Thesis 2020 - LA Union Station Transit Hub of the Future

Page 1

Crystal Ueno | Sandy Stannard | 2020

LA Union Station Transit Hub

To my family and friends who have supported me through these five years. Special thanks to the professors who taught me the skills necessary to make it this far.

Nature Application

ix

nd

pe

Ap

y L Il ist lu o st f ra ti on s

ra ph

io g

Bi bl

e

at e

COTE Top 5/10

Integration

Communities

Water & Ecology

Energy

Design

Vellum

Ab

st

ra ct

St W ati it on h Pr & T ec he ed c en ity ts

Th

l im

es ea rc h

E St xis at ti io ng n U ni Si on te C on te xt

C

R

Table of Contents

Abstract

Abstract 6

As American metropolises continue to grow, traffic increases, and capitalization of these areas often leads to gentrification. In order to address this, growing cities gradually become more dense.

programs.

These two architectural elements (circulation and program) are constantly changing. In many cities they overlap at stations, creating a new dynamic of superimposed levels of circulation. This can be seen in most subway systems today, and in many cities that have continued

Building vertically becomes a necessary response. Mixed use housing develops, and consequentially commuters to build on top of and around these and traffic increase. underground or aboveground platforms. While these dense social nodes have The transition from the point at which a been created in other parts of the world

rider exits mass transit and out of the

through mass transit hubs in cities like

station is not simply met by another street,

dynamics between human movement and the

Housing and offices may also be found here. The connections and transitions

Tokyo, Japan or Melbourne, Australia, the programs of these mixed used hubs have

U.S. to the level of it’s counterpart stations internationally. Opportunities to create social interaction, wander the city, and enjoy a sense of place have been often overlooked. Instead, yet to advance in the

haphazard developments often do not

but shops, eateries, and entertainment.

between various programmatic areas can be graceful and allow the busy mind of a commuter, tenant, or employee to either rush or pause.

These spaces and their

circulation can create a sense of rhythm

address or inappropriately address needs

and dynamic that any tenant can enjoy,

of density, or encouragement of the rider

redefining circulation around these spaces

specific to a given situation such as; scale or pedestrian.

As building scale increases,

linger, wander, or rush through.

By

and then the form of the building around circulation, a hierarchy of movement

circulation must be redefined to better

can be addressed shaping the extents

convey a sense of connection and movement

of verticality and horizontality of the

transit to motor vehicles to bikes to

Building vertically allows more programs to be stacked. However, this may also decrease entry to the upper levels.

between spaces.

The transition from mass

walking all have different scales in both time and space, and necessary required

building.

Consequentially, retail spaces often end

heavy commuter city, Los Angeles has the

up with the most entrances on the level

potential to see new options surrounding

with the highest pedestrian access, and

more private spaces (usually residential or offices) end up on the upper levels.

This begs the question; could retail spaces be successful if there were more readily accessible entries on upper levels? If entries and circulation were directly related with specifics of programmatic

spaces, how then can high-rises and mass transit experientially explore the rhythmic nuances introduced by these entities?

Likewise if circulation begins to stretch

out horizontally with minimal entry points, what kind of programmatic experience

would accommodate the increase in space?

Many types of programmatic spaces and circulation types of pedestrian, bike, vehicular, and train overlap at large train stations. Today in the U.S., many stations do not yet match the scale of other stations in other cities simply due to

differences in use, density, and popularity.

Many Americans still prefer to travel by the faster car or motorbike. In light of America’s planned advancements in vehicular technology, the need for housing such transportation increases. Future stations grant an opportunity to serve as

new social hubs, and promote the different modes of transportation. An already

and growing into and above the historic

Union Station with the introduction of the high speed rail. Growing up and out and redefining methods of circulation connecting all the modes of more advanced transit like the hyperloop, high speed rail,

autonomous vehicles, electric vertical and take-off vehicles, and rideshare, may be

exactly what Los Angeles needs to answer

some of it’s traffic problems reinvigorating pedestrian movement through and architecture that facilitates the ebb and

flow of human movements at varying scales.

The Station & The City

10

In order to understand how a with increased pollution, loss of amenity station evolves, one must understand why a space and reduction of privacy” (Frey, pg. station evolves. Over the years the station 331 1999), Frey recognizes that there has manifested as a result of advancing are still supporters for “decentralized technology and the growth of the concentration”. While most of these surrounding city. This section addresses supporters are opposed to ideas of the the purpose of the station in the city, and compact city, the various foci of this its potential role as a node evolving the

decentralized concept could vary in

social hub; a destination in and of itself. In

health issues. Lefebvre (p.

city into a “station city”, or the station as a this section the terms node, central point,

center, foci, and nucleus are used similarly

density addressing economic, social, and

50, 1996)

points out that “the reproduction of

capitalism clearly has a major effect on

and interchangeably to understand the role restructuring temporalities as an integral of the station in the city.

Cities will grow, and there must be an answer to accommodate this growth. Issues include the transition between urban and rural communities, social segregation, and centrifugal fragmentation. One answer may be the decentralized concentration of the city, focused around social hubs to encourage interactions within.

Despite arguments that say “The compact city would cause congestion,

part of regionalization and globalization of the world and on new temporal relations in the division of labour and the everyday.”

The creation of multiple points of concentration “[increases] the density of the centers of our cities, where business affair are carried on”(Corbusier, p. 70, 1999), encouraging development of central points in the city through capitalism. The development of new centers, accommodates population growth of the city and within

11

the city.

Even though some state that “The compact city policy would result in the neglect of rural communities and earlier growth centres which emerged under dispersal policy.; the rural economic

There is a fine line of gradual transition between rural and urban

centers, without one encroaching upon

the other, we should recognize that this

overlap is then an “experience moulded by

hapticity and peripheral unfocused vision,”

development would be threatened by a

(Pallasma, p. 10, 2005), increasing our

focus of activities within existing town

quality of life through extemporaneous

and cities”

(Frey, p. 331, 1999), if one

were to classify rural communities into the urban façade as a “separate use”

of the urban fabric, it then maintains a function of its own.

This would add to

the interactions, functions and activities of a city, they would become spheres

of their own, and augment the overall

quality of life. An example of this would

be national parks, botanical gardens, and

lived experience.

Melbourne is a prime example against Frey’s (pg. 331, 1999) argument, in which the compact city did not “result in the neglect of rural communities and earlier growth centers”, but the city was able to live and grow harmoniously with the development of the city.

Here the garden city plan was implemented. The transition and interactions between the rural and urban fabric is linked by

historical buildings in which we may come

waterways, bridges, and pathways.

across what

rural landscape then becomes a function

Pallasmaa (p. 10, 2005) calls “the very essence of lived experience”. The encouragement of new centers with varying mixed used of function would then accommodate new people.

The

of the city where the urban dweller can

escape the metropolis’ “sphere of mental activity”

(Simmel, p. 97, 1903).

Precedents

Precedent: Southern Cross Station, Melbourne, AUS 14

2007 - Designed by Grimshaw

Still in Melbourne however, the Southern Cross Station seems to be undergoing the transition from city’s station into its role of station city; the station is still a function of the city, and it isn’t necessarily a destination in itself, but an extemporaneous lived experience at the

overlap of city centers. It’s implementation of attached mixed use allows it to have

a sense of destination, and its extension

world.

One where the city belongs to no

one because they are seemingly placeless, commuting from far away suburbs to the city center or struggling to upkeep everyday life in light of the high cost of living.

Can people eliminate “extensive monocultures” (Jacobs A. & Appleyard D., p. 168, 1987) by implementing Jane Jacobs shorter city blocks? Can the creation of a new city centers allow for new housing

of a pedestrian bridge to the neighboring

opportunities and prevent the contribution

transportation from train or bus to walking

1996) says, “we must reformulate the

Marvel Stadium encourages multi-model or biking.

Although Melbourne had some

to social conflict? If, as Lefebvre (p.

34,

framework of citizenship such that the right to the city brings together the urban

success through the implementation of

dweller and the citizen” how can the work

the garden city and encouraging different

of the designer create spaces that bring

modes of transportation, the garden city

plan has yet to address social segregation

& centrifugal fragmentation. Examples of this include the outer suburbs of

Melbourne, or the homeless population

seen under bridges along the rivers edge.

This is a prominent issue all over the

people together?

15

Figure 1.1

square Feet: 645,834 https://www.lockweb.com.au/en/about-us/references/southern-cross-station-australia/

“This station redevelopment has changed the face of the city’s western edge. As well as delivering the operational needs of a busy city station, the project has connected Melbourne’s CBD with the Docklands precinct; linking the old and new parts of the city with inspiring architectural design.” WSP - Southern Cross Station Population of Australia to Melbourne

Population of Melbourne: 4,936,000 people Number of commuters into Melbourne 2016: 2,115,486 people % that took public transit: 15.4% % that walked, biked, other (not car): 5.6%

Population of Country

Population in City

- Greater Melbourne Method of Travel to Work

Climate: temperate oceanic climate and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne’s geographical location. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong cold fronts to form.

Precedent: Kyoto Station, Kyoto Japan 16

1990’s - Designed by Hiroshi Hara

Jane Jacobs (pg. 150, 1961) states that there are four conditions to generate

diversity; mixed use, “opportunities to turn corners,” buildings varying in age, and a

“dense concentration of people.” These conditions don’t only apply to city plans, but large projects as well. One project that seems to cover all these conditions is

Kyoto Station in Japan. Kyoto’s dense

concentration of people makes a large station essential for commerce in a city

enriched by history and culture. At roughly

2.5 million square feet, this station offers many corners horizontally and vertically creating an array of opportunities. It’s mixed use only adds to the appeal;

Tokyo

Transit states that these “…urban

practices could be observed in train

stations, just as they could in the cinemas, department stores, cafes, and dance halls

that opened around them,” and as an effect the station becomes a destination in the city itself, and no longer only a thoroughfare.

17

Figure 1.2

Square Feet: 2,561,810 “The station, a vast organism which houses “...urban practices could be observed in train the big tains, the urban trains, the subway, a station, just as they could in the cinemas, department store, and a whole underground department stores, cafes, and dance halls that commerce- the station gives the district this opened around them.” - An Icon of Modern Daily Life landmark, which, according to certain, urbanists permits the city to signify to be read.” - The Station Population of Japan to Kyoto

Population of Kyoto: 1,475,000 people Number of commuters into Kyoto 2015: 464,356 people % that took public transit: ~50% % that walked, biked, other (not car): ~15%

Population of Country

Population in City

- Statistical Maps of Japan Maps of Workers and Students Commuting to Large Cities (2015) - Commuting

Climate: Kyoto has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), featuring a marked seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation. Summers are hot and humid, but winters are relatively cold with occasional snowfal

18

Jane Jacobs’s conditions are crucial

and nearby coffee.

to the interactions of people between the public and private interface, there are a

Paley Park was built as a memorial for Willams S. Paley’s father. Located in Hamilton New York City, it is

few case examples in which spaces have

a well known park that allows people to

been created purely for the production of

share a space for various leisure activities.

use availability, there are a few projects

privately read on their own or combine

interactions. Among the option of mixed

where the urban dweller and citizen can come together in an attempt to prioritize interaction between public and private.

It’s moveable chairs allows people to

more chairs to engage in social activity.

On the opposite side of the spectrum and newly built, The Vessel is a staircase to

These include the LinkedIn Plaza in San nowhere that has been given to the public. Francisco, Paley Park in New York, and A quote from Architectural Digest (2019) one of the most recent The Vessel also in by designer Wood (the group leader at New York. These case studies are privately Heatherwick Studio) states that “Over time owned public spaces or POPS also called its use will evolve in ways we can’t even POPOS for privately owned public open imagine right now. In this way we’re giving space. They encourage private enterprises the structure to the city and allowing them to invest in the public. At times there to define it.” With wait lines for tickets are capitalist incentives in the creation lasting hours to climb this structure, one of such spaces, such as more rentable wonders if it’s tourism is not a monoculture square footage allowed. These incentives, of its own. however, do not detract from the inviting The potential success of these space offered. The LinkedIn Plaza offers privately owned public spaces, and the warmth from frigid bay winds, free wi-fi, attraction of mixed use functionality

19

leads me to believe that in order to

successfully develop a city, one must encourage private enterprises to invest

in the populous in building not only out, but up as well perhaps in conjunction with other enterprises.

This approach makes use of large funds in a top- down approach to benefit the both the masses and the individual.

In this book, the quality of life is defined, not unlike other written articles, as safety, health, and environmental quality. Lefebvre (p. 49, 1996) suggests that “we could develop an analysis on time and space, from the positioning of the body

of life. In order to implement these

elements according to the body’s public and private, wants and needs, multiple centers are required to provide ample space and

prevent haphazard planning. In this manner, the implementation of a polynucleic plan does not seem so far off in the future.

In the past, Frey (p. 335, 1999) has noted 3 compact city plans in which the first represents “large concentrated centres”, the second represents “decentralized but concentrated and compact settlements linked by public transport,” and the third “dispersal in self-sufficient communities”.

These

to the nature of changes in the world

designs however, are not conducive to the

brought about by the changing nature of

interactions between people and either

capitalism in relation to the body, nature

and the planet” to accommodate the masses.

However, addressing population before it’s

prioritize public space within a single sphere creating a hierarchy and in turn

social segregation, or prioritizing private

growth may cause social segregation and

space through the spread of monocultures

mixed-use in a rational, organized, and

Through a geocentric, polynucleic plan, issues of population growth, rural

centrifugal fragmentation, and implementing which could lead to suburban sprawl. timely manner all contribute to the quality

20

community neglect, social segregation, and overall quality of life can be addressed by simultaneously growing up and out from central interactive points of society in sphere-like shapes. It is important to

emphasize that these central points are not dense populations of a single city center, but instead areas defined by society to have importance among the interactions of everyday life.

Foci could be located and

created much like how we view cellular

reproduction, when the nucleus splits and creates it’s own cell.

The main source of

circulation would be through city centers, like

Frey’s ideas, but it is important to note

that this plan would not emphasize mass transportation systems from center to

center, but rather the minor circulation that determines the transition from center

to center; the overlap of unique conditions within influential spheres.

This transition

space is integral in the public private interface and could in turn define the city center.

21

For example, looking at Melbourne, to the city, and states that it invariably the Yarra River runs along the edge of “depends upon… centrality”. In creating city center. This river like many cities multiple centers we give the city back to determined the original grid layout of the its closest inhabitants, and maintain the city at its establishment. It is a natural circulation and ease of access through border, and it’s existence presents the center by shortening travel distances conditions for social interactions (like both horizontally and vertically. Already festivals) and capital gain. It is a condition as a social center people gravitate towards to recognize Pallasmaa’s eyes of the skin these centers, creating a sort of rippling where “experience” would be “moulded by geocentric pattern that radiates outwards hapticity and peripheral unfocused vision.” not only in one plan horizontally but (Pallasma, pg. 10, 2005) also vertically. The nature in which these By creating a nucleus the urban circles radiate outwards depends on the fabric becomes de-centralized and people and their interactions with the rapid growth is relocated to a more surroundings, including other centers. accommodating area, and we give the city Likewise, Howard (p.347, 1898) back to its inhabitants. We create multiple points out that “it is at once seen that points of interest or “attraction” (Howard, nothing short of the discovery of a method p. 347, 1898) much like Howards Garden for constructing magnets of yet greater City. Lefebvre (p. 195, 1996) contributes power than our cities possess can be the overall success of the city, the effective for redistributing the population “[appearance] on all the networks and in a spontaneous and healthy manner.” circuits of communication, information, By creating various points of interest at and exchange,” to the citizens rights each center with more frequency, not

22

unlike Jane Jacobs idea to open up the neighborhood block, we distribute the power within our cities.

The points of interest are the “foci” Schultz (p. 151, 1979-1980) speaks of and are more or less organically determined by the social spheres of society.

These social sphere could be historical sites, national parks, a mall or workplace. They generate diversity

influence of each overlaps the part of the city which have been made unique to it.”

Thus these diagrams are not only one of city centers, but also to represent the nature of individual buildings. It is not restricted to a certain number of hosts, but rather can be scaled to accommodate

any number. It almost reflects that which constitutes our whole universe; atoms,

and overall quality of life by creating

molecules, cells, etc., radiating outward

and lived space. I say more or less

Integrating mixed use programming

interaction between conceived, perceived,

from a central point.

organically determined due to the influence seems to only amplify the interactions of capitalism. In the case study of

The

Vessel, there is influence through news to capitalize on potential profit. In this concept, it is important to recognize that there is not only overlap between districts, but buildings as well.

between people and increase the quality of life.

Our present buildings are largely only mixed use on one plane, the ground level, as it has the most accessible entrances

for pedestrians, and above that there is typically either garage space, offices,

This is evident in Alexanders observation of housing, or the combination thereof. Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Opera Vertically, there is a clear definition House in Manhattan where Alexander (p. between public space on the ground floor 127, 1965) says “Each found its own place and the glass frontage of private spaces and now creates its own atmosphere. The above. This sense of organization can

23

also lend to the avoidance of interaction entirely and consequently develop social

segregation. In the case of the apartment complex, unless there is a rooftop deck

or other function above ones room, what purpose is there to take the elevator

further than your apartment floor? If we were to mix the program vertically as

well as horizontally, we would essentially raise the ground plane, allow access

to a wider range of people, and create

opportunities for business. As Lozano (p.

316, 1990) says “the greater the number and variety of urban activities, the richer the life of a community; thus urbanity is based on density.â€? Private living quarters would remain among the vertical façade, but they may also be closer to a coffee shop, and a walk away from the nearest public transport.

This vertical stacking could be related to Le Corbusiers idea of circulation as well, by providing new entrances vertically we provide reason and opportunity for new avenues of raised

circulation decreasing traffic congestion.

Precedent: Hardt Hyperloop, the Netherlands 24

2018 (Unbuilt) - Designed by UNStudio

Reflecting on the public to private interface, POPS, and private enterprise,

cities across time. Looking into the future, challenges of potential hyperloop stations

perhaps land parcels are no longer just

are being addressed.

a zone in space with certain structural

grow out horizontally, such as seem in the

planar or land for that matter, but are requirements.

With the introduction of drones and airplanes, mass coordination efforts of airways are already in place. This takes the idea of vertical stacking even further to say that the private home owner could own coordinated space while simultaneously gaining the benefits of the urban fabric.

Already transit stations are addressing new means of transport; vertically stacking various functions in dense cities. Like

Kyoto Station, Transbay

Center, San Francisco takes advantage of height in a dense and historic city to include bus routes, a potential route

for a high speed rail, and various mixed uses in the works.

These two precedents

serve as an example of how advancing transportation is addressed in growing

Many of them are in

growing cities, and have opportunities to

Hadt Hyperloop Station in the Netherlands, however this does not design of the

address current issues in denser areas and opportunities for technological advances; areas such as Los Angeles.

25

Figure 1.3

Precedent: Transbay Center, San Francisco, CA, USA 26

Ongoing Construction - Designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli

Figure 1.4

Square Feet: ~1,000,000 “...the transit center represents what 21st century urban infrastructure should be- public works that do their job while enhancing the larer public realm.” - John King

Population of the USA to Califoronia to San Francisco

Population of San Francisco: 883,305 people Number of commuters into San Francisco 2011: 265,000 people % that took public transit: ~31.6% % that walked, biked, other (not car): ~3.4% - US Census Bureau

Population of Country

Population in California

Population in City

Climate: warm-summer Mediterranean climate characteristic of California’s coast, with moist mild winters and dry summers. San Francisco’s weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.

27

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

28

In Le Corbusier’s (p. 68, 1999) ideal into the program of the urban fabric. These Utopia he says “The circulation of traffic unique moments become part of the lived demands the straight line; it is the proper experience in which one can find comfort thing for the heart of a city. The curve in their own private space. Indeed history is ruinous, difficult and dangerous; it is a has shown how focusing on a single aspect paralyzing thing.” Le Corbusier looked at such as cost of low income housing has each of his elements of a city (i.e. a level led to planning in less ideal conditions and site, the “lungs” and “traffic” of the city, further segregation. etc.) as separate entities, when in fact they . If people were to take this concept must co-exist. Frey (p. 332, 1999) says of “mixed and mingled” paths, and apply “Research focusing on a single aspect – them not only horizontally, but vertically such as energy efficiency and transport or as well, we could then exponentially energy efficiency and urban form – is not increase commerce and interaction, while likely to generate a reliable basis for the generation of concept of a sustainable city or city region, and is

simultaneously decreasing congestion and encouraging the walkable city.

NOT likely to come up This thesis suggests building with appropriate guidelines for planners, on top of the pre-existing, recognizing designers, and politicians” social centers as they come and go, and If “the winding road is the result of smoothing out the transitions from the happy-go-lucky heedlessness, of looseness, more public eye to the private home. LA lack of concentration and animality” Union Station presents itself as an ideal (Corbusier, p. 68, 1999), then perhaps we situation for testing this idea. Considered should embrace the moments when we must to be one of the “Last Great Train Stations wind or turn around and incorporate them in America”, Los Angeles’ Union Station was

29

1939. Since then population has increased, and the modern car has gained built in

popularity in the world of transportation.

It’s homogeneity brings with it traffic and pollution. Trains have become less favored because they are often less efficient than cars in terms of speed and comfortability.

As technology advances into the next

generation of better more efficient public transportation; this thesis explores the

built environment that facilitates the ebb and flow of human movements at varying scales.

When these stations become

reactivated through tranquil open space, lively entertainment, prompt transport,

and cheerful company, they will become

the new entrance, and the commuters first impression of the city of Los Angeles.

Context & Site

Context

32 Existing Union Station

Figure 2.1

Exising Square Feet to Remain: 11,200 “Union Station has captured the spirit and soul of Los angeles and has emerged as a vital portal to the promise of the California dream� - History

EAST C

ESAR

ESTRA

DA CH

AVEZ A

33

VE.

ADJ. APARTMENT BLDG. ~ 4,900 S.F. ADJ. APARTMENT BLDG. ~ 6,100 S.F.

NORTH ALAMEDA ST.

L.A. COUNTY METROPOLITAN

FIRST 5 L.A. ~ 2,300 S.F.

METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

EL MONTE BUSWAY

Site

LA County

LA County | Scale 1” = 1,000’

Context 34

Occupancy: Mixed Use - Nonseperated Occupancies Program: Transit High Speed Rail Hyperloop Electric Vertical Take-Off & Ladning vehicle (EVTOL) Bus Car Bike Open Space Min. 226,512 SF. Plaza Restaurants 112,000 SF. (max. count of 16 restaurants with alcohol) (Max. count of 4 with dancing) Retail Urban Entertainment Complex Hotel 885,880 SF. Office Helipad 12,100 sf./ each x 3 Helipads = 36,300 SF Max. Parking (w/o residential): 11,825 spaces Buss Drop-Off Bike racks/ rental

550’ 400’

Context 35 Site Area: 480,000Sq. Ft. Floor to Area Ratio (FAR): 4.2 Proposed Square Feet: 7,545,504 <10,960,700 SF

Population of USA to California to Los Angeles

Population of Country

Population in California

Population in City

Population of Los Angeles: 3,990,000 people Number of commuters into San Francisco 2010: 471,000 people % that took public transit: ~7.3% % that walked, biked, other (not car): ~0.8% - US Census Bureau

Context 36

Who

Figure 2.4

Radiation Analysis After Shading

Context Climate

100%

80%

37

60%

50%

70

40%

30%

NATURAL VENTILATION

60 T EVAP WO - STAG ORAT IVE C E OOLIN G

50 40

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

40

50 60 70 DRY- BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F

80

90

100

Passive Solar Heating June 21 Summer Solstice 79.4° Decemer 21 Winter Solstice 32.5° 147.5°

Thermal Mass

THERMAL MASS - NIGHT FLUSHED

January February March April May June July August September October November December

80

20%

10%

HUMIDITY RATIO

WET - BULB TEMPERATURE DEG. F

Monthly Average

Research

Research

40 Transportation & Commuter Trends

The trend in commuters to Los Angeles, shows that the percent of people taking public transportation is decreasing over the years even though population is increasing.

Los Angeles, California Population 2020

NUMBER OF WEEKDAY MONTHLY RIDERS OVER 5 YEARS 40,000,000.00 36,882,597.00

32,435,891.00

35,000,000.00

35,578,457.00 34,629,140.00 33,261,927.00

30,000,000.00 25,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 15,000,000.00

12,103,405.00

10,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 -

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats

00

16

1662 HorseDrawn Omnibus

00

15 15th CE Carrach

AD

230 AD WheelBarrow

0 20 200 AD Junk

600 BC Carriage

1,500 BC Galley

3,500 BC Wheeled Cart

6,000 BC Skis

8,000 BC Canoe

BC

00

17

Transportation & Commuter Trends 41 LA County is Exposed to 250 Percent More Pollution From Cars Than Bay Area NBC Southern California

471,000 Workers Commute into Los angeles County, California each day.

Ridership through Union Station on a Typical Weekday Red Line Gold Line Metrolink - Antelope Valley Line Metrolink - Riverside line Metrolink - 91/Perris Valley Line 1% 2% 2%

Purple Line Metrolink Ventura county Line Metrolink - San Bernardino Line Metrolink - Orange County Line Metro Bus - Silver Line - 910

4%

7%

4%

1%

Hyperloop Transit Elevated Bus EVTOL

1964 First High Speed Rail

00

20

2009 SelfDriving Car

1852 Airship

1783 Hot Air Balloon 1785 Steamboat

00

19

1877 VTOL Helicopter 1885 Car & Motorcycle 1903 Airplane

1863 Subway 1882 Electric Trolley

1820 Monorail

1804 Steam Locomotive

00

18

1984 Maglev

58%

21%

Research

42 Modes of Transportation

Hyperloop In testing

Top Speed: 760 mph Power: Electric Seats: 840 passengers

Figure 3.1

High Speed Rail (HSR) Top Speed: 220 mph Power: Electric Seats: 1,323 people

Figure 3.2

Modes of Transportation 43 Metrolink with Hyundai Rotem Cars Top Speed: 90 mph Power: Teir 4 Diesel Seats: 36,000 people

Figure 3.3

LA Metro with HR4000 cars

Top Speed: 70 mph Power: Electric Seats: 251 people

Figure 3.4

Research

44 Future Modes of Transportation

Lilium’s Electric Air Taxi An Electric Vertical Take-Off & Landing (EVTOL) Vehicle In Testing

Top Speed: 62 mph Power: Electric Seats: 5 people

Figure 3.5

Current Helicopter Landing Pad for Type 1 Helicopters scale 1” = 100’ - 0” 315.00 Ø110.00 30.00

200.00

30.00

20.00°

45

Everday Car

Top Speed: 0-90 mph (You know L.A) Power: Gas and Electric Seats: 2-8 people

Autonomous Vehicle

Top Speed: 0-65 mph (You know L.A) Power: Electric Seats: 2-8 people

Bike

Top Speed: 10-14 mph Power: Manual Seats: 1-2 person

COTE Top 10

Cote Top 10

48 Integration

49

Cote Top 10

50 community

Total Subject Estimate workers 16 years and over 4,856,523.00 MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO WORK car, truck, or van 83.9% drove alone 74.6% carpooled 9.3% in 2-person carpool 7.2% in 3-person carpool 1.2% in 4-or-more personcarpool 0.9% workers per car, truck or van 1.1% public transportation (excluding 5.7% taxicab) walked 2.5% bicycle 0.7% taxicab, motorcycle, or other means 1.5% worked at home 5.6%

- Means of Transportation

Los Angeles County, California Male People Estimate2 People 2 2,635,124.00

Female Estimte 2,221,399.00

People 3

4,074,623 3,622,966 451,657 349,670 58,278 43,709 51,479

84.7% 75.5% 9.1% 7.0% 1.2% 0.9% 1.1%

2,231,950 1,989,519 239,796 184,459 31,621 23,716 27,932

83.0% 73.5% 9.5% 7.4% 1.2% 0.9% 1.1%

1,843,761 1,632,728 211,033 164,384 26,657 19,993 23,769

276,822

5.3%

139,662

6.3%

139,948

121,413 33,996 72,848 271,965

2.4% 1.0% 1.6% 5.1%

63,243 26,351 42,162 134,391

2.7% 0.4% 1.5% 6.2%

59,978 8,886 33,321 137,727

51

walkability score:

81%

community engagement:

baseline; information was drawn from research

percentage of occupants commuting by alternative transporation:

Currently: ~9% of people take public transit, bike, or walk as part of their commute into Los Angeles Future Goal: 25% into Los Angeles & 75% to LA Union Station *goal is not 100% as the design allows for car drop off and pickup

transporation carbon calculator:

lbs. of carbon dioxide emitted/occupant/ year:

9,065

% reduction over the basline: -102.2%

Cote Top 10

52 ecology & water

53

Future Daily Average Occupancy: 2,000,000 people

indoor water use estimate:

9-15 Gallson/SF/YR = 67,909,536 - 113,182,560 Gallons/ YR irrigation use:

Plant Area: ~ 2,041,142 SF (25% of the building and the sky deck) of the building is native plants that require irrigation.

COTE’s irrigation estimator Calculator, calculates that annual irrigation water use would be

21,648,254 gallons

cooling tower use:

100% of the building is cooled by a watercooled chiller through a central plant total cooling tower water use:

52,818,528 gallons/yr

black water generated per day:

Toilets: 11,000,000 gallons Urinals: 5,500,000 gallons Total: 16,500,000 gallons Total annually: 198,000,000 Gallons

grey water generated per day:

Showers: 32,000,000 gallons Lavatory: 5,000,000 gallons Total: 37,000,000 gallons Total Annually: 444,000,000 Gallons

Conclusion:

Generated greywater alone can provide for irrigation use year round, and if treated properly, the cooling tower as well.

Cote Top 10

54 energy

314545 T012arget EUI

4565ÿ89

8 ÿ 9 " # " #ÿ%ÿ! 9 1& ' & 9 ÿ" * ÿ*9# ÿ+

: ÿ ÿ! 9 ÿ! 9

$ "9 ( 9 ÿ

)5524 $ "** .)3 $ ,** 23-)

59 ÿ; /ÿ ÿ20ÿ29 ÿ ÿ9ÿ<5=ÿ 1

$ $ $

>?@ABCDA EFÿ; / FGGÿH ÿ!1 255

-5

05

35

I?JKAI FLÿ; / MFÿH ÿ!1 45

STOJ >OCBPCDK

ÿ

! 1 ÿ ÿ5# 6 7

648 1( V1# 7 648 1( V1# 7 6 1ÿ ÿ"WX 1# 7

Figure 2.5 11 1 1

N45

>OCBPCDKÿ@ORR?JS

/ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ4 ÿ 0ÿ ' ÿ # 9 1ÿ0 ÿ1 ÿ2 2 ÿ ÿ 9ÿ0 ÿ ÿ9 + ÿ2 9 ÿ 0 ÿ 9 ÿ/ÿ((ÿ # ÿ# ÿ 2 ÿ2 ÿ 93ÿ 0 ÿ 3ÿ 9 0ÿ ÿ ÿ

5 9 9 ÿ5 9

8 9 ÿ ÿ& #

G

5= 255 .2

<5= 62 20

DU? DU? DU?

223

63

DU?

4036)5

<3)2<

DU?

ÿY 216

GFRC

55

SPACE FRAMING TO GFRC CLADDING

ROTATING TRANSULCENT SOLAR PV PANELS 960 SW. FT. PV = 14.4 KW 72 ROTATING SOLAR PV PANELS = 1036.8 kWh 1036.8 kWh x 10 hours = 10,368 kW/ DAY 10,368 kW/day x 30 days = 311,040 kW/ month

STEEL SPACE FRAMING

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL WIND TURBINES 28 FT. DIA = 15 kWh 24 WIND TURBINES = 360 kWh 360 kWh x 12 HOURS = 4,320 kWh / DAY 4,320 kWh/ day x 30 days = 129,600 kW/MONTH

AN AMERICAN HOUSE USES AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 914 kWh PER MONTH

STEEL FRAMING

Design

Design Goals 58

Reactivate historic Union Station with additional amenities updated efficient transportation, and an inviting atmosphere making it an iconic destination of its own.

Energize the station and new technology with renewable resources such as PV and kinetic floors.

59

60

Create open public areas, such as viewing platforms, where people can linger, wander, and visually explore to satiate the visitors impressions of Los Angeles.

General Circulation of a Train Station 61 Pedestrian

Bike

Car

Bus/ Taxi

Bike Rack/ Dropoff

Parking

Dropoff

Amenities

Customer Services

Ticketing

Digital Ticket Bypass

Entrance/ Exit to Station

Ticket Gates/ Turnstiles

Service Platform

The scale and density requirements of stations change based on location and needs. Some stations exclude amenities altogether. As technology advances we may find that circulation becomes more straightforward, and there are ways in which one can bypass systems currently in place; for example digital ticketing.

Design 62

Design Goals: • Reactivate historic Union Staiton with additional amenities updated efficient transportation, and an inviting atmosphere • Energize the station and new technology with renewable resources such as PV and kinetic floors. • Explore. Create open public areas, such as viewing platforms, where people can linger, wander, and visually explore to satiate the visitors impressions of Los Angeles.

A Few Assumptions: • Public transportation will be more reliable • Public transportation will run on time • With the invention of Autonomouse Vehicles the ability to go from place to place wil be more direct and mainstream. Union Station’s current infrastructure does not support such vehicular traffic, and thus the current historical building will be but a historical ornament (much as it is already) to add to the mixed use and culture of LA. •

63

Design - Scheme 1 64

Occupancy A-3 Maximum Travel Distance Sprinklered 250’ Maximum Comon Path of Egress Travel: 30’ for assembly fixed seating with 50 or more occupants 75’ for others Largest Area with Single Exit: 49 Occupants Min. Length of Dead-End Corridor: Greater of 20’ or 2.5 x width of corridor Min. Door Width: 32” net clear Min. Corridor Width: 44” serving more than 49 occupants Min. Stair Width: 44” serving more than 49 occupants High-Rise Buildings At least 2 exit stairways in a straight line no less than 30’ Where >420’ number of exits increases by 1 Exits must be smokeproof At least 2 fire access elevators within enclosed fire-resistance rated hoistway shafts and open to enclosed lobbies at each floor -lobbies must have min. area of 150 ft. sq. with min. dim. of 8’, and not less than 1 hour fire-resistance, and direct access to an enclosed exit stair -elevator lobbies at least 25% of the floor occupant load must be accomodated 3 sq. ft./ person -1 wheelchair space per 50 occupants

1

Section 1 1" = 100'-0"

500' - 0"

Max. travel Distance 250’

Max. travel D

Envelope 205' - 0"

New 2 550' - 0" RETAIL AND ASSEMBLY OFFICES RESIDENTIAL TRANSIT BOH/ SERVICES 25' - 0"

Max. travel Distance 250’ + 1 because > 420’

Program

New 1 400' - 0"

15' - 0"

Distance 250’

65

Level 5 60' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 18' - 0" Level 2 12' - 0"

Circulation

Level 1 0' - 0" B1 -20' - 0" B2 -40' - 0"

Design - Scheme 2 66

Energy created By the Envelope: Area of Solar Panels: 557,437 S.F. Energy Produced: 7896.93 kW

67

Design - Scheme 3 68

69

Design - Scheme 3 continued

70 floor plan & entry renders

EAST C

ESAR

ESTRA

DA CH

AVEZ A

VE.

ADJ. APARTMENT BLDG. ~ 4,900 S.F. ADJ. APARTMENT BLDG. ~ 6,100 S.F.

L.A. COUNTY METROPOLITAN

NORTH ALAMEDA ST.

RETAIL

RETAIL

RESTAURANT

RETAIL

BOH

RETAIL

HYPERLOOP

UP

MECH. ELEV.

UP ESCALATORS TO HIGH SPEED RAIL

UP

UP

UP

UP

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

UP

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

(E) RAIL

UP

UP

UP

UP

UP

(E) ENTRY HALL

ELEV. MECH. UP

DNDN

(E) COURTYARD UP

UBERAIR

HYPERLOOP

RETAIL

BOH

RETAIL HYPERLOOP

FIRST 5 L.A. ~ 2,300 S.F.

METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

RETAIL

RETAIL

EL MONTE BUSWAY

UBERAIR

71

Design - Scheme 3 continued

72 solar & radiation Analysis

10:00 AM

10:00 AM

E

June 21

S

4:42 AM

4:00 PM

N

Site at Summer Solstice 1� = 600’

7:05 PM

W

LV. 35

Transit

LV. 33 LV. 32 LV. 31 LV. 30

Retail and Assembly

LV. 25 LV. 24 LV. 23 LV. 22 LV. 21 LV. 20 LV. 19 LV. 18 LV. 17 LV. 16 LV. 15 LV. 14 LV. 13 LV. 12 LV. 11 LV. 10 LV. 8 LV. 7 LV. 6 LV. 5 LV. 4 LV. 3 LV.2

Key:

LV. 34

LV. 29 LV. 28 LV. 27 LV. 26

LV. 9

program 73

Offices Hotel

74 section

Pedestrian Bridges

Solar Envelope

Hyperloop Existing Metro Lines

75

EVTOL Landing

Light Well Existing Building

Vellum

Nature’s Application Bio- Thought Experiment Figure 4.1

77 Circulation

Slime Mold |

Problem: How do we determine the best path of circulation?

Solution:Slime mold reflects “swarm intelligence” in which the mold can effectively travel from point A to point B in the quickest possible route with great efficiency. Other routes away from the most efficient are retracted. The mold “remembers” where it’s been by leaving a trail behind. Like the human population, the mold grows and disperses in search for more resources using minimal energy. Application: This mold is already being used to track train routes, and has nearly successfully replicated the Tokyo Rail Network based on the locations of stations. On a smaller scale, could this experiment reflect circulation on site? Could it work vertically? Figure 4.2

Hissing Cockroach

Pollution

|

Problem: In the case of a transit hub, how can we reduce air pollution on site produced from urban environment and vehicular traffic? Solution: The Hissing Cockroach both creates and filters carbon dioxide within it’s body. Like buildings,the hissing cocroach respiratory system consists of a unidirectional airflow, in which clean air is brought in at one location and spent air is released at another. Thoracic pores collect internal spent air and release it externally allowing airflow in one direction preventing backflow. Application: Parallels can be drawn between the thoracic pores of the hissing cockroach and an interior space in which spent air can be passively collected, and then filtered before being released to the exterior.

Figure 4.3

Elephant Seal

|

Water

Problem: In an arid environment where water is scarce, how can capture water and minimize loss?

Solution: The Elephant Seal has a trunk like nose in which boney structures called nasal turbinates maintain bodily water levels. The function of these nasal turbinates cools warm air exhaled from the Elephant Seal, lowing the dew point and condensing water along the nasal passages as it exits the body. Application: My mimicking the structure of nasal turbinates water can essentially be captures from moist/ humid heated air and dewpoint can be lowered to capture water within the same system.

78

Flow of Sitting

MATERIALS + TECHNIQUES

Movement varies in both growth and scale. In order to create an environment suitable to movement one must understand how people move and why, or the flow of human movement. In this study, the Flow of Sitting attempts to encourage movement in solid wood through kerfs, or cuts meant to purposefully weaken the integrity of the wood, just enough to bend under stress without breaking. Like a crowd pushing through narrow walkways, pressure builds, but is accounted for in an adjacent space encouraging movement. The organization and

structure of these kerfs creates its own kind of 79 dynamic rhythm as a result of accounting for stress. As such the pattern varies to account for where people move the most; cuts are further apart in the seat to account for a larger load while they are closer together in the backrest to promote a wider range of motion in the upper torso to shoulders. Moments of tensions are located where the user applies pressure. The form of the seat and backrest are then meant to be formed by the body.

For this experiment I tested a number of cutting techniques and woods before settling on this combination. I found that I wanted to cut perpendicular to the grain to allow enough range of movement without too much pressure, and in contrast the wood was more likely to splinter or snap when cutting parallel to the grain. Likewise cutting perpendicular to the core of the wood allowed for the least amount of flexibility, but was too rigid. Cutting perpendicular to the core of the wood was also not ideal as it meant buying wood in long lengths, which was not always available. The width and depth of the cut also created parameters for the range of motion that the wood could withstand. For this experiment I used 1/8” wide table saw for the cuts. Depending on the flexibility of the wood a thinner blade or CNC would have been more ideal in order to create more control and support in the motion of the wood. In contrast to my precedent, Carolien Laro’s “Spring Wood”, whenever I overlapped cuts the wood had a tendency to break towards the adjacent cut. With my weight of 140 lb. I could sit on cuts as deep as 7/8” deep on both sides of a 2” piece of wood with great flexibility, however someone with a weight of 150 lbs. would break this, thus I ended up settling at ¾” deep cut on both ends of a 2” piece of wood which allows anyone up to about 200 lbs. to sit on it though it is not as flexible to those who weigh less.

FRAME

In addressing the material, I took precedent again, from Carolien Laro’s “Spring Wood” stool which also flexes using kerf patterns. In her project she uses Ash wood. I tested Doug Fir, plywood, and ultimately settled on Ash as well. During this testing I found that with an elastic modulus of 1,765,000 lbf/in2, Doug Fir snapped too easily. Plywood with minimal cuts and basswood were too flexible. Ash wood has an elastic modulus of 1,360,000 lbf/in2, and thus Ash wood does not snap as easily and is more flexible than Doug Fir, but less flexible then plywood and basswood. In order to support this flexible seat and back, a rigid frame was necessary, however the joints ultimately had to allow for motion. To create this twisting motion I went with 3/8” round solid steel rod that I would bend, weld, and cut so that the wood could sit and rotate on at least one axis of motion. This axis of motion becomes a part of the design following the kerf cuts along the wood. This round rod is present throughout the project to create a cohesive and supportive design.

Bibliography 80

Alexander, C. (1995) “A City is Not a Tree” LeGates R.T. & Sout S. (Eds.) (1966) The City Reader (p.118- 131) London England: Routledge “Commuting.” Survey: Commuting, Japan Guide, www.japan-guide.com/topic/0011.html. “COTE® Top Ten Awards.” The American Institute of Architects, AIA, 2020, www.aia. org/awards/7301-cote-top-ten-awards. Frey, H. (1999) “Compact, Decentralised of What? The Sustainable City Debate” Larice M. & Macdonald E. (Eds.)(2007) The Urban Design Reader (p.329 – p.343), New York, New York: Routledge “Greater Melbourne Method of Travel to Work.” Method of Travel to Work | Australia | Community Profile, .Idcommunity Demographic Resource, 2016, profile.id.com. au/australia/travel-to-work?WebID=260. “History.” Union Station, Metro, www.unionstationla.com/history. Howard, E. (1898) “Author’s Introduction” and “The Town-Country Magnet”, LeGates R.T. & Frederic, S. (Eds.) The City Reader (p. 346 – p. 353) London England: Routledge “An Icon of Modern Daily Life.” Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails on Road, by Alisa Freedman, Stanford University Press, 2011, p. 117. “Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats.” Metro Ridership, Metro, June 2020, isotp. metro.net/MetroRidership/Index.aspx. Jacobs, A. & Appleyard, D. (1987) “Toward an Urban Design Manifesto” LeGates R.T. & Frederic, S. (Eds.) The City Reader (p. 165 – p. 175) London England: Routledge

Jacobs, J., (1961) The Life and Death of Great American Cities, New York: New York: Random House King, John. “Park-Topped Transbay Transit Center Pays Architectural Dividends, Past Troubles Aside.” SFChronicle.com, San Francisco Chronicle, 26 Aug. 2019, www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Park-topped-Transbay-transit-centerpays-14377145.php. Le Corbusier, (1929) “The Pack-Donkey’s Way and Man’s Way” and “A Contemporary City” Larice M. & Macdonald E. (Eds.)(2007) The Urban Design Reader (p. 67 - p. 75), New York, New York: Routledge Lefebvre, H. (1996) Writing on Cities, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. “Los Angeles, California Population 2020.” Los Angeles, California Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs), World Population Review, 2020, worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/los-angeles-population/. Lozano, E. (1990) “Density in communities or the Most Important Factor in Building Urbanity” Larice M. & Macdonald E. (Eds.)(2007) The Urban Design Reader (p. 313 - p. 327), New York, New York: Routledge “Means of Transportation Tot Work by Selected Characteristics.” United States Census Bureau, United States Census Bureau, 2020, data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=means%20of%20 transportation%20to%20work%20Los%20Angeles%20 County&g=0500000US06037&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSST1Y2018. S0802&t=Transportation&layer=VT_2018_050_00_PY_D1&cid=S0802_ C01_001E&vintage=2018.

81

82

Pallasmaa, J. (2005) The Eyes of the Skin. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Schulz, C.N. (1979-1980) “The Loss and Recovery of Place” Meacher, S.M. (Eds.) (2008) Philosophy and the City (p. 150-162) Albany, New York: State University of New York NBC Southern California. “LA County Exposed to 250 Percent More Pollution From Cars Than Bay Area, New Study Finds.” NBC Los Angeles, NBC Southern California, 5 Feb. 2019, www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/la-county-residentsvehicle-air-pollution/1613/. Simmel G. (1903) “The Metropolis and Mental Life” Meacher, S.M. (Eds.) (2008) Philosophy and the City (p. 96-101) Albany, New York: State University of New York “Southern Cross Station.” WSP, WSP, www.wsp.com/en-AU/projects/southern-crossstation. “The Station.” Empire of Signs, by Roland Barthes, Cape, 1983, p. 38. “Statistical Maps of Japan Maps of Workers and Students Commuting to Large Cities (2015).” Statistics Bureau of Japan, Statistics Bureau of Japan, 23 Mar. 2018, 210.169.215.50/english/data/chiri/map/c_koku/2015-1.html. US Census Bureau. “265,000 Workers Commute into San Francisco County, Calif., Each Day.” The United States Census Bureau, 6 Sept. 2014, www.census.gov/ newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-r22.html. “ZERO TOOL.” Zero Tool, Zero Tool, zerotool.org/.

83

List of Illustrations 84

Cover

Note this collage was created by Crystal Ueno with Reference to projects by Zaha Hadid and BIG

Figure 1.1

Southern Cross Station Lockwood https://www.lockweb.com.au/ en/about-us/references/southern-cross-station-australia/

Figure 1.2

Kyoto Station

Figure 1.3

https://www.kyotostation.com/

Hardt Hyperloop UNSTUDIO https://www.unstudio.com/en/ page/11735/hardt-hyperloop

Transbay Center ARUP https://www.arup.com/projects/ salesforce-transit-center

Figure 1.5

Transbay Center Salesforce https://salesforcetransitcenter.com/ transportation/

Figure 1.6

Transbay Center Salesforce https://salesforcetransitcenter.com/ transportation/

Figure 1.7

Union Station KCET https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/ union-station-and-the-dream-of-flying-buses

Figure 2.1

85

cdefĂżgh,22,&1Ăżi03(2 jklmĂżnloPpĂżERCqUr<Ăż

86

AklmĂżsPtĂżERCqUr<Ăż

ukvmĂżsPwĂżERCqUr<

List of Illustrations Continued x6(-Ăże,y W<?CĂżF<BG;ĂżFNJOBG=CĂżKS=EĂżJ?XĂżYzZĂżNKĂżCNSGF=CĂżSC=@Ăż;NĂżI=9=GB;=Ăż=E=F;G?F?;HĂż?9Ăż;<=ĂżC=E=F;=@Ăż=[\8]ĂżCSRG=I?N9Ăż;NĂż;<=Ăż9B;?N9 ‘’€’“|}~ € Figure 2.3 ˆ††‡ Â?†‡ Â?†‡ Ž†‡ Â?†‡ Œ†‡ ‹†‡ Š†‡ ‰†‡ ˆ†‡ †‡

‘|™ÿ—‹Â?š‹‡˜ ‚ | ÿ—‹šŠ‡˜ {•› Â’|“ÿ—Â?š‹‡˜ ÂœÂ?ž“ ĂżÂ—ÂˆÂ‰ÂšÂˆÂ‡Â˜

{|}~ €|Â

‚ƒ„…

Â&#x;~Â€ÂžĂżÂ—ÂŽÂ‡Â˜  ~ ÂĄ|™™ÿ—‰šÂ?‡˜ ¢  |Â“ĂżÂ—ÂˆÂ†ÂšÂ?‡˜ ÂŁ~ ÿ—†šˆ‡˜

‘’ }¤Â’“¥| Â—‹šˆ‡˜ ÂŁ}¤Â’“ÿ” ™™~ Â”•’ ÿ—†šŽ‡˜ ÂŁ}¤Â’“ ¼€Œ€ §Â€ ”•’ ÿ—†š‰‡˜

”•’ ÿÂ—Â‚ÂƒÂ„Â…ĂżÂ‘Â’Â€Â’Â“|}~ Â€ĂżÂ‡Â˜ 11777 8 6 18 89 1 6789 96 89!1" #$

0012012304

2353Ăż789

7 Ăż 8 Ăż Ăż 8 ! " Ăż 8 9 ! "Ăż$Ăż 8 1% & 9Ăż 9Ăż # !8 ' 8 % 9 8 Ăż!

43302 (

Ăż(8"9Ăż) *(( 0,-4 # !(( +4, #

Power Source EPA Power Profiler https://www.epa.gov/energy/ power-profiler#/CAMX

9

Figure 2.4 012

Wind rose Climate Consultant

Figure 2.5

Target EUI Zero Tool zerotool.org

Figre 3.1

Hyperloop Engadget https://www.engadget. com/2018/08/03/cupertino-hyperloop-apple-head-tax/

Figure 3.2

High Speed Rail Railway Technology https://www.railway-technology. com/features/feature-top-ten-fastest-trains-in-the-world/

48 Ăż: .Ăż 9Ăż,,Ăż189 Ăż Ăż8Ăż23;Ăż 0 <=>?@AB? CCĂż: . DEEĂżF Ăż0

G=HI?G JJĂż: . KEĂżF Ăż0

# # # 033

-3

L3

,3

23

E

M23

<NA@OABIĂż>NQQ=HR

. & ÿ ÿ " ÿÿ/

Ăż8 /Ăż 9 880

Ăż90Ăż " Ăż Ăż 1 Ăż Ăż 2 Ăż/

Ăż 3 Ăż8 /Ăż Ăż 89 Ăż 19 Ăż' /

ÿÿ )9 ÿ.'ÿ" ÿ1 ÿ 89ÿ ÿ 9 92ÿ8 ÿ 1 ÿ1/ RSNH <NA@OABI

Ăż 9

0 Ăż 9 Ăż4" 596

4 8 9 8 Ăż4 8 7 8 Ăż 9 Ăż% "

537 1' U1" 6 537 1' U1" 6 5 0Ăż 9Ăż!VW 1" 6

3; 033 ++

23; -3 ,,

BT= BT= BT=

02,

44

BT=

-2+0+

L2-02

BT=

ĂżX

9 11 1 1

015

Ourtrains1 Metrolink https://metrolinktrains.com/globalassets/about/ourtrains1.jpg

Figure 3.3

Metro Car Metro https://www.metro-magazine. com/management-operations/ news/717555/la-metro-makes-tmobile-cell-service-available-onred-purple-lines

Figure 3.4

Electric Vertial Take-off and Landing Vehicle Electrive https://www.electrive. com/2019/04/23/lilium-air-taxiseeks-safety-approval-and-appoints-first-cfo/

Figure 3.5

Slime Mold TED https://www.ted.com/talks/heather_ barnett_what_humans_can_learn_ from_semi_intelligent_slime_1/ transcript

Figure 4.1

Hissing Cockroach JEB https://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/23/4473

Figure 4.2

87

88

Figure 4.3

Elephant Seal ABC News https://abcnews.go.com/US/ elephant-seals-diverse-language-now-populations-thriving/ story?id=59498953

All othe images not noted here were created by Crystal Ueno

89

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.