Making Waves Throughout History

Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1797: author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), a book that demonstrated thoughts about educational and social equality for women Jane Austen, 1775–1817: English novelist known for her witty social commentary on marriage and romance Lucretia Mott, 1793–1880: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and a contributor of “The Declaration of Sentiments” Sojourner Truth, 1797–1883: African American abolitionist and women’s rights activist, first black woman to win a case against a white man Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815–1902: one of the first abolitionists and women’s rights activists, key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, worked with Susan B. Anthony towards the cause Lucy Stone, 1818–1893: organizer of the American Woman Suffrage Association, first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree

Susan B. Anthony, 1820–1906:

president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association Florence Nightingale, 1820–1910: led the first team of British nurses during the Crimean War, helped established modern nursing Harriet Tubman, ~1820–1913: conductor of the Underground Railroad, women’s suffrage activist Elizabeth Blackwell, 1821–1910: first woman to receive her medical degree in the U.S. Clara Barton, 1821–1912: nurse to Union and Confederate soldiers during the Civil War, founder of the American Red Cross Victoria Claflin Woodhull, 1838–1927: leader of the women’s suffrage movement, first woman to run for President Eva Perón, 1838–1927: former First Lady of Argentina, founder of first female political party in Argentina Hallie Quinn Brown, 1849–1949: professor at Wilberforce University in Ohio, helped found the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858–1928: founded the Women’s Social and Political Union, dedicated to obtaining the right to vote for women in the UK Mary Church Terrell, 1863–1954: founder of the National Association of Colored Women, one of the first African American women to earn a degree Marie Curie, 1867–1934: Poland’s first female to win a Nobel Prize, and the first to receive the honor twice Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans, 1872–1953: first female woman on a Fortune 500 company’s board of directors

Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875–1955:

influential civil rights advocate during FDR’s presidency, founder of the National Council of Negro Women Margaret Sanger, 1879–1966: birth control activist, established the organization that eventually became Planned Parenthood

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, 1879–1967:

Commander of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), Commander of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) Marie Stopes, 1880–1958: writer and activist who fought for birth control rights and sex education Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884–1962: served as First Lady for 12 years, advocate for women in politics Alice Paul, 1885–1977: advocate for the 19th Amendment, author of the Equal Rights Amendment María Teresa Ferrari, 1887–1956: first female university professor in Latin America, founded the first maternity ward at her local military hospital Beulah Louise Henry, 1887–1973: inventor of the ice cream freezer, the first bobbinless sewing machine, soap-containing sponges, and the “Miss Illusion” doll Amelia Earhart, 1897–1937: first female to fly a plane solo across the Atlantic Ocean Frida Kahlo, 1907–1954: explored feminism, LGBTQ rights, and cultural history through her unique paintings Estée Lauder, 1908–2004: one of the richest self-made women in the world, leader of her own beauty empire Dorothy Vaughan, 1910–2008: mathematician for NASA, one of their first female and Black supervisors Rosa Parks, 1913–2005: civil rights activist known for her bus boycott Indira Ghandi, 1917–1984: first female prime minister of India

Katherine Johnson, 1918–2020:

mathematician whose calculations helped the U.S. send astronauts to space Mary Jackson, 1921–2005: mathematician and first African American female engineer at NASA Betty Friedan, 1921–2006: author of The Feminine Mystique, which sparked the second wave of feminism Margaret Thatcher, 1925–2013: the first female Prime Minister of the UK Argelia Laya, 1926–1997: Afro-Latina advocate for educational equality and the right to a safe pregnancy Patsy Mink, 1927–2002: elected to the House in 1964, penned the first draft of Title IX bill Coretta Scott King, 1927–2006: advocate for African American equality, leader of the Civil Rights Movement Toni Morrison, 1931–2019: first African American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature Gloria Steinam, 1934–present: writer and women’s rights advocate, co-founder of Ms. Geraldine Ferraro, 1935–2011: first female U.S. Vice Presidential candidate Beth Brant, 1941–2015: member of the Mohawk Tribe, one of the first gay Native American writers, published poetry and essays about feminism Beatrice Medicine, 1943–2005: member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, wrote one of the first studies on the lives of Native American women

Norma McCorvey (“Jane Roe”), 1947–2017:

plaintiff in Roe v. Wade who challenged abortion laws Dr. Sally Ride, 1951–2012: first American woman in space aboard the Challenger Helen Zia, 1952–present: LGBTQ+ youth and sexual assault advocate, co-founder of American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) Angela Merkel, 1954–present: first female Chancellor of Germany, known for handling the Euro-zone debt crisis and the refugee crisis Eileen Collins, 1956–present: first female pilot and first female commander of a NASA Space Shuttle Laverne Cox, 1972–present: actress and LGBTQ+ youth advocate, first transgender person to be nominated for an Emmy Maryam Mirzakhani, 1977–2017: first Iranian and woman to win the Fields medal for mathematics skills Alexya Salvador, 1980–present: first transgender pastor in Latin America Malala Yousafzai, 1997–present: Pakistani advocate for women’s education Greta Thunburg, 2003–present: Swedish climate activist who has been leading protests and raising awareness all over the globe

Although the women on this list were noteworthy in the fight for gender equality, it's important to understand that not all were innocent of their own faults. For the purpose of this project, we chose to highlight the work that they did and the milestones they hit for women's rights alone.

Hillary Clinton, former United States Secretary of State and first female presidential nominee

REFERENCES in order of appearance by section

FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM

Anand, T. (2020, April 24). A brief summary of the first wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/24/ summary-first-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 25). A brief summary of the second wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia. com/2018/04/25/summary-second-wave-of-feminism/ Anand, T. (2018, April 27). A brief summary of the third wave of Feminism. Feminism In India. Retrieved from https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/27/ brief-summary-third-wave-of-feminism/ History.com Editors. (2019, November 20). Seneca Falls convention. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-rights/ seneca-falls-convention#section_1 McKenzie, I. (2019, December 2). Here’s the tea: The evolution of fourth-wave feminism in the 2010s. The Post. Retrieved from https://www.thepostathens.com/ article/2019/12/decade-in-review-feminism-me-too

VOTER TURNOUT

Adler, B. S. E. (2020, February 28). Black women had to fight for the right to vote on two fronts. AARP. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/ info-2020/black-women-voting-rights.html#quest1 American Civil Liberties Union. (2020, March 3). ACLU news & commentary. ALCU. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/blockthe-vote-voter-suppression-in-2020/ Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among Asians/Pacific Islanders, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, the number of female voters in recent elections has exceeded the number of male voters [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/ resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Among younger citizens (18-64), a higher proportion of women than men voted in 2016, 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000 and 1996; the pattern is reversed among older voters (65 and up) [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/ files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2019, September 16). Gender differences in voter turnout. CAWP. Retrieved from http://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/genderdiff.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014). Party identification [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/ ggprtyid.pdf Center for the American Woman and Politics. (2014). Presidential performance ratings [Table]. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/ default/files/resources/ggprtyid.pdf Dittmar, K. (2018, July 3). The gender gap in voting: Setting the record straight. Center for American Women and Politics. Retrieved from https://www.cawp.rutgers. edu/footnotes/gender-gap-voting-settingrecord-straight National Women’s History Museum. (2016, August 23). National Woman Suffrage Association. History of U.S. Woman’s Suffrage. Retrieved from http://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwsa-organize Pew Research Center. (2016, June 15-26). Top voting issues for men and women: % of registered voters saying each is very important to their vote in 2016 [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/28/acloser-look-at-the-gender-gap-in-presidential-voting/ Pew Research Center. (2019, July 10-15). In politics TODAY, do you consider yourself a Republican, Democrat, or independent? [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FT_19.07.23_ Mueller_Topline.pdf Solomon, D. (2019, November 19). Women of color: A collective powerhouse in the U.S. electorate. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/ reports/2019/11/19/477309/women-color-collectivepowerhouse-u-s-electorate/

EDUCATION

Dartmouth. (2016, November 3). Women, marriage, education, and occupation in the United States from 1940-2000. History 90.01: Topics in Digital History. Retrieved from https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/ censushistory/2016/11/03/women-marriage-andeducation-in-the-united-states-from-1940-2000/ Duffin, E. (2020, January 30). Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the United States in 2019, by educational attainment and gender (in current U.S. dollars) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185332/medianweekly-earnings-of-full-time-wage-and-salary-workersby-educational-attainment/ Duffin, E. (2020, April 1). Number of U.S. population in 2019, by educational attainment (population in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https:// www.statista.com/statistics/240868/educationalattainment-in-the-us/ Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of bachelor's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/ statistics/185157/number-of-bachelor-degrees-bygender-since-1950/#:~:text=The%20statistic%20 shows%20the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20 United%20States. Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Associate's degrees earned in the United States by gender 1970-2029 (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista. com/statistics/185168/number-of-associates-degreesby-gender/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20 the%20number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20 States. Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of Master's degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185160/numberof-masters-degrees-by-gender-since-1950/ Duffin, E. (2020, June 15). Number of doctoral degrees earned in the United States from 1949/50 to 2028/29, by gender (in 1,000s) [Chart]. Statista. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/185167/ number-of-doctoral-degrees-by-gender-since1950/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20 number,degree%20in%20the%20United%20States. Dutrow, D. (n.d.). The history of single-gender education in America. Sutori. Retrieved from https://www.sutori.com/story/ the-history- of-single-gender-education-in-america-- vm3coS98UMEejmhW97oYe1hy Fry, R. (2019, June 20). U.S. women near milestone in the college-educated labor force. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ fact-tank/2019/06/20/u-s-women-near-milestone-inthe-college-educated-labor-force/ GEM Report SCOPE. (n.d.). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/ learning/ Perry, M. (2019, August 28). Chart of the day: The incredible 13M gender college degree gap since 1982 favoring women. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/ chart-of-the-day-the-incredible-13m-gender-collegedegree-gap-since-1982-favoring-women/ PhD gender gaps around the world [Chart]. (2014, September 18). Flowingdata. Retrieved from https://flowingdata.com/2014/09/18/phd-gendergaps-around-the-world/ Rodriguez, L. (2019, September 24). Girls’ education: 7 obstacles and how to overcome them. Global Citizen. Retrieved from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/ content/barriers-to-girls-education-around-the-world/ Rury, J. (2020, July 14). Coeducation | Encyclopedia. com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from https://www. encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/ education-terms-and-concepts/coeducation U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017, December 27). Percent distribution of women in the civilian labor force, 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment [Table]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/a-look-atwomens-education-and-earnings-since-the-1970s. htm?view_full U.S. Department of Education (ED). (2015, April 1). Title IX and sex discrimination. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/ offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html

INCOME

Fast facts: the gender pay gap. (2020, March 27). AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. Retrieved from https://www.aauw.org/resources/article/fastfacts-pay-gap/ History.com Editors. (2019, April 2). Equal Pay Act. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/ topics/womens-rights/equal-pay-act Institute for Women’s Policy Research. (2017, November 1). Women’s median earnings as a percent of men’s, 1985-2016 (Full-time, year-round workers) with projections for pay equity, by Race/Ethnicity. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Retrieved from https://iwpr.org/publications/womens-medianearnings-1985-2016/ Living New Deal. (2017, March 3). Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). Living New Deal. Retrieved from https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/fair-laborstandards-act-1938/ National Committee on Pay Equity. (n.d.). History of the struggle for fair pay. National Committee on Pay Equity. Retrieved from https://www.pay-equity.org/ info-history.html