t e n de r t o a traditional c ontrac t allo ws a c ontrac tor to be a pp ointed e arl y, al l o w i n g t he m t o co n t ribute their e xpertise to the desig n and inc reasing their i n t e re st i n t he ( so ci al ) v al u e of the outc om e. It allo ws tim e to find the rig ht c ontrac tor t hat bu y s i n t o t he e t ho s o f t he projec t, with risk being a pportioned a ppropriatel y to t ho se t hat hav e t he f i n an ci al po wer to tak e it on.

119

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW VA L U E

From: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk To: charlie@studiocp.co.uk Subject: Funding Dear Charlie, Following a meeting with UCE’s funding department, we would like to air a concern regarding the procurement route you have suggested.

Having committed to a more expensive approach of occupying the site before and during construction, and with a number of projects in the pipeline over the next few years, we want to ensure that sufficient funds remain available for the completion of our campus as a whole. Our worry with the two-stage tender approach is that a preferred contractor will be selected prior to the completion of the design work, potentially weakening our negotiating position at the second stage through the absence of competitive pricing.21 Regards, Olivia

From: charlie@studiocp.co.uk To: olivia.lambert@uce.ac.uk RE: Funding Dear Olivia, Thank you for raising your concerns, we are pleased you are choosing to be transparent with us over these issues.

I would like to reassure you that there are ways that we can look to keep costs down during the second stage tender, maintaining your negotiating position with the preferred contractor through the retention of a get-out route as well as allowing competition between local second tier contractors for work packages.22 Most importantly, I would like to emphasise our opinion that value for money should not be confined to the construction cost alone as this is less significant when viewed in the context of maintenance and operational costs that will be significantly higher over a building’s life.23

£

L o w I n v e st m e n t

£££

High Investment

120

£££££

High Maintenance and Running Costs

££

Low Maintenance and Running Costs

As the government is currently injecting money into organisations looking to tackle climate change, it would make sense to make larger investments now while your funding is being boosted. This would ensure that we can work with the contractor to specify higher quality, robust finishes that will ultimately reduce your maintenance and operational spend, likely to be eventually funded by the UCE alone.

In addition, it is important that we don’t view value as purely economic. We have already spoken about the social value the building will offer once completed and the potential to involve the local community during the building’s construction (a time when projects traditionally offer very little to their surroundings) was a key reason we were drawn to two-stage tendering. This will ensure a greater benefit to the community for a similar amount of money.

SOCIAL VALUE SOCIAL VALUE

SOCIAL VALUE SOCIAL VALUE

Of course if cost is still a concern, the alternative is to pursue a design and build route, whereby cost and speed take priority over output quality through contractor control. Please be aware that this is not a route that will be beneficial for the social or environmental goals of the project and is likely to result in a building that is less beneficial for the university, its students and the community.

U N I V ERS I T Y O F T H E C L I M AT E EM ERG EN C Y

C ontrac tu ral lin k

CLI ENT

Func tional lin k DESIGN TEAM

ARCHITECT

DESIGN AND BUILD CONTRACT

CONTRACTOR

SU BC O N TRA C TO R

PRI N C I PA L D ES I G N ER

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

SU BC O N TRA C TO R

DESIGN CONSULTANTS

SU BC O N TRA C TO R

Outlining the various contractural relationships involved in a Design & Build procurement route.

Kind regards, Charlie

121

M A N A G E M E N T, PRACTICE & LAW PROGRAMME OF WORKS

J

F M A M J

J

STRATEGIC DEFINITION

A

S

O N D

F M A M

J

J

A

S

O N D

J

Planning a pplic ation is e arlie r than usual to allo w the e xisting site buildings to be oc c upie d during S ta ge 3 as part of a partic ipator y de sign proc e ss. It also allo ws the c ontrac tor to be a ppointe d be fore the e nd of S ta ge 3 with planning pe r mission

0

PREPARATION AND BRIEFING

J

Fe asibility

J

J

A

S

O N D

J

C ontrac tors a ppo i nt ed o n a St andard B uilding C ontract fo r t he co nst r uct i o n st a ge

PL AN N ING APPL ICAT ION

1

F M A M

PACKAG ES T ENDER ED AND S UBCON T RAC TOR S APPOINTED

2 CONCEPT DESIGN 3 SPATIAL COORDINATION 4 TECHNICAL DESIGN

5 MANUFA

EM AIL - VAL UE

CON T RACT OR APPOINT ED C ontrac tor a ppointe d on a pre - c onstr uc tion se r vic e s a g re e me nt to assist with the oc c upation of e xisting buildings

122

2 0 22

2 0 21

E M AIL - SI T E S PECIF IC RIS KS - I N CL US IVIT Y

OCCUPAT ION Oc c upation of e xisting buildings and public ope ning of the site

2 0 24

EM AIL - PROCUREM ENT

Phase 1 De c onstr uct i o n

2 0 23

DE SI GN TE A M A P P OI N TE D

D

J

F M A M

J

J

A

S

O N D

J

F M A M

J

J

A

S

O N D

J

F M A M

J

J

A

S

O N D

In t i me fo r st art o f ne w uni v ersi t y t er m

ge

HANDOVER

6 7

2 0 26

USE

2 0 25

2 0 24

NUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION

123

124

125

CONCLUDING SUMMARY This document not only brings together the three main components of my thesis, but acts as a culmination of five years living and working in Sheffield. I was keen to develop a project that looked to address some of the challenges I have come across relating to the city and its universities, in the hope that it might ignite a conversation about a more beneficial future for Sheffield’s residents.

Starting as a critique of the exclusive, financially driven university model, ‘inclusivity’ has emerged as a major theme within this project. This is not just economic inclusivity but ensuring that as many people as possible feel comfortable using architectural space and engaging with the activities it hosts.

The focus of the Design Manifesto was to allow people and place to become a starting point for change in the built environment, something that is clearly not happening enough. It gave me an opportunity to experience the everyday lives of those who spend their time in the Wicker area of Sheffield and the current shortfalls of the environment that forms their setting. Taken forward into the technological and management considerations, these personal narratives will continue to form a developmental driving force as the project progresses, as architectural space is investigated through the perspective of those that will experience it in their everyday. Going forward I hope to build on my relationship with local people and businesses to harness their unrivalled knowledge of the area I am working in. This will involve taking the project back to SADACCA, Emmaus and HCD architects where I work one day a week.

Underpinning the entire project through the adoption of this participatory method, consideration of the diverse spatial requirements of disability, neurodiversity, age, race or background has become vital to ensure the validity of the spatial outcome.

Starting life as a dissertation investigating ‘architecture for autism’, and then considered through the lens of each section in this report, the requirements of specific groups of people will continue to drive design decisions going forward.

The thesis report has allowed the project to evolve naturally as a result of the investigations of each individual section. Initially focusing primarily on the role of architectural education alone in bringing about positive social and environmental change, this formed a key part of the brief development in the Design Manifesto.

Considering the role of multiple disciplines in preparing the built environment for the challenges that climate change will pose in the Technology report, alongside the collaborative construction approach pursued in the Management Report however, has prompted an evolution in the brief through a critique of the ‘individualised’ nature of traditional university departments. As such, the project has started to represent this shift in attitude, instead pursuing spatial solutions that heighten collaboration between a range of disciplines to begin to address real-world problems and challenges.

126

Perhaps the biggest challenge facing our planet and the architectural profession is the climate emergency. The exploration of sustainable construction practices and resilient design solutions that mitigate the risk of climatic events such as flooding has become inherent throughout the three stages of this report; but was of particular importance in the Technology Report. Here, I explore the role of universities in preparing for an uncertain future, focusing on the potential of district energy networks and passive heating and cooling.

The pursuit of social value in the Management Report also gave me an opportunity to consider how positive community benefit can be brought about even before architectural work has begun. The emphasis on collaboration between consultants, coupled with the adoption of a two-stage tender approach will allow the temporary occupation of existing site buildings for events and participatory design; at a time when construction projects typically give very little back to their surroundings. This adds an extra dimension to the brief that was outlined in the Manifesto, ensuring that the project embodies its positive social ethos throughout every stage of its development.

Whilst universities in their current form are not in a position to begin to face the issues that have been highlighted by this report, the intention has been to demonstrate how a shift in attitude can result in an infinitely more positive and beneficial system of higher education. Forming a single link in the chain, the School of Urban Activism symbolises a departure from the ‘top-down’ model of development to empower local people to exercise their expertise in the city they live in. It is up to us as architects to take a step back and listen.

127

REFERENCES

DESIGN MANIFESTO COLLABORATIVE PRODUCTION 1

Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (London: Pimlico, 2000), pp.251.

2

Pierre Sutherland, Assemblage and Method: Pursuing Mechanisms of Emergence, The University of Georgia, 2019, pp.4.

3

Higher Education Statistics Agency, <https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he> [accessed 14/01/20]

4

David Harvey, Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp.19.

5

Minqi Li, The 21st Century Crisis: Climate Catastrophe or Socialism, Review of Radical Political Economics, 2011, Vol.43(3), pp.290.

6

John Goddard, The Civic University: The Policy and Leadership Challenges (Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2016), pp.6.

Marjike Kinnaer et al, Autism Friendly Architecture from the Outside In and the Inside Out, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, June 2016, Vol.31(2), pp.191 7

8

Sheffield City Council, Flood Risk Management Strategy, <https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/home/public-health/flood-management> [accessed 16/01/20]

9

Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl, <http://www.dreiseitl.com/en/portfolio#copenhagen-strategic-flood-masterplan> [accessed 15/01/20]

10

Aaron Morby, World’s First Recycled Bricks Go Into Production in Scotland, Construction Enquirer, <https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2020/01/08/worlds-first-recycled-bricks-go-into-production-in-scotland> (accessed 20/01/20)

PERSONAL APPROACH 11

Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities (London: Vintage, 1997), pp.38.

12

Linda Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods, Second Edition (New York: Wiley, 2013), pp.224.

13

Jan Gehl, Cities for People (Washington DC: Island Press, 2010), pp.198.

14

Interview with the author (21/11/19)

15

Owen Hatherley, Regeneration? What’s Happening in Sheffield’s Park Hill is Class Cleansing, The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/28/sheffield-park-hill-class-cleansing> [accessed 10/12/19]

16

Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (London: Pimlico, 2000), pp.107.

17

Sam Jacob, Democratic Space, The Architects’ Journal, <https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/culture/democratic-space/8682207.article> [accessed 10/01/2020]

BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

130

18

David Harvey, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (New York: Verso, 2012), pp.4.

19

Interview with the author (26/11/19)

20

BDP, <http://www.bdp.com/en/about/history> [accessed 20/01/20]

21

David Harvey, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (New York: Verso, 2012), pp.74.

22

Anthony Dunne, and Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming (London: The MIT Press, 2013), pp.3-4.

GOING FORWARD 23

Nishat Awan et al, Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), pp.29.

24

Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), pp.26.

25

Higher Education Statistics Agency, <https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he> [accessed 14/01/20]

26

Jos Boys, Doing Disability Differently: An Alternative Handbook on Architecture, Dis/Ability and Designing for Everyday Life (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014), pp.11.

27

Gordon Cullen, The Concise Townscape, 1971 Edition (London: Butterworth, 1971), pp.17.

131

ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

132

1

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.7.

2

Rachael Rothman, The Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, Talk to students at the University of Sheffield [28/01/2020]

3

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.168.

4

Aaron Morby, World’s First Recycled Bricks Go Into Production in Scotland, Construction Enquirer, <https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2020/01/08/worlds-first-recycled-bricks-go-into-production-in-scotland> (accessed 20/01/20)

5

Torben Dahl, Climate and Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), pp.54.

6

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.38.

7

Magda Mostafa, An Architecture for Autism: Concepts of Design Intervention for the Autistic User, International Journal of Architectural Research, March 2008, Vol.2(1), pp.197

8

Casa da Musica Guided Tour, Casa da Musica, Porto <https://www.casadamusica.com/en/a-casa-da-musica/visitas-guiadas> [26/06/19]

9

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.68.

10

Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl, <http://www.dreiseitl.com/en/portfolio#copenhagen-strategic-flood-masterplan> [accessed 15/01/20]

11

United Nations Environment Programme, ‘District Energy in Cities’ <https://www.uncclearn.org/learning-resources/library/11537> [accessed 05/02/2020]

12

Urban Green Blue Grids, <https://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/hammarby-sjostad-stockholm-sweden> [accessed 05/02/20]

13

BBC, ‘How Hot Cities Could Be in 2050’, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-48947573> [accessed 04/02/2020]

14

CIBSE Guide B2, ‘Ventilation and Ductwork’, 2016, pp.18, Table 2.5.

15

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.152.

16

Torben Dahl, Climate and Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), pp.108.

17

Sofie Pelsmakers, The Environmental Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), pp.188.

M A N A G E M E N T, P R A C T I C E & L A W MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE & LAW 1

Peter Masonbrook, ‘Using Collaborative Frameworks to Procure Higher Education Design Consultancy Services’, Faithful + Gould, 12/04/19 <https:// www.fgould.com/uk-europe/articles/using-collaborative-frameworks-to-procure-highe> [accessed 18/02/20]

2

Owen Luder, Good Practice Guide: Keeping Out of Trouble, Fourth Edition (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012) pp.48.

3

Jos Boys, Doing Disability Differently: An Alternative Handbook on Architecture, Dis/Ability and Designing for Everyday Life (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014), pp.1.

4

Alastair Blyth and John Worthington, Managing the Brief for Better Design, Second Edition (London: Routledge, 2010), pp.3.

5

Supply Chain Sustainability School, Social Value and Design for the Build Environment, 2017, pp.4 < https://www.supplychainschool.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/10/Resource-ID-5670.pdf> [accessed 18/02/20]

6

Supply Chain Sustainability School, Social Value and Design for the Build Environment, 2017, pp.7 < https://www.supplychainschool.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/10/Resource-ID-5670.pdf> [accessed 18/02/20]

7

Caroline Criado-Perez, ‘The Deadly Truth About a World Built for Men’, The Guardian, 23 February 2019, <https://www.theguardian.com/ lifeandstyle/2019/feb/23/truth-world-built-for-men-car-crashes?CMP=share_btn_tw> [accessed 24/02/20]

8

National Disability Authority, Universal Design <http://universaldesign.ie/what-is-universal-design/the-7-principles/the-7-principles.html> [accessed 24/02/20]

9

Owen Luder, Good Practice Guide: Keeping Out of Trouble, Fourth Edition (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012) pp.56.

10

Principle 2: Competence, RIBA Code of Professional Conduct, 2019, pp.9 <https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources- landing-page/code-of-professional-conduct> [accessed 20/02/20]

11

Nigel Ostime, Handbook of Practice Management, Ninth Edition (London: RIBA Publishing, 2013), pp.6.

12

Simon Rawlinson, ‘Two Stage Tendering Procurement’, Building, 12 May 2006, pp.64.

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THE UN I V ERSI TY O F THE C LI MATE EMERGEN CY