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PROFILE IN SCIENCE GALILEO GALILEI
Born: 15 Feb 1564 in Pisa (now in Italy) Died: 8 Jan 1642 in Arcetri (near Florence) (now in Italy)
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was a Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the “father of modern observational astronomy” the “father of modern physics”, the “father of science”, and “the Father of Modern Science.” The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honour, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.
Galileo’s Early Life: Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a musician. Galileo’s mother was Giulia degli Ammannati. Galileo was the first of six (though some people believe seven) children. His family belonged to the nobility but was not rich. In the early 1570’s, he and his family moved to Florence Galileo and the Pendulum: In 1581, Galileo began studying at the University of Pisa University of Pisa, where his father hoped he would study medicine. While at the University of Pisa, Galileo began his study of the pendulum while, according to legend, he watched a suspended lamp swing back and forth in the cathedral of Pisa. However, it was not until 1602 that Galileo made his most notable discovery about the pendulum the period (the time in which a pendulum swings back and forth) does not depend on the arc of the
swing (the isochronism). Eventually, this discovery would lead to Galileo’s further study of time intervals and the development of his idea for a pendulum clock. Galileo On Motion: At the University of Pisa, Galileo learned the physics of the Ancient Greek scientist, Aristotle. However, Galileo questioned the Aristotelian approach to physics. Aristotelians believed that heavier objects fall faster through a medium than lighter ones. Galileo eventually disproved this idea by asserting that all objects, regardless of their density, fall at the same rate in a vacuum. To determine this, Galileo performed various experiments in which he dropped objects from a certain height. In one of his early experiments, he rolled balls down a gently sloping inclined plane and then determined their positions after equal time intervals. He wrote down his discoveries about motion in his book, De Motu, which means “On Motion.”
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Partial Financial Support for the publication of this issue has been provided by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR).
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1. PROFILE IN SCIENCE
L$hf `°S> 2, 3 [¨”u g°M Apf. X$u. ipl 1 f°Îh° V≤°$L$_u `lp°mpB 2 L°$hu fu[° _L$L$u \B ? ∆[°fi÷ MX£$ Birthdays of Scientists 3 ky`f_p°hp rhıap°V$ A_° 4 fieyV≤$p°_ [pfp `¨L$S> ≈°ju `fd rl[L$pfu r``m h©n 6 X$pµ. ∆[°fi÷ Nhmu 28du a°b∞yApfu : 9 fpÙ≤$ue rhop_ q]$hk ]$u`L$ S>N[p` SCIENCE QUIZ 12 NrZ[ NÁd[ 13 Qd–L$pfp°_u cu[fdp¨ q]$_°i Np¨^u 14 agp°fpBX$ rhi° ≈ZuA° A_° [°_u 15 rh`fu[ Akfp°\u bQuA° k[uj ipl ‚]|$jZ rh_p ‚Nr[ lp¨kg 16 L$fhp_u AphÌeL$[p NyZh¨[ Ap°Tp k¨ı\p kdpQpf ljpØNu eproL$ 19 `°fiNhu_ `nuAp° `f M[fp° ¡gp°bg hp°rdØN l°d¨[ ky\pf$ 20 GALILEO GALILEI
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
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BS>_°fp°A° ]y$r_epdp f°Îh° gpB__p° rhL$pk L$ep£ li° A_° Ad°qfL$pdp¨ `Z f°Îh°_p `pV$p H¡g°fiX$\u S> Apep[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep li°.
f°Îh° V≤°$L$_u bpb[dp¨ rhdp¨ kp•\u dp°V$u A°V$g° b∞p°X$-N°S> (kpdpfie `lp°mpB L$f[p h^y g¨bpB ^fph[u) f°Îh° V≤°$L$ aL$[ cpf[dp¨ S> R>°. cpf[dp¨ b∞p°X$-N°S> V≤°$L$_p¨ b° `pV$p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f (Gauge ) 5’ 6” A°V$g° L°$ 1676 mm S>° V $gy ¨ lp° e R>° . S>epf° kdı[ rhdp¨ dp¨_qL$[ (Standard ) f°gh° V≤°$L$ 4’ 85” A° V $g° L° $ 143` mm lp° e R>° . D`fp¨ [ OZu S>¡epA° _°fp°N°S> L°$ duV$f-N°S>_p f°Îh° V≤°$L$ `Z lp°e R>°. lh° ‚Ò A° \pe R>° L°$ Ap f°gh° N°S>_y¨ dp` L°$ b° `pV$p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f L°$hu fu[° _L$L$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ li° ? A°_p bu≈ iy¨ L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ ?
H¡g°fiX$_p° f°Îh° Br[lpk [`pk[p Mbf `X°$ R>° L°$ f°Îh°_p rhL$pk `l°gp H¡g°fiX$dp¨ V≤$pdh° l[p [°_p `pV$p `Z f°gh° V≤°$L$ S>°hp S> l[p [°_p b° `pV$p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f 4’ 85” l[y [°_p `f V≤$pd (Bg°L$V≤$uL$ bk) ]$p°X$[u l[u. V≤$pd bk A_° [°_p¨ V≤°$L$ b_phhpdp¨ L$peÆf[ gp°L$p°A° S> H¡g°fiX$dp¨ f°Îh° dpV°$_p V≤°$L$ A_° h°Nfik_u X$uTpB_ L$fu li°. [°d_° D`fp°L$[ N°S> h^y ep°¡e A_° L$fL$kfeyL$[ gpN[p [°_p° rk^°-rk^p° ‚ep°N f°gh°_p `pV$pdp¨ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° li° S>° ApNm S>[p ıV$pfiX$XÆ$ N°S> [qfL$° A`_phhpdp¨ ApÏep° li° lh° ‚Ò A° \pe R>° L°$ Ap ıV$p¨X$XÆ$ N°S>_p b° `pV$p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f 4’ 85” ApÏey ºep¨\u ?
≈° f°gh°_p b° `pV$p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f h^y lp°e [p° f°gh°_p X$bp (h°N_)dp¨ h^y dp”pdp¨ A_° h^y JQpB ky^u kpdp_ cfu iL$pe R>°. kp\° kp\° h^y `lp°mp N°S> h^y TX$` Ap`° R>°. Ap L$pfZkfS> cpf[dp¨ dyøe dpghplL$ f°Îh°-V≤°$L$ b∞p°X$-N°S>_p R>°. S>ep Ap°R>p° V≤$pqaL$ lp°e [°hp rhı[pfp°dp¨ L$fL$kfeyL$[ duV$fN°S> (3’ 6” )_p f°Îh° V≤°$L$ _pMhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.
Ap q]$ipdp¨ h^y [`pk L$f[p ≈Zhp d˛ey¨ L°$ Ap dp` [° hM[_p Op°X$pNpX$u_p `•¨X$p A_° [°_u ^fu D`f\u g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ li°. [° hM[° H¡g°fiX$ A_° eyfp°r`e_ ]°$ip°dp¨ Op°X$p-NpX$u_p `¶X$p (Wheels) 4’ 85” dp`_p l[p A_° b° `¶ X $p h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f `Z gNcN A°V$gy S> fpMhpdp Aph[y l[y. L$pfZ [° hM[° gNcN b^° S> L$pQu kX$L$p° l[u A_° Ap kX$L$p° `f \p°X$p \p°X$p A¨[f° A°L$ kfMp Mp¨Qp fpMhpdp¨ Aph[p l[p¨, ≈° Op°X$pNpX$u_p¨ `¶X$p¨ L°$ ^fudp¨ L$p°B Afie dp` fpMhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ lp°[ [p° AL$ıdp[ \hp_u iL$e[pAp° h^y l[u A°V$g° Op°X$pNpX$u_p `¶X$p A_° [°_u h√Q°_y¨ dp` [° hM[_p fı[p A_° kyfnp_° ¬ep_dp¨ gB L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ li°. A°L$ Op°X$pOpX$udp¨ b° Op°X$p ≈°X$hpdp¨ Aph[p l[p S>° kl°gpB\u ]$p°X$u iL°$ A_° b°k_pf_° `Z Apfpd]$peL$ A_° kyfnp_u ◊rÙ$A° D`fp°L$[ dp` h^y ep°¡e li°.
‚dprZ[ N° S (Standard Gauge) : k¨`|ZÆ Ad°qfL$p, eyfp°` A_° Afie ]°$ip°dp¨ 4’85” `lp°mpB ^fph[p¨ f°Îh° V≤°$L$ _pMhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. S>° Ap¨[ffprÙ≤$e dp_p¨qL$[ (Standard Gauge) N°S> [fuL°$ rhdp¨ ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. Ap ıV$pfiX$XÆ$ N°S>_y¨ A¨[f L°$hu fu[° _L$L$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ li° ? iy¨ Ar^L©$[ BS>_°fu k¨ı\p A\hp L$p°B h•opr_L$p° ‹pfp [°_u sı\f[p (Stability ), TX$`, A_° [°_u L$fL$kfeyL$[ gpN[ (Cost ) hN°f° `qfbmp°_p° TuZhV$\u AÊepk L$fu_° [°_u qX$TpB_ \B li° ? A\hp L$p°B Afie Ap^pf° [° _L$L$u \ey¨ li° ? Ad°qfL$_ f°Îh°_p Br[lpkL$pfp° b[ph° R>° L°$ f°gh°_u kp• ‚\d iÍ$Ap[ H¡g°fiX$dp¨ \B l[u A_° f°Îh°_u k¨`|ZÆ kpdN∞u A_° N°S> `Z H¡g°fiX$\u Apep[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>° S>° D`fp°L$[ dp`_p¨ l[p. [p° iy¨ Ap N°S>_u qX$TpB_ H¡g°fiX$dp¨ \B li° ? Ad°qfL$_ f°Îh°_p Br[lpk ‚dpZ° HNg°fiX$_p
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l[p [°Ap°A°L$ Mpk ‚L$pf_p Op°X$p fpM[p l[p [°d_u JQpB `Z Myb Ap°R>u l[u [°d_p hpl_p° (Op°X$pNpXu, f\ hN°f°) Ap ‚L$pf_u kX$L$p° dpV°$ S> ep°¡e l[p A°V$g° fp°d_ gp°L$p°A° S> [° hM[° Ap ‚L$pf_p ApL$pf A_° A¨[f (Gauge) A`_pÏep l[p. [p° Aluep Ap d|m ‚Ò_p° BS>_°fu ◊rÙ$A° kpQp° S>hpb dm° R>° L°$ fp°d_ gL$p°A° [°d_p Op°X$pNpX$u L°$ f\dp S>° ≈[u_p Op°X$p ≈°X$hpdp Aph[p l[p [°d_u JQpB, [° hM[_p fı[p A_° kyfnp_u ◊rÙ$A° ep° ¡e A°hp `¶X$p_u kpBT A_° b° `¶X$p_u h√Q°_y A¨[f Op°X$p A_° [° f\dp¨ b°k_pf dpV$° Apfpd]$peL$ fl° [° fu[° _L$L$u L$eyÆ li° S>° h[Ædp_dp f°gh° N°S>_y¨ dp_p¨qL$[ (Standard ) dp` b_u Ney A_° ]y$r_epdp¨ khÆ ıhuL©$[ b_u Ney¨.
GUAGE Rail Track Gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 2/ 3 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) 1,520 mm (4 ft 117/ 8 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1/ 2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 33/ 8 in) 950 mm (3 ft 33/ 8 in)
NAME Name of Country India gauge Iberian gauge Irish gauge Russian gauge Russian gauge Standard gauge Cape gauge Metre gauge Italian metre gauge
Source : www.wikipedia-railgauge.com
BIRTHDAYS OF SCIENTISTS 1st- 1578 6th- 1928 5th- 1827 15th -1452 23rd – 1858 25th – 1874 28th – 1906 17th- 1749 21st- 1799 23rd – 1707 23rd – 1925 26th – 1951 26th – 1906 27th –1907 6th – 1933 8th – 1625 8th – 1916 9th – 1781 13th – 1831 14th – 1736
APRIL Dr. William Harvey: Discovered the circulation of Blood James Watson: the famous scientist in the field of genetics, discovered the structure of DNA Module Joseph Lister, a British surgeon demonstrated the concept and principle of preventative medicine Learnado da Vinci : renaissance painter, architect, engineer, mathematician and philosopher a genius- the world has never seen again so far Marx Karl Ernst Planck: provided insights to the quantum theory G. Marconi : invented equipment that transmitted electrical signals through the air in 1895 Kurt Godel : Great mathematician, and demonstrated Godel’s Theorem. MAY Edward Jenner: he inventor of small-pox vaccination in 1796 Mary Anning: a British fossil hunter who began finding fossils as a child Carl Linnaeus: who is called as father of taxonomy Sweden’s most famous natural scientist. Joshua Lederberg : a famous Scientist won Nobel prize in 1958 for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. Sally K. Ride (astronaut); first female woman US Astronaut to go into space Benjamin Pegry Pal; eminent Indian Agriculture Scientist who has given the integration among education, research and extension in agriculture. Rachel Carson: a courageous ecologist woman, who battled against chemical pollutants JUNE Heinrich Rohrer : Swiss physicist, won the Nobel Prize in 1986 for designing an electron microscope able to scan individual atoms Giovanni Domenico Cassini : the first Italian astronomer and engineer to identify four moons of Saturn Francis Crick: who helped discover the double helix shape of DNA along with James Watson. George Stephenson: a Railway Engineer invented the first steam locomotive engine for Railways James Clerk Maxewell: the Scottish Physicist worked revolutionary in electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases. Charles Coulomb: French Physicist invented the formulation of Coulomb’s law; Coulombic force is one of the principal forces involved in atomic reactions.
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A°L$ hpf lpBX≤$p°S>__y¨ Ap b^y¨ bm[Z gp°M¨X$dp¨ a°fhpf [° `R>u [pfp° Nfdu-‚L$pi Ap`[p° b¨^ `X°$ R>° Ap\u, NyÍ$–hbm_° AV$L$ph_pͨ$ ]$bpZ fl°[y¨ _\u A_° [pfp_p° NcÆ NyÍ$–hpL$jÆ_u Akf [m° cp¨Nu `X$u k¨L$p°Qphp gpN° R>°. Aphy¨ NyÍ$–hue k¨L$p°Q_ iqL$[_p° A°L$ _hp° S> c¨X$pf R>p°X°$ R>°. [°_° L$pfZ° [pfp_p¨ blpf_p¨ `X$p°_° S>bf]$ı[ ^L$L$p° gpN° R>°. A°_u kp\° S> blpf_p¨ `X$p° `Z cpf° Nfd \B EW°$ R>° A_° ‚L$pri[ \B a°gp[p¨ ≈e R>°. Apd, [pfp_p¨ blpf_p `X$p° ky`f_p°hp-rhıap°V$ fQ° R>°. Aphy¨ \pe –epf° lpBX≤$p°S>_, rlrged, L$pbÆ_, Ap°qL$kS>_ S>°hp A_°L$ ÷Ïep° [pfpdp¨\u blpf a¢L$pe R>° A_° ]|$f ]|$f ‚kf° R>°.
A°L$ hpf Aphp° rhıap°V$ \pe [° `R>u Aphp [pfp_° afu Tp¨Mp° \[p L°$V$gpe° hjp£ gpNu ≈e R>°. Aphp rhıap°V$L$ [pfp_p° ‚L$pi [pfp° S>° [pfprhdp¨ `p°[° lp°e [° ApMp_° AS>hpmu EW°$ R>° ! Ap`Zp [pfprh-ApL$piN¨Npdp¨ 30 hjÆdp¨ A°L$p]hpf Aphp° [pfp-rhıap°V$ \[p° S>Zpe R>°. ≈° L°$, R>°âp A°L$ l≈f hjÆdp¨ lSy> ky^u [p° dp” R> S> [pfp rhıap°V$ `pd[p ≈°hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. Ap`Z° ApNm ≈°ey¨ [°d, [pfp° `p°[p_u A¨]$f_p lpBX≤$p°S>__y¨ bm[Z bpmu ‚L$pi° R>°. S>epf° Ap bm[Z kph Mgpk \B ≈e –epf° [pfp_p° A¨]$f_p° cpN NyÍ$–hue c¨NpZ ‹pfp k¨L$p°Qp[p° ≈e R>° A_° [°_p blpf_p `X$p°_p° Aphp° ky`f_p°hp-rhıap°V$ \pe R>° Apd, [pfL$-rhıap°V$ [° [pfp_p d©–ey_p° A°L$ `pL$p° k¨L°$[ R>°.
Aphp rhıap°V$_p° A°L$ ≈Zu[p° ]$pMgp° [° æ°$b (L$fQgp°) [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[y¨ hp]$m R>°. ky`f_p°hprhıap°V$ ‹pfp fQpe°gy¨ A æ°$b-hp]$m-kp•\u `l°gp¨ Qu_ [\p ≈`p__p MNp°mip˜uAp°A° ArNepfdu k]$udp¨ ≈°e°gy¨. [°dZ° L$f°gu _p¢^p° ‚dpZ° Ap [pfL$-rhıap°V$ Qp°\u Sy>gpB 1054_p fp°S> ]$°Mpep°. A_° iÍ$Ap[_p [bΩ$pdp¨ [p° A° A°V$gp° ‚L$pri[ l[p° L°$ ^p°mp q]$hk° `Z ]°$Mp[p° l[p° ! huk°L$ q]$hk `R>u [° iyæ$_p N∞l S>°V$gp° ‚L$pri[ \ep° A_° `R>u b°A°L$ hjÆ bp]$ _fu Ap¨M° ]°$Mp[p° b¨^ \ep°. cpf[dp¨ `Z [° ≈°B iL$pep° lp°[. `Z A°hu L$p°B _p¢^ Ap`Z° –ep¨ dm[u _\u L$]$pQ _ ]°$Mphp_y¨ L$pfZ Qp°pdpkp_p hp]$mp° lp°B iL°$.
Agb—, k|eÆ S>°hp ‚dpZdp¨ Ap°R>p hS>__p [pfpAp°_y¨ d©–ey \pe –epf° Aphp° [pfL$-rhıap°V$ fQp[p° _\u. k|eÆ\u Apif° R >NZp hS>_]$pf L°$ [°\u `Z h^y cpf° [pfpAp° df° –epf° Aphp° rhıap°V$ \[p° lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. d|m hp[ [p° A° R>° L°$ rhıap°V$_p `qfZpd° Aphp hS>_]$pf [pfpAp°_y¨ ApMy¨e° ∆h_Qæ$ a°fhpB ≈e R>°. k|eÆ [p° `p°[p_y¨ lpBX≤$p°S>__y¨ bm[Z bpmu_°
[pfpAp°_p S>fid L°$d \pe R>° [° kdS>hy¨ \p°Xy¨$ dyÌL°$g R>° S>° hp]$mp°dp¨\u [pfpAp°_p S>fid \pe R>° [° OZp¨ h°frhM°f lp°e R>°. Aphp hp]$mp°_y¨ k¨L$p°Q_ L°$hu 4
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
NyÍ$–hpL$jÆ_y¨ A¨]$f [fa_y¨ ]$bpZ A_° fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp°_y¨ blpf [fa_y¨ ]$bpZ A°d b¨_° bmp° h√Q° kd[p°g_ fQpe R>°. –epf° huk-”uk qL$gp°duV$f_u r”ƒep kp\°_p° fieyV≤$p°_ [pfL$ fQpe R>°. ApV$gp _p_L$X$p L$]$_p Np°mpdp¨ A°V$gy¨ b^y¨ hS>_]$pf ÷Ïe kdpe°gy¨ lp°e R>° L°$ dp” A°L$ rgV$f ]|$^_u \°gudp¨ [°_y¨ ÷Ïe gBA° [p°e° ]$k gpM AbS> qL$gp°N∞pd S>°V$gy¨ \pe ! Mf°Mf [p° NcÆdp¨ Aphp° fieyV≤$p°_ [pfp° fQphp_u ‚qæ$epdp¨ S> blpf_u bpSy>A° dp°V$p° ^Ω$p° gpNu_° ky`f_p°hprhıap°V$ fQpe R>°. `f¨[y _p¢^hp S>°hu hp[ A° R>° L°$ ≈° k¨L$p°Qp[p NcÆ_y¨ hS>_ b°-AY$u k|eÆ\u h^pf° lp°e [p° NyÍ$–hbm A°V$gy¨ h^u ≈e R>° L°$ `R>u fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp°_y¨ blpf [fa_y¨ ]$bpZ `Z [°_y¨ kd[p°g_ L$fu iL$[y _\u. Aphp k¨ep°Np°dp¨ fieyV≤$p°_ [pfL$ fQphp_° b]$g° NcÆ_y¨ k¨L$p°Q_ Qpgy S> flu_° ÌepdN[Æ (Âg°L$ lp°g)_u A\hp ‚Q¨X$ rhıap°V$L$pfu Ar¡_Np°mpAp°_u fQ_p \B iL°$ R>°. afu fieyV≤$p°_ [pfL$_u hp[ `f AphuA° [p° ApV$gp _p_p huk-”uk qL$gp°duV$f_p L$]$_p Aphp `]$p\p£ L°$d ≈°B iL$pe ? hmu, [° fQpe –epf° [p° Nfd lp°e R>°, `Z `R>u [f[ W¨$X$p `X$u ≈e R>° A_° Nfdu-‚L$pi `Z Ap`[p _\u. Ap\u, kpdpfie [pfpAp°_u S>°d [p° [° ]°$Mpe _lu. Ap ‚Òp° EW°$ [p° A°_p° S>hpb iy¨ R>° ?
fu[° iÍ$ \pe A_° _hp° [pfp° L°$d fQpe ? ky`f_p°hprhıap°V$ Ap kdıep_p° A°L$ DL°$g Ap`° R>°. Aphp rhıap°V$ ]$rdep_ A°L$ ‚Q¨X$ ]$bpZ Ecy¨ \pe R>°. Ap ]$bpZ blpf_p AhL$pidp¨ a°gpe R>° S>ep¨ [pfp b_ph_pfp¨ hp]$mp° a°gpe°gp¨ R>° –ep¨ Aphp° ^L$L$p° gpN[p¨ A° hp]$mp°_y¨ k¨L$p°Q_ iÍ$ \B iL°$ A_° `R>u Aphp k¨L$p°Qp[p hp]$mdp¨ Nfdu h^[p¨ _hp [pfp_p° S>fid \hp_u ‚qæ$ep iÍ$ \pe [°hy b_hp_u iL$e[p `|f°`|fu R>°. Ap`Z° ≈°ey¨ L°$ hS>_]$pf [pfpAp° rhıap°V$ kp\° `p°[p_u ∆h_gugp `|fu L$f° R>°. Aphp [pfp_p blpf_p ı[fp° bp¸ AhL$pidp¨ a¢L$pB_° r_lpqfL$pAp° fQ° R>°. [pfp_p° NcÆ NyÍ$–hpL$jÆZ ‹pfp k¨L$p°Qp[p° ≈e R>°. Ap NcÆ_y¨ hS>_ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈° b° A\hp ”Z k|eÆ_p hS>_ S>°V$gy¨ lp°e [p° A° afu_° A°L$ A–e¨[ _p_L$X$p [pfp_p Í$`° sı\f \B iL°$ R>°. Ap [pfL$ NcÆ k¨L$p°Qpe [°d [° Nfd \B EW°$ R>° A_° ApV$gu KQu O_[pA° [°_y¨ dp°V$pcpN_y¨ ÷Ïe fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp°_p Í$`° fl° R>° Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° [°d b^p S> `fdpœAp° Bg°L$V≤$p°_, ‚p°V$p°_ [\p fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp°_p b_°gp lp°e R>°. [pfL$ NcÆ k¨L$p°Q_ `pd° [°d [°_p° `]$p\Æ A°V$gp° [p° Ap°R>p L$]$_p° \[p° ≈e R>° L°$ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ıh[¨” `fdpœ_y¨ Ası[–h S> dV$u ≈e R>° A_° b^p° `]$p\Æ L°$hm fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp°_p ıhÍ$`° S> `qfhr[Æ[ \B ≈e R>°.
Ap kdıep_p° ky¨]$f DL°$g 1968dp ^bL$[p [pfp (`Îkpf)_u ip°^ kp\° dmu ApÏep°. ApS>° Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ `Îkpf [° buSy>¨ L$iy¨ _lu¨ `Z Qy¨bL$–h ^fph[p A_° M|b TX$`\u af[p fieyV≤$p°_ [pfL$ S> R>°. ApS>° [p° Ap`Z° k¢L$X$p° `Îkpf_u ip°^ L$fu R>° S>° æ°$b-L$fQgp r_lpqfL$p_u hp[ Ap`Z° ANpD ≈°B Nep [°_p L°$fi÷dp¨ `Z Aphp° S> A°L$ `Îkpf dmu ApÏep° R>°. [° `p°[p_u ^fu_u Apk`pk A°L$ k°L$fiX$dp¨ Apif° [°”uk QL$L$f gNph° R>°. A°_y¨ c∞dZ OqX$epm_u S>°hy¨ Ar[ r_erd[ R>°. S>°d `©’hu `f D—f ^∞yh A_° ]$rnZ ^∞yh S>°hp Qy¨bL$p° R>° [°d Ap `Îkpf `Z ApL$pidp¨ af[p¨ Qy¨bL$p° R>°. Ar[ TX$`\u afhp_° L$pfZ° [° f°qX$ep° dp°≈¨ R>p°X°$ R>°. MNp°m rhop_uAp°A° Ap f°qX$ep° dp°≈¨Ap°_p rhÔg°jZ ‹pfp `Îkpf [\p fieyV≤$p°_ [pfL$p°_u fQ_p rhi° OZue° ip°^p° L$fu R>°.
Ap fieyV≤$p°_ L$Zp° `R>u `p°[p_y¨ S> A°L$ ıh[¨” ]$bpZ Ecy¨ L$f° R>°. A_° [pfp_° A¨]$f M¢Q[p NyÍ$–hbm_p° rhfp°^ L$f° R>°. ≈° k¨L$p°Qp[p° NcÆ b° A\hp ”Z k|eÆ L$f[p¨ h^y hS>_hpmp° _ lp°e [p° afu 5
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu † `fd rl[L$pfu r``m h©n
r``m h©n_° buS> ‹pfp hph°[f L$fu iL$pe A\hp [p° A°_p L$V$vN (”pku L$`pe°g X$pmuAp°) gNphu_° `Z DNpX$u iL$pe. A° rhrh^ S>du_dp¨ DNu iL°$ R>°. A°_p iÍ$Ap[_p ∆h_L$pm ]$frdep_ aL$[ ku^p° `X$[p° k|eÆ‚L$pi A_° S>Í$fu `pZu Ap`hp\u Ap h©n DNu iL°$ R>°. k¨ıL©$[dp¨ r``m, AÚ–\; A¨N∞°∆dp¨ "bp°' A\hp "r``g V≤$u' _pd° ‚Qrg[ r``m h©n A° rlfi]y$ı[p__p h[_uAp° dpV°$ kp•\u `rh” h©n R>°. OZp iy¬^ NyS>fp[u _pdp°_y¨ fp°∆¨]$u gp°L$ bp°gudp¨ klS> fu[° A`c∞¨i \e°g R>°. OZp h©np°_p _pdp° S>°hp L°$, r`¨`m_° r``mp°, Jbf_° Jbfp°, JbfX$p°, hX_° hX$gp° rhN°f° _pdp° dm°gp R>° A_° A°_y L$pfZ Ap h©np°_p° khÆ” ‚kpf A_° gp°L$∆hdp¨ A°d_p° Or_õ$ k¨b¨^ S> lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°. S>°d L$p°B ÏeqL$[ Ap`Zu _∆L$ Aphu ≈e A_° [° ÏeqL$[ dpV°$_p b^p S> dp_hpQL$ Ah[fZp° Ap`Zp k¨cpjZp°dp¨ gy· \pe R>°. r``m h©n_y¨ E]π$Nd cpf[ c|rd R>°. rldpge_p D[pfhpmp ‚]°$ip°\u ]$rnZ cpf[, Óug¨L$p A_° Áep_dpf S>°hp ]$rnZ-`|hÆ ‚]°$ip°dp¨ Ap h©n Ly$]$f[u fu[° a°gpe°g R>°. Ap h©n_° lh°, gNcN, b^p S> ]°$ip°dp¨ DNpX$hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° [°d r``m h©n gNcN 20 rdV$f JQy \pe R>° A_° A°_u V$p°Q_u X$pmuAp° D`f gp¨bu ]$p¨X$uhpmp `p_ DN° R>°. r``m h©n_y¨ \X$ dp°V°$ cpN° _luh[ R>pg ^fph[y lgL$p b]$pdu- `umpi `X$[p f¨N_y¨ lp°e R>°. A_° A°_u D`f A°L$ k°.du. ky^u ≈X$u fpMp°X$u f¨N_u R>pg lp°e R>°, S>°_° L$pY$hp\u Ar_erd[ ApL$pfdp¨ Vy$V$[u lp°e R>°. r``m `p_ iÍ$Ap[dp¨ f[pihpmy QmL$[y lp°e R>° A_° –epfbp]$ OpÀ$p° gugp° f¨N ^pfZ L$f° R>°. Ap `p_ Ap`Z° klz¨_° Mbf R>° [°d dSby[ ≈mu]$pf rigpfiepk ^fph° R>°. ˘]$e ApL$pf_p Ap `Zp£_u gp¨bu V$p°Q A°L$ bpSy>A° \p°X$uL$ hm°gu lp°e R>°. gp¨bu ]$p¨X$u A_° hm°gu V$p°Q lp°hp\u lgL$p `h_\u ky¬^p r``m `p_ k[[ X$pb°S>dZ° lpÎep L$f° R>°. _h`Îgu[ r``m h©n_p `p_ D`f_p duZ (h°ºk) lp°hp_° L$pfZ° k|eÆ qL$fZp° `fphr[Æ[ \pe R>° A_° k¨`|ZÆ OV$p S>mlm[u gpN° R>°. Qp°dpkp bp]$ Ap h©n_u V$p°Q_u X$pmuAp° D`f, `p__u ]$p¨X$u_p ≈°X$pZ _∆L$ \p°X$uL$ D`f_u bpSy>A° ≈°X$L$pdp _p_p, gugp V°$V$p ]°$Mphp_p iÍ$ \pe R>° A_° q]$hpmu_u Apk`pk A° dp°V$p \e°gp ≈°hp dm° R>°. _h°Ábf-qX$k°Ábf ky^u Ap amp° fp[p A\hp `pf-≈¨bgu hV$pZp S>°V$gp \pe R>°. –epf bp]$ `p_ Mfhp dp¨X°$ R>°. A_° L°$hm `pL°$g amp° hpmu X$pmuAp° ]°$Mpe R>°. Aphp ≈°X$L$pdp¨ \e°g V°$V$p_u A¨]$f Mk Mk S>°hX$p ∆Zp buS> D–`fi_ \pe R>°.
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
...
X$pµ. ∆[°fi÷ Nhmu
(Blastophaga ÂgıV$p°a°Np L$hpX≤$uk°‡k _pd_p cdfu Ly$m_p L$uVL$p° ‹pfp dyøe–h° r``mdp¨ ag_uL$fZ \pe R>°. A_° ag_uL$fZ_° S>°V$gu Qp°L$kpB\u QL$pkhpdp¨ ApÏey R>° A°V$gu S> S>V$ug[p\u c°≈bpS> Ly$]$f[_p flıep°_u cpm dm°g R>°. kdı[ h_ı`q[ S>N[dp¨ ag_uL$fZ dpV°$ kde A_° S>_u_ A¨Np°_p ı\p__u Qp°L$kpB kQp°V$ fu[° S>mhpe°gu lp°e R>° khÆ apeºk (r``m, Jbf, hX$ rhN°f°) ‚≈`r[Ap°dp¨ ag_L$[pÆ L$uV$L$p°, A°d_p `qfkf_ [¨”_p kyˇd b]$gphp°, bp¸ fQ_p A_° `fı`qfL$ Ïehlpfp°dp¨ A°L$ dS>by[ [pf[pÁe ≈°X$pe°g lp°e R>°. `pL[p V°$V$p_u A¨]$f_p kyˇd hp[phfZdp¨ \[p a°fapfp° ÂgpıV$p°a°Np L$hpX≤$uk°‡k cdfu_p _f A_° dp]$p L$uV$L$p° h√Q°_p Ïehlpfp°dp¨ b]$gphp° gphu A°d_u L$peÆiug[p r_e¨”u[ L$f° R>°. r``m_p A°L$ V°$V$pdp¨ A_°L$ `|gvNu A_° r˜gvNu azgp° lp°e R>°. `ygvNu azgp° V°$V$p_p D`f_p cpNdp¨ S>epf° r˜gvNu azgp° S>°_° "Npµgagphf' L$l°hpe R>°, A° V°$V$p_u _uQ°_u bpSy>A° lp°e R>°. V°$V$pdp¨ ‚\d `|gvNu azgp° `pL°$ R>° A_° A°d_p `fpNL$Z ‚\d `|ø[ \pe R>° [° kde° V°$V$p_u A¨]$f L$pbÆ_ X$pep°L$kpBX$ A_° ApµL$kuS>_ hpey_y¨ ‚dpZ ]$k-]$k V$L$p lp°e R>° A_° _luh[\u \p°X$pL$ A¨i° Br\gu_ hpey lp°e R>°. ÂgpıV$p°a°Np_p _f L$uV$L$p° Npµg azgp°dp¨ S>ep dp]$p L$uV$L$p° lp°e R>° –ep¨ _p_p R>u÷p° b_phu A¨]$f S>B dp]$p L$uV$L$p°_° agu[ L$f° R>° A_° Ap kde ]$frdep_ _f kqæ$e A_° dp]$p L$uV$L$p° gNcN r_rÛæ$e lp°e R>°. `f¨[y –epf bp]$ V°$V$p_u A¨]$f_y¨ hp[phfZ b]$gpe R>°. blpf_u lhp (V°$V$p_u) A¨]$f ]$pMg \pe R>° A_° A¨]$f_y¨ hp[phfZ b]$gpe R>° A°_p `qfZpd ıhÍ$` _f L$uV$L$p° r_Ûæ$ue \pe R>° A_° dp]$p L$uV$L$p° kqæ$e \pe R>° `R>u [°Ap° A°d_p Npµg R>p°X$u ]$B _f`|Û`p°_p `fpNL$Zp°_p \°gpAp° cfhp gpN° R>°. Aphu dp]$pAp° V°$V$p_u blpf r_L$m° R>° A_° _f ‹pfp R>u÷ `pX°$gp bu≈ V°$V$pdp¨ ≈e R>°. Apd _f A_° dp]$p L$uV$L$p°_p° AgN kde_p° fh•ep° A° L°$hm A°d_p ∆h_Qæ$_° S> Qgphhp d]$]$ _\u L$f[y¨ `f¨[y V°$V$pdp¨ ag_ L$fu buS> ^pfZp_u dl–h_u S>hpb]$pfu `yfu L$f° R>°. Aphu S> fu[° apeL$k_u bu∆ ‚≈r[Ap°dp¨ (hX$-Jbfp°-S>°hp h©np°dp¨) `p°[p_p ag_ L$f[p Qp°L$L$k cdfu ‚≈r[_p L$uV$L$p° R>° Aphp ag_ L$f[p L$uV$L$p°_| ∆h_Qæ$, V°$V$p_y Ap¨[f A_° bp¸ hp[phfZ, _f A_° dp]$p azzgp°_p¨ ApL$pf A_° [°d_p `pL$hp_p kde Ap b^pdp¨ Ly$]$f[° A°L$ AS>b _°V$hLÆ$ Dcy L$eyÆ R>°. Ap`Z° A° ep]$ fpMhy¨ `X°$ L°$, Ly$]$f[u _°V$hLÆ$ A° L°$hm OpV$- ApL$pf A°V$g° L°$ ı`°k quadriceps)
6
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1 rhop_hpZu (AhL$pi) A_° OV$_pAp° (V$pBd) `yf[p S> depÆ]$u[ _\u fp°S>bfp°S> Aph[p `nuAp°_u afu\u NZ”u \pe A° iL$e `f¨[y [° hM[dp¨ lpSf> hp[phfZ, AS>•rhL$ `fubmp° A_° lp°hp\u hfk ]$fÁep_ Ly$g L°$V$gp `nuAp° dygpL$p[ g°[p k∆hp°_u ipfuqfL$ nd[pAp° A° b^p_p kfhpmp_y¨ li° A° Qp°L$L$k fu[° _ L$l°hpe. `fuZpd lp°e R>°. lh° Aphy Ak¨øe bu≈° hpmy `pLy¨$ am Ap [p° \B aL$[ `nuAp°_u hp[ `f¨[y rhrh^ (V°$Vy$¨) Apfp°Nhp dpV°$ OZp `iy-`nuAp° kS>S> lp°e R>°. ‚≈r[Ap°_u L$uX$u, d¨L$p°X$p, Afie _p_u `p¨Mhpmp L$uV$L$p°, `nuAp°dp d•_p, L$pbf, bygbyg, L$p°eg, `p°`V$ d^dpMuAp° A_°L$ ‚≈r[Ap° A_° OZu h•rh¬e`|ZÆ A_° F>[y ‚hpku `nu fp°Tu`°ıV$f (h•Ëey) D`fp¨[ r``m ]°$MpB Aph[p L$fp°muep_p ‚≈r[Ap°_p rlkpb [p° L$p°B D`f l¨d°ip Ak¨øe L$uX$u-d¨L$p°X$u A_° A°d_° Apfp°Nhp L$uV$L$ip˜ r_ÛZp[ `Z Ap`[p hjp£ g°i°. Adı[u S> L$pQvX$p ]°$Mpe R>°. V°$V$p Mphp dpV°$ MukL$p°gu A_° hp¨]$fp ¬ep_dp¨ Aph°gu hp[p°\u d_° A°V$gp° [p° rhpk R>° L°$ `Z Aph[p lp°e R>°. blz S> rhfpV$ A°hp S>•a `u`mp_p A°L$ OV$p]$pf r``m h©np°_u BL$p°gp°∆L$g BÁ`p°ÆV$fik_° \X$uep_° AX$u_° Aph°g dymuep_u Mp¨Qp°dp¨ L$epf°L$ Qp°ºL$k Ap¨L$X$pdp¨ dp`u iL$pe _rl. Ap ‚≈r[_p `pV$gpNp°, J]$f A_° kp` S>°hp ‚pZuAp° `Z ≈°hp dm° BL$p°gp°∆_u hp[ L$fuA° [p°, apeL$k ≈r[_p h©np° A°d_p R>°. Npd_p [mph_u bpSy>dp¨ `u`mp_u V$p°Q D`f b°k°gp ∆h__p iÍ$Ap[_p ]$p°fdp¨ gp¨bp, gQugp, _fd OX$uep dp°f, bNgpAp°, L$p¨L$Zkpf hN°f° `nuAp° fp[hpkp_u kp\° h°gp S>°hy h[Æ_ L$fu rhrh^ S>¡epA° DN° R>°. A–e¨[ S>¡ep dpV°$ TOX$[p lp°e R>°. [p° L$epf°L$ ]y$f A°L$gp AVy$gp kyˇd buS> lp°hp\u r``m- h©n ]$uhpgdp¨ `X°$g Mp¨Q DN°gp `u`mp D`f Qug A\hp Nu^_p dpmp lp°e R>°. ]y$f r[fpX$ A\hp Afie TpX$_p \X$uep_p bMp°g\u DNu JQpBA°\u riL$pf_° Apkp_ fu[° `L$X$hp B√R>[p bpS>, r_L$m° R>°. A_° kde S>[p A° q]$hpg A\hp A° TpX$_° iL$fp A_° fp”° OyhX$ ky¬^p r``m h©n_° `k¨]$ L$f[p lp°e R>.° `pX$u iL°$ R>°. r``m blz S> TX$`\u DN[y h©n R>°. `f¨[y Ap h©n_p kyLu X$pmuAp°_° c°Nu L$fu `pZu_u ]$uhpg A\hp Afie TpX$_p \X$uep D`f Ap h©n blz Apk`pk fl°[p `nuAp° S>°hp L°$ bNgpAp°, Y$p¢L ky¬^p ^udu Nr[A° DNu _uL$m° R>°. dpmp b_ph° R>°. k[[ L$uX$u dL$p°X$pAp°_u AhfS>hf A_° rlfi]y$ `yfpZp° A_ykpf r``m h©n_p d|m _∆L$ h^ydp h^y V°$V$pAp° ky^u `lp¢Qhp D–kyL$ L$uV$L$p° lp°hp\u rhÛœ_p° S>fid \e°g R>°. byŸ cNhp_ _p° S>fid `Z r``m h©n D`f 1 \u 3 ≈[u_p hpNp°m `Z Ahpf r``mh©n _uQ° \ep° l[p° [°dS> A°d_° ApS> h©n _uQ° 6 _hpf Aph[p lp°e R>°. A_° d^fp[ ky^u A°d_u Nr[ hfk [`ÚepÆ L$fu –epf `R>u A°d_° op_ A°V$g° L°$ bp°^ rhr^Ap° h^u ≈e R>°. r``mp_u ]$f°L$ X$pmu D`f ∆h__y¨ ‚p· (Bf_p° kpnp–L$pf) \ep°. rblpfdp¨ A° rhı[pf_y¨ Qæ$ ∆h[y¨ gpN° R>°. Aphp _p_p L$uV$L$p°_° Apfp°Nhp OZu "Nep' _pd l[y¨. `f¨[y [° "bp°^ Nep' [fuL°$ h^pf° hM[ `[f¨Np°, L$pmp°L$p°iu, ]•$ËeX$ A_° MfMÀ$p° S>°hp ‚Qrg[ R>° A_° r``m_p h©n_° "bp°^u' h©n L$l°hpe R>°. `nuAp° ky¬^p dygpL$p[uAp° [fuL°$ Aph° R>°. Aphu dpV°$ S> A¨N∞°∆dp¨ `Z A°_° "bp°-V≤$u' _pd dm°g R>°. ‚h©r—Ap° dyøe–h° b`p°f ky^u blzz S> h°N\u Qpg[u lp°e ÓuL©$ÛZ° dlpcpf[dp¨ `p°[p_° r``m NZ°g R>°. A_° R>°. epephf h•ËepAp° _h°Ábf_p bu≈ L°$ ”u≈ byŸcNhp_ L$l° R>° L°$ "S>° r``m_u `|≈ L$fi° A°Z° dpfu AW$hpqX$epdp¨ Ap h©n_u dygpL$p[° Aph° R>°. h•ËepAp°_p S> `|≈ L$fu R>° A°d kdS>hy¨.' r``m_p h©n_° ka°]$, gpg k\hpf° A°d_p N©`dp¨ cm[p ]°$Mphhp ≈Z° Ap[yf lp°e A\hp r`mp-^pNp bp¨^u r_:k¨[p_ `r[-`r–_ k¨[p_ A°d b|gb|g A_° d•_pAp°_p h©¨]$ L°$V$guL$hpf ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚pr· dpV°$ ‚p\Æ_p L$f° R>°. r``m h©n_° ‚]$rnZp L$fu h•ËepAp°_y¨ Aphhy¨, `p°`V$, bygbyg A_° d•_p S>°hp `pZu R>p°X$hp\u d_p°L$pd_p `|ZÆ \pe R>°. A°hy¨ _`Z \pe `nuAp°_p b√Qp \hp (S>° V°$V$p Mpe) A_° ApS> kde [p°`Z Ap L$peÆ DOpX$p`N° L$fhp\u A°L$ey‚°if \pe R>°. ]$frdep_ V°$V$pAp°_y¨ `pL$hy¨ Ap hp[ A°L$ NS>b `fukf fL$[_y¨ hl_ r_e¨r”[ \pe R>° A_° h^pf° Ap°qL$kS>_ [¨”_u Qp°L$kpB_y kyQ_ L$f° R>°. (‚pZhpey) R>p°X$[p Ap h©n_p kpr_¬edp¨ ifuf A_° d_ rhipm r``m h©n_p ∆h¨[ Ası[–h rhj° L$p°B_° Qp°L$L$k [pS>Nu A_ych° R>°. [°\u b¨_°_u L$peÆnd[p h^° A_ych g°hp° lp°e, [p° [°_u _uQ° S>B L°$hm `nuAp°_p R>°. r``m `p__u ≈mu_° OZuhpf kp°_°fu, tk]|$fu f¨Np°\u AhpS> k¨cpmhp°. lh° F>[yQæ$p°_p° (kde_p°) rhQpf ip°cpedp_ L$fu `|≈-`pW$dp¨ dyL$pe R>°. ^prdÆL$ rh^udp¨ L$fuA° [p° _h°Ábf dpk\u S> r``m_p V°$V$p dp°V$p `pL$hp_u OZuhpf ˜uAp° `|≈rh^u `[phu r``m h©n _uQ° iÍ$Ap[ \e°gu lp°e R>°. A°L$ _ufunZ dyS>b Apif° 100 ]$pZp, Mp¨X$, gp°V$, fp°V$gu B. S>du_ `f `p\f° R>°. Aphy hfk Sy>_p r``m h©n D`f ]$uhk ]$fÁep_ Ap°R>pdp¨ L$f[p `|Œe L°$V$gy dm° R>° A°_p° S>°d rlkpb iL$e _\u [°d Ap°R>u 2` ‚≈r[Ap°_p 1500 \u 2500 `nuAp° Ap qæ$ep\u L°$V$gu L$uX$u-d¨L$p°X$u, _p_p `nuAp° A_° dygpL$p[ g°[p lp°e R>° A_° r_funZ_° `|ZÆ hfk dpV°$ MukL$p°gu S>°hp ∆hp°_° `p°jZ dm° R>° A° `Z NZu iL$pe fpMhp\u ‚≈r[Ap°_u k¨Mep `` \pe R>°. Alu _lu. 7
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1 rhop_hpZu A°_p Ap•jr^e NyZp° rhj° `Z M|b hp[p° L$l°hpe r``mp_° L$epf°L$ Ny¨]$f gpN[p° lp°e R>°. Mpk L$fu_° R>°. Ap`Zp `|hÆ≈°A° Ap h©n_u D`ep°Nu[p_° kd∆ B[f dp°V$p h©n_p \X$uep D`f OZu hM[ Ny¨]$f_° gpM bpS>°gu ‚pZuAp°_p ∆h_dp¨ A°_p dl–h_° kdS>ey A_° Ly$]$f[_p ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap gpM_y¨ QyZÆ ]$p¨[ Okhp dpV°$ D`ep°Nu Qæ$dp¨ A°_p ı\p__° A_ycÏey S> li° dpV°$ Ap`Z° A°_u R>°. ]$p¨[_p fp°Np°dp¨ gp°lu _uL$m[y lp°e [p° A° dV$° R>°. S>°Z° `|≈ L$fuA° R>uA°. h•opr_L$p°A° `Z OZp ‚ep°Np°, Ap¨QL$u_u [L$gua lp°e [° dpZkp° dpV°$ r``mp_° L$epf°L$ `qfnZp°, A_° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u c°Nu L$fu Ap h©n_p DNu Aph[p gpg ∆Zp d|muep_p° fk Ap`hp°. Ap fk dl–h_° r`R>pŒey¨ R>°. Ap h©n rh`yg ‚dpZdp¨ Ap°qL$kS>_ \p°X$p°L$ L$X$hp° lp°hp\u d^ kp\° g°hp° S>°\u ifufdp¨ iqL$[ hpey_y¨ D–kS>Æ_ L$f° R>°. B[f h©n_u [yg_pdp¨ Ap h©n A_° ıa}r[Æ Aph° R>°. A°L$ NS>b_y¨ L$lu iL$pe `f¨[y Ap°qL$kS>_ hpey h^pf° R>p°X°$ R>°. Apeyh£]$dp¨ r``m_p ]$f°L$ ∆hg°Z k`Æ]¨$i_u bpb[dp¨ r``mp° AL$kuf ]$hp [fuL°$ A¨Np°_p° D`ep°N hZÆh°gp° R>°. dym_u R>pg `°V$]$]$p£dp¨ h`fpe R>°. Ap ‚ep°Ndp¨ T°fu k`Æ]¨$ihpmu ÏeqL$[_° h`fpe R>°. d|m_° Qphhp\u ]$p¨[_p fp°N dV°$ R>° `°Y$pAp° r``mp_u R>pg_p° fk r`hX$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° [°_p dS>by[ \pe R>° A_° A°_p d|m_° hpV$u_° Apfp°Nhp\u `phX$f_u g|N]$u_° ]¨$i_p ı\p_° g°`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. k¨r^hp_° dV$pX$u iL$pe R>°. \X$uep_u R>pg, DTfX$p A_° –epfbp]$ [° ÏeqL$[_° sı\f b°kpX$u fpMu b¨_° L$p_dp¨ JX$p Op dV$pX$hpdp¨ h`fpe R>°. [°dS> ifuf_u bm[fp `X$]$p_u _∆L$ S>B iL°$ A°hp r``m `p__p V$p°Q `L$X$u A\hp Nmpdp¨ kp°≈° Aph°gp° lp°e, [p° `Z R>pg_p° fpMhp. ≈Z° Q|kL$ lp°e [°d Ap V$p°Q rhj_° ip°ju gB `phX$f h`fpe R>°. r``m `p__p° fk L$p__p ]$]$p£ dpV°$ L$pmp \pe R>° A_° T°f_u dp”p A_ykpf A°L$ A\hp h^y AL$kuf R>°. A°_p am_p° blp°mp° D`ep°N \pe R>°. S>°d L°$, `p__p° D`ep°N L$fhp° `X°$. Apd L$f[u h°mp [° ÏeqL$[ `pQ_qL$[ h^pfhp, dmphfp°^ ]|$f L$fhp A_° TpX$p kpa L$p_ ]y$:M° [°d aqfep]$ L$f° R>° A_° dp°À°$\u Qukp° `pX°$ R>°. L$fhp dpV°$. [°dS> `pL°$gp amp°_p° Qphhp\u dp°Y$p_u `f¨[y [° k¨`|ZÆ ıhı\ \[p S> kpdpfie Ïehlpf L$f° R>°. ]y$NØ^ ]|$f \pe R>°. ˘]$e_p fp°N dV°$ R>°. A_° [fk gpN°g A°V$g° \p°X$u dfu, Ou A_° Mp¨X$ MhX$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. lp°e [p° [° AV$L°$ R>° A°_p buS>_y k°h_ Aı\dp_° ]|$f L$f° r``m h©n_u ApV$gu dl—p lp°hp R>[p [°_° hph[p R>°, A_° d|” rhjeL$ fp°Np°dp¨ fpl[ Ap`° R>°; r``m `l°gp A°_p ApL$pf A_° rhı[pf_p° rhQpf L$fhp° S>Í$fu h©n_p Ap•jr^e NyZp°_u QL$pkZu A_° A°_u Ïehsı\[ R>°. ∆h-S>¨[yAp° rhi°j L$fu L$uX$u-d¨L$p°X$p\u kS>S> Ap _p¢^Zu kp° hfk `l°gp (1903dp¨) L$p°gL$[p_p X$pµ. h©n_° Of_u bpSy>dp¨ DNpX$hy ql[phl _\u. `f¨[y Ap`Zu kf[Q¨÷ Op°j kpl°b° L$f°gu. A°dZ° ‚\d `p°[p_p D`f, Apk`pk_p hp[phfZ_° iy¬^ fpMhp M°[fp°_u kfl]$p°, `R>u A°d_u `–_u D`f A_° –epfbp]$ OZp ]$]$wAp° D`f Np°Qf A_° `X$[f S>du_p°, [mphp°_p L$u_pfp D`f A_° r``m `p__p fk_p ‚ep°Np° L$f°gp A°d_p ‚ep°Np° ‹pfp kp°kpeV$uAp°_p L$p°d_ ‡gp°V$dp A_° d°]$p_p°_p R>°X$p D`f A°hy rkŸ \ey L°$ ≈° 30 \u 40 V$u`p fk 3 \u 4 DNpX$u iL$pe R>°. r``m h©n_° buS> ‹pfp hph°[f L$fu L$gpL$_p A¨[f° g°hpdp¨ Aph° [p° bu≈ L°$ ”u≈ ]$uhkdp¨ iL$pe A\hp [p° A°_p L$V$vN (”pku L$`pe°g X$pmuAp°) gp°lu_p TpX$p, DÎV$u, Nmap° A_° \|¨L$ Aph[p b¨^ \pe gNphu_° `Z DNpX$u iL$pe Ap h©n rhrh^ ‚L$pf_u R>° A_° A°d_° AV$L$phhp ky¬^p r``m `p__p fk_y S>du_dp¨ DNu iL°$ R>°. iÍ$Ap[_p ∆h_ L$pmdp A°hy (b° \u ”Z V$u`p_y) k°h_ A°V$gp S> kdepfi[f° L$fhpdp¨ ¬ep_ Ap`hy `X°$ L°$ A°_° k|eÆ‚L$pi A_° S>Í$fu `pZu dmu Aph° [p° A°L$ \u b° ]$uhk ky^udp¨ [dpd [L$guap° ]y$f \pe fl° –epf `R>u A° Nd° [°hu S>¡epA° DNu iL°$ R>°. R>°. A°d_p k¨ip°^_p° `R>u fL$[_° gN[p L°$V$gpe fp°Np°dp¨ r``m h©n Apd, Ap`Zu k¨ıL©$r[dp¨, gp°L$ r``m_p `p__p fk_y dl–h kd≈B ApÏey¨. S>epf° hpeL$pdp¨, `yfpZp°dp¨, ip˜p°dp¨, Apfp°¡e A_° [°_° gN[u ˜uAp°_° Ar[ ‚dpZdp¨ dprkL$ S>[| lp°e, lfk-dkp L°$ rhop__u rhrh^ ipMpAp°dp¨ dl–h_y¨ ı\p_ ^fph° R>°. A°hp fp°Np°dp gp°lu hl°[y lp°e A\hp d|” dpNÆdp¨ \e°gp A°_y¨ khÆ” Ası[–h, b^u S> Apbp°lhpdp¨ DNhp_u Bfia°L$i_ A\hp Afie L$p°B fp°N S>°hp L°$ V$u.bu. (ne) nd[p A_° qhipm ∆h_ kp\° rhrh^ D`ep°Nu[p_u fp°Ndp¨, \y¨L$ L°$ TpXp$dp¨ gp°lu _uL$m[y lp°e [p° r``m ◊rÙ$A° A° Ap`Zp° kpQp° kp\u A_° k¨fnL$ R>°. `p__p fk_p° D`ep°N A°L$ AL$kuf ]$hp R>°. Ap h©n_p k∆hp°_p kl∆h_ A_° `fukf [¨”p°_p k¨Qpg_dp¨ A_° R>p°X$uep _pMu Nfd L$f°g `pZudp filphp\u –hQp [°S>ıhu dl–h_° ≈°[p S>¨Ngp° A_° hNX$pdp A°_p ApÓe° Aph[p \pe R>° A_° A°_u R>pg A\hp A°_p° `phX$f k¨N∞lu rhrh^ ‚≈r[Ap°_p ‚pZuAp°_° ≈°[p, r``m h©n_° h¨]$_ iL$pe A°_p° L$hp\ NydX$p_° dV$pX°$ R>° A_° ˜uAp°_° ep°_u L$epÆ hNf fl°hp[y _\u. S>fie fp°Np°dp¨ hp`fu iL$pe R>°. R>pg_u L$hp\_p L$p°Nmp Álp¢X$p hX°$ Nmp_p fp°Np°_° dV$pX°$ R>°. 8
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
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≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
28du a°† b∞yApfu : fpÙ≤$ue rhop_ q]$hk 28du a°b∞yApfu cpf[ kfL$pf ‹pfp ‚r[hjÆ ]°$icfdp¨ fpÙ≤$ue rhop_ q]$_ (National Science Day ) [fuL$° DS>hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A°_u `pR>m ‚ep°S>_ A° S> L°$ Ap q]$hk° k_ 1928dp¨ fpd_ ‚cph_u ip°^ \B l[u. Ap ip°^ dpV°$ ‚p°.ku fpd__° _p°bg `yfıL$pf A°_pe[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. cpf[dp¨ S> k¨ip°^_ L$peÆ L$fu_° _p°bg `yfıL$pf d°mh_pf fpd_ A°L$ dp” cpf[ue h•opr_L$ R>°.
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L$pfZ° S> [°Ap° c|g[p _lu _p_`Z\u A° V°$h° [°Ap°_° k¨ip°^_ [fa ]$p°epÆ l[p. rhop_ `∞–e° rhi°j fyrQ lp°hp\u A°dZ° _L$L$u L$eyÆ L°$ lz¨ ∆h__y¨ gˇe rhop__° S> b_phui. dp[p r`[p_p° rhfp°^ lp°hp R>[p¨ A°dZ° bu.A°., A°d.A°. rhop_ rhje gB_° ‚\d hNÆdp¨ ‚\d _¨bf° `pk L$f°gy¨ `p°[p_p rhje_u fyrQ ‚dpZ° rhje `k¨]$ L$fhp_u nd[p ApS>_p rh¤p\wAp° ^fph° R>° Mfp !
fpÙ≤$ue rhop_ q]$_ [fuL°$ DS>hhp `pR>m_p° d|mc|[ l°[y cpf[dp¨ rhop_ A_° cpf[ue h•opr_L$_y¨ fpÙ≤$ue ¬ep_ L°$rfi÷[ L$fhp_p° R>°. Ap`Zp fpÙ≤$_p OX$[fdp¨ rhop_ A_° h•opr_L$p°_p° fp°g A_° AN–e h^pfhp dpV°$ Aphp q]$__u DS>hZu Mpk S>Í$f l[u.
`pW$È `yı[L$p°_u kp\° kp\° L$p°g°S> gpBb∞°fudp¨ cp•r[L-ip˜_p dp°V$p dp°V$p N¨∞\p° hp¨Qu L$pY$Èp l[p. [°Ap° `p°[p_u A°L$ `Z nZ Ïe\Æ S>hp ]°$[p _lv `funp `pk L$fhu [°d_° d_ Np•Z bpb[ l[u `f¨[y _hu ip°^ L$fhp_y¨ dyøe gˇe l[y¨.
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What is the mass of Neutron ? Which quantity can be expressed in ‘gamma’ unit ? Which term represents the sum total of life on the Earth ? Before refrigeration came into use, which plant was employed to preserve food stuffs ? Which form is a modified form of Onion ? Which is the largest flower in the world ? From which type of the of the plants we get Bamboo (Bambusa sp.) plant ? Where is the largest inflorescence found ? Where is the smallest flower among angiosperms found ? Endosperms of angiosperms are of which kind ?
(1) Cancer (2) Romer (3) Cyclotroms (4) Carbon Dioxide (5) Voltmeter (6) Endosperm (7) Hydro Static (8) Nuclear Power Plant (9) Eucalyputs (10) Autosome (11) Infra Red Rays (12) Enrio Fermi (13) Ethylene (14) Andreas Vesalius (15) Sabeer Bhatia (16) Zeolite Process (17) Lonospher (18) 40C (19) Hydrogenation (20) Ethylene (21) Vitamin-C (22) Sri J. J.Thomson (23) Wave velocity (24) Poles (25) Bromin (26) -40 0 (27)Very low (28)Arrival of Storms or Cyclone (29)Algae, Fungi (30) 5th June (31) Tysoon (32) Calcium (33)90 mg/metre3 (34) Troposhere (35) 5.6 (36) Beaufort (37)Amino acids 7 (38) Gallium (39) Hyderabad (40) Malachite (41) 1.6749286x10-27 kg (42) Earth’s magnetic field (43) Biosphere (44) Cardamom (45) Leaf (46) Rafflesia (47) Monocot plant (48) Cauliflower (49) Arceuthobium (50) Triploid
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Science Quiz
If a person consumes food with higher contents of fats & Oil and less contents of fibers, probability of getting which diseases is more ? The velocity of light was first measured by Elcotrons can be accelerated to very high speed by Which gas is responsible for Green House Effect ? Which of the following instruments have highest internal resistance ? Which part of the Coconut is edible ? The Scientific study of liquids at rest is called Which energy generating plant does not obtain energy directly from Nature ? Which tree is popular as Green Gold ? A chromosome other than a sex chromosomes is called The componet of sunlight that causes heating effect is The Scientist who performed the first controlled Nuclear fiession reaction ? Polythene is Polymer of Who is the father of Anatomy ? Who found the Free Hot Mail Service ? Permanent Hardness of Water is removed by which process ? Radio waves are reflected by which atmosphere Layer ? Water has the highest Density at what remperature ? Vegetable Oil converted into Vanapati Ghee by which Process ? Name One Gaseous Phyto Hormones Green unripe Chilly is a source of which Vitamin ? Who discovered the fundamental particles called Electorn ? When any one speaks the parameters that has a unique value in sound produced is Where the ratio of weight to mass of a body is maximum ? Which non metallic chemical element is liquid as room temperature ? The temperature at which both Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales give the same reading ? The relative permeability of time magnetic substance is A sudden decrease in the Barometer readings indicates what atmospheric change ? Lichen is a symbiotic association of........ & ....... Which day is clecbrated as The World Environment Day ? What is the Hybrid of Rice ? Which Elecment can be extracted from Dolomite ore ? According to World Health Organization (WHO) the maximum permissible amount of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) in air is........ Ozone layer is present in........ What is the approximate PH of Natural Rain Water ? Which scale is employed the measuring the velocity of winds ? After digestion proteins are converted into which from ? From Thorium and Gallium, which element is not a radioactive ? Where is located “The Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology ? Which is the cabonate mineral of copper ?
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"QpD `u$'dp¨ `pB\pNp°fk_p ‚d°e_u A°L$ ApL©$r[ Ap`u R>°. A°dp¨ ‚d°e_y¨ `qfZpd ]$ipÆÏey¨ R>°. `f¨[y kdS>|>[u Ap`u _\u. A°S> ApL©$r[ ]$p°fu_° cpıL$fpQpe£ [°_u kdS|>[u Ap`u R>°. _p d|Îe_p° rhQpf `Z Qu_dp¨ blz S|>_p° R>°. Afie ]°$ip°_u dpaL$ –ep¨ `Z Qp¨N lp¢N° (B.k. 78-134) _y¨ d|Îe Ap`°gy¨. hp¨N Ap`°gy¨ R>°. ap_° (B.k. 250) _y¨ d|Îe B.k._p `p¨Qdp k•L$p ky^udp¨ [p° Qu__p° k¨`LÆ$ S>N[_p [° kde_p ≈Zu[p Afie ]°$ip° kp\° l[p° A°d ]$ipÆh_pfp `yfphpAp° dmu ApÏep R>°. [°_° gB_° NrZ[dp¨ `Z rhQpf rhr_de \ep lp°e A°hy¨ k¨ch°. bp•Ÿ kp^yAp° cpf[dp¨\u Qu_dp¨ S>[p. Qu__p ep”uAp° cpf[dp¨ ep”pA° Aph[p. Qu_u BS>_°f Qy¨N rQl° (B.k. 430-501) ]$rnZ q]$ip [fa dp°fy¨ fl° A°hy¨ hlpZ b_ph°gy¨. [°Z° _y¨ d|Îe Ap`°gy¨. [°Z° _y¨ h^y k|ˇd d|Îe 3.1415927 dyS>b 3.1415926 ]$ipÆÏey¨ R>°. `f¨[y B. k. `|. 176dp¨ Qp¨N –kp¨N° _h ‚L$fZdp¨ gM°gy¨ NrZ[_y¨ `yı[L _p¢^`p” R>°. [°dp¨ h[yÆmM¨X$_y¨ n°”am L$pY$hp_y¨ k|” Ap`°gy¨ R>°. B.k._p R>Ã$p k•L$pdp¨ Qu_dp¨ NrZ[ rh¤p_p° kpfp° rhL$pk \ep°. Qp°_ gyAp_ _pd_p A°L$ 13
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1 rhop_hpZu rd–kyep°iu (1598-1672)A° ≈`p_dp¨ [°_° gN[u kdıepAp°_p° Dâ°M `Z [°dp¨ dm° R>°. B.k. 1247dp¨ _h ‚L$fZdp¨ A°L$ `yı[L$ `l°gy¨ NrZ[_y¨ `yı[L$ gøey¨. [°dp¨ † _y¨ d|Îe 3.16 qL$D ipAp° _pd_p NrZ[o° gM°gy. [°dp¨ kduL$fZp° Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. B.k. 1639dp ‚rkŸ \e°gp Ap`°gp¨ R>°, r”L$p°Zrdr[_u kdıepAp°_p¨ buS> "Sy>¨NpB-i°Ly$' _pd_p A°L$ `yı[L$dp¨ [p° rıV$qfep°d°V≤$u NrZ[_u fu[° DL°$g Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. [°dp¨ A_° NrZ[ A° b¨_°_y¨ kpͨ$ rhhfZ Aph° R>°. [°dp¨ 1 Ok¨L°$[ i|fie dpV°$ hp`f°gp° R>°. [°dp¨ k¨øep ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ _y¨ d|Îe 3.162, h[yÆm_y n°”am /4 `qfO # Ïepk Ap`°g R>°. ep°ri_p°fu_p `yı[L$dp¨ k¨øepb¨^ NrZ[_u ı\p_d|Îe_u `Ÿr[ h`fpB R>°. gu-e°l° (B.k. 1178-1265) "]$qfep kdıepAp° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. [°_u A°L$ kdıep ≈°BA°. ]`ÆZ' A_° "h[yÆmdp`$' _pd° N∞¨\p° gM°gp. A°L$ TpX$_y¨ ku^y¨ Ecy¨ \X$ R>°. [°_u g¨bpB B.k. 1261 ep¨N lzB _pd_p NrZ[o° "NrZ[ue rhÔg°jZ' D`f `yı[L$ ‚rkŸ L$f°gy¨. [°Z° 18 A°L$d R>° A_°1 [rmep_p° O°fphp° ` A°L$d A_° Ó°Y$u_p A_°L$ ]$pMgpAp° Ap‡ep R>°, S° `•L$u 1+ d\pmp_p° O°fphp° 2 /2 A°L$d R>° L$]$_u NZ[fuA° [°_p (1+2)+ (1+2+3) + (1+2+3+......+n) [°dS> 1 2 +22 ”Z kfMp cpN L$fhp lp°e [p° L$ep¨ L$ep¨ L$p` d|L$hp ≈°BA° ? ApBkp°dyfp ≈]y$B Qp°fkp° A_° h[yÆmp°_p° +33n 2_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. rhi°j rhQpf L$f[p°. [°_° L$g_ip˜_u k¨L$g_ Ap kde bp]$ Qu__y¨ NrZ[ A_°L$ f¨N° rhr^_p° `Z øepg l[p°. Np°gL$_y `©õ$am [° # f¨Npe°gy¨ ≈°hp dm°R>°. [° A_°L$ ]°$ip°_u NrZ[ Ïepk S>Zph° R>°. B. k. 1664dp _p°Tphp V$uAp° _pd° rh¤pdp¨\u kd©Ÿ b_°gy¨ l[y¨. `f¨[y [°dp¨ Qu__y¨ `p°[uLy¨$ A°L$ NrZ[o° "dp`L$fZ' D`f_y¨ `yı[L$ "]$p°L$pB-ip°' L$lu iL$pe [°hy¨ L$iy¨ S> _lp°[y¨. _pd° gM°gy. –epfbp]$ k—fd_u k]$u_p° A–e¨[ k—fdp¨ k•L$pdp¨ ≈`p_dp¨ A°L$pA°L$ ≈N©r[_p° ‚r[cpipmu NrZ[o k°L$u lp°hp k°L$u L$p°hp (1642AprhcpÆh \ep° S>° kde° fie|V$_ A_° gpCsÂ_–T [°_y¨ 1708) l[p°. [° e¨”NrZ[ A_° NrZ[dp¨ M|b L$g_NrZ[ rhL$kphu f¸p l[p [° S> kde° `rÚd_p lp°riepf l[p°. Qu_dp¨ ‚Qrg[ kduL$fZ R>p°X$hp_u rhop_\u kph Arg· fl°hp R>[p¨, ≈`p_dp¨ `Z `Ÿr[_° [°Z° ky^pf°gu. L$g_ip˜ rhL$ku f¸y¨ R>°.
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‚ep° N -8 : ap°V$pdp¨\u A\hp rkΩ$pdp¨\u cıd `°]$p L$fhu : cıd A_° L¨$Ly$ _uL$mhp_p OZub^u S>¡epA° Qd–L$pfp° b_[p lp°e R>° [°dp¨e L°$V$gpL$ bp`pAp°, bphpAp°, dp[p∆_p ap°V$pdp¨\u cıd _uL$m° R>°. A°hp kdpQpfp° hl°[p L$f° R>°. Ap ap°V$pdp¨\u cıd _uL$m° R>° [° L$p°B QdL–L$pf _\u `f¨[y cp°mp gp°L$p° bys›^_p bpfZp b¨^ fpMu_° Sy>A° R>°. [°_° kpQy¨ dp_hp gpNu ≈e R>°. ap°V$pdp¨\u cıd OZu fu[° eyqL$[\u A_° fkpeZp°_p D`ep°N ‹pfp L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. bp]$ lp\dp¨_p° rkΩ$p° Nfd \[p° lp°e [°hy¨ `]$p\p£ : A°Îeyrdr_ed_u ^p[y_p `p¨Q, ]$k, huk gpNi°. \p°X$uhpf `R>u dyÃ$u Mp°g[p rkΩ$p `•kp_p rkΩ$pAp° A_° dfL$eyqfL$ L$gp°fpBX$ `f cıd Aph°gu ]°$Mpi°. (H gCl 2) fu[
h• o pr_L$ L$pfZ : A° R>° L°$ A°Îeyr_rded A_° dfL$eyqfL$ L$gp°fpBX$ (HgCl2) h√Q° DÛdp n°`L$ fpkpeuZL$ ‚qæ$ep \hp\u [°_u cıd \pe R>°.
: dfL$eyqfL$ L$gp°fpBX$_° b° lp\_u Ap¨NmuAp° D`f ^ku_° [•epf fpMp°. rkΩ$pAp° gB_° lp\_u Ap¨NmuAp° hX°$ Oku_° A°L$ `R>u A°L$ rkΩ$p° ‚°nL$p°_p lp\dp¨ Ap`u_° dyÃ$u hmphhu, –epfbp]$ (` \u $ $10 k°L$fiX$)
Mpk _p¢ ^ : Ap `pfp_u cıd Hg A_° (HgCl2) b¨_° T°fu lp°hp\u b^p ‚°nL$p°_p lp\ ‚ep°N L$epÆ `R>u lp\ bfpbf kpa L$fhp [°dS> rkΩ$pAp° `Z `pZu\u ^p°hX$php°. ap°V$p°‰°d A°Îeyrdr_ed_u b_°gu lp°e R>°. A_° ap°V$p_° dfL$eyqfL$ L$gp°fpBX$ ‰°d `f gNpX$hpdp¨ Aph° [p° fpkperZL$ ‚qæ$ep ‹pfp ap°V$pdp¨\u cıd _uL$mhp gpN° R>°. 14
hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
† agp°fpBX$ rhi° ≈ZuA° A_° [°_u rh`fu[ Akfp°\u bQuA° agp°fpBX$ _pd_y¨ [–h `uhp_p `pZudp¨ S>du_dp¨ MX$L$p°dp¨\u cm° R>°. S>°d c|NcÆS>m KX$p [°d agp°fpBX$_u dp”p h^hp_p° k¨ch h^pf°. NyS>fp[_u S>du_dp¨ agp°fpBX$ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [pS>°[f_p kh£nZ_p¨ [pfZ dyS>b fpS>e_p dp°V$pcpN_p rS>âpAp°_u S>du_ agp°fpBX$_u h^y dp”p ^fph° R>°. `uhp_p A°L$ rgV$f `pZudp¨ agp°fBX$_u dp”p 1.` rd. N∞p\u (1.` rd.N∞p / rgV$f) h^y lp°e [p° `pZu `uhpgpeL$ fl°[y _\u A_°
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[°_p° D`ep°N \pe A_° ep°¡e ≈mhZu \pe [°_u Mp[fu L$fuA°. ÏeqL$[N[ ı[f° (`pZudp¨ aV$L$X$u_p° D`ep° N ) \ `uhp_p¨ 20 rgV$f (A°L$ dpV$gp) S>°V$gp `pZudp¨ aV$L$X$u_p A°L$ Np¨NX$p_° Qpf hM[ lgphu_° `pZu_° AX$^p° L$gpL$ W$fhp ]°$hy¨. Ap_p\u `pZudp¨ fl°g agp°fpBX$_u h^pfp_u dp”p _uQ° b°ku ≈e R>°. –epfbp]$ D`f_y¨ `pZu r_[pfu_° g°hy¨ A_° [°_° Npmu_° `uhp A_° fp¨^hp dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hp_p° ApN∞l fpMuA°. Mp° f pL$dp¨ b]$gph \ agp°fpBX$_u rh`fu[ Akfp° AV$L$phhp L°$sÎied A_° rhV$pdu_ ku ^fph[p Mp°fpL$_p° D`ep°N L$fuA°. ]|$^, ]$lv, R>pi A_° Np°m_p° Mp°fpL$dp¨ h^ydp¨ h^y D`ep°N L$fuA°, [° D`fp¨[, gu¨by, V$pd°V$p, Apdmp, gugp ipL$cp∆, Ap]y$, ∆ͨ$, [g, kafS>_, L$°mp¨, ≈dam , _pf¨Nu, aNZph°gp L$W$p°m [\p A_pS>, b]$pd, dNamu, h_ı`r[ [°g A_° AMfp°V$ S>°hp Mp¤ `]$p\p£ g°hp ≈°BA°. \ k¨Qe, tkOh duWy¨$ (rkOpfy¨$) kp°`pfu, ]y^ hNf_u Qp A_° [dpLy$ S>°hp Mp¤`]$p\p£ agp°fp°rkk_u budpfudp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>° [°\u [°_p° D`ep°N V$pmuA°. M° [ udp¨ agp° f pBX$ey L $[ `pZu_p° AV$L$ph M°[fp°dp¨ A_pS> [\p ipL$cp∆ `L$hhp dpV°$ agp°fpBX$_u h^y dp”p ^fph[p `pZu\u tkQpB \pe [p° [°d_u NyZh—p bNX°$ R>°. Aphp `]$p\p£ Mp°fpL$dp¨ g°hp\u agp°fpBX$ Mp°fpL$ ıhÍ$`° ifufdp ‚h°i° R>° A_° agp°fp°rkk \hp_u iL$e[p Ecu \pe R>° Apd, Npd_p `pZu_p ˜p°[dp¨ QL$pkZu ‹pfp agp°fpBX$_u dp”p h^y S>Zpe [p° V$`L$ L°$ sı‚fiL$gf S>°hu h•opr_L$ tkQpB `Ÿr[_p° D`ep°N L$fuA° S>°dp `pZu_p° Ap°R>p° D`ep°N \pe R>°. (hpıdp°_p kp•S>fie\u)
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hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu
† ‚]|$jZ rh_p ‚Nr[ lp¨kg L$fhp_u AphÌeL$[p k∆hp°_u fl°Zu-L$fZu A_° kam[p`|hÆL$ ∆h_ `pf D[pfhy¨ [° `epÆhfZ_u `qfsı\r[ D`f S> Ahg¨b° R>°. `epÆhfZ_p° A\Æ A° L°$ L$p°B `Z h_ı`r[ ANf [p° ‚pZu_y¨ _∆L$_y¨ hp[phfZ Ap `epÆhfZ k∆hp°_° [°d_p ∆h_L$pep£ dpV°$ d|mc|[ S>Í$qfep[p° S>°d L°$ Mp°fpL$, lhp, `pZu A_° k|eÆ‚L$pi `|fp¨ `pX°$ R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ `epÆhfZdp¨ bu≈¨ k∆hp°, Nfdu, `h_, `pZu ANf lhp_y¨ ]$bpZ hN°f°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. S>epf\u dp_h `©’hu `f hkhpV$ Lfhp dp¨XÈp° R>° –epf\u [° `p°[p_y `epÆhfZ h^y kpͨ$ L°$d kS>Æhy [° iuM[p° Nep° R>°. S>° `qfbmp°_° gu^° `epÆhfZ `gV$pe A_° [°\u dp_hu_u lepr[ ≈°Mdpe, [°_p° kpd_p° L$fu \p°X$pL$ A¨i° [°dp¨ L°$d rhS>eu \hy¨ [°_y¨ [°_° op_ \hp gp¡ey¨ R>°. ≈° `epÆhfZ_p `qfbmp° sı\f fl° [p° ∆h__u kd[ygp S>mhpB fl° A_° [° rhı[pfdp¨ b^p ‚L$pf_u h_Óu [\p ‚pZuk©rÙ$ kam[p\u V$L$u iL°$. A° [p° ]°$Mu[y¨ R>° L°$ L$p°B `Z `epÆhfZdp¨ Nd° [° A°L$ h_ı`r[ ep ‚pZu `p°[p_u ≈[° A°L$gy¨ AV|$gy¨ V$L$u iL°$ _lu. b^p S> ‚pZuAp° h_ı`r[ D`f Ap^pf fpM° R>° A_° bu≈¨ ‚pZuAp° A_° h_ı`r[ bu≈ k∆hp° D`f Ahg¨b° R>°. `©’hu D`f rhS>eu \hp d_yÛe h_ı`r[ A_° ‚pZuAp° D`f S> Ap^pf fpM° R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_y A°L$bu≈ h√Q°_y¨ Ahg¨b_ Ly]$f[_u kd[ygp ≈mhu Ap`° R>°. Ly$]$f[_p ∆h_Qæ$p° k∆hp°_u kd[ygp ≈mhu fpM° R>°. S>° L$]$pQ eyNp° ky^u V$L$u iL°$. rkhpe L°$ Ly$]$f[u Apa[p°-S>°d L°$ [f¨Nu lhpdp_ k¨≈°Np°, hphpTp°X$p¨, f°gk¨L$V$p°, ^f[uL¨$`p° A_° S>hpmpdyMu apV$hp_p ‚k¨Np° Ecp _ \pe [p°. L$d_kub°, d_yÛe° L$p¨ [p° Aop_[pdp¨, r_ÛL$pm∆ ANf r_]Æ$e[p\u OZp ‚k¨Np°A° A_°L$ ı\mp°_p¨ k∆hp°_u kd[ygp ≈mhu _\u. Ly$]$f[_p° rh`yg k¨`r— D`f L$pb| lp°hp R>[p¨ dp_h≈[° [°_p ]y$fy`ep°N L$epÆ_p ]$pMgpdp¨ :
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
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≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
cp¡eipmu dp_uiy¨ ? A¤p°Nr[ [p° A° R>° L°$ gugp°[fu ^fph[p rhı[pfp°_° Ap`Z° hpl_p° \p°cphhp AnÁe L$pep`gV$ L$fu R>° ! kdpS> kdn Ap [bΩ°$ dp” b° S> rhL$Î`p° f¸p R>° : Ly$]$f[_y¨ fnZ ep dp_h≈[_p° rh_pi. fnZ A¨N°_u QQpÆdp¨ ‚Nr[ Ahfp°^phu ≈°BA° [°d g°i dp” dpͨ$ L$l°hy¨ _\u. klS, L$p°B `Z kdpS>_u S>hpb]$pf ÏeqL$[ fS|>Ap[ L$fi° L°$ gp°L$p°_° fp°∆ ≈°BA° R>°. M°[u dpV°$ h^y S>du_ lm _uQ° gphhu S>Í$fu R>°. NfubpB ]|$f L$fhu R>°, c|øep¨ dp_huAp°_° Afi_ d°mhu Ap`hy¨ R>°- [p° Ap b^y kp\ÆL$ L$fhp \p°X$p¨L$ S>¨Ngp° L$`pe [p° h^y D–`p]$_ d°mhu iL$pe. kdpS> A° `Z khpg L$fu f¸p° R>° L°$ dp_hu_° dl–h dmhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$ hfie `iy-`¨MuAp°_° ? Ap`Zu Ly$]$f[_p fnZ_u ‚h©r—Ap° dp_h kdn hM[p°hM[ ]°$Mp ]°$[u f°g k¨L$V$, hphpTp°X$p, ]y$L$pm S>°hu L$d_kub OV$_pAp° rh_pi h°f° R>°, [°_° AV$L$phhpdp¨ d]$]$Í$` \[u lp°B, k¨fnZ ‚h©r— Aep°¡e ]$p_qæ$ep _\u; `f¨[y crhÛe dpV°$ Ap`Zu Ad|Îe \p`Z R>°. gpMp° hfkp°\u dp_hu `©’hu `f hkhpV$ L$f[p° ApÏep° R>° A°L$p]$ k]$u ky^u [°Z° `©’hu_p `epÆhfZ_° ce¨L$f ]|$rj[ L$eyØ. dp” R>°hV$_p A°L$p]$ ]$peL$pdp¨ S> [°_° Ap A¨N° kcp_[p Aphu R>° A_° lh° [° [pS>°[fdp¨ hu[°gp¨; aL$[ Ap¨Nmu_p V$°fh° NZu iL$pe [°V$gp hfkp°\u `p°[° kS>£gu kdıepAp°_p° DL°$g ip°^u f¸p° R>°. f°g, ]y$L$pm, A_ph©rÙ$ L$p¨B Ly$]$f[_p° L°$f _\u. \p°X$pOZp A¨i° dp_huA° Ly$]$f[ kp\° ArhQpfu ]y$fpQpf L$ep£ lp°B [°_p am ıhÍ$` Ap`Z° ep[_pAp°_p cp°N b_u f¸p R>uA°. dp_h≈[_u ‚Nr[ `epÆhfZ_p cp°N° _lv; `f¨[y `epÆhfZ_p klep°N\u \pe [°hu rhL$pk_u _hu [fpl A`_phhp_u lh° S>Í$f R>°. dp_h≈[_u ‚Nr[ rh_pi rh_p A_° dp_h∆h__y¨ Np•fh S>mhpe [° fu[° \[u fl°hu ≈°BA°; `f¨[y b_° R>° Ap_p\u rh`fu[A_° `qfZpd ıhÍ$` Ap`Z° ≈°BA° R>uA°. A°L$ bpSy> A`|f[p A_° TX$`\u Mgpk \[p S>[p¨ Ly$]$f[u kp^_p° [\p bu∆ bpSy> Ası[–h V$L$phhp_u ı`^pÆ_p
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hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
`pR>m MQpÆe R>°. Apdp_p° dp°V$p° cpN, iı”p°_° h^y Op[L$ [\p L$peÆnd b_phhp dpV°$ \pe R>°. ANpD_p eyŸp°_u rh`fu[ Akf lSy> Ap°R>u \B _\u –ep¨ _hp eyŸ_p ]y¨$]y$rc NNX$u flep R>° eyŸp°_p L$pfZ° M°[u bNX°$ R>°, S>du__u am÷z`[p OV$° R>°, fZrhı[pf h^° R>° A_° kdN∞ hp[phfZ bNX°$ R>°. bu≈ eyŸ_p `qfZpd° ]$i fpÙ≤$p°_u S>du__u am÷z`[pdp¨ 48 V$L$p_p° OV$pX$p° \ep° l[p°. fpkperZL$ A_° ∆hpœ i˜p°. ‚]|jZ h^pf° R>°. rhe°V$_pddp¨ fkpeZp°A° d°fiN∞p°h_p¨ S>¨Ngp°_p 1500 qL$gp°duV$f S>°V$gp rhı[pf_p° _pi L$ep£ l[p°, bu≈° 1` l≈f qL$gp°duV$f S>°V$gp° rhı[pf `Z bNpX$Èp° l[p°. 1981dp¨ gÌL$fu MQÆ `9` AbS> L$fp°X$ X$p°gf l[p°. eyŸ_y¨ A°L$ dp°Vy¨$ _yL$kp_ rhL$pkdp¨ L$pd Aphu iL°$ [°hp h•opr_L$p° A_° V°$L$_p°gp°rS>ıV$p° eyŸrhjeL$ L$pdNufudp¨ fp°L$pB fl° [° R>°. Aphu lpg[dp¨ AN∞[pæ$d b]$ghp_u S>Í$f R>°. _pd]$pf `p°` S>lp°_ `p°g° L$¸y¨ l[y¨ L°$ rhL$pk A° ip¨r[ dpV°$_p° `pep° R>°. A_pS> A_° hkhpV$ dpV°$_p° k¨eyL$[ fpÙ≤$k¨O `epÆhfZ L$peÆæ$d ip¨r[_p D—°S>__p° _L$L$f dpNÆ R>°. V$L$u fl° [°hu ip¨r[_p° `pep° R>°, `epÆhfZ S>[_\u _L$L$f rhL$pk ! ‚≈k—pL$ cpf[ Ly$]$f[u k¨`r—\u cf`|f R>°. ≈° Ap`Z° S>du_, lhp, `pZu, M_uS> ÷Ïep°, h_ı`r[Ap°, ‚pZuAp° A_° S>¨Ngp°_p byqŸ`|hÆL$, ≈°B[p ‚dpZdp¨, r_:ıhp\Æ, fu[° D`ep°N L$fuiy¨ _lv [p° rhL$V$ `rfsı\r[ k≈Æi° S>°dp¨\u ENfhy¨ iL$e b_i° _lv. ‚≈k—pL$ cpf[_p Dd]$p _pNqfL$_u `rh” afS> R>° L°$ [°_p Ly$]$f[u Ad|Îe hpfkp_y¨ S>[_ L$f°. `epÆhfZ ]|$rj[ L°$d _ L$fhy¨, [° Ap`Zp fp°tS>]$p ∆h__p A°L$ dyøe cpNÍ$` hl°gu [L°$ \hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°, L$pfZ L°$ dp_hu Ly$]$f[_p° cpNu]$pf R>° A_° [°_u rhL$pk_p _pd° rh_pip–dL$ ‚h©r—Ap° fp°L$pi° _lu [p° hpı[hdp¨ `p°[p_u ≈[_p° S> rh_pi kS>Æi° ! Ap ‚L$pf_u Ap¨^mu ApN°L|$Q A^:`[_ _p°[fi° ! Ly$]$f[_y¨ S>°V$gy S>[_ L$fuiy¨ [°_p\u h^y gpc Ap`Z° `pduiy¨. ‚L©$r[ dp_hu dpV°$ æ|$f _\u; `f¨[y dp_hu Ly$]$f[u D`f æ|$f[p hfkphu f¸p° R>°.
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hjÆ : 8
km¨N A¨L$ : 29
rhop_hpZu
≈fiey A pfu-dpQÆ 2009 A¨ L $-1
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[p. 31-1-09_p fp°S> k¨ı\p ı\p`L$p°dp_p AN∞Zu L$peÆL$f Óu hpd_ hk¨[ Q°ÁbyfL$f ıd©r[dp¨ gp°L$cp°¡e ‚hQ__y¨ Apep°S>_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨. S>°dp¨ CSMCRI _p X$pef°L$V$f ‹pfp “Great Joy in inventing and Greater joy when invetions make impact on the society” rhje D`f
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(Continued From Cover page-2)
Galileo’s Mechanical Devices: In 1592, Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Padua. While teaching there, he frequently visited a place called the Arsenal, where Venetian ships were docked and loaded. Galileo had always been interested in mechanical devices. Naturally, during his visits to the Arsenal, he became fascinated by nautical technologies, such as the sector and shipbuilding. In 1593, he was presented with the problem involving the placement of oars in galleys. He treated the oar as a lever and correctly made the water the fulcrum. A year later, he patented a model for a pump. His pump was a device that raised water by using only one horse. Galileo’s Family Life: Galileo was never married. However, he did have a brief relationship with Marina Gamba, a woman he met on one of his many trips to Venice. Marina lived in Galileo’s house in Padua where she bore him three children. His two daughters, Virginia and Livia, were both put in convents where they became, respectively, Sister Maria Celeste and Sister Arcangela. In 1610, Galileo moved from Padua to Florence where he took a position at the Court of the Medici family. He left his son, Vincenzio, with Marina Gamba in Padua. In 1613, Marina married Giovanni Bartoluzzi, and Vincenzio joined his father in Florence
and other planets revolve around the sun. Prior to the Copernican system, it was held that the universe was geocentric, meaning the sun
revolved around the earth
Galileo’s Telescope: Galileo invented many mechanical devices other than the pump, such as the hydrostatic balance. But perhaps his most famous invention was the telescope. Galileo made his first telescope in 1609, modeled after telescopes produced in other parts of Europe that could magnify objects three times. He created a telescope later that same year that could magnify objects twenty times. With this telescope, he was able to look at the moon, discover the four satellites of Jupiter, observe a supernova, verify the phases of Venus, and discover sunspots. His discoveries proved the Copernican system which states that the earth
Galileo and the Inquisition: Galileo’s belief in the Copernican System eventually got him into trouble with the Catholic Church. The Inquisition was a permanent institution in the Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresies. A committee of consultants declared to the Inquisition that the Copernican proposition that the Sun is the center of the universe was a heresy. Because Galileo supported the Copernican system, he was warned by Cardinal Bellarmine, under order of Pope Paul V, that he should not discuss or defend Copernican theories. In 1624, Galileo was assured by Pope Urban VIII that he could write about Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a mathematical proposition. However, with the printing of Galileo’s book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo was called to Rome in 1633 to face the Inquisition again. Galileo was found guilty of heresy for his Dialogue, and was sent to his home near Florence where he was to be under house arrest for the remainder of his life. In 1638, the Inquisition allowed Galileo to move to his home in Florence, so that he could be closer to his doctors. By that time he was totally blind. In 1642, Galileo died at his home outside Florence. http://galileo.rice.edu
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