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Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Thinking Machine – Ramen Rmpage ........................................................................................... 4 There’s a City Coming - Essay ........................................................................................................ 5 Introduction
........................................................................................................................................ 6
Peri-Urban ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Societal Background
........................................................................................................................... 8
Multifunctional Spaces + Compaction ............................................................................................... 10 Case Studies - Modularity
................................................................................................................. 12
Case Studies - Megastructure ........................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion
........................................................................................................................................ 15
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Image References
............................................................................................................................. 17
Method Statement ........................................................................................................................ 18
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Abstract During research for another project, it became apparent that there was a surprising reliance in modern cities for external resources. This addiction to the drip feed of outsourced produce to maintain a steady platform did not seem sustainable with urban growth accelerating rapidly. The aim of the ‘Thinking Machine’ was to highlight the fragility of the city and its current system. Through a facetious example ‘Ramen Rampage’ shows the chaos that could ensue when a “prized” resource, not produced locally’ is cut off. Although somewhat dramatized it highlights the city’s reliance on the external. A non-issue in a self-supporting city.
To view the “Ramen Rampage”; click the image on the next page to be redirected. Alternatively, follow this link; https://youtu.be/0R6eDfarf78
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There’s A City Coming! Craig McCracken - 140012625
Contents Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 6 Peri-Urban ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Peri-Urban ...................................................................................................................................... Societal Background ........................................................................................................................ 74 Urban Agriculture .............................................................................................................................. Societal Background ................................................................................................................... 85 Multifunctional spaces + Compaction ........................................................................................ 6 Multifunctional Spaces + Compaction ................................................................................ 10 Case Studies - Modularity .............................................................................................................. 8 Case Studies - Modularity ....................................................................................................... Case Studies - Megastructure ......................................................................................................129 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Case Studies - Megastructure ............................................................................................... 13 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 15 Image References ........................................................................................................................... 13 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 16 Image References ...................................................................................................................... 17
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Introduction
time in history, architecture must engage where these contradicting plates collide:
"Urbanisation is an extreme
process” 1. It is most obviously apparent in China where the urban population has skyrocketed in the last 40 years leading to undocumented sardine cramming. The tin has few options; to expand, or accept the unprecedented stress of continued growth. Shanghai for example has a staggering 3,823 people per sq. kilometre. This global shift has cities like Shanghai
emerging a new landscape for dense rurality. Serving to facilitate the resources we depend upon. The city must develop an ecosystem to self-sustain. Working within the periphery between the city and the rural; the frontline of the urbanisation process. A collisional space where rural and urban meet; not just physically but politically and economically too.
requiring an ever more torrential stream of resources to successfully operate. This stream is becoming a roaring, uncontrollable rapid, quickly draining the lake of resources. The fragility of the city becomes opaque when its operational requirements are truly considered. We see the urban sitting at a dining table of indulgence, whilst the rural cooks, cleans and wipes. Change is required to cope with the stresses of this developing urban realm before the rural’s back is broken. Before the city cuts off the hand that feeds it. How is the rural meant to support an increasing demand with a dramatically declining population? We already know that it simply cannot. Architects have traditionally focussed on
In the face of this bewitching, complex and deeply connected social reality; ‘how can the design of this newly emerging hybridized landscape provide a sustainable future for cities?’
the urban. However, contemporarily there has been a paramount shift of interest towards the role of the rural and its service to facilitate livelihood. For the first
1
(Bolchover and Lin 2018)
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Peri-Urban
these definitions is the fact that: the identity of the urban periphery is related to
Defining the concept of the urban periphery
processing and production; namely food and
in order to speculate its role in our future
energy with the creation of short supply
causes several conceptual difficulties. Many
chains, fundamentally supporting the dense
theorists have attempted to define it, often
urban sustainably.
with justifiable results.
These attempts to define the peri urban
The city of Kano in Nigeria was previously
provide a good broad strokes painting to
defined as ‘peri-urban’ as its settling pattern
ground one’s understanding.
separated it from both the open ‘hinterland’ 2 and the vastly packed city. Landholding was noted as being much smaller than the rural. Households closest to the city were often the most intensive for agriculture. Being almost solely dependent on produce sent to the cities for their livelihoods. Mortimore and Wilson who made this initial definition, focused on the
However, fully defining this realms’ multiverse of actions is an impossible task. Its enate complexity and fluidity would make any attempt to define details a misrepresentation and a misuse of time. This in itself becomes the only true definition of the peri-urban and the one we shall flow with throughout this essay.
‘mosaic’ land-use patterns; transportation to the urban; the diverse selection of household incomes; its relationship to markets and the availability of cheap labour. 3 In ‘Gardening on the Edge’, Friedberg speculates that the peri-urban is in essence: urbanity being fundamentally integrated into rural contexts. These areas are a “unique space, in that they are simultaneously sustained and imperilled by the dynamics of the urban economy” 4. This geographically based concept outlines an emphatic outflow of produce, services, processing and labour. Formed by a complex metabolism with a nervous system of
Figure 1 - Ebenezer Howard’s original garden city concept.
economic, social and political inputs. The shared stream that runs through all
2 3
(Brenner, The Hinterland Urbanised? 2016) (Mortimore and Wilson 1965)
4
(Freidberg 2001)
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Societal Background
huge task force of skilled workers down to a single trained operator. High-yield, low cost
As of 2018, for the first time in history,
operations like these drove a machinery
more than 55% the global population was
orientated workflow which in-turn created
living in urban areas. As popularly stated, in
a circular economy between the rural and
keeping with this trend, it is estimated that:
the urban. An unquantifiable spider web of
by 2050, urban areas will become home to a
speciality nodes working seamlessly toward
dizzying 68% of homo-sapiens. 5 The rural of
a better whole; a city support network.
the 20th century simply could not cope with
Democratization of resources.
such demands. In the 1990’s it appeared technology had given us an answer. Staggering advances meant that contemporary rurality could meet the demands of the city. Taking simplified look at farming acts as a good example. Previously a huge task force was required for land preparation, seed sowing, irrigation management, fertilizing and harvesting. The
“Industrialization supplies the
conditions and means of urbanization, while urbanization results from the spread of industrial
introduction and development of machinery
production across the entire
meant that human labour was replaced by
globe.”6
comparatively and collectively; ultra-fast, and reliable equipment, requiring no human rights or holidays. This reduced a previously
Figure 2 - Depiction of decentralized infrastructure from the Unknown Fields Showreel 2013
5
(Affairs 2018)
6
(Christian 2011) Page | 4
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Developments in road, rail, sea and sky
Mougeot as: an industry located on the
transportation facilitated the platform for
fringe a city or a metropolis; “which grows or
these domains to intertwine; becoming a
raises, processes and distributes a diversity
synchronised machine.
of food and non-food products, (re-)using
Unfortunately, there was a spanner in the works. With the ‘mass task force’ out of paid employment, they venture to the city, the paradise of endless opportunities. A gut wrenching illustration of this is seen in Japan’s “Valley of the Dolls” 7. The small village of “Nagoro” has so few human occupants left that it has been repopulated with life sized dolls to give life to the lonely, dying town. The youngest of the remaining
largely human and material resources, products and services found in and around that urban area, and in turn supplying human and material resources, products and services largely to that urban area.” 8 What is particularly appealing about this definition is it’s reference to both Ins and outs for urban agriculture to operate inside the urban landscape which other definitions seems to miss.
people being 55 years old, as young people leave for better opportunities in the cities (fig.3). Examples like this result in multiplied urban growth and subsequently, a greater demand on produce. The rural is transitioning to being economically supported by the urban through necessity. This increase of income in rural landscapes result in infrastructure
Figure 3 - Valley of Dolls, School
being developed for a declining population; much of which will never be inhabited. The links holding these nodes together begin to erode, staining the produce with an unsustainable tint; a decaying ecosystem.
The progression of vertical agriculture technology results in a new perspective. What was previously financially impossible, may now be the solution. Huge land area costs can be dodged by building skywards. Natural light has been superseded buy
Urban Agriculture
artificial lights that accelerate plant growth. Natural darkness is now not just “night” but
Technology could once again provide the
a symbol of inefficacy, a period of wasted
answer. It is now at a point where the urban
potential.
can begin to contract these links. bringing the nodes closer to home. This concept of urban agriculture is best defined by Luc J.A. 7
(Post 2019)
8
(Mougeot 2000) Page | 5
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Despite their natural density, cities have
Multifunctional spaces + Compaction
shown potential for food growth. A 2014 study found that urban metropolitan areas produced under 30% of the overall value of US agricultural production. By 1990, this figure had risen to 40%. In Berlin, there is an 80,000 strong community garden project with a waiting list of 16,000. Singapore has also recently become fully self-reliant in meat, while producing 25% of its vegetable needs,
It is a generally approved consensus that the ‘compact city’ is desirable. Richard Rogers in his 1995 Reith Lectures “Cities for a Small Planet” said, in reference to ‘ideal city’, examples like Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City:
increasing yearly. Bamako in Mali is self-
“…it has become clear that
sufficient in vegetables and at least half of
these modernist cities lack
the chickens it uses. Dar-es-Salaam; one of the world's fastest growing large cities, has 67%+ of families involved in farming compared to 18% in 1967. 65% of Moscow families are involved in food production now compared with 20% in 1970. 9 These figures are impressive, given the
the dense critical mass that is needed to sustain the vibrancy of urban life. The city that I am advocating takes
neglect of agriculture in urban planning
the tradition of dense
policies in many countries.
overlapping activity as its
Planners tend be put off by urban food growing as it is stereotypically heavy on land area and generally an unpleasant
starting point, but reinvents it.”10
business, staining the ‘pure’ city. However, as previously mentioned this is simply not the case with new scientific advances. This, in combination with smart and versatile design from architects can lead to a future where cities can sustain themselves.
Figure 4 - Walter Pichler's Compact City, 1963 9
(Barry, et al. 2014)
10
(Rogers 1995) Page | 6
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As has been globally displayed, building
A facetious example of cities current
upwards is an effective strategy to compact
obscure fragility and reliance on long range
the city by avoiding high land costs. These
logistical gymnastics is illuminated in the
tall buildings with offices, habitation and
dramatized banning of ramen in the ‘Ramen
leisure all within, are a step in the right
Rampage’ video. Where chaos ensues from
direction. Expanding this idea comes with
the loss of a prized resource which is not
the peri-urban idea.
produced locally. A non-issue in a self-
As we develop this realm, we begin to see
supporting city.
habitation within and around industrial
This will require a dynamic approach to the
complexes. How these two interact together
design of buildings, something architects of
will pose an interesting puzzle for architects
today must begin to adapt towards.
to solve. For example: picture a luxury Parisian apartment where rather than another flat,
Whatever form this new approach to
its downstairs neighbour is a call centre
building takes, it must be adaptable to
where the occupier of the apartment works.
changes in demand from political, economic
Beneath this, a floor dedicated to urban
and social waves, unlike many designs of
agriculture. The ground floor of course being
today: buildings with single use plastic
another Amazon distribution centre.
precedents. A multifunctionalism; a
Designing a system to solve and solidify
framework for insertion of what is required
these juxtaposed elements is an intriguing
at that such time. The peri-urban being the
concept.
frontier of urbanism and the proving ground
These shortened connections between city
of these new perspectives.
centre and production are not only sustainable from an environmental standpoint, but actively lead to a more sustainable city; providing for oneself.
Figure 5- The Synaptic Building, Stanislas Chaillou, Harvard Graduate School of Design 2018
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This, however, is not entirely new. Being conceptualised briefly during the modernist period. Reconsiderations of these early ideas containing this ideology are continually being picked up on, metabolism and megastructures for example. Projects like RSH+P’s Y:Cube and a 2018 project from
MVRDV explores the blinding fast urban transition in Eastern Asia where village life has been engulfed by mega-cities. This reintroduction of qualities lost during the transition from rural to urban. Into a denser, vertical way. It differentiates itself from the invasion of towers, “Block-attack” 12, standardised apartments and their demand for outside resources.
Harvard School of Design “Synaptic Building”, take a contemporary approach to this style, morphing it to fit the current climate.
“A building with multiple uses that adapts to the needs of its surroundings supports the creation of neighbourhoods that are diverse. Mixed-use buildings do more than save resources, although sustainable building is a compelling and important benefit of these structures. They help us rethink how we can design
Figure 6 - MVRDV - Vertical Village IBA
metropolitan spaces so that growing urbanization becomes a boon rather than a bane.” 11
Case Studies - Modularity An alternative to the conventional contemporary city skyscraper, MVRDV proposed the ‘Vertical Village’ which aims to be a diverse and flexible contraption, returning neighborhood life to East Asian cities thought lost, through a threedimensional collection of objects.
11
(ATSA 2018)
This unbuilt experiment proposes to bridge the gap between village and city. The necessity for urban densification with the dynamic cohesive village qualities. What are these desired qualities from village life? Home grown resources, community, work-living relationship. Combined with urbanity create a lively, intimately connected, active and diverse biosphere at a human scale. Offering social coherence and individual freedom. Growth through evolution: a modular collage of resilience.
12
(Maas 2012) Page | 8
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programmatic diversity. Although the area is currently suffering from physical deterioration as is seen in many of these situations, low prices have generated a strong social commune. Informal insertions on roof tops and between buildings have given density to existing placeholders whilst adding new infrastructure. Characterized by their human-scale and individual interpretations, this has become a true collage.
Figure 7 MVRDV Vertical Village Taipei
This collective growth of the Vertical Village is different to the traditional top-down development. Rules guide the evolutionary growth granted by architects, determined by the changing political and economic state. The study itself evolves from abstract thinking to a specific location. Can this gradually changing cluster solve how we live around these operational landscapes in peri-urban realm? MVRDV sought to sample the hypothesis within a city composed of many villages which are being engulfed by peri-urbanism. Tapei was chosen as part of the “Urban Regeneration Station” program. A block within the ZhongShan District. The ZhongShan Vertical Village 13 investigates these outlined qualities, the potential of the area, along with what it lacks. They take the data gathered and being visualizing how these desired elements could be added to the existing situation step-by-step. Because of the current very low density in the Zhongshan District, it is a prime target for densification pre-expanse. This however makes it particularly vulnerable for the development of monotonous blocks (blockattack), as has happened to other Asian urban villages subjected to peri-urbanism. MVRDV try to implement their systematic process while maintaining the area’s existing qualities of human scale and 13 14
(Maas 2012) (Shane 2016)
This approach to the problem by MVRDV is a take on modularity. A collective of infrastructures around existing lowdensity areas, seeking to stop the spread and give village-like qualities in the process. This concept does ensure the area densifies gradually, going some way to solve our problem; however, it does not address directly how self-sustaining could work within.
Case Studies - Megastructure
“…how to interface with the megastructures of the modernist statedesigned top-down city…the mega-blocks and big-box elements that land the desakota cityterritory with their own logistical dynamic.” 14
Megastructures have long been envisioned and built, described as an instrument to negotiate the constantly shifting cultural landscape of the postwar years. 15 Technology advancements quickly changed the distinctions between work, education, and leisure. Hence making the concept of a megastructure a possibility. Defined as the concept of a huge and adaptable building, containing most of the functions a city could require, the megastructure posed the solution to this turmoil.
15
(Steiner 2009)
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Figure 8 Cedric Price's Fun Palace
Cedric Price’s 1960s project ‘The Fun Palace’ is a prime example of this. Challenging preconceived notions of architecture, this project was not necessarily a ‘conventional’ building, instead resembling more of a frame or scaffold. In some ways it realized Le Corbusier’s ‘machine for living’. The structure was not a mall, nor a train station, housing or factory, yet it could envelop all these programs simultaneously. The original brief came from Joan Littlewood, a theatre producer who seen the static and solid buildings of the time as inefficient. She instead proposed a dynamic and active architecture like a stage in theatre which Price exploited. What resulted was a continuous improvisational space, constantly active in a perpetual motion of construction, assembly and disassembly. To further develop the idea, Price took his concept to a structural engineer who helped to devise a system which included fourteen parallel rows of service towers, 20m apart, forming side ‘aisles’ flanking a central bay and included cranes for this constantly adapting space. The resulting consisted of interlocking squares in plan which was referred to as the ‘tartan grid’. In providing stability and programmatic flexibility
through stairs, elevators, electrical cables, and mechanical ducts, just about anything could be facilitated within. Interestingly, the project took a cybernetic twist when it involved Gordon Pask in 1963. Architecture, argued Pask, is…
‘only meaningful as a human environment. It perpetually interacts with its inhabitants, on the one hand serving them and on the other hand controlling their behaviour’ Architecture could in some ways become a social engineer, a way to control happiness, “Fun”. The Cybernetics Subcommittee proposed to use sensors that could provide a real-time feedback on use and occupancy
Figure 9 Fun Palace: Interior Perspective, 1964 – Cedric Price
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Conclusion At the start of this essay, we set out to answer, “how can the design of this newly emerging hybridized landscape provide a Figure 10 Fun Palace Virtual Experiences
to computers which would allocate spaces and resources required according to projected data. Spaces allotted for popular events would grow, then shrink. The day-to-day configuration and activities of the Fun Palace could be entirely automated, only overseen by a few state-run organizations. Price, Littlewood, Pask, dreamed of the project being built, however they struggled to overcome bureaucratic opposition to the idea for years, finally, declaring the then ten-year-old project obsolete in 1975. Although the project took a technological and state-empowering turn, “Price envisioned the Fun Palace as an antiaesthetic architectural organism in continuous process” 16. He was committed to architecture as a facilitator for social improvement.
‘The Fun Palace wasn’t about technology. It was about people’ 17
sustainable future for cities?’. First it was key to accurately define the peri-urban, then look at why it is emerging and why it is required before finally discussing previous attempts to solve similar problems which could be adapted to accommodate this problem. Looking at what is required of this frontline
of urbanization. The peri-urban realm that has emerged to cope with it. Options were narrowed down to modularity and megastructure as previous examples of how architects may use as a conveyor of this programmatic juggling act. The two case studies both offering viable approaches; however, modularity seems to edge out over the megastructure as it centres itself around developing individuality, creating a better collective whole. Continuing to adapt without political or state interference once set-in motion which as discussed could have implications from previous examples. As we have
The megastructure may well prove to be the answer for how we facilitate this operational and humanitarian landscape of peri-urbanism. However, as we have found out from examples like Cumbernauld Town Centre and Balfron Tower: primarily state driven megastructures can often lead to disrepair or “failure” with political change. 18
16 17
(Mathews 2005) (Mathews 2005)
discovered, no previous solution has entirely solved the complex conundrum of how to appropriately design within the peri-urban. This offers an exciting challenge for future architects to tackle.
18
(Roberts 2017)
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Bibliography Affairs, United Nations - Department of Economic and Social. 2018. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN. 05 16. Accessed 11 30, 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-worldurbanization-prospects.html. ATSA, Azim. 2018. Urban Hub. 06 20. Accessed 02 06, 2021. https://www.urbanhub.com/buildings/mixed-use-buildings-for-diversified-sustainable-sites/. Barry, Smith, Burton Ian, Klien Richard J.T, and Wandel J. 2014. An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Bolchover, Joshua, and John Lin. 2018. Dean's Lecture Series 2018, Melbourne School of Design. 8 May. Accessed 11 29, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/270450. Brenner, Neil. n.d. Brenner, Neil. 2016. “The Hinterland Urbanised?” Architectural Design 86(4) 118-127. Christian, S. 2011. "Cities for People, Not for Profit." In Cities for People, Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City, by Neil Brenner, Peter Marcuse and M Myer, 51. Routedge. Freidberg, Susanne. 2001. "‘Gardening on the Edge: The Social Conditions of Unsustainability on an African Urban Periphery." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 349-369. Maas, Winy. 2012. MVRDV Vertical Village - Individual, Informal, Intense. NAI Publishers. Mathews, Stanley. 2005. "The Fun Palace: Cedric Price’s." Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research Volume 3 Number 2. Mortimore, M, and J Wilson. 1965. "Land and People in the Kano." Department of Geography. Mougeot, L. J. A. 2000. "Urban Agriculture: Definition, Presence, Potentials and Risks." Thematic Paper 1 11. Narain, Vishal, and Shilpa Nischal. 2007. " The Peri-Urban Interface in Shahpur Khurd and Karnera, India." Environment and Urbanization 19 261-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076905. Post, South China Morning. 2019. Japan's 'Valley of the Dolls'. 04 17. Accessed 12 06, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PYhCCjIPkQ&feature=emb_title. Roberts, David. 2017. "Make public: performing public housing in Ernő Goldfinger's Balfron Tower." The Journal of Architecture, 22:1 123-130. Rogers, Richard. 1995. "Lecture 5: Cities for a Small Planet." Reith Lectures: Sustainable City. BBC Radio 4. Shane, David Grahame. 2016. "Notes on Villages as a Global Condition." Designing the Rural - A Global Countryside in Flux 48-57. Steiner, Hadas A. 2009. Beyond Archigram - The structure of circulation. Routledge. Page | 12
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Image References 7 FIGURE 1 - EBENEZER HOWARD’S ORIGINAL GARDEN CITY CONCEPT. ............................................................................... 3 8 FIGURE 2 - DEPICTION OF DECENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE FROM THE UNKNOWN FIELDS SHOWREEL 2013 .............. 4 FIGURE 3 - VALLEY OF DOLLS, SCHOOL ........................................................................................................................... 5 9 FIGURE 4 - WALTER PICHLER'S COMPACT CITY, 1963 .................................................................................................... 610 FIGURE 5- THE SYNAPTIC BUILDING, STANISLAS CHAILLOU, HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN 2018 ............... 7 11 FIGURE 6 - MVRDV - VERTICAL VILLAGE IBA ................................................................................................................ 8 12
13 FIGURE 7 MVRDV VERTICAL VILLAGE TAIPEI .................................................................................................................. 9 FIGURE 8 CEDRIC PRICE'S FUN PALACE ......................................................................................................................... 10 14
14 FIGURE 9 FUN PALACE: INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE, 1964 – CEDRIC PRICE ....................................................................... 10 15 FIGURE 10 FUN PALACE VIRTUAL EXPERIENCES ........................................................................................................... 11
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Method Statement During the making of the “Ramen Rampage” short film, I employed a variety of digital manipulation techniques to produce a coherent story. Early in the process a storyboard was made to help orientate the story and guide towards the end goal. The introduction was produced using a 3D animation in Blender. The idea being that somewhere on campus, behind a locked door, there might just be a VHS tape, documenting a wildly alternate reality. Hours of footage was scoured across the web to find the perfect snippets to slot into the collage, telling the overall story in a documentary style. Photoshop and After Effects were used to manipulate images and add to the ‘realism’. A ‘Deep Fake’ voice clone: used to make just about anyone say exactly what you want (quite scary in the wrong hands), was used to make a short David Attenborough style spoof too. This was all combined using Premier Pro to produce the final video. This was a fantastic opportunity to combine some of my range of software knowledge together into a single object.
To view a short clip of some of the processes involved in making the Ramen Rampage;; click the image adjacent to be redirected. Alternatively, follow this link; https://youtu.be/MCYIe1775FY
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