Dirty Work at the Cross Roads

FOREWORD: In my early years of architecture education, I struggled with the fine arts & humanities, leading to me purely focussing on my enjoyment of ‘making’. Yet, in the last 2 years I have grown to have a passion for theoretical thinking, research, and academia – I hope to continue doing more in the future. I have blended both my interests in making and research within this document. I hope the enjoyment I have had doing so comes across.

The opportunity to work with and learn from a fantastic array of professionals in my final year at Dundee has been positively eye-opening and an enjoyable experience, so I thank you all. A special thanks to my tutor Helen, for always being enthusiastic and honest. Also, to the rest of the MArch & UP studio, I wish you all the best of luck and hope to keep in touch.

CONTENTS: Group Preface 7 Abstract 9 Introduction 10 Infrastructure & Proximity 14 People & Infrastructure 20 Design & Access Statement 34 A Resilient Infrastructure 40 Conclusion 52 Bibliography Figures

GROUP PREFACE: A SEWN PLACE

Repairing Blairgowrie’s Urban Fabric This research forms part of a wider group strategy “A Sewn Place”, where we have used a set of textile analogies as a metaphorical approach to our vision for the town . The strategy consists of five key elements: patching, darning, stitching, hemming, and embellishing.

Patching – As it exists, the town can be read as a series of patches which each represent a distinct zone of the town, such as the historic centre, the industrial zone, the suburban housing area, and the agricultural periphery. New patches will be created by referring to proposals where a new structure or pattern in the urban fabric is introduced.

Darning – Under-performing areas requiring redevelopment are treated with the concept of darning; mending the urban fabric through a series of interventions embedded in the existing context.

Hemming – Used in two ways, firstly the idea of creating a defined edge to the town. Secondly where patches or zones have become frayed.

Stitching – These are the new or revitalised connections between the towns existing assets, the new interventions and the hemmed edge is what ties the holistic strategy together.

Embellishments – Landmarks are used to embellish the urban fabric. They will inform a series of urban strategies which revitalise and create new public routes that connect the towns significant public buildings.

‘Dirty Work at the Crossroads’ attempts to connect the town centre to the river’s edge through a series of ‘stitched’ routes and infrastructure networks. Where these stitches come together, a knot forms and interactions occur. This hybrid place revives the ghostly form of a lost mill as a landmark: an ‘embellishment’ celebrating the river and town heritage.

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ABSTRACT: Many built forms of infrastructure are invisible to the public. Coined ‘dirty infrastructure’1, the overpass, the power plant, the data centre. They are often overlooked, pushed to the periphery, or hidden altogether: undervalued spaces.2 These places are of paramount importance to our urban resilience, yet are rarely mentioned in conversation when discussing social and physical resilience; that seems to be an over-sight.

“The existence of good infrastructure in every level of human settlement (i.e. neighbourhoods, districts, regions etc.) is vital because it is considered to be an element that impacts positively and meaningfully on the quality of life for members of the targeted community.” 3 Social infrastructure planning and Sustainable Community, Suharto, 2011

As COVID-19 has accelerated the transition to work from home, many chosen that home to be in a town or rural setting. This has prompted the need for these rural communities to develop more resilient infrastructure to cope with increased demand and support living-locally. Some urban scholars speculate that these critical infrastructures should be brought into closer proximity with the neighbourhoods that rely on them.4 This is a controversial act, often supported by locals in principle but not in practice.5 To overcome this, I will be attempting to re-invent how the public perceive, interact and utilise these essential places.

This thesis will consider the part-resurrection of an area’s industrial heritage as a form of ghost story: a way to approach the narrative of peoples interaction with new forms of infrastructure. Promoting identity of place, culture and belonging.

Looking at these perceived ‘dirty’ places in a new light, as a form of social infrastructure, presents an interesting opportunity for urbanists trying to create resilience within the urban fabric. Can we re-invent and embed these infrastructures in towns and cities, rendering them visible as a new form of cultural venue? Designing in resiliency as society and technology change. If our infrastructure is flexible then as a projection, our towns can be. A lively infrastructure4 of a better kind; blended spaces where sociality and infrastructure meet.

“The contemporary way to think about infrastructure is not as a single-dimensional thing, but in a multivalent, multidimensional way. Everything we design infra-structurally must have more than one facilitation.”

Defined by Our Infrastructure, AIA Feature, Petrucci

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INTRODUCTION: COMMUNITY CUPPA CONTRAPTION The ‘Community Cuppa Contraption’ was a proposed temporary installation in a prominent location upon a bank of the River Ericht, drawing inspiration from Maich Swift’s ‘Potemkin Theatre’ 7. The simple premise of the installation was to create a self-sufficient tea making machine which would be used as a community venue and as a way to highlight opportunities within the town’s-built environment.

The project used various recyclable and re-usable materials, locally sourced where possible. The contraption’s location utilised a dis-used weir to aid in powering a re-established waterwheel. By re-establishing the historical wheel in this location to power the contraption, it calls-back to the towns industrial heritage and attempts to draw people in with their natural curiosity for machine kinetics. Placing it here also aids in attempting to bring the under-used river area back to life, attracting people from both Blairgowrie and Rattray with its visual prominence. Inspired by Richard Sennett’s essay ‘Open City’, there was an objective for the river to become more of a ‘border’ than a ‘boundary’. This concept encourages positive friction through interaction of both sides of the river, re-igniting conversation: something which is important as we move out of the isolating health pandemic.

The use of local materials, available energy, kinetics and visual connections to develop this project was part of a broader scheme to steer conversations with the community towards these important topics in a welcoming and ambitious space. The project was the first instance I considered physical infrastructure as a form of social infrastructure and using historic traces as a way of engaging communities

fig.001. Community Cuppa Contraption, Visualisation

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SUSTAINING A WARM BLAIRGOWRIE During the study “Sustaining a Warm Blairgowrie”, we, as a group investigated fuel poverty within Blairgowrie and how to combat it through energy transition and local micro-energy.

An evidently aging housing stock, ill-equipped for Scottish winters within the centre’s conservation area has seen fuel poverty levels increase. Further encouraging people to move out of the town centre to the new developments promoted by the current local development plan.

These outskirts developments also make it easier for the large commuter population to get to their out-of-town employment. With dramatic increases in energy costs this year, the town centre has never been less attractive for low-income and elderly homeowners. Leading to lack of street life and promoting urban sprawl.

A compelling strategy, which emerged from the project for combatting this increasing problem, was the implementation of ‘Community Energy Hubs’. These hubs create a local energy network through community funding, whilst also having the ability to host multiple other functions such as a nursery or community centre.

This concept promotes an energy resilient Blairgowrie whilst offering a space to generate social capital within neighbourhoods. fig.002. Sustaining a Warm Blairgowrie, Manifesto System Diagram

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BRIEF: Drawing from the ideas presented in both previous projects, I have created a unique brief which has sparked interesting questions which I hope to investigate through this thesis:

QUESTIONS:

This project will investigate how we can bring critical

Main:

energy infrastructure into the centres of our towns and

• Can we embed critical infrastructure in our urban

cities. Creating a local, micro heat and energy supply

centres, rendering them visible as a new form of social

which promotes a sustainable and resilient place. In

venue?

addition to being a heat and energy hub, the building will mix multiple occupancies such as: food and drink

Sub-questions:

production; growth; and consumption. This hybrid

• Will the use of ghost-stories aid in resurrecting lost

relationship promotes re-use, reducing waste while

social heritage, re-establishing community belonging,

encouraging efficiency of space and the use of available

identity and with it: resilience?

local produce.

• What if ‘dirty’ infrastructure was utilised as a land-

The integration of social infrastructure will aid in sof-

mark for a place?

tening the impact that bringing these previously hidden

• Will a familiar form and transparent operation aid in

places into a prominent location, whilst maximising the

softening the interaction between people and infrastruc-

usability of the space. The use of story-telling be used

ture?

as a device to pull traces out from lost heritage and

• What if we make the kinetics and the ’ theatre’ of

promote a welcoming community space, sense of iden-

industry visible and accessible to the public; observable

tity and belonging. Critical aspects for creating strong

and understandable?

social resilience.

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HOW? Through the use the above brief, I will design a hybrid complex within Blairgowrie. I have identified the following appropriate operations to be hosted within the design: brewery, taproom, bakery, winter-garden and micro bio-mass energy plant.

By researching for this design project and critically reflecting upon my findings I will be able to compile the relevant information and problems found to develop

WHY?

answers to the questions raised. I will create models,

The Sustainable Development Goals set out resilience as

diagrams and drawings which illustrate and guide my

one of 17 goals for creating sustainable place. Local en-

thinking before concluding with my findings and future

ergy production is a powerful way to promote resilience.

potential.

As we advance technologically, our infrastructure

The area of study will be on the site of a former mill

becomes cleaner and more sustainable, yet we continue

within Blairgowrie. The site has a relationship with

to place it far from demand on the urban outskirts. With

both the town centre and the river’s edge whilst being

unprecedented levels of loneliness, increasing energy

visible from multiple prominent angles. The surround-

costs and increasing threat of climate change, bringing

ing zone hosts a mix of residential and retail space.

critical infrastructures into prominent urban locations

This will require broader place-making interventions,

and using them as a new form of social infrastructure is

having been identified as requiring improvement in

an ambitious and seemingly sensible way to encourage

conservation area analysis document due to poor street

social and physical resilience.

definition.

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INFRASTRUCTURE & PROXIMITY: DEFINING INFRASTRUCTURE To properly investigate infrastructure, we must first de-

that place. A football stadium which attracts away-sup-

fine it. ’National Infrastructure’ in the United Kingdom

porters, a big Tesco’s which dominates the centre, a ring

is defined as: “the foundation for economic productivity

road which distributes people around the place, a mem-

and human wellbeing” . This description only considers

orable bridge. We could say that infrastructure is one of

physical infrastructure, which is the most obvious form

the factors which characterises a place and helps form

as it is visual and quantifiable. However, when physical

its identity. When infrastructure is neglected or hidden,

infrastructure fails or is strained, it is social infrastruc-

it is forgotten until its failure causes problems worthy of

ture which often dictates the recovery.

attention.

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The design of infrastructure has often been shrugged off as un-important due to its distant, liminal, and

“There is no revitalising the economy in the absence of a revi-

purely functional status. By applying considered design,

talised public sphere” – Eric Klinenberg 9

we may be able to imagine these places hosting multiple Social infrastructure is defined by Eric Klinenberg as

uses rather than having a single fixed function. Given

a place which facilitates social capital. This could be

the critical nature of their presence, shouldn’t we con-

something as simple as a library, a dance hall or even a

sider designing these devices to be more than function-

playpark.

al, but also enjoyable. Bringing them into an intimate

9

The type, scale, location, and quality of each area’s

proximity with the people they serve and acting as both

social and physical infrastructure can be said to define

critical and social infrastructure. fig.003. Newspaper Extract collage, Heat Wave, 1995

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PROXIMITY It is generally agreed that a ‘compact city’ is desirable.

velopments. Housing different occupations in the same

In ‘Cities for a Small Planet’, Richard Rogers refers to

venue cuts down the distance between services which

examples of the ‘ideal city’ such as Le Corbusier’s Ville

interact with each other. This is not only climate sus-

Radieuse and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City;

tainable, but actively promotes efficiency.

“…it has become clear that these modernist cities lack

Blairgowrie has been lucky in some regards by keeping

the dense critical mass that is needed to sustain the

their cherry and berry agriculture alive through tour-

vibrancy of urban life. The city that I am advocating

ism and ideal growing conditions. However, much of

takes the tradition of dense overlapping activity as it’s

their other industry is gone. Today, Blairgowrie relies

starting point: but re-invents it.” 10 – Richard Rogers

prominently on the neighbouring cities for employment, resources and energy. The latter has recently seen

I think it is only appropriate that we consider towns

spotlight as the Scottish government has acknowledged

similarly. In fact, I would argue that this sentiment

the existence of an ideal climate in order to produce our

is more applicable in these small population settings

own local energy. This is a promising start towards a

where international trade has seen rural areas of Scot-

proximity conscious energy transition. (fig.005)

land suffer. Resulting in reduced industry and therefore: a reduction in self-sufficiency. By building a dense town centre with the amenities required for self-support, we can promote a vibrant and resilient town.

One way to densify is to encourage the development of gap-sites in town centres instead of developing on the urban-periphery which dilutes the town, as is prevalent in Blairgowrie. Another is to encourage mixed-use defig.004. Walter Pichler, Compact City, 1963 Pichler’s attempt at a new interpretation of urban concentration, using technological performance.

Presented as a monolithic tower enclosed under dematerialized envelopes, the project is devoted to physical links and communications. It is allowed to grow horizontally and vertically, subject to the free development of the inhabitants. A transparent skin acts as an artificial air conditioning system protecting the programme within. Considered by the artist as his last work of “real” architecture, this project was presented in 1963 during the manifesto exhibition Architektur.

fig.005. Energy Resource Map, Blairgowrie, Wide Context

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The previous map gives an indication of the surrounding existing and potential resources. If we zoom out further, we can see that this access to resources is multiplied. (fig….) Where possible, the project will seek to take advantage of these local materials and resources in developing the hybrid building.

As established previously, ‘dirty’ infrastructure is commonly pushed to the outskirts of towns and cities.

In fig…. You can see a small-scale bio-mass plant (d) on the outskirts of Coupar Angus which provides energy and heat for the local area. This plant had the potential to be located nearer or within the town centre where it could’ve been used as a mixed-use development. This would have cut down on connection infrastructure such as piping and cabling, something which can be a significant cost. Green-field site developments such as the above example are almost always the chosen option despite the alternative opportunities a more central site could deliver. This is due to the difficulties and costs involved in designing out problems such as noise, smell, access, and public controversy that are assumed to outweighing the potential benefits. fig.006. Resource Map, Blairgowrie, Wider Context

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PEOPLE & INFRASTRUCTURE: COLLECTIVE IDENTITY It is no accident that Blairgowrie settled where it did: at the base of the highland fault line with a reliable flow of fresh water and an expanse of agriculturally rich land.

Berries and flax were commonly grown. Lined along the banks of the River Ericht are what remains of the artery which former supplied the Tayside textiles industry, turning local flax into linen. These mills were venues of the past, machines which facilitated work for the people. For centuries, the mill was part of the undeniable identity of Blairgowrie. As the town moved into the 19th century, British imperialism exchanged local flax for importing then exporting jute, before the towns once rich heritage was washed away entirely. Industry was lost to over-seas, as is common in many Scottish towns, a global economy had taken over. The town’s main attraction in the 21st century is as a dormitory for commuting, leaving Blairgowrie’s identity in question. fig.007. Identity identification ‘traces’ through historic postcards, Blairgowrie

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GHOST Christine Macy wrote the essay “Ghost Stories” as part

ghost brings memories back to the local elder’s youth, and

of Brian Mackay-Lyon’s ‘Ghost’ . It considers how

with it, the lessons of a lifetime. Although only a light frame

ghosts convey stories, and how this can lead to a sense

with a tarpaulin drawn over-top, the space created is real.

of belonging and identity. These stories, often terrifying

When you are within, the domination of the present fast-

yet enthralling, place the observer in a position where

paced life is put on hold. By going inside, you are opening

they can ‘feel and breathe’ the atmosphere of the time in

up to memory and heritage. You are acutely aware of your

which the story is set. The ghost story is something we

place as part of a system, and thus the responsibility you

are familiar with from a young age, often being told by

owe to past and future generations.

elders with subliminal lessons woven in. These stories

When we consider applying the theory of ghost to Blairgow-

are in-fact a vehicle for one’s mind, not physically, but

rie, we are immediately drawn back to these mills. There

across time. Brian Mackay-Lyons tells his ghost stories

are thirteen known mill locations with the first known to

through architecture. They are a ghost you inhabit and

have been built in 1786. There were only two mills which

a story you are surrounded by. His lab has an annual

located themselves prominently near the town centre, one

gathering where they construct one of these ghosts.

of which still has traces of what would’ve been the ground

‘Ghost 1’ formed the silhouette of a house upon a cow-

floor, woven to become a new garden wall. This site has been

field in Nova Scotia. The placement of the project could

chosen to develop the project. The mill was called the Meikle

have been that same of an early settler’s dwelling, or

Mill, un-ironically situated on Mill Street. It used the slower

that of a later British colony. Although only a fanciful

flowing water in that area to soak flax, making it easier to

resurrection of this hypothetical place, the constructed

beat and turn into linen yarn.

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fig.008. Blairgowrie Analysis Map, Layer 1

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One very architecturally related lesson told through Brian MacKay-Lyon’s ghost stories was the one of tracing. In the not-so-distant past, architects would lightly overlap layer upon layer to build up drawings for a complete design. As the projects became more fleshed out, routing systems and skins, you could see the remains of past ideas, erased, tweaked, reworked. These are ghosts, memories of lost iterations. Ancestors of the constructed.

Natalie Zemon Davis writes in “Fiction in the Archives”12 about ‘historically accurate’ stories often having a bit of fabrication weaved in. These white-lies allow the story to be shaped for its intended purpose and better reflect the tastes and “cultural strategies”11 of the time.

It is important to remember that although these traces make the process legible, we should not fantasise their entire return. These traces were erased for a reason, they had mistakes or were not ‘up-to-task’. However, sometimes a subtle yet essential part can be accidentally erased and lost. Observing these traces may allow us to pull out the essence of what was lost and can be re-integrated into the current. fig.009. Facade study models to evoke industrial connotations in a light, ghostly form

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fig.010. Images showing the mill before it’s abandonment and demolition

“They were the chat centred hub of the community, where

PEOPLE & LOST INFRASTRUCTURE

people would gather to dish the dirt, literally and figuratively,

“Culture is constituted not by a system of objects alone, but by

every week and bond across their washings.”

a discourse that imbues these objects with meaning. Cultural

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Govanhill Baths Project on Steamies

identity, therefore, emerges as a complex field of operations that engages with - but is not defined by - cultural artefacts

The 20th century seen the rise and decline in popularity

such as architecture.” 13

of the steamie. Mothers, often with their children, would be seen pushing modified prams full of the families

Neil Leach, Belonging

clothes up the street towards the steam and gabber emAs Leach describes in his essay “Belonging” 13, the

anating from these washhouses. Often referred to as the

building is not entirely what gives a place its identity. I

“woman’s club”6, these industrial scrubbing sites would

would even go a step further in the situation of Blair-

see a skilled mother rub the tips off her fingers in the

gowrie to say that the industry hosted within each mill

dolly tubs before ringing and hanging the weekly load

was not the root of the towns identity either. Derek Rob-

in under 2 hours, a master of the system. These women

bins explains: “The habitus of every individual inscribes the

would book the same slots each week to ensure a chance

inherited… which provides the legacy of a new situation.”14

to blether and gossip over a cuppa whilst their chil-

The mill is more of a symbol, a placeholder for the mem-

dren were occupied playing outside. Although ‘only’ a

ory of the people and culture within. The mill was more

washhouse, this place was infamous as a form of social

than just an industry, but a social facilitator. In many

infrastructure, where different generations of women

ways, these mills would have shared themes with the

would come to mingle or temporarily turn the place into

notorious Scottish Steamie.

a makeshift dance hall for a ‘wee tango’ 15. fig.011. Sunday Post, Image of a Glasgow Steamie in use

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“It is long understood that social cohesion develops from repeated interactions and joint participation in shared things, not principled commitment to abstract values or beliefs.” 9 Eric Klinenberg

As time passed, the steamies necessity as a public health provider faded as people turned away from the hard graft. As new equipment entered the affordable domestic trade, it allowed people to clean from home more efficiently. It is easy to be nostalgic about the ol’ steamie, but it is no longer fit for purpose in today’s climate. Although its physical function was replaced, it’s attractive social elements also seem to have been left in the past.

This is a common sight where technology has facilitated isolation.

Sherry Turkle’s “Reclaiming Conversation” 16 studies this loss of culture through technology. Currently there is an epidemic where too many people feel isolated, yet we live in a time where you can talk to anyone in the world through your relatively cheap pocket device.17 “Face-to-face conversation is the most human — and humanizing — thing we do. … It’s where we develop the capacity for empathy. It’s where we experience the joy of being heard, of being understood.” 16 Sherry Turkle – Reclaiming conversation

fig.012. Allan Bovill, Image of a Glasgow Steamie used as a place of conversation

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Social infrastructure is of paramount importance in

the internet, which was advertised as the epitome of

forming a resilient place. Often, we take these public

democracy and communication, has transformed into

social spaces for granted, and more so let them fall into

an echo-chamber where you only hear what you want to

poor condition. Yet they are fundamental to our individ-

listen to. “Our social glue has unstuck” 16.

ual and societal way of life. This powerful instrument

Klinenberg goes on to talk about libraries as a social

I describe as social infrastructure, is the catalyst for a

infrastructure: like the steamie, it provides a safe place

diverse and collective society.

for all, preventing isolation and generating community.

Eric Klinenberg’s book “Heat Wave”

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highlights the

These essential spaces are something which is common-

importance of social infrastructure during an extreme

ly underfunded yet give so much back to communities.

weather event. He investigates the Chicago heat wave of 1995 where 739 people perished. When comparing two

No social institution: not church, nor the theatre, comes

neighbourhoods with similar demographics, he noted

close to the cost, time, and grasp around the Scottish

that there were more than double the deaths per 100,000

male audience than the industrial town pub. The pub

in one. This was a repeated situation across much of the

is a fundamental aspect of industrial culture. When

city. Chicago officials quickly jumped to put the deaths

inside the outside no longer matters. When you drink

down to lack of social capital, even going as far as to

your pint, you are part of the atmosphere. A participator

blame people of the most effected neighbourhoods for not

rather than a spectator. You open-up, relax, and become

helping their fellow neighbours who isolated themselves.

willing to chat, forming small bonds with other locals

Kilnenberg opposes this take, pointing out that there

and visitors. Over time, the pub has become more wel-

are no cultural or moral differences between neighbour-

coming to a broader audience, however they have still

hoods. It was in fact due to a lack of physical conditions

shown decline in popularity as is similar with many

and places which are used develop strong supportive

institutions. Along with industry decline, the pub has

connections which led to isolation and abandonment in

suffered as more people drink from the comfort of their

the neighbourhoods which suffered the greatest loss of

own homes. Once again we are losing that social pres-

life. He coins these places “social infrastructure”.

ence, leading to increasing loneliness amongst previous

Klinenberg, having identified the dramatic impact of

participators.

social infrastructure in disasters and epidemic situ-

It is only appropriate that we consider re-establishing

ations, questioned whether it transcended heat and

this mill as an informal, flexible and public social infra-

health. How deep are these systems to all aspects of

structure. More welcoming than just a taproom, but as

collective society? This is what he sought out to answer

a multi-purpose venue for all. Somewhere for children

in the book, “Places for People: How to build a more

to play or learn, parents to chat, eat and drink local

equal and united society”. He points out in the begin-

produce. A place to strengthen existing social founda-

ning of the book that we are at a point where the climate

tions and plant new ones, promoting social resilience

emergency, the pandemic and the digital era are frag-

throughout Blairgowrie.

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menting our physical societies around the world. Even fig.013. Taproom sketch with brewery workers operating machinery

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THE RIVERS EDGE Blairgowrie’s river is one of its great assets, not just for

is an area of interaction, a section where two zones rub

its functional value, but also its beauty. Rattray was

against each-other, creating an exciting place of inter-

once a separate settlement, but over time it has been

action and exchange. He uses a cells membrane as an

drawn closer to the river, and closer to Blairgowrie.

analogy for this concept;

Although referred to as one ‘Blairgowrie & Rattray’, the people who live on each side of the river will fierce-

“The cell membrane is more open, more like a border -- but

ly identify as being from one or the other. Although

membranes reveal something important about what “open”

beautiful when the sun is out, the remnants of smashed

means. The membrane does not function like an open door; a

bottles - evidence of a less quaint aspect of the rivers

cell membrane is both porous and resistant at the same time,

function for the local youth - becomes more visible when

holding in some valuable elements of the city, letting other

the weather isn’t idyllic. And being in Scotland, that is

valuable elements flow through the membrane. Think of the

most of the time.

distinction between wall and membrane as a difference in de-

Sennett in his essay ‘Open City’

19

would call the rivers

gree: at the cellular level, conservation and resistance are part

current situation a boundary, with both sides being

of the equation which produces openness.” 19

connected by only two strained stitches. (fig.014) Other than its beauty, it holds little ability to retain people’s

Could we use the mill to re-active the river’s edge as a

attention, being more of an object to leap over. It has

place of social interaction? The tower emitting vapour

lost much of its functional value.

acts as a beacon, a landmark to funnel people towards

Sennett talks of borders being more valuable than

this knot where paths collide, and friction occurs. A

boundaries “where things end” . Instead, the border

kinetic venue for industry and social exchange.

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19

fig.014. River crossing locations in Blairgowrie

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DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENT: priate to re-clad these buildings to address fuel poverty.

Instead, the proximity of this proposed micro heat and power producer could provide lower cost energy for the town centre, with an additional benefit of being low-carbon. This has the potential to make living in the town centre more attractive, minimising further development of the town periphery: densifying the town and populating the streets.

The proposal is situated to the North in the ‘town and neighbourhood centre’ zone on the ‘Perth and Kinross Local Development Plan’ 21 and identified by the ‘Blairgowrie Conservation Area Appraisal’ (BCAA)22 as within the conservation area. Adjacent to the bridge and parallel with the river, the area is currently occupied by a mix of developments including industrial, residential,

Although the National Planning Framework 4 (NPF4)25 acknowledges the importance low carbon energy generation for towns to be self-sufficient, it could expand further on the importance of locating these clean generators closer to demand and encourage them to have more than a single purpose, adding to the 20-minute neighbourhood concept.

The hybrid nature of this development allows for a reduction in waste, with used brewing grain being utilised for bread making or un-sold bread being used in the brewing process. These can both also be used as biomass fuel supplement. Being in Blairgowrie gives access to a wealth of local farms and woodlands, the waste produced from which can also be used as fuel.

This local cycle of re-use, reduction in fuel poverty and micro energy infrastructure is heavily supported in NPF4 (Policies; 2, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20 & 31) and supports

leisure and retail. The site is connected to the prominent Well-meadow and High St. by Mill St. and has good connections to public transport. The mills and the brewery which formally occupied the site would have aided in keeping the area active. However, these are now gone or have been converted, leaving the area under-populated given its prominent location. This is identified in the BCAA section 4.10, which suggests more needs to be done to promote Blairgowrie’s mill sites, as they have no visual connection to the centre. The area is also critical for locals and tourists accessing the river; however, the route suffers visually with high blank walls (fig.018) and undefined street edges, labelled a “Back-land area”

Perth and Kinross council’s sustainable agenda.26

(BCAA 5.2 & 17.4, Map 9). The river area itself is also un-

The design pays homage to the site’s historic past.27 The ghostly presence of the building is treated as a veil hung over a light and adaptable frame in an identifiably industrial form; highlighting the river’s industrial heritage in a functional but non-nostalgic way. The stack acts as a landmark, identifying the connection point with the river, promoting a sense of culture and unique identity, becoming a visual link to the town centre.

der-utilised, littered with evidence of anti-social behaviour. (fig.017) The design proposes a hybrid programme building including a brewery, taproom, bakery, and micro biomass energy plant. Hybrid use, small-scale energy plants have been successful in other locations such as Elephant and Castle’s Energy Hub and Nursery. 23 The use of biomass is a source of green-energy and produces safe vapour from a stack. The Copenhill bio-mass plant and ski centre sets the precedent that these energy plants are

(NPF4 Policies; 18 & 28), (BCAA 4.10)

There would inevitably be some community resistance to a proposal for a heat and energy plant on such a prominent site. Research suggests that although people are generally positive about sustainable energy production, it is rarely the case when located close to them or

safe and can have multiple functions. 24

in a prominent location.28 Although, once the infrastructure is constructed and operational, these sustainable energy producers are welcomed.

Blairgowrie’s centre has some of the highest poverty rates while also having one of the highest energy demands. Being a conservation area, it may be inappro-

fig.015. Blairgowrie Analysis, Land use zones, Heat demand & Poverty

34

Addressing the public perception of infrastructure is central to the aims of the proposed development, ensuring a high design standard, maximising public space and access.

There is existing precedent for an alcohol vendor on this street with the existing hotel and there is a large bar on the High Street. Additionally, the brewery’s taproom has still been designed with regard to noise pollution.

Locating the taproom in the basement and opening to the rear of the development aids in preventing noise travelling towards residential units. Being located at river-level will also create an ‘eyes-on’ situation and light up the lower river area which may help prevent anti-social behaviour.29 (NPF4 Policies; 6, 12 & 24) “…eyes belonging to those we might call the natural proprietors of the street. The buildings on a street equipped to handle strangers and to ensure the safety of both residents and strangers, must be oriented to the street.”

Jane Jacobs

The taproom and brewery could see job creation of 7 skilled and 5 unskilled workers. (Base on ‘71 Brewing Co’ in the nearby Dundee).

fig.016. Six qualities for successful place

38

fig.018. Mill St, poor street definition and high blank walls with under-utilised courtyards to the rear, Authors own,

fig.017. Signs of anti-social behaviour upon the beautiful river-banks, Authors own

The bio-mass plant would require 3-5 skilled workers for maintenance and operation whilst the bakery would require 5. Being a unique and creative taproom/brewery also adds in promoting tourism, whilst the re-defined river connection promotes the existing beauty of the place. (NPF4 Policies; 5, 10, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26) “…former mills along the Ericht have been identified as potential opportunities for employment-generating uses. It is recognised that a flexible approach to mixed uses and enabling development may be necessary in order to provide the additional investment required to support the retention and protection of historic fabric.”

BCAA Section 15.1

The proposal displays the ‘Six qualities for successful place’, (distinctive; safe and pleasant; easy to move around; welcoming; adaptable; and resource efficient)25, to the betterment of the area. (fig.016) The following section will go on to discuss the design solution. fig.019. Proposed heat and energy supply

40

A RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE: METABOLISM Metabolism is an architectural concept originating in Japan. Re-building the countries cities, young architects

“Mixed use buildings do more than save resources, although

saw the opportunity to take inspiration from nature and

sustainability is a compelling and important benefit of these

combine it with modernist principles of the time. The

structures. They help us rethink how we can design spaces so

idea of regeneration after disaster or change, regrowth,

that growing towns and cities become a boon rather than a

was at the core of this movement. This was translated

bane”

into physical form by creating a sub-structure spine.

Urban Hub, 2018

Replaceable pods could then hang from this spine as entirely individual elements. Each one replaceable in

This research project’s form takes inspiration from

the event one failed.

these metabolistic concepts, where the building is adapt-

30

able depending on the requirements of that time, with “The reason why we use such a biological word, the metab-

regards to modern sustainability.33 Applied in the case

olism, is that we believe design and technology should be a

of the ghostly mill, if I am to re-animate this segment

denotation of human vitality.”

of Blairgowrie’s heritage, I must keep traces visible yet allow for a recognisable and adaptable framework with

Metabolism 1960

a light veil pulled over-top, inherently carrying with it In these times of architecture uncertainty, concepts

a sense of identity, and belonging. This light-frame ap-

like Cedric Price’ Fun Palace emerged. This project

proach with a veil draped over top allows the building

saw itself as the ultimate form of architecture. It is a

to host a diverse programme.

simple frame which can adapt to the needs of the time.

By hosting multiple social and physical functions, we

This time-scale can be short or long, changeable to that

are able to create a welcoming place. Offering something

very instant or a longer, slower cultural change. The

to suit all, whilst staying adaptable to cultural shifts in

building is to be future-proof, sustainable, almost uto-

preference and physical requirements.

31

pian. This concept is inherently resilient: a sustainable development goal outlined by the United Nations as an

“…what’s missing in modern urbanism is a sense of time – not

essential movement towards a better future for all.

time looking backwards nostalgically but forward-looking

32

A building with multiple uses that adapts to the needs

time, the city understood as process, its imagery changing

of its surroundings supports the creation of neighbour-

through use, an urban imagination image formed by anticipa-

hoods that are diverse.

tion, friendly to surprise.” 19 fig.020. Layering skin over light frame to host a diverse programme, Concept sketch

42

MUTUALISM The chosen industries for this hybrid programme (brewing, baking and biomass) have existing precedent for

working closely together. By mapping out each process and linking in where cross-over can occur, we create an integrated network which is more space and waste efficient.

“Toast Ale” is a London based mission which highlights the importance of reduced food waste in meeting targets fighting climate change. The mission takes a circular economy approach where they brew using surplus baked goods, netting a 25% reduction in virgin barley usage. The spent grain in the brewing process can then either be fed to farm animals, used as fuel for biomass or dried and milled back into protein rich state for baking with reduced sugars: ideal for sports supplements. Since 2016, the mission has ‘rescued’ 2.5 million slices of surplus bread and saved over 300,000 litres in water. 34

fig.021. Visiting a local brewery (Law Brewing Co.) and holding a box of grain which was used for brewing, now dried and ready to be ground into a flour for high-protein bars.

44

fig.022. 71 Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own

fig.023. Law Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own

fig.024. 71 Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own

This mission has gone on to inspire other local breweries such as Dundee’s ‘Law Brewing Co.’.

This small operation tests the use of a local baker’s un-sold rolls in their brewing process, even incorporating local ‘Dundee Cake’ into their brewing, showing that cooperation with other producers can result in creative and sustainable beverages.

Another brewer ’71 Brewing Co.’ in Dundee was willing to discuss their approach to sustainability. Being a larger brewery, they feel an obligation to reduce their carbon footprint. One discussed option was through a micro bio-mass generator. A study by IEA Bioenergy into a bakery powered by bio-mass was ruled largely successful and the heat intensive processes which produce the most carbon emissions where almost entirely provided for through the inhouse energy generation.35

fig.025. Mapping the process of each of the 3x main programmes in diagrammatic form (Brewing, Baking, Biomass)

This idea of several systems housed within the one building not only results in a more efficient use of space, but also a reduction in waste with its circular process.

There is also a significant reduction in energy usage as one process’ heat generation can subsidise the energy required to heat another when planned correctly. This leaves more heat and energy produced by the bio-mass generator to be distributed throughout the community, reducing energy bills and a reliance on the national system.

The rise in interest for Scottish tourism has seen creative industries open their doors to the public. Blairgowrie is ideally situated to benefit from such cliental.

Examples of community bakeries36, breweries37 and even energy production38 have also proven successful throughout Scotland. The possibility of implementing such programmes into the building are simplified due to pre-conditioned porous and hybrid nature. fig.026. Final combined system diagram showing where overlaps and densification can happen

50

KINETICS & THEATRE When developing a new form to host hybrid industries, I

This style of book has also been seen at larger scales in

look at what exists already in order to soften the initial

theatre sets. This ‘magic’ of the movement is irresistible.

interaction to the public. Recognisable elements within a new entity can makes it more approachable. Blairgow-

“….the pop-up book triggers fascination: no-one can resist the

rie’s plethora of mills all had a theme revolving around

temptation of opening up these books of wonders, and explore

‘kinetics’. This nature powered and reliable movement

them”

was as fundamental to these mill’s operation. Giving

Manuel Herz

people the chance to interact with an object inspired by

This is not the first time in architecture that movement has been used as a device to generate interest. The “GucklHupf” by Hans Peter Wörndl is a simple box at first glance. It’s function - a temporary theatre. The mundane nature of its form is not fit for the purpose of telling engaging and exciting stories. However, with the pull of a lever or the shove of a panel, this box unfolds

their own industrial heritage could be valuable and attractive. This combined with people’s natural curiosity towards mechanical movement may be enough to buffer that initial interaction.

Curiosity is a powerful human trait, one which many

“like a giant cabinet or a chest of drawers”.40 This transformation activates engagement and makes it suitable for almost any performance. The building is a performance in itself.

There are multiple instances of theatres being more than just a facilitator but a performer. Most recently,

buildings already capitalise on. Consider the museum: empty without that intuition to investigate. This is a factor which relates back to the building being a device for storytelling. The architecture studio ‘Manuel Herz’ recently produced a temporary synagogue in Ukraine

“The Shed” 41 in New York. It ‘sheds’ its skin, moving it along tracks over a public square and turning it into a multi-functional, covered space.

which folds out “like a pop-up book”.39 (fig.027) The idea revolves around this physical opening of the building, people can then congregate and collectively absorb the

These themes of theatre and kinetics have been applied to the hybrid mill, utilising the existing processes of the industrial theatre inside. This allows viewers to read the building and understand its function.

“wisdom, morals, anecdotes and history” within. The studio acknowledge that it is ‘playful’, with connotations to children’s books.

fig.027. Manuel Herz, stages of pop-up synagogue, Ukraine

52

fig.028. The choreography of a performing brewery worker loading a truck

CONCLUSION: Current technology has allowed for cleaner infrastructure, making it possible to bring it into closer proximity with the user. This brings with it opportunity to create a hybrid venue, prompting the initial thesis question; ‘Can we may embed critical infrastructure in our urban centres, rendering them visible as a new form of social venue?’.

As part of a broader scope to repair Blairgowrie’s urban fabric, this thesis sought out to investigate this question and develop ideas through design on how one might tackle such a controversial topic: attempting to put something perceived as ‘dirty’ in a ‘beautiful’ location to make it a more resilient place.

By drawing out lost but valued traces from Blairgowrie’s industrial heritage and projecting them upon an under-utilised site, the project has resulted in a resurrected mill. This is a form of ghost story, valuing collective identity and softening the interaction between infrastructure and people. By using a combination of theatre and kinetics, the building is no longer purely

fig.030. Existing Brewery route from the high-street to the site

functional, but now also performs as one of enjoyment, facilitating for social and physical resilience.

fig.029. Approach strategy and potential uses for surroundings

54

With the updated NPF4 soon coming into effect, we may see a shift in focus from fitting in with scale, materiality, and programme. Instead, being more approving of ambitious proposals which aim to positively contribute to the wider context through well-researched arguments. This may allow projects with similar themes to those identified in this project to be implemented, contributing to a more holistic urban fabric.

The approach taken in this thesis will not be one which is applied in every location or scenario. Although I do believe it shows the potential for critical infrastructure to be utilised for more than purely functional means and brings to the table ideas on how to tackle such a challenge. There is scope for further research into how these ideas could be applied in different contexts with different approaches.

In taking on this challenge, it has made me appreciate the wider urban context; change over time and the importance of social and physical resilience. I hope to continue raising difficult questions in an attempt to make better places in the future. fig.031. Hypothetical narrative of a Blairgowrie family using the hybrid complex

56

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2.

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FIGURES: fig.001.

Community Cuppa Contraption, Visualisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

fig.002.

Sustaining a Warm Blairgowrie, Manifesto System Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

fig.003.

Newspaper Extract collage, Heat Wave, 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

fig.004.

Walter Pichler, Compact City, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

fig.005.

Energy Resource Map, Blairgowrie, Wide Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

fig.006.

Resource Map, Blairgowrie, Wider Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

fig.007.

Identity identification ‘traces’ through historic postcards, Blairgowrie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

fig.008.

Blairgowrie Analysis Map, Layer 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

fig.009.

Facade study models to evoke industrial connotations in a light, ghostly form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fig.010.

Images showing the mill before it’s abandonment and demolition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

fig.011.

Sunday Post, Image of a Glasgow Steamie in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

fig.012.

Allan Bovill, Image of a Glasgow Steamie used as a place of conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

fig.013.

Taproom sketch with brewery workers operating machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

fig.014.

River crossing locations in Blairgowrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

fig.015.

Blairgowrie Analysis, Land use zones, Heat demand & Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

fig.016.

Six qualities for successful place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

fig.017.

Mill St, poor street definition and high blank walls with under-utilised courtyards to the rear, Authors own,. . . . . . 39

fig.018.

Signs of anti-social behaviour upon the beautiful river-banks, Authors own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fig.019.

Layering skin over light frame to host a diverse programme, Concept sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

fig.020.

Visiting a local brewery (Law Brewing Co.) and holding a box of grain which was used for brewing, now dried and ready to be ground into a flour for high-protein bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fig.021.

71 Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

fig.022.

Law Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

fig.023.

71 Brewing Co. Equipment Scale, Authors Own. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

fig.024.

Mapping the process of each of the 3x main programmes in diagrammatic form (Brewing, Baking, Biomass). . . . . . 44

fig.025.

Final combined system diagram showing where overlaps and densification can happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

fig.026.

Manuel Herz, stages of pop-up synagogue, Ukraine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

fig.027.

The choreography of a performing brewery worker loading a truck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

fig.028.

Existing Brewery route from the high-street to the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

fig.029.

Approach strategy and potential uses for surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

fig.030.

Hypothetical narrative of a Blairgowrie family using the hybrid complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

60

24

39

42

50