References

Payscale. (2020). Career progression: men [Chart]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). Career progression: women [Chart]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www.payscale.com/ data/gender-pay-gap Payscale. (2020). The gender pay gap by occupation [Table]. Payscale. Retrieved from https://www. payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap Robertson, L. (2018, October 24). 5 reasons the gender pay gap exists (yes, there’s not just one). Future Women. Retrieved from https://futurewomen.com/ hotlists/5-reasons-gender-pay-gap-exists/ United States Census Bureau. (2018, July). Detailed occupation by median earnings in the past 12 months, sex and education for full-time, year-round workers: ACS 2016 [Chart]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/ industry-occupation/acs-2016.html United States Census Bureau. (2019, August 22). Personal income: PINC-05. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/ tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/ cps-pinc/pinc-05.html Wage gap between men and women by state, per dollar [Table]. (2018, March). National Partnership for Women and Families. Retrieved from https://www.nationalpartnership.org/our-work/ resources/economic-justice/fair-pay/americas-womenand-the-wage-gap.pdf Women’s Bureau. (2017). Median annual earnings by sex, race and Hispanic ethnicity [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the largest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/ data/earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Occupations with the smallest gender earnings gap [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ agencies/wb/data/earnings#earnings-over-time Women’s Bureau. (2017). Women's earnings as a share of men’s across the occupational distribution [Chart]. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/ earnings#earnings-over-time

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

Alan Guttmacher Institute. (2004). Percentage distribution of women having an abortion, by their most important reason for having the abortion, 2004 and 1987 [Table]. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ journals/3711005.pdf Amandus, H., Coben, J., Gurka, K., Konda, S., & Tiesman, H. (2012, April 1). Workplace homicides among U.S. women: The role of intimate partner violence. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1047279712000245 Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by age: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/ nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Maternal mortality rates, by single race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2020, January 30). Percent distribution of maternal deaths, by cause of death: United States, 2018 [Chart]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr69/nvsr69-02-508.pdf Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2016). Reported abortions, by known age group and year — selected reporting areas, United States, 2007–2016 [Table]. CDC. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm Gender inequality facts. (2020, May 23). Facts.net. Retrieved from https://facts.net/history/culture/ gender-inequality-facts Haq, J. (2019, February 5). Why Young Adults Are Having Fewer Children Than Their Ideal Number [Table]. Odyssey. Retrieved from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/americansare-having-less-babies/why-young-adults-are-havingfewer-children-than-their-ideal-number Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. (n.d.). How the states measure up: Women’s status on the Reproductive Rights Composite Index and its components [Table]. Institute for Women’s Policy and Research. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/ reproductive-rights/additional-state-data/reproductiverights-composite/ Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Abortions by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart]. Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Johnston, R. (2019, April 14). Live births by race/ ethnicity, United States, 1965-2017, estimated [Chart]. Johnston Archives. Retrieved from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ usa_abortion_by_race.html Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). Characteristics of clients who used services at Title X sites in 2017 [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/ new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-women-andfamily-planning-providers/ Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). Health centers with Title X status are more likely to provide effective family planning methods onsite and to offer services associated with high quality care: Percent of health centers reporting they offer... [Chart]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-healthpolicy/issue-brief/new-title-x-regulations-implicationsfor-women-and-family-planning-providers/ Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, July 30). Key family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) indicators by region [Table]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/ the-u-s-government-and-international-family-planningreproductive-health-efforts/ Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, March 8). The share of women served by Planned Parenthood varies by state: Percent of female contraceptive clients served at publicly funded centers who received services at Planned Parenthood in 2015 [Graph]. KFF. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issuebrief/new-title-x-regulations-implications-for-womenand-family-planning-providers/ Larson, J. (2017, January 17). The 200-year fight for abortion access. The Cut. Retrieved from https://www.thecut.com/2017/01/timeline-the-200- year-fight-for-abortion-access.html Michals, D. (2017). Margaret Sanger. National Women’s History Museum. Retrieved from https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/ biographies/margaret-sanger Roe v. Wade. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18 U.S. women are losing abortion access. Here are the facts. (2019, August 21). Apolitical. Retrieved from https://apolitical.co/en/solution_article/us-women-arelosing-abortion-access-here-are-the-facts

FAMILY LIFE AND LEAVE

Blakely-Gray, R. (2019, June 17). What are the states with paid family leave? Thorough Guide. Patriot. Retrieved from https://www.patriotsoftware.com/blog/ payroll/states-with-paid-family-leave/ The Cost of Raising a Child. [Graphic]. (2020, February 18). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/media/ blog/2017/01/13/cost-raising-child DeRosa, M. (2018, June 21). History of maternity leave in the US. VantagePoint. Retrieved from https://vantagepointbenefit.com/history-of-maternityleave-in-the-us/ Kornfeind, K. R., & Sipsma, H. L. (2018, May 2). Exploring the link between maternity leave and postpartum depression. Women’s Health Issues, 28(4), 321-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.008 Lenhart, A., Schulte, B., & Swenson, H. (2019, December 12). Navigating work and care. New America. Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/ better-life-lab/reports/navigating-work-and-care/ OECD Family Database. (2018). Paid maternity, parental and home care leave available to mothers, in weeks, 2018 [Table]. OECD. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_ systems.pdf Pew Research Center. (2013, October 7-27). Mothers, more than fathers, experience career interruptions: % of fathers/mothers saying they have done each of the following in order to care for a child or family member [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/ gender-pay-gap-facts/ Sholar, M. (n.d.). The history of family leave policies in the United States. Organization of American Historians. Retrieved from https://www.oah.org/tah/issues/2016/ november/the-history-of-family-leave-policies-in-theunited-states/ Siegel, M. L. (2019, November 29). The forgotten origins of paid family leave. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/29/opinion/ mothers-paid-family-leave.html 6 shocking facts about gender inequality in 2019. (2020, March 3). Pan Macmillan. Retrieved from https://www. panmacmillan.com/blogs/lifestyle-wellbeing/shockinggender-inequality-facts-melinda-gates Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult female victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult victims of violence by victim-perpetrator relationship and victim gender: All types of victimization [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of adult male victims by type of victimization and perpetrator gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P. (2000, November). Percentage distribution of rape victims by age at time of first rape and victim gender [Chart]. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019, February 27). Percent of workers with access to paid and unpaid family leave by establishment size and ownership, March 2018 [Chart]. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/ access-to-paid-and-unpaid-family-leave-in-2018.htm World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of intimate partner violence by GBD region [Table]. WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main. IPVGBDREGION World Health Organization. (2013). Prevalence of non-partner sexual violence by GBD region [Table]. WHO. Retrieved https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view. main.NPSVGBDREGION

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP

Center for the American Woman and Politics (n.d.). Women in the U.S. Congress 2020. CAWP. Retrieved from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/ women-us-congress-2020 Grant Thornton. (2020, March 2). Blueprint for action. Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home. Retrieved from https://www.grantthornton.global/en/insights/ women-in-business-2019/blueprint-for-action/ Historic firsts in women’s education in the United States. (2009, March 11). U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/education/ articles/2009/03/11/historic-firsts-in-womenseducation-in-the-united-states History.com Editors. (2020, February 28). Famous firsts in women’s history. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ famous-firsts-in-womens-history History.com Editors. (2020, February 5). Women’s history milestones: A timeline. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ womens-history-us-timeline Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2019, March 5). Women in Parliament [Chart]. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/the-us-ranks-75thin-womens-representation-in-government.html Kerber, R. (2020, February 10). Women business leader numbers are on the rise - but it's not fast enough. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/womenscorporate-board-change-gender-equality-business/ Miller, C. C., Sanger-Katz, M., & Quealy, K. (2018, April 24). The top jobs where women are outnumbered by men named John. The New York Times Company. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2018/04/24/upshot/women-and-mennamed-john.html Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). Men and women who see a gender gap in styles of leadership differ on who has a better approach: % saying that when it comes to the leadership styles of people in top positions in business and politics… [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). On several aspects of corporate leadership, many give women the edge: % saying women/men in top executive business positions are better at each of the following [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/09/20/womenand-leadership-2018/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Cabinet or Cabinet-level positions held by women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Fortune 500 board members who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of state governors who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of state legislators who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of U.S. representatives who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of U.S. senators who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/ the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, September 13). Percentage of university and college presidents who are women [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/ Pew Research Center. (2018, June 19-July 2). Women have a relative advantage over men on several aspects of political leadership: % saying women/men in high political offices are better at... [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2018/09/20/women-and-leadership-2018/ Women in Congress. (2020, January 15). Number of women in the House and Senate by state, district, or territory, 1917-present [Graph]. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ misc/R43244.pdf Women’s Rights Timeline. (n.d.). National Archives. Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/ women/timeline

PERCEPTION OF EQUALITY

Barone, E. (2019, September 26). While 8 in 10 Americans want equality, their priorities vary: What do you think is the most important first step to increasing gender equality in the US? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Barone, E. (2019, September 26). Younger people are prepared to address gender inequality: Do you feel that achieving gender equality in the US is something you can personally impact? [Table]. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/ Blakemore, E. (2018, November 26). Why the fight over the e=Equal Rights Amendment has lasted nearly a century. History.com. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/equal-rightsamendment-fail-phyllis-schlafly The Cabinet Office. (2012). Sense of equality in terms of the status of men and women throughout the entire society [Chart]. The Cabinet Office. Retrieved http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/pr_act/pub/ pamphlet/women-and-men17/pdf/1-10.pdf Cann, O., & Salyer, K. (2019, December 17). Everything you need to know about the gender gap in 2020. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/gendergap-report-gender-parity-how-to-speed-up-progress Churchill, L. (n.d.). The Feminine Mystique | summary, significance, & facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/ The-Feminine-Mystique History & Vision (2018). Me Too Movement. Retrieved from https://metoomvmt.org/about/ Me Too: sexual harassment awareness & prevention. (n.d.). Maryville Online. https://online.maryville.edu/ blog/understanding-the-me-too-movement-a-sexualharassment-awareness-guide/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying the country ___ when it comes to giving women equal rights with men [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). Democrats more than twice as likely as Republicans to say more work is needed to bring about gender equality: % saying ___ in our country these days [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/10/18/widepartisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-how-far-the-country-hascome-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Few think women have a better life than men: % who say _ have a better life in their country [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2017, August 8-21, September 14-28). For Democrats, views on gender equality are closely linked to educational attainment: % of Democrats and Democratic leaners saying the following [Table]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2017/10/18/wide-partisan-gaps-in-u-s-over-howfar-the-country-has-come-on-gender-equality/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions: % who say that, in a family, _ when it comes to making important decisions about... [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs: % who say _ when it comes to… [Graph]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). More people now say men have a better life than women in their country: % who say men have a better life than women in their country [Chart]. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/

Pew Research Center. (2020, April 30). Women less optimistic than men about gender equaltiy in their country: % of _ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or that women already have the same rights as men. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/ worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equalityeven-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/ TACKLING SOCIAL NORMS: a game changer for gender inequalities. (n.d.). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/ en/GSNI

IMPROVING THE U.S. AND THE WORLD

Horowitz, J. M. (2020, April 30). Worldwide optimism about future of gender equality, even as many see advantages for men. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-aboutfuture-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-seeadvantages-for-men/ Women of the world, unite! (n.d.). UN Women. Retrieved from https://interactive.unwomen.org/ multimedia/timeline/womenunite/en/index.html#/ World Economic Forum. (2019, December 17). Global Gender Gap Report 2020 [Table]. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf

WHAT INDIVIDUALS AND EMPLOYERS CAN DO

Akhtar, A. (2019, June 21). 1 in 3 women say they’ve been sexually harassed at work, but they’re not reporting it. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.nl/professionalwomen-have-experienced-sexual-harassment20196?international=true&r=US 5 things employers can do to improve gender equality in the workplace. (n.d.). Next Generation. Retrieved from https://www.nextgeneration.ie/ blog/2018/04/workplace-gender-equality Innovation, C. F. T. (2018, July 11). The pervasiveness of sexual harassment in today’s whitecollar workplace. PR Newswire. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thepervasiveness-of-sexual-harassment-in-todays-whitecollar-workplace-300679484.html Rongala, A. (2019, January 25). 6 ways to promote gender equality at workplace. Invensis. Retrieved from https://www.invensislearning.com/blog/workplacegender-equality/

THEN AND NOW: PARTY STANCES

DeBonis, M. (2019, April 4). Democrats’ bill forces GOP to choose between NRA and protecting women. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www. washingtonpost.com/powerpost/house-backsnew-version-of-violence-against-women-act-withexpansion-of-gun-control/2019/04/04/29b011f4- 5616-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.htm Diehm, J & Goldenburg, R. (n.d.). Women’s issues within political party platforms [Chart]. The Pudding. Retrieved from https://pudding.cool/projects/votes-for-women/ DNC statement on Father’s Day and paid family leave. (2016, June 19). Democrats. Retrieved from https://democrats.org/news/dnc-statement-on-fathersday-and-paid-family-leave/ Kolinovsky, S. (2019, April 5). House Republicans, at NRA’s urging, vote against Violence Against Women Act. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews. go.com/Politics/house-republicans-nras-urging-voteviolence-women-act/story?id=62198856 Miller, C. C. (2019, November 21). Republicans now support a form of paid leave. So what’s the holdup? The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/ upshot/paid-leave-2020-debate.html Quinlan, C. (2019, March 27). 187 Republicans vote against bill to close the gender wage gap. ThinkProgress. Retrieved from https://archive.thinkprogress.org/paycheckfairness-act-gender-wage-gap-bill-republican-partyvote-1875b79a9d16/ Rayasam, R. (2019, June 14). Efforts to save new moms clash with GOP’s Medicaid cuts. POLITICO. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/ story/2019/06/14/new-moms-clash-gop-medicaidcuts-1364564 Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Democratic views on affirmative action. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/ Republicanviews.org. (2014, March 14). Republican views on abortion. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ republican-views-on-abortion/ Republicanviews.org. (2015, July 30). Republican views on affirmative action. Republican Views. Retrieved from https://www.republicanviews.org/ democratic-views-on-affirmative-action/