The Book of the States | 1996-1997 | Volume 31 by The Council of State Governments

THE

BOOK

OF THE

STATES 1996-97 EDITION VOLUME 31

The Council of State Governments Lexington, Kentucky Headquarters: (606) 244-8000 Fax: (606) 244-8001 Email: info@csg.org Internet: www.csg.org and gopher.csg.org

The Council of State Governments Council Offices Southern: Colleen Cousineau, Director 3355 Lenox Road, Suite 1050 Atlanta, GA 30326 Phone: (404) 266-1271

Headquarters: Daniel M. Sprague, Executive Director 3560 Iron Works Pike, P.O. Box 11910 Lexington, KY 40578-1910 Phone: (606) 244-8000 Fax: (606) 244-8001 Email: info@csg.org Internet: www.csg.org and gopher.csg.org

Western: Kent Briggs, Director 121 Second Street, 4th Floor San Francisco, CA 94105 Phone: (415) 974-6422 Email: csgw@csg.org

Eastern: Alan V. Sokolow, Director 5 World Trade Center, Suite 9241 New York, NY 10048 Phone: (212) 912-0128 Email: csge@csg.org

Washington, D.C.: Abe Frank, Director 444 N. Capitol Street, NW, Suite 401 Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 624-5460 Email: dcinfo@csg.org

Midwestern: Michael H. McCabe, Director 641 E. Butterfield Road, Suite 401 Lombard, IL 60148 Phone: (708) 810-0210 Email: csgm@csg.org

Copyright 1996 The Council of State Governments 3560 Iron Works Pike • P.O. Box 11910 Lexington, Kentucky 40578-1910 Manufactured in the United States of America Publication Sales Department 1-800-800-1910 Paperback Price: $79.00 Order # C074-9600P ISBN # 0-87292-914-0

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Foreword The 1996-97 edition of The Book of the States represents the 31st volume of this premier reference work on state government. As noted in the Foreword to the first volume produced in 1935, “your interest in this book will vary with your interest in state government.” We can assure you that if you have any interest in state government, you will have a keen interest in the essays and tables included here. The Council of State Governments has served state government across the country for over 60 years, and we are proud that The Book of the States has been our flagship publication since the beginning. We trust that this volume reflects the challenges and opportunities facing states today. As states confront a greater diversity and complexity of issues presented by new global linkages and rapidly changing technologies, CSG’s mission is more important than ever. We pledge that through all of our products and services, CSG will be a partner to state governments and state leaders, a champion of excellence in their institutions, and an active participant in putting the best and newest ideas and solutions into practice. May 1996

Daniel M. Sprague Executive Director The Council of State Governments

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The project staff wish to thank the hundreds of individuals in the states who provided data and information, the authors who graciously shared their expertise, and the thousands of state officials who, through their daily work, contributed to the story of state government presented in this volume.

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The Book of the States 1996-97

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS Championing state government excellence into the 21st Century. CSG, the multi-branch organization of the states and U.S. territories, champions excellence in state government, working with state leaders across the nation and through its regions to put the best ideas and solutions into practice. To this end, CSG: • Builds leadership skills to improve decision-making; • Advocates multistate problem-solving and partnerships; • Interprets changing national and international conditions to prepare states for the future; and, • Promotes the sovereignty of the states and their role in the American federal system. Innovations, solutions, leadership, cooperation: CSG is the hub and voice of state government, directed by elected officials dedicated to excellence. CSG is a nonpartisan organization that fosters excellence in state government. Based on the proposition that the states are the best source for insight and innovation, CSG identifies and disseminates innovative solutions to common concerns across the states. Founded in the 1930s by Colorado Sen. Henry Toll, CSG has served the three branches

of state government for most of the 20th century through leadership education, research and information services. The Council’s unique structure features four regional offices that focus on the needs, special concerns and opportunities of states in the East, South, Midwest and West. In addition, CSG maintains an office in the nation’s capital to monitor federal government activities and their impact on state issues and programs. CSG’s headquarters office in Lexington, Ky., hosts numerous national associations that serve state constitutional officers and other officials. In addition, the national office houses services such as the States Information Center that provide information and publications to state government officials across the country. The combined assets of a national network built on a regional structure, funded primarily by state government dues, enables CSG to play a dynamic role in strengthening state government. As it has for six decades, today CSG provides state officials with the tools and strategies they need to implement effective policies and programs. The Council serves as a catalyst for state leadership, building new partnerships within government and among governing entities, promoting multistate, regional and international ventures and establishing vital links with the private sector and other civic leaders. The Council of State Governments

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

Advancing the Mission: Key CSG Products and Services Innovations State Innovations Briefs. Revised — innovatively — from a format established more than 20 years ago, this long-standing series focuses on innovative state programs selected by state officials from CSG’s four regions for their creative approaches to significant problems common to most states. State Government News. For al“New times bring most 40 years, this new needs in monthly magazine government, as has reported on in other affairs” state developments, — Henry Toll issues and innovations. It is distributed to all state legislators and thousands of other state officials. State Trends and Forecasts. These reports offer policy options for critical issues. Detailed information gathered through 50-state surveys form the context for deliberations of recognized experts reported in these tri-annual reports. State Trends Bulletin. Keeping state officials abreast of the latest trends in issues, policies and legislation, these timely reports provide quick access to crucial information.

Solutions The States Information Center. The SIC inquiry service provides quick, reliable “When we are and confidential inhunting for a path quiry and reference in the forest, we services on state only have to issues. The center’s library houses more discover the way than 20,000 state once.” legislative, execu— Henry Toll tive and judicial branch documents available on 30-day loan. Suggested State Legislation. Published annually since 1940 when it began as “suggested war legislation,” this volume contains legisxvi The Book of the States 1996-97

lation on current important issues selected by CSG’s Committee on Suggested State Legislation. Spectrum: The Journal of State Government. Presently in its 69th volume, this journal provides a forum for discussing state issues from political, scholarly and practitioner perspectives. A highly respected journal, Spectrum bridges the gap between scholarly researchers and state officials.

Leadership Toll Fellows. Each year, for the past decade, 35 emerging leaders from across the country have gathered in Kentucky for the Henry Toll Fellowship program, an intensive five-day leadership development program. To develop the next generation of leaders from all branches of state government, the program provides information and perspective not available in the course of everyday public service. Leaders from the Regions. The Bowhay Institute for Legislative Leadership Development, sponsored by CSG’s Midwestern Legislative Conference, provides a week of policy workshops and leadership development for 33 lawmakers each summer. The Southern Legislative Conference sponsors attendance at the Center for Creative Leadership. In the East, state officials take advantage of the Yankee Trader Institute, and legislators in the West reap benefits from the ongoing WESTRENDS project of CSG’s Western office. Public Integrity Annual. Published in cooperation with the American Society for Public Administration, this volume is a resource for anyone concerned with the fundamental questions of integrity in American democracy. With a ready reference to state campaign finance, lobbying and ethics regulations plus more than a dozen peer-reviewed articles, essays and book reviews covering a broad range of issues, PIA shows how ethics empowers individuals and organizations to find and prevent problems.

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

Cooperation

Henry Toll: The Founder’s Vision

CSG Networks. Conferences sponsored by CSG’s regional offices, affiliate groups or the headquarters operation, bring state officials together and remain a cornerstone service “Make no small of the organization. plans.” The multiple net— Henry Toll working opportunities provided through regional and national conferences serve as the principle means of disseminating the working notes from the laboratories of democracy. International programs. States are major players in the global marketplace, and CSG’s growing presence there provides key opportunities for state officials to further their expertise in that arena. Seminars, technical assistance programs and citizen exchange are all part of CSG’s international program, coordinated through the standing International Committee, which supports the expanding role of the states in international trade, economic development and other global activities. Interstate Consulting Service. This CSG service pools the expertise and talents of officials from several states to help an individual state address important management or implementation issues. These are just of few of the hundreds of products and services provided by CSG as it continues to pursue the vision of Henry Toll. As Toll well knew, the role of the states in the fed-

Henry Walcott Toll, founding father of The Council of State Governments, was a tireless visionary, an innovative champion of state government, a courageous opponent of racism, a spirited statesman — in other words, a leader. The parochial narrow-mindedness of many of his colleagues led Toll to look beyond Colorado’s borders and study other legislatures. Out of his research was born the dream of The Council of State Governments. Through his tireless drive, the Council grew from a fledgling association of a handful of lawmakers to a nationwide network of state officials. He served as the Council’s first executive director through 1938, and served as the organization’s honorary president until his death in 1975. Henry Wolcott Toll serves today as a model for state leaders: visionary, innovative, courageous. His vision remains the driving force behind the organization he founded as it prepares to lead the states into the 21st century.

eral system is critical. As stewards of the great cultural, social and economic diversity of the nation, states are constantly on the cutting edge of policy and program development. Through the Council’s many activities, including leadership training, research and information products and regional problem-solving, CSG sparks innovation and effectiveness in state governments. Innovations, solutions, leadership, cooperation: CSG.

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS — OFFICES AND DIRECTORS Daniel M. Sprague, Executive Director Shari Hendrickson, Director, Public Relations & Membership Services Bob Silvanik, Director, Policy & Program Development Linda Swann, Director, Operations & Technology

Headquarters 3560 Iron Works Pike P.O. Box 11910 Lexington, KY 40578-1910 (606) 244-8000 Eastern Alan V. Sokolow, Director 5 World Trade Center, Suite 9241 New York, NY 10048 (212) 912-0128

Midwestern Michael H. McCabe, Director 641 E. Butterfield Road, Suite 401 Lombard, IL 60148 (708) 810-0210 Southern Colleen Cousineau, Director 3355 Lenox Road, Suite 1050 Atlanta, GA 30326 (404) 266-1271

Western Kent Briggs, Director 121 Second Street, 4th Floor San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 974-6422 Washington Abe Frank, Director 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 401 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 624-5460

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THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1996* OFFICERS Chairman Senate President Stanley J. Aronoff, Ohio Chairman-Elect Senate Majority Leader Jeff Wells, Colorado Vice Chairman Representative Charlie Williams, Mississippi President Governor Mike Leavitt, Utah President-Elect Governor George Pataki, New York Vice President Governor Pedro Rossello, Puerto Rico REGIONAL CONFERENCES Senator Manny Aragon, New Mexico Senator Gilmer N. Capps, Oklahoma Representative Steve Cutler, South Dakota Senator Mike Fisher, Pennsylvania Senator Andrew Levin, Hawaii Representative Vic Lescovitz, Pennsylvania Senate President John A. “Eck” Rose, Kentucky Senator Dale Shugars, Michigan REGIONAL GOVERNORS Governor Ben Cayetano, Hawaii Governor Bill Graves, Kansas Governor Jim Hunt, North Carolina Governor Pedro Rossello, Puerto Rico NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES Representative Jane Campbell, Ohio Senator James J. Lack, New York Delegate Kenneth Montague, Maryland Senator David Nething, North Dakota NATIONAL GOVERNORS’ ASSOCIATION Governor Mel Carnahan, Missouri Governor Mike Leavitt, Utah STATE LEGISLATIVE LIAISONS Terry C. Anderson, Director, Legislative Research Council, South Dakota John Bennett, Staff Director, Senate Finance Committee, Virginia Don Hunter, Director, Legislative Services Agency, New Hampshire Pam Varni, Executive Director, Legislative Affairs Agency, Alaska CONFERENCE OF CHIEF JUSTICES Mary Campbell-McQueen, Administrator for the Courts, Washington Honorable Michael D. Zimmerman, Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Utah NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS Lt. Governor Joy Corning, Iowa Lt. Governor Kim Robak, Nebraska NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE TREASURERS Treasurer Michael A. McGrath, Minnesota Treasurer Bob Seale, Nevada

xviii The Book of the States 1996-97

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECRETARIES OF STATE Secretary of State Mike Cooney, Montana Secretary of State Joyce Hazeltine, South Dakota REGIONAL AT-LARGE MEMBERS Senator Alfred Alquist, California Senate President Lane Beattie, Utah Representative Dan Bosley, Massachusetts Senator John Chichester, Virginia Senator Judith Freedman, Connecticut Senator Douglas Henry, Tennessee Senator Sue Landske, Indiana Senate President Brian Rude, Wisconsin CHAIRMAN’S AT-LARGE MEMBERS Secretary Norma Burgos-Andujar, Secretary of State, Puerto Rico Senator John Hainkel, Louisiana Oscar Jackson, Jr., Administrator & Secretary, Office of Personnel Management, Oklahoma Stephen J. Karol, Director, Transportation Development, University of Massachusetts Speaker Paul Mannweiler, Indiana Ray Penrod, Communications Operations, Division of Information Services, Oklahoma Rocco Pozzi, Commissioner of Probation, New York Speaker Joseph M. Souki, Hawaii Senate President Stratton Taylor, Oklahoma CHAIRS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Kim Belshe, Director, Department of Health Services, California Treasurer Marshall Bennett, Treasury Department, Mississippi Senator Richard Conder, North Carolina Senator Bob Cupp, Ohio Delegate Jay DeBoer, Virginia Representative Carol Donovan, Massachusetts Senator Grace Drake, Ohio Governor Jim Edgar, Illinois Senator Jeannette Hamby, Oregon Senator Kemp Hannon, New York, Speaker Lynn Hettrick, Co-Speaker of the Assembly, Nevada Joyce Honaker, Committee Staff Administrator, Legislative Research Commission, Kentucky Senator Doug Kristensen, Nebraska Representative Willie Logan, Florida Senator Kenneth McClintock, Puerto Rico Governor George Pataki, New York Kathy Prosser, Commissioner, Department of Environmental Management, Indiana Senate President Brian Rude, Wisconsin Representative Tom Ryder, Illinois Senator Paul White, Massachusetts Representative Charlie Williams, Mississippi *Some names may appear more than once

THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1996* — Continued FORMER CSG CHAIRMEN AND PRESIDENTS (EX OFFICIO, VOTING MEMBERS) Governor Terry Branstad, Iowa Senate Vice President Pro Tem, John J. Marchi, New York Governor Mel Carnahan, Missouri Representative John E. Miller, Arkansas Representative John Connors, Iowa Governor Zell Miller, Georgia Governor Jim Edgar, Illinois Speaker Thomas B. Murphy, Georgia, Senator Hugh T. Farley, Assistant Majority Whip, New York Governor Ben Nelson, Nebraska Senator Jeannette Hamby, Oregon Assemblyman Robert C. Wertz, Assistant Minority Leader, New York Representative Roy Hausauer, North Dakota Senator W. Paul White, Massachusetts Representative Robert C. Hunter, North Carolina

AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS 1996 American Probation and Parole Association Clearinghouse on Licensure, Enforcement and Regulation National Association of Governmental Labor Officials National Association of State Boating Law Administrators National Association of State Election Directors National Council of State Emergency Medical Service Training Coordinators

National Emergency Management Association National Association of State Facilities Administrators National Association of State Personnel Executives National Association of State Treasurers National Association of State Telecommunications Directors National Conference of Lieutenant Governors

REGIONAL CONFERENCES EAST Eastern Regional Conference Co-Chairs: Senator John O. Bennet, New Jersey Honorable Jean-Pierre Charbonneau, President, National Assembly of Quebec Northeast Recycling Council Janet Matthews, Program Director, New York State Legislative Commission on Solid Waste Management MIDWEST Midwestern Governors’ Conference Governor Jim Edgar, Illinois Midwestern Legislative Conference Representative Steve Cutler, South Dakota

SOUTH

Southern Governors’ Association Governor Mel Carnahan, Missouri Southern Legislative Conference Senate President John A. “Eck” Rose, Kentucky WEST Western Legislative Conference Senator Andrew Levin, Hawaii Western States Seismic Policy Council Lorayne Frank, Division of Comprehensive Emergency Management, Utah

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THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS

The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter One

STATE CONSTITUTIONS The framework for state governments â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on the constitutions, amendment procedures, and constitutional commissions.

CONSTITUTIONS

Table 1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON STATE CONSTITUTIONS (As of January 1, 1996) Number of amendments

Effective date of present constitution

Estimated length (number of words)

Submitted to voters

Adopted

1819, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, 1901 1956 1911 1836, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1874 1849, 1879

Nov. 28, 1901 Jan. 3, 1959 Feb. 14, 1912 Oct. 30, 1874 July 4, 1879

220,000 (a) 15,988 (b) 28,876 40,720 54,645

818 (a) 34 218 (c) 171 823

582 (a) 25 119 (c) 81 (d) 491

1876 1818 (e), 1965 1776, 1792, 1831, 1897 1839, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1886, 1968 1777, 1789, 1798, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1877, 1945, 1976, 1982

Aug. 1, 1876 Dec. 30, 1965 June 10, 1897 Jan. 7, 1969 July 1,1983

45,679 9,564 19,000 25,100 25,000

265 29 (f) 97 58 (g)

128 28 127 69 44 (g)

1950 1889 1818, 1848, 1870, 1970 1816, 1851 1846, 1857

Aug. 21, 1959 July 3, 1890 July 1, 1971 Nov. 1, 1851 Sept. 3, 1857

20,774 (b) 23,239 (b) 13,700 10,230 (b) 13,430 (b)

110 194 16 70 52

86 (i) 114 10 38 49 (j)

Jan. 29, 1861 Sept. 28, 1891 Jan. 1, 1975

11,900 27,234 (b) 54,112 (b)

119 66 112

91 (j) 33 72

1 4

1859 1792, 1799, 1850, 1891 1812, 1845, 1852, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1879, 1898, 1913, 1921, 1974 1819 1776, 1851, 1864, 1867

March 15, 1820 Oct. 5, 1867

13,500 41,349

194 241

164 (k) 207 (l)

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

1 4 1 4 4

1780 1835, 1850, 1908, 1963 1857 1817, 1832, 1869, 1890 1820, 1865, 1875, 1945

Oct. 25, 1780 Jan. 1, 1964 May 11, 1858 Nov. 1, 1890 March 30, 1945

36,700 (m) 25,246 (b) 23,700 23,508 42,000

145 54 208 152 139

117 20 113 119 86

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2 2 1 2 3

1889, 1972 1866, 1875 1864 1776, 1784 1776, 1844, 1947

July 1, 1973 Oct. 12, 1875 Oct. 31, 1864 June 2, 1784 Jan. 1, 1948

11,866 20,048 20,770 9,200 17,800

38 294 189 280 (n) 60

21 198 115 (j) 143 (n) 47

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1 4 3 1 2

1911 1777, 1822, 1846, 1894 1776, 1868, 1970 1889 1802, 1851

Jan. 6, 1912 Jan. 1, 1895 July 1, 1971 Nov. 2, 1889 Sept. 1, 1851

27,200 51,700 11,000 20,564 36,900

252 284 35 238 (o) 259

127 215 27 132 (o) 157

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1 1 5 2 7

1907 1857 1776, 1790, 1838, 1873, 1968 (n) 1842 (e) 1776, 1778, 1790, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1895

Nov. 16, 1907 Feb. 14, 1859 1968 (n) May 2, 1843 Jan. 1, 1896

68,800 26,090 21,675 19,026 (m) 22,500

300 (p) 397 27 (q) 105 650 (n)

151 (p) 201 21 (q) 59 465 (r)

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

1 3 (s) 5 (s) 1 3

1889 1796, 1835, 1870 1845, 1861, 1866, 1869, 1876 1895 1777, 1786, 1793

Nov. 2, 1889 Feb. 23, 1870 Feb. 15, 1876 Jan. 4, 1896 July 9, 1793

25,000 15,300 80,806 (b) 11,000 6,880

196 55 532 (t) 134 210

101 32 364 84 52

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

6 1 2 1 1

1776, 1830, 1851, 1869, 1902, 1970 1889 1863, 1872 1848 1889

July 1, 1971 Nov. 11, 1889 April 9, 1872 May 29, 1848 July 10, 1890

18,500 29,400 26,000 15,531 (b) 31,800

31 159 113 177 104

26 89 66 129 (j) 62

American Samoa ............ No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico .....................

2 1 1

1960, 1967 1977 1952

July 1, 1967 Jan. 9, 1978 July 25, 1952

6,000 11,000 9,281

State or other jurisdiction

Number of constitutions*

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

6 1 1 5 2

1 4 4 6 10

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(h) 1 (h) 1 4 2 2

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... ........................................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1 4 11

Dates of adoption

14 50 6

7 47 (u,v) 6

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

CONSTITUTIONS

GENERAL INFORMATION ON STATE CONSTITUTIONS — Continued * The constitutions referred to in this table include those Civil War documents customarily listed by the individual states. (a) The Alabama constitution includes numerous local amendments that apply to only one county. An estimated 70 percent of all amendments are local. A 1982 amendment provides that after proposal by the legislature to which special procedures apply, only a local vote (with exceptions) is necessary to add amendments to the constitution. (b) Computer word count. (c) One of four proposals was adopted in 1994-95. The total number of proposals and adoptions has been reduced by one each to conform to authoritative counts of all amendments proposed and adopted since statehood. (d) Eight of the approved amendments have been superseded and are not printed in the current edition of the constitution. The total adopted does not include five amendments that were proposed and adopted since statehood. (e) Colonial charters with some alterations served as the first constitutions in Connecticut (1638, 1662) and in Rhode Island (1663). (f) Proposed amendments are not submitted to the voters in Delaware. (g) The Georgia constitution requires amendments to be of “general and uniform application throughout the state,” thus eliminating local amendments that accounted for most of the amendments before 1982. (h) As a kingdom and a republic, Hawaii had five constitutions. (i) Seven amendments approved by voters in 1994 are not counted because final certification has been delayed by litigation. (j) The figure given includes amendments approved by the voters and later nullified by the state supreme court in Iowa (three), Kansas (one), Nevada (six) and Wisconsin (two). (k) The figure does not include one amendment approved by the voters in 1967 that is inoperative until implemented by legislation.

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(l) Two sets of identical amendments were on the ballot and adopted in the Maryland 1992 election. The four amendments are counted as two in the table. (m) The printed constitution includes many provisions that have been annulled. The length of effective provisions is an estimated 24,122 words (12,400 annulled) in Massachusetts. In Rhode Island before the “rewrite” of the constitution in 1986, it was 11,399 words long (7,627 annulled). (n) The constitution of 1784 was extensively revised in 1792. Figures show proposals and adoptions since the constitution was adopted in 1784. (o) The figures do not include submission and approval of the constitution of 1889 itself and of Article XX; these are constitutional questions included in some counts of constitutional amendments and would add two to the figure in each column. (p) The figures include five amendments submitted to and approved by the voters which were, by decisions of the Oklahoma or U.S. Supreme Courts, rendered inoperative or ruled invalid, unconstitutional, or illegally submitted. (q) Certain sections of the constitution were revised by the limited constitutional convention of 1967-68. Amendments proposed and adopted are since 1968. (r) In 1981 approximately two-thirds of the 626 proposed and four-fifths of the adopted amendments were local. Since then the 24 proposed and 12 adopted amendments have been statewide propositions. (s) The Constitution of the Republic of Texas preceded five state constitutions. (t) The number of proposed amendments to the Texas constitution excludes three proposed by the legislature but not placed on the ballot. (u) The 47 amendments were adopted in 1985. One amendment was proposed in 1994, but was rejected. (v) The total excludes one amendment ruled void by a federal district court.

CONSTITUTIONS

Table 1.2 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURE: BY THE LEGISLATURE Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction

Legislative vote required for proposal (a)

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

3/5 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3

No No No No No

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None 3 None

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2/3 (c) 2/3 3/5 2/3

No (c) Yes No No

Majority vote Majority vote Not required Majority vote Majority vote

None (b) None No referendum None None

Hawaii ................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa .....................................

(d) 2/3 3/5 Majority Majority

(d) No No Yes Yes

Majority vote on amendment (e) Majority vote on amendment (f) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None 3 articles None None

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3 (h) 3/5

No No No No No

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (g) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

5 4 None None None

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

Majority (i) 2/3 Majority 2/3 (j) Majority

Yes No No No No

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None None None

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

2/3 (h) 3/5 Majority 3/5 (k)

No No Yes No (k)

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (e) Majority vote on amendment 2/3 vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None None None (l)

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Majority (m) Majority 3/5 Majority 3/5

No Yes No No No

Majority vote on amendment (m) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None None None

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Majority (n) Majority (o) Majority 2/3 (p)

No No Yes (o) No Yes (p)

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None None None

Majority (q) 2/3 2/3 (s)

No Yes (q) No No Yes

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election (r) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None None None None

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

Majority 2/3 2/3 Majority 2/3

Yes No No Yes No

Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election

None None None None None

American Samoa ................ No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico .........................

2/3 3/4 2/3 (u)

No No No

Majority vote on amendment (t) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

None None 3

Consideration by two sessions required

Vote required for ratification

on amendment on amendment on amendment on amendment

Limitation on the number of amendments submitted at one election

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

CONSTITUTIONS

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURE: BY THE LEGISLATURE — Continued (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the figure shown in the column refers to the proportion of elected members in each house required for approval of proposed constitutional amendments. (b) Legislature may not propose amendments to more than six articles of the constitution in the same legislative session. (c) Three-fourths vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions between which an election has intervened. (d) Two-thirds vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions. (e) Majority vote on amendment must be at least 50 percent of the total votes cast at the election (at least 35 percent in Nebraska); or, at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters. (f) Majority voting in election or three-fifths voting on amendment. (g) If five or fewer political subdivisions of the state are affected, majority in state as a whole and also in affected subdivision(s) is required. (h) Two-thirds of both houses. (i) Majority of members elected sitting in joint session. (j) The two-thirds must include not less than a majority elected to each house. (k) Three-fifths of all members of each house at one session, or majority of all members of each house for two successive sessions. (l) If a proposed amendment is not approved at the election when submitted, neither the same amendment nor one which would make substantially

The Book of the States 1996-97

the same change for the constitution may be again submitted to the people before the third general election thereafter. (m) Amendments concerning certain elective franchise and education matters require three-fourths vote of members elected and approval by threefourths of electors voting in state and two-thirds of those voting in each county. (n) Majority vote to amend constitution, two-thirds to revise (“revise” includes all or a part of the constitution). (o) Emergency amendments may be passed by two-thirds vote of each house, followed by ratification by majority vote of electors in election held at least one month after legislative approval. (p) Two-thirds of members of each house, first passage; majority of members of each house after popular ratification. (q) Majority of members elected to both houses, first passage; two-thirds of members elected to both houses, second passage. (r) Majority of all citizens voting for governor. (s) Two-thirds vote senate, majority vote house, first passage; majority both houses, second passage. As of 1974, amendments may be submitted only every four years. (t) Within 30 days after voter approval, governor must submit amendment(s) to U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (u) If approved by two-thirds of members of each house, amendment(s) submitted to voters at special referendum; if approved by not less than threefourths of total members of each house, referendum may be held at next general election.

CONSTITUTIONS

Table 1.3 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURE: BY INITIATIVE Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction

Number of signatures required on initiative petition

Distribution of signatures

Referendum vote

Arizona ............................ ...........................................

15% of total votes cast for all candidates for governor at last election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Arkansas ......................... ........................................... California ........................ ...........................................

10% of voters for governor at last election. 8% of total voters for all candidates for governor at last election.

Must include 5% of voters for governor in each of 15 counties. None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Colorado ......................... ...........................................

5% of total legal votes for all candidates for secretary of state at last general election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Florida ............................. ...........................................

8% of total votes cast in the state in the last election for presidential electors.

8% of total votes cast in each of 1/2 of the congressional districts.

Majority vote on amendment.

Illinois (a) ........................ ...........................................

8% of total votes cast for candidates for governor at last election.

None specified.

Majority voting in election or 3/5 voting on amendment.

Massachusetts (b) .......... ........................................... ...........................................

3% of total votes cast for governor at preceding biennial state election (not less than 25,000 qualified voters).

No more than 1/4 from any one county.

Majority vote on amendment which must be 30% of total ballots cast at election.

Michigan ......................... ...........................................

10% of total voters for all candidates at last gubernatorial election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Mississippi ...................... ........................................... ...........................................

12% of total votes for all candidates for governor in last election.

No more than 20% from any one congressional district.

Majority vote on amendment and not less than 40% of total vote cast at election.

Missouri .......................... ........................................... ...........................................

8% of legal voters for all candidates for governor at last election.

The 8% must be in each of 2/3 of the congressional districts in the state.

Majority vote on amendment.

Montana .......................... ........................................... ...........................................

10% of qualified electors, the number of qualified electors to be determined by number of votes cast for governor in preceding general election.

The 10% to include at least 10% of qualified electors in each of 2/5 of the legislative districts.

Majority vote on amendment.

Nebraska ......................... ........................................... ...........................................

10% of total votes for governor at last election.

The 10% must include 5% in each of 2/5 of the counties.

Majority vote on amendment which must be at least 35% of total vote at the election.

Nevada ............................. ...........................................

10% of voters who voted in entire state in last general election.

10% of total voters who voted in each of 75% of the counties.

Majority vote on amendment in two consecutive general elections.

North Dakota ..................

4% of population of the state.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Ohio ................................. ........................................... ...........................................

10% of total number of electors who voted for governor in last election.

At least 5% of qualified electors in each of 1/2 of counties in the state.

Majority vote on amendment.

Oklahoma ....................... ...........................................

15% of legal voters for state office receiving highest number of voters at last general state election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Oregon ............................. ........................................... ...........................................

8% of total votes for all candidates for governor at last election at which governor was elected for four-year term.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

South Dakota ..................

10% of total votes for governor in last election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

No. Mariana Islands ......

50% of qualified voters of commonwealth.

In addition, 25% of qualified voters in each senatorial district.

Majority vote on amendment if legislature approved it by majority vote; if not, at least 2/3 vote in each of two senatorial districts in addition to a majority vote.

(a) Only Article IV, the Legislature, may be amended by initiative petition. (b) Before being submitted to the electorate for ratification, initiative mea-

Majority vote on amendment.

sures must be approved at two sessions of a successively elected legislature by not less than one-fourth of all members elected, sitting in joint session.

The Council of State Governments

CONSTITUTIONS

Table 1.4 PROCEDURES FOR CALLING CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS Constitutional Provisions Legislative vote for submission of convention question (a)

Popular vote to authorize convention

State or other jurisdiction

Provision for convention

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Majority No provision (c,d) Majority No 2/3

ME (c) (e)

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2/3 2/3 2/3 (g) (d)

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Not specified 2/3 3/5 No Majority

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2/3 Majority (j) (d) (d) Majority

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... ............................................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

No Yes Yes

Periodic submission of convention question required (b)

Popular vote required for ratification of convention proposals

No 10 years (c) No

Not specified Not specified (c) MP

MP MP MP MP No

No 20 years (f) No No No

ME MP No provision Not specified MP

MP MP (i)

9 years No 20 years; 1988

MP (h) Not specified MP

10 years; 1970

MP MP (k) No No ME

No No No No 20 years; 1970

MP No provision MP No provision MP

Majority 2/3

No MP ME

Not specified 16 years; 1978 No

No Yes

No Majority

20 years; 1962

Not specified (l)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. ............................................... New Jersey ..........................

Yes (m) Yes Yes Yes

2/3 (n) 3/5 2/3 Majority

MP MP (o) ME MP

20 years No No 10 years

MP MP No provision 2/3 voting on proposal

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

2/3 Majority 2/3 No 2/3

MP MP MP

No 20 years; 1957 No

Not specified MP MP

20 years; 1932

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Majority Majority No Majority (d)

(e) (e)

20 years No

MP No provision

MP ME

10 years No

MP No provision

Yes Yes (q) No Yes No

(d) Majority No 2/3 No

(d) MP

No No

(p) MP

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

(d) 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3

No ME MP MP ME

No No No No No

MP Not specified Not specified No provision Not specified

American Samoa ................ No. Mariana Islands ..........

Yes Yes

(r) Majority (t)

No 2/3

No No (u)

Puerto Rico .........................

Yes

2/3

ME (s) MP and at least 2/3 in in each of 2 senatorial districts MP

The Book of the States 1996-97

MP 3/5 voting on proposal

CONSTITUTIONS

PROCEDURES FOR CALLING CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS — Continued Key: MP — Majority voting on the proposal. ME — Majority voting in the election. (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the entries in this column refer to the proportion of members elected to each house required to submit to the electorate the question of calling a constitutional convention. (b) The number listed is the interval between required submissions on the question of calling a constitutional convention; where given, the date is that of the first required submission of the convention question. (c) Unless provided otherwise by law, convention calls are to conform as nearly as possible to the act calling the 1955 convention, which provided for a legislative vote of a majority of members elected to each house and ratification by a majority vote on the proposals. The legislature may call a constitutional convention at any time. (d) In these states, the legislature may call a convention without submitting the question to the people. The legislative vote required is two-thirds of the members elected to each house in Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina and Virginia; two-thirds concurrent vote of both branches in Maine; threefourths of all members of each house in South Dakota; and not specified in Alaska, but bills require majority vote of membership of each house. In South Dakota, the question of calling a convention may be initiated by the people in the same manner as an amendment to the constitution (see Table 1.3) and requires a majority vote on the question for approval. (e) The law calling a convention must be approved by the people. (f) The legislature shall submit the question 20 years after the last convention, or 20 years after the last vote on the question of calling a convention, whichever date is last. (g) The power to call a convention is reserved to the people by petition.

(h) The majority must be 50 percent of the total votes cast at a general election or at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters. (i) Majority voting in the election, or three-fifths voting on the question. (j) Must be approved during two legislative sessions. (k) Majority must equal one-fourth of qualified voters at last general election. (l) Majority of those voting on the proposal is assumed. (m) The question of calling a constitutional convention may be submitted either by the legislature or by initiative petition to the secretary of state in the same manner as provided for initiated amendments (see Table 1.3). (n) Two-thirds of all members of the legislature. (o) Majority must be 35 percent of total votes cast at the election. (p) Convention proposals are submitted to the electorate at a special election in a manner to be determined by the convention. Ratification by a majority of votes cast. (q) Conventions may not be held more often than once in six years. (r) Five years after effective date of constitutions, governor shall call a constitutional convention to consider changes proposed by a constitutional committee appointed by the governor. Delegates to the convention are to be elected by their county councils. A convention was held in 1972. (s) If proposed amendments are approved by the voters, they must be submitted to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (t) The initiative may also be used to place a referendum convention call on the ballot. The petition must be signed by 25 percent of the qualified voters or at least 75 percent in a senatorial district. (u) The legislature was required to submit the referendum no later than seven years after the effective date of the constitution. The convention was held in 1985; 45 amendments were submitted to the voters.

The Council of State Governments

Method and date of creation and period of operation

Membership: number and type

Alaska .......................... Constitutional Revision Task Force

Legislative: House Resolution 5 (18th Leg. 1st Sess.), 1993 - Jan. 1995.

5: speaker of the House appointed three representatives and two public members and named chair.

From regular appropriations for legislature.

To study alternatives to current methods of revising the constitution and submit recommendations.

Five formal meetings: Sept. 9 - March 24. Teleconferences and other outreach methods to acquire information. Public testimony encouraged. Final report on April 1, 1994. Recommendation for a permanent seven-member statutory advisory commission on the constitution to study and submit recommendations to the legislature; recommend rule changes to create Joint Committee on the Constitution and to require a vote on advisory commission’s recommendations for amendments. No legislative action taken on recommendations in 1994-95.

Arkansas ..................... Governor’s Task Force for a New Constitution

Executive Order: May 1, 1995. May 1 - January 19, 1996.

31: governor appointed 24 attorneys, four experts on English and editing, retired Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court, governor’s chief legal counsel, and chair.

$100,000 legislative appropriation; one staff member from governor’s office assigned full-time to serve Task Force.

To prepare for a convention by submission of a working draft of a proposed constitution, by making arrangements for convention at the state capitol, and to assist the convention when held in 1996.

Prepared a working draft of a proposed constitution given to governor in July. Commission chair testified before joint interim legislative committee hearings on constitutional proposals in July - September. Other activities handled by legislature, Legislative Council and governor’s office rather than Task Force. Defeat of the referendum on a convention call December 12, 1995 ended Task Force convention plans.

California .................... California Constitutional Revision Commission

Statutory: Ch. 1243, Laws of California, 1993. April 1994 July 1, 1996. Act expires Jan. 1997.

23: three ex officio, 20 appointed, 10 appointed by the governor who also named chair; five by speaker of the House; five by the Senate Rules Committee; bipartisan appointments required. Ex officio Chief Justice Legislative Analyst, Director of Finance.

Total legislative appropriations: $1,148,000 (1993-94 $200,000; 1994-95 $474,000; 1995-96 $474,000).

To study and make recommendations on budget process (including intergovernmental fiscal relations); state governmental structure; state and local governmental duties, responsibilities and relationships; and community resources and delivery systems. No lobbyist eligible. No more than one legislator appointed by each of the appointing authorities. Membership to reflect state diversity (ethnic, racial, cultural, geographic, gender).

Numerous commission meetings and workshops to study and develop recommendations for constitutional revision. Many opportunities for public involvement and access to information. Monthly newsletter (“CCRC News”). Home Page on Internet. 25 public forums co-sponsored by League of Women Voters (April - May 1995). Preliminary recommendations published and submitted to governor and legislature September 1995. Four video tele-conferences with aid of League of Women Voters and Pacific Bell and four public hearings on the preliminary report (October-December 1995). Final recommendations to the governor and legislature due in March 1996 to be followed by an explanatory report.

State

Name of commission

Funding

Purpose of commission

Proposals and action

CONSTITUTIONS

10 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 1.5 STATE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS (Operative during January 1, 1994 to January 1, 1996)

STATE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS — Continued

State

Name of commission

Method and date of creation and period of operation

Membership: number and type

New York ..................... Temporary State Commission on Constitutional Revision

Executive: Executive Order 172. 18: appointed by governor who May 26, 1993 - at least named chair. Member non-partisan May 15, 1995. and diverse, representative of state’s areas, interests, and occupations.

Utah ............................. Utah Constitutional Revision Commission

Statutory: Ch. 89, Laws of Utah, 1969; amended by Ch. 107, Laws 1977, which made the commission permanent as of July 1, 1977. (Codified at Ch. 54, Title 63, Utah Code Annotated, 1953.)

Funding Funding and staff through Rockefeller Institute of Government of the State of New York.

16: one ex officio, nine appointed Appropriations through 1995 by the speaker of the House (3), totaled $1,023,000. In president of Senate (3), and governor recent years, including (3) no more than two of each group 1994 and 1995, the to be from same party; and six annual appropriation additional members appointed by has been $55,000. the nine previously appointed members.

Purpose of commission

Proposals and action Regular monthly meetings began Fall 1993. Three major reports published: “Delegate Selection Process,” first interim report Mar. 17, 1994; “The New York State Constitution: Briefing Book;” and “Effective Government Now for the New Century,” final report February 1995. Efforts to involve and inform public included six public meetings across state and production of numerous materials including newsletters, a video program, a game/map on state government, talk shows, high school curriculum on state constitution. Copies of materials available On-line through the New York State Library gopher.

Study constitution and recommend desirable changes, including proposed drafts.

Mandated to report recommendations at least 60 days before legislature convenes. Voter action on commission recommendations referred by legislature through 1993 include: approval of revised articles on legislature, elections and rights of suffrage, revenue and taxation, executive, judicial, education, and corporations. In 1994 the voters approved rights of crime victims amendments. In 1994 the commission studied four subjects and in 1995, nine (some overlapping with 1994), including Utah exclusionary rule, jury size, attorney general, and a new look at the revenue and taxation article after the legislature rejected commission recommendations in 1994.

Note: There were no state constitutional conventions in 1994-95.

CONSTITUTIONS

The Council of State Governments

To prepare for referendum on convention call in 1997 (or earlier call); to evaluate New York convention processes and make recommendations; to develop broad agenda on state constitutional issues and concerns; to determine New Yorker views on constitutional change; to inform New Yorkers about the state constitution.

Number of states involved

Total proposals

Total adopted

Percentage adopted

Method of installation

198889

199091

199293

199495

198889

199091

199293

199495

198889

199091

199293

199495

198889

199091

199293

199495

All methods .................................. Legislative proposal .................... Constitutional initiative .............. Constitutional convention ........... Constitutional commission .........

45 45 11 ... ...

41 41 10 ... ...

43 42 13 1 1

43 41 13 ... ...

267 246 21 ... ...

226 197 29 ... ...

239 201 34 1 3

233 202 31 ... ...

199 188 11 ... ...

145 134 11 ... ...

160 137 21 0 2

161‡ 151‡ 10 .... ....

74.0* 75.6* 55.0 ... ...

63.3* 67.0* 37.9 ... ...

66.1* 67.1* 61.7 0 66.6

69.7*‡ 75.7*‡ 32.2 ... ...

Key: * — In calculating these percentages, the amendments adopted in Delaware (where proposals are not submitted to the voters) are excluded. ‡ — Excludes 1994 Hawaii propositions from percentage adopted. . . . — Not applicable

Table 1.7 SUBSTANTIVE CHANGES IN STATE CONSTITUTIONS: PROPOSED AND ADOPTED 1988-89, 1990-91, 1992-93 AND 1994-95 Total proposed

Total adopted

Percentage adopted

Subject matter

1988-89

1990-91

1992-93

1994-95

1988-89

1990-91

1992-93

1994-95

1988-89

1990-91

1992-93

1994-95

Proposals of statewide applicability ............................. Bill of Rights ............................... Suffrage & elections .................... Legislative branch ....................... Executive branch ......................... Judicial branch ............................. Local government ........................ Finance & taxation ...................... State & local debt ........................ State functions ............................. Amendment & revision ............... General revision proposals ......... Miscellaneous proposals ............. Local amendments ......................

228* 21 12 44 22 18 14 54 6 22 5 0 12 39

195* 13 3 45 9 13 7 58 4 29 0 0 15 31

211* 18 8† 42 15 12† 10 54 4 25 2 0 23 28

199* 26 9 30 16 22 9 49 5 17 6 0 10 34

164† 19 8 33 14 14 10 33 5 17 2 0 9 35

121† 8 2 28 8 7 3 36 3 18 0 0 9 24

139† 15 8 31 13 9 6 29 2 9 1 0 16 21

134† 19 6 23 12 15‡ 7 29‡ 2 9‡ 4 0 8 27

71.6* 90.5 66.7 75.0 63.6 77.8 71.4 62.9‡ 83.3 77.3 40.0 0.0 75.0 89.7

61.5* 61.5 66.6 62.2 88.8 53.8 42.8 62.0 75.0 62.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 74.1*

64.9* 83.3 100.0 73.8 86.6 75.0 60.0 53.7 50.0 36.0 50.0 0.0 69.5 75.7

67.3* 73.0 66.6 76.6 75.0 72.2‡ 77.7 61.7 ‡ 40.0 46.6‡ 66.6 0.0 80.0 79.4

Key: * — Excludes Delaware where proposals are not submitted to voters. † — Includes Delaware. ‡ — Excludes Hawaii propositions approved by voters in 1994 but not finally certified pending litigation outcome.

CONSTITUTIONS

12 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 1.6 STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES BY METHOD OF INITIATION: 1988-89, 1990-91, 1992-93 and 1994-95

CONSTITUTIONS

Table 1.8 STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES BY CONSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVE State

Number of proposals

Number of adoptions

Percentage adopted

Arizona ........................................ Arkansas ..................................... California .................................... Colorado ..................................... Florida .........................................

1 0 1 8 2

0 0 0 1 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 50.0

Illinois .......................................... Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ..................................... Mississippi .................................. Missouri ......................................

0 1 0 1 2

0 0 0 0 1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0

Montana ...................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ......................................... North Dakota .............................. Ohio .............................................

2 1 (4)* 0 1

0 1 (4)* 0 1

0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ......................................... South Dakota ..............................

1 10 0

1 4 0

100.0 40.0 0.0

Total .........................................

32.2

* Nevada voters approved four constitutional initiatives in 1994 in the first of two required elections for adoption. The final outcome will be determined at the general election in November 1996.

The Council of State Governments

CONSTITUTIONS

The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter Two

EXECUTIVE BRANCH Who’s who and what’s what for the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer and many others — includes information on terms of office, methods of selection, qualifications, salaries, and powers and duties.

Table 2.1 THE GOVERNORS, 1996 State or other jurisdiction

Name and party

Length of regular term in years

Date of first service

Present term ends

Number of previous terms

Maximum consecutive terms allowed by constitution

Joint election of governor and lieutenant governor (a)

Official who succeeds governor

Birthdate

Birthplace

Fob James Jr. (R) Tony Knowles (D) Fife Symington (R) Jim Guy Tucker (D) Pete Wilson (R)

4 4 4 4 4

01/79 12/94 (d) 03/91 (d) (g) 03/92 (g) 01/91

01/99 12/98 01/99 01/99 01/99

(b) 1 (b) ... 1 1 1

2 (c) 2 (c) (e) 2 (e) (h) 2 (h) 2

No Yes (f) No No

LG LG SS LG LG

09/15/34 01/01/43 08/12/45 06/13/43 08/23/33

Ala. Okla. N.Y. Okla. Ill.

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Roy Romer (D) John G. Rowland (R) Tom Carper (D) Lawton Chiles (D) Zell Miller (D)

4 4 4 4 4

01/87 01/95 01/93 01/91 01/91

01/99 01/99 01/97 01/99 01/99

2 ... ... 1 ...

(e) 2 (e) ... (h) 2 (h) 2 (c) 2 (c)

Yes Yes No Yes No

LG LG LG LG LG

10/31/28 05/24/57 01/23/47 04/30/30 02/24/32

Kan. Conn. W.Va. Fla. Ga.

Benjamin J. Cayetano (D) Philip E. Batt (R) Jim Edgar (R) Evan Bayh (D) Terry E. Branstad (R)

4 4 4 4 4

01/86 01/95 01/91 01/89 01/83

12/94 01/99 01/99 01/97 01/99

... ... 1 1 3

2 ... ... (i) 2 (i) ...

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

LG LG LG LG LG

11/14/39 03/04/27 07/22/46 12/26/55 11/17/46

Hawaii Idaho Okla. Ind. Iowa

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Bill Graves (R) Paul E. Patton (D) Mike Foster (R) Angus S. King Jr. (I) Parris N. Glendening (D)

4 4 4 4 4

01/95 12/95 01/96 01/95 01/95

01/99 12/99 01/00 01/99 01/99

... ... ... ... ...

2 2 2 2 (c) 2 (c)

Yes Yes No (f) Yes

LG LG LG PS LG

01/09/53 05/26/37 05/11/30 03/31/44 06/11/42

Kan. Ky. La. Va. N.Y.

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

William F. Weld (R) John Engler (R) Arne H. Carlson (R) Kirk Fordice (R) Mel Carnahan (D)

4 4 4 4 4

01/91 01/91 01/91 01/92 01/93

01/99 01/99 01/99 01/00 01/97

1 1 1 1 ...

(j) 2 ... 2 (h) 2 (h)

Yes Yes Yes No No

LG LG LG LG LG

07/31/45 10/12/48 09/24/34 02/10/34 02/11/34

N.Y. Mich. N.Y. Tenn. Mo.

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Marc Racicot (R) E. Benjamin Nelson (D) Bob Miller (D) Stephen Merrill (R) Christine T. Whitman (R)

4 4 4 2 4

01/93 01/91 (l) 01/89 (l) 01/93 01/94

01/97 01/99 01/99 01/97 01/98

... 1 (l) 2 (l) 1 ...

(k) 2 (k) (c) 2 (c) 2 ... (c) 2 (c)

Yes Yes No (f) (f)

LG LG LG PS PS

07/24/48 05/17/41 03/30/45 06/21/46 09/26/46

Mont. Neb. Ill. Conn. N.J.

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Gary E. Johnson (R) George E. Pataki (R) James B. Hunt Jr. (D) Edward T. Schafer (R) George V. Voinovich (R)

4 4 4 4 4

01/95 01/95 01/77 01/93 01/91

01/99 01/99 01/97 01/97 01/99

... ... (m) 2 (m) ... ...

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

LG LG LG LG LG

01/01/53 06/24/53 05/16/37 08/08/46 07/15/36

N.D. N.Y. N.C. N.D Ohio

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Frank Keating (R) John A. Kitzhaber (D) Tom Ridge (R) Lincoln Almond (R) David M. Beasley (R)

4 4 4 4 4

01/95 01/95 01/95 01/95 01/95

01/99 01/99 01/99 01/99 01/99

... ... ... ... ...

2 (o) 2 (o) 2 2 2

No (f) Yes No No

LG SS LG LG LG

02/10/44 03/05/47 08/26/45 06/16/36 02/26/57

Mo. Wash. Pa. R.I. S.C.

See footnotes at end of table.

GOVERNORS

The Council of State Governments

GOVERNORS

18 The Book of the States 1996-97

THE GOVERNORS, 1996 — Continued

Name and party

Length of regular term in years

Date of first service

Present term ends

Number of previous terms

Maximum consecutive terms allowed by constitution

Joint election of governor and lieutenant governor (a)

Official who succeeds governor

Birthdate

William J. Janklow (R) Don Sundquist (R) George W. Bush (R) Mike Leavitt (R) Howard Dean (D)

4 4 4 4 2

01/79 01/95 01/95 01/93 (s) 08/91 (s)

01/99 01/99 01/99 01/97 01/97

(p) 2 (p) ... ... ... 2

2 2 ... (r) 3 (r) ...

Yes No No Yes No

LG (q) SpS (q) LG LG LG

09/23/39 03/15/36 07/06/46 02/11/51 11/17/48

Ill. Ill. Conn. Utah N.Y.

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

George Allen (R) Mike Lowry (D) Gaston Caperton (D) Tommy G. Thompson (R) Jim Geringer (R)

4 4 4 4 4

01/94 01/93 01/89 01/87 01/95

01/98 01/97 01/97 01/99 01/99

... ... 1 2 ...

(t) (u) (v) 2 (v) ... (k) 2 (k)

No No (f) Yes (f)

LG LG PS LG SS

03/08/52 03/08/39 02/21/40 11/19/41 04/24/44

Calif. Wash. W.Va. Wisc. Wyo.

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... ............................................... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

A.P. Lutali (D) Carl T.C. Gutierrez (D) Froilan C. Tenorio (D)

4 4 4

01/85 01/95 01/94

01/97 01/99 01/98

(u) 1 (w) ... ...

(x) 2 (x) (d) 2 (d) (n) 2 (n)

Yes Yes Yes

LG LG LG

12/24/19 10/15/41 09/09/39

Pedro J. Rossello (D) (y) Roy L. Schneider (I)

4 4

01/93 01/95

01/97 01/99

... ...

... (c) 2 (c)

(f) Yes

SS LG

04/05/44 05/13/39

A.S. Guam No. Mariana Islands P.R. V.I.

State or other jurisdiction South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

Sources: National Governors’ Association and The Council of State Governments. Key: ACP — A Connecticut Party D — Democrat I — Independent R — Republican LG — Lieutenant Governor SS — Secretary of the Senate PS — President of the Senate SpS — Speaker of the Senate . . . — Not applicable (a) The following also choose candidates for governor and lieutenant governor through a joint nomination process: Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, American Samoa, Guam, No. Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands. (b) Served 1978-1982. (c) After two consecutive terms, must wait four years before being eligible again. (d) Elected in runoff election February 1991 due to no one candidate receiving a majority of votes in November 1990 election. (e) The term of office is limited to two consecutive four-year terms; however, because this provision was passed during Governor Symington’s and Governor Romer’s administration, they have been grandfathered from the provision. After their third term, they will not be eligible to run again. (f) No lieutenant governor. (g) Succeeded to governor’s office March 1992 to serve remainder of unexpired term.

Birthplace

(h) Absolute two-term limit, but not necessarily consecutive. (i) Prohibited from serving more than eight years out of a 12-year period. (j) The term of office will be limited to two consecutive four-year terms beginning with the Governor elected in 1998. Governor Weld has been grandfathered from that provision and is eligible to serve one more term. (k) Prohibited from serving more than eight years out of 16-year period. (l) Succeeded to governor’s office November 1988 to serve remainder of unexpired term. (m) Served 1977-1981 and 1981-1985. (n) Absolute two-term limit, but not necessarily consecutive. (o) Prohibited from serving more than eight years out of a 12-year period. (p) Served 1979-83 and 1983-87. (q) Official bears the additional statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (r) The term of office is limited to three consecutive four-year terms; however, because this provision was passed during Governor Leavitt’s administration, he has been grandfathered from the provision and is eligible to serve three additional terms. (s) Succeeded to governor’s office August 1991 to serve remainder of unexpired term. (t) Successive terms forbidden. (u) Prohibited from serving more than eight years out of 14-year period. (v) A person who has been elected or who has served as governor during all or any part of two consecutive terms shall be ineligible for the office of governor during any part of the term immediately following the second of the two consecutive terms. (w) Served from 1985-89. (x) Limit is statutory. (y) Governor Rossello also is a member of the New Progressive Party.

GOVERNORS

Table 2.2 THE GOVERNORS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE State or other jurisdiction

Minimum age

State citizen (years)

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California* ..........................

30 30 25 30 18

7 ... 5 ... ...

10 7 10 ★ 5

7 7 ... 7 5

... ★ ... ... ★

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

30 30 30 30 30

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... 12 ... 15

2 ... 6 7 6

... ★ ... ★ ...

30 30 25 30 30

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ 5 ★

5 2 3 5 2

★ ... ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana* .......................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... 30 25 30 30

... 6 5 ... ...

... ★ 5 15 (a)

... 6 ... 5 5

... ... ★ ... 5

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... 30 25 30 30

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ 20 15

7 ... 1 5 10

... 4 ... ... ...

Montana (b) ........................ Nebraska (c) ....................... Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

25 30 25 30 30

★ 5 2 ... ...

★ 5 ... ... 20

2 5 2 7 7

... ... ★ ... ...

New Mexico ....................... New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

30 30 30 30 ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ 5 ★ ★

5 5 2 5 ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon* ............................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina* .................

31 30 30 ... 30

... ... ... ... 5

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... 3 7 ... 5

10 ... ... ★ ...

... 30 30 30 ...

... 7 ... 5 ...

2 ★ ★ ... ...

2 ... 5 5 4

... ... ... ★ ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming* ...........................

30 18 30 18 30

... ... 5 ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

5 ... 1 ... 5

5 ★ ★ ★ ★

American Samoa ................ Guam* ................................. No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico* ....................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

35 30 35 35 30

... ... ... 5 ...

★ 5 ... 5 5

5 5 10 5 5

... ★ ★ ... ★

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996; except as noted by * where information is from The Book of the States 1994-95. Note: The information in this table is based on a literal reading of the state constitutions and statutes. Key: ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. (a) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221A.2d431

(1966) — opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (b) No person convicted of a felony is eligible to hold office until final discharge from state supervision. (c) No person in default as a collector and custodian of public money or property shall be eligible to public office; no person convicted of a felony shall be eligible unless restored to civil rights.

The Council of State Governments

GOVERNORS

Table 2.3 THE GOVERNORS: COMPENSATION State or other jurisdiction

Salary

Access to state transportation

Governor’s office staff (a)

Automobile

Airplane

Helicopter

Travel allowance

Official residence

22 66 41 48 86

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

(b) (b) (b) (d) (d)

★ ★ ... ★ (f)

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California* ..........................

$81,151 81,648 75,000 60,000 (c) 114,286 (e)

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida* ............................... Georgia ................................

70,000 78,000 95,000 97,850 103,074

39 38 25 264 43

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ★

(g) (g) (b) (b) (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

94,780 75,000 105,778 (i) 77,200 (k) 98,200

23 (h) 21 137 (j) 35 10

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

(g) (g) (b) 0 (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana* .......................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

80,340 86,352 73,440 69,992 120,000

25 40 45 21 76

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

(g) (b) (b) (g) (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

75,000 112,025 (l) 109,053 75,600 98,345

80 63 36 39 (m) 40

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(g) (b) (g) (d,g) $24,017 (d,g) (d)

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire* ................ New Jersey* ........................

55,310 65,000 90,000 82,325 (n) 85,000

25 18 18 23 125

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

(b) (b) (d) (g) $61,000

★ ★ ★ (o) ★ (o) ★

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

90,000 130,000 98,576 69,650 115,752

40 203 84.5 16 66

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

(d) $95,300 (d) (b) $11,500 (g) (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon* ............................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina* .................

70,000 80,000 105,000 69,900 103,998

34 27 87 35 22

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

(g) (g) (b) N.A. (g)

★ ★ ★ ... ★

82,271 85,000 99,122 82,000 80,724

17 40 190 23 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

(g) (g) (b) $26,000 (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

36 37 42 34 7.5 (t)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

(b) (d) $120,000 (d) (s) (g) (d)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

23 42 16 22 17

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

(d) $105,000 (d) $218/day (g,u) (g) (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming* ........................... American Samoa ................ Guam* ................................. No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico* ....................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

110,000 (p) 121,000 (q) 72,000 (r) 101,861 95,000 50,000 90,000 70,000 70,000 80,000

The Book of the States 1996-97

GOVERNORS

THE GOVERNORS: COMPENSATION — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996; except as noted by * where information is from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No N.A. — Not available (a) Definitions of “governor’s office staff” vary across the states–from general office support to staffing for various operations within the executive office. (b) Reimbursed for travel expenses. Alabama–reimbursed up to $40/day in state; actual expenses out of state. Alaska–receives per diem based on location or actual expenses if exceeds per diem. Arizona–$26/day per diem for food; actual expenses for lodging. Delaware–reimbursed for travel expenses, $30/day for food; actual expenses for travel/lodging. Florida–reimbursed at same rate as other state officials: in state, choice between $50 per diem or actual expenses; out of state, actual expenses. Illinois no set allowance. Iowa limit set in annual office budget. Kentucky–mileage at same rate as other state employees. Louisiana–reimbursed for actual expenses. Michigan–$3550/day for in state; no state tax dollars used for out of state. Montana–reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses in state up to $55/day, and actual lodging plus meal allowance up to $30/day out of state (no annual limit). Nebraska–reasonable and necessary expenses. New York–reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses. Pennsylvania–reimbursed for reasonable expenses. Texas reimbursed for actual expenses. (c) Salary adjusted every two years based on Consumer Price Index of U.S. Labor Dept. (d) Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. Arkansas, Missouri amount not available. California–$145,000 in state; $36,000 out of state.

Nevada–$21,995 in state; $10,640 out of state. New Mexico–$125,100 (in state $62,700, out of state $62,400). Wyoming–$42,375 in state; $36,000 out of state. (e) Governor has taken a voluntary 5 percent cut in statutory salary. (f) In California–provided by Governor’s Residence Foundation, a nonprofit organization which provides a residence for the governor of California. No rent is charged; maintenance and operational costs are provided by California Department of General Services. (g) Travel allowance included in office budget. (h) In Hawaii, does not include offices and commissions attached to governor’s office. (i) Effective July 1996, salary will be $119,439. (j) Governor’s staff will decrease to 130 in July 1996. (k) Accepts $66,000. (l) Salary was increased to $110,700, but governor rejected the increase. (m) Currently 18; budget is for 39. (n) Governor refused a pay raise and has given 10 percent of his salary back to the state. Actual salary is $71,587. (o) Governor does not occupy residence. (p) Governor returns 10 percent of his salary annually to the State Treasury. (q) Governor has taken voluntary cut of $31,000 in statutory salary. (r) Effective 1997, salary will be $90,000. (s) Included in general expense account. (t) Also has state planning coordinator. (u) Governor has a “contingency account” that can be used for travel expenses and expenses in other departments or other projects.

The Council of State Governments

Veto power (a) Item vetomajority legislators elected to override

Item veto3/5 legislators elected to override

Item vetoat least 2/3 legislators elected to override

Authorization for reorganization through executive order (b)

Number of officials

Number of agencies

Other statewide elected officials (c)

State or other jurisdiction

Full responsibility

Shares responsibility

No item veto

Item veto2/3 legislators present to override

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California* ..........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

... C ... ... S

9 1 8 6 7

7 (d) 0 (d) 6 6 7

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida* ............................... Georgia ................................

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ... C ... S

4 5 1 7 12

4 5 1 7 8

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ... ★

(e) ... C ... ...

1 6 5 6 7

1 6 5 6 6

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana* .......................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... (f) ★ (f) ... ...

C S ... ... C

5 6 7 0 3

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

★ (g) ★ (g) ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

C C S S C

5 35 5 7 5

7 (d) 6 (d) 5 7 5

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire* ................ New Jersey* ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

S ... ... ... ...

5 5 5 0 0

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

★ ★ ... (g) ★ (g) (g) ★ (g)

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... (h) (h) ...

★ ... ... C ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... (f) ★ (f) ... ★ ...

... ... C ... ...

9 3 9 13 5

7 3 9 16 5

Budget-making power

GOVERNORS

22 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 2.4 THE GOVERNORS: POWERS

THE GOVERNORS: POWERS — Continued Veto power (a) Item vetomajority legislators elected to override

Item veto3/5 legislators elected to override

Item vetoat least 2/3 legislators elected to override

Authorization for reorganization through executive order (b)

Number of officials

Number of agencies

Other statewide elected officials (c)

State or other jurisdiction

Full responsibility

Shares responsibility

No item veto

Item veto2/3 legislators present to override

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon* ............................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina* .................

(g) ★ (g) (g) ★ (g) ... (g) ★ (g) ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

S ... ... ... ...

10 5 4 4 8

8 5 4 4 (i) 10 (i)

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

... (j) (k) ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

C S ... ... S

9 0 (l) 9 (l) 4 5

7 0 (m) 7 (m) 14 5

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming* ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... (o) ★ (o) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

(n) S (n) ... S; Common Law ... ...

2 8 5 5 4

2 8 6 5 4

American Samoa ................ Guam* ................................. No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico* ....................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

... ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... (k) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S ★ ★ ... ★

1 1 1 0 1

Budget-making power

state boards or commissions are also included); the number of agencies involving theses officials is also listed. (d) Lieutenant governor’s office is part of governor’s office. (e) Implied through a broad interpretation of gubernatorial authority: no formal provision. (f) In New York, governor has item veto over appropriations. In Louisiana, governor has item veto over appropriation bill only. (g) Full responsibility to propose; legislature adopts or revises and governor signs or vetoes. (h) Governor has no veto power. (i) Divisions within governor’s office. (j) Line item veto authority over the budget bill. Simple majority override. Veto authority over legislation. Simple majority override. (k) The governor has an item veto over appropriations only. (l) September 1, 1996 the number of officials changes to eight. (m) On September 1, 1996 the number of agencies changes to six. (n) For shifting agencies between secretarial offices; all other reorganizations require legislative approval. (o) In Wisconsin, governor has “partial” veto over appropriation bills. The partial veto is broader than item veto.

GOVERNORS

The Council of State Governments

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996; except as noted by * where information is from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: ★ — Yes; provision for. . . . — No; not applicable. C — Constitutional S — Statutory (a) In all states, except North Carolina and North Dakota, governor has the power to veto bills passed by the state legislature. The information presented here refers to the governor’s power to item veto within a bill and the votes needed in the state legislature to override the item veto. For additional information on vetoes and veto overrides, as well as the number of days the governor is allowed to consider bills, see Table 3.16, “Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Overrides and Effective Date.” (b) For additional information on executive orders, see Table 2.5, “Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures.” (c) Includes only executive branch officials who are popularly elected either on a constitutional or statutory basis (elected members of state boards of education, public utilities commissions, university regents, or other

Authorization for executive orders

Other emergencies

Executive branch reorganization plans and agency creation

Create advisory, coordinating, study or investigative committees/commissions

State personnel administration

Other administration

Filing and publication procedures

Subject to administrative procedure act

Subject to legislative review

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

(a) S,I (a) C I (e) S,I (e) S

... ... (a) ★ (a) ★ ★

(b) ★ (b) ... (a) ★ (a) ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

(c,d) ★ (c,d) ★ (c) ★ (c) ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

S,I S C C,S (e) S,I (e)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(f) ★ (f) ★ ★ (h) ★ (h) ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ... (a,g) ★ (a,g) (i,j) ★ (i,j) ★

★ ... ★ (c) ★ (c) ★

... ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... S C I S

(a) ... S ... ...

... I ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... I I ... ...

... I ... ... ...

... ... I ... ...

(k) ★ (k) ... ... ... ...

... (c) ★ (c) (c) ★ (c) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... (l) ★ (l) ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

S S (g) S (g) S C,S

★ ★ S ★ ★

★ ... S ... ★

... (o) ★ (o) ... (v,w) ★ (v,w) ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... C,S ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

(m) ★ (m) (c,d,n) ★ (c,d,n) (p,q,r) ★ (p,q,r) (c) ★ (c) (s,t,u) ★ (s,t,u) (n) ★ (n) ... (d) ★ (d) (x) ★ (x) ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ★ (t,u) ★ (t,u) ... (y) ★ (y)

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

C,I C,S S S C

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... (aa) ★ (aa) ★ ...

(f,v) ★ (f,v) ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

... (n) ★ (n) (r) ★ (r) (c) ★ (c) (bb) ★ (bb) (c,n) ★ (c,n) (cc,dd) ★ (cc,dd) (c) ★ (c) ★ (y) ★ (y)

... ★ ... ★ ...

... (z) ★ (z) (y) ★ (y) ... (y,ee) ★ (y,ee)

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

S,I S S,I S S

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... (a) ★ (a) ★

... ... ... ★ (ff) ★ (ff)

★ ... ... ... (gg)

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ... ... (q) ★ (q) (dd) ★ (dd)

... ... ... ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. ........................................... Ohio .................................

S I S,I S,I

★ ... S ★

★ ... S,C I

★ ... I I

★ ... S I

... ... S ...

... ... S,C ★

... ... S ★

... ... ... ...

C,S,I

★

...

... ... (y) ★ (y) ... (j,r,s,t,bb,dd) ...

Respond to federal programs and requirements

State or other jurisdiction

Energy emergencies and conservation

Procedures

Civil defense disasters, public emergencies

Provisions

GOVERNORS

24 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 2.5 GUBERNATORIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS: AUTHORIZATION, PROVISIONS, PROCEDURES

GUBERNATORIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS: AUTHORIZATION, PROVISIONS, PROCEDURES — Continued

Create advisory, coordinating, study or investigative committees/commissions

Respond to federal programs and requirements

State personnel administration

★ ★ ★ ★ (dd) ★ (dd)

... ★ ... ★ ...

(v) ★ (v) ... (n,v,x,ii) ★ (n,v,x,ii) ... (j,hh) ★ (j,hh)

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ (a) ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

C S,I S,I S S,I

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ (ll) ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming* .......................

S,I S (e) S,I (e) S I

★ ★ ★ ★ I

★ ... ... ★ ...

(g) ★ (g) ... ... ★ ...

(oo) ★ (oo) ... S,I ... ...

★ ... S,I ★ I

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... S,I ★ ...

American Samoa ............ Guam* ............................. No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico* ................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

C,S C C I C

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ I ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ C ... ★

★ ★ S,I ★ ★

★ ★ S ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

(hh) ★ (hh) (c) ★ (c) ... (c) ★ (c) (jj) ★ (jj) (c,n) ★ (c,n) (m) ★ (m) ... . . . (c,d,kk) ★ (c,d,kk) (t) ★ (t) ★ ... ... ...

... (c) ★ (c) ★ ... (mm) ★ (mm)

(j,ii,pp) ★ (j,ii,pp) (c) ★ (c) ... ... (e,i) S,I (e,i) (c,n) ★ (c,n) (q,dd,gg) ★ (q,dd,gg)(c) ★ (c) ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★

(rr) ★ (rr) ★ S ... ★

Subject to legislative review

Executive branch reorganization plans and agency creation

S,I S C,S (a) S (a) (e) I (e)

Subject to administrative procedure act

Other emergencies

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon* ........................... Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

Filing and publication procedures

Authorization for executive orders

Other administration

State or other jurisdiction

Energy emergencies and conservation

Procedures

Civil defense disasters, public emergencies

Provisions

★ ... ... ... ...

(y) ★ (y) ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ... (nn) ★ (nn)

... ... ... ... ...

(rr) ★ (rr) ... I ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

See footnotes at end of table.

GOVERNORS

The Council of State Governments

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, 1996; except as noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: C — Constitutional S — Statutory I — Implied ★ — Formal provision. . . . — No formal provision. (a) Broad interpretation of gubernatorial authority. (b) To activate or veto environmental improvement authorities. (c) Executive orders must be filed with secretary of state or other designated officer. In Idaho, must also be published in state general circulation newspaper. (d) Governor required to keep record in office. In Maine, also sends copy to Legislative Counsel, State Law Library, and all county law libraries in state. (e) Some or all provisions implied from constitution. (f) To regulate distribution of necessities during shortages. (g) Broad grant of authority. (h) Local financial emergency, shore erosion, polluted discharge and energy shortage. (i) To reassign state attorneys and public defenders. (j) To suspend certain officials and/or other civil actions. (k) Delegation of authority over real property (e.g., to counties for park purposes). (l) Only if involves a change in statute. (m) To transfer allocated funds. (n) Included in state register or code. (o) To give immediate effect to state regulation in emergencies. (p) To control administration of state contracts and procedures. (q) To impound or freeze certain state matching funds. (r) To reduce state expenditures in revenue shortfall.

(s) To designate game and wildlife areas or other public areas. (t) Appointive powers. (u) To suspend rules and regulations of the bureaucracy. (v) For fire emergencies. (w) For financial institution emergencies. (x) To control procedures for dealing with public. (y) Reorganization plans and agency creation. (z) Legislative appropriations committees must approve orders issued to handle a revenue shortfall. (aa) If an energy emergency is declared by the state’s Executive Council or legislature. (bb) To assign duties to lieutenant governor, issue writ of special election. (cc) To control prison and pardon administration. (dd) To administer and govern the armed forces of the state. (ee) For meeting federal program requirements. (ff) To declare air pollution emergencies. (gg) Relating to local governments. (hh) To declare water, crop and refugee emergencies. (ii) To transfer funds in an emergency. (jj) Must be published in register if they have general applicability and legal effect. (kk) Can reorganize, but not create. (ll) Filed with legislature. (mm) Only executive branch reorganization. (nn) To shift agencies between secretarial offices; all other reorganizations require legislative approval. (oo) To control state-owned motor vehicles and to delegate powers to secretaries and other executive branch officials. (pp) Regarding annual reports to state agencies. (qq) To transfer functions between agencies. (rr) If executive order fits definition of rule.

GOVERNORS

26 The Book of the States 1996-97

GUBERNATORIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS: AUTHORIZATION, PROVISIONS, PROCEDURES — Continued

GOVERNORS

Table 2.6 STATE CABINET SYSTEMS

State or other jurisdiction

State constitution

Governor created

Tradition in state

Appointed to specified office (a)

Elected to specified office (a)

Gubernatorial appointment regardless of office

Criteria for membership

State statute

Authorization for cabinet system

Number of members in cabinet (including governor)

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ★

28 19 25 18 12

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... 21 Gov.’s discretion ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... 24 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... (c) ★ (c) 17 Gov.’s discretion ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... 7 Every two weeks ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ 17 Gov.’s discretion ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... (e) ★ (e) ★ ... 28 Gov.’s discretion ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ★ ★ ... ★

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... 12 Twice monthly ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ 20 Gov.’s discretion ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... 26 Regularly ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... 17 Gov.’s discretion ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... 17 Bi-weekly ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... 27 Monthly ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... 20 Monthly ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina (f) .......... North Dakota (g) ............ Ohio .................................

★ ... ★ (d) ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon* ........................... Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

★ ... ★ ... ... ... ★ (h) 16 (h) Gov.’s discretion ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------★ ... ... ... (c) ★ (c) ... ... 19 Weekly ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (i) -----------------------------------------------------------------------★ ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 Gov.’s discretion ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ 22 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... 29 Gov.’s discretion ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ★ (i) ★ ... ... 23 Monthly ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... 6 Gov.’s discretion ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming (j)* ..................

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

9 28 9 12 14

Gov.’s discretion Twice monthly Monthly Gov.’s discretion Gov.’s discretion

... ... ... ★ ★

American Samoa ............ Guam* ............................. No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico* ................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ★

16 79 16 17 16

Gov.’s discretion Monthly Gov.’s discretion Weekly Monthly or as needed

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... (c) ★ (c)

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... (c) ★ (c) ...

16 20 13 17 21

Frequency of cabinet meetings

Open cabinet meetings

Gov.’s discretion (a) ... Regularly (b) ★ (b) Gov.’s discretion ... Regularly ... Every two weeks ...

Monthly or as needed Gov.’s discretion Monthly Weekly Weekly

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★

... ★ ...

★ ★ ...

... ... ...

... ... ★

17 7 10

Weekly Gov.’s discretion Monthly

... ... ...

...

★

...

★

Weekly

...

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

GOVERNORS

STATE CABINET SYSTEMS — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey 1996, except as noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Individual is a member by virtue of election or appointment to a cabinet-level position. (b) Except when in executive session. (c) With the consent of the senate. (d) No formal cabinet system. In Idaho, however, sub-cabinets have been formed, by executive order; the chairmen report to the governor when requested. (e) Sub-cabinets meet quarterly. (f) Constitution provides for a Council of State made up of elective state

The Book of the States 1996-97

administrative officials, which makes policy decisions for the state while the cabinet acts more in an advisory capacity. (g) Cabinet consists of agencies, created by legislation; directors of agencies appointed by the governor. (h) Includes secretary of state; most other cabinet members are heads of state agencies. (i) In Rhode Island, department heads require advice and consent of the Senate. In Utah, department heads serve as cabinet; meets at discretion of governor, but when first appointed, department heads also require advice and consent of Senate. (j) A four-year, phased-in executive reorganization is currently being implemented. The first three cabinet-level agencies went on-line in July 1990; seven in 1991; two in 1992.

GOVERNORS

Table 2.7 THE GOVERNORS: PROVISIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR TRANSITION Provision for:

State or other jurisdiction

Gov-elect’s State Legislation participation Gov-elect to personnel pertaining to Appropriation in state budget hire staff to to be made gubernatorial available to for coming assist during available to transition gov-elect fiscal year transition assist gov-elect

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

... ... ... ★ ★

..... ★ ..... $ 60,000 (b) 450,000

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

10,000 25,000 (c) 250,000 ★

...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ (h) ★ (h)

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

Acquainting gov-elect staff with office Transfer of procedures and information routing office (files functions records, etc.)

●

...

★

●

★

●

★

●

★ ★ (e)

★

★ ...

★ ★

●

★ ★ ★

●

★

●

★

100,000 15,000 (f) 40,000 10,000

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (g) ★ (g) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (j) ★ (j)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

100,000 Unspecified 10,000 5,000 (l)

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ 1,000,000 (m) 35,000 30,000 100,000

★

●

★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ●

●

★ ★

★

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ... ★

★

●

★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon* ........................... Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

★ ★ ★ ... ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

10,000 (t) ★ ..... Unspecified (c)

●

★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ... (u) ★ (u)

★ ★ ...

★

●

★ ... ... ...

★

...

★ ... ...

... (v)

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming* .......................

... ★ ... ★ ...

...

(n) ★ (n)

●

... ★ ★

... ★

●

★

... ★

●

American Samoa ............ Guam* ............................. No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico* ................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

... ... ★ ... ...

Unspecified (x) Unspecified 250,000 (o) (x)

(w) ★ (w) ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★

• ... ★

★ ... ★

... ★

●

★

●

50,000 50,000 ..... 5,000 200,000 (f) ..... 50,000 (o) (q) (f) 40,000 20,000 100,000 ●

50,000 (s)

●

... ★ ★ ★ ●

(d) ★

(a) ... ... ★ ★

Office space in buildings to be made available to gov-elect

●

(i)

●

(i)

★ ★ ★ (k) ★ (k) ★

●

★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★

●

★

●

★

●

★

●

★

●

★ ★ ★

●

★

★ ★

●

(n) ● (n)

★ ★

●

★ ★ (h) ★ (h) ... ★

●

(p) ● (p) (r) ...

★ (a) ★

★

★ ... ★

●

★

...

●

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★

... ★

• ★ ...

... ★ ...

(a) ● (a) ★

●

★

●

★

●

(e)

...

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

GOVERNORS

THE GOVERNORS: PROVISIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR TRANSITION — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, February 1994; except as noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: . . . — No provisions or procedures. ★ — Formal provisions or procedures. ● — No formal provisions, occurs informally. (a) Governor usually hires several incoming key staff during transition. (b) Made available in 1983. (c) Determined prior to each election by legislature. (d) Can participate in budget office hearings before taking office. (e) Subject to appropriations. (f) Legislature required to make appropriation; no dollar amount stated in legislation. In New Mexico, $50,000 was made available in 1990. In Wyoming, $12,500 for transition following 1994 election. In Illinois, $200,000 for transition following 1990 election. (g) On a contractual basis. (h) Pertains only to funds. (i) Provided on irregular basis. (j) Arrangement for transfer of criminal files.

The Book of the States 1996-97

(k) Budget personnel. (l) Provided in annual budget in transition year. (m) Made available in 1990. (n) Activity is traditional and routine, although there is no specific statutory provision. (o) Inaugural expenses are paid from this amount. (p) New governor can submit supplemental budget. (q) If necessary, submit request to State Emergency Commission. (r) Responsible for submitting budget for coming biennium. (s) Governor’s executive budget recommendation for FY 94-95 is to increase this appropriation to $150,000 for transition purposes. This will require legislative approval in the 94-95 Appropriations Bill. (t) Made available for 1996. (u) Responsible for the preparation of the budget; staff made available. (v) Not transferred, but use may be authorized. (w) Can submit reprogramming or supplemental appropriation measure for current fiscal year. (x) Appropriations given upon the request of governor-elect.

Table 2.8 IMPEACHMENT PROVISIONS IN THE STATES

State or other jurisdiction

Governor and other state executive and judicial officers subject to impeachment

Legislative body which holds power of impeachment

Legislature may call special session for impeachment

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

★ (d) ★ ★ ...

... 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG SS PS LG

★ ★ ★ ... ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

S S S S S

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG LG LG LG

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... maj. mbrs. ... ...

S S S S S

★ ★ ★ ... ...

2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present

LG LG LG LG LG

★ ... ★ ... ...

H H H H H

... ... ... ... maj. mbrs.

S S S S S

... ★ ... ... ...

2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG LG PS LG

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

H H H H H

... maj. mbrs. maj. mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present ...

S (g) S (g) S S (h)

... ★ ... ★ (h)

... 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. present (h)

LG LG LG LG LG

★ ... ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ (e) ★ (e) ★ (k) ★ (k)

H (i) S (i) H H H

2/3 mbrs. maj. mbrs. maj. mbrs. ... maj. mbrs.

S (j) S S S

... (j) ★ ★ ★

2/3 mbrs. (j) 2/3 mbrs. ... 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG LG PS PS

★ ★ ... ... ★

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ★ ★ (e) ★ (e) ★

H H H H H

maj. mbrs. maj. mbrs. ... maj. mbrs. maj. mbrs.

S (l) S S S

★ ... ★ ★ ...

2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG LG LG LG

★ ★ ★ ... ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

(c) ★ (c) H ... S ★ 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (m) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------★ H ... S ... 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★ H (n) S ★ 2/3 mbrs. LG ... ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S ★ 2/3 mbrs. LG ...

Vote required for impeachment

Chief justice presides at impeachment trial (a)

H S H H H

... 2/3 mbrs. maj. mbrs. ... ...

S H S S S

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

H H H H H

maj. mbrs. ... 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(f) ★ (f) ★ ★ ★ ★

H H H H H

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

See footnotes at end of table.

GOVERNORS

The Council of State Governments

Vote required for conviction

Official who serves as acting governor if governor impeached (b)

Legislative body which conducts impeachment trial

State or other jurisdiction

Governor and other state executive and judicial officers subject to impeachment

Legislative body which holds power of impeachment

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

(e) ★ (e) ★ ★ (e) ★ (e) ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ (e) ★ (e) ★ ★ (c) ★ (e)

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Vote required for conviction

Official who serves as acting governor if governor impeached (b)

Legislature may call special session for impeachment

★ ★ ... ★ ...

2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. (o) 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present

LG PS LG LG LG

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs. present 2/3 mbrs.

LG LG PS LG SS

★ ★ ★ ... ...

Vote required for impeachment

Legislative body which conducts impeachment trial

Chief justice presides at impeachment trial (a)

H H H H H

maj. mbrs. ... ... 2/3 mbrs. 2/3 mbrs.

S S S S S

H H H H H

... maj. mbrs. ... maj. mbrs. maj. mbrs.

S S S S S

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(q) H 2/3 mbrs. S ★ 2/3 mbrs. ... ... --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------★ H 2/3 mbrs. S ... 2/3 mbrs. LG ... (r) H 2/3 mbrs. S ★ 3/4 mbrs. SS ★ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source: State constitutions and statutes. Note: The information in this table is based on a literal reading of the state constitutions and statutes. For information on other methods for removing state officials, see Table 4.5, “Methods for Removal of Judges and Filling of Vacancies,” and Table 5.24, “State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation.” Key: ★ — Yes; provision for. . . . — Not specified, or no provision for. H — House or Assembly (lower chamber). S — Senate. LG — Lieutenant governor. PS — President or speaker of the Senate. SS — Secretary of state. (a) Presiding justice of state court of last resort. In many states, provision indicates that chief justice presides only on occasion of impeachment of governor. (b) For provisions on official next in line on succession if governor is convicted and removed from office, refer to Table 2.1, “The Governors.” (c) Includes justices of Supreme Court. Other judicial officers not subject to impeachment. (d) A Supreme Court justice designated by the court. (e) With exception of certain judicial officers. In Arizona and Washington–justices of courts not of record. In Nevada, Utah and Wyoming–justices of the peace. In North Dakota and South Dakota–county judges, justices

of the peace, and police magistrates. (f) Governor, lieutenant governor, and any appointive officer for whose removal the consent of the Senate is required. (g) House elects three members to prosecute impeachment. (h) All impeachments are tried before the state Supreme Court, except that the governor or a member of the Supreme Court is tried by a special commission of seven eminent jurists to be elected by the Senate. A vote of 5/7 of the court of special commission is necessary to convict. (i) Unicameral legislature; members use the title “senator.” (j) Court of impeachment is composed of chief justice and all district court judges in the state. A vote of 2/3 of the court is necessary to convict. (k) All state officers while in office and for two years thereafter. (l) Court for trial of impeachment composed of president of the Senate, senators (or major part of them), and judges of Court of Appeals (or major part of them). (m) No provision for impeachment. Public officers may be tried for incompetency, corruption, malfeasance, or delinquency in office in same manner as criminal offenses. (n) Vote of 2/3 members required for an impeachment of the governor. (o) Vote of 2/3 of members sworn to try the officer impeached. (p) Removal of elected officials by recall procedure only. (q) Governor, lieutenant governor. (r) Governor and Supreme Court justices.

GOVERNORS

32 The Book of the States 1996-97

IMPEACHMENT PROVISIONS IN THE STATES — Continued

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Secretary of state

Attorney general

Treasurer

Auditor

Comptroller

Education

Agriculture

Labor

Insurance

4/2 4/2 4/2 (b) 4/4/2 (e)

4/2 (c) 4/2

4/2 ... 4/2

4/2 (d) 4/2

4/2 ... ...

... ... ...

... ... 4/2

4/2 (a) . . . ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

4/2 4/2

4/2 ...

(g) 4/2

... 4/2

... ...

Colorado ......................... ........................................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

4/2

...

4/4/2 (h) 4/(i) 4/2 (b)

4/4/4/4/-

4/... 4/4/-

... 4/4/4/-

4/4/4/...

... 4/... ...

4/... 4/...

... ... 4/4/-

... ... ... 4/-

... 4/(j) 4/-

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

4/2 4/4/4/(l) 4/-

4/2 4/4/4/4/-

... 4/4/... ...

(g) 4/4/4/(l) 4/-

... 4/... 4/(l) 4/-

... (k) 4/(k) ...

... 4/... ... ...

... ... ... (c) ...

... ... ... ... ...

4/2 4/2 4/2

4/2 4/2 4/-

4/4/2 4/-

... 4/2 4/-

... 4/2 ...

... (g) (m)

... ... 4/-

... 4/2 4/-

... ... ...

... ... 4/-

4/2 (n) 4/2 (b) 4/-

... ...

... 4/-

... ...

... 4/-

... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

4/4/2 4/4/0 4/2 (h)

4/4/2 4/4/4/-

4/... 4/4/0 4/2 (g)

4/... 4/4/4/-

... (g) (g) (g) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... (o) ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska .........................

4/(p) 4/(p) 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b)

4/(p) 4/(p) . . . 4/(p) . . . 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) . . .

4/(p) ...

... ...

Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

4/2 4/2 2/(n) 4/2 (b) (n)

4/2 ... ...

... ... ...

New Mexico ....................

4/2 (b) 4/2 (b)

4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) 4/2 (b) (q)

...

New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. ........................................... Ohio .................................

4/4/4/-

... 4/4/-

4/4/4/-

... 4/4/2

(d) 4/4/-

4/... ...

... 4/4/-

... 4/4/- (r)

... 4/4/-

4/(i)

(q)

...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

4/2 4/(l) 4/2 4/2 4/2

4/U (e) 4/2 4/2 4/2

... 4/(l) ... 4/2 4/-

4/U ... 4/2 4/2 4/-

4/U 4/(l) 4/2 (s) 4/2 4/-

4/U ... 4/2 ... ...

... (q) ... ... 4/-

4/U ... ... ... 4/-

... ... ... ... 4/-

... ... ... ... ...

4/... ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. ........................................... Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................

4/2

4/-

(k)

...

4/2 4/-

(n) 4/-

... ...

... 4/-

(d) ...

... 4/-

... ...

Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

4/2/-

4/...

4/2/-

... (g)

... ...

State or other jurisdiction Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ ........................................... Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Governor

Lt. governor

Table 2.9 CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR LENGTH AND NUMBER OF TERMS OF ELECTED STATE OFFICIALS

4/4/2 4/4/0 4/-

4/2 ... ...

... ... ...

Other

Corporation Comm.–6/0; Mine inspector–4/(f) Land Cmsr.–4/2 Regents of Univ. of Colo.–6/-; Bd. of Education–6/-

Public Service Comm.–6/-

Bd. of Education–4/Railroad Comm.–4/Bd. of Education–4/-; Elections Cmsr.–4/-

Bd. of Education–8/-

Regents of Univ. of Neb.–6/2 (b); Bd. of Education–4/2 (b); Public Service Comm.–6/2 (b) Exec. Council–2/Cmsr. of Public Lands–4/2 (b); Bd. of Education–4/-; Corporation Comm.–6/-

Public Service Comm.–6/-; Tax Cmsr.–4/-

Adjutant General–4/Cmsr. of School & Public Lands–4/Bd. of Education–6/-; Cmsr. of General Land Off.–4/-; Railroad Comm.–6/-

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Governor

Lt. governor

Secretary of state

Attorney general

Treasurer

Auditor

Comptroller

Education

Agriculture

Labor

Insurance

LENGTH AND NUMBER OF TERMS — Continued

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

4/0 4/4/2 (t) 4/4/-

4/4/(n) 4/(e)

... 4/4/4/4/-

4/U 4/4/4/...

... 4/4/4/4/-

... 4/4/... 4/-

... (q) (k) ... (k)

... 4/... 4/4/-

... ... 4/... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Dist. of Columbia ........... ........................................... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

4/- (u) 4/2

...

4/2 (v) 4/2 (b) 4/3 4/4/2 (b)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (g)

... ... ... ... ...

(q) (w) (q) ... (g)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... (y) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... (x) (o) ... (c)

State or other jurisdiction

4/2 4/2 4/(e) 4/-

Note: First entry in a column refers to number of years per term. Entry following the slash refers to the maximum number of consecutive terms allowed. Blank cells indicate no specific administrative official performs function. Footnotes specify if a position’s functions are performed by an appointed official under a different title. This table reflects a literal reading of the state constitutions and statutes. Key: - — No provision specifying number of terms allowed. 0 — Provision specifying officeholder may not succeed self. U — Provision specifying individual may hold office for an unlimited number of terms. . . . — Position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by electorate). (a) Commissioner of agriculture and industries. (b) After two consecutive terms, must wait four years before being eligible again. (c) Lieutenant governor performs function. (d) Comptroller performs function. (e) Secretary of state is next in line of succession to the governorship. (f) No Mine Inspector shall serve more than four consecutive terms in that office. (g) Finance administrator performs function. (h) Absolute two-term limitation, but not necessarily consecutive. (i) Eligible for eight consecutive years. (j) State treasurer also serves as insurance commissioner.

The Book of the States 1996-97

Other Cmsr. of Public Lands–4/-

Chmn. of Council of Dist. of Col.–4/U

(k) State auditor performs function. (l) Eligible for eight out of 12 years. (m) Head of administration performs function. (n) President or speaker of the Senate is next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee, speaker of the Senate has the statutory title “lieutenant governor.” (o) Commerce administrator performs function. (p) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (q) State treasurer performs function. (r) Constitution provides for a secretary of agriculture and labor. However, the legislature was given constitutional authority to provide for (and has provided for) a department of labor distinct from agriculture, and a commissioner of labor distinct from the commissioner of agriculture. (s) Treasurer must wait four years before being eligible to the office of auditor general. (t) A person who has been elected or who has served as governor during all or any part of two consecutive terms shall be ineligible for the office of governor during any part of the term immediately following the second of the two consecutive terms. (u) Mayor. (v) Limit is statutory. (w) General services administrator performs function. (x) Taxation administrator performs function. (y) Natural resources administrator performs function.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Table 2.10 SELECTED STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION State or other jurisdiction

Governor

Lieutenant governor

Secretary of state

Attorney general

Treasurer

Adjutant general

Administration

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

CE CE CE CE CE

CE CE (a-2) CE CE

CE (a-1) CE CE CE

CE GB CE CE CE

CE (a-9) CE CE CE

GS GB GS GS GS

(a-16) GB GS (a-15) (b)

CE AG GS B GS

GS AG GS BG GS

CS GB G AG N.A.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

CE CE CE CE CE

CE CE GS CE CE

CE CE CE CE CE

CE CE CE CE B

CS GE GS G G

GS GE GS A GS

GS GE GS CE CE

CS GE G (a-9) GS

G CS GS G G

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

CE CE CE CE CE

(a-1) CE CE CE CE

GS CE CE CE CE

(a-6) CE CE CE CE

GS G CE G GD

(a-9) G GS G (a-16)

GOC G GS LG CE

AG G GS G GS

GS (a-15) G G GS

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

CE CE CE CE CE

CE CE CE (q) CE

CE CE CE CL GS

CE CE CE CL CE

CE CE CE CL CL

GS G GS G G

GS AG GS GLS (a-16)

GS CE CE GLS GS

GS AG GS GLS AG

G G CS A GS

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minneosta* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

CE CE CE CE CE

CE GS CE CE CE

GLS GS G GS G

GLS (a-6) GS (a-15) GS

B B GS SE GS

B GS A GS AGS

B GS (a-15) A A

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

CE CE CE CE CE

CE CE CE (q) (q)

CE CE CE CL GS

CE CE CE GC GS

G CE CE CL GS

G GS G GC GS

G GS G GC (a-16)

G GS BA GC BG

A GS A GC GS

G A (a-5) GC GS

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

CE CE CE CE SE

CE GS SE CE SE

CE CE SE CE SE

CE AG SE CE SE

N.A. G G G G

(a-16) (a-16) G G G

N.A. GS SE CE G

G GS G G AG

G G G (gg) G

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

CE CE CE CE CE

CE (a-2) CE CE CE

GS CE GS CE CE

CE SE CE CE CE

CE CE CE CE CE

GS G GS G CE

G GS G G B

BG GS GS AGS CE

B A GS AGS (a-4)

(a-15) A G AGS AB

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

CE CE CE SE CE

CE (vv) CE SE CE

CE CL GS (a-1) CE

CE CT CE SE SE

CE CL GS SE CE

G G GS G CL

G (a-16) (a-16) G GS

G G CE G GS

A G B G GS

(a-15) A GOC G (a-15)

Virginia ........................... Washington* ................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

CE CE CE CE SE

CE CE (q) CE (a-2)

GB CE CE CE SE

CE CE CE CE G

GB CE CE CE SE

GB GS G G G

GB GS G GS G

GB GS SE GS G

B GS G GS B

GB (a-15) A A A

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(a-1)

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies, January 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: The chief administrative officials responsible for each function were determined from information given by the states for the same function as listed in State Administrative Officials Classified by Function, 1995, published by The Council of State Governments. Key: N.A. — Not available. . . . — No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function. CE — Constitutional, elected by public. CL — Constitutional, elected by legislature. SE — Statutory, elected by public SL — Statutory, elected by legislature. L — Selected by legislature or one of its organs CT — Constitutional, elected by state court of last resort. Appointed by: G — Governor GS — Governor GB — Governor GE — Governor GC — Governor

Approved by: Senate Both houses Either house Council

Appointed by: GD — Governor GLS — Governor GOC — Governor & Council GOC — or cabinet LG — Lieutenant Governor LGS — Lieutenant Governor AT — Attorney General SS — Secretary of State A — Agency head AB — Agency head AG — Agency head AGC — Agency head ALS — Agency head ASH — Agency head B — Board or commission BG — Board BGS — Board BS — Board or commission BA — Board or commission CS — Civil Service LS — Legislative Committee

Agriculture Banking

Budget

Approved by: Departmental board Appropriate legislative committee & Senate

Senate

Board Governor Governor & Council Appropriate legislative committee Senate president & House speaker Governor Governor & Senate Senate Agency head Senate

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Civil rights

Commerce

Community Consumer Economic affairs Comptroller affairs Corrections development

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... GB AT ... GS

G ... GS (a-11) GS

G GB (a-7) (a-27) G

CS AG A (a-15) CE

AT AG AT (a-3) GS

G GB GS B GS

(a-8) AG (a-7) G (a-7)

B GB CE BG CE

CS LG (a-2) (a-2) CS

G AG AG G N.A.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

CS B G AB G

... ... (a-2) GB B

CS A ... GB B

CS CE AG CE B

CS CS ... A G

GS GE GS GB B

G GE GS A (a-7)

B B B CE CE

CS CS GS SS A

CS A AG A G

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

B G GS G GD

GS G GS (a-1) GS

AG A (a-7) LG A

GS CE CE CE GS

A (a-3) (a-3) AT A

GS N.A. GS G GS

GS N.A. (a-7) LG GS

B CE B CE GS

B N.A. B (l) (a-2)

A CS GS G G

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

B B N.A. G N.A.

GS (a-11) (a-11) (a-11) AG

A G CS ... N.A.

A (a-15) (a-5) AG CE

AT (a-3) GS GLS A

GS AG GS GLS AGS

(o) B GS GLS GS

B B GS GLS B

SS G CE ... G

CS AG GS G AG

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

B B GS ... B

(a-11) GS GS (a-11) (a-11)

GLS N.A. A A A

GLS CS (a-15) (a-15) A

GLS CS AT (a-2) (a-3)

B GS GS GS GS

GLS GS A GS GS

B B GS BS B

GE (a-2) (w) A SS

B CS A GS A

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

B B G CS AT

G (a-11) G GC GS

CS A ... G GS

G A CE AGC (a-6)

N.A. A A (a-3) AT

CS GS G GC GS

CS GS GD AGC A

CE B B B GS

SS (a-2) SS (a-2) (ss)

CS A A G AT

New Mexico .................... A New York ......................... G North Carolina ............... AG North Dakota .................. (a-18) Ohio ................................. BG

(a-11) G G (a-11) G

G (a-2) AG A AG

(a-4) CE GC (hh) (a-4)

G G (a-3) CS BG

G GS G CS G

G GS AG G G

BG B SE CE B

A G G CS A

G AG AG A AG

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

B A BG B BG

G ... GS (a-11) GS

(a-7) G GS G N.A.

A (a-4) G AGS CE

B ... AT ... B

B GS GS G GS

(a-7) GS (a-7) G (a-7)

CE SE GS B CE

L A N.A. G B

G AG G G A

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

CS B B AG (aaa)

G (a-11) G G G

(a-11) (a-11) GS (xx) G

(a-23) CL CE N.A. (a-15)

AT A (a-3) AG A

G G B G GS

G G (a-7) AG GS

G G GS B BGS

SS SS A ... CE

A A A AG A

Virginia ........................... Washington* ................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

GB GS G A A

GB GS G GS G

GB N.A. N.A. A A

GB (a-4) CE CS SE

N.A. A AT (ggg) A

GB GS N.A. GS G

(bbb) (a-7) (a-8) A A

GB CE (ddd) CE SE

GB A (a-2) B SS

GB A G GS A

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(a-15)

N.A.

(a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant Governor (a-2) Secretary of state (a-3) Attorney general (a-4) Treasurer (a-5) Administration (a-6) Budget (a-7) Commerce (a-8) Community affairs (a-9) Comptroller (a-10) Consumer affairs (a-11) Economic development (a-12) Education (chief state school officer) (a-13) Energy (a-14) Environmental protection (a-15) Finance (a-16) General services (a-17) Highways (a-18) Labor (a-19) Natural resources (a-20) Parks and recreation (a-21) Personnel

The Book of the States 1996-97

Election Emergency Education administration management

(a-22) Post-audit (a-23) Pre-audit (a-24) Public utility regulation (a-25) Purchasing (a-26) Revenue (a-27) Social services (a-28) Tourism (a-29) Transportation (a-30) Welfare (b) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of General Services (GS); and Chief Deputy Director, same department (A). (c) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Financial and Performance Audits, Department of Finance (CS); and Auditor General (GLS). (d) Method not specified. (e) Responsibilities shared between Director, Fisheries Division (CS); and Director, Wildlife Division (CS). (f) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Retardation (GE); and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health (GE). (g) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Alcoholism, Drug Abuse and Mental Health (AG); and Director, Division of Mental Retardation (GS). (h) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Services for

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Employment services

Energy

Environment protection

Finance

Fish & wildlife

General services

Health

Higher education

Highways

Historic preservation

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

CS AG A G GS

A AG A AG N.A.

B GB GS BG GS

G AG A G N.A.

CS GB B B GS

CS AG A G GS

B AG GS BG GS

BS AG B B B

G (a-29) (a-29) B CS

B AG A A G

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

GS A (a-21) A A

G A A A G

CS GE GS GB BG

CS GE GS A (A-4)

CS (e) AG B A

(a-5) CS (a-5) GB A

GS GE AG A A

G B B AGC B

(a-29) A AG GB (a-29)

(d) BG AG SS A

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

CS N.A. GS G GS

CS CS (a-19) LG A

AG G GS G A

(a-6) G (k) (a-6) GS

CS N.A. (a-19) A A

(a-25) (a-5) (a-5) (a-5) GS

GS G GS G GS

B N.A. B G (n)

CS (a-29) A (a-29) A

(a-19) B GS G A

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

GS AG GS A N.A.

A AG GS ... A

A AG GS GLS N.A.

(p) G (a-5) (a-5) N.A.

CS B GS A A

(a-5) (a-5) (a-5) A GS

G AG GS GLS GS

B B GS GS G

(a-29) AG (a-29) (a-29) AG

CS B GS BG A

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

... GS A BS A

B ... A A A

B GS A GS A

(a-5) (a-6) GS GS ...

B (v) A BS (z)

(a-5) CS (a-5) A A

B GS GS BS GS

GLS CS B BS B

B (a-29) A (a-29) B

B CS N.A. BS A

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

CS A A GC CS

CS A CS G A

G GS A GC GS

G (aa) (a-9) (a-5) (a-6)

CS (bb) GB BGC BG

CS A (a-5) (a-5) G

G GS AG AGC GS

B B B B B

G GS (a-29) (a-29) (a-29)

CS B G GC (a-19)

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

(a-18) (a-18) G G G

G N.A. AG A AG

G GS AG CS G

G (a-9) (a-6) (ii) (a-6)

G (a-14) BG G AG

G GS (a-5) (a-6) AG

G GS AG G G

G (a-12) B B BG

G (a-29) AG (a-29) (a-29)

G (a-20) AG CS (kk)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

(mm) GS G G B

G GS N.A. (a-24) A

B B G G A

G (a-6) (a-6) (a-6) B

B B (rr) AGS B

(a-5) (a-5) GS (a-5) AB

B AG GS G BGS

B B G B B

(nn) (a-29) G (a-29) (a-29)

B B N.A. N.A. A

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

CS G G CS,B GS

G A (a-16) CS GS

G A A G GS

G G (a-9) AB GS

A B G AG GS

(a-5) G B (a-5) GS

G G G G GS

B B G B G

A (a-29) (a-29) (a-29) (a-29)

A AG B AG CS

Virginia ........................... Washington* ................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

GB A G A A

GB GS N.A. A A

GB GS G A GS

GB GS G A SE

B GS N.A. (hhh) BG

GB (a-5) G (a-5) (a-5)

GB GS (eee) A GS

B B (fff) B B

GB (a-29) (a-29) A BG

GB GS G CS A

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(A-18)

N.A.

Children, Youth and Their Families (GS); and Secretary, Department of Health and Social Services (GS). (i) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Licensing, Department of State (SS); and Secretary, Department of Professional Regulation (N.A.). (j) Responsibilities shared between Deputy Director, Behavioral Health Services Administration, Department of Health (AG); and Mental Retardation Administrator, same department (CS). (k) Responsibilities shared between Director, Bureau of the Budget, Office of the Governor (GS); and Director, Department of Revenue (GS). (l) Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors in Election Commission (G). (m) Responsibilities shared between Executive Director, Health Professions Bureau; and Executive Director, Professional Licensing Agency (G). (n) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Education (GS); and Executive, Board of Regents (B). (o) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Commerce and Housing (GS); Director, Division of Existing Industry, same department (A); Director, Business Development Division, same department (A); and President, Kansas Inc. (B). (p) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of the Budget (G); and Secretary, Department of Administration (GS). (q) In Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Tennessee and West Virginia, the Presidents (or Speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the

Governorship. In Tennessee, the Speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of Lieutenant Governor. (r) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Environmental Protection Department (GLS); and Commissioner, Department of Conservation (GLS). (s) Responsibilities shared between Director, Mental Hygiene Administration (A); and Director, Developmental Disabilities Administration, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (GS). (t) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Retardation (BA); and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health, Executive Office of Human Services (BA). (u) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Forests and Parks, Department of Environmental Management (BA); and Director, Recreational Facilities, Metropolitan District Commission (BA). (v) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Wildlife Division, Department of Natural Resources (CS); and Chief, Fisheries Division, same department (CS). (w) Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (CE); and Director, Election Division, Office of the Secretary of State (SS). (x) Responsibilities shared between State Auditor (CE); and Legislative Auditor (L). (y) Responsibilities shared between Bureau Director, Mental Retardation Division, Department of Mental health (A); and Executive Director, Department of Mental Health (B).

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Information systems Insurance

Labor

Licensing

Mental health & retardation

Natural resources

Parks & recreation

Personnel

Planning

Post audit

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

CS AG A G G

G AG GS BG SE

G GB B G N.A.

... AG ... ... (a-10)

G AG A BA GS

G GB CS G GS

CS AG B G GS

B AG A AG GS

A ... (a-6) ... G

LS L L L (c)

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

CS A GS A A

CS GE CE (a-4) CE

GS GE GS BGC SE

GS ... AG (i) A

CS (f) (g) A A

GS CS (a-14) (a-14) BG

CS CS AG A A

CS A GS A GS

(a-6) (a-13) G G G

N.A. ... N.A. GOC SL

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

CS (a-5) (a-5) G A

A G GS G GS

GS G GS G GS

(a-7) N.A. GS (m) GS

(j) CS GS G A

GS ... GS G GS

CS N.A. (a-19) G A

GS B A G GS

GOC (a-7) N.A. G (a-11)

CL L N.A. G CE

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

A G CS ... A

SE AG CE N.A. N.A.

A G GS GLS AG

N.A. AG N.A. N.A. GS

A AG GS GLS (s)

(a-20) AG GS (r) GS

GS AG GS A N.A.

A G CS A GS

... (a-6) GS G GS

L AG L CL ASH

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

GLS CS A BS A

B GS (a-7) SE GS

B GS GS ... GS

BA CS A A A

(t) GS A (y) A

BA B GS BS GS

(u) CS A A A

GLS B GS BS G

(a-11) ... GS N.A. A

CE CL (x) CE CE

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

CS A G ... G

A GS A GC GS

G GS A GC GS

CS A ... (a-2) AT

CS CC GD AGC AG

G GS G GC G

CS B A AGC G

CS A G AGC GS

(a-6) GS (a-5) G G

L CE L L G

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

G (a-16) AG A AG

G GS SE CE G

G GS SE SE ...

G (ee) ... (a-2) ...

(dd) (ff) AG CS (ll)

G (a-14) G CS G

G GS AG G AG

BG GS G A AG

... G AG A (a-6)

CE (a-9) SE (jj) SE

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

(oo) A G A AB

CE GS GS A GS

CE SE GS G GS

... ... GS A (a-18)

(pp) AG (ss) G B

(a-28) ... GS (a-14) B

(a-28) B A A GS

GS A G A AB

... B G A AB

CE A CE (tt) B

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

(a-5) A B AG A

(a-7) G G AG GS

G G A G GS

A (ww) G AG A

(uu) G B GC GS

G G B G GS

A A G AG GS

G G L G GS

(a-15) G (a-6) (a-6) GOC

L (a-9) L (yy) CE

Virginia ........................... Washington* ................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

GB GS G A A

SL GS G GS G

GB GS G GS A

GB GS ... GS A

GB A G CS GS

GB CE G GS GS

GB B N.A. CS A

GB G G GS A

(a-6) (a-15) G (a-6) G

SL CE N.A. L SE

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(a-6)

(a-1)

N.A.

(a-19)

(z) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Division of Fisheries, Department of conservation (A); Chief, Division of Wildlife, same department (A). (aa) Responsibilities shared between State Tax Commissioner, Department of revenue (GS); Administrator, Budget Division, Department of Administrative Services (A); and Auditor of Public Accounts (CE). (bb) Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Wildlife Division, Game & Parks Commission (A); and Assistant Director, same commission (A). (cc) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Community Mental Health, Department of Public Institutions (A); and Director, same department (GS). (dd) Responsibilities shared between Director, Developmental Disabilities Division, Department of Health (A); and Director, Division of Mental Health, same department (G). (ee) Responsibilities shared between Director, Professional Licensing, State Boards for Professions, Department of State Education; and Secretary of State (GS). (ff) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Office of Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities (GS); and Commissioner, Office of Mental Health (GS). (gg) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Management and Budget (G); and Assistant Executive Budget Analyst, same department (CS). (hh) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Management and

The Book of the States 1996-97

Budget (G); and Director of Fiscal Management, same department (A). (ii) Responsibilities shared between Director of Fiscal Management, Office of Management and Budget (A); and Director, same department (G). (jj) Responsibilities shared between Legislative Budget Analyst/Auditor, Legislative Council (A); and State Auditor (CE). (kk) Nomination to Governor by Division of Historic Preservation, traditionally Governor favorably approves. (ll) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Mental Health; and Director, Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (G). (mm) Responsibilities shared between Secretary of Human Resources, Office of Personnel Management (G); and Executive Director, Employment Security Commission (B). (nn) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Transportation (B); and Secretary of Transportation, Oklahoma Turnpike Authority (G). (oo) Responsibilities shared between Director, Data Processing & Planning Division, Department of Transportation (A); and Manager, Information Services Division, Office of State Finance (A). (pp) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (B); and Division Administrator, Developmental Disabilities Services, Department of Human Services (A). (qq) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Transpor-

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

State or other jurisdiction

Public Public Solid library utility Social waste Pre-audit development regulation Purchasing Revenue services management

State police

Tourism Transportation Welfare

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

(a-9) (a-15) (a-9) AG (a-9)

B AG A G N.A.

SE AG B BG GS

CS (a-16) A AG G

G GB GS AG B

B GB GS G N.A.

CS CS A AG N.A.

CS AG GS G GS

G AG GS AG N.A.

CS GB GS (a-17) GS

B AG A (a-27) (a-27)

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

N.A. (a-9) CE (a-26) SL

CS B N.A. SS B

G GE AG L SE

CS (a-16) AG A A

GS GE AG GOC GS

GS ... (h) A A

CS CS B A A

CS GE AG A BG

(d) CS A A A

GS GE GS A B

G GE AG A A

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

CS CE (a-9) CE (a-26)

GS CS SS G B

GOC GS G G GS

CS A A G CS

GS GS GS G GS

GS A GS G A

CS CS A A CS

... A GS G GD

(a-11) A (a-7) LG A

GS B GS G GS

CS N.A. GS A A

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

(a-9) G (a-5) A CS

GS G GS (d) A

GS G B GLS GS

A (a-5) CS A A

GS G GS A CE

GS AG GS GLS A

A CS CS ... A

GS G GS GLS GS

A G GS A A

GS G GS GLS GS

A AG GS A (a-27)

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

(a-9) CL A ... A

B CL A BS B

A GS A SE GS

A CS A A A

B CS GS GS GS

GLS GS A GS GS

A CS A A A

GLS GS A GS GS

B CS N.A. A B

GLS GS GS BS (a-17)

B GS A N.A. A

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... A (a-5) (a-9) (a-22)

B B G AGC B

SE B G GC G

CS A CS CS G

G GS G GC G

G GS G GC GS

CS A (a-14) CS A

AT GS CS AGC G

CS A GB CS G

CS GS BG GC GS

G (a-27) AG AGC A

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

G (a-9) (a-22) A (a-22)

... (a-12) AG CS B

G GS AG CE G

G (a-16) AG CS AG

G GS G CE G

G GS AG G G

CS (a-14) AG CS AG

G G N.A. G AG

G G AG G AG

(a-17) GS G G G

CS (a-27) N.A. G G

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

(a-15) ... (a-4) ... (a-9)

B B ... G B

CE GS G G B

A A A A A

G GS GS A GS

B GS G G GS

A A A A A

GS GS GS G A

G A (a-7) A GS

(qq) BS GS G B

B AG GS A (a-27)

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

CE A (a-9) N.A. (a-15)

A SS B AG G

B CE B AG G

A A A AG CS

G G (a-9) G GS

G A G (zz) GS

CS A A AS CS

A G B AG A

G G A AS GS

G G G G GS

(a-27) G G A GS

Virginia ........................... Washington* ................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

(a-9) (a-4) G CS SE

GB (ccc) G CS A

SL B G GS GS

CS A G CS A

GB GS G GS GS

(a-14) A B CS A

GB GS G GS B

CS GS G A A

GB B G GS GS

(a-27) (a-27) G A GS

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

N.A.

tation (B); and Director, Department of Transportation (B). (rr) Responsibilities shared between Executive Director, Fish Commission (BG); and Executive Director, Game Commission (BG). (ss) Responsibilities shared between Deputy Secretary, Mental Health, Department of Public Welfare (G); and Deputy Secretary, Mental Retardation, same department (G). (tt) Responsibilities shared between Chief General Audit Section, Office of Accounts and Control, Department of Administration, (A); and Auditor General (L). (uu) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Mental Health, Department of Human Services (A); and Secretary same department (G). (vv) Elected to the Senate by the public and elected Lieutenant Governor by the Senate. (ww) Responsibilities shared between Director, Regulatory Boards, Department of Commerce & Insurance, (A); and Director, Health Related Boards (A). (xx) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Business and Economic Development; and Lieutenant Governor (SE). (yy) Responsibilities shared between State Auditor (AG); and Audit Manager, Office of the Legislative Auditor General (N.A.). (zz) Department of Human Services. (aaa) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Public Protection Division,

Office of the Attorney General (A); and Executive Director, Human Rights Commission (AB). (bbb) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Commerce and Trade (GB); and Director, Department of Economic Development (GB). (ccc) Responsibilities shared between State Librarian, Library Planning and Development Division, State Library (A); and State Librarian, State Library (B). (ddd) Responsibilities shared between secretary, Department of Education and the Arts (G); and Superintendent, Department of Education (B). (eee) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Health & Human Resources (GS); and Commissioner, Bureau of Public Health (GS). (fff) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Education and the Arts (GS); Chancellor, State College System, Department of Education (B); and Chancellor, Board of Trustees for Higher Education, Department of Education and the Arts (B). (ggg) Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Trade and Consumer Protection Division, Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (A); and Director, Office of Consumer Protection, Department of Justice (CS). (hhh) Responsibilities shared between Director, Bureau of Fish Management, Division of Rsource Management (CS); and Director, Bureau of Wildlife Management, same division (CS).

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Table 2.11 SELECTED STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES State or other jurisdiction

Governor

Alabama* ........................ $ 81,151 Alaska .............................. 81,648 Arizona ............................ 75,000 Arkansas ......................... 60,000 California ........................ 120,000

Lieutenant Secretary governor of state (b) $ 76,188 (a-2) 29,000 90,000

Attorney general Treasurer

$ 57,204 $ 90,475 $ 57,204 $ 61,073 (a-1) 83,832 (a-9) 83,832 54,600 76,440 54,600 73,706 37,500 50,000 37,500 70,559 90,000 102,000 90,000 N.A.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

70,000 78,000 95,000 101,764 103,074

48,500 55,000 40,700 97,479 64,113

48,500 49,999 85,600 100,735 78,843

60,000 60,000 94,300 100,735 94,500

48,500 50,000 75,900 100,735 89,424

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

94,780 85,000 119,439 77,199 (t) 98,200

90,041 22,500 84,310 64,000 68,740

(a-1). 67,500 105,387 45,999 78,050

85,302 75,000 105,387 59,202 93,520

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

80,340 88,645 73,440 69,992 120,000

81,600 75,361 63,372 (z) 100,000

62,412 75,361 60,169 57,408 70,000

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

75,000 121,166 114,506 83,160 98,345

60,000 86,844 62,980 40,800 59,431

85,000 112,000 62,980 59,400 78,888

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

59,310 65,000 90,000 86,235 85,000

43,242 47,000 20,000 (z) (z)

40,101 54,329 52,000 64,500 62,500 85,000 53,375 (c) 76,983 100,225 100,225

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

90,000 130,000 98,576 69,648 115,762

65,000 110,000 87,000 57,240 59,861

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

70,000 80,000 105,000 69,900 106,078

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

82,700 85,000 99,122 82,000 80,724

88,517 67,639 (c) 70,300 92,232 105,056

84,792 78,732 (c) 79,800 N.A. 80,268

(a-6). 67,500 91,336 45,994 78,050

117,667 83,200 51,991 64,138 73,079

(a-9). 63,003 87,822 74,900 75,643

71,772 75,361 66,566 66,123 100,000

62,412 75,361 60,169 66,144 100,000

68,808 74,235 101,213 46,946 88,785

62,500 112,000 89,454 68,400 85,374

60,000 97,000 62,980 59,400 78,888

87,954 90,000 94,440 50,400 65,796

The Book of the States 1996-97

Agriculture

Banking

Budget

$ 56,806 $119,588 (c) $ 72,514 (c) 67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) 77,964 86,401 73,706 102,000 63,492 84,054 71,241 109,603 102,799 N.A. 78,420 67,639 (c) 79,100 (a-9). 80,285

88,512 83,098 (c) 91,700 94,801 (l) 96,000

85,302 65,000 84,310 54,756 78,050

74,652 68,994 80,038 68,843 61,000

85,302 (a-15). 88,500 75,000 84,796

81,600 62,962 69,156 70,658 97,613

76,584 75,361 60,169 70,658 100,542

61,380 74,235 75,920 73,258 76,119

73,156 (a-6). 67,500 N.A. 85,374

53,570 93,000 67,500 59,400 75,645

69,015 79,000 67,500 59,200 64,618

56,332 56,332 49,500 54,701 62,500 72,263 53,375 (c) 57,490 (c) 100,225 100,225

56,332 63,716 85,030 76,983 (a-16).

88,512 67,639 (c) 73,500 100,735 82,789

56,332 45,487 69,965 78,032 63,024 63,712 45,167 (c) 57,490 (c) 100,225 100,225

78,480 82,000 57,000 (c) 68,557 113,857 77,547 97,000 (a-15). 54,036 71,628 56,334 73,053 (a-5). 53,375 (c) 95,000

72,500 110,000 87,000 59,568 85,516

65,000 103,564 87,000 52,788 85,516

N.A. 90,832 73,200 93,444 84,344

71,725 (a-16) 85,000 72,204 89,003

N.A. 90,832 87,000 52,788 84,364

54,789 90,832 77,365 55,668 70,158

62,500 (a-2) 83,000 52,000 46,545

42,500 61,500 72,000 52,000 92,007

75,000 66,000 84,000 55,000 92,007

70,000 61,500 84,000 52,000 92,007

92,232 76,332 72,000 63,684 92,007

69,320 92,760 80,000 83,763 111,296 (c)

68,000 76,332 72,000 51,139 92,007

77,119 69,180 72,000 58,294 (a-4).

(a-15). (a-15). 87,500 82,557 72,154 (c)

10,899 (ww) (z) 7,200 63,000 33,654

55,900 83,964 76,967 (a-1). 50,793

69,875 99,240 79,247 69,000 61,027

55,900 83,964 79,247 63,700 50,793

69,693 71,388 63,431 64,200 58,572

68,685 (a-15) (a-16) 70,100 65,499

68,685 78,900 79,247 69,450 56,513

72,718 78,900 97,072 70,970 58,364

(a-15). 73,596 56,000 (c) 70,870 (a-15)

76,346 64,300 43,200 49,719 77,000

97,500 92,000 50,400 97,756 75,000

93,573 84,100 50,400 49,719 77,000

71,666 92,232 50,000 76,615 71,514

82,417 93,659 70,000 101,859 66,201

73,185 93,658 46,800 91,893 65,662

103,136 93,659 55,000 69,691 55,272

94,778 (a-15). 48,444 80,795 64,399

(a-1).

65,000

60,000

65,000

(a-1).

65,000

75,000

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies, January 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: The chief administrative officials responsible for each function were determined from information given by the states for the same function as listed in State Administrative Officials Classified by Function, 1995, published by The Council of State Governments. Key: N.A. — Not available. . . . — No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function. (a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant governor. (a-2) Secretary of state. (a-3) Attorney general. (a-4) Treasurer. (a-5) Administration. (a-6) Budget. (a-7) Commerce. (a-8) Community affairs. (a-9) Comptroller. (a-10) Consumer affairs. (a-11) Economic development.

(a-16). $83,832 97,920 94,317 (e)

65,000 90,832 87,000 52,787 85,516

110,000 32,000 121,000 (aaa) 62,700 72,000 (z) 101,861 54,795 95,000 (a-2). 80,000

Adjutant general Administration

65,749 105,805 104,780 (oo) 100,568

(a-12) Education (chief state school officer). (a-13) Energy. (a-14) Environmental protection. (a-15) Finance. (a-16) General services. (a-17) Highways. (a-18) Labor. (a-19) Natural resources. (a-20) Parks and recreation. (a-21) Personnel. (a-22) Post audit. (a-23) Pre-audit. (a-24) Public utility regulation. (a-25) Purchasing. (a-26) Revenue. (a-27) Social services. (a-28) Tourism. (a-29) Transportation. (a-30) Welfare. (b) $12/day seven days per week, $50/session day, $3,780/month for office expense and mileage.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Civil rights

Commerce

Alabama* ...................... . . .. Alaska ............................ $ 83,796 Arizona .......................... 95,605 Arkansas ....................... . . .. California ...................... 90,704

Community Consumer Economic Election Emergency affairs Comptroller affairs Corrections development Education administration management

$ 91,340 $ 61,073 $ 62,400 (c) $ 51,220 $ 78,000 N.A.. 83,832 72,468 (c) 83,928 83,832 89,048 (a-7). 77,000 87,200 112,746 (a-11). (a-27). (a-15). (a-3). 90,198 109,603 88,860 90,000 102,799 109,603

(a-8). $130,000 $ 67,800 (c) 83,832 (a-7). 54,600 84,395 91,970 (a-7). 102,000

$ 29,068 (c) 80,772 (a-2). (a-2). (f)

$ 61,073 67,800 (c) 56,274 54,286 N.A..

Colorado ....................... Connecticut* ................. Delaware ....................... Florida ........................... Georgia ..........................

78,348 67,639 51,600 74,402 67,668

. . .. . . .. (a-2). 95,337 93,042

78,348 67,639 . . .. 95,337 93,042

78,420 50,000 73,900 100,735 (a-4).

69,984 67,639 . . .. 70,699 74,784

88,517 78,732 (c) 85,600 70,699 80,280

88,500 72,681 (c) 85,600 72,163 (a-7).

102,240 78,732 (c) 108,200 100,735 84,669

30,348 54,054 47,700 69,162 74,094

78,348 60,805 (c) 54,200 77,983 82,254

Hawaii ........................... Idaho .............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana .......................... Iowa ...............................

74,712 50,565 73,069 55,702 56,925

85,302 (r) 84,310 (a-1). 82,997

74,880 41,766 (a-7). 46,752 72,467

85,302 67,500 91,336 (a-23). (a-6).

64,260 (a-3). (a-3). 64,298 74,651

85,302 N.A.. 98,474 76,009 75,544

85,302 N.A.. (a-7). 64,274 93,734

90,041 67,500 124,550 63,099 82,347

N.A.. N.A.. 82,632 (u) (a-2).

76,404 52,499 56,564 51,618 50,572

Kansas ........................... Kentucky ....................... Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. Maryland ......................

98,436 68,815 N.A.. 52,666 N.A..

90,672 (a-11). (a-11). (a-11). 120,790

54,864 61,008 N.A.. (a-15). 35,496 (c) (a-5). N.A.. 59,550 N.A.. 100,000

37,104 (a-3). 75,000 60,465 78,403

80,736 65,751 60,315 77,896 86,199

(x) 124,589 60,000 77,896 120,790

102,125 137,812 95,000 70,658 111,842

62,412 65,243 60,168 N.A. 76,119

46,224 N.A.. 51,876 55,224 67,217

Massachusetts* ............ Michigan ....................... Minnesota ..................... Mississippi .................... Missouri ........................

50,117 87,600 60,000 ... 56,004

(a-11). 93,300 67,500 N.A.. (a-11).

69,015 N.A. 67,500 76,222 64,608

77,546 57,796 (c) (a-15). N.A.. 64,644

64,482 71,576 (c) 78,500 . . .. (a-3)

58,912 97,000 67,500 68,312 75,645

70,666 75,000 53,620 80,939 75,645

77,547 97,000 78,500 104,287 87,048

69,015 (a-2) (ff) 59,107 35,004

63,273 57,796 (c) 60,030 43,600 58,248

Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada ........................... New Hampshire ............ New Jersey ....................

47,852 56,332 49,992 (a-11) 55,976 85,030 41,340 (c) 76,983 85,000 100,225

46,556 46,850 . . .. 62,232 100,225

56,332 75,334 62,500 47,230 (c) (a-6).

N.A.. 48,877 50,858 (a-3). 92,000

55,311 85,157 75,104 45,176 (c) 77,380

47,208 91,800 85,030 76,983 100,225

37,107 (a-2) 38,220 (a-2) 65,720

40,971 43,680 52,006 61,107 89,962

New Mexico .................. New York ....................... North Carolina ............. North Dakota ................ Ohio ...............................

44,513 (c) 82,614 48,173 (a-18). 77,792

(a-11). 90,832 85,000 (a-11). 84,364

53,793 (a-2) 59,622 N.A.. 79,955

(a-4). 110,000 108,271 (pp) (a-4).

71,725 (a-7). 70,331 84,048 95,617

88,531 136,500 87,000 53,848 126,006

42,251 82,614 45,114 24,000 66,913

71,725 79,329 (c) 70,399 43,572 54,246

Oklahoma ..................... Oregon ........................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island* .............. South Carolina .............

49,000 100,460 62,784 . . .. 76,440 76,000 41,073 (a-11). 65,755 (c) 100,661

(a-7). 78,600 72,000 69,079 N.A.

66,282 (a-4). 78,950 63,684 92,007

48,720 72,980 (a-7). . . .. 84,096 84,096 71,335 80,000 76,000 . . .. 83,763 78,626 74,378 (c) 104,328 (c) (a-7).

75,000 61,500 80,000 105,000 92,007

66,761 69,180 N.A.. 38,057 54,820 (c)

41,353 62,784 76,440 49,439 40,823 (c)

South Dakota ................ Tennessee ....................... Texas .............................. Utah ............................... Vermont .........................

N.A. 63,204 54,768 43,430 (zz)

68,685 (a-11). 79,536 72,200 (a-11).

(a-11). (a-11). 90,177 63,000 (a-11).

(a-23). 83,964 79,246 N.A. (a-15).

46,000 36,996 (a-3). 53,700 53,518

68,685 78,900 110,000 76,090 62,712

68,685 83,964 (a-7). 68,700 54,995

65,000 80,076 137,917 93,300 61,859

40,352 45,000 71,766 . . .. 50,793

53,393 61,104 55,704 61,400 47,528

Virginia ......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................ Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming .......................

62,318 70,248 40,000 65,494 38,513

104,097 93,660 87,500 83,326 66,201

104,097 (a-7). N.A. 58,000 52,692

94,241 (a-4). 46,800 79,158 77,000

. . .. 98,400 45,000 82,242 40,500

100,369 93,660 55,000 89,893 65,662

116,113 (a-7). (a-8). 67,196 52,692

116,113 86,599 (bbb) 80,984 77,000

62,318 60,036 (a-2). 60,739 21,000

70,984 N.A. 40,000 55,359 45,922

U.S. Virgin Islands .......

37,000

65,000

65,500

(a-15).

65,000

60,000

N.A..

65,000

54,999

52,000

(c) Minimum figure in range: top of range follows: Alabama: Banking, $155,520; Budget, $110,318; Comptroller, $95,134; Elections administration, $44,070; Employment services, $70,720; Environmental protection, $106,000; Fish & Wildlife, $70,720; General services, $65,598; Information services, $95,134; Mental health & retardation, $110,318; Parks & recreation, $70,720; Purchasing, $76,154; Solid waste management, $70,720; State police, $56,550; Transportation, $51,220. Alaska: Agriculture, $93,558; Banking, $93,588; Comptroller, $100,524; Economic development, $93,588; Emergency management, $93,588; Employment services, $93,588; Energy, $93,588; Finance, $93,588; General services, $93,588; Health, $93,588; Information systems, $93,588; Insurance, $93,588; Licensing, $93,588; Mental health & retardation, $93,588; Parks & recreation, $93,588; Personnel, $93,588; Pre-audit, $93,588; Public library development, $93,588; Purchasing, $93,588; State police, $93,588; Tourism, $93,588; Welfare, $93,588. Connecticut: Adjutant general, $81,686; Administration, $95,155; Agriculture, $81,686; Banking, $81,686; Budget, $106,745; Civil rights, $81,686; Community affairs, $81,686; Consumer affairs, $81,686; Corrections, $95,100; Economic development, $88,034; Education, $95,155; Elections administration, $69,337; Emergency management, $77,995; Employment services, $81,686; Energy, $81,686; Environmental protection, $88,024; Finance, $95,155; General services, $91,248; Health, $95,155; Highways, $88,024;

56,332 69,992 85,030 53,375 (c) 100,225

66,468 71,725 76,421 102,335 (a-3) 85,000 29,844 (c) 51,684 90,292 94,889

Historic preservation, $56,982; Information systems, $94,901; Insurance, $81,686; Labor, $88,024; Natural resources, $81,118; Parks & recreation, $87,735; Personnel, $88,024; Public library development, $72,100; Public utility regulation, $102,645; Revenue, $88,024; Solid waste management, $59,083; State police, $95,155; Tourism, $72,110; Transportation, $95,155; Welfare, $95,155. Hawaii: Employment services, $81,096; Energy, $88,620; Fish & wildlife $77,244; Highways, $81,096; Information systems, $86,040; Mental health & retardation, $81,096; Parks & recreation, $81,096; Pre-audit, $81,096; Purchasing, $70,056; Solid waste management, $70,056; Welfare, $81,096. Kentucky: Solid waste management, $47,808. Louisiana: Budget, $88,920; Community affairs, $55,380; Information systems, $83,124; Personnel, $88,920; Planning, $51,768; Purchasing, $67,848; Solid waste management, $67,848. Michigan: Comptroller, $90,352; Consumer affairs, $96,549; Emergency management, $84,042; General services, $90,352; Higher education, $90,352; Historic preservation, $90,352; Information systems, $90,352; Licensing, $103,484; Parks & recreation, $90,352,; Personnel, $103,484; Purchasing, $90352; Revenue, $103,484; Solid waste management, $90,352; Tourism, $90,352. Nevada: Energy, $48,906; Historic preservation, $56,028; Purchasing, $58,652; State police, $77,417.

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Employment services

Alabama* ........................ $ 46,358 (c) Alaska .............................. 67,800 (c) Arizona ............................ 78,540 Arkansas ......................... 89,057 California ........................ 98,724

Energy

Environmental protection Finance

$55,008 $102,000 (c) $ 67,800 (c) 83,832 70,000 110,000 66,934 78,500 N.A. 109,603

Fish & widlife

General services

Health

Higher education

61,073 $46,358 (c) $43,004 $135,000 $106,500 67,800 (c) 83,832 67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) 89,820 81,641 92,233 76,248 110,313 69,243 94,317 78,369 74,260 134,436 95,570 N.A.. 91,224 102,799 102,799 123,000 (a-15). 88,517 107,000 71,136 (c) 78,732 (c) N.A.. (a-5) 117,800 57,900 95,336 161,877 190,000 78,624 133,872 175,000

Highway

Historic preservation

$ 61,073 (d) $64,500 93,000 65,500 91,800 49,295 102,819 47,218 73,308 71,340

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

(a-18). 67,639 (c) (a-21). 95,336 (m) 71,928

70,884 67,639 (c) 36,498 75,000 74,880

82,824 72,681 (c) (a-19) 95,336 90,312

(a-9). 78,732 (c) 91,700 70,861 (a-4).

84,302 (h) 66,300 96,885 75,204

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

59,256 (c) N.A.. 91,336 74,022 79,041

64,752 (c) 59,280 (a-19). 44,183 74,984

76,404 73,507 84,310 78,226 74,984

(a-6). 63,003 (s) (a-6). (a-6).

56,424 (c) (a-25) N.A.. 53,477 (a-19) (a-5). 59,082 (a-5). 74,984 (a-5).

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

77,628 50,274 51,282 57,138 N.A..

40,008 55,481 55,728 N.A.. 67,631

71,592 63,630 68,000 77,896 N.A..

(y) 74,235 (a-5). (a-5). N.A..

38,003 66,281 60,320 52,104 58,104

(a-5). (a-5). (a-5). 68,557 (a-5).

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

. . .. 74,200 66,460 61,600 72,000

63,272 . . .. 58,401 72,528 60,682

66,606 93,000 57,650 71,005 68,508

(a-5). (a-6). 78,500 75,760 . . ..

66,606 (ee) 67,046 71,005 (hh)

(a-5). 77,547 63,037 (c) 97,000 (a-5) 67,500 65,974 126,292 60,708 92,628

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

59,188 59,673 70,010 53,375 (c) 84,500

43,763 56,332 54,563 81,545 35,886 (c) 78,780 48,787 59,542 (c) 70,119 100,225

56,334 (ii) (a-9). (a-5). (a-6).

46,556 42,692 (jj) 61,388 67,071 N.A.. 45,176 (c) (a-5). 76,923 85,000

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

66,828 (a-18). 77,365 54,060 88,878

71,725 N.A. 54,588 45,420 69,014

71,725 95,635 74,191 63,936 90,001

71,725 (a-9). (a-6). (a-9). (a-6).

69,732 (a-5). 79,329 (c) 95,635 68,108 (a-5). 61,992 (a-5). 65,748 75,150

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

(ss) N.A.. 77,000 80,954 107,014

N.A.. 69,180 N.A.. (a-24). 44,157 (c)

70,800 69,491 76,332 (a-6). 78,500 (a-6). 78,626 (a-6). 74,097 (c) 111,296 (c)

68,900 (a-5). 95,620 155,000 83,839 76,332 (a-5). 76,332 133,668 (a-29). 73,311 76,000 80,000 75,000 78,000 55,469 (a-5). 112,593 112,289 (a-29). 79,268 (c) 74,097 (c) 104,328 (c) 86,603 (c) (a-29).

55,820 71,400 N.A.. N.A.. 33,552 (c) 31,553 43,824 63,362 56,700 51,084

85,302 83,990 91,336 93,450 73,140

156,060 N.A.. 140,000 67,600 (w)

77,628 123,480 75,000 77,896 113,857

111,228 101,091 104,000 N.A. 102,351

(a-29). 77,955 (a-29). (a-29). 106,664

61,428 52,240 49,000 60,154 80,754

102,735 56,332 98,000 83,720 165,000 (a-29). 36,961 (c) (a-29). 95,000 100,225

41,566 70,000 40,932 (c) N.A.. 82,695

71,725 102,335 100,110 116,328 104,145

76,199 (a-12). 158,660 122,400 143,104

52,075 (a-20). 56,972 40,488 60,000

(a-19). 78,900 82,027 76,300 72,737

70,000 83,964 (a-9). 50,900 (c) 59,238

68,685 74,244 80,204 63,200 54,745

(a-5). 78,900 78,000 70,100 ...

65,000 110,000 148,683 91,200 74,152

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

82,417 71,388 65,000 80,223 53,048

95,036 72,120 (a-14). 65,699 39,780

96,911 93,659 65,000 86,301 65,662

104,097 115,823 75,000 53,772 (c) 77,000

85,335 93,660 59,040 (eee) 69,796

82,417 (a-5). 53,000 (a-5). 66,201

113,558 113,800 93,659 100,000 (ccc) (ddd) 62,331 (c) 149,179 65,662 72,800

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(a-18).

65,000

N.A..

The Book of the States 1996-97

(a-19). 54,558 69,996 38,142 66,950

56,322 96,767 70,009 101,000 100,225

N.A.. 45,780 62,000 46,900 64,147

59,256 (c) 96,699 89,904 (a-29). 82,347

63,273 63,037 (c) N.A. 58,000 39,252

42,723 (c) 78,900 82,431 52,700 (c) 56,950

New Hampshire: Secretary of state, $68,768; Treasurer, $68,768; Adjutant general, $72,888; Agriculture, $57,487; Banking, $72,888; Budget, $68,768; Civil rights, $49,315; Comptroller, $60,571; Corrections, $68,768; Economic development, $57,487; Employent services, $68,768; Environmental protection, $74,939; Fish & wildlife, $57,487; Higher education, $49,000; Personnel, $68,768; Public library development, $57,487; Purchasing, $45,143; Solid waste management, $45,143; State police, $68,768; Tourism, $45,143; Welfare, $57,824. New Mexico: Civil rights, $63,748, Mental health & retardation, $63,748. New York: Emergency management, $99,936; Fish & Wildlife, $99,936; Licensing, $90,608. North Dakota: Consumer affairs, $46,944; Public library development, $62,184. Ohio: Commerce, $86,965. South Carolina: Administration, $155,282; Budget, $108,232; Civil rights, $91,749; Commerce, $140, 443; Consumer affairs, $103,774; Corrections, $145,560; Elections administration, $76,486; Energy, $69,249; Environmental protection, $111,145; Finance, $155,282; Fish & wildlife, $110,596; General services, $111,145; Health, $145,560; Higher education, $120,829; Historic preservation, $52,617; Information systems, $111,145; Insurance, $103,774; Labor, $101,642; Mental health & retardation, $131,915; Natural resources, $110,596; Parks & recreation, $101,642; Personnel, $108,232; Post-

67,500 44,426 (c) 65,200 69,985 73,362

80,067 73,156 63,037 (c) (a-29). 67,500 78,500 127,000 N.A. 97,006 88,980

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

65,000

88,517 72,681 (c) 82,600 96,253 (a-29)

65,000

71,725 (a-29). 101,837 (a-29). (a-29).

110,580 68,685 132,960 (a-29). 125,106 (a-29). 89,800 (c) (a-29). N.A.. (a-29).

Stipend

96,187 (a-29). (a-29). 88,686 (a-29).

71,666 63,084 40,000 65,256 52,692

46,000

48,627

audit, $107,696; Public library development, $79,162; Public utility regulation, $85,987; Purchasing, $69,249; Revenue, $131,915; Social services, $145,560; Solid waste management, $72,016; State police, $96,746; Tourism, $101,642; Transportation, $131,915. South Dakota: Employment services, $64,064. Texas: Budget, $75,000; Tourism, $68,000. Utah: Employment services, $79,300; Finance, $76,500; Higher education, $152,800; Mental health & retardation, $65,000; Social services, $91,200. Virginia: Licensing, $76,346. Wisconsin: Finance, $82,064; Health, $96,572. (d) By merit system employee at higher rate of pay. (e) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of General Services, $102,799; and Chief Deputy Director, same department, $98,652. (f) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Political Reform, $73,308; and Chief, Elections, $76,740. (g) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Financial and Performance Audits, Department of Finance, $88,608; and Auditor General, $88,608. (h) Responsibilities shared between Director, Fisheries Division, $65,76884,357; and Director, Wildlife Division, $65,768-84,357. (i) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Retardation, $78,732-95,155; and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health, $78,732-95,155.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Information systems Insurance

Labor

$62,400 (c) $61,073 $61,073 67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) 83,832 80,000 88,547 85,910 85,320 72,786 77,628 N.A.. 95,052 N.A..

Licensing . . .. $67,800 (c) . . .. . . .. (a-10)

Colorado ......................... Connecticut* ................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

78,420 74,372 (c) 90,800 69,530 79,014

82,000 67,639 (c) 70,000 (a-4). 82,764

88,517 88,517 72,681 (c) . . .. 79,800 57,900 95,336 (n) 82,782 71,928

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

62,856 (a-5). (a-5). 65,328 74,984

72,886 75,005 77,284 64,490 83,001

85,302 60,008 77,284 57,946 73,500

(a-7). N.A.. 77,284 (v) 49,639

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

70,116 74,235 53,280 (c) N.A.. 80,754

62,412 66,811 60,169 N.A.. N.A..

48,540 73,500 60,329 70,658 69,660

47,352 50,150 N.A.. N.A.. 97,613

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

70,601 63,037 (c) 67,500 77,294 64,644

66,000 79,000 (a-7). 59,400 75,648

55,648 93,000 67,500 . . .. 75,645

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

55,126 71,790 71,427 . . .. 88,500

40,643 67,219 73,525 N.A.. 100,225

56,332 58,205 49,667 N.A.. 100,225

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

65,520 (a-16). 106,154 67,788 75,358

64,881 90,832 87,000 52,787 84,364

71,725 95,635 87,000 52,297 . . ..

82,000 84,096 72,000 63,676 74,378 (c)

58,000 . . .. 61,500 . . .. 80,000 67,100 70,922 53,516 72,850 (c) (a-18)

Mental health & retardation

Natural Parks & resources recreation

$ 72,514 (c) $ 61,073 67,800 (c) 83,832 76,169 57,283 72,761 54,525 102,799 109,603 71,064 (i) (j) 77,000 104,832 59,256 (c,p) 51,314 91,336 76,388 82,347

Personnel

Planning

Post audit

$ 46,358 (c) $ 98,525 $55,008 $ 90,558 67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) N.A.. 80,800 85,910 84,946 (a-6). 100,858 71,935 71,000 . . .. 95,629 102,799 102,799 N.A.. (g)

93,500 63,238 (c) 85,600 (a-14). 89,424

84,302 68,396 (c) 70,100 79,646 73,002

74,616 (a-6). 72,681 (c) (a-13). 85,600 70,100 70,955 94,801 92,688 (a-6).

. . .. . . .. . . .. 99,504 82,164

85,302 . . .. 84,310 76,117 77,619

59,256 (c) N.A.. (a-19). 54,025 74,984

85,302 71,448 62,124 67,600 76,700

(q) 64,501 N.A.. 67,167 78,050

68,000 66,811 60,468 64,210 N.A..

69,984 N.A.. 80,292 74,235 (a-6). N.A.. 57,000 (c) 33,180 (c) 84,996 68,557 68,557 64,334 75,233 91,488 94,958

(dd) 63,037 (c) 60,803 60,005 64,632

73,156 (a-11). 73,560 (c) . . .. 67,500 67,500 73,613 . . .. 60,708 71,628

73,156 90,350 (gg) 59,400 78,888

51,253 (a-6). 61,992 56,598 71,427 (a-5). 53,375 (c) (a-8). 100,225 85,000

70,285 49,500 N.A. 70,839 95,000

85,302 (a-7). N.A.. 66,572 (a-11).

56,184 N.A.. 163,750 77,896 (bb)

(a-20). N.A.. 58,452 (aa) 105,423

63,273 73,560 (c) 66,649 37,172 60,689

(cc) 97,000 67,568 72,300 80,376

77,547 93,000 67,500 (a-14). 75,645

46,556 60,931 . . ... (a-2). 92,000

47,357 (kk) 79,146 N.A.. 87,026

56,332 60,549 85,030 (a-7). 100,225

46,556 77,411 65,847 N.A.. 79,244

71,725 (a-14). 85,000 43,464 84,364

63,400 90,832 64,173 54,186 70,990

67,290 90,832 85,000 54,000 75,171

89,482 84,096 (uu) 86,328 94,549 (c)

(a-28). . . .. 80,000 (a-14). 79,268 (c)

(a-28). 76,332 73,233 59,343 72,850 (c)

60,461 . . .. 69,180 69,180 78,950 76,000 72,283 79,656 72,154 (c) 85,214

70,000 76,332 84,000 (vv) 77,190 (c)

68,685 78,900 90,071 76,900 63,627

56,168 51,996 80,204 63,200 57,990

68,685 78,900 74,522 72,900 57,907

68,685 (a-9). 90,176 78,600 51,792

71,725 44,513 (c,ll) 71,588 (c,mm) (nn) . . .. 99,708 (a-2) 62,172 . . .. (rr)

... (a-7). 63,113 N.A.. (a-6).

65,000 (a-9). 87,000 (qq) 85,516

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island* ................ South Carolina ...............

(tt) 76,332 79,000 74,236 74,097 (c)

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

(a-5). 76,512 80,204 70,490 61,297

(a-7). 78,900 150,000 66,500 58,364

68,685 78,900 57,925 67,700 52,520

35,135 (yy) 62,494 56,700 40,851

(xx) 83,964 93,864 43,300 (c) 68,993

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

94,778 93,660 63,000 84,034 61,705

103,136 77,196 55,000 83,831 54,600

. . .. 93,658 55,000 96,572 49,980

48,290 (c) 93,660 . . .. 70,702 57,965

94,778 82,776 (a-27). 53,021 65,662

104,097 86,600 65,000 95,503 65,808

71,666 86,976 53,964 71,946 52,693

82,417 93,659 50,000 85,852 50,000

. . .. 108,944 (a-15). 84,100 (a-5). 52,500 (a-6). 96,752 55,000 (a-9).

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

(a-6).

(a-1).

65,000

(a-10).

48,459

N.A..

65,000

55,000

(j) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Alcoholism, Drug Abuse and Mental Health, $101,100; and Director, Division of Mental Retardation, $81,000. (k) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Services for Children, Youth and Their Families, $86,400; and Secretary, Department of Health and Social Services, $86,400. (l) Combined with Planning. (m) Combined with Labor. (n) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Licensing, Department of State, $65,542; and Secretary, Department of Professional Regulation, $95,336. (o) Combined with Welfare. (p) Responsibilities shared between Deputy Director, Behavioral Health Services Administration, Department of Health; and Mental Retardation Administrator, same department. (q) Responsibilities shared between State Auditor, Office of the Auditor and Chief Auditor, Division of Audit, $85,302. (r) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Commerce, $68,827; and Administrator, Division of Community Development, $41,766. (s) Responsibilities shared between Director, Bureau of the Budget, $88,500; and Acting Director, Department of Revenue, $79,992. (t) Official Salary: In Indiana, Governor accepts $65,988.

(a-15). N.A.. (a-6). (a-6). N.A.

60,000

(u) Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors, Election Commission, $50,500. (v) Responsibilities shared between Executive Director, Health Professions Bureau, $44,183; and Executive Director, Professional Licensing Agency, $50,645. (w) Responsibilities shared between Acting Director, Department of Education, $82,347; and Executive Director, Board of Regents, $105,986. (x) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Commerce and Housing, $90,672; Director Division of Existing Industry, same department, $60,900; Director, Business Development Division, same department, $60,708; and President, Kansas Inc., $87,975. (y) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of the Budget,, and Secretary, Department of administration, $81,600. (z) In Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Tennessee and West Virginia, the presidents (or speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee, the speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of lieutenant governor. (aa) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Environmental Protection Department, $77,896; and Commissioner, Department of Conservation, $77,896. (bb) Responsibilities shared between Director, Mental Hygiene Administration, $90,119; and Director, Developmental Disabilities Administration,

The Council of State Governments

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

State or other jurisdiction

Public Public library utility Pre-audit development regulation Purchasing Revenue

Alabama* .................. (a-9). $66,150 $51,482 Alaska ........................ $67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) 72,500 Arizona ...................... (a-9). 41,000 84,573 Arkansas ................... 45,992 65,761 73,143 California .................. (a-9). N.A.. 103,178

$49,972 $61,073 67,800 (c) 83,832 69,668 103,003 66,462 71,241 102,799 107,939

Solid Social waste services management

$95,394 83,832 107,959 97,690 N.A..

State police

Tourism Transportation Welfare

$46,358 (c) $37,128 (c) $61,073 $33,618 (c) (a-27). 62,880 67,800 (c) 67,800 (c) 83,832 $67,800 (c) 71,400 97,558 78,254 105,060 78,540 65,435 68,218 52,437 102,819 97,690 N.A.. 109,603 N.A.. 107,951 N.A..

Colorado ................... . . .. Connecticut* ............. (a-9). Delaware ................... 70,000 Florida ....................... N.A.. Georgia ...................... (a-22).

72,000 56,217 (c) . . .. 75,170 85,950

58,400 80,015 (c) 56,000 94,370 79,680

78,420 (a-16) 58,900 72,984 66,456

88,517 88,517 78,348 72,681 (c) . . .. 48,317 (c) 86,300 91,700 (k) 113,588 96,253 95,336 (o) 79,543 81,396 96,549 65,802

86,415 78,732 (c) 82,500 82,750 88,542

72,096 (a-17). 56,217 (c) 78,732 (c) 61,800 85,600 71,422 95,336 88,104 130,000

88,517 78,732 (c) 81,000 95,336 (a-27).

Hawaii ....................... 59,256 (c) Idaho .......................... (a-9). Illinois ........................ (a-9). Indiana ...................... 45,999 Iowa ........................... 84,481

85,302 45,906 77,064 66,139 68,390

77,964 69,992 82,623 69,628 82,997

51,180 (c) 53,477 62,496 48,594 50,481

85,302 54,995 79,992 69,628 (a-23).

85,302 66,560 89,195 76,388 82,347

51,180 (c) 54,413 67,620 51,342 53,996

... 60,923 84,310 78,266 71,997

(a-11). 51,002 (a-7). 61,948 73,091

85,302 (a-17). 91,336 74,880 88,088

59,256 (c) N.A.. 91,336 66,734 65,124

Kansas ....................... (a-9). Kentucky ................... 74,235 Louisiana ................... (a-5). Maine ......................... (a-9). Maryland .................. 30,848

64,608 65,100 64,368 66,144 76,119

67,656 74,765 64,000 76,336 94,191

62,000 80,736 (a-5). 74,235 43,488 (c) 70,000 59,218 60,466 68,428 100,000

80,724 66,596 60,320 77,896 79,813

57,540 51,791 43,488 (c) . . .. 56,523

69,648 N.A.. N.A.. 70,658 97,613

54,264 73,500 52,000 54,226 68,428

81,768 74,235 70,000 77,896 113,815

61,572 65,598 68,184 54,226 (a-27).

Massachusetts* ........ (a-9). Michigan ................... 90,750 Minnesota ................. 74,730 Mississippi ................ . . .. Missouri .................... (a-9).

53,570 N.A.. 69,259 58,000 62,496

69,015 79,000 54,497 55,000 75,645

73,156 63,037 (c) 67,500 48,421 60,708

77,547 77,547 73,560 (c) 97,000 78,500 67,500 70,000 75,421 85,374 78,880

68,048 63,037 (c) 67,500 65,306 36,000

70,776 93,000 76,128 58,000 70,308

50,117 63,037 (c) N.A. 62,134 60,708

70,666 94,700 78,500 80,125 (a-17).

77,547 (a-27) 55,436 66,000 68,532

Montana .................... . . .. Nebraska ................... 75,334 Nevada ....................... (a-5). New Hampshire ........ (a-9). New Jersey ................ (a-22).

47,923 44,615 59,968 44,000 71,427 78,780 45,176 (c) 76,983 84,500 100,225

48,653 (a-16). 42,789 (c) 37,850 (c) 86,100

56,322 56,322 78,327 76,316 85,030 85,391 N.A. 76,983 92,247 100,225

57,536 57,200 (a-14). 37,850 (c) 77,589

49,865 62,714 56,028 (c) 53,375 (c) 89,962

45,412 47,278 68,667 37,850 (c) 84,500

49,907 (a-17). 85,030 76,983 (a-17).

(a-27). (a-27). 76,463 47,230 77,743

New Mexico .............. 67,771 New York ................... (a-9). North Carolina ......... (a-22). North Dakota ............ 63,828 Ohio ........................... (a-22).

... (a-12). 59,738 39,744 (c) 62,899

65,092 95,635 78,289 52,787 85,009

59,771 (a-16). 71,817 39,432 70,366

54,167 (a-14). 46,855 44,880 62,712

71,725 95,635 . . .. 57,312 78,187

71,725 (a-7). 74,942 43,512 59,633

(a-17). 102,335 87,000 69,045 98,550

48,843 (a-27). . . .. 89,292 100,214

Oklahoma ................. (a-15). Oregon ....................... . . .. Pennsylvania ............. 84,000 Rhode Island* .......... . . .. South Carolina ......... (a-9).

57,027 69,180 . . .. 65,789 56,738 (c)

72,000 76,332 97,532 77,165 61,631 (c)

59,411 69,180 51,521 78,191 44,157 (c)

70,171 108,651 84,096 92,760 76,000 75,500 86,142 105,383 94,549 (c)104,328 (c)

45,948 59,808 71,727 42,724 45,922 (c)

66,974 84,096 76,000 92,915 64,498 (c)

64,241 62,784 76,000 52,189 72,850 (c)

96,000 (a-27). 84,096 84,096 80,000 80,000 99,159 77,306 94,549 (c) (a-27).

South Dakota ............ 55,900 Tennessee ................... 61,500 Texas .......................... (a-9). Utah ........................... . . .. Vermont ..................... 59,238

49,261 80,388 60,000 56,700 59,592

65,187 83,964 74,263 58,300 72,529

39,046 60,468 75,000 56,900 49,088

68,685 78,900 (a-9). 73,100 58,676

51,453 62,448 65,526 70,500 N.A..

61,800 78,900 84,660 65,000 74,272

59,482 78,900 56,000 (c) 61,360 53,664

68,685 78,900 93,558 91,200 63,273

(a-27). 78,900 (a-27). 59,900 63,315

Virginia ..................... (a-9). Washington ............... (a-4). West Virginia ............ (a-5). Wisconsin .................. 49,076 Wyoming ................... 77,000

76,024 86,973 59,500 63,266 50,000

103,136 86,973 65,000 73,000 61,333

82,417 66,288 53,600 64,976 40,360

94,778 105,060 70,000 96,952 65,664

94,778 111,368 70,000 89,901 66,201

(a-14). 63,744 47,016 78,981 60,012

99,323 93,660 60,000 47,560 60,012

116,113 66,288 65,000 64,615 60,588

96,187 105,065 70,000 95,950 70,804

94,778 (a-27). (a-27). 77,408 66,201

U.S. Virgin Islands ...

43,000

N.A..

65,000

N.A..

48,000

(a-15).

71,725 103,564 85,000 52,776 84,364

Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, $56,523. (cc) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Retardation, $77,547; and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health, Executive Office of Human Services, $77,547. (dd) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Forests and Parks, Department of Environmental Management, $70,666; and Director, Recreational Facilities, Metropolitan District Commission, $70,666. (ee) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Wildlife Division, Department of Natural Resources, $63,037-90,352; and Chief, Fisheries Division, same department, $63,037-90,352. (ff) Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $62,980; and Director, Election Division, Office of the Secretary of State, $48,462. (gg) Responsibilities shared between State Auditor, $68,709; and Legislative Auditor, $77,715. (hh) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Division of Fisheries, Department of Conservation, $61,656; Chief, Division of Protection, same department, $51,960; and Chief, Division of Wildlife, same department, $61,656. (ii) Responsibilities shared between State Tax Commissioner, Department of Revenue, $78,327; Administrator, Budget Division, Department of Administrative Services, $73,053; and Auditor of Public Accounts, $49,500. (jj) Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Wildlife Division, Game

The Book of the States 1996-97

71,725 102,335 82,271 89,292 100,214

81,958 N.A.. 89,116 67,500 (c) 68,536

& Parks Commission, $43,324; and Assistant Director, same commission; $59,878. (kk) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Community Mental Health, Department of Public Institution, $56,553; and Director, same department, $85,721. (ll) Responsibilities shared between Director, Developmental Disabilities Division, Department of Health $63,541; and Director, Division of Mental Health, same department, $63,541. (mm) Responsibilities shared between Director, Professional Licensing, Department of State Education; and Secretary of State, $90,832. (nn) Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities, $102,235; and Commissioner, Office of Mental Health, $102,235. (oo) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Management and Budget, $72,204; and Assistant Executive Budget Analyst, same department, $47,352. (pp) Responsibilities shared between Director, Office of Management & Budget, $72,204; and Director of Fiscal Management, same department, $63,828. (qq) Responsibilities shared between Legislative Budget Analyst/Auditor, Legislative Council, $75,504; and State Auditor, $52,787.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

SELECTED OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued (rr) Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Mental Health, $95,617; and Director, Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, $89,980. (ss) Responsibilities shared between Secretary of Human Resources, Office of Personnel Management, $60,461; and Executive Director, Employment Security Commission, $75,791. (tt) Responsibilities shared between Director, Data Processing & Planning Division, Department of Transportation, $55,333; and Manager, Information Services Division, Office of State Finance, $69,575. (uu) Responsibilities shared between Deputy Secretary, Mental Health, Department of Public Welfare, $78,400; and Deputy Secretary, Mental Retardation, same department, $78,400. (vv) Responsibilities shared between Chief, General Audit Section, Office of Accounts and Control, Department of Administration, $42,625; and Auditor General, $106,508. (ww) Annual salary for duties as presiding officer of the Senate. (xx) Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Mental Health, Department of Human Services, $41,129; and Secretary same department, $73,784.

(yy) Responsibilities shared between Director, Regulatory Boards, Department of Commerce & Insurance, $55,008; and Director, Health Related Boards, $44,208. (zz) Responsibilities shared between Chief, Public Protection Division, Office of the Attorney General, $61,027; and Executive Director, Human Rights Commission, $51,188. (aaa) Annually returns $31,000 of salary to general fund. (bbb) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, department of Education and the Arts, $70,000; and Superintendent, Department of Education, $70,000. (ccc) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Health & Human Resources, $70,000; and Commissioner, Bureau of Public Health, $80,508. (ddd) Responsibilities shared between Secretary, Department of Education and the Arts, $70,000; Chancellor, State College System, Department of Education, $127,500; and Chancellor, Board of Trustees for Higher Education, Department of Education and the Arts, $127,500. (eee) Responsibilities shared between Director, Bureau of Fish Management, Division of Resource Management, $62,590; and Director, Bureau of Wildlife Management, same division, $67,409.

The Council of State Governments

LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS

Table 2.12 LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS: QUALIFICATIONS AND TERMS State or other jurisdiction Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

Minimum age

State citizen (years) (a)

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Length of term (years)

Maximum consecutive terms allowed

30 7 10 7 ... 4 2 30 7 7 7 ★ 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ★ 7 ★ 4 ... 18 ... 5 5 ★ 4 2

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

30 30 30 30 30

... ... ... ... 6

★ ... 12 ... 15

2 ... 6 7 6

... ★ ... ★ ...

4 4 4 4 4

2 ... 2 (c) ...

30 30 25 30 30

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ 5 2

5 2 3 5 2

★ ... ... ... ...

4 4 4 4 4

2 ... ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... ... ... ... ... 4 2 30 6 ★ 6 ... 4 2 25 5 5 ... ★ 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------30 ... (d) 5 5 4 ...

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri .............................. Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... 30 25 30 30

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ 20 15

7 ... 1 5 10

... 4 ... ... ...

4 4 4 4 4

... 2 ... 2 ...

25 ... ★ 2 ... 4 (e) 30 5 5 5 ... 4 2 25 2 ... 2 ★ 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) --------------------------------------------------------------------

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

30 30 30 30 ...

5 5 ... ... ...

★ ★ 5 ★ ★

5 5 2 5 ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

4 4 4 4 4

2 ... 2 ... 2

Oklahoma* ......................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

31 ... ★ ... 10 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------30 ... ★ 7 ... 4 2 18 ... ★ ★ ★ 4 2 30 5 ★ 5 ... 4 ...

... ... 2 2 ... 4 2 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------30 ... ★ 5 ... 4 ... 30 5 ... 5 ★ 4 (f) 3 (f) ... ... ... 4 ... 2 ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

30 ... ★ 5 5 4 ... ... ... ★ ... ★ 4 (c) -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------18 ... ★ ... ★ 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) --------------------------------------------------------------------

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

35 ... ★ 5 ... 4 2 30 ... 5 5 ★ 4 2 35 7 ... 10 7 4 ... -------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) -------------------------------------------------------------------30 ... 5 5 5 4 2

Source: The Council of State Governments’ Survey, January 1996, except as noted by * where information is from The Book of the States 1994-95. Note: This table includes constitutional and statutory qualifications. Key: ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. (a) Some state constitutions have requirements for “state citizenship.” This may be different from state residency.

The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) No lieutenant governor. In Tennessee, the speaker of the Senate, elected from Senate membership, has statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (c) Eligible for eight consecutive years. (d) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221 A.2d431 (1966)–opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (e) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (f) Eligible for 12 consecutive years.

LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS

Table 2.13 LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS: POWERS AND DUTIES State or other jurisdiction Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

Presides over Senate

Appoints committees

Breaks roll-call ties

Assigns bills

Authority for governor to assign duties

Member of governor’s cabinet or advisory body

Serves as acting governor when governor out of state

★ (a) ★ (a) ★ ★ ... ... (b) ★ (b) ... ... ... ... ★ ★ (c) ★ (c) -------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ... ★

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware (e) ........................ Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... (a) ★ (a)

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

Hawaii ................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana (f) ........................... Iowa .....................................

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................ Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri .............................. Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey .......................... New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ★ -------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... (a) ★ (a) ...

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★ ★ (b) ★ (b) (h) ★ (h) ... (i) ★ (i) ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ... (j) ★ (j) -------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ (l)

★ ★ (k) ★ (k) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (m)

Oklahoma* ......................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ -------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------★ ... (i) ★ (i) ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... (j) ★ (j)

★ (n) ★ ★ ★ ★ (o) -------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------★ (a) ★ (a) ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ (a) ★ (a) ★ ★ ... ... ★

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ (p) (i) ★ (i) ... ★ ... ★ -------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... ★ ★ (q) -------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------------

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

... ... ... ... ★ ... ★ (h) ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ★ -------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... (l) ★ (l) ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS

LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS: POWERS AND DUTIES — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996, except as noted by * where information is from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: ★ — Provision for responsibility. . . . — No provision for responsibility. (a) Appoints all standing committees. Alabama–appoints some special committees; Georgia–appoints all senate members of conference committees and all senators who serve on interim study committees; Mississippi–appoints members of conference, joint and special committees; Texas–appoints members of standing subcommittees, conference, special, joint legislative and temporary committees; Vermont–appoints all committees as a member of the Committee on Committees. (b) After 20 days absence. In Montana, after 45 days. (c) Alaska constitution identifies two types of absence from state; (1) temporary absence during which the lieutenant serves as acting governor; and (2) continuous absence for a period of six months, after which the governor’s office is declared vacant and lieutenant governor succeeds to the office. (d) No lieutenant governor; secretary of state is next in line of succession to governorship. (e) Constitutional duty includes President of the Board of Pardons.

The Book of the States 1996-97

(f) By statute, lieutenant governor serves as Director of Department of Commerce and Commissioner of Agriculture. (g) No lieutenant governor; senate president or speaker is next in line of succession to governorship. In Tennessee, speaker of the senate bears the additional statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (h) Unicameral legislative body. In Guam, that body elects own presiding officer. (i) Except on final enactments. (j) Only in emergency situations. (k) Member of Council of State per state constitution. Also sits on Governor’s Cabinet, by invitation. (l) Presides over cabinet meetings in absence of governor. (m) Only if governor asks the lieutenant to serve in that capacity, in the former’s absence. (n) Conference committees. (o) Only in event of governor’s continuous absence from state. (p) In theory, lieutenant governor is responsible; in practice, appointments are made by majority caucus. (q) Only in situations of an absence which prevents governor from discharging duties which need to be undertaken prior to his return.

SECRETARIES OF STATE

Table 2.14 SECRETARIES OF STATE: QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE State or other jurisdiction Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................ Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................ Hawaii ................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa .....................................

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Method of selection to office

25 7 5 ★ E ------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------25 10 5 ... E 18 ... ... ... E 18 ★ ★ ★ E 25 18 ... 30 25

★ ... ... ★ 10

2 ... ★ 7 4

25 days ★ ... ★ ★

E E A E E

------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------25 ★ 2 ... E 25 ★ 3 ... E ... ... ... ... E ... ... ... ... E

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... 30 25 ... ...

... ★ 5 ... ...

... (b) 2 (b) (b) 5 (b) ... (d)

... ★ ★ ... ...

E E E (c) A

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

18 18 21 25 ...

★ ★ ★ 5 ★

5 ★ ★ (b) 5 (b) 1

★ ★ ★ 5 ★

E E E E E

Montana (e) ........................ Nebraska (f) ........................ Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

25 19 25 ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2 ... 2 ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

E E E (c) A

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

30 ... 21 25 ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

5 ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

E A E E E

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

31 18 ... 18 21

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... 30 days ★

10 ★ ... ★ ★

A E A E E

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ............................... Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming ............................. American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

... ... ★ ... E ... ... ... ... (c) ... ... ... ... A ------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... E ... 18 18 18 25

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ 30 days ★ ★

A E E E E

25 ... ... ... E ------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------... 5 5 ... A ------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) -------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) State citizenship requirement. (c) Chosen by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. In Maine and New Hampshire, every two years. In Tennessee, every four years. (d) No formal provision but customary and political tradition. (e) No person convicted of a felony is eligible to hold public office until final discharge from state supervision. (f) No person in default as a collector and custodian of public money or property shall be eligible to public office; no person convicted of a felony shall be eligible unless restored to civil rights.

The Council of State Governments

SECRETARIES OF STATE

Table 2.15 SECRETARIES OF STATE: ELECTION AND REGISTRATION DUTIES

Receives initiative and/or referendum petition

Files certificate of nomination or election

Files candidates’ expense papers

Files other campaign reports

Conducts voter education programs

Registers charitable organizations

Registers corporations (a)

Processes and/or commissions notaries public

Registers securities

Registers trade names/marks

Alabama .......................... Alaska (b) ........................ Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ (c) ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ (d) ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ (c) ★ (e) ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Hawaii (b) ....................... Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ (h) ★ (h)

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ★ ★ (i) ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(d) ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... N.A. ...

(j) ★ (j) ★ (k) ★ (k) ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ (d) ...

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah (b) ........................... Vermont ...........................

★ (l) ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ N.A. (m) ★ (m)

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... N.A. ...

★ ★ ★ N.A. ★

★ ★ ★ N.A. ...

... ... ... N.A. ...

★ ★ ★ N.A. ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ N.A. N.A. ★

... ★ ★ N.A. ★

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ . . . (n,o) ★ (n,o) ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Guam (b) ......................... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands (b) ...

... ... ...

... ★ ★

... ... ...

... ★ ★

The Book of the States 1996-97

Supplies election ballots or materials to local officials

State or other jurisdiction

Determines ballot eligibility of political parties

Registration

Chief election officer

Election

★ ★ ... ... (f) ★ (f) (f) ★ (f) ... ... . . . (g) ★ (g)

... ★ (n) ★ (n)

SECRETARIES OF STATE

SECRETARIES OF STATE: ELECTION AND REGISTRATION DUTIES — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Key: ★ — Responsible for activity. . . . — Not responsible for activity. N.A. — Not applicable. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, office registers domestic, foreign and nonprofit corporations. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. In Hawaii, election related responsibilities have been transferred to an independent Chief Election Officer. (c) Files certificates of election for publication purposes only; does not file certificates of nomination. (d) Federal candidates only. (e) Incorporated organizations only. (f) Candidates for Congress only.

(g) Accepts disclosures of persons doing business with the state who also make political contributions. (h) Registers trade/service marks, but trade names are registered at a different agency. (i) State Election Commission composed of governor, secretary of state and attorney general. (j) Files certificates of national elections only; does not file certificates of nomination. (k) Certificates of nomination are filed only for special elections or when vacancies in nominations occur. (l) Secretary appoints state coordinator of elections. (m) Files certificates of election for House of Representatives only. (n) Both domestic and foreign profit; but only domestic non-profit. (o) Effective July 1, 1996, the secretary of state is no longer responsible for this duty.

The Council of State Governments

SECRETARIES OF STATE

Table 2.16 SECRETARIES OF STATE: CUSTODIAL, PUBLICATION AND LEGISLATIVE DUTIES

State or other jurisdiction

Administers uniform commercial code provisions

Files other corporate documents

State manual or directory

Session laws

State constitution

Statutes

Administrative rules and regulations

Opens legislative sessions (a)

Enrolls or engrosses bills

Retains copies of bills

Registers lobbyists

Legislative

Files state agency rules and regulations

Publication

Archives state records and regulations

Custodial

Alabama .......................... Alaska (b) ........................ Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... (c) ★ (c) ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... S ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

Hawaii (b) ....................... Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... H H ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... H ★ H

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

H ... H ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

H ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah (b) ........................... Vermont ...........................

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

H ... (d) H (d) ... (d) H (d)

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... H

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... (f) ★ (f)

Guam (b) ......................... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands (b) ...

... ... ...

... ★ ★

... ... ...

... ★ ...

... ★ ★

... ★ ...

... ... ...

... ... ★

... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ★ ★ (e) ★ (e) (e) ★ (e) ★ ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Key: ★ — Responsible for activity. . . . — Not responsible for activity. (a) In this column only: ★–Both houses; H–House; S–Senate. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. (c) The secretary of state is keeper of public records, but the state archives

The Book of the States 1996-97

is a department of the state library. (d) Until speaker is elected. (e) Effective July 1, 1996, the secretary of state is no longer responsible for this duty. (f) Only groups supporting or opposing legislation which was subject to a statewide initiative or referendum within the past four years.

ATTORNEYS GENERAL

Table 2.17 ATTORNEYS GENERAL: QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE State or other jurisdiction

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Licensed attorney (years)

Membership in the state bar (years)

Method of selection to office

25 ... 25 18 18

7 ★ 10 ★ ...

5 ... 5 ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... (a)

E A E E E

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

25 18 ... 30 25

★ ★ ... ... 10

2 ★ ... 7 4

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ 10 ... 5 7

(b) 10 ... 5 7

E E E E E

... 30 25 ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

1 2 3 (d) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

A E E E E

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... 30 25 ... ...

... 2 5 ... (f) ★ (f)

... (d) 2 (d) (d) 5 (d) ... 10 (d)

... ... ★ ... ★

... 8 5 ... 10

... 2 5 ... (c) 10 (c)

E E E (e) E

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... 18 21 26 ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

5 30 days 30 days (d) 5 (d) 1

... ★ ★ ... ...

... (a) ... 5 ...

★ (a) ... 5 ...

E E E E E

Montana (g) ........................ Nebraska (h) ....................... Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

25 ... 25 ... (c) 18 (c)

★ ... ★ ... ...

2 ... (d) 2 (d) ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

5 ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

E E E A A

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

30 30 21 25 18

... ★ ... ★ ★

5 5 ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ (c) ★ ... ...

... ... (c) ... ...

E E E E E

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

31 18 30 18 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

10 6 mos. 7 ★ 30 days

10 ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

E E E E E

... ... ... 25 ...

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... (d) 5 (d) ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

E (i) E E E

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

30 ... 25 ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

(j) 5 (j) ... (d) 5 (d) ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... 4

(j) 5 (j) ★ ... ... 4

E E E E A

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

25 ... ... (c) 21 (c) 21

★ ... ... ★ ★

(d) 1 (d) ... 3 ... ...

1 ... ... ... ...

★ ... 5 (c) (k)

... ... ... (c) ...

A A A A A

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Note: This table contains constitutional and statutory provisions. “Qualified voter” provision may infer additional residency and citizenship requirements. Key: ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. A — Appointed by governor. E — Elected by voters. (a) No statute specifically requires this, but the State Bar act can be interpreted as making this a qualification. (b) Licensed attorneys are not required to belong to the bar association. (c) Implied. (d) State citizenship requirement.

(e) Chosen biennially by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. (f) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 2221A.2d431 (1966)–opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (g) No person convicted of felony is eligible to hold public office until final discharge from state supervision. (h) No person in default as a collector and custodian of public money or property shall be eligible to public office; no person convicted of a felony shall be eligible unless restored to civil rights. (i) Appointed by judges of state Supreme Court. (j) Same as qualifications of a judge of a court of record. (k) Must be admitted to practice before highest court.

The Council of State Governments

ATTORNEYS GENERAL

Table 2.18 ATTORNEYS GENERAL: PROSECUTORIAL AND ADVISORY DUTIES

A (a) B ... A,B,D,E

B (b) D,F (b) B ... ... ... A,B C,E,F,G A,B,C,E,F,G A,B,C,E,F,G (b,d) D (b,d) D ... A,B,D,G A,B,D,F B

Hawaii ............................. E A,D,G Idaho ................................ A,D,F A Illinois .............................. (b) A,D,E,F,G (b) A,D,E,G Indiana ............................ (b) F (b) ... Iowa ................................. D,F D

Before signing

A,D (a) B,D D A,B,D,E

Prior to passage

Colorado ......................... B,F Connecticut ..................... ... Delaware ......................... A,B,C,E,F,G Florida ............................. (b,d) F (b,d) Georgia ............................ A,B,F

A,D (a) B,D D A,B,D,E

On the constitutionality of bills or ordinances

A (a) A,B,C,D,F ... A,B,D,E,F

On the interpretation of statutes

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

To local prosecutors

State or other jurisdiction

To legislators

Authority in local prosecutions: Authority to May intervene May assist May supersede initiate local in local local local prosecutions prosecutions prosecutor prosecutor

Reviews legislation:

To state executive officials

Issues advisory opinions:

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (c) ★ ★ (e)

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

A,D A,D D,E,F,G A,D,E D

A,G A A,D,E,F,G G ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (f) ★ (f) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (g) B ★

★ ★ (g) ★ ★

Kansas ............................. A,B,C,D,F Kentucky ......................... A,B,D,E,F,G Louisiana ......................... G Maine ............................... A Maryland ........................ B,C,F

A,D B,D,G G A B,C,D

D B,D,F D A B,C,D

A,F G G A B,C

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(g) ★ (g) ★ ★

(g) ... (g) ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

A A B,D,G D G

A,D D A,B,D B,D,F B

A A B E ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(h) ★ (h) ★ (h) ★ (h) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

(g) ★ ... (g) ★

(g) ★ (g) (g) ★

A,B,D,E A (d) D (d) A A,B,D,G

A,B,D,E,F A,D (d,j) A A,D

A,B,E,F A ★ A A,B,D,G

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(i) ★ (i) ★ ... (i) . . . (i) ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ (k) ★ (k) ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

(g) ... ... ★ ★

... B D A,D B,F

D D D A,D F

... B ... A B,C

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (h) ★ (h) ★ ★ (i) ★ (i)

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ (f) ...

★ ★ ... (g) ...

Oklahoma ....................... B,C,F B,C Oregon ............................. B,F B,D Pennsylvania ................... A,D,F,G D,G Rhode Island ................... A A South Carolina ............... (b) A,D,E,F (b) A,B,C,D,E,F

B,C B,D D A A,D

... B G ... A,E

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ (m)

South Dakota .................. (n) A,B,C (n) Tennessee ......................... (b) D,F,G (b) Texas ................................ F Utah ................................. A,B,D,E,F,G Vermont ........................... A

A,D (b) D,G (b) ... E,G A

A,D D D D,E A

A,E ... ... E ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (m) ★ (m) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... (g) ★ (g) ★

A A B B,D,E,F F

Montana .......................... B,D,E,F Nebraska ......................... A Nevada ............................. (d) D,F,G (d) New Hampshire .............. A New Jersey ...................... A New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

A,B,D,E,F B,F ... A,G B,C,F

★ ★ (l) ★ (l) ★ (g) ★ (g) ★ ★ ★ (g) (g) ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... A,D (c) B,C (c) B,C (n) ★ C (n)(g) ★ C,B (g)

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

B,F B,D,G ... B,C,F B,D (d),F

A,B,D,F B,D,G ... B,C,D B,D

B,D,F D D D B,D

B B ... B ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (c) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (l) ★ (l) ...

★ ★ (e) (e) ★

American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

A,E A A A,B,E (o) A (o)

A,E A ... A,B,E (o)

A,E A ... A,E (o)

A,E A ... A,B,E (o)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (g) ★ ★ ...

★ B ★ ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table.

The Book of the States 1996-97

ATTORNEYS GENERAL

ATTORNEYS GENERAL: PROSECUTORIAL AND ADVISORY DUTIES — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Key: A — On own initiative. B — On request of governor. C — On request of legislature. D — On request of local prosecutor. E — When in state’s interest. F — Under certain statutes for specific crimes. G — On authorization of court or other body. ★ — Has authority in area. . . . — Does not have authority in area. (a) Local prosecutors serve at pleasure of attorney general. (b) Certain statutes provide for concurrent jurisdiction with local prosecutors. (c) To legislative leadership.

(d) In connection with grand jury cases. (e) No legal authority, but sometimes informally reviews laws at request of legislature. (f) Opinion may be issued to officers of either branch of General Assembly or to chairman or minority spokesman of committees or commissions thereof. (g) Only when requested by governor or legislature. (h) To legislature as a whole not individual legislators. (i) To either house of legislature, not individual legislators. (j) Will prosecute as a matter of practice when requested. (k) On the constitutionality of legislation. (l) Bills, not ordinances. (m) Only when requested by legislature. (n) Has concurrent jurisdiction with states’ attorneys. (o) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor.

The Council of State Governments

ATTORNEYS GENERAL

Table 2.19 ATTORNEYS GENERAL: CONSUMER PROTECTION ACTIVITIES, SUBPOENA POWERS AND ANTITRUST DUTIES State or other jurisdiction

May commence civil proceedings

May commence criminal proceedings

Represents the state before regulatory agencies (a)

Administers consumer protection programs

Handles consumer complaints

Subpoena powers (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (e) ★ (d) ★ (e) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (d) ★ (e) ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(e,g) ★ (e,g) ★ ★ ★ ★

(g) ★ ★ ★ ★

●

A,B,C,D D A,B,C,D B,D A,B,C,D

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (f) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C,D A,B,C B,C,D

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★

A,B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

(g) ★ (h) ★ ★ ★ ★

(e) ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

●

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

★ ★ ★ ★ (a) ★ (a)

(e) ★ ★ ★ (c) ★ (c)

(e) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (h) ★ (d) ★

★ (f) ... ★ ★

★ (e) ★ (h) ★ (d) ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ (f) ★ (g) ★

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(e) (e) ... (e) ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(f) ★ (g) ★ ★ ★ ★

(f) ★ (g) ★ ★ ... ★

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (l) ★ (l)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (d) ★ (e) ...

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Key: A — Has parens patriae authority to commence suits on behalf of consumers in state antitrust damage actions in state courts. B — May initiate damage actions on behalf of state in state courts. C — May commence criminal proceedings. D — May represent cities, counties and other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under federal or state law. ★ — Has authority in area. . . . — Does not have authority in area. (a) May represent state on behalf of: the “people” of the state; an agency of the state; or the state before a federal regulatory agency. (b) In this column only: ★ broad powers and ● limited powers. (c) When permitted to intervene.

The Book of the States 1996-97

●

● ●

★ ★ ●

★ ●

★ (e)

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

★ ●

★ ★ ● ● ●

★ ● ●

★ ●

... ★ ●

★ ★ ●

Antitrust duties A,B B,C A,B,D B,C (c) A,B,C,D (c) (h) A,B,C,D (d) A,B,D A,B,D (e) A,B,C,D (f) B,C

A,B,C,D A,B,C,(d),D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C,D B,D A,B,C,D A (i),B (j),C (j),D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,D A (k),B,C,D (k) A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,D B,C ... ... A,B,C,D B,C,D A,B,C B (m),C

(d) Attorney general has exclusive authority. (e) To a limited extent. (f) May commence criminal proceedings with local district attorney. (g) Attorney general handles legal matters only with no administrative handling of complaints. (h) Only when requested by the state department of commerce or by a county attorney. (i) In federal courts only. (j) For bid rigging violations only. (k) Opinion only, since there are no controlling precedents. (l) May prosecute in inferior courts. May prosecute in district court only by request or consent of U.S. Attorney General. (m) May initiate damage actions on behalf of jurisdiction in district court.

ATTORNEYS GENERAL

Table 2.20 ATTORNEYS GENERAL: DUTIES TO ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES

Interprets statutes or regulations

On behalf of agency

Against agency

Prepares or reviews legal documents

Alabama ............................ Alaska ................................ Arizona .............................. Arkansas ........................... California ..........................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(a) ★ (a) ★ (c,d) (a) ★ (a) (a) ★ (a)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (b) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(b) ... ... ★ ...

(b) ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Colorado ........................... Connecticut ....................... Delaware ........................... Florida ............................... Georgia ..............................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(b) (b) (a) ★ (a) (a) ★ (a) (b,c)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (b) ★ (b) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(e) (b) ★ (b) ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

Hawaii ............................... Idaho .................................. Illinois ................................ Indiana .............................. Iowa ...................................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(b,c) (a) ★ (a) (a,b,c) (a) ★ (a) (a) ★ (a)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

Kansas ............................... Kentucky ........................... Louisiana ........................... Maine ................................. Maryland ..........................

A,B,C A,B*,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(a) ★ (a) ★ (c) (d) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... (b) (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (e) ... (b) ★

... (b) ... ★ ★

(a) ★ (a) (b) ... ★ ★

Massachusetts ................... Michigan ........................... Minnesota ......................... Mississippi ........................ Missouri ............................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(b,c,d) (b,c,d) (c,d) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (a) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Montana ............................ Nebraska ........................... Nevada ............................... New Hampshire ................ New Jersey ........................

(b) A,B,C (b) A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

★ ★ (d) ★ (d) (a) ★ (a) (d) ★ (d)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(b) ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

(b) ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... (b) ★ ...

(b) ... ★ ★ ★

(b) ★ ★ ★ ★

New Mexico ...................... New York ........................... North Carolina ................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ...................................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(a) ★ (a) (b) ★ (b) (b)

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (b) ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (b) (b) ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

Oklahoma ......................... Oregon ............................... Pennsylvania ..................... Rhode Island ..................... South Carolina .................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(b) ★ ★ (a) ★ (a) (d) ★ (d)

★ (a) ★ ★ (a)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(b) (b) ★ ★ (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(b) ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

South Dakota .................... Tennessee ........................... Texas .................................. Utah ................................... Vermont .............................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(a) ★ (a) (a) ★ (a) (c) (a) ★ (a) ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (f) ... (b) ★

... (f) ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Virginia ............................. Washington ....................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin .......................... Wyoming ...........................

A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C

(a) ★ (a) (c,g) (a) ★ (a) ★ (a) ★ (a)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (g) (b) ...

★ ★ ★ (b) ★

(g) ★ (g) ★ ★ (b) ...

★ ★ ★ (b) ★

★ ★ ... (b) ★

(a) ★ (a) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (d) ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (b) ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

American Samoa .............. A,B,C Guam ................................. A,B,C No. Mariana Islands ........ A,B,C Puerto Rico ....................... A,B,C U.S. Virgin Islands ........... (h) A,B,C (h)

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Key: A — Defend state law when challenged on federal constitutional grounds. B — Conduct litigation on behalf of state in federal and other states’ courts. C — Prosecute actions against another state in U.S. Supreme Court. ★ — Has authority in area. . . . — Does not have authority in area. (a) Attorney general has exclusive jurisdiction. (b) In certain cases only.

Reviews rules for legality

Appears for state in criminal appeals

Involved in rule-making

State or other jurisdiction

Serves as counsel for state

Issues official advice

Represents the public before the agency

Duties to administrative agencies Conducts litigation:

(c) When assisting local prosecutor in the appeal. (d) Can appear on own discretion. (e) Public Service Commission only. (f) Consumer Advocate Division represents the public in utility rate making hearings and rule making proceedings. (g) If authorized by the governor. (h) Except in cases in which the U.S. Attorney is representing the Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

The Council of State Governments

TREASURERS

Table 2.21 TREASURERS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR OFFICE State or other jurisdiction

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State citizen (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Method of selection to office

30 ... 25 18 18

10 ... 10 ★ ...

7 ... 5 ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

E A E E E

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

25 21 ... 30 ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

2 ... ... 7 ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

E E E E (a)

... 25 25 ... 18

★ ★ ★ ... ...

1 2 3 (b) ...

... ... ... ... ...

A E E E E

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... 30 25 ... ...

... ... 5 ... ...

... (c) 2 (c) 5 ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ...

E E E L L

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... ... ... 25 ...

... ... ... ★ ...

5 ... ... 5 1

... ... ... ★ ...

E A E E E

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... ... 25 ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ 2 ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

A E E L A

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

30 ... 21 25 18

★ ... ★ ★ ★

5 ... ★ ★ 30 days

★ ... ★ ★ 30 days

E A E E E

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

31 18 ... 18 ...

10 ★ ... ★ ★

10 ... ... 30 days ★

E E E E E

... ... 18 25 ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... 1 5 2

... ... ... ★ ...

E L E E E

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

... 18 18 ... 25

... ★ ★ ... ★

... 30 days ★ ... ★

(d) A (d) E E E E

Dist. of Columbia ............... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

... ... ...

(e) A A

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Note: “Qualified Voter” provision may infer additional residency and citizenship requirements. Key: ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. A — Appointed by the governor. E — Elected by the voters. L — Elected by the legislature.

The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) Appointed by State Depository Board. (b) Residency requirements while in office. (c) State resident and citizen requirement. (d) Subject to confirmation by the General Assembly. (e) Appointed by the mayor.

TREASURERS

Investment of excess funds

Investment of retirement and/or trust funds

Management of bonded debt

Bond issue

Debt service

Arbitrage rebate

Unclaimed property

Deferred compensation

Linked deposits

College savers program

Table 2.22 TREASURERS: DUTIES OF OFFICE

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (a) ★ (a) ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... N.A.

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ★ ★ (c) ★ (c)

★ ... ★ ★ (c) ★ (c)

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ (b) ★ (b) ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... N.A. ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

★ ★ (d) ★ ★

★ ★ (d) ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... (d) ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... (e) ★ (e) ★ ...

(b) ★ (b) ... ★ ★ ★

(b) ★ (b) ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

★ (g) ★ (g) ★ ★ ★

(f) ★ (f) ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... .. ★

... (h) ★ (h) ... ... ★

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... (i) ★ (i) ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... (j) ★ (j) (a) ★ (a) ★ (a) ★ (a)

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ (d) ★ (d) ★ ★

... ... (d) ★ (d) ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ★ ... ... ★

(k) ★ (k) ... ... ... (d) ★ (d)

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ... (l) ★ (l)

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ N.A. ... N.A.

N.A. N.A. ... ... (d) ★ (d)

Dist. of Columbia ............... Puerto Rico .........................

★ ★

... ...

State or other jurisdiction

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 1996. Note: For additional information on functions of the treasurers’ offices, see Tables 6.5 - 6.7. Key: ★ — Responsible for activity. . . . — Not responsible for activity. N.A. — Not available. (a) State treasurer does invest certain trust funds, however, retirement funds are invested by the state retirement system. (b) Portions. (c) General Obligation. (d) As board member only.

(e) Except for Public Employees Retirement System. (f) Short term. (g) Commissioner of Taxation and Finance invests funds of a number of state entities, but does not invest the state’s general fund monies. Commissioner serves as joint custodian of the general fund, but the state comptroller invests general fund monies. (h) Not administered by Treasury. (i) Contract out for actual services. (j) Investment only. (k) Short term portfolio only. (l) With Farm Loan Board.

The Council of State Governments

TREASURERS

The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter Three

THE LEGISLATURES From citizen-lawmakers to full-time legislators, the legislatures run the gamut â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on legislative organization, operation and action, session lengths, legislative procedure, compensation, bill introductions and enactments from 1994-95, committee appointments, and a review of administrative regulations.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.1 NAMES OF STATE LEGISLATIVE BODIES AND CONVENING PLACES State or other jurisdiction

Both bodies

Upper house

Lower house

Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislature

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives Assembly

State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of House of House of House of House of

Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives

State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol

Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of House of House of House of House of

Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives

State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State Capitol

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Delegates

State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

General Court Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of House of House of House of House of

State House State Capitol State Capitol New Capitol State Capitol

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Legislature Legislature Legislature General Court Legislature

Senate (a) Senate Senate Senate

House of Representatives Assembly House of Representatives General Assembly

State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Building State House State House

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislative Assembly General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of Representatives Assembly House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives

State Capitol State Capitol State Legislative Building State Capitol State House

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Legislature Legislative Assembly General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of House of House of House of House of

Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives

State Capitol State Capitol Main Capitol Building State House State House

Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of House of House of House of House of

Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives

State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

General Assembly Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislature

Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

House of Delegates House of Representatives House of Delegates Assembly (b) House of Representatives

State Capitol Legislative Building State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol

Dist. of Columbia ...............

Council of the District of Columbia Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislative Assembly Legislature

Senate (a) Senate Senate (a)

House of Representatives

Maota Fono Congress Building Civic Center Building The Capitol Capitol Building

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives Representatives

(a)

(a) Unicameral legislature. Except in Dist. of Columbia, members go by the title Senator.

Convening place

District Building

House of Representatives House of Representatives

(b) Members of the lower house go by the title Representative.

The Council of State Governments

Regular sessions

Special sessions Limitation on length of session (a)

Legislature convenes

Legislature may Limitation on determine length of subject session

State or other jurisdiction

Year

Month

Alabama ..........................

Annual

Jan. Apr. Feb.

2nd Tues. (b) 3rd Tues. (c, d) 1st Tues. (e)

30 L in 105 C

Yes (f)

12 L in 30 C

Alaska .............................. ...........................................

Annual

Jan. Jan.

2nd Mon. 3rd Mon. (g)

120 C (h)

By 2/3 vote of members

Yes (i)

30 C

Arizona ............................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

(j)

By petition, 2/3 members, each house

Yes (i)

None

Arkansas ......................... ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

2nd Mon.

60 C (h)

Yes (f,k)

(k)

California ........................

(l)

Jan.

1st Mon. (d)

None

Colorado .........................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Wed.

120 C

By request, 2/3 members, each house

Yes (i)

None

Connecticut ..................... ...........................................

Annual (m)

Jan. Feb.

Wed. after 1st Mon. (n) Wed. after 1st Mon. (o)

(p)

Yes (q)

(q)

None (r)

Delaware .........................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Tues.

June 30

Joint call, presiding officers, both houses

Yes

None

Florida .............................

Annual

Feb.

Tues. after 1st Mon. (d)

60 C (h)

Joint call, presiding officers, both houses

Yes (f)

20 C (h)

Georgia ............................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

40 L

By petition, 3/5 members, each house

Yes (i)

(s)

Hawaii .............................

Annual

Jan.

3rd Wed.

60 L (h)

By petition, 2/3 members, each house

Yes

30 L (h)

Idaho ................................

Annual

Jan.

Mon. on or nearest 9th day

None

20 C

Illinois ..............................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Wed.

None

Joint call, presiding officers, both houses

Yes (i)

None

Indiana ............................ ...........................................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon. (d, t)

odd-61 L or Apr. 30; even-30 L or Mar. 15

30 L or 40 C

Iowa .................................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

(u)

By petition, 2/3 members, both houses

Yes (i)

None

Kansas .............................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

odd-None; even-90 C (h)

Petition to governor of 2/3 members, each house

Yes

None

Kentucky ......................... ...........................................

Biennialeven year

Jan.

Tues after 1st Mon. (d)

60 L (v)

None

Louisiana ......................... ...........................................

Annual

Mar. Apr.

last Mon. (d, n) last Mon. (m, o)

odd-60 L in 85 C; even-30 L in 45 C

By petition, majority, each house

Yes (i)

30 C

Maine ...............................

(l,m)

Dec. Jan.

1st Wed. (b) Wed. after 1st Tues. (o)

3rd Wed. of June (h) 3rd Wed. of April (h)

Joint call, presiding officers, with consent of of majority of members of each political party, each house

Yes (i)

None

Maryland ........................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Wed.

90 C (g)

By petition, majority, each house

Yes

30 C

Massachusetts .................

Annual

Jan.

1st Wed.

(w)

By petition (x)

Yes

None

Michigan .........................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Wed. (d)

None

Minnesota ....................... ...........................................

(y)

Jan.

Tues. after 1st Mon. (n)

120 L or 1st Mon. after 3rd Sat. in May (y)

Yes

None

Day

Legislature may call

LEGISLATURES

64 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 3.2 LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS

LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Regular sessions

Special sessions Limitation on length of session (a)

Legislature convenes

Legislature may Limitation on determine length of subject session

Year

Month

Mississippi ......................

Annual

Jan.

Tues. after 1st Mon.

125 C (h, z); 90C (h, z)

None

Missouri ..........................

Annual

Jan.

Wed. after 1st Mon.

May 30

By petition, 3/4 members, each house

Yes

30 C (aa)

Montana .......................... ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

1st Mon.

90 L

By petition, majority, each house

Yes

None

Nebraska .........................

Annual

Jan.

Wed. after 1st Mon.

odd-90 L (h); even-60 L (h)

By petition, 2/3 members

Yes

None

Nevada ............................. ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

3rd Mon.

60 C (u)

20 C (u)

New Hampshire ..............

Annual

Jan.

Wed. after 1st Tues. (d)

45 L

By 2/3 vote of members, each house

Yes

15 L (u)

New Jersey ......................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Tues.

None

By petition, majority, each house

Yes

None

New Mexico ....................

Annual (m)

Jan.

3rd Tues.

odd-60 C; even-30 C

By petition, 3/5 members, each house

Yes (i)

30 C

New York .........................

Annual

Jan.

Wed. after 1st Mon.

None

By petition, 2/3 members, each house

Yes (i)

None

North Carolina ...............

(y)

Jan.

3rd Wed. after 2nd Mon. (n)

None

By petition, 3/5 members, each house

Yes

None

North Dakota .................. ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

Tues. after Jan. 3, but not later than Jan. 11 (d)

80 L (bb)

Yes

None

Ohio .................................

Annual

Jan.

1st Mon.

None

Joint call, presiding officers, both houses

Yes

None

Oklahoma .......................

Annual

Feb.

1st Mon. (cc)

160 C

By vote, 2/3 members, each house

Yes (i)

None

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

2nd Mon. after 1st Tues.

None

By petition, majority, each house

Yes

None

Pennsylvania ...................

Annual

Jan.

1st Tues.

None

By petition, majority each house

None

Rhode Island ...................

Annual

Jan.

1st. Tues.

60 L (u)

None

South Carolina ...............

Annual

Jan.

2nd Tues. (d)

1st Thurs. in June (h)

Yes

None

South Dakota ..................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Tues.

odd-40 L; even-35 L

None

Tennessee .........................

Annual

Jan.

(dd)

90 L (u)

By petition, 2/3 members, each house

Yes

30 L (u)

Texas ................................ ...........................................

Biennialodd year

Jan.

2nd Tues.

140 C

30 C

Utah .................................

Annual

Jan.

3rd. Mon.

45 C

30 C (ee)

Vermont ...........................

(y)

Jan.

Wed. after 1st Mon. (n)

None

Yes

None

Virginia ...........................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Wed.

odd-30 C (h); even-60 C (h)

By petition, 2/3 members, each house

Yes

None

Washington .....................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

odd-105 C; even-60 C

By vote, 2/3 members, each house

Yes

30 C

West Virginia .................. ...........................................

Annual

Feb. Jan.

2nd Wed. (c, d) 2nd Wed. (e)

60 C (h)

By petition, 3/5 members, each house

Yes (ff)

None

Wisconsin ........................

Annual (gg)

Jan.

1st Mon. (n)

None

See footnotes at end of table.

Day

Legislature may call

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Regular sessions State or other jurisdiction

Special sessions Limitation on length of session (a)

Legislature convenes Year

Month

Day

Wyoming ......................... ........................................... Dist. of Columbia ...........

Annual (m)

American Samoa ............ ...........................................

Annual

Guam ...............................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon. (ii)

None

No. Mariana Islands ......

Annual

(jj)

(d, jj)

90 L (jj)

Puerto Rico .....................

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

Apr. 30 (h)

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Annual

Jan.

2nd Mon.

None

(hh)

Jan. Feb. Jan.

2nd Tues. (n) 3rd Mon. (o) 2nd day

odd-40 L; even-20 L

Jan. July

2nd Mon. 2nd Mon.

45 L 45 L

Legislature may call

Legislature may Limitation on determine length of subject session

Yes

None

Upon request of presiding officers, both houses

Yes (i)

10 C

20 C

None

Sources: State constitutions and statutes. Note: Some legislatures will also reconvene after normal session to consider bills vetoed by governor. Connecticut–if governor vetoes any bill, secretary of state must reconvene General Assembly on second Monday after the last day on which governor is either authorized to transmit or has transmitted every bill with his objections, whichever occurs first: General Assembly must adjourn sine die not later than three days after its reconvening. Hawaii–legislature may reconvene on 45th day after adjournment sine die, in special session, without call. Louisiana–legislature meets in a maximum five-day veto session on the 40th day after final adjournment. Missouri–if governor returns any bill on or after the fifth day before the last day on which legislature may consider bills (in even-numbered years), legislature automatically reconvenes on first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a maximum 10 C sessions. New Jersey–legislature meets in special session (without call or petition) to act on bills returned by governor on 45th day after sine die adjournment of the regular session; if the second year expires before the 45th day, the day preceding the end of the legislative year. Utah–if 2/3 of the members of each house favor reconvening to consider vetoed bills, a maximum five-day session is set by the presiding officers. Virginia–legislature reconvenes on sixth Wednesday after adjournment for a maximum three-day session (may be extended to seven days upon vote of majority of members elected to each house). Washington–upon petition of 2/3 of the members of each house, legislature meets 45 days after adjournment for a maximum five-day session. Key: C — Calendar day L — Legislative day (in some states called a session day or workday; definition may vary slightly, however, generally refers to any day on which either house of legislature is in session). (a) Applies to each year unless otherwise indicated. (b) General election year (quadrennial election year). (c) Year after quadrennial election. (d) Legal provision for organizational session prior to stated convening date. Alabama–in the year after quadrennial election, second Tuesday in January for 10 C. California–in the even-numbered general election year, first Monday in December for an organizational session, recess until the first Monday in January of the odd-numbered year. Florida–in general election year, 14th day after election. Indiana–third Tuesday after first Monday in November. Kentucky–in odd-numbered year, Tuesday after first Monday–in January for 10 L. Louisiana–in year after general election, second Monday in January, not to exceed 3 L. Michigan–held in oddnumbered year. New Hampshire–in even-numbered year, first Wednesday in December. North Dakota–in December. South Carolina–in even-numbered year, Tuesday after certification of election of its members for a maximum three-day session. West Virginia–in year after general election, on second Wednesday in January. No. Mariana Islands–in year after general election, second Monday in January.

(e) Other years. (f) By 2/3 vote each house. (g) Following a gubernatorial election year. (h) Session may be extended by vote of members in both houses. Alaska–2/3 vote for 10-day extension. Arkansas–2/3 vote. Florida–3/5 vote. Hawaii–petition of 2/3 membership for maximum 15-day extension. Kansas–2/3 vote. Maine–2/3 vote for maximum 10 L. Maryland– 3/5 vote for maximum 30 C. Mississippi– 2/3 vote for 30 C extension, no limit on number of extensions. Nebraska–4/5 vote. South Carolina–2/3 vote. Virginia–2/3 vote for 30 C extension. West Virginia–2/3 vote (or if budget bill has not been acted upon three days before session ends, governor issues proclamation extending session). Puerto Rico–joint resolution. (i) Only if legislature convenes itself. Special sessions called by the legislature are unlimited in scope in Arizona, Georgia, Maine, and New Mexico. (j) No constitutional or statutory provision; however, legislative rules require that regular sessions adjourn no later than Saturday of the week during which the 100th day of the session falls. (k) After governor’s business has been disposed of, members may remain in session up to 15 C by a 2/3 vote of both houses. (l) Regular sessions begin after general election, in December of even-numbered year. In California, legislature meets in December for an organizational session, recesses until the first Monday in January of the oddnumbered year and continues in session until Nov. 30 of next even-numbered year. In Maine, session which begins in December of general election year runs into the following year (odd-numbered); second session begins in next even-numbered year. (m) Second session limited to consideration of specific types of legislation. Connecticut–individual legislators may only introduce bills of a fiscal nature, emergency legislation and bills raised by committees. Louisiana–fiscal matters. Maine–budgetary matters; legislation in the governor’s call; emergency legislation; legislation referred to committees for study. New Mexico–budgets, appropriations and revenue bills; bills drawn pursuant to governor’s message; vetoed bills. Wyoming–budget bills. (n) Odd-numbered years. (o) Even-numbered years. (p) Odd-numbered years–not later than Wednesday after first Monday in June; even-numbered–years not later than Wednesday after first Monday in May. (q) Constitution provides for regular session convening dates and allows that sessions may also be held “. . . at such other times as the General Assembly shall judge necessary.” Call by majority of legislators is implied. (r) Upon completion of business. (s) Limited to 40 L unless extended by 3/5 vote and approved by the governor, except in cases of impeachment proceedings.

LEGISLATURES

66 The Book of the States 1996-97

LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS — Continued

LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS — Continued (t) Legislators may reconvene at any time after organizational meeting; however, second Monday in January is the final date by which regular session must be in process. (u) Indirect limitation; usually restrictions on legislator’s pay, per diem, or daily allowance. (v) May not extend beyond April 15. (w) Legislative rules say formal business must be concluded by Nov. 15th of the 1st session in the biennium, or by July 31st of the 2nd session for the biennium. (x) Joint rules provide for the submission of a written statement requesting special session by a specified number of members of each chamber. (y) Legal provision for session in odd-numbered year; however, legislature may divide, and in practice has divided, to meet in even-numbered years as well. (z) 90 C sessions every year, except the first year of a gubernatorial administration during which the legislative session runs for 125 C. (aa) 30 C if called by legislature; 60 C if called by governor. (bb) No legislative day is shorter than a natural day. (cc) Odd number years will include a regular session commencing on the first Tuesday after the first Monday

in January and recessing not later than the first Monday in February of that year. Limited constitutional duties can be performed. (dd) Commencement of regular session depends on concluding date of organizational session. Legislature meets, in odd-numbered year, on second Tuesday in January for a maximum 15 C organizational session, then returns on the Tuesday following the conclusion of the organizational session. (ee) Except in cases of impeachment. (ff) According to a 1955 attorney general’s opinion, when the legislature has petitioned to the governor to be called into session, it may then act on any matter. (gg) The legislature, by joint resolution, establishes the session schedule of activity for the remainder of the biennium at the beginning of the odd-numbered year. (hh) Each Council period begins on January 2 of each odd-numbered year and ends on January 1 of the following odd-numbered year. (ii) Legislature meets on the first Monday of each month following its initial session in January. (jj) 60 L before April 1 and 30 L after July 31.

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.3 THE LEGISLATORS: NUMBERS, TERMS, AND PARTY AFFILIATIONS (As of April 1996) Senate State or other jurisdiction

Senate and House Other Vacancies Total Term totals

House

Democrats Republicans Other Vacancies Total Term Democrats Republicans

All states ......................

1,008

920

2,796

2,608

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

23 8 11 28 21

12 12 19 7 17

... ... ... ... (b) 2 (b)

... ... ... ... ...

35 20 30 35 40

4 4 2 4 4

73 17 22 87 39

32 22 38 12 41

... (a) 1 (a) ... ... ...

... ... ... 1 ...

105 40 60 100 80

4 2 2 2 2

140 60 90 135 120

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

16 19 13 18 35

19 17 8 22 20

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 1

35 36 21 40 56

4 2 4 4 2

24 91 14 63 114

41 60 27 57 66

... ... ... ... ...

65 151 41 120 180

2 2 2 2 2

100 187 62 160 236

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

23 8 26 20 27

2 27 33 30 23

... ... ... ... ...

25 4 35 (c) 2 59 4 (d) 50 4 50 4

44 13 54 45 36

7 57 64 55 64

... ... ... ... ...

51 70 (c) 118 100 100

2 2 2 2 2

76 105 177 150 150

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

13 21 26 16 32

27 17 13 18 15

... ... ... (b) 1 (b) ...

... ... ... ... ...

40 38 39 35 47

4 4 4 2 4

44 61 78 75 100

81 37 27 75 41

... ... ... ... ...

... 2 ... 1 ...

125 100 105 151 141

2 2 4 2 4

165 138 144 186 188

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

30 16 43 (e) 34 19

10 22 24 (f) 18 15

... ... ... ... ...

40 38 67 52 34

2 4 4 4 4

121 54 69 (e) 85 87

33 (b) 1 (b) 56 ... 65 (f) ... 34 (b) 3 (b) 76 ...

5 ... ... ... ...

160 110 134 122 163

2 2 2 4 2

200 148 201 174 197

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

1,984

19 31 ... ... 50 -----------Nonpartisan election----------- 49 8 13 ... ... 21 6 18 ... ... 24 16 24 ... ... 40

...

(g) 4 (g) 4 4 2 (j) 4 (i)

5,440

...

7,424

33 67 ... ... 100 2 ----------------------------Unicameral---------------------------21 21 ... ... 42 2 110 282 (h) 1 (h) 7 400 2 27 53 ... ... 80 2

150 49 63 424 120

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

27 25 26 20 13

15 36 24 29 20

... ... ... ... ...

42 61 50 49 (j) 33

4 2 2 4 4

46 96 68 23 41

24 54 52 75 56

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 2

70 150 120 98 (j) 99

2 2 2 2 2

112 211 170 147 132

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

36 11 21 40 26

12 19 27 10 19

... ... ... ... (b) 1 (b)

... ... 2 ... ...

48 30 50 50 46

4 4 4 2 4

65 26 100 84 54

36 34 102 16 65

... ... ... ... (b) 4 (b)

... ... 1 ... 1

101 60 203 100 124

2 2 2 2 2

149 90 253 150 170

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

16 16 17 10 12

19 17 14 19 18

... ... ... ... ...

35 33 31 29 30

2 4 4 4 2

24 59 87 20 86

46 40 63 55 61

... ... ... ... (k) 3 (k)

... ... ... ... ...

70 99 150 75 150

2 2 2 2 2

105 132 181 104 180

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

20 25 26 16 10

20 24 8 17 20

... ... ... ... ...

40 49 34 33 30

4 4 4 4 4

52 34 69 48 13

47 62 31 51 47

(b) 1 (b) ... ... ... ...

... 2 ... ... ...

100 98 100 99 60 (l)

2 2 2 2 2

140 147 134 132 90

13 18 21 9 29 (r) 15

4 4 2 4 4 2

Dist. of Columbia (m) .... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

11 . . . (n) 2 (n) . . . ----------Nonpartisan selection---------13 8 ... ... 2 6 ... 1 20 (o) 8 (p) (q) 1 (q) . . . 8 1 (s) 6 (s) . . .

The Book of the States 1996-97

----------------------------Unicameral---------------------------------------Nonpartisan election------------- 20 2 ----------------------------Unicameral---------------------------2 13 (b) 2 (b) 1 18 2 15 (o) 37 (p) (q) 1 (q) ... 52 4 ----------------------------Unicameral----------------------------

13 38 21 27 81 15

LEGISLATURES

THE LEGISLATORS: NUMBERS, TERMS, AND PARTY AFFILIATIONS — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments, compiled from various sources. (a) Independent; Alaskan Independent. (b) Independent. (c) As a result of redistricting, membership of the legislature decreased: Senate–from 42 to 35 members, House–from 84 to 70 members. (d) The entire Senate is up for election every 10 years, beginning in 1972. Senate districts are divided into three groups. One group elects senators for terms of four years, four years and two years; the second group for terms of four years, two years and four years; the third group for terms of two years, four years, and four years. (e) Democrat-Farmer-Labor. (f) Independent-Republican. (g) After each decennial reapportionment, lots are drawn for half of the senators to serve an initial two year term. Subsequent elections are for four year terms. (h) Libertarian (1).

(i) Senate terms beginning in January of second year following the U.S. decennial census are for two years only. (j) As a result of redistricting, membership of the legislature decreased: Senate–from 53 to 49 members, House–from 106 to 98 members. (k) Independent (2); Progressive (1). (l) As a result of redistricting, membership of the House decreased from 64 to 60 members. (m) Council of the District of Columbia. (n) Statehood (1); Independent (1). (o) New Progressive Party. (p) Popular Democratic Party. (q) Puerto Rico Independent Party. (r) As a result of redistricting, membership of the Senate increased from 27 to 29. (s) Independent (4); Independent Citizens Movement (2).

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.4 MEMBERSHIP TURNOVER IN THE LEGISLATURES: 1994 Senate

State

Total number of members

Number of membership changes

35 20 30 35 40

16 3 10 7 7

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

35 36 21 40 56

House Total number of members

Number of membership changes

Percentage change of total

46 15 33 20 18

105 40 60 100 80

37 10 18 28 27

35 25 30 28 34

8 8 5 4 8

23 22 24 10 14

65 151 41 120 180

5 30 7 30 25

35 19 20 18 29

25 35 59 50 50

9 7 2 3 10

36 20 3 6 20

51 70 118 100 100

18 13 24 18 29

35 19 20 18 29

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

40 (a) 38 39 (a) 35 47

22 7 4 15 20

55 18 10 43 43

125 100 105 (a) 151 141

35 19 1 68 60

28 19 0.9 45 43

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

40 38 67 52 (a) 34

6 12 2 1 9

15 32 3 2 26

160 110 134 122 (a) 163

27 19 22 1 36

17 17 16 0.8 22

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

50 49 21 24 40 (a)

13 7 5 6 13

26 14 24 25 33

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

42 (a) 61 50 49 33

17 3 17 10 4

40 5 34 20 12

70 150 120 98 99

18 11 38 20 17

26 7 32 20 17

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

48 30 50 50 46 (a)

2 5 9 11 1

4 17 18 22 2

101 60 203 100 124

19 21 22 15 11

19 35 11 15 9

35 33 31 29 30

9 5 5 6 7

26 15 16 21 35

70 99 150 75 150

21 24 20 16 45

30 24 13 21 30

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

40 (a) 49 34 33 30

15 10 12 1 10

38 20 35 3 33

100 (a) 98 100 99 60

25 41 35 12 12

25 42 35 12 20

Note: Turnover calculated after 1994 legislative elections. Data were obtained from the 1995 edition of State Elective Officials and the Legislatures, published by The Council of State Governments. (a) No election in 1994.

The Book of the States 1996-97

Percentage change of total

100 38 38 ---------------------------- Unicameral ----------------------------42 19 45 400 139 35 80 (a) 2 3

Table 3.5 THE LEGISLATORS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION House

Senate

Minimum age

21 21 25 21 18

... ... ★ ★ 3

(a) 3 (a) 3 3 2 3

1 1 1 1 1

... ★ ... ... ★

25 25 25 25 18

... ... ★ ★ 3

(a) 3 (a) 3 3 2 3

1 1 1 1 1

... ★ ... ... ★

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

25 18 24 21 21

★ ... ... ... ★

... ... (a) 3 (a) 2 (a) 2 (a)

1 ★ 1 ★ 1

... ★ ... ★ ...

25 18 27 21 25

★ ... ... ... ★

... ... (a) 3 (a) 2 (a) 2 (a)

1 ★ 1 ★ 1

... ★ ... ★ ...

18 18 21 21 21

... ★ ★ ★ ★

3 ... ... 2 1

(b) 1 (c) 2 (c) 1 60 days

★ ★ ... ... ...

18 18 21 25 25

... ★ ★ ★ ★

3 ... ... 2 1

(b) 1 (c) 2 (c) 1 60 days

★ ★ ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

18 24 18 21 21

... ... ... 5 ...

... (a) 2 (a) 2 1 (a) 1 (a)

★ 1 1 3 mo. (d) 6 mo. (d)

★ ... ★ ... ...

18 30 18 25 25

... ... ... 5 ...

... (a) 6 (a) 2 1 (a) 1 (a)

★ 1 1 3 mo. (d) 6 mo. (d)

★ ... ★ ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

18 21 21 21 24

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... 1 (a) 4 (a) ...

1 (b) 6 mo. 2 (e) 1 (e)

... ★ ★ ★ 2

18 21 21 25 30

... ★ ... ... ...

5 ... 1 ... ...

★ (b) 6 mo. 2 1 (e)

... ★ ★ 4 3

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

18 U 21 18 21

... U ... ... ...

1 U (a) 1 (a) 2 (a) 2 (a)

(f) 6 mo. (f) U 1 ★ 1

... U ★ ... ★

18 21 21 30 30

... ... ... ... ...

1 ... (a) 1 (a) 7 (a) 4 (a)

(f) 6 mo. (f) 1 1 ★ 1

... ★ ★ ... ★

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

21 18 (h) 18 18

... ★ ★ ... ...

... 5 1 1 ...

★ (g) 1 (g) 1 (b) 1

... ... ★ ★ ★

25 18 25 18 18

... ★ ... ... ...

... 5 (a) 2 (a) 1 ...

★ (g) 1 (g) 1 (b) 1

... ... ★ ★ ★

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

21 21 21 18 21

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... (a) 4 (a) ... ...

(b) 1 1 ... (b)

★ ... ... ★ ★

25 21 25 18 25

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... (a) 4 (a) ... ...

(b) 1 1 ... (b)

★ ... ... ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table.

State resident (years)

District resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

District resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

U.S. citizen (years)

House

Senate

State or other jurisdiction

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

District resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

25 21 21 25 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

2 (a) 3 (a) 2 3 2

(b) (b) 1 (b) 1 (b) 6 mo. (b) 1

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

25 30 26 25 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

2 3 5 3 2

(b) (b) 1 (b) 1 (b) 6 mo. (b) 1

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

21 18 18 18 21

... ★ ... ... ★

1 ... (a) 5 (a) 1 (a)

★ (b) 1 (b) 1

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

21 18 25 18 25

... ★ ... ... ★

1 ... (a) 5 (a) 1 (a)

★ (b) 1 (b) 1

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Dist. of Columbia ............... American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico (k) ................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

U 25 U 21 25 U

U (i) ★ (i) U ... ★ U

U 5 U 3 2 U

U 1 U ... (l) 1 (l) U

U ... U ★ ... U

18 (j) 30 (j) 25 25 30 21

... (i) ★ (i) ★ ... ★ ★

1 5 5 5 2 3

★ 1 ... ... (l) 1 (l) ...

★ ... ... ★ ... ★

Sources: State constitutions and statutes. Note: Many state constitutions have additional provisions disqualifying persons from holding office if they are convicted of a felony, bribery, perjury or other infamous crimes. Key: U — Unicameral legislature; members are called senators, except in District of Columbia. ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. (a) State citizenship requirement. (b) Must be a qualified voter of the district; number of years not specified. (c) Following redistricting, a candidate may be elected from any district that contains a part of the district in which he resided at the time of redistricting, and reelected if a resident of the new district he represents for 18 months prior to reelection. (d) If the district was established for less than six months, residency is length of establishment of district. (e) Only if the district has been in existence for one year; if not, then legislator must have been a one year

Minimum age

U.S. citizen (years)

State resident (years)

District resident (years)

Qualified voter (years)

resident of the district(s) from which the new district was created. (f) Shall be a resident of the county if it contains one or more districts or of the district if it contains all or parts of more than one county. (g) After redistricting, must have been a resident of the county in which the district is contained for one year immediately preceding election. (h) A conflict exists between two articles of the constitution, one specifying age for House members (i.e., “qualified voter of the state”) and the other related to general eligibility for elective office (i.e., “every qualified voter . . . who is 21 years of age . . . shall be eligible for election”). (i) Or U.S. national. (j) Must be registered matai. (k) Read and write the Spanish or English language. (l) When there is more than one representative district in a municipality, residence in the municipality shall satisfy this requirement.

LEGISLATURES

72 The Book of the States 1996-97

THE LEGISLATORS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION — Continued

Majority leader

Assistant majority leader

Majority floor leader

Majority whip

Majority caucus chairman

Minority leader

Assistant minority leader

Minority floor leader

Assistant minority floor leader

Minority whip

Minority caucus chairman

(a) ES ES (a) (a)

ES AP AP ES ES

... EC EC EC ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... ... ...

... EC EC ... EC

... ... ... ... EC

... EC EC EC ...

... ... EC ... ...

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... ... ...

... EC EC ... EC

... ... ... ... EC

Colorado ............................. Connecticut (b) .................. Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

ES (a) (a) ES (a)

ES ES (c) EC (c) ES ES

EC EC EC AP EC

EC AT,AL/5 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... AT,AL EC ... EC

EC ... ... ... EC

EC EC EC (d) EC (d) EC

EC AL/8 ... (e) EC (e) ...

... ... ... EC/2 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... AL EC ... EC

EC ... ... ... EC

ES (a) (h) ES (h) (a) ES

(f) ES (f) ES ... ES ES

EC EC (h) ... EC

... EC AP/6 ... EC

EC ... ... AT ...

... ... ... AT ...

EC ... ... AT ...

(g) EC (g) EC AP EC ...

EC EC EC ... EC

... EC AL/5 ... EC

EC ... ... EC ...

... ... ... EC ...

... EC AL EC ...

Kansas (i) ............................ Kentucky ............................. Louisiana* .......................... Maine ................................... Maryland (n) ......................

ES ES ES ES ES

(f) ES (f) ES ES (l) AP (l) ES

... EC ... (m) (o)

... ... ... (m) (p)

(k) EC (k) EC ... ... AP,AL

(j) EC ... ... ...

EC EC ... ... ... ... (m) EC (m) (m) EC (m) EC ...

... EC ... (m) ...

... ... ... (m) ...

EC EC ... ... EC

EC EC ... ... ...

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota* ......................... Mississippi* ........................ Missouri ..............................

(q) EC (q) (a) ES (a) (a)

... ES ES ES ES

AP EC EC ... ...

AP/2 EC EC ... ...

... EC ... ... EC

... EC AL/4 ... ...

(q) EC ... ... EC

(q) EC (q) EC EC ... ...

AL/3 EC EC/4 ... ...

... EC ... ... EC

... EC (r) EC (r) ... ...

(q) EC ... ... EC

Montana .............................. Nebraska (U) ...................... Nevada ................................. New Hampshire (t) ............ New Jersey (u) ....................

ES (a) (a) ES ES

ES (s) ES (s) ES ... ES

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... ... EC/3

ES ... EC ... ...

... ... EC ... ...

ES ... EC ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... ... EC/3

ES ... EC ... ...

... ... EC ... ...

ES ... EC ... EC

... ... ... ... ...

New Mexico ........................ New York* (w) .................... North Carolina (z) ............. North Dakota ...................... Ohio (bb) .............................

(a) (a) (a) (a,aa) (q) ES (q)

ES (x) ES (x) ES ES ES

(v) EC (v) (x) EC EC ...

... AT/2 ... EC ...

EC (v) ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

EC AT EC ... ES

EC (y) AT (y) ... EC (q)

EC EC EC EC (q) ES (q)

... AL/3 ... EC ES

EC ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

EC AL EC ... ES

EC (y) AL (y) ... EC (q)

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island (z) ................. South Carolina* .................

(a) ES (a) (a) (a)

ES ES ES ES ES

EC EC EC EC ...

EC AL/7 ... (cc) AL/6 (cc) ...

EC ... ... ... ...

EC AL EC AL ...

EC (q) EC ... ...

EC ... ... ... ...

EC EC/4 EC AL ...

EC (q) EC ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

EC/2 ... ... EC (ee)

... ... ... ... ...

EC/2 ... ... EC (ee)

... (dd) EC (dd) ... ... ...

The Council of State Governments 73

EC (j) EC (j) ... ... ... ... (m) EC (m) (m) EC (m) (o) AP (o) (p) AP,AL (p)

(a) ES EC (s) ES (s) (dd) AP (dd) (dd) EC (dd) (a) ES ... ES ... EC (a) ES EC (ee)

EC ... ... ... EC (ee)

Assistant majority floor leader

President pro tem

Alabama* ............................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California* ..........................

State or other jurisdiction

EC EC (q) EC (q) EC EC ... EC (cc) AL/2 (cc) ... ...

... EC EC (dd) EC (dd) (dd) EC (dd) ... ... ... ... ... EC ... ... EC (ee) EC (ee)

LEGISLATURES

President

Table 3.6 SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; METHODS OF SELECTION

EC EC ... ... ...

EC EC AP ... EC

EC EC ... EC EC

Dist. of Columbia (U) ........ American Samoa ................ Guam (U) ............................ No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands (U) ......

(hh) ES (s) ES (s) (h) ES (h) (q) ES (q) ES

(ii) ES (f) ES (f) ... (f) ES (f) (f) ES (f)

... ... EC (h) EC ES

... ... EC ... ... ...

... ... ... (jj) ES (jj) (kk) EC (kk) ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... EC ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (q) ...

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the Senate are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Entry following slash indicates number of individuals holding specified position. Key: ES — Elected or confirmed by all members of the Senate. EC — Elected by party caucus. AP — Appointed by president. AT — Appointed by president pro tempore. AL — Appointed by party leader. (U) — Unicameral legislative body. . . . — Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Lieutenant governor is president of the Senate by virtue of the office. (b) Additional positions include deputy president pro tem, two deputy majority leaders (EC), minority leader pro tem, and two deputy minority leaders (appointed by minority leader and approved by party caucus). (c) Approved by Senate members. (d) Preferred title is Republican leader. (e) Official title is minority leader pro tempore. (f) Official title is vice president. In Guam, vice speaker. (g) Official title is majority caucus leader. (h) President also serves as majority leader. (i) Additional positions include minority caucus policy chair (EC). (j) Assistant majority leader also serves as majority party caucus chairperson. (k) Official title is assistant majority leader/whip. (l) Appointed only in the president’s absence. (m) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; assistant majority leader also serves as assistant majority floor leader; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader; assistant minority leader also serves as assistant minority floor leader. (n) Other positions include deputy majority whip and assistant deputy majority whip; both positions are appointed by president and majority leader. (o) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. (p) Official title is deputy majority leader. Also serves as assistant majority floor leader.

EC (gg) EC (gg) EC EC ...

EC ... ... EC ...

EC EC EC EC (gg) EC (gg) (gg) EC (gg) (gg) EC (gg) (gg) EC (gg) ... ... AL ... ... ... ... EC EC ... EC EC

... ... EC ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (kk) EC (kk) ...

(q)

... ... EC EC EC/2 (q) ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... EC ... ... ...

Minority caucus chairman

Majority caucus chairman

EC EC ... ... EC

Minority whip

Majority whip

... ... ... EC ...

Assistant minority floor leader

Majority floor leader

EC EC AP EC ...

Minority floor leader

Assistant majority leader

EC ES AP ES (f) ES (f)

Assistant minority leader

Majority leader

(a) (a) ES ES ES

Minority leader

President pro tem

Assistant majority floor leader

President

Virginia ............................... Washington (ff) .................. West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

State or other jurisdiction

... ... ... ... (q) ...

(q) President and minority floor leader are also caucus chairmen. In Ohio and Puerto Rico, president and minority leader. In Oregon, majority leader and minority leader. (r) Official title is assistant minority leader/minority whip. (s) Official title is speaker. In Tennessee, official also has the statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (t) Additional positions include a Republican leader and a Democratic leader. (u) Additional positions include deputy majority leader (EC), two deputy assistant minority leaders (EC), and minority leader pro tem (EC). (v) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. Minority leader also serves as minority floor leader. (w) Additional positions include vice-president pro tem (AT), deputy majority leader (AT), majority program development chairman (AT), deputy minority leader (AL), senior assistant majority leader (AT), majority conference vice-chairman (AT), minority conference vice-chairman (AL), majority conference secretary (AT), deputy majority whip (AT), majority steering committee chairman (AT), minority conference secretary (AL), assistant majority whip (AT), and assistant minority whip (AL). (x) President pro tempore is also majority leader. (y) Majority caucus chairman: official title is majority conference chairman. Minority caucus chairman: official title is minority conference chairman. (z) Additional positions include deputy president pro tempore. (aa) On the June 11, 1996 ballot, voters will decide whether to keep the lieutenant governor as president of the senate. (bb) Additional positions include assistant president pro tempore (ES) and assistant minority whip (ES). (cc) Assistant majority leader: official title is deputy majority leader. Assistant minority leader: official title is deputy minority leader. (dd) President pro tem: official title is speaker pro tem. Official titles of majority party leaders: Democratic; official titles of minority party leaders; Republican. (ee) Assistant majority leader also serves as majority whip. Assistant minority whip also serves as minority whip. (ff) Additional positions include vice president pro tem (ES), majority assistant whip (EC), and Republican assistant whip (EC). (gg) Customary title of minority party leaders is the party designation (Republican). (hh) Chairman of the Council, which is an elected position. (ii) Appointed by the chairman; official title is chairman pro tem. (jj) Official title is floor leader. (kk) Office title is alternate floor leader.

LEGISLATURES

74 The Book of the States 1996-97

SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS — METHODS OF SELECTION — Continued

EH EH (f) EC (f) EH EH

AS (d) AS/3 (d) ... EH EH

EC EC EC AS EC

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... (g) AS (g) ...

EC AS EC AS EC

EC ... ... EC EC

EH EH EH EH EH

(d)EH (d) ... ... AS EH

EC EC AS ... EC

... ec AS/6 ... ec

EC ... ... EC ...

... EC (h) AS (h) EC ...

EC EC EC ... EC

... EC AL/6 ... EC

Kansas (j) ............................ Kentucky ............................. Louisiana* .......................... Maine ................................... Maryland (m) .....................

EH EH EH EH EH

EH EH EH (k) AS (k) EH

EC ... ... (l) EC (l) (n) AS (n)

EC ... ... (l) EC (l) (o) AS (o)

... EC ... (l) (n)

... ... ... (l) AS

EC EC ... ... AS

EC EC ... ... EC

EC ... ... (l) EC (l) EC

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota* ......................... Mississippi* ........................ Missouri ..............................

(q) EC (q) EH EH EH EH

... EH AS EH EH

AS ... (r) EC (r) ... ...

AS/2 ... EC/4 ... ...

... EC (r) ... EC

... EC ... ... EC

(q) EC ... ... EC

(q) EC (q) EC (r) EC (r) ... ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey (u) ....................

EH (s) EH EH EH

...

EH (d) AS (d) EH

... AS EC

...

... AS EC/3

EC ... ...

EC AS EC

... ... (v) EC (v)

... (t) AS (t) EC

New Mexico ........................ New York (w)* .................... North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio (y) ...............................

EH EH EH EH (q) EH (q)

... AS EH ... EH

(n) EC (n) AS EC EC ...

... AS ... EC ...

(n) EC (n) ... ... ... EH

... ... ... ... EH

EC AS EC ... EH

EC (x) AS (x) ... EC (q)

EC EC EC EC (q) EH (q)

... AL/2 ... EC EH

Oklahoma (z) ...................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island (cc) ............... South Carolina (ff)* ..........

EH EH EH EH EH

AS ... ... ... EC

AS/7 ... ... ... EC

AS/2 EC EC EC (gg) EC (gg)

EC (aa) EC ... ...

EC ... (e) ... ... ... (g) AS (g) (g) AS (g) ... ...

EC EC ... ... (h) AS/2 (h) (h) AS/2 (h) EC EC ... ...

EH ... ... EH (aa) EC (aa) AL/6 ... EC ... (dd) AS (dd) EC (o) EC/11 (o) EH EC EC

Minority caucus chairman

Colorado ............................. Connecticut (c) ................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Minority whip

... EC EC EC ...

Assistant minority floor leader

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (a) AS (a)

Minority floor leader

... ... ... EC ...

Assistant minority leader

Majority caucus chairman

... EC EC EC ...

Minority leader

Majority whip

Assistant majority leader

EH AS AS AS EH

See footnotes at end of table.

Assistant majority floor leader

Majority leader

EH EH EH EH EH

Majority floor leader

Speaker pro tem

Alabama* ............................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California* ..........................

... ... EC EC ...

... ... ... ... EC

... EC EC EC (b) AL/2 (b)

... ... ... ... EC

... ... ... (g) AL (g) ...

EC AL/3 EC ... EC

EC ... ... (g) EC (g) EC

EC ... (h) AL/2 (h) EC ...

EC ... ... (i) ...

... EC (h) AL (h) (i) ...

EC ... ... (l) EC (l) (p) AL (p)

... EC ... (l) ...

... ... ... (l) ...

EC EC ... ... EC

EC EC ... ... ...

AL EC AL/7 ... ...

... EC (r) ... EC

... EC ... ... EC

(q) EC ... ... EC

...

... (t) AL (t) EC/3

EC ... ...

EC AL EC

... ... (v) EC (v)

EC ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

EC AL EC ... EH

EC (x) AL (x) ... EC (q)

EC ... ... ... ...

EC/3 ... ... ... ...

EC/2 EC (bb) EC (bb) EC EC

EC (aa) EC ... ...

EC EC ... EC (e) AL/8 (e) ... EC ... ... (g) EC (g) (g) EC (g) (g) AL (g) EC ... ...

... ... (aa) EC (aa) AL/6 (bb) EC (bb) ... EC (ee) EC/3 (ee) EC EC

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Speaker

Table 3.7 HOUSE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; METHODS OF SELECTION

Virginia ............................... Washington (kk) ................. West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

EH EH EH EH EH

... EH AS EH EH

(r) EC (r) EC AS EC ...

... EC ... EC ...

(r) EC ... ... EC

... EC/2 ... ... ...

Dist. of Columbia ............... American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

(s) EH (d) EH (d) (s) (oo) EH (oo) ... (q) EH (q) (d) EH (d) (s)

EC/3 EC ... EC (jj) ... (ll) EC (ll)(mm) AS ... EC

Minority caucus chairman

... EC ... ... ...

Minority whip

Assistant majority floor leader

... EC ... ... ...

Assistant minority floor leader

Majority floor leader

EC EC ... ... EC (j)

EC EC ... EC EC

EC EC ... ... EC (jj)

... EC ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

EC/2 EC ... EC (jj)

... EC ... ... ...

EC EC (r) EC (mm) EC ... EC EC EC EC ...

... ... AL EC ...

(r) EC ... ... EC

... EC/2 ... ... EC

... (nn) EC (nn) ... ... EC

EC EC AL EC EC

... EC ... ... ...

Minority floor leader

Assistant majority leader

EC EC ... EC EC

Assistant minority leader

Majority leader

EH EH AS ... ...

Minority leader

Speaker pro tem

EH EH EH EH EH

Majority caucus chairman

Speaker

South Dakota (hh) ............. Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah (ii) ............................... Vermont ...............................

Majority whip

State or other jurisdiction

...

(oo) EC

... ...

(pp) EH (pp) (qq) EC (qq)

... ...

... (p)

EC (q)

... ...

... (qq) EC (qq)

... ...

... (q)

LEGISLATURES

76 The Book of the States 1996-97

HOUSE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS — METHODS OF SELECTION — Continued

HOUSE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS — METHODS OF SELECTION — Continued (s) Unicameral legislature; see entries in Table 3.6, “Senate Leadership Positions — Methods of Selection.” (t) Official titles: minority leader is Democratic leader and assistant minority leader is deputy Democratic leader. (u) Additional positions include four deputy speakers (EC), three assistant majority whips (EC), majority budget officer (EC), minority leader pro tem (EC), and three deputy minority leaders (EC). (v) Official titles: majority caucus chairman is majority conference leader and minority caucus chairman is conference chairman. (w) Additional positions: deputy speaker (AS), assistant speaker (AS), assistant speaker pro tem (AS), minority leader pro tem (AL), assistant minority leader pro tem (AL), deputy majority leader (AS), deputy minority leader (AL), deputy majority whip (AS), deputy minority whip (AL), assistant majority whip (AS), assistant minority whip (AL), majority conference vice-chairman (AS), minority conference vice-chairman (AL), majority conference secretary (AS), minority conference secretary (AL), majority steering committee chairman (AS), majority steering committee vice-chairman (AS), minority steering committee chairman (AL), minority steering committee vicechairman (AL), majority program committee chairman (AS), and minority program committee chairman (AL). (x) Official titles: majority caucus chairman is majority conference chairman; minority caucus chairman is minority conference chairman. (y) Additional positions include assistant majority whip (EH) and assistant minority whip (EH). (z) Additional positions include assistant majority whip and minority caucus secretary. (aa) Majority leader also serves as majority caucus chairman; minority leader also serves as minority caucus chairman. (bb) Official titles: minority leader is Republican leader and minority whip is Republican whip. (cc) Additional positions include first deputy speaker (AS). (dd) Official title is senior speaker pro tem. (ee) Official title is deputy minority leader. (ff) Additional positions include two deputy majority whips, three assistant majority whips, and two freshman whips. (gg) Official title is chief deputy majority whip. (hh) Additional positions include three assistant majority whips (EC). (ii) Additional positions include assistant majority whip and assistant minority whip. (jj) Assistant majority leader also serves as majority whip; assistant minority leader also serves as minority whip. (kk) Additional positions include three assistant minority whips, all positions are established by caucus rule and can change each biennium. (ll) Additional positions include three assistant majority whips (EC). (mm) Additional position is caucus vice chair (EC). (nn) Additional positions include two assistant minority whips (EC). (oo) Speaker also serves as majority leader. (pp) Official title is floor leader. (qq) Official title is alternate floor leader.

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the house are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Entry following slash indicates number of individuals holding specified position. Key: EH — Elected or confirmed by all members of the house. EC — Elected by party caucus. AS — Appointed by speaker. AL — Appointed by party leader. . . . — Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Appointed by speaker, after consultation with members of supporting majority. (b) Appointed by minority floor leader. (c) Additional positions include four deputy majority leaders (appointed by majority leader) and three deputy minority leaders (appointed by minority leader and approved by party caucus). (d) Official title is deputy speaker. In Hawaii, American Samoa and Puerto Rico, vice speaker. (e) Three deputy majority leaders and twelve assistant majority leaders are appointed by speaker and approved by party caucus. Deputy minority leader at large, two deputy minority leaders and eight assistant minority leaders are appointed by minority leader. (f) Approved by house members. (g) Official titles: assistant majority leader is deputy majority leader, majority floor leader is majority floor whip, assistant majority floor leader is freshman majority whip, assistant minority leader is Republican leader pro tem. Other titles of minority floor leaders are designated by party affiliation (Republican). (h) Official titles: majority floor leader is deputy majority leader, majority caucus chairman is majority conference chairperson, minority floor leader is deputy minority leader, and minority caucus chairman is minority conference chairperson. (i) Appointed by minority floor leader. (j) Additional positions include minority agenda chair (EC) and minority policy chair (EC). (k) Appointed only in the speaker’s absence. (l) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; assistant majority leader also serves as assistant majority floor leader; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader; assistant minority leader also serves as assistant minority floor leader. (m) Additional positions include 10 deputy majority whips. (n) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. (o) Official title is assistant majority leader. (p) Official title is assistant minority whip. (q) Speaker and minority leader are also caucus chairmen. (r) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.8 METHOD OF SETTING LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION (As of March 1995) State or other jurisdiction

Constitution

Legislature

Compensation commission

Legislators’ salaries tied or related to state employees’ salaries

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ★

★ (a) ★ (a) (b) ★ (b) ... ...

... Tied to state employees’ salary schedule for non-salaried employees. ... ... ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. ........................................... Georgia ............................ ...........................................

... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★

★ ★ (c) ★ (c) ...

...

★

...

... ... ... Tied to average percentage increase of state career service employees for the fiscal year just concluded. Automatic cost-of-living increases equal to 1/2 of percentage approved for state employees.

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

(d) ★ (d) (e) ★ (e) (f) ★ (f) ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine (h) ......................... Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... (g) ★ (g) ... ... (i) ★ (i)

Legislators receive same margin of increase given to all state employees. ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ (j) ★ (j) (k) ... ...

... ... ... ... Legislators receive all cost-of-living increases given to state employees.

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ (l) ★ (l) ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

Tied to state employee pay schedule. ... ... ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... ........................................... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ...

... ★ ★

(m) ... ...

... ...

★ ★

★ ...

... ... Amount increased equal to the average increase received by state employees. ... ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

(n) ★ (n) ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... (o) ★ (o) ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... Tied to pay plan of classified non-represented employees. ...

Dist. of Columbia ...........

...

★

...

Tied to salary of highest paid government official.

The Book of the States 1996-97

LEGISLATURES

METHOD OF SETTING LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION — Continued Source: National Conference of State Legislatures. Key: ★ — Method used to set compensation. . . . — Method not used to set compensation. (a) Alaska commission makes recommendations but does not have the force of law. (b) Arizona commission recommendations are put on ballot for a vote of the people. (c) Delaware legislature must reject recommendations within 30 days by joint resolution or pay recommendation becomes effective. (d) Hawaii commission recommendations effective unless legislature or governor disapproves by official action. (e) Idaho commission recommendations adopted unless rejected by the legislature prior to 25th day. (f) Commission’s recommendations take effect unless rejected by a resolution of both the house and senate. (g) Commission must make a continual study of all matters relating to compensation and must report on or before December 1st of the year preceding

regular session. (h) The Statutory Compensation Commission was repealed in 1993. Currently there is no statutory provision for changing legislators’ salaries. (i) Maryland commission meets before each four-year term of office and presents recommendations to General Assembly for its action. (j) Michigan commission recommendations take effect unless rejected by two-thirds vote in each house. (k) Compensation council makes recommendations by April 1 of odd-numbered years. These are subject to modification or rejection by a bill enacted into law. (l) Legislature considers recommendations and may take any action deemed appropriate, except for increasing compensation for members during their present term in office. (m) A proposed citizens’ legislative compensation commission was defeated in 1992. (n) Any change in compensation becomes effective on the 15th day following the succeeding general election. (o) Approved by Joint Committee on Employment Relations.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.9 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: REGULAR SESSIONS (As of March 1995) Travel allowance (as of January 1995)

Salaries Regular sessions State or other jurisdiction

Per diem salary (a)

Limit on days

Cents per mile

Round trips home to capital during session

(b)

One

$10

Alaska ............................

...

$24,012

...

$151 (U).

Arizona ..........................

...

$15,000

...

$35/C during session ($60 during session for out-ofMaricopa Cty. member). Per diem is for every calendar day during session (U).

Arkansas* ..................... .........................................

...

$12,500

29 (c)

Weekly

$82 for members more than 50 miles from capitol. Senate (U); House (V).

California ......................

...

$72,000

...

$109 (W).

Colorado .......................

...

$17,500

...

$45 ($99 for members outside Denver metro area) (V).

Connecticut ...................

...

$16,760

...

None.

Delaware .......................

...

$26,000

(d)

...

None.

Florida ........................... .........................................

...

$23,244

(e)

...

$75 for first 40 days up to $3,000 (V); $75 for last 20 days (U).

Georgia .......................... .........................................

...

$10,854

...

$59 (committee and session days) (U) plus $4,800/y expense allowance (V).

Hawaii ...........................

...

$32,000

...

$80 for members living outside Oahu. $130 for official business out-of-state. When in recess more than 3 days, Oahu legislators receive $10; non-Oahu legislators, $80 (V).

Idaho ..............................

...

$12,360

(f)

...

$75 ($40 for legislators who do not establish a second residence in Boise and up to $25 mileage) (U except mileage). $500/y expense allowance (U).

Illinois ............................

...

$42,265

...

$81 (U).

Indiana ..........................

...

$11,600

...

$105 (U); tied to federal per diem.

Iowa ............................... .........................................

...

$18,800

...

$60 ($45 for Polk Cty. members) (U). Limited to 110 C in odd y; 100 C in even y.

Kansas ...........................

$63

...

$73 (U).

Kentucky* .....................

$100

...

$75/C (U).

Louisiana .......................

...

$16,800

...

$75 (U).

Maine (g) .......................

...

$9,975 (1995) 22 $7,500 (1996)

...

For legislative session days and authorized committee meetings (V): $38 lodgings or mileage in lieu of lodging. $32 meals.

Maryland ...................... .........................................

...

$28,840

...

Lodging not to exceed $76; meals cannot exceed $30 (V).

Massachusetts ............... .........................................

...

$46,410

...

$13-50 depending on distance from capitol (U) plus $2,400/y (U) expense allowance.

Michigan .......................

...

$49,155

...

None

Minnesota ..................... .........................................

...

$29,675

...

House: $48 (U); up to $650/m housing during session. Senate: $50 (U); up to $600/m housing during session.

Mississippi ....................

...

$10,000

...

$83 expense allowance (V).

Missouri ........................

...

$24,313.32

...

$35 (V).

Montana* ...................... ......................................... Nebraska ....................... .........................................

$57.06

90L (odd y) ...

...

$50 (U).

$12,000

27.5

...

$73 ($26 if member resides within 50 miles of capitol) (V).

Nevada* ......................... .........................................

$130/L

60C + ... 15 interim

...

$66/C (V).

New Hampshire ............

...

2 yr. term $200

38 for first ... 45 miles, 19 thereafter

The Book of the States 1996-97

...

Per diem living expenses

Alabama ........................ .........................................

...

105C

Annual salary

$2,280/m plus $50 three times/w for committee meetings attended (V). Out-of-state travel, actual expenses.

None.

LEGISLATURES

LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: REGULAR SESSIONS — Continued Travel allowance (as of January 1995)

Salaries Regular sessions State or other jurisdiction

Per diem salary (a)

Limit on days

Annual salary

Cents per mile ...

Round trips home to capital during session ...

Per diem living expenses

New Jersey ....................

...

$35,000

None.

New Mexico ..................

...

One

$75 (V). Limit of 60 L in odd y.

New York ....................... .........................................

...

$57,500

...

$89 ($130 in New York City metro area and out-ofstate travel); $45/partial L (V).

North Carolina .............

...

$13,951

...

$104 subsistence allowance (U).

North Dakota ................ .........................................

$90/C

...

$2,160

...

$35 housing allowance; maximum of $600/m during session (V).

Ohio ...............................

...

$42,426.90

20.5

...

None.

Oklahoma .....................

...

$32,000

20.5

...

$35 for those unable to reside at home (U).

Oregon* .........................

...

$1,093/m; plus $75 (U).

Pennsylvania ................. .........................................

...

$47,000

...

$733/m from 11/1/95-11/30/96 and $8,800/y from 12/1/96-11/30/97

Rhode Island .................

60L

...

8 (h)

One/L (V) (h)

South Carolina .............

...

$10,400

25.5

...

$83 (V).

South Dakota ................ .........................................

...

$4,267 (odd y) 24 $3,733 (even y)

...

$75 (U).

Tennessee .......................

...

$16,500

...

$90 (U).

Texas* ............................

...

$7,200

...

$95 (U).

Utah ...............................

$85

...

$35 (U).

Vermont ......................... .........................................

...

(i)

...

$50 for rent and $37.50 for meals; commuters: $32 for meals (U).

Virginia .........................

...

Senate$18,000 House$17,640

(j)

$93/C (U); subject to taxation if member lives within 50 miles of capitol.

Washington ...................

...

$25,900

...

$66 (U).

West Virginia ................

...

$15,000

28.5

...

$85 (U); noncommuters $45 (U).

Wisconsin ...................... .........................................

...

$38,056

...

$75 (U). Members must certify number of days they are in Capitol each month.

Wyoming .......................

$125 (k)

...

$80 (U).

Dist. of Columbia .........

...

$80,605

...

None.

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures. Note: In many states, legislators who receive an annual salary or per diem salary also receive an additional per diem amount for living expenses. Consult appropriate columns for a more complete picture of legislative compensation during sessions. For information on interim compensation and other direct payments and services to legislators, see Table 3.10, “Legislative Compensation: Interim Payments and Other Direct Payments.” * — Biennial session. In Arkansas, Oregon and Texas, legislators receive an annual salary. Key: C — Calendar day L — Legislative day (U) — Unvouchered (V) — Vouchered d — day w — week m — month y — year . . . — Not applicable

(a) Legislators paid on a per diem basis receive the same rate during a special session. (b) Tied to state employee mileage rate. (c) Mileage at .30/mile for legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol. (d) Official business only. (e) Varies - Funds come from office expense allowance. (f) Up to $25 during session. (g) Legislator’s salary for 1st regular session reflects a 5% decrease from statutory salary. (h) Limit of 60 L. (i) Annualized salary will be $7,680 - $8,160 depending on weeks in session in 1995. (j) Senators also receive one round trip/w and one round trip/session at .24/mile. (k) Includes non-business days.

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Per diem compensation and living expenses for committee or official business during interim (as of February 1995)

Other direct payments or services to legislators (as of January 1995)

Alabama ..........................

$40

$1,900/m for direct expenses (U).

Alaska ..............................

$65 (U); must work at least 4 hrs. or attend public meeting.

$6,000/y for postage, stationary and other legislative expenses.

Arizona ............................

$35 ($60 for out-of-Maricopa Cty. members plus one round trip/w at .25 1/2 mile).

None.

Arkansas ......................... ...........................................

Senate: $76 for select committee meetings + .25/mile (U); House: $82 for committee + .29/mile (V).

$9,000/y for legislators residing more than 50 miles from the Capitol, $13,800/y for legislators residing within 50 miles of the Capitol.

California ........................ ...........................................

$109 for authorized travel; may receive more if lodging portion exceeds $109.

$n/r. Senate has an allowance for district offices. The Assembly allowance covers both Capitol and district expenses.

Colorado .........................

$99 plus all actual and necessary travel and subsistence expenses (V).

None.

Connecticut .....................

None.

Office allowance; Senate, $4,500/y; House, $3,500/y. No staffing allowance.

Delaware .........................

None.

$5,500/y for office expenses. No staffing allowance.

Florida .............................

$50 or up to actual amount for single occupancy room and meals (V).

$1,500 to $2,000/month for Senate; $1,500/month for House. Covers district office expenses except for staff, computers and fax. The House provides one aide and one secretary per Representative. Senate provides three to four staff positions per Senator.

Georgia ............................ ...........................................

$59 plus .21/mile for in-state travel (V); actual expenses for out-of-state travel (V).

$4,800/y reimbursable expense account. If the member requests and provides receipts, the member is reimbursed for personal services, office equipment, rent, supplies, transportation, telecommunications, etc.

Hawaii ............................. ...........................................

$10 on island residence; $80 on another island; $130 for out-of-state travel (V).

No office allowance. staff allowance of $4,500/m for House; Senate amount depends on size and responsibility of committee.

Idaho ................................

None.

$500/y for unvouchered constituent expense. No staffing allowance.

Illinois .............................. ...........................................

$79 (V). Senate: two round trips/m; House: one round trip/y. Mileage at .25/mile for one additional round trip each session.

Senators, $57,000/y and Representatives $47,000/y for office expenses, including district offices and staffing.

Indiana ............................

$95 (V).

Office expense allowance of $25/d seven days/w during interim only.

Iowa .................................

$60 salary ($60 in 1995) plus .21/mile, meals and lodging if necessary.

$125/m for postage, travel, telephone, and district constituent relations. No staffing allowance.

Kansas .............................

$61.50 salary; $74 expenses + .26/mile (V).

$600/m during interim; secretarial staff provided during session.

Kentucky .........................

Actual expenses (V).

District office allowance of $950/m.

Louisiana ......................... ...........................................

$75 (V).

$625/m for rent and/or vouchered, reimbursable expenses. New legislators receive $1,500/m with possible yearly increase up to $2,500.

Maine ............................... ...........................................

$55 salary; $100 salary special sessions. $32 maximum for meals; actual mileage and tolls; actual expenses for lodging (V).

None.

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

Lodging can not exceed $76; meals can not exceed $30. (V)

Senators $16,765/y, Delegates $15,507/y for office rent, supplies, postage, etc. Members must document expenses. No additional staffing allowance.

Massachusetts .................

$5-50 depending on distance from capitol.

$300/m office expenses; $25,458 staffing allowance for one aide.

Michigan .........................

None.

$8,925/y for 1994.

Minnesota ....................... ...........................................

.28/mile. House: $48 (V), Senate: $50 (V); meals cannot be claimed if per diem is taken.

None.

Mississippi ......................

$800/m (U).

None.

Missouri .......................... ...........................................

None.

$600/m to cover all office expenses, Capitol and district. $300/m staffing allowance during interim (June to December).

LEGISLATURES

82 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 3.10 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS

LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Per diem compensation and living expenses for committee or official business during interim (as of February 1995)

Other direct payments or services to legislators (as of January 1995)

Actual expenses (V) up to statutory limit.

None.

Nebraska .........................

Actual expenses for travel, meals, lodging.

Two full-time staff provided to each member.

Nevada ............................. ...........................................

$130/authorized meeting day. Actual travel expenses. $58 for in-state meetings (U); $24 (U) plus lodging (V) for out-of-state travel.

None.

New Hampshire ..............

None.

New Jersey ......................

Some reimbursement for authorized conference travel.

$750/y for supplies. $70,000/y for district office personnel.

New Mexico ....................

$75 + .25/mile for committee meetings.

None.

New York ......................... ...........................................

$89 ($130 for New York City and out-of-state travel); $45/half session d (V).

$165,000 base allowance for Senate staff covers both district and Capitol; geographic location, seniority and leadership responsibilities will cause variations; only one district office is permitted.

North Carolina ...............

$13,026 annual salary and $522/m expense allowance.

$6,708/y (effective 1/25/95).

North Dakota .................. ...........................................

$62.50/actual days spent on committee work. Mileage, lodging and meals: based on state employee rate.

None.

Ohio .................................

Actual travel expenses.

None.

Oklahoma .......................

$25 for meeting (U); mileage for interim meetings.

$350/y for unvouchered office supplies plus seven rolls of stamps.

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

$73 for committees and task force meetings (V). Interim expense allowance of $400-$500/m depending on district size.

May use $400-$500/m expense allowance for office expenses during interim. Staffing allowance: $3,465/m during session; $1,100/m during interim.

Pennsylvania ................... ...........................................

$88 for meals and lodging (V).

District expenses: Senate, $27,500/y; House, $800/m for rent, equipment and utilities, $200/m for phone and utilities, + $10,000/y for additional district expenses. No separate staffing allowance.

Rhode Island ...................

None.

South Carolina ............... ...........................................

$35 (V) plus mileage.

$300/m for in-district expenses; $500/y for postage and mailings. Senate: $2,400/y for postage and telephone and additional $1,000 for committee chairs. House: $1,800/y for telephone; $600 for postage.

South Dakota ..................

$75/meeting (U); travel expenses at state rates (V).

None.

Tennessee .........................

$90 (U in-state; V out-of-state).

District office expenses of $525/m (U). For office assistance, telephone, postage, etc.

Texas ................................

$95 when in capital; limited to 10 days/m (V).

$25,000/m Senate staffing allowance includes secretarial and other staff and interstate travel for membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; staff.

Utah ................................. ...........................................

$35 (V) .28/mile from home to Capitol. (outside Salt Lake and Davis Cty. members, additional $50 if overnight stay).

None.

Vermont ...........................

Actual expenses (V). Capped at state employee rates.

None.

Virginia ...........................

$100 salary. Actual expenses (V).

$750/m; Leadership receives $1,000/m. Covers any costs related to operation of the district office. This allowance is unvouchered and subject to federal and state income taxes. Legislators receive a staffing allowance of $18,000/y; leadership receives additional funds for staff.

Washington ..................... ...........................................

$66 (U).

Maximum $1,350/quarter for district office, supplies and equipment not furnished by legislatures. No staffing allowance.

West Virginia ..................

$100, not to exceed $3,000/y; $85 per diem, $45 for non-commuters (U).

None.

Wisconsin ........................

$73 (U); Senators $75/m; Assemblymen $25/m; .26/mile anytime legislature is in session fewer than three days/m.

Senators receive $26,585 for a 2-year session. Covers district mailings, mileage, supplies, postage, etc. Senators receive $142,230 for a 2-year session for staffing. Assembly members receive $13,000 office account for 2year session; covers same expenses as Senate.

Wyoming .........................

$125 (V); $80 per diem (V).

None.

Dist. of Columbia ...........

$118 for out-of-town travel (V).

None.

See footnotes at end of table.

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

Montana ..........................

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures. Note: For more information on legislative compensation, see Table 3.9, “Legislative Compensation: Regular Sessions.” Key: (U) — Unvouchered. (V) — Vouchered. d — day. m — month. w — week. y — year. n/r — not reported.

LEGISLATURES

84 The Book of the States 1996-97

LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS — Continued

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.11 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR SENATE LEADERS (As of March 1995) President

President pro tem

Majority leader

Minority leader

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

(a) $500/y 0 (a) (a)

0 ... 0 $1,500/y $14,400/y

... 0 0 0 $7,200/y

Colorado ......................... Connecticut .....................

0 (a)

0 $6,400/y

0 $5,290/y

Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

(a) $9,036/y (a,d)

N.A. 0 $4,800/y

N.A. 0 $2,400

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. ........................................... Indiana ............................

$5,000/y (a) $16,720/y (f)

0 (e) $3,000/y ...

0 0 (c)

0 0 N.A.

(a)

$6,500/y

$5,000/y

$5,500/y

Iowa .................................

$9,800/y

$1,000/y

$10,200/y

Kansas .............................

$816.25/m

$416.58/m (b)

$751.10/m

Kentucky ......................... ........................................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

$25/d

$15/d

$20/d

$32,000/y $14,962.50/y $10,000/y

0 0 0

... $12,468.75/y 0

... $11,221.88/yr 0

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

$35,000/y (a) N.A. (a) (a)

... 0 0 0 $2,500/y

$22,500/y 0 $11,191.56/y ... $1,500/y

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada .............................

$5/d (a) (a)

New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

$25/y $11,667/y

0 0 $900/session; $64/special session ... 0

... ... $900/session; $64/special session 0 0

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

(a) (a) (a) (a) $23,706.83/y

0 $30,000/y (f) $16,956/y 0 $17,913.80/y

0 (f) $7,992/y $10/d ...

0 $25,000/y $7,992/y $10/d $17,913.80/y

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ...................

(a) $1,092/m (a)

$14,944/y 0 $26,370/y

$10,304/y 0 $21,097/y

Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

(a) $1,575/y (a)

0 $7,500/y

0 ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee .........................

(a) $750/session plus $5,700 local office expenses (a) (a) $1,000/y $50/wk during session (a)

0 0

0 ... 0

... $500/y 0

State

Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ........................... ...........................................

Other

(b)

Admn. Floor Ldr. $2,400; Asst. Admn. Floor Ldr. $1,200.

Asst. Maj. Ldr.: $12,504/y; Asst. Min. Ldr. : $12,540/y; Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: $12,540/y. Asst. Pres. Pro Tem: $4,000/y, Maj. Floor Ldr., Maj. Caucus Chair: $500; Min. Asst. Floor Ldr., Min. Caucus Chair: $4,500/y, Maj. and Min. Whips: $150/y. Speaker Pro Tem: $1,100. Asst. Maj. and Min. Ldrs., Senate Vice President, and Speaker Pro Tem all: $424.95/m. Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair, Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: $15/d.

Other leadership positions: $9,500 to $24,500. Dep. Pres. Pro Tem: $10,032/y expense allowance. Asst. Pres. Pro Tem: $14,411.53/y; Maj. Whip: $10,913.46/y; Asst. Min. Ldr.: $12,663.90/y; Min. Whip: $7,415.41/y; Asst. Min. Whip: $1,958.68/y. Asst. Maj. Ldr.: $10,304/y Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: $16,011/y; Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: $9,983/y; Maj. Caucus Secy., Min. Caucus Secy.: $6,593/y; Maj. Policy Chair, Min. Policy Chair: $6,593/y; Maj. Caucus Admnr., Min. Caucus Admnr.: $6,593/y

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR SENATE LEADERS — Continued

State Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia ..................

Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

President

President pro tem

(a) 0 (a) 0 $50/d plus 0 $100/d for 80 days/calendar y 0 0 $3/d 0 (e)

Majority leader

Minority leader

0 $29,900/y $25/d

0 0

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures. Note: This table reflects the amount paid the leadership in addition to their regular legislative compensation. Key: L — Legislative day. C — Calendar day in session. d — day. m — month. w — week. y — year. . . . — Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis.

The Book of the States 1996-97

Other

(a) Lieutenant governor is president of the Senate. In Tennessee, speaker of the Senate also has the statutory title of lieutenant governor. (b) Leaders receive four days of per diem in a 2-week period during interim. (c) All leaders receive $99/day salary during interim when in attendance at cmte. or leadership meetings. (d) Lt. Governor receives $59/day per diem for 40 session days. (e) Official title is vice president. (f) In Illinois, president also serves as majority leader. In New York, president pro tem also serves as majority leader.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.12 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR HOUSE LEADERS (As of March 28, 1995) State

Speaker

Speaker pro tem

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona (a) ...................... Arkansas ......................... California ........................

$2/d, 60 d limit $500/y 0 $1,500/y $14,400/y

0 ... 0 0 0

... 0 0 0 $7,200/y

Colorado (b) ................... Connecticut .....................

0 $6,400/y

0 $3,860 (c)

0 $5,290/y

Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................ ...........................................

$10,325/y $9,036/y $52,941/y

... 0 $4,800/y

$8,030/y 0 $2,400/y

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. ........................................... Indiana ............................

$5,000/y $3,000/y $16,720/y

0 (c) ... ...

0 0 $16,720/y

0 0 N.A.

$6,500/y

$5,000/y

$5,500/y

Iowa .................................

$10,200/y

$1,100/y

$10,200/y

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... ........................................... Louisiana ......................... Maine (d) ......................... ........................................... Maryland ........................

$832.64/m $25/d

$424.95/m $15/d

$751.10/m $20/d

$32,000/y $14,962.50 1st regular session $10,000/y

0 0 0

... $12,468.75 1st regular session 0

... $12,468.75 Asst. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr.: $11,221.87/ 1st regular session for 1st regular session. 0

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

$35,000/y 0 (e) $11,191.56/y 0 $2,500/y

... 0 0 0 $1,500/y

$22,500/y 0 $11,191.56/y ... $1,500/y

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada .............................

New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

$5/d 0 0 0 -------------------------------------------------------------- Unicameral Legislature ---------------------------------------------------------$900/session; $900/session; $900/session; $900/session; $64/special session $64/special $64/special $64/special +$2/d in session session session session $25/y 0 (c) 0 0 $11,667/y 0 0 0

New Mexico .................... New York .........................

0 $30,000/y

... $18,000/y

0 $25,000/y

North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

$16,956/y $10/d $23,706.83/y

$10,032/y ... 0

$7,992/y $10/d 0

$7,992/y $10/d $17,913.80/y

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ...................

$14,944/y $1,092/m $26,370/y

$10,304/y 0 ...

$10,304/y 0 $21,097/y

Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

$5/d, 60 d limit $11,000/y

0 (c) $3,600/y

0 0

South Dakota .................. Tennessee .........................

0 $750/session plus $5,700 local office expenses $7,200/y $1,000/y $50/wk

0 0 ... ...

0 ... $500/y 0

Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

Majority leader

Minority leader

Other

Dep. Maj. Ldr., Dep. Min. Ldr.: $3,860/y; Asst. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr., Cmte. Chairs:$2,540/y. Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: $5,162/y. Appropriations Cmte. Mbrs: $6,433. Admn. Flr. Ldr.: $2,400; Asst. Admn. Flr. Ldr.: $1,200.

Asst. Maj., Asst. Min., Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: $12,540/y. Maj. Caucus Chair: $5,000; Min. Caucus Chair: $4,500; Asst. Maj., Asst. Min. Flr. Ldrs.: $3,500; Maj. Whip: $3,500; Min. Whip: $1,500. Asst. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr.: $424.95/m. Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair, Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: $15/d.

All other leaders: $15,000/y.

Dep. Spkr.: $18,000/y; Min. Ldr. Pro Tem: $15,000; Asst. Min. Ldr. Pro Tem: $13,000; Maj. Whip: $13,000; Min. Whip: $12,000.

Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: $16,011/y; Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: $9,983/y; Maj. Caucus Secy., Min. Caucus Secy., Maj. Caucus Admnr., Min. Caucus Admnr., Maj. Policy Chair, Min. Policy Chair: $6,593/y.

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR HOUSE LEADERS — Continued State Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia ..................

Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Speaker $13,200/y $33,900/y $50/d plus $100/d for 80 days/calendar y $25/m $3/d

Speaker pro tem

Majority leader

... 0 0

0 $25,900/y $25/d

0 $29,900/y $25/d

0 0

The Book of the States 1996-97

Minority leader

Other

(a) Only additional compensation for leaders is a per diem for everyday of work during interim; other members get one day of per diem per week during interim. (b) All leaders receive $99/d salary during interim when in attendance at cmte. or leadership matters. (c) Official title is deputy speaker; in Hawaii, vice speaker; in Rhode Island, senior speaker pro tem. (d) For 1st regular session. (e) Additional expense allowance of $5,000.

Table 3.13 STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS (As of March 28, 1995) State or other jurisdiction

Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Monthly benefit estimates

Contribution rate

4 yrs.

12 yrs.

20 yrs.

Benefit formula

Same as state employee

Alaska ..............................

Optional

Age 60

Employee 6.75%; employer 14.92%

Not yet vested

$500.06

$900.30

2% (first 10 yrs.); 2.25% (second 10 yrs.); or 2.5% (third 10 yrs.) x monthly salary avg. over highest consecutive yrs. x yrs. of service

Yes

ArizoN.A. ........................

Mandatory

Age 65, 5+ yrs. service; age 62 & 10+ yrs. service; age 60 & 25+ yrs. service

Not yet vested

$600

$1,000

4%/yr. of service x 3 yr. avg; maximum 80% of member’s avg. yearly salary

Arkansas .........................

Mandatory

Age 65 & 10 yrs. service; age 55 & 12 yrs. service; or 30 yrs. service

Non-contributory

Not eligible

$420

$700

$35/mo. x yrs. service (a )

Colorado .........................

Mandatory

Age 60 & 20 yrs. service

8% of gross salary

Not yet vested

$350

$729

2.5% x HAS x creditable service through 20 yrs. plus 1.5% x HAS for 21 through 40 yrs. Maximum benefit = 80% of employees HAS (c)

Yes

Connecticut .....................

Mandatory

Age 70 & 5 yrs. service; age 62 & 10 yrs. service; age 60 & 25 yrs. service

Not yet vested

$223

$372

(.0133 x avg. annual salary) + [.005 x Yes avg. annual salary in excess of breakpoint (specified dollar amount for each yr.)] x yrs. credited service

Delaware .........................

Mandatory

Age 65 & 5 yrs. service; age 60 & 15 yrs. service; any age, 25 yrs. service

N.A.

(d)

Florida ............................. ...........................................

Mandatory

Age 62 & 8 yrs. service; or any age, 30 yrs. service

23.46%

$697.32

$1,162.20

3% x yrs. service x avg. final compensation = yrly.

Yes

Georgia ............................

Optional

Age 60 & 8 yrs. service

Employee pays 4% + $7; employer 5% + $7

$336 (e)

$560 (e)

$28 x yrs. service x reduction factor = monthly benefit. Employee is penalized 5% for each yr. below age 62

Hawaii .............................

Optional

No age minimum; 10 yrs. legislative service

7.8%

$19,364/yr

$26,895

.035 x avg. final compensation x yrs. service + (total contributions divided by actuarial value of member’s age at retirement)

Idaho ................................

Mandatory

5 yrs. service minimum; age 65 unreduced; age 55 reduced

6.97%

$77

$236

$383

Avg. monthly salary for highest 42 consecutive months x .01917 x months of service divided by 12

Yes

Illinois ..............................

Optional

Age 55, 8 yrs. service; age 62, 4 yrs. service

8½% for retirement; 2% for survivors; 1% for automatic increases for 11½% total

12% of final salary

45% of final salary

85% of final salary

3% of each of 1st 4 yrs.; 3½% for each of next 2 yrs.; 4% for each of next 2 yrs.; 4½% for next 4 yrs.; 5% for each yr. above 12

IndiaN.A. ......................... ...........................................

Mandatory

None

Employee 5% of taxable income; employer 20%

Minimum $966.66 Minimum $2,900 Minimum $4833.33

Defined contribution, paid in one lump sum at age 65

California (b) ..................

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

See footnotes at end of table.

State or other jurisdiction

Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Monthly benefit estimates

Contribution rate

4 yrs.

12 yrs.

20 yrs.

Benefit formula

Same as state employee

Iowa ................................. ...........................................

Optional

Age 55; no minimum for reduced benefits

3.7%

$113.34

$340

$566.66

60% x avg of highest 3 yrs. x yrs. service divided by 30

Yes

Kansas ............................. ...........................................

Optional

Age 55; 55-65, minimum 10 yrs. service

N.A.

3 highest yrs. x 1.75% x yrs. service divided by 12

N.A.

Kentucky .........................

Mandatory

No age minimum and 5 yrs. as legislator; 8 yrs. if legislator and other service credit

5% of estimated gross of $27,500

$962.40

$1,374.96

Final compensation (last 60 month avg.) x yrs. service x 2.75%

LouisiaN.A. .....................

Optional

Any age, 16 yrs. service; age 55, 12 legislative yrs. service; age 60, 10 yrs. service

11.5%

N.A.

Yrs. service x 3.5% x avg. compensation + $300

Yes

Maine ............................... ...........................................

Mandatory (f) Age 62; any age, 25 yrs. service

Employee 7.65%; employer 11.07%

$60

$180

$300

1/50 x avg. of highest 3 yrs. x yrs. service

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

Optional

5% of annual salary

N.A.

3% x current salary x yrs. service. Maximum benefit = 2/3 annual salary (g)

Age 50, 8 yrs. creditable service

Massachusetts .................

Mandatory

Age 55, 6 yrs. service

Ranges from 5% - 8%

N.A.

Yes (h)

Michigan .........................

Optional

Age 55, 5 yrs. service; Age + service = 70 with a minimum age of 50

9% before 12/1/94; 7% after 12/1/94

N.A.

Before 12/1/94; 4% x yrs. of service x final salary with a cap at 16 yrs. thereafter becomes 1%. After 12/1/94: 3% x yrs. of service x final salary

Minnesota .......................

Mandatory

Age 62 (reduced annuity 9% available at age 60), 6 yrs. service

$759

$1,645

2.5% x 5 yr. avg. salary/yr. service, except yrs. served before 1979 earn 5% up to 8 yrs.

Mississippi ......................

Mandatory

Age 60, 4 yrs. membership 7.25% on salary to credit maximum of $125,000 annually

$187

$562.50

$937.50

State employees: 1.875% x 4 yr. avg. x 1st 25 yrs.; 2% x 4 yr. avg x all yrs. over 25; miminum benefit: $10 x yrs. of service = monthly benefit. Addl. for legislators: 50% of above based solely on legislative service.

No (i)

Missouri .......................... ........................................... MontaN.A. ...................... ........................................... Nevada .............................

Mandatory Optional

Age 55, & 3 full biennial assemblies Age 60, 5 yrs. service

Mandatory

New Jersey ......................

Mandatory

New Mexico (j) ...............

Optional

Non-contributory

Not yet vested

$900

$1,500

$150 x number of biennial assemblies

N.A.

1/56 x yrs. service x final avg. salary

Yes

Age 60, 10 yrs. service

Enployee 6.7%; employer 6.7% 15% of session salary

$300

$500

$25 x yrs. service to a maximum of 30 yrs.

Age 60, 10 yrs. service

5%/yr.

None

$1,750

$3,500

N.A.

Age 60, 10+ yrs.; 64, 8+ yrs., 63, 11+ yrs., 60, 12+ yrs. or any age and 14+ yrs.

$100 per year

N.A.

$250 x yrs. of service (after 1959)

LEGISLATURES

90 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Monthly benefit estimates

Contribution rate

4 yrs.

12 yrs.

Mandatory

Depends on tier set by date of initial membership; from between 55 to 62. Minimum 10 yrs. service

Varies (0-3%); depends on tier

North CaroliN.A. ...........

Mandatory

Age 65, 5 yrs. service

36.07%

$830.49

Ohio .................................

Optional

Age 60, 5 yrs. service; age 55, 25 yrs. service; any age, 30 yrs. service

Employee 8½%; employer 13.31%

N.A.

Oklahoma .......................

Optional

Age 60, 6 yrs. service

4½%-10%

$426.68 at 10%

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

Optional

Age 55, 30 yrs. service

15.11% of subject wages

Pennsylvania ...................

Optional

Age 50 or 21 yrs. service for those serving prior to 3/1/74. Others: age 50, 3 yrs. service

Service prior to 3/1/74: 18.75%; after 3/1/74, 5%

Rhode Island (k) ............

South CaroliN.A. ...........

Mandatory

Age 60, 30 yrs. service

Tennessee .........................

Optional

Age 55, 4 yrs. service

Texas ................................ ...........................................

Optional

Age 60, 8 yrs. service; age 50, 12 yrs. service

Utah ................................. ...........................................

Mandatory

Virginia ...........................

Benefit formula

Same as state employee

1.66 x final 3 yr. avg. salary x yrs. service

Yes

$1,291.19

Final compensation x 4.02% x yrs. service. Monthly benefit maximum 75% of salary

N.A.

2.1% of final avg. salary x first 30 yrs. service and 2.5% of final avg. salary for each yr. service over 30 yrs.

Yes

$1280.04 at 10% $2133.40 at 10%

Avg. participating salary x yrs. service x computation factor depending on optional contributions ranging from .019 x .040

N.A.

1.67% x yrs. service and final avg. monthly salary

Yes

$313

$940

$1,565

Prior to 3/1/73: 7.5% x avg. of 3 highest Similar yrs. salary x yrs. service. All others: 2% x avg. salary of 3 highest yrs. x yrs. service

10%

N.A.

4.82% of annual compensation x yrs. service

$280

$840

$1,400

$70 x yrs. service

Not eligible

$1,704.34

$2,840.56

2% x length of service x district judges salary.

Age 65, 4 yrs. service; age 62, 10 yrs. service

Non-contributory

N.A.

$10/mo. x yrs. service

Mandatory

Age 55, 30 yrs. service; age 65, 5 yrs. service

9.92%

Not yet vested

$426

$710

1.5% of first $13,200 of avg. final compensation + 1.65% of avg. final compensation in excess of $13,200 x yrs. service

Yes

Washington .....................

Optional

Age 65, 5 yrs. service; age 55, at least 20 yrs. service. Early retirement reduces benefits

N.A.

2% x service credit yrs. x avg. final compensation

West Virginia ..................

Optional

Age 60, 5 minimum yrs. service; age 55 + yrs. service = 80

4.5%

Not eligible

$300

$500

Wages x 2% x yrs. service

Yes

Wisconsin ........................

Mandatory

Age 57, 30 yrs. service

5.5%

$253

$761

$1,268

2% x yrs. service x salary

Yes

See footnotes at end of table.

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

New York .........................

20 yrs.

State or other jurisdiction Dist. of Columbia ...........

Participation Mandatory

Requirements for regular retirement Age 62, 5 yrs. service

Monthly benefit estimates

Contribution rate 7% of wages

4 yrs. N.A.

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures. Note: The following states do not have legislative retirement benefits: Alabama, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming. Key: N.A. — Not available (a) House Speaker or Senate President Pro Tem is $40/mo. x yrs. service. (b) California proposition 140 (passed November 1990) terminated participation by legislators elected after January 1, 1991, in the Legislator’s Retirement System. (c) HAS = 1/12 x avg. 3 highest annual salaries earned during calendar yr. periods on which PERA contributions were paid. 15% limit applies to annual salary increases during 3 yrs. prior to retirement. Partial yr. salaries can be combined. (d) The minimum amount of pension payable to an elected member of the General Assembly or a retired elected member of the General Assembly shall be computed by multiplying his or her years of service as an elected member of the General Assembly times the highest rate of payment being paid to any retired member of the General Assembly, such rate to be computed by dividing the monthly pension being paid to such retired

12 yrs. N.A.

20 yrs. N.A.

Benefit formula Multiply high 3 yrs. average pay by indicator under applicable yrs. and months of service

Same as state employee Yes

member by his or her years of service as an elected member of the General Assembly. (e) Member is 62 with maximum benefit option. Delaware Code Ann. Tit. 29 Sec. 5527. (f) Members may request a waiver if they can document that participation would increase their total tax liability. (g) Current salary is established by the General Assembly compensation Commission which meets every 4 years. (h) Plans are the same except that state employees are vested for 6 yrs. (i) In addition to the plan covering state employees, Legislators have a supplemental plan whereby they pay a portion and the state pays a portion. (j) New Mexico Supreme Court decided in 1995 that the legislative retirement program does not violate the state constitution. (k) Constitution has been amended effective 1/95. Any legislator elected after this date is not eligible to join the State Retirement System, but will be compensated for $10,000/yr. with cost of living increases to be adjusted annually.

LEGISLATURES

92 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS — Continued

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.14 BILL PRE-FILING, REFERENCE, AND CARRYOVER Bills referred to committee by: State

Pre-filing of bills allowed (b)

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

(d) ★ (d) (g) ★ (g) ★ ★ (h)

President (e) President President President Rules Cmte.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ★ ★ ★ (j) ★ (j)

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(k) (l) ★ ★ ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ (n) ★ (n) ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ... (p) ★ (p) ★ ★

Clerk (m) Majority Ldr. President President (e) Pres. Pro Tempore

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ★ (n) ★ (n)

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

Bill referral restricted by rule (a) Senate

House

Bill carryover allowed (c)

Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Rules Cmte.

L L ... L L

... L ... L ...

(f) ★ (f) ★ ... ... (i) ★ (i)

President Pres. Pro Tempore Pres. Pro Tempore President President (e)

Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker

... L ... M ...

... L ★ M ...

... ... ★ ... ★

President President (e) Rules Cmte. Pres. Pro Tempore President

Speaker Speaker Rules Cmte. Speaker Speaker

... ... ... M M

... ... ... ... M

★ ... ★ ... ★

M L L ... M

★ ... ... ★ ...

Clerk (m) Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker

M ... M ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

President Reference Cmte. (r) President President

Speaker U Speaker Speaker

... ... L ... ...

... U ... L ...

... (q) ★ (q) ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

(s) Pres. Pro Tempore (t) Clerk (u) President (e) Reference Cmte.

Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Reference Cmte.

M M M M ...

M M M M M

... ★ ★ ... ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Pres. Pro Tempore President President (e) President (e) President

Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker

M ... M L ...

... ★ M M M

★ ... ★ ★ ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

President (e) Speaker President (e) President President (e)

Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker Speaker

... ... ... ... L

... ★ ... ... ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★ ★ ... (n) ★ (n)

Clerk (w) President President President

Clerk (v) (w) Speaker Speaker Speaker

L ... ... ... M

... ... ... ... M

★ ★ ★ (q) ★ (q) ...

Senate

House

President Speaker Cmte. on Cmtes. Cmte. on Cmtes. President (m) Speaker (m) -------Secy. of Senate and Clerk of House (o)------President Speaker

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

BILL PRE-FILING, REFERENCE, AND CARRYOVER — Continued Source: State legislative rule books and manuals. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No L — Rules generally require all bills be referred to the appropriate committee of jurisdiction. M — Rules require specific types of bills be referred to specific committees (e.g., appropriations, local bills). U — Unicameral legislature. (a) Legislative rules specify all or certain bills go to committees of jurisdiction. (b) Unless otherwise indicated by footnote, bills may be introduced prior to convening each session of the legislature. In this column only: ★ —prefiling is allowed in both chambers (or in the case of Nebraska, in the unicameral legislature); . . . — pre-filing is not allowed in either chamber. (c) Bills carry over from the first year of the legislature to the second (does not apply in Arkansas, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon and Texas, where legislatures meet biennially). Bills generally do not carry over after an intervening legislative election. (d) Except between the end of the last regular session of the legislature in any quadrennium and the organizational session following the general election. (e) Lieutenant governor is the president of the Senate. (f) No motion to carry over all bills on the calendar to reach a certain bill shall be in order. (g) Maximum 10 bills per member. (h) California has a continuous legislature. Members may introduce bills at any time during the biennium. (i) Bills introduced in the first year of the regular session and passed by the house of origin on or before January 30 of the second year are “carryover bills.”

The Book of the States 1996-97

(j) Pre-filing of bills allowed; however, must formally file again when the sessions starts. (k) House only in even-numbered years. (l) House members may prefile bills during the first 10 days in December before the next regular legislative session. (m) Subject to approval or disapproval. Louisiana–majority members present. Massachusetts–by presiding officer and Committee on Steering and Policy. (n) Prior to convening of first regular session only. (o) For the joint standing committee system. Secretary of the Senate and clerk of House, after conferring, suggest an appropriate committee reference for every bill, resolve and petition offered in either house. If they are unable to agree, the question of reference is referred to a conference of the president of the Senate and speaker of the House. If the presiding officers cannot agree, the question is resolved by the Legislative Council. (p) Prior to convening of second regular session only. (q) Any bill, joint resolution on which final action has not been taken at the conclusion of the last general-business floor period in the odd-numbered year shall be carried forward to the even-numbered year. (r) Motion for referral can be made by any member. (s) Senator introducing the bill endorses the name of the committee to which the bill is referred. If an objection is made, the Senate determines the committee to which the bill is referred. (t) Also serves as majority leader. (u) Under the supervision of the chairman of the Senate Committee on Rules and Operation. (v) Under the direction of the speaker. (w) By the membership of the chamber.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.15 TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION State Alabama ........................

Time limit on introduction of bills

Procedures for granting exception to time limits

Senate: 24th day of regular session (a). House: no limit

Majority vote after consideration by Rules Committee.

Alaska ............................

35th C day of 2nd regular session (b).

2/3 vote of membership (concurrent resolution).

Arizona .......................... .........................................

House: 29th day of regular session; 10th day of special session. Senate: 22nd day of regular session; 10th day of special session.

Permission of Rules Committee.

Arkansas .......................

55th day of regular session (50th day for appropriations bills).

2/3 vote of membership of each house.

California ......................

March 5 of odd-year sessions; Feb. 25 of even-year session (c).

Approval of Committee on Rules and 2/3 vote of membership.

Colorado ....................... .........................................

House: 22nd L day of regular session. Senate: 17th L day of regular session (d).

House, Senate Committees on Delayed Bills may extend deadline.

Connecticut ...................

Depends on schedule set out by joint rules adopted for biennium (e). 2/3 vote of members present.

Delaware .......................

House: no limit. Senate: no limit.

Florida ...........................

House: noon 1st day of regular session; committee bills noon 14th day of regular session (d,f). Senate: noon 4th L day of regular session (d,g).

Committee on Rules and Calendar determines whether existence of emergency compels bill’s consideration.

Georgia .......................... .........................................

House: 30th L day of regular session because of Senate ruling. Senate: 33rd L day of regular session.

House: unanimous vote. Senate: 2/3 vote of membership.

Hawaii ...........................

Actual dates established during session.

Majority vote of membership.

Idaho .............................. .........................................

House: 20th day of session (f); 35th day of session (h). Senate: 12th day of session (f); 35th day of session (h).

Illinois ............................

House: determined by speaker (d,f). Senate: determined by president.

House: rules governing limitations may not be suspended except for bills determined by a majority of members of the Rules Comm. to be an emergency bill, & appropriations bills implementing the budget.

Indiana ..........................

House: Jan. 24 1st regular session; Jan. 10 of 2nd regular session. Senate: Jan. 20 of 1st regular session; Jan. 10 of 2nd regular session.

Senate: rules may be suspended by affirmative vote of majority of members; suspensions approved by Rules Committee, adopted by majority of members present. House: 2/3 vote of membership. Senate: consent of Rules and Legislative Procedures Committee.

Iowa ...............................

House: Friday of 7th week of 1st regular session (f, i, j); Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session (f, i, j). Senate: Friday of 7th week of 1st regular session (f, i); Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session (f, i).

Constitutional majority.

Kansas ........................... .........................................

29th C day in 1995 and 1996 regular sessions; 36th day of regular session for committees (k).

Resolution adopted by majority of members of either house may make specific exceptions to deadlines.

Kentucky ....................... .........................................

House: 38th L day of regular session. Senate: no introductions during last 20 L days of session.

Majority vote of membership of each house.

Louisiana .......................

30th C day of odd-year session; 10th C day of even-year session.

2/3 vote of elected members of each house.

Maine ............................. .........................................

1st Wednesday in December of 1st regular session; deadlines for 2nd regular session established by Legislative Council.

Approval of majority of members of Legislative Council.

Maryland ......................

No introductions during last 35 C days of regular session.

2/3 vote of elected members of each house.

Massachusetts ...............

1st Wednesday in December even-numbered years, preceding regular session (l). 1st Wednesday in November odd-numbered years, preceding regular session (l).

2/3 vote of members present and voting.

Michigan .......................

No limit.

Minnesota ..................... .........................................

House: Actual date established during session (f, m). Senate: no limit.

Mississippi ....................

No introductions after 21st day of session (d,n).

2/3 vote of members present and voting.

Missouri ........................ .........................................

60th L day of regular session (d).

Majority vote of elected members each house; governor’s request for consideration of bill by special message.

Montana ........................

General bills & resolutions: 10th L day; revenue bills: 17th L day; committee bills and resolutions: 36th L day; committee bills implementing provisions of a general appropriation act: 75th L day; committee revenue bills: 62nd L day interim study resolutions: 75th L day (d,o).

2/3 vote of members.

Nebraska ....................... .........................................

10th L day of any session (d,p).

3/5 vote of elected membership for standing or special committees to introduce bills after 10th L day.

Nevada ...........................

15th C day of regular session (q).

Affirmative vote of majority of members elected.

New Hampshire ............ .........................................

Actual dates established during session. 1995–House: Jan 13 (d), Senate: Jan 12 (d).

2/3 vote of members present.

2/3 vote of members.

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State

Time limit on introduction of bills

Procedures for granting exception to time limits

New Jersey .................... .........................................

Assembly: No printing of bills after September 1 during 2nd session. Senate: no limit.

Majority vote of members.

New Mexico .................. .........................................

28th C day of odd-year session (d,r); 13th C day of even-year session (d,r).

2/3 vote of membership of each house.

New York .......................

Assembly: for unlimited introduction of bills, 1st Tuesday in March; for introduction of 10 or fewer bills, last Tuesday in March (s,t). Senate: 1st Tuesday in March (t,u).

Unanimous vote.

North Carolina .............

House: 3rd Wednesday in February of 1st biennial session (v). Senate: local bills May 29 for 2nd biennial session, May 30 for budget bills.

House: 2/3 of members present and voting. Senate: 2/3 vote of membership.

North Dakota ................

House: 10th L day (w). Senate: 15th L day (w); resolutions: 18th 2/3 vote or approval of majority of Committee on Delayed Bills. L day (x); bills requested by executive agency or Supreme Court: Dec. 10 prior to regular session.

Ohio ...............................

No limit.

Oklahoma ..................... .........................................

February 2 for house of origin in 1st session (y); February 1 for 2nd session (z).

2/3 vote of membership.

Oregon ........................... .........................................

House: 36th C day of session (aa). Senate: 36th C day following election of Senate president (bb).

2/3 vote of membership.

Pennsylvania .................

No limit (cc).

Rhode Island ................. .........................................

Actual dates established during session: 1996 public bills, February 15.

House: 2/3 vote of members present. Senate: majority present and voting.

South Carolina .............

House: April 15 of regular session; May 1 for bills first introduced in Senate (d). Senate: May 1 of regular session for bills originating in House (d).

House: 2/3 vote of members present and voting. Senate: 2/3 vote of membership.

South Dakota ................

40-day session: 15th L day; committee bills and joint resolutions, 16th L day. 35-day session: 10th L day; committee bills and joint resolutions, 11th L day; bills introduced at request of department, board, commission or state agency: 1st L day (d, dd).

2/3 vote of membership.

Tennessee .......................

House: general bills, 10th L day of regular session (ee). Senate: general bills, 10th L day or regular session; resolutions, 40th L day (ee).

Unanimous consent of Committee on Delayed Bills, or upon motion approved by 2/3 vote of members present.

Texas ..............................

60th C day of regular session (ff).

4/5 vote of members present and voting.

Utah ...............................

42nd day of regular session (d).

2/3 vote of members.

Vermont .........................

House, individual introductions: 1st session, March 1; 2nd session, Feb. 1. Committees: 10 days after 1st Tue. in March (gg). Senate, individual and comm: 1st session, 53rd C day; 2nd session, sponsor requests bill drafting 25th C day before session (hh).

Approval by Rules Committee.

Virginia .........................

Deadlines may be set during session.

Washington ................... .........................................

(Constitutional limit) No introductions during final 10 days of regular session (d,ii).

2/3 vote of elected members of each house.

West Virginia ................ .........................................

House: 50th day of regular session (d). Senate: 41st day of regular session (d,g).

2/3 vote of members present.

Wisconsin ......................

No limit.

Wyoming ....................... .........................................

House: 15th L day of session (d). Senate: 12th L day of session (d).

The Book of the States 1996-97

2/3 vote of elected members of either house.

LEGISLATURES

TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION — Continued Source: State legislative rule books and manuals. Key: C — Calendar L — Legislative (a) Not applicable to local bills, advertised or otherwise. (b) Not applicable to bills sponsored by any joint committees. (c) Not applicable to constitutional amendments or bills referred to committees under Joint Rule 26.5. (d) Not applicable to appropriations bills. In West Virginia, supplementary appropriations bills or budget bills. (e) Not applicable to (1) bills providing for current government expenditures; (2) bills the presiding officers certify are of an emergency nature; (3) bills the governor requests because of emergency or necessity; and (4) the legislative commissioners’ revisor’s bills and omnibus validating act. (f) Not applicable to standing committee bills. (g) Not applicable to local bills and joint resolutions. (h) Not applicable to House State Affairs, Appropriations, Education, Revenue and Taxation, or Ways and Means committees, nor to Senate State Affairs, Finance, or Judiciary and Rules committees. (i) Unless written request for drafting bill has been filed before deadline. (j) Not applicable to bills co-sponsored by majority and minority floor leaders. (k) Not applicable to Senate Ways and Means; Federal and State Affairs and the select committees of either house; or House committees on Calendar and Printing, Appropriations and Taxation. (l) Not applicable to messages from governor, reports required or authorized to be made to legislature, petitions filed or approved by voters of cities or towns (or by mayors and city councils) for enactment of special legislation and which do not affect the powers and duties of state departments, boards, or commissions. (m) Not applicable to bills recommended by conference committee reports, Rules and Legislative Administration Committee, the Senate, or the governor. (n) Not applicable to revenue, local and private bills. (o) Not applicable to joint resolutions concerning administration. (p) Not applicable to “A” bills and those introduced at the request of the governor. (q) Requests submitted to legislative counsel for bill drafting. Does not apply to standing committees or to member who has requested bill drafting before 16th C day of session. (r) Not applicable to bills to provide for current government expenses; bills referred to legislature by governor by special message setting forth emergency necessitating legislation.

(s) Does not apply to bills introduced by Rules Committee, by message from the Senate, with consent of the speaker or by members elected at special election who take office on or after the first Tuesday of March. (t) In no case may a bill be introduced on Fridays, unless submitted by governor or introduced by Rules Committee or by message from Senate. (u) Bills recommended by state department or agency must be submitted to office of temporary president not later than March 1. Bills proposed by governor, attorney general, comptroller, Department of Education or office of court administration must be submitted to office of temporary president no later than first Tuesday in April. (v) Not applicable to local and public bills or bills establishing districts for Congress or state or local entities. (w) No member other than majority and minority leaders may introduce more than five bills in House after the 5th L day; three bills in Senate after 10th L day. (x) Not applicable to resolutions proposing amendments to U.S. Constitution or directing legislative counsel to carry out a study (deadline, 34th L day). (y) Final date for consideration on floor in house of origin during first session. Bills introduced after date are not placed on calendar for consideration until second session. (z) Not applicable to reapportionment bills. (aa) Not applicable to measures approved by Committee on Legislative Rules and Reorganization or by speaker; appropriation or fiscal measures sponsored by Committees on Appropriations; true substitute measures sponsored by standing, special or joint committees; or measures drafted by legislative counsel. (bb) Not applicable to measures approved by Rules Committee, appropriation or fiscal measures sponsored by Committee on Ways and Means or measures requested for drafting by legislative counsel. (cc) Resolutions fixing the last day for introduction of bills in the House are referred to the Rules Committee before consideration by the full House. (dd) Not applicable to governor’s bills. (ee) Not applicable to certain local bills. (ff) Not applicable to local bills, resolutions, emergency appropriations or all emergency matters submitted by governor in special messages to the legislature. (gg) Not applicable to Appropriations or Ways and Means committees. (hh) Not applicable to Appropriations or Finance committees. (ii) Not applicable to substitute bills reported by standing committees for bills pending before such committees.

The Council of State Governments

LEGISLATURES

98 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 3.16 ENACTING LEGISLATION: VETO,VETO OVERRIDE AND EFFECTIVE DATE Days allowed governor to consider bill (a)

State or other jurisdiction

Governor may item veto appropriation bills

During session Bill becomes law unless vetoed

After session Bill becomes law unless vetoed

Amount

Other (b)

★ (f) ★ (f) ★ ★ (f) ★ (f)

★ ... ... ★ ...

6 15 5 5 12 (i)

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia (l) ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

10 (h) 5 10 7 (h) 6 (h)

15P (h) 40A (h,m)

Hawaii (l) ............................ Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa .....................................

(f) ★ (f) ★ (f) ★ (f) ... ★

... ★ ... ... ★

10 (o,p) 5 60 (h) 7 3

45A (o,p) 10A 60P (h) 7P (h) (r)

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana (l) ....................... Maine ................................... Maryland (l) .......................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ... ★

10 (h) 10 10 (h) 10 6

10P 10A 20P (h) (m) 30P (m)

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

(f) ★ (f) (f) ★ (f) ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

10 14 (h) 3 5 15 (h)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

★ (v) ★ (v) ... ... (f) ★ (f)

★ ... ... ... ...

10 (h) 5 5 5 45 (h,w)

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio ..................................... Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Bill dies unless signed 10A

20P 10A 20A (h) (i) 30A (h) 15P (h) 30A (h)

(p)

(r)

10P 14P (h) 14A 15P (m) 45P (h,m) 25A (h) 5A 10A (w)

5P (w)

Votes required in each house to pass bills or items over veto (c) Majority elected 2/3 elected (g) 2/3 elected Majority elected 2/3 elected

Immediately (e) 90 days after enactment 90 days after adjournment 90 days after adjournment (j)

2/3 2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3

Immediately (k) Oct. 1 Immediately 60 days after adjournment July 1 (n)

elected elected elected elected elected

2/3 elected 2/3 elected 3/5 elected (g) Majority elected 2/3 elected

Immediately 60 days after adjournment (n) (q) July 1 (n)

2/3 elected Majority elected 2/3 elected 2/3 present 3/5 elected

Upon publication 90 days after adjournment Aug. 15 90 days after adjournment June 1 (s)

2/3 present 2/3 elected and serving 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 elected

90 days after enactment 90 days after adjournment Aug. 1 (t) 60 days after enactment 90 days after adjournment (t,u)

2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3 2/3

Oct. 1 (t) 3 months after adjournment Oct. 1 60 days after enactment July 4; other dates usually specified

present elected elected elected elected

★ ... 3 20A 2/3 present ★ ... 10 30A 2/3 elected --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (x) --------------------------------------------------------------------------★ ★ 3 15A 2/3 elected ★ ★ 10 10A 3/5 elected ★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

5 5 (o) 10 (h) 6 5

15A 30A (o) 30A (h) 10A (h) (m)

Effective date of enacted legislation (d)

2/3 2/3 2/3 3/5 2/3

elected (g) present elected present present

90 days after adjournment (t) 20 days after enactment 30 days after adjournment (y) 90 days after files with secretary of state 90 days after adjournment 90 days after adjournment 60 days after enactment Immediately 20 days after enactment

ENACTING LEGISLATION: VETO,VETO OVERRIDE AND EFFECTIVE DATE — Continued Days allowed governor to consider bill (a)

State or other jurisdiction

Governor may item veto appropriation bills

During session Bill becomes law unless vetoed

Amount

Other (b)

★ (f) ★ (f) ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ...

5 (h) 10 10 10 5

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ★ (f) ★ (f) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

7 (h) 5 5 6 3

American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

★ ★ ★ (f) ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

10 10 40 (h,ee) 10 10

After session Bill becomes law unless vetoed

Bill dies unless signed

15A (h) 10A 20A 20A (h) 3A 30A (h) 20A 15A (bb) 60P 15A (h) 30A 30P 30P (h) 30P (h)

Votes required in each house to pass bills or items over veto (c)

Effective date of enacted legislation (d)

2/3 elected Majority elected 2/3 present 2/3 elected 2/3 present

90 days after adjournment 40 days after enactment 90 days after adjournment 60 days after adjournment July 1

2/3 present (z) 2/3 present Majority elected (g) 2/3 present 2/3 elected

July 1 (aa) 90 days after adjournment 90 days after enactment Day after publication date Immediately

2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3

60 days after adjournment (cc) Immediately (dd) Immediately Specified in act Immediately

elected elected elected elected elected

See footnotes at end of table.

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

Sources: State constitutions and statutes. Note: Some legislatures reconvene after normal session to consider bills vetoed by governor. Connecticut–if governor vetoes any bill, secretary of state must reconvene General Assembly on second Monday after the last day on which governor is either authorized to transmit or has transmitted every bill with his objections, whichever occurs first; General Assembly must adjourn sine die not later than three days after its reconvening. Hawaii–legislature may reconvene on 45th day after adjournment sine die, in special session, without call. Louisiana–legislature meets in a maximum five-day veto session on the 40th day after final adjournment. Missouri– if governor returns any bill on or after the fifth day before the last day on which legislature may consider bills (in even-numbered years), legislature automatically reconvenes on first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a maximum 10-calendar day session. New Jersey–legislature meets in special session (without call or petition) to act on bills returned by governor on 45th day after sine die adjournment of the regular session; if the second year expires before the 45th day, the day preceding the end of the legislative year. Utah–if two-third of the members of each house favor reconvening to consider vetoed bills, a maximum fiveday session is set by the presiding officers. Virginia–legislature reconvenes on sixth Wednesday after adjournment for a maximum three-day session (may be extended to seven days upon vote of majority of members elected to each house). Washington–upon petition of two-third of the members of each house, legislature meets 45 days after adjournment for a maximum five-day session. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No A — Days after adjournment of legislature. P — Days after presentation to governor. (a) Sundays excluded, unless otherwise indicated. (b) Includes language in appropriations bill. (c) Bill returned to house of origin with governor’s objections. (d) Effective date may be established by the law itself or may be otherwise changed by vote of the legislature. Special or emergency acts are usually effective immediately. (e) Penal acts, 60 days. (f) Governor can also reduce amounts in appropriations bills. In Hawaii, governor can reduce items in executive appropriations measures, but cannot reduce nor item veto amounts appropriated for the judicial or legislative branches. (g) Different number of votes required for revenue and appropriations bills. Alaska–three-fourth elected. Illinois–appropriations reductions, majority elected. Oklahoma–emergency bills, three-fourth vote. West Virginia–budget and supplemental appropriations, two-third elected. (h) Sundays included. (i) A bill presented to the governor that is not returned within 12 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays) becomes a law; provided that any bill passed before Sept. 1 of the second calendar year of the biennium of the legislative session and in the possession of the governor on or after Sept. 1 that is not returned by the governor on or before Sept. 30 of that year becomes law. The legislature may not present to the governor any bill after Nov. 15 of the second calendar year of the biennium of the session. If the legislature, by adjournment of a special session prevents the return of a bill with the veto message, the bill becomes law unless the governor vetoes within 12 days by depositing it and the veto message in the office of the secretary of state. (j) For legislation enacted in regular sessions: Jan. 1 next following 90-day period from date of enactment. For legislation enacted in special sessions: 91 days after adjournment. Does not apply to statutes calling elections, statutes providing for tax levies or appropriations for the usual current state expenses or urgency statutes, all of which take effect immediately. (k) An act takes effect on the date stated in the act, or if no date is stated in the act, then on its passage. (l) Constitution withholds right to veto constitutional amendments. (m) Bills vetoed after adjournment are returned to the legislature for reconsideration. Georgia–bills vetoed during last three days of session and not considered for overriding, and all bills vetoed after sine die adjourn-

ment may be considered at next session. Maine–returned within three days after the next meeting of the same legislature which enacted the bill or resolution. Maryland–reconsidered at the next meeting of the same General Assembly. Mississippi–returned within three days after the beginning of the next session. Missouri–bills returned on or after the 5th day before the last day to consider bills legislature automatically reconvenes on the first Wednesday following the second Wednesday in September not to exceed 10 calendar days. South Carolina–within two days after the next meeting. (n) Effective date for bills which become law on or after July 1. Georgia–Jan. 1, unless a specific date has been provided for in legislation. Illinois–a bill passed after June 30 does not become effective prior to July 1 of the next calendar year unless legislature by a three-fifth vote provides for an earlier effective date. Iowa–if governor signs bill after July 1, bill becomes law on Aug. 15; for special sessions, 90 days after adjournment. South Dakota–91 days after adjournment. (o) Except Sundays and legal holidays. In Hawaii, except Saturdays, Sundays, holidays and any days in which the legislature is in recess prior to its adjournment. In Oregon, except Saturdays and Sundays. (p) The governor must notify the legislature 10 days before the 45th day of his intent to veto a measure on that day. The legislature may convene on the 45th day after adjournment to consider the vetoed measures. If the legislature fails to reconvene, the bill does not become law. If the legislature reconvenes, it may pass the measure over the governor’s veto or it may amend the law to meet the governor’s objections. If the law is amended, the governor must sign the bill within 10 days after it is presented to him in order for it to become law. (q) No act takes effect until it has been published and circulated in the counties, by authority, except in cases of emergency. (r) Governor must sign or veto all bills presented to him. Any bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session must be deposited by him in the secretary of state’s office within 30 days after adjournment with his approval or objections. (s) Bills passed over governor’s veto are effective in 30 days or on date specified in bill, whichever is later. (t) Different date for fiscal legislation. Minnesota, Montana–July 1. Missouri, New Mexico–immediately. (u) In event of a recess of 30 days or more, legislature may prescribe, by joint resolution, that laws previously passed and not effective shall take effect 90 days from beginning of recess. (v) No appropriation can be made in excess of the recommendations contained in the governor’s budget except by a three-fifth vote. The excess is subject to veto by the governor. (w) On the 45th day after the date of presentation, a bill becomes law unless the governor returns it with his objections, except that (1) if the legislature is in adjournment sine die on the 45th day, a special session is convened (without petition or call) for the sole purpose of acting upon bills returned by the governor; (2) any bill passed between the 45th day and the 10th day preceding the end of the second legislative year must be returned by the governor by the day preceding the end of the second legislative year; (3) any bill passed or reenacted within 10 days preceding the expiration of the second legislative year becomes law if signed prior to the seventh day following such expiration, or the governor returns it to the house of origin and two-third elected members agree to pass the bill prior to such expiration. (x) Governor has no approval or veto power. (y) August 1 after filed with secretary of state; if enacted between August 1 and January 1 of following year, 90 days after its filing. Appropriations and tax bills: July 1. (z) Must include majority of elected members. (aa) Special sessions–first day of fourth month after adjournment. (bb) Five days for appropriations bills. (cc) Laws required to be approved only by the governor. An act required to be approved by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior only after it is vetoed by the governor and so approved takes effect 40 days after it is returned to the governor by the secretary. (dd) U.S. Congress may annul. (ee) Twenty days for appropriations bills.

LEGISLATURES

100 The Book of the States 1996-97

ENACTING LEGISLATION: VETO,VETO OVERRIDE AND EFFECTIVE DATE — Continued

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.17 LEGISLATIVE APPROPRIATIONS PROCESS: BUDGET DOCUMENTS AND BILLS Budget document submission

Budget bill introduction

Submission date relative to convening

Prior to session

Within one week

Within two weeks

Within one month

Over one month

Same time as budget document

Another time

Not until committee review of budget document

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... Dec. 15 ★ ... ...

5th day ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(a) ★ (a) ... ... 45 days ...

... (b) ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... by Feb. 1 ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ (c) ★ (c) ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... (c) ★ (c) ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

20 days ... ... (d) 7 days (d) ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (b) ★ (b)

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... (c) ★ (c)

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... (b) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ (f) ★ (g) ★ (g)

★ ... (f) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 1st day ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ (e) ★ (e) (b) ★ (b) ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

(h) ★ (h) ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... (c) ★ (c) ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... (i) ★ (i)

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... (l) ...

... ... (i) ... ...

... (e) ★ (e) ... ... ...

★ (k) ★ (k) ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (e) Dec. 1 (e) ... ... (a,b)

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... (b) ★ (b) ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

(b) ★ (b) ... ... (o) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

(n) ★ (n) ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

... ... ...

★ ★ ★

Legal source of deadline

State or other jurisdiction

Constitutional

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

... ... ... ... ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Statutory

. . . (e) ★ (e) . . . (b,e) ★ (b,e) (b) ... (b,e) ★ (b,e) . . . (e) ★ (e) ...

(j) ... ... ... (e) ★ (e)

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... . . . (e,m) ★ (e,m) ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... . . . (b,e) ★ (b,e) (b,e) ★ (b,e) 6th day ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... (b) ★ (b)

... Dec. 20 (q) Dec. 20 (q) . . . . . . (e) 1st day (e) ... ... Dec. 1 ... (b) ... ...

... ... (b,e) ★ (b,e) . . . ... ... ... (b) ★ (b) (e) ★ (e) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... (s) ★ (s) ...

... ... ... ... ...

(p) ... ★ ★ ...

(b) ★ (b) (r) ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ...

... ★ (u) ★ (u)

... ... ...

... ... ★

(t) ... ...

★ ★ ...

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

101

LEGISLATURES

LEGISLATIVE APPROPRIATIONS PROCESS: BUDGET DOCUMENTS AND BILLS — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Copies of agency budgets to be presented to the legislature by November 1. Governor’s budget usually is presented in January. (b) Specific time limitations: Connecticut–odd numbered years no later than the first session day following the third day in February, in even numbered years on the day the General Assembly convenes; Iowa–no later than February 1; Kentucky–10th legislative day; Louisiana–operating budget to Joint Budget Committee 30 days prior to session and to full legislature on first day of session; Maine–by Friday following the first Monday in January; Minnesota–fourth Monday in January during biennial session; Nebraska–by January 15; New Hampshire–by February 15; Oregon–Dec. 15 in even-numbered years; South Carolina–first Tuesday in January; South Dakota–first Tuesday after the first Monday in December; Tennessee–on or before February 1; Vermont–within three weeks; Virginia–first day of session; No. Mariana Islands–no later than 6 months before the beginning of the fiscal year. (c) Executive budget bill is introduced and used as a working tool for committee. Delaware–after hearings on executive bill, a new bill is then introduced; the committee bill is considered by the legislature. (d) Budget document submitted prior to session does not necessarily reflect budget message which is given sometime during the first three weeks of session. (e) Later for first session of a new governor; Kansas–21 days; Kentucky– 15th legislative day; Maine–by Friday following first Monday in February; Maryland–10 days after convening; Michigan–within 60 days; Nebraska– February 1; New Jersey–March 15; New York–February 1; Ohio–by March 15; Oregon–February 1; Pennsylvania–first full week in March; Tennessee– March 1; West Virginia–10 days, in odd-numbered years.

102 The Book of the States 1996-97

(f) Operating budget bills subject to general constitutional limitations controlling introduction of legislation. Preliminary capital budget submitted to legislature by March 1; submission of capital budget and bill no later than eighth legislative day. (g) Appropriations bill other than the budget bill (supplementary) may be introduced at any time. They must provide their own tax source and may not be enacted until the budget bill is enacted. (h) General appropriations bills only. (i) By custom only. No statutory or constitutional provisions. (j) Statutes provide for submission by the 25th legislative day; however, the executive budget is usually presented by the first day of the session. (k) Governor has 30 days to amend or supplement the budget; he may submit any amendments to any bills or submit supplemental bills. (l) For whole legislature. Legislative Council’s Budget Section receives budget during legislature’s December organizational session. (m) Submitted by governor as soon as possible after General Assembly organizes, but not later than the first full week in February. (n) No later than the 16th legislative day by rule. (o) No specific deadline, but under house and senate rules only bills and joint resolutions introduced during the first 60 days of the regular session may be considered by the committees in the house or senate. After the first 60 calendar days, any bills or joint resolution requires an affirmative vote of four-fifths of those members present and voting to be introduced. (p) Must submit to fiscal analyst 30 days prior to session. (q) First day of session. (r) Even-numbered years. (s) No set time. (t) Last Tuesday in January. A later submission date may be requested by the governor. (u) By enacting annual appropriations legislation.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.18 FISCAL NOTES: CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION Content

Distribution Legislators

State or other jurisdiction

Fiscal Intent or Projected Proposed impact purpose Cost future source of on local of bill involved cost revenue government Other

All

★ (a) ★ (a) (c) ★ (c) (d) ★ (d) ★ (e) ★ (e) ★ ★ ★ ★

Appropriations committee Available Executive on Bill Chairman Fiscal budget request sponsor Members only staff staff

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ (b) ★ (b) ★ ... ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ (f) ★ (f) (g) ★ (g) (g) ★ (g)

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(j) ★ (j) ... (l) ...

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

... ★ ... ★ ...

(m) ★ (m) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (n) ★ (n) (o) ★ (o) (g) ★ (g) . . . ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

(g) ★ (g) (g) ★ (g) ★ ★ (n) ★ (n)

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota (s) ............ Ohio .................................

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (t) ★ (t) ★

... ... ... ★ ★

(p) ★ ★ ★ ★

(q) ★ (q) (j) ★ (j) (g) ★ (g) (j) ★ (j) (w) ★ (w)

... ... ★ ... ★

(r) ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... (x) ★ (x)

... ★ ... ... (x)

Oklahoma (y) .................. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

(f) ★ (f) ★ (j) ★ (j) (z) ★ (z) ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(j) ★ (j) ★ (j) ★ (j) ★ ...

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... (i) ★ (i) ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(aa) ★ (aa) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ (i) ★ (i) ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... (bb) ★ (bb) ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

...

No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico .....................

★ ★

★ ...

★ ★

★ ...

★ ★

... ...

★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... (h) ★ (h)(h)★ (h) ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... (i) ★ (i) ★ (i) ★ (i) ... ... ... (k) ★ (k) ... ... ... (i) ★ (i) ... ★

(r) ★ (r) ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... (u) (v) ★ (v) ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

103

LEGISLATURES

FISCAL NOTES: CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: A fiscal note is a summary of the fiscal effects of a bill on government revenues, expenditures and liabilities. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Fiscal notes are included in bills for final passage calendar. (b) Contained in the bill and in the fiscal note. (c) Information on fiscal impact on municipalities is requested by the last committee to which the bill is referred on the day it is introduced. This provision will be repealed July 1, 1998. (d) Fiscal notes are attached to the bill before it is reported from the first committee of referral. Governor’s bills must have fiscal note before introduction. Once fiscal notes are submitted, they are copied and available to all. (e) Assumptions (methodology/explanation of fiscal figures). (f) Relevant data and prior fiscal year cost information. (g) Mechanical defects in bill. (h) A summary of the fiscal note is attached to the summary of the relevant bill in the Legislative Synopsis and Digest. Fiscal notes are prepared for the sponsor of the bill and are attached to the bill on file in either the office of the clerk of the House or the Secretary of the Senate. (i) Or to the committee to which referred. (j) Bill proposing changes in retirement system of state or local government must have an actuarial note. (k) Prepared by the Legislative Fiscal Office; copies sent to House and Senate staff offices respectively. (l) distributed to chairs of committee to which bill was referred; the spon-

104 The Book of the States 1996-97

sor; the presiding officers of the senate and the house; the non-partisan staff of the committee to which the bill was referred; and the State Budget officer (Executive). (m) Fiscal notes are prepared only if cost exceeds $100,000 or matter has not been acted upon by the Joint Committee on Ways and Means. (n) Other relevant data. (o) Analyses prepared by the Senate Fiscal Agency are distributed to Senate members only; analyses prepared by the House Fiscal Agency are distributed to House members only. (p) Occasionally. (q) The impact of revenue bills is reviewed by the Legislative Finance Committee and executive agencies. (r) Legislative Finance Committee staff prepare fiscal notes for Appropriations Committee chairman; other fiscal impact statements prepared by Legislative Finance Committee and executive agencies are available to anyone upon request. (s) Notes required only if impact is about $5,000. (t) A four-year projection. (u) All members of appropriations receive. (v) Only select fiscal staff. (w) If a bill comes up for floor consideration. (x) Fiscal notes are prepared for bills being voted on in any standing committee and are distributed to the chairman and all committee members. (y) Fiscal notes are prepared only in the House. (z) Technical or mechanical defects may be noted. (aa) The Department of Taxation prepares revenue impact notes, including the intent and revenue impact. (bb) Distributed to appropriate fiscal and policy staff.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.19 BILL AND RESOLUTION INTRODUCTIONS AND ENACTMENTS: 1994 AND 1995 REGULAR SESSIONS Introductions State or other jurisdiction

Duration of session**

Alabama* ........................ ...........................................

Feb. 4-May 18, 1992 Feb. 2-May 17, 1993

Alaska .............................. ...........................................

Bills

Resolutions

Enactments Bills

Resolutions

Measures vetoed by governor

Length of session

1,532 1,683

668 712

341 433

560 679

8 4

30L 30L

Jan. 10-May 10, 1994 Jan. 16-May 16, 1995

407 539

N.A. 136

131 105

44 49

11 9

121C 121C

Arizona ............................ ...........................................

Jan. 10-April 17, 1994 Jan. 9-April 13, 1995

1,160 957

60 70

380 300

17 23

0 8

98C 95C

Arkansas ......................... ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 9-April 28, 1995

2,023

174

1,358

115

California* ...................... ...........................................

Jan. 6-Nov. 30, 1992 Dec. 7, 1992-Sept. 11, 1993

2,383 3,664

209 282

1,374 1,307

147 123

334 240

150L 130L

Colorado ......................... ...........................................

Jan. 12-May 4, 1994 Jan. 9-May 8, 1995

594 597

140 114

358 297

107 83

4 13

120C 120C

Connecticut ..................... ...........................................

Feb. 9-May 4, 1994 Jan. 4-June 7, 1995

1,296 3,226

161 256

263 387

144 149

Delaware .........................

Jan. 10-July 1, 1995

658

157

293

49L

Florida ............................. ...........................................

Feb. 8-April 15, 1994 Mar. 7-May 11, 1995

2,447 2,605

210 152

380 473

0 0

15 28

60C 60C

Georgia ............................ ...........................................

Jan. 10-Mar. 16, 1994 Jan. 9-Mar. 17, 1995

1,239 1,575

930 1,105

654 520

797 878

5 14

40L 40L

Hawaii ............................. ...........................................

Jan. 19-May 2, 1994 Jan. 18-May 1, 1995

2,922 4,305

1,452 1,257

283 243

357 362

16 83

60L 60L

Idaho ................................ ...........................................

Jan. 10-April 1, 1994 Jan. 9-Mar. 17, 1995

860 679

108 83

472 374

54 36

17 (a,b) 7 (b)

82C 68C

Illinois .............................. ...........................................

Jan. 12-July 12, 1994 Jan. 11-May 26, 1995

1,843 2,509

N.A. 55

81 226

N.A. 26

Indiana ............................ ...........................................

Nov. 16, 1993-Mar. 4, 1994 Nov. 22, 1994-April 29, 1995

888 1,504

24 (f) 50 (f)

179 34

Iowa ................................. ...........................................

Jan. 10-April 20, 1994 Jan. 8-May 4, 1995

765 1,071

17 35

Kansas ............................. ...........................................

Jan. 10-May 23, 1994 Jan. 9-May 22, 1995

966 981

Kentucky ......................... ...........................................

Jan 7-April 15, 1994 No regular session in 1995

Louisiana* ...................... ...........................................

28 (a)

4 (a) 2

89C

85C 155C

N.A. 7 (a)

55L 61L

2 (f) 6 (f)

0 11 (a)

30L 61L

201 220

1 4

9 (b) 13

101C 116C

35 39

361 270

14 14

25 (b) 17 (b)

92C 89C

1,309

263

458

Mar. 30-June 22, 1992 (c) Mar. 29-June 10, 1993

3,389 3,234

679 660

1,137 1,039

403 505

32 21 (a)

56L 52L

Maine ............................... ...........................................

Jan. 5-April 14, 1994 Dec. 7-June 30, 1995

615 1,586

11 33

340 607

0 2

12 (a) 1

39L 70L

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

Jan. 12-April 11, 1994 Jan. 11-April 10, 1995

2,551 2,261

41 33

751 647

10 10

Massachusetts* .............. ...........................................

Jan. 8, 1992-Jan. 5, 1993 Jan. 6, 1993-Jan. 4, 1994

7,353 7,667

0 0

414 498

0 0

39 (a) 53 (a)

Michigan ......................... ...........................................

Jan. 12-Dec. 29, 1994 Jan. 11-Dec. 28, 1995

1,103 2,299

20 43

451 291

2 2

10 4

Minnesota* ..................... ...........................................

Jan. 6-April 17, 1992 Jan. 5-May 17, 1993

2,537 3,476

12 (e) 7

246 345

16 30

42L 61L

Mississippi* .................... ...........................................

Jan. 7-May 16, 1992 Jan. 5-April 2, 1993

2,693 4,346

535 343

676 406

221 155

0 17

125C 90C

Missouri .......................... ...........................................

Jan. 5-May 13, 1994 Jan. 4-May 12, 1995

1,256 1,242

45 63

180 170

3 4

6 5

129C 129C

Montana .......................... ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 2-April 13, 1995

1,032

594

86L

Nebraska ......................... ...........................................

Jan. 5-April 15, 1994 Jan. 4-June 8, 1995

519 889

13 27

224 288

5 5

7 5

60L 90L

Nevada ............................. ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 16-July 13, 1995

1,325

222

730

173

169C

New Hampshire .............. ...........................................

Jan. 5-June 22, 1994 Jan. 4-Nov. 1, 1995 (f)

786 750

49 75

412 304

31 46

11 6

23L 26L

10 (e) 6

60L

150 137

90C 90C (d) (d)

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

105

LEGISLATURES

INTRODUCTIONS AND ENACTMENTS: REGULAR SESSIONS — Continued Introductions State or other jurisdiction

Duration of session*

Bills

Resolutions

Enactments Bills

Resolutions

Measures vetoed by governor

New Jersey* .................... ...........................................

Jan. 14, 1992-Jan. 12, 1993 Jan. 12, 1993-Jan. 11, 1994

3,532 1,721

359 228

215 368

6 8

New Mexico .................... ...........................................

Jan. 18-Feb. 17, 1994 Jan. 17-Mar. 18, 1995

2,065 2,421

27 37

154 424

7 0

New York* ....................... ...........................................

Jan. 8-July 30, 1992 Jan. 6-July 7, 1993

17,667 14,596

3,731 3,607

846 720

3,731 3,607

North Carolina ............... ...........................................

May 24-July 17, 1994 Jan. 25-July 29, 1995

1,005 2,230

57 43

215 546

10 15

North Dakota .................. ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 3-April 7, 1995

1,041

120

628

Ohio ................................. ...........................................

Jan. 3-Dec. 29, 1994 Jan. 9-June 10, 1995

383 N.A.

1,795 N.A.

143 N.A.

1,766 N.A.

Oklahoma ....................... ...........................................

Feb. 7-Mar. 27, 1994 Jan. 3-May 26, 1995

1,606 1,720

228 249

392 358

111 129

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 9-June 10,1995

2,727

173

809

Pennsylvania ................... ...........................................

Jan. 4-Nov. 28, 1994 Jan. 3-Dec. 13, 1995

3,058 2,286

420 267

270 128

N.A. N.A.

9 1

66C N.A.

Rhode Island ................... ...........................................

Jan. 4-July 17, 1994 Jan. 3-Nov. 17, 1995

3,565 3,708

(g) (g)

959 445

490 522

38 24

85L 77L

South Carolina* ............. ...........................................

Jan. 14-June 4, 1992 Jan. 12-June 25, 1993

877 1,531

556 609

326 213

436 410

13 6

65L 67L

South Dakota .................. ...........................................

Jan. 11-Mar. 15, 1994 Jan. 10-Mar. 20, 1995

664 602

28 26

400 298

18 21

3 12 (a)

35L 40L

Tennessee ......................... ...........................................

Jan. 11-April 21, 1994 Jan. 21-May 26, 1995

2,493 3,879

Texas ................................ ...........................................

No regular session in 1994 Jan. 10-May 29, 1995

4,814

3,226

1,088

Utah ................................. ...........................................

Jan. 17-Mar. 2, 1994 Jan. 16-Mar. 1, 1995

810 760

79 61

326 N.A.

Vermont ........................... ...........................................

Jan. 4-June 12, 1994 Jan. 4-April 21, 1995

467 757

123 68

Virginia ........................... ...........................................

Jan. 12-Mar. 12, 1994 Jan. 11-Feb. 25, 1995

2,025 1,718

Washington ..................... ...........................................

Jan. 1-Mar.10, 1994 Jan. 9-April 23, 1995

West Virginia .................. ...........................................

624 (h) 525 (h)

51 (b) 93 (b)

30C 60C 151L 152L

0 0

36L (b)

8 (a,b)

67L

0 N.A.

(b) N.A.

19 (a) 55

66L 65L

52 (a,b)

153C

(d) (d)

2,851

140C

26 42

5 N.A.

45C 45C

148 102

109 78

11 2

93L 63L

674 552

995 845

566 440

32 21

60C 46C

1,403 3,172

51 92

317 400

7 12

Jan.-Mar. 1994 Jan.-Mar. 1995

1,293 1,431

402 197

333 303

206 31

Wisconsin ........................ ...........................................

Jan. 3, 1993-Jan. 3-1995 Jan. 3, 1995 (i)

2,147 1,157 (i)

254 145 (i)

491 87 (i)

Wyoming ......................... ...........................................

Feb. 21-Mar. 17, 1994 Jan. 10-Mar. 1, 1995

303 525

23 30

102 212

2 7

Puerto Rico .....................

Jan. 10-June 30, 1994 Sept. 12-Oct. 30, 1994 Jan. 9-June 30, 1995 Sept. 11-Oct. 30, 1995

3,502 133 588 141

1,043 229 1,259 391

29 14 73 13

340 17 213 119

106 The Book of the States 1996-97

570 552

6 200

105L 67L

0 3

Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. ** Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.” Key: C — Calendar day. L — Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it general refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session.) N.A. — Not available. (a) Number of vetoes overridden: Arkansas: 1995–1; Connecticut: 1994– 2; Idaho: 1994–1; Illinois: 1995–1; Indiana: 1995–3; Kansas: 1994–7 bills and 2 line items, Louisiana: 1; Maine: 1994–1; Massachusetts: 1992–7, 1993– 6; New Jersey: 1992–6, 1993–6; North Dakota: 1995–1; Oklahoma: 1994–7; Oregon: 3; South Dakota: 1; U.S. Virgin Islands: 1991-1992 session 2, 1993–6. (b) Line item or partial vetoes: Iowa–1994: includes line item vetoes; Kan-

645 (h) 653 (h)

41 (a) 32 (a)

Length of session

95 50 (i)

7 (b) 11 (b) 7 4

60C 105C 60C 60C

8 0 (i)

730C still active

3 (b) 2

19L 37L

N.A. (j) 0 (j)

172C 49C 22C 50C

sas–1994: 9 line item vetoes: plus 14 line items vetoed. New York–includes line item vetoes in appropriation bills. North Dakota–includes 3 line item vetoes. Oregon–1995: includes 1 line item veto. Washington–1994: includes 27 measures partially vetoed; 1995: includes 34 measures partially vetoed. (c) In addition, an organizational session was held on January 13, 1992. Idaho 1994/1995: includes line item vetoes. (d) Length of session: Massachusetts: 1992 Senate 37L and House 144L, 1993 Senate 49L and House 150L; North Carolina: 1995 Senate 109L and House 108L; Ohio: 1994 Senate 188L and House 89L; Tennessee: 1994 Senate 42L and 42L, 1995 Senate 48L and House 48L. (e) Resolutions for 1991-92. (f) November 1 was a recall session day held to consider one bill. The legislature had adjourned on June 6 and did not return until November 1. (g) Bills and resolutions are not counted separately. (h) Total house and senate resolutions for 1994 session. (i) Data as of Dec. 2, 1995. (j) 45 total vetoes for 1994; eight for 1995.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.20 BILL AND RESOLUTION INTRODUCTIONS AND ENACTMENTS: 1994 AND 1995 SPECIAL SESSIONS Bills

Resolutions

Bills

Resolutions

Measures vetoed by governor

44 211 202

56 138 134

7 46 72

45 127 115

0 5 2

8L 7L 7L

0 4

3 0

8 2

1 0

0 0

7C 3C

Introductions

State or other jurisdiction

Duration of session**

Enactments

Length of session

Alabama* ........................

Jan. 27-Feb. 3, 1992 Sept. 21-Oct. 1, 1992 Aug. 12-24, 1993

Alaska ..............................

May 10-16, 1994 Sept. 26-28, 1994 No special session in 1995

Arizona ............................

March 28-30, 1994 June 15-17, 1994 March 14-16, 1995 March 23-28, 1995 Oct. 17, 1995

16 12 18 4 2

0 2 0 0 0

8 5 9 1 1

0 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

3C 3C 3C 6C 1C

Arkansas .........................

Feb. 28-March 2, 1994 Aug. 15-24, 1994 Oct. 17-20, 1995

23 89 28

13 16 11

14 70 16

12 12 10

0 3 0

3C 10C 4C

California* ......................

Jan. 6-Nov. 30, 1992 Oct. 8-Nov. 30, 1992 Jan. 4-Sept. 11, 1993

51 9 4

3 2 1

26 0 3

1 1 1

2 0 0

7L 2L 9L

Colorado .........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Connecticut .....................

May 6-25, 1994 May 24-25, 1994 July 6-13, 1994 July 13, 1994 Oct. 12-Nov. 28, 1994 November 28, 1994 Oct. 25-Nov. 17, 1995

7 2 2 2 1 5 1

12 11 6 5 26 5 7

6 2 2 1 1 4 0

12 11 6 5 26 5 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20C 1C 8C 1C 48C 1C 24C

Delaware ......................... ...........................................

No special session in 1994 Aug. 29, 1995

Florida ............................. ...........................................

June 7-9, 1994 No special session in 1995

Georgia ............................ ........................................... Hawaii .............................

No special session in 1994 Aug. 14-Sept. 12, 1995

139

128

20L

No special session in 1994 June 5-9, 1995 Sept. 20-21, 1995

37 1

5 0

34 1

5 0

1 0

5L 2L

10L

5 0 0 15 17

4 2 3 67 42

3 0 0 6 6

2 0 3 54 37

1 (d) 0 0 0 1

14L 1L 1L 4L 5L

Idaho ................................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Illinois .............................. ...........................................

July 1-July 12, 1994 No special session in 1995

Indiana ............................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Iowa .................................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Kansas .............................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Kentucky .........................

June 6-22, 1994 Sept. 26, 1994 Jan. 6, 1995 Jan. 23-27, 1995 July 31-Aug. 4, 1995

Louisiana* ...................... ...........................................

No special session in 1992 Mar. 7-26, 1993

178

15L

Maine ............................... ...........................................

No special session in 1994 Nov 28-Nov. 30, 1995

Maryland ........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Massachusetts .................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Michigan .........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Minnesota* ..................... ...........................................

No special session in 1992 May 27, 1993

Mississippi* .................... ...........................................

Sept. 16, 1992 Aug. 9, 1993

2 2

1 1

2 2

1 1

0 0

1C 1C

Missouri .......................... ...........................................

Sept. 22-Nov. 17, 1994 (a) No special session in 1995

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

107

LEGISLATURES

INTRODUCTIONS AND ENACTMENTS: SPECIAL SESSIONS — Continued

State or other jurisdiction

Introductions Duration of session**

Bills

Enactments

Resolutions

Bills

Resolutions

Measures vetoed by governor

Length of session

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada .............................

No special sessions in 1994/1995 No special sessions in 1994/1995 No special sessions in 1994/1995

New Hampshire ..............

No special sessions in 1994/1995

New Jersey* ....................

No special sessions in 1992/1993

New Mexico ....................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

New York* .......................

No special sessions in 1992/1993

North Carolina ............... ...........................................

Feb. 8-March 26, 1994 No special session in 1995

404

(b)

North Dakota .................. ...........................................

June 29-July 1, 1994 No special session in 1995

Ohio ................................. ...........................................

No special session in 1994 1995 information not available

Oklahoma .......................

May 23-27, 1994 Oct. 3-Nov. 4, 1994 May 19, 1995-Not adjourned (c)

16 6 4

10 11 2

0 1 0

6 7 2

0 0 0

3L 5L 6L

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

No special session in 1994 July 28-Aug. 4, 1995

0 (d)

Pennsylvania ................... ...........................................

No special session in 1994 Jan. 23-Oct. 31, 1995

Rhode Island ...................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

South Carolina* .............

No special sessions in 1992/1993

South Dakota ..................

July 11-12, 1994 Sept. 9, 1994 No special session in 1995

12 25

9 0

4 16

1 0

0 2

2L 1L

Tennessee .........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Texas ................................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Utah .................................

April 19, 1995

Vermont ...........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Virginia ...........................

April 20-Sept. 19, 1994 Sept. 19-30, 1994 No special session in 1995

19 19

55 50

10 10

54 48

0 0

153C 12C

Washington .....................

Mar. 11-14, 1994 April 24-May 23, 1995 May 24-25, 1995 June 12-Oct. 14, 1995

0 22 4 1

1 5 2 1

10 20 18 1

2 1 0 1

0 1 5 0

4C 105C 2C 3C

West Virginia* ................

Mar. 14, 1992 May 16-27, 1993 Oct. 17-18, 1993

4 19 6

7 8 9

4 10 3

7 7 9

0 0 0

1C 12C 2C

Wisconsin ........................

May 18-19, 1994 June 7-23, 1994 Jan. 4, 1995 Sept. 5-Oct. 12, 1995

6 3 1 1

1 4 1 1

3 3 1 1

1 4 1 1

0 0 0 0

2C 17C 1C 38C

Wyoming .........................

No special sessions in 1994/1995

Puerto Rico .....................

July 6-17, 1994 Aug. 22-Sept. 9, 1994 Nov. 28-Dec. 17, 1994 July 10-14, 1995 Aug. 17-Sept. 7, 1995 Nov. 13-22, 1995

37 83 92 21 88 61

35 100 71 38 149 87

6 62 32 3 132 14

36 77 199 19 208 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

17C 19C 20C 4C 22C 10C

Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. ** Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.” Key: C — Calendar day. L — Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it generally refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session).

108 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) Special session held on Impeachment proceedings. (b) Length of session: North Carolina: 1994–Senate 31L and House 32L. (c) Session does not formally adjourn until next session begins. (d)Number of vetoes overridden: Oregon: 1995–2.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.21 STAFF FOR INDIVIDUAL LEGISLATORS Senate

House

Capitol

State or other jurisdiction

Personal

Shared

District

Personal

Shared

District

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California* ......................

YR YR ... ... YR

YR/2 ... YR/2 (a) YR YR/4 (b)

... ... ... ... YR

... YR ... ... YR

YR/10 ... YR/2 (a) YR YR/2.7 (b)

... ... ... ... YR

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

YR (b) YR (d) YR/2 ... YR/3 (b)

... ... ... (e) ...

YR (b) YR/4 (d) YR/2 ... YR/5 (b)

... ... ... (e) ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

YR ... YR ... SO

... SO/.75 YR/2 (f) YR/3 ...

... ... YR (g) ... ...

YR ... YR ... SO

... SO/1.5 YR/1 (f) YR/3 ...

... ... YR (g) ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana* ...................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

SO (b) ... (h) ... YR

... YR/13 YR (i) SO/15 (j) ...

... ... YR (h) ... ...

... ... (h) ... SO

SO/3 (b) YR/21 YR (i) SO/45 (k) SO/3

... ... YR (h) ... (g)

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

YR YR YR (l) ... YR

... ... IO/2 (l) YR ...

... ... ... ... YR

YR YR ... ... YR

... ... YR/3 YR IO/1

... ... ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... YR SO (b) ... YR (e)

SO ... YR SO ...

... ... ... ... (e)

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

SO YR SO (b) ... YR (m)

SO ... YR SO/10 (b) YR (n)

... YR ... ... (o)

SO YR SO (b) ... YR (p)

SO YR YR SO/12 (b) YR (n)

... YR ... ... (o)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

SO (b, c) YR YR ... YR

IO ... ... YR/8 YR/(q)

... ... YR ... ...

SO (b,c) YR YR ... SO

IO/7 ... YR YR/7 SO/1

... ... YR ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... YR YR (r) ...

... ... ... SO/1 YR/15 (b)

... ... YR ... ...

... YR YR (r) ...

... ... ... SO/1 YR/90 (b)

... ... YR ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

SO (e) YR (s) SO YR (u) ...

... ... ... ... ...

(e) (t) ... (u) ...

YR (e) YR ... YR ...

SO/2 ... SO/17 ... ...

(e) (t) ... ... ...

No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico .....................

YR (v) YR (v)

(v) ...

... (u)

YR (v) YR (v)

(v) ...

... (u)

... SO ... ------------------------- Unicamerial ------------------------SO (b) YR ... ... YR ... YR (e) ... (e)

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

109

LEGISLATURES

STAFF FOR INDIVIDUAL LEGISLATORS — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: For entries under column heading “Shared,” figures after slash indicated approximate number of legislators per staff person, where available. Key: . . . — Staff not provided for individual legislators. YR — Year-round. SO — Session only. IO — Interim only. (a) Includes only majority and minority policy and research staff, not secretarial staff. (b) Secretarial staff; in North Dakota contracted with a professional secretarial service to provide a joint steno pool of 10 people. (c) Majority and minority leadership have a year-round secretarial staff. (d) Each senator is provided with one constituent case worker; all Senate and House members receive support from a centralized caucus staff. (e) Personal and district staff are the same. (f) Majority and minority offices provide staff year-round. (g) District office expenses allocated per year from which staff may be hired. (h) Each legislator may hire as many assistants as desired, but pay from public funds is capped at $2,500 per month per legislator. Assistant(s) generally work in the district office but may also work at the capitol during the session. (i) The six caucuses are assigned one full-time position each (potentially 24 legislators per one staff person). (j) Majority and minority offices provide staff support year-round. Legislators have access to limited secretarial support during the session through

110 The Book of the States 1996-97

the office of the Secretary of the Senate. (k) Majority and minority offices provide staff support year-round and additional secretarial support during the session. (l) Each majority party senator has one year-round secretary; some minority party senators share secretarial staff (YR/2). (m) One secretary and one legislative aide per senator. Senate president and other leaders have one or more additional staff members. (n) Majority and Minority Caucus staff positions provide services to respective members. (o) Some legislators have established district offices at their own expense. (p) One secretary per house member. Members in the minority caucus share constituent aides and legislative research assistants. Speaker has Executive Assistant, Administrative Aide, and a Legislative Aide. Minority Leader has an Executive Assistant and an Administrative Aide. Other leadership positions, both Majority and Minority, have Administrative Assistants and Legislative Aides as do Committee Chairs and Vice Chairs. Some members have chosen fewer staff; other members have an Administrative Aide. (q) One secretary per two senators for 32 of the members; one secretary per one senator for 14 of the members. (r) Legislators are provided student interns during session. (s) Leadership, caucus chair, and Ways and Means Committee chair have two full-time staff each. All other legislators have one full-time staff year round and one additional staff session only. (t) Full-time staff may move to the district office during interim period. (u) Some of personal staff may work in the district office. Total of all staff salaries for each senator must be within limits established by the Senate. (v) Individual staffing and staff pool arrangements are at the discretion of the individual legislator.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.22 STAFF FOR LEGISLATIVE STANDING COMMITTEES Source of staff services** Committee staff assistance Senate

Joint central agency (a)

House

Chamber agency (b)

Caucus or leadership

Committee or committee chairman

State or other jurisdiction

Prof.

Cler.

Prof.

Cler.

Prof.

Cler.

Prof.

Cler.

Prof.

Cler.

Prof.

Cler.

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... Califorina* ......................

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

B ... B B ...

... ... ... B ...

... ... ... ... ...

B B B ... ...

... ... B ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... B ... ...

B (c) B (c) B ... B

... ... ... ... ...

... ... B ... B

... ... ... ... ...

... (c) B (c) B ... ...

... ... B ... ...

B B ... B B

B B ... ... ...

B ... B ... ...

B ... B S (f) B (f)

B ... B ... B

B ... B S ...

B B ... ... ...

B B ... ... (f) B (f)

B B B B B

(g) B (g) B B ... ...

... ... B ... ...

... B ... ... B

... ... ... ... ...

... ... B B B

... H ... B B

... B H ... ...

... ... H ... ...

... B B B ...

... S B B B

... U ... ... ...

Colorado ......................... ★ ... Connecticut ..................... (c) ★ (c) (c) ★ (c) Delaware ......................... ● ★ Florida ............................. ★ ★ Georgia ............................ . . . (d) ★ (d) Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

●

★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ●

...

★ ... (c) ★ (c) (c) ★ (c) ● ★ ★ ★ . . . (d) ★ (d) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (e) ...

Kansas ............................. ★ ★ ★ ★ Kentucky ......................... ★ ★ ★ ★ Louisiana* ...................... (h) ★ (h) ★ (h) ★ (h) ★ Maine ............................... (c) ★ (c)(c,j) ★ (c,j) (c) ★ (c) (c,j) Maryland ........................ (k) ★ (k) (k) ★ (k) (k) ★ (k) (k) ★ (k) ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota* ..................... Mississippi* .................... Missouri ..........................

●

★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ U ★ ★ ★

B ... B B B

... ... ... ... B

... ... ... ... ...

B ... B ... ...

... ... ... B ...

... ... ... ... ...

●

... ... ... ... (i) B (i) (i) B (i) ... ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ★ ★ (h) ★

★ ★ (l) ★ (l) ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (h) ★

★ ★ (l) ★ (l) ★ ★

... B B B B

... B ... ... ...

... B ... B ...

B B ... ... ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina* .............

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(l) ★ (l) ★ ★ ★ ★

... B B B ...

B ... ... B B

H ... B B H

B ... B B H

... B B B B

H B B B B

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

B B B B B

... ... ... B B

... ... ... ... ...

... (n) B (n) B B ...

... ... ... ... ...

B ... ... ... ...

... S B ... B

... B B ... B

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

B ... B B B

... ... B ... ...

B ... B B ...

B ... B ... B

... B B ... ...

... B B ... B

No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico .....................

★ ★

●

(p) B (p) (p) B (p) (p) B (p) (p) B (p)

B ... B B ... (l) ★ (l) ... ... (m) B (m)(m) B (m)

... (i) (o) B (o) (o) B (o) B B B B ... B (p) B (p) (p) B (p) (p) B (p) (p) B (p)

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

111

LEGISLATURES

STAFF FOR LEGISLATIVE STANDING COMMITTEES — Continued Source: The Council of State Governments’ legislative survey 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. ** — Multiple entries reflect a combination of organizations location of services. Key: ★ — All committees ● — Some committees . . . — Services not provided B — Both chambers H — House S — Senate U — Unicameral (a) Includes legislative council or service agency or central management agency. (b) Includes chamber management agency, office of clerk or secretary and House or Senate research office. (c) Standing committees are joint House and Senate committees. (d) Provided on a pool basis. (e) Provided on an ad hoc basis. (f) The Senate secretary and House clerk maintain supervision of committee clerks. During the session each committee selects its own clerk. (g) Senators select their secretaries and notify the central administrative

112 The Book of the States 1996-97

services agency; all administrative employee matters handled by the agency. (h) House and Senate Appropriations Committees have Legislative Council fiscal staff at their hearings. (i) Staff is assigned to each committee but work under the direction of the chairman. (j) Clerical staff hired during session only. (k) Committees hire additional staff on a contractual basis during session only under direction of chairman. (l) Member’s personal secretary serves as a clerk to the committee or subcommittee that the member chairs. (m) Member’s personal legislative aide and secretary or administrative assistant serve as staff to the committee that the member chairs. The Majority Caucus Director of Finance also works with the House Finance and Appropriations Committee, but not exclusively. The chair of the Senate Finance Committee has one additional aide to assist with committee work. (n) Bill clerks during session only. (o) Each chamber has a non-partisam research staff which provides support services to committees (including chairmen). (p) In general, the legislative service agency provides legal and staff assistance for legislative meetings and provides associated materials. Individual legislators hire personal or committee staff as their budgets provide and at their own discretion.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.23 STANDING COMMITTEES: APPOINTMENT AND NUMBER Committee members appointed by: State or other jurisdiction

Senate

Committee chairpersons appointed by:

Number of standing committees during regular 1995 session (a)

House

Senate

House

Senate

House

P (b) CC (c) P CC CR

S CC (c) S (e) CR (f)

P (b) CC (c) P CC CR

S CC (c) S S (f)

23 9 (d) 14 (d) 10 (d) 24

29 9 (d) 17 (d) 10 (d) 26 (f)

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

MjL, MnL PT PT P P (b)

S, MnL S S (h) S S

MjL PT PT P P (b)

S S S S S

10 (g) 24 (d) 17 (d) 26

10 (g) 21 (d) 24 (d) 32

P (i) PT (k) P, MnL PT MJL, MnL (l)

(j) S S, MnL S S

P (i) PT P PT MjL (l)

(j) S S S S

17 10 16 18 16 (d)

19 14 28 20 17 (d)

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

(m) CC P P P

S CC S (n) S S

(m) CC P P P

S CC S S S

17 (d) 10 17 4 (g) 6 (d)

17 (d) 16 17 6 (g) 7 (g)

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

P MjL (o) P (b,p) PT (q)

S, MnL S S S (p) S, MnL

P MjL (o) P (b, p) PT

S S S S (p) S

8 (g) 19 17 30 (d) 23 (d)

7 (g) 21 24 27 (d) 42 (d)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

CC CC (s) P (t) P

S U S S (u) S

CC (r) (s) P (t) P

S U S S S

16 14 9 16 (d) 16 (d)

16 U 12 24 (d) 20 (d)

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

CC PT (v) PT, MnL CC (w)

S S S S S

CC PT (v) PT CC (w)

S S S S S

9 32 (d) 14 11 (d) 14

15 36 (d) 23 11 (d) 20

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

PT, MnL P PT MjL E (y)

S S CC (x) S S

PT P PT MjL E

S S S S E

19 (d) 11 (d) 22 6 (d) 14

27 (d) 11 (d) 22 6 (d) 11

(z) S P (b) P CC

S S S (aa) S S

(z) S P (b) P CC

S S S S S

13 9 (d) 10 11 (d) 12 (d)

13 11 (d) 36 11 (d) 15 (d)

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

E P (b,dd) P (gg) P (hh)

S (bb) S (ee) S S S (hh)

(cc) P (b,dd) P (gg) P (hh)

S S (ff) S S S (hh)

11 15 17 (d) 13 (d) 12

20 18 13 (d) 28 (d) 12

Dist. of Columbia ............... No. Mariana Islands .......... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

(ii) P P

U S U

(ii) P P

U S U

11 8 8

U 7 U

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

113

LEGISLATURES

STANDING COMMITTEES: APPOINTMENT AND NUMBER — Continued Sources: State legislative rules books and manuals. Key: CC — Committee on Committees CR — Committee on Rules E — Election MjL — Majority Leader MnL — Minority Leader P — President PT — President pro tempore S — Speaker U — Unicameral Legislature (a) According to a survey conducted for State Legislative Leadership, Committees & Staff, 1995, a publication of The Council of State Governments; and state legislative rule books. (b) Lieutenant governor is president of the senate. (c) Report of Committee on Committees is subject to approval by majority vote of chamber’s membership. (d) Also, joint standing committees. Alaska, 4; Arizona, 5 (joint statutory); Arkansas, 6; California; Delaware, 2; Florida, 4; Iowa, 1; Kansas, 12; Maryland, 2 (and 11 joint statutory); Mississippi, 4; Missouri, 6; New Hampshire, 73 (statutory and joint); New Jersey, 2; New York, 16 (joint commissions); North Dakota, 1; Oklahoma, 2; Oregon, 1; Rhode Island, 7; Tennessee, 3 (joint statutory); Utah, 10; Vermont, 4; West Virginia, 5; Wisconsin, 9. (e) Members of the standing committees shall be selected by House District Caucuses with each caucus selecting five members for each “A” standing committee and five members for each “B” standing committee. (f) Applies only to first half of the 1995 session of the California Assembly. Party caucuses make or advise on appointments. (g) Substantive standing committees are joint committees. Connecticut, 24; Maine, 17; Massachusetts, 21. (h) Shall include members of both political parties. (i) President appoints committee members and chairs; minority members on committees are nominated by minority party caucus. (j) By resolution, with members of majority party designating the chair, vice-chairs and majority party members of committees, and members of minority party designating minority party members.

114 The Book of the States 1996-97

(k) Committee members appointed by the senate leadership under the direction of the president pro tempore, by and with the senate’s advice. (l) Appointments made after consultation with the president. (m) Committee on Organization, Calendar and Rules. (n) Speaker appoints only 12 of the 19 members of the Committee on Appropriations. (o) Subcommittee on Committees of the Committee on Rules and Administration. (p) Senate: except Rules Committee; House: except Rules and Management Committees. (q) Membership shall be composed of majority and minority party members in the same proportion as in the total membership of the senate. (r) Appointed by the legislature. (s) Committee composition and leadership usually determined by party caucus. (t) Appointments made after consultation with the minority leader. (u) Speaker appoints minority members with advice of the minority floor leader. (v) President pro tempore is also majority leader. (w) Appointed by senate. (x) Makes recommendation to the house. (y) Seniority system is retained in process. (z) Presiding officer announces committee membership after selection by president pro tempore, majority and minority leaders. (aa) A maximum of one-half of the membership on each standing committee, exclusive of the chair and vice chair, is determined by seniority; the remaining membership is appointed by the speaker. (bb) Unless otherwise specially directed by the house, in which case they shall be appointed by ballot and a plurality of votes shall prevail. (cc) Senior members of the majority part on the committee is the chair. (dd) Confirmed by the senate. (ee) By each party caucus. (ff) By majority caucus. (gg) Committee on Senate Organization. (hh) With the advice and consent of the Rules and Procedures Committee. (ii) Chair of the Council.

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.24 RULES ADOPTION AND STANDING COMMITTEES: PROCEDURE

State

Constitution permits Committee meetings each legislative open to public* body to determine its own rules Senate House ★

Alabama .......................... ........................................... Alaska ..............................

★

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Senate: none House: at least 2 legislative days.

Sec. 12, Art. II “The (b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) For meetings, by 4:00 p.m. on the houses of each preceding Thurs.; for hearings, legislature shall 5 days. adopt uniform rules of procedure.”

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor Senate: final vote on a bill is recorded. House: recorded vote taken upon request by a member. Roll call vote on any measure taken upon request by any member of either house.

Arizona ............................

★

Senate: agenda submitted to secretary 5 days prior to meeting. House: agenda submitted to clerk by 4:00 p.m. Wed. for Mon. or by 4:00 p.m. Thurs. for rest of following week.

Senate: roll call vote taken upon request. House: roll call vote required for final action on any bill.

Arkansas .........................

★

Senate: 2 days House: 24 hours

Senate: roll call votes are recorded. House: each member’s vote is recorded upon request by a member.

California ........................ ...........................................

★

(b) ★ (b)

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: disposition of bills by roll call vote only. House: committee action on bills recorded by roll call vote.

Colorado .........................

★

Senate: final action on a measure is prohibited unless notice is posted 1 calendar day prior to its consideration. House: none

Senate: final action by recorded roll call vote. House: final action by recorded roll call vote.

Connecticut ..................... ...........................................

★

** 1 day

** Votes on favorable or unfavorable report recorded to show the names of members voting.

Delaware .........................

★

Florida .............................

★

Senate: during session–1 day Senate: vote on final passage is recorded. notice for first 50 days, 2 hours House: vote on final passage is recorded. thereafter. House: during session–2 days notice for first 45 calendar days, 2 hours thereafter.

Georgia ............................

★

Senate: a list of committee meetings shall be posted by 10:00 a.m. the preceding Friday. House: none

Senate: recorded roll call taken if one-third members sustain the call for yeas and nays. House: recorded roll call taken if one-third members sustain the call for yeas and nays.

Hawaii .............................

★

(b) ★ (b)

★

Senate: 72 hours before 1st referral committee meetings, 48 hours before subsequent referral committee meetings. House: 48 hours.

Senate: final vote is recorded. House: a record is made of a committee quorum and votes to report a bill out.

Idaho ................................ ...........................................

★

(b) ★ (b)

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call. House: bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call.

Illinois ..............................

★

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: 6 days House: 6 days

Indiana ............................ ...........................................

★

Senate: 48 hours House: none

Senate: all final votes are recorded. House: all final votes are recorded.

Iowa .................................

★

Senate: none House: 1 legislative day

Senate: final action on any bill or resolution is by roll call. House: committee reports include the roll call vote on final disposition.

Kansas .............................

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: vote recorded for any action on a bill upon request by a member. House: the total for and against actions are recorded.

Kentucky .........................

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: each member’s vote recorded on the disposition of each bill. House: each member’s vote recorded on the disposition of each bill.

(b) ★ (b) Senate: agenda released the day before meetings. House: agenda for meetings released on last legislative day of preceding week.

Senate: results of any committee vote are recorded. House: results of any committee vote are recorded.

Senate: votes on all legislative measures acted upon are recorded. House: votes on all legislative matters acted upon are recorded.

........................................... See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

115

LEGISLATURES

RULES ADOPTION AND STANDING COMMITTEES: PROCEDURE — Continued

State Louisiana .........................

Maine ............................... ...........................................

Constitution permits Committee meetings each legislative open to public* body to determine its own rules Senate House ★

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: no later than 1:00 p.m. the preceding day. House: no later than 4:00 p.m. the preceding day.

**Implied as part of ★ organizational session.

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor Senate: any motion to report an instrument is decided by a roll call vote. House: any motion to report an instrument is decided by a roll call vote.

★

**public hearings must be **Recorded vote is required to report a bill out of advertised 2 weekends in advance. committee.

★

Senate: none House: none

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

★

Massachusetts .................

★

Michigan .........................

★

Minnesota .......................

★

(b) ★ (b) Senate: 3 days House: 3 days

Senate: recorded vote upon request of one member. Upon the request of 3 members, the record of a roll call vote and committee report are printed in the journal. House: recorded roll call vote upon request by a member.

Mississippi ......................

★

(b) ★ (b) Senate: none House: none

Senate: bills are reported out by voice vote or recorded roll call vote. House: bills are reported out by voice vote or recorded roll call vote.

Missouri .......................... ...........................................

★

Senate: none House: 1 day

Senate: yeas and nays are reported in journal. House: bills are reported out by a recorded roll call vote.

Montana ..........................

★

Senate: 3 legislative days House: none

Senate: every vote of each member is recorded and made public. House: every vote of each member is recorded and made public.

(b) ★ (b) Senate: 48 hours for public hearings. House: 48 hours for public hearings. ★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: the final vote on any bill is recorded. House: the final vote on any bill is recorded. Senate: voice vote or recorded roll call vote at the request of 2 committee members. House: recorded vote upon request by a member. Senate: committee reports include the vote of each member on any bill. House: the daily journal reports the roll call on all motions to report bills.

(b) ★ (b) public hearings, 7 calendar days. Roll call votes are taken on final action.

Nebraska .........................

Nevada .............................

★

Senate: none House: 5 calendar days for issues of “high” importance; 24 hours for all other committee meetings.

Senate: recorded vote is taken upon final committee action on bills. House: recorded vote is taken on any matter pertaining to bill at chair’s request.

New Hampshire ..............

★

Senate: 5 days House: 4 days

Senate: committees may report a bill out by voice or recorded roll call vote. House: committees may report a bill out by voice or recorded roll call vote.

New Jersey ......................

★

New Mexico ....................

★

New York .........................

(a)

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: 1 week House: 1 week

North Carolina ...............

(c)

(b) ★ (b)

★

Senate: none House: public hearings, 5 calendar days

Senate: no roll call vote may be taken in any committee. House: roll call vote taken on any question when requested by member & sustained by one-fifth of members present.

North Dakota ..................

★

Senate: notice posted the preceding Wed. or Thurs., depending on the committee. House: notice posted the preceding Wed. or Thurs., depending on the committee.

Senate: minutes include recorded roll call vote on each bill referred out. House: minutes include recorded roll call vote on each bill referred out.

Ohio .................................

★

Senate: 2 days House: 5 days

Senate: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote. House: every member present must vote and all votes are recorded.

116 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) ★ (b) Senate: 5 days House: 5 days

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: the chair reports the vote of each member present on a motion to report a bill. House: the chair reports the vote of each member present on motions with respect to bills. Senate: the vote on the final report of the committee taken by yeas and nays. Reported roll call upon request when voice vote is uncertain. House: the vote on the final reort of the committee taken by yeas and nays. Reported roll call upon request when voice vote is uncertain. Senate: each report records the vote of each Senator. House: at the conclusion of a committee meeting a roll call vote is taken on each of the bills considered.

LEGISLATURES

RULES ADOPTION AND STANDING COMMITTEES: PROCEDURE — Continued

State

Constitution permits Committee meetings each legislative open to public* body to determine its own rules Senate House

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor

Oklahoma .......................

★

Senate: none House: 3 legislative days for public hearings that are requested by members.

Senate: recommendations to the Senate of legislative measures are by recorded roll call vote. House: bills may be reported out by voice vote or by signing a written report.

Oregon .............................

★

Senate: 24 hours House: 24 hours

Senate: the vote on all official actions is recorded. House: motions on measures before a committee are by recorded roll call vote.

Pennsylvania ...................

★

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: none House: 5 days for public hearings.

Senate: every member, unless excused, must attend and vote on each question: absentee members may vote in writing. Votes and results are open to the public. House: all votes are recorded.

Rhode Island ...................

★

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: 2 days House: 3 days

Senate: “public bills” are decided by a recorded roll call vote other bills by yeas and nays. House: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote.

South Carolina ...............

★

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: 24 hours House: 24 hours

Senate: no bill may be polled out unless at least 2/3 of the members are polled. Poll results are certified and published in journal. House: generally, bills can be reported out by voice vote or roll call vote.

South Dakota .................. ...........................................

★

**1 legislative day

**Final disposition of a bill requires a majority vote of the members by roll call.

Tennessee .........................

★

Senate: 6 days House: 72 hours when House is recessed or adjourned.

Senate: aye and no votes cast by name on each question are recorded. House: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote.

Texas ................................

★

Utah .................................

★

Senate: 24 hours House: 24 hours

Senate: each member present votes on every question and all votes are recorded. House: each member present votes on every question and all votes are recorded.

Vermont ...........................

(d)

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: vote is recorded for each committee member for every bill considered. House: vote is recorded for each committee member for every bill considered.

Virginia ...........................

★

(b) ★ (b)

★

Senate: none House: none

Senate: generally, a recorded vote is taken for each measure. House: vote of each member is taken and recorded for each measure.

Washington .....................

★

Senate: 5 days House: 5 days

Senate: bills reported from a committee carry a majority report which must be signed by a majority of the committee. House: every vote to report a bill out of committee is by yeas and nays; the names of the members voting are recorded in the report.

West Virginia ..................

★

Wisconsin ........................

★

Senate: a list of public hearings Senate: number of ayes and noes, and members absent is filed Monday of the preceding or not voting are reported.“House: number of ayes and week. noes recorded. House: a list of public hearings is filed Monday of the preceding week.

Wyoming .........................

★

Senate: by 3:00 p.m. of previous Senate: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote. day. House: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote. House: by 3:00 p.m. of previous day.

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: 24 hours House: 24 hours

(b) ★ (b)(b) ★ (b) Senate: none House: none

Sources: State constitutions, rule books, manuals and telephone survey. Key: ★ — Yes * — Notice of committee meetings may also be subject to state open meetings laws; in some cases, listed times may be subject to suspension or enforceable only to the extent “feasible” or “whenever possible.” ** — Joint rules/committees. U — Unicameral.

Senate: bills are typically reported by recorded roll call vote. House: committee reports include the record vote by which the report was adopted, including the vote of each member.

Senate: each member of the committee when a yea or nay vote is taken. House: recorded vote taken on motions to report a bill.

(a) Not referenced specifically, but each body publishes rules and there are joint rules. (b) Certain matters may be discussed in executive session. (Other states permit meetings to be closed for various reasons, but their rules do not specifically mention “executive session.”) (c) Not referenced specifically, but each body publishes rules. (d) The Senate is referenced specifically as empowered to “make its own rules.”

The Council of State Governments

117

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.25 LEGISLATIVE REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS: STRUCTURES AND PROCEDURES State

Type of reviewing committee

Rules reviewed

Time limits in review process

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Mbrs. Legislative Council P 35 days for action by committee. Joint bipartisan P,E ... Joint bipartisan P,E ... Joint bipartisan P,E ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Colorado (b) ................... ........................................... ........................................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... ........................................... ........................................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................ ...........................................

Joint bipartisan

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ ........................................... Illinois ..............................

Indiana (b) ...................... Iowa .................................

------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Germane joint subcommittees P,E All rules expire one year after adoption and must be reauthorized through legislative action. Joint bipartisan P,E If the committee objects to a proposed rulemaking, the agency can modify, adopt or withdraw the rulemaking within 90 days. If the agency does not act within 90 days, the rulemaking is automatically withdrawn. If the committee determines a proposed rulemaking is objectionable and constitutes a threat to public interest, safety or welfare, it may prohibit adoption of the rulemaking for 180 days. Joint bipartisan E The legislature is not involved in the rules review process. Joint bipartisan P,E ...

Kansas .............................

Joint bipartisan

Kentucky .........................

Joint bipartisan subcommittee

Louisiana (b) ..................

Standing committee

P,E

Maine ...............................

Jt. standing cmtes. & Executive Dir. of the Legislative Council

P,E

Maryland (b) .................. ...........................................

Joint bipartisan

P,E

Massachusetts (b) ..........

Jt. standing cmtes. & Commissioner of Administration and Finance Joint bipartisan

Michigan ......................... ........................................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri .......................... ........................................... Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire ..............

New Jersey ......................

Joint bipartisan Registrar of Regulations, Division of Research, Legislative Council Joint bipartisan Standing committee

P,E P

P,E

Every newly adopted or amended rule expires on May 15 of the following year. Each year the committee sponsors a bill before the General Assembly which extends the adopted or amended rules due to expire. 65 days for action by committee. ...

... The agency notifies the Legislative Counsel 30 days prior to the effective dates of proposed rules.

Agencies must give a 60-day notice to the public and the Joint Committee of their intent to adopt or amend specific rules and regulation, a copy of which must be provided to the committee. Within the 60-day comment period, the Joint Committee must review and comment, if it feels necessary, on the proposals. Final rules and regulations are resubmitted to the committee to determine whether further expression of concern is necessary. Within 45 days after publication of an administrative regulation in â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Administrative Register,â&#x20AC;? or within 45 days of the receipt of a statement of consideration by the subcommittee. All proposed rules and fees are submitted to designated standing committees of the legislature. If a rule is unacceptable, the committee sends a written report to the governor. The governor has 10 days to disapprove the committee report. If both Senate and House committees fail to find the rule unacceptable, or if the governor disapproves the action of a committee within 10 days, the agency may adopt the rule change. Proposed rules identified as major substantive must be reviewed by the legislature before they are finally adopted. The legislature may approve, approve with changes or disapprove final adoption of major substantive rules. Failure of the legislature to act permits the agency to finally adopt the rule. Any group of 100 or more registered voters, or any person directly, substantially, or adversely affected by an existing rule may file an application for review with the executive director of the Legislative Council. One-third or more of the appropriate standing committee must request a review within 15 days of receipt of the application. The committee has 45 days from the date the regulation is published to comment or object to the regulation.

Rules review applies to capitol facilities only. If the rule is not approved by the General Court and the governor within 90 days of filing, it is deemed to have been disapproved. P Joint Committee on Administrative Rules has two months (three months by vote of committee) to approve/disapprove proposed rule. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (c) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Joint bipartisan P,E The committee must disapprove a final order of rulemaking within 30 days upon receipt or the order of rulemaking is deemed approved. Joint bipartisan P,E ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Joint bipartisan P If the committee objects to a rule, the agency has 10 days to revise it. Joint bipartisan P Preliminary objections must be filed with 45 days of agency filing of final proposal. Joint resolutions must be filed within 45 days of the objection response deadline. The legislature P,E ...

118 The Book of the States 1996-97

LEGISLATURES

LEGISLATIVE REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS: STRUCTURES AND PROCEDURES — Continued

State New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ...............

North Dakota .................. Ohio ................................. ........................................... Oklahoma (b) .................

Type of reviewing committee

Rules reviewed

Time limits in review process

------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Joint bipartisan commission P,E ... Public membership P,E The Rules Review Commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it on appointed by legislature or before the 20th of the month by the last day of the next month. The commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it after the 20th of the month by the last day of the second subsequent month. Interim committee P,E The committee has 90 days from the time a rule is published to declare the rule void. Joint bipartisan P,E Proposed rules are submitted to the committee 60 days prior to adoption. The committee has 29 days to review refiled rules.

Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... ........................................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Standing cmte. or cmte. P,E Generally, the legislature has 30 legislative days to approve or disapprove a rule. appointed by leadership of both houses Joint bipartisan P,E ... Standing committee(s) and P Standing committee has 20 days to review the final form regulation. The an independent commission independent commission has 30 days to review the final form regulation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Standing committees P 120 days for action by committee or legislature.

South Dakota ..................

Joint bipartisan

Joint standing committee

Tennessee .........................

Texas ................................ Utah ................................. ........................................... Vermont ...........................

A proposed or provisional rule can be suspended until July 1 following the next legislative session if five of the committee’s six members agree. All permanent rules take effect 75 days after filing with the secretary of state. Rules filed in a calendar year expire on June 30 of the following year unless extended by the General Assembly. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Joint bipartisan P,E Each rule in effect on January 1 of each year expires 60 days from the last day of that year’s general legislative session unless it is reauthorized by the legislature. Joint bipartisan P,E All final proposed rules must be submitted to the committee, which has 30 days to review them. Within 14 days of receiving an objection the agency must respond in writing. If the committee still objects it may file its objections with the secretary of state.

Virginia (b) .....................

Standing committee

P,E

Washington (b) ...............

Joint bipartisan

P,E

West Virginia ..................

Joint bipartisan

Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Joint bipartisan Joint bipartisan

P,E P,E

Legislative review is optional. Within 21 days after the receipt of an objection, the agency shall file a response with the registrar, the objecting legislative committee and the governor. After an objection is filed, the regulation unless withdrawn by the agency shall become effective on a date specified by the agency which shall be after the 21-day extension period. If the committee determines that a proposed rule does not comply with legislative intent, it notifies the agency, which must schedule a public hearing within 30 days of notification. The agency notifies the committee of its action within seven days after the hearing. If a hearing is not held or the agency does not amend the rule, the objection may be filed in the state register and referenced in the state code. The committee’s powers, other than publication of its objections, are advisory. Committee reports and bills authorizing reviewed rules must be filed with the full legislature no later than 40 days before the 60th day of each regular legislative session. The standing committee has 30 days to conduct its review. ...

Source: National Conference of State Legislators; updated January 1996 by The Council of State Governments. Key: P — Proposed rules E — Existing rules . . . — No formal time limits (a) No formal rule is performed by both legislative and executive branches.

(b) Review of rules is performed by both legislative and executive branches. (c) As of December, 1995 The Legislative Commission to Reveiw Administrative Rules (LCRAR) is scheduled to cease operating, effective July 1, 1996. The Legislative Coordinating Commission (LCC) may perform the statutory functions of the the LCRAR as it deems necessary. Contact the LCC for more information.

The Council of State Governments

119

LEGISLATURES

Table 3.26 LEGISLATIVE REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS: POWERS Reviewing committee’s powers: State Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................ Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................ Hawaii ................................. Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa ..................................... ............................................... Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. ............................................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Advisory powers only (a)

No objection constitutes approval of proposed rule

Legislative powers: Committee may suspend rule

Method of legislative veto of rules

... ★ ★ Joint resolution (b) (c) (c) ... Statute (c) ★ N.A. N.A. Statute (d) N.A. N.A. Statute (d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ N.A. N.A. ★

... ... N.A. N.A. ...

Statute (f) Statute (g) N.A. (h) Resolution (i)

----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------... ★ ... Concurrent resolution (j) ... ... ★ Joint resolution (k) ★ (k) ... N.A. (l) ... ★ ★ Joint resolution proposed rules ... ... ...

N.A. ★ ★

... ... (m)

... (o)

★ ★

N.A. ...

Statute Statute Concurrent resolution for adopted rules. For proposed rules, see footnote (m) (n) N.A.

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... (p) ... Joint resolution ... ... (q) Concurrent resolution (r) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------... ★ ★ Statute, concurrent resolutions (t)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

★ ... ... Statute ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------★ ★ N.A. N.A. ★ ★ N.A. Statute (u) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (v) -----------------------------------------------------------------------

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ...................

North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------★ N.A. N.A. N.A. ★ ... ... Any member of the General Assembly may introduce a bill to disapprove a rule that has been approved by the commission and that has not become effective or has become affective by executive order. (w) ... (x) ★ (x) ★ (y) ... (z) ★ Concurrent resolution

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... ............................................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

★ ★ ... Joint resolution (aa) (bb) ★ (bb) N.A. N.A. (cc) Standing committees ★ ... Concurrent resolution (dd) Independent commission ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------... ★ ... Joint resolution (ee)

... ★ ★ Statute ... ★ ★ Statute (ff) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... Statute (ff) (t) ★ (t) ★ N.A. None

Virginia (e) .......................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

(gg) ★ (gg) (hh) ★ (hh) ★ ... (ll) . . . (ll)

120 The Book of the States 1996-97

N.A. N.A. ... ★ N.A.

N.A. (ii) N.A. ★ ...

N.A. N.A. (jj) Statute (kk) Statute (mm)

LEGISLATURES

POWERS — Continued Source: National Conference of State Legislatures; updated January 1996 by The Council of State Governments. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No N.A. — Not applicable (a) This column is defined by those legislatures or legislative committees that can only recommend changes to rules but have no power to enforce a change. (b) A rule disapproved by the reviewing committee is reinstated at the end of the next session if a joint resolution in the legislature fails to sustain committee action. (c) Committee powers are advisory. Veto authority of the committee was ruled unconstitutional. However, the legislature can pass legislation for presentment to the executive to annul a rule. (d) A legislative council subcommittee reviews the rules and regulations, makes recommendations to the full Legislative Council (a committee of the General Assembly). Members of the General Assembly may submit legislation that addresses agency authority to enact or modify rules or regulations. (e) No formal mechanism for legislative review of administrative rules. In Virginia, legislative review is optional. (f) All newly adopted or amended rules expire on May 15 of the year following adoption or amendment. The legislature exercises sunset control over rules. Each year a bill is filed that extends all rules promulgated the previous year, except for those rules specifically designated by the committee. (g) By February 15 of each regular session, the committee submits for study to the General Assembly a copy of all disapproved regulations. The General Assembly may by resolution sustain or reverse a vote of disapproval. (h) Committee is required to report annually to the legislature to recommend needed legislation. (i) The reviewing committee must introduce a resolution to override a rule within the first 30 days of the next regular session of the General Assembly. If the resolution passes by less than a two-thirds majority of either house, the governor has final authority to affirm or veto the resolution. (j) All rules are terminated one year after adoption unless the legislature reauthorizes the rule. (k) Governor can veto rules with or without cause. (l) Legislature has authority to intervene only after a rule is adopted. The committee meets during the interim but can affect a rule only through recommending a change in statute. (m) If the committee determines that a proposed rule is unacceptable, it submits a report to the governor who then has 10 days to accept or reject the report. If the governor rejects the report, the rule change may be adopted by the agency. If the governor accepts the report, the committee can block agency action. (n) Certain proposed rules must be reviewed by the legislature before they may be adopted. The legislature must enact legislation to approve, approve with changes or disapprove final adoption. If the legislature determines an existing rule is inappropriate or unnecessary, it may direct the Office of Policy and Legal Analysis to draft legislation to amend the statutory authority of the agency to amend the rule. (o) The committee can delay regulations for a limited time before the regulations are adopted. (p) If a rule is not approved by the General Court and the governor within 90 days of filing, it is considered disapproved. (q) Committee can suspend rules during interim only. (r) Must be passed within 60 days of its introduction in the legislature.

(s) As of December, 1995 The Legislative Commission to Review Administrative Rules (LCRAR) is scheduled to cease operating, effective July 1, 1996. The Legislative Coordinating Commission (LCC) may perform the Statutory functions of the LCRAR as it deems necessary. Contact the LCC for more information. (t) The General Assembly may revoke or suspend rules or portions thereof. (u) The committee can temporarily suspend adoption of a rule via filing a joint resolution. The legislature may permanently block regulation via legislation. (v) Article V, Section IV of the Constitution, as amended in 1992, says the legislature may review any rule or regulation to determine whether the rule or regulation is consistent with legislative intent. The legislature transmits its objections to existing or proposed rules or regulations to the governor and relevant agency via concurrent resolutions. The legislature may invalidate or prohibit an existing or proposed rule from taking effect by a majority vote of the authorized membership of each house. (w) If an agency does not amend a rule to address an objection of the commission, the commission may send written notice to leadership in both houses. The General Assembly may enact legislation disapproving the rule. (x) Unless formal objections are made or the rule is declared void, rules are considered approved. (y) The committee can void a rule. (z) Committee does not approve rules. Committee can recommend invalidation only of all or part of a rule. Inaction on a rule is not considered approval or consent of legality of a rule. (aa) Failure of the legislature to adopt a joint resolution within 30 legislative days results in automatic approval. (bb) Neither the governor nor the legislature has veto authority over rules. (cc) The committee reports to the legislature during each regular session on the review of rules by the committee. (dd) The committee has 14 days to introduce a concurrent resolution, which then must be passed by both chambers within 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days. (ee) Must be passed within 120-day review period and presented to the governor for signature. (ff) The legislature exercises sunset control over rules. Each year a bill is filed that extends all rules promulgated the previous year, except for those rules specifically designated by the committee. In Tennessee, standing committees may suspend effectiveness of proposed rules. (gg) Rules objected to become effective 21 days after receipt of objection by the Registrar of Regulations. (hh) Objections are published in the Washington State Register. (ii) By a majority vote of the committee members, the committee may request the governor to approve suspension of a rule. If the governor approves, the suspension is effective until 90 days after the end of the next regular session. (jj) State agencies have no power to promulgate rules without first submitting proposed rules to the legislature which must enact a statute authorizing the agency to promulgate the rule. If the legislature fails to enact a statute during a regular session, the agency may not issue the rule nor take action to implement all or part of the rule unless authorized to do so. (kk) Bills are introduced simultaneously in both houses. (ll) Legislative Management Council can recommend action be taken by the full legislature. (mm) Action must be taken before the end of the next succeeding legislative session to nullify a rule.

The Council of State Governments

121

Other oversight mechanisms in bill

Phase-out period

Life of each agency (in years)

Dept. of Examiners of Public Accounts Standing Cmte.

Zero-base budgeting

180

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Other legislative review

LEGISLATURES

122 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 3.27 SUMMARY OF SUNSET LEGISLATION

State

Scope

Alabama* ........................

Alaska ..............................

Legis. Auditor

Perf. audit

1/y

Varies (usually 4)

Arizona ............................

Off. of the Auditor General

Legis. Cmtes. of reference

Perf. audit

6/m

Jt. Legis. Audit Cmte. selects agencies for review and assigns responsibilities for hearings to the legis. cmtes. of reference.

Arkansas .........................

(a)

...

California* ......................

(b)

...

Colorado ......................... ...........................................

Dept. of Regulatory Agencies

Jt. Legislative Sunrise Sunset . . . Review Cmte.

1/y

up to 10

Connecticut .....................

(c)

...

Delaware .........................

Agencies under review . . . submit reports to Del. Sunset Comm. based on criteria for review and set forth in statute. Comm. staff conducts separate review.

Per. audit

Dec. 31 of next succeeding calendar year

Yearly sunset review schedules must include at least nine agencies. If the number automatically scheduled for review or added by the General Assembly is less than a full schedule, additional agencies shall be added in order of their appearance in the Del. Code to complete the review schedule.

Florida ............................. ...........................................

...

Subject area committees handle some sunset review.

Perf. audit, progress review

...

Automatic repeal if legislature fails to reenact legislation by a specific date.

Georgia ............................

Dept. of Audits

Standing Cmtes.

Perf. audit

1/y

1-6

A performance audit of each regulatory agency must be conducted upon the request of the Senate or House standing committee to which an agency has been assigned for oversight and review. (d)

Hawaii .............................

Legis. Auditor

Consumer Protection Cmte. of each house

Perf. eval.

None

6-10

Schedules the various professional and vocational licensing programs for repeal according to a specified timetable. Proposed new regulatory measures must be referred to the Auditor for sunrise analysis.

Idaho ................................

(b)

...

Illinois ..............................

Bur. of the Budget

...

Indiana ............................ ...........................................

Off. of Fiscal and Management Analysis

...

Perf. audit, Perf. eval.

...

Select Jt. Cmte.

...

Other provisions One-hour time limit on floor debate on each bill. ...

... Advisory cmtes. are reviewed at least once after establishment; all regulatory functions of the state are reviewed. ...

Iowa .................................

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No program ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kansas .............................

(e)

...

Kentucky ......................... ...........................................

Administrative Regulation Joint committee with Review Subcommittee subject matter jurisdiction.

Key: C — Comprehensive R — Regulatory S — Selective D — Discretionary

...

d — day m — month y — year . . . — Not applicable

...

Regulations which are rejected during the Interim will expire if not enacted into statute in the next regular session.

SUMMARY OF SUNSET LEGISLATION — Continued

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Other oversight mechanisms in bill

Other legislative review

Phase-out period

Life of each agency (in years)

1/y

Up to 9

State

Scope

Louisiana* ......................

Standing cmtes. of the two houses with subject matter jurisdiction.

...

Maine ...............................

Legislative Committee having jurisdiction over relevant policy area.

Selective review of major ... substantive rules of agencies.

...

Subject to review at least every 10/yrs. with provisions for selected earlier reviews.

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

Dept. of Fiscal Services

Standing Cmtes.

2/y

Zero budget review (f). Perf. eval.

Perf. eval.

Other provisions Act provides for termination of a department and all agencies and offices in a department. Also permits committees to select particular agencies or offices for more extensive evaluation. Provides for review by Jt. Legis. Cmte. on Budget of programs that were not funded during the prior fiscal year for possible repeal. ...

Sunset cycle reviews completed in 1993 and will resume again in 1999.

Michigan .........................

(b)

...

Minnesota* .....................

(b)

...

Mississippi* ....................

(g)

...

Missouri ..........................

Montana ..........................

(b)

...

Nebraska .........................

(b)

...

Nevada .............................

(b)

...

New Hampshire ..............

(h)

...

New Jersey ......................

(b)

...

New Mexico .................... ...........................................

Legis. Finance Cmte.

...

Perf. eval., Progress review

(i)

5-7

Legis. Finance Cmte. is responsible for introducing legislation to continue any agency reviewed.

New York* .......................

(b)

...

North Carolina ...............

(j)

...

North Dakota ..................

Ohio .................................

(k)

Sunset Review Cmte. (l) Standing Cmtes.

(m)

(n)

...

Oklahoma ....................... ...........................................

R,C

Jt. Cmte. on Sunset Review

Appropriations and Budget Cmte.

Prog. review

1/y

...

Oregon .............................

(o)

...

(o)

...

Pennsylvania (p) ............ ...........................................

Legis. Budget and Finance Cmte.

Standing Cmtes.

Perf. audit

6/m

...

123

Key: C — Comprehensive R — Regulatory S — Selective D — Discretionary

See footnotes at end of table. d — day m — month y — year . . . — Not applicable

LEGISLATURES

The Council of State Governments

Massachusetts* ..............

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Other oversight mechanisms in bill

Other legislative review

Phase-out period

Life of each agency (in years)

LEGISLATURES

124 The Book of the States 1996-97

SUMMARY OF SUNSET LEGISLATION — Continued

State

Scope

Rhode Island ...................

(q)

...

South Carolina* ............. ...........................................

Legis. Audit Council

Reorganization Comm., Standing Cmtes.

Perf. audit

1/y

...

South Dakota ..................

(r)

...

Tennessee .........................

Jt. Govt. Operations Cmte.

...

Perf. audit

1/y

1-8

Sunrise review provision 1/y after creation of entity.

Texas ................................

Sunset Advisory Comm.

...

Perf. eval.

1/y

The Sunset Advisory Comm. chair and vice-chair rotate every two years between the House and Senate. Members can serve a total of six years and are not eligible for reappointment.

Utah ................................. ...........................................

Interim Study Cmte.

Off. of Legis. Research & General Counsel

Interim Cmte.’s discretion

1/y

Up to maximum of 10/y

Legis. Audit Cmte. may at its discretion coordinate the audit of state agencies with the Interim Cmte.’s sunset review.

Vermont ...........................

Legis. Council staff

Senate and House Government Operations Cmtes.

...

None

...

Reviews only focus on the need for regulation of professions and occupations. Statutory preference is for the least restrictive form of regulation necessary to protect the public.

Virginia ...........................

(s)

...

Washington .....................

Legis. Budget Cmte.

Standing Cmtes.

...

1/y

Varies

West Virginia ..................

Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations

Performance Evaluation and Research Division

Perf. audit

1/y

Wisconsin ........................

(b)

...

Wyoming .........................

(t)

...

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: d — day C — Comprehensive m — month R — Regulatory y — year S — Selective . . . — Not applicable D — Discretionary (a) A one-time review of selected programs ended in 1983. (b) While they have not enacted sunset legislation in the same sense as the other states with detailed information in this table, the legislatures in California, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York and Wisconsin have included sunset clauses in selected programs or legislation. (c) Sunset legislation suspended in 1983. Next review cycle is scheduled for 2000. (d) The automatic sunsetting of an agency every six years was eliminated in 1992. The legislature must pass a bill in order to sunset a specific agency. (e) Sunset legislation terminated July 1992. Legislative oversight of designated state agencies, consisting of audit, review and evaluation, continues. (f) No longer applicable because zero-based budgeting is no longer part of the budget process. (g) Sunset Act terminated December 31, 1984. (h) New Hampshire’s Sunset Committee was repealed July 1, 1986. (i) Agency termination is scheduled on July 1 of the year prior to the scheduled termination of statutory

Other provisions

... Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations composed of five House members, five Senate members and five citizens appointed by governor. Agencies may be reviewed more frequently.

authority for that agency. (j) North Carolina’s sunset law terminated on July 30, 1981. Successor vehicle, the Legislative Committee on Agency Review, operated until June 30, 1983. (k) Applies to certain agencies only; for example, licensing agencies, agencies that issue bonds, cabinet departments, universities and agencies of courts and the legislature are exempt. (l) Sunset Review Committee will work only through 1996. (m) Review of annual reports by the legislative service commission and the Department of Administrative Services. (n) Varies, up to four years, depending on legislation creating or renewing each agency. (o) Sunset legislation was repealed in 1993. Joint Legislative Audit Committee still serves as legislative review body. (p) Sunset act terminated December 22, 1991. (q) Sunset activity is currently inactive. (r) South Dakota suspended sunset legislation in 1979. (s) By joint resolution, Senate and House of Delegates establish a schedule for review of “functional areas” of state government. Program evaluation is carried out by Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission. Agencies are not scheduled for automatic termination. Commission reports are made to standing committees which may conduct public hearings. (t) Wyoming repealed sunset legislation in 1988.

Chapter Four

THE JUDICIARY The fundamentals of state justice systems â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on state courts of last resort, intermediate appellate courts and general trial courts, selection/retention and removal of judges, and compensation of judges and judicial administrators.

Table 4.1 STATE COURTS OF LAST RESORT Justices chosen (a) State or other jurisdiction

Name of court

At large

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Chief justice Term (in years) (c)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

9 5 5 7 7

6 10 6 8 12

Popular election By court By court Popular election Appointed by governor (e)

6 years 3 years (d) 5 years 8 years 12 years

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

7 7 5 7 7

10 8 12 6 6

By court Legislative appointment Appointed by governor, with consent of Senate By court By court

Indefinite 8 years 12 years 2 years 4 years

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★

5 5 7 5 9

10 6 10 (f) 10 (f) 8

Appointed by governor, with consent of Senate By court By court Judicial nominating commission appointment By court

10 years 4 years 3 years 5 years Remainder of term or 8 years

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.J.C. C.A.

★

7 7 (h) 8 (h) 7 7

6 8 10 7 10

By seniority of service (g) By court By seniority of service Appointed by governor, with consent of Senate Designated by governor

Indefinite 4 years Remainder of term 7 years Indefinite

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

S.J.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★

7 7 7 9 7

To age 70 8 6 8 12

Appointed by governor By court Popular election By seniority of service By court

To age 70 2 years 6 years Remainder of term 2 years

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★

7 7 5 5 7

8 (j) 6 (j) 6 To age 70 (l) 7 (l)

Popular election Appointed by governor from Judicial Nominating Commission Rotation by seniority (k) Appointed by governor and Council Appointed by governor, with consent of Senate

8 years Remainder of term 1-2 years To age 70 Remainder of term

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. ............................................... North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

S.C. C.A.

★ ★

5 7

8 (m) 14 (m)

2 years 14 years (m)

S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★

7 5 7

8 10 6

By court Appointed by governor from Judicial Nomination Commission, with consent of Senate Popular election By Supreme and district court judges Popular election

Oklahoma ........................... ............................................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

S.C. C.C.A. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★ ★

9 5 7 7 5 5

6 6 6 10 Life 10

By court By court By court Rotation by seniority By legislature By legislature

2 years 2 years 6 years Remainder of term Life 10 years

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (i) ★ (i)

★ ★

Method of selection

Term of service as chief justice

8 years 5 years (n) 6 years

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No. of judges (b)

See footnotes at end of table.

By district

Justices chosen (a) State or other jurisdiction

Name of court

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... ............................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ............................... ...............................................

S.C. S.C. S.C. C.C.A. S.C. S.C.

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ ............................................... Wyoming .............................

S.C. S.C. S.C.A. S.C.

Dist. of Columbia ............... American Samoa ................ Puerto Rico .........................

At large

Chief justice

By district

No. of judges (b)

Term (in years) (c)

(o) ★ (o) ★ ★ ★

5 5 9 9 5 5

8 8 6 6 (q) 10 (q) 6

★ ★ ★ ★

7 9 5 7

12 6 12 10

S.C.

★

C.A. H.C. S.C.

★ ★ ★

9 (s) 8 (s) 7

15 (t) To age 70

★

JUDICIARY

128 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE COURTS OF LAST RESORT — Continued

Sources: National Center for State Courts, State Court Caseload Statistics: Annual Report 1993 (released 1995), State Court Caseload Statistics: Annual Report 1992 (released 1994) and State Court Organization 1993; state constitutions and statutes. Key: S.C. — Supreme Court S.C.A. — Supreme Court of Appeals S.J.C. — Supreme Judicial Court C.A. — Court of Appeals C.C.A. — Court of Criminal Appeals H.C. — High Court (a) See Table 4.4, “Selection and Retention of Judges,” for details. (b) Number includes chief justice. (c) The initial term may be shorter. See Table 4.4, “Selection and Retention of Judges,” for details. (d) A justice may serve more than one term as chief justice, but may not serve consecutive terms in that position. (e) Subsequently, must run on record for retention.

Method of selection

Term of service as chief justice

By court By court Partisan election Partisan election (p) By court Appointed by governor from Judicial Nomination Commission, with consent of Senate

4 years Full term 6 years 6 years (p) 4 years 6 years

By seniority of service Justice with shortest term to serve Rotation by seniority By seniority of service (r) By court

Indefinite 2 years 1 year Remainder of term or until declined 2 years

Judicial Nominating Commission appointment Appointed by Secretary of the Interior Appointed by Governor, with consent of Senate

4 years (q) To age 70

(f) Initial two years; retention 10 years. (g) If two or more qualify, then senior in age. (h) Includes one assigned from courts of appeal. (i) Chief justice chosen statewide; associate judges chosen by district. (j) More than three years for first election and every six years thereafter. (k) If two or more qualify, then determined by lot. (l) Followed by tenure. (m) May be reappointed to age 70. (n) Or expiration of term, whichever is first. (o) Initially chosen by district; retention determined statewide. (p) Presiding judge of Court of Criminal Appeals. (q) Initial three years; retention 10 years. (r) If two or more qualify, then justice with least number of years remaining in term. (s) Chief judges and associate judges sit on appellate and trial divisions. (t) For good behavior.

Table 4.2 STATE INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURTS AND GENERAL TRIAL COURTS: NUMBER OF JUDGES AND TERMS Intermediate appellate court State or other jurisdiction

Name of court

General trial court

No. of judges

Term (years)

Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

5 3 3 21 6 88

6 6 8 6 8 12

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. ............................................... Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Court of Appeals Appellate Court ...

16 9 ...

8 8 ...

District Courts of Appeals Court of Appeals

57 9

6 6

Intermediate Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

3 3 (i) 42 (i) (j) 15 (j) 6

10 6 10 (k) 10 (k) 6

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ... Court of Special Appeals

10 14 54 ... 13

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... ............................................... Missouri ..............................

Appeals Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ...

14 24 16 ...

Court of Appeals

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... Court of Appeals ... ... Appellate Division of Superior Court

... 6 ... ... 30

Court of Appeals Appellate Division of Supreme Court Appellate Terms of Supreme Court Court of Appeals ... Court of Appeals

10 48 15 12 ... 65

8 (w) 5 (w) (w) 5 (w) 8 ... 6

See footnotes at end of table.

No. of judges

Term (years) 6

Circuit Court

127

Superior Court Superior Court Chancery/Probate Court and Circuit Court Superior Court

32 (a) 126 99 (b) 789 (c)

6 4 (b) 6

District Court Superior Court Superior Court Court of Chancery Circuit Court Superior Court

114 (d) 150 17 (e) 421 159

6 8 12 6 (f) 4 (f)

Circuit Court District Court Circuit Court Superior Court, Probate Court and Circuit Court District Court

25 (g) 34 (h) 820 246 332 (l)

10 4 6 6 6

4 8 10 ... 10

District Court Circuit Court District Court Superior Court Circuit Court

149 (m) 93 209 (n) 16 123

4 8 6 7 15

(o) 6 6 ... 12

Trial Court Circuit Court District Court Chancery Court Circuit Court Circuit Court

320 208 242 39 40 134 (p)

(o) 6 6 4 4 6

... (r) 6 (r) ... ... (t) 7 (t)

District Court District Court District Court Superior Court Superior Court

37 (q) 50 46 29 (s) 372 (u)

6 6 6 (o) (v) 7 (v)

District Court Supreme Court and County Court

61 597

Superior Court District Court Court of Common Pleas

83 (y) 24 362

6 (x) 8 6 6

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Alabama .............................. ............................................... Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

Name of court

Intermediate appellate court State or other jurisdiction

Name of court

JUDICIARY

130 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURTS AND GENERAL TRIAL COURTS — Continued General trial court

No. of judges

Term (years)

Name of court

71 (z) 92 1 366

Term (years)

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. ............................................... Pennsylvania ....................... ............................................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

12 10

6 6

Superior Court Commonwealth Court ... Court of Appeals

15 9 ... 6

10 10 ... 6

Superior Court Circuit Court

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. ...............................................

... Court of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals

... 12 9

... 8 8

Circuit Court Chancery Court Circuit Court

36 (cc) 33 109

8 8 8

Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ...

80 7 ...

6 (dd) 10 (dd) ...

District Court District Court Superior Court and District Court

386 39 31 (ee)

4 6 6

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ... Court of Appeals ...

10 17 ... 13 ...

8 6 ... 6 ...

Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court Circuit Court District Court

141 157 62 223 17

8 4 8 6 6

Dist. of Columbia ............... Puerto Rico .........................

... ...

Superior Court Superior Court

59 111

15 12

Sources: National Center for State Courts, State Court Caseload Statistics: Annual Report 1993 (released 1995) and State Court Organization 1993; state statutes and court administration offices. Key: . . . — Court does not exist in jurisdiction or not applicable. (a) Plus five masters. (b) At the general trial court level, Arkansas has three types of courts: circuit and chancery probate courts. There are 32 chancery court judges and 34 circuit court judges who serve four-year terms. Chancery probate court, a hybrid of both chancery and circuit, consists of 33 judges (20 of whom serve in the juvenile division of chancery court) who serve six-year terms. (c) Plus 117 commissioners and 23 referees. (d) Plus three magistrates. (e) One chancellor and four vice-chancellors. (f) For judges of the Superior Court of the Atlanta Judicial Court, term of office is eight years. (g) Plus 14 district family judges. (h) Plus 75 lawyers and three non-lawyer magistrates. (i) Plus 12 supplemental judges. (j) Plus one tax court judge. (k) Two years initial; 10 years retention. (l) Includes eight chief judges, 101 district judges, 50 district associate judges, 26 senior judges, 11 associate juvenile judges, 135 part-time magistrates and one associate probate judge.

District Court Circuit Court Tax Court Court of Common Pleas

No. of judges

22 (aa) 40 (bb)

4 6 6 10 Life 6

(m) Plus 69 district magistrates. (n) Plus seven commissioners. (o) To age 70. (p) Plus 175 associate circuit judges. (q) Plus six judges for water court and one for workers’ compensation court. (r) More than three years for first election and every six years thereafter. (s) Plus 11 full-time marital masters. (t) Followed by tenure. (u) Plus 21 surrogates. (v) On reapportionment till age 70. (w) Or duration. (x) Fourteen years for Supreme Court; 10 years for county court. (y) Plus 100 clerks with estate jurisdiction. (z) Plus 77 associate judges and 63 special judges. (aa) Includes two masters in the Superior Court; plus 10 judges for workers’ compensation court. (bb) Plus 20 masters-in-equity. (cc) Plus 17 law magistrates, seven part-time law magistrates, 83 full-time clerk magistrates, and 49 parttime clerk magistrates. (dd) Three years initial; 10 years retention. (ee) District and superior court judges also serve as family court judges.

JUDICIARY

Table 4.3 QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDGES OF STATE APPELLATE COURTS AND GENERAL TRIAL COURTS Years of minimum residence U.S. citizenship (years)

In state

In district

Minimum age

Member of state bar (years)

State or other jurisdiction

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

5 ★ ... ★ ...

(a) (a) 5 (a) (c) 10 (c) 2 ...

(a) (a) 5 (a) 5 2 ...

... ... (d, e) ... ...

1 ... 1 ... ...

25 ... 30 30 ...

25 ... 30 28 ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ... ... ... 3

(e) ... (a) (e) ★

... ... (a) (e) (a)

... ... ... ★ ...

(e) ... ... ★ ...

... 18 ... ... ...

... 18 ... ... 30

5 10 (h) 10 7

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(a) ★ (a) 2 ★ ... ...

(a) ★ (a) 1 ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... (e) ★ ★ ...

... 30 ... ... ...

10 10 ★ (i) 10 (i) ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ 2 2 ... 2 2 ... ... ... . . . (a,e) 5 (a,e) (a,e) 5 (a,e)

... 2 2 ... 6 mos.

★ 2 2 ... 6 mos.

30 ... ... ... 30

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... 15

... ... ... ... 10

... (e) ... (a) (e)

... ... ... (a) (e)

... (e) ... ... ★

... (e) ... ... 1

... ... ... 30 30

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ... ... ...

2 3 (e) 2 (e) ... ...

2 ... (e) 2 (e) ... (k)

... (e) ★ (e) ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... (k)

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... ★ ...

3 ★ ... ★ ...

3 ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ★ ★ ... ★

(e) 3 (a) 1 (a) ... (a) 5 (a)

... 3 (a) 1 (a) ... (a) 5 (a)

(e) (e) ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ (a) 5 (a) (a) (m) 5 (m) 5

★ 5 (a) 3 5

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ... ... ★

★ 1 5 10 days 3

Dist. of Columbia .......... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico .....................

★ ... ★

★ ★ ★

... ... 5

Other A

... ... (f, g) (f) ...

5 10 (h) 5 7

(g) ... ... (g) ...

10 10 ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

(i) ★ (i) (i) ★ (i) 8 8 5 5 (h) (h) ★ ★

... ... ... (f) (f)

... ... ... 26 30

... ... ★ ★ (h) ★ (h) (h) ★ (h) 5 5 ★ ★

... (g) ... ... ...

... 30 25 ... ...

5 5 (i) 5 (i) (i) 5 (i) ★ ... ... ... 10 10

... ... ... (j) ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

35 18 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... (g)

(e) 1 ★ ... ...

30 ... ... 21 26

... ... ... ... 26

(i) 5 (i) (i) 4 (i) ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... 5 5

... ... ... ... ...

(e) ★ (e) (e) ★ (e) ... ... 1 (l) 35 (l) (d) 2 35 ... ★ (n) 30 (n) ... ... ...

... 30 ... 25 ...

★ ★ (h) ★ (h) (h) ★ (h) (i) ★ (i) (i) ★ (i) ★ ★ (i) ★ (i) (i) ★ (i)

... ... ... ... ...

★ 1 ★ 10 days 2

... ★ 1 1 ... ... 10 days 10 days ... ...

... ... 30 ... 30

... ... 30 ... 28

5 5 (o) ★ (o) ★ (i) 10 (i) (i) ★ (i) 5 5 (h,i) 9 (h,i) (h)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

90 days 90 days ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... 30 25

(i) 5 (i) (i) 5 (i) ... (h) 10 (i) ★ (i)

... ... ...

(p) ... ...

... ... (b) ★ (b) (b) ★ (b) (c) 10 (c) 5 (h, i) (h, i) (i) 10 (i) (i) 10 (i)

10 (h,i) 6 (h,i) 10 10 ★ ★ (h) ★ (h) (h) ★ (h) (i) 6 (i) (i) 6 (i)

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

131

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QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDGES — Continued Sources: National Center for State Courts, State Court Organization 1993; state constitutions and statutes. Note: The information in this table is based on a literal reading of the state constitutions and statutes. Requirements that an individual be a member of the state bar or a qualified elector may imply additional requirements. Key: A — Judges of courts of last resort and intermediate appellate courts. T — Judges of general trial courts. ★ — Provision; length of time not specified. . . . — No specific provision. (a) Citizen of the state. In Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee (court of criminal appeals), five years; in Georgia, three years. (b) Must have been engaged in active practice of law for specific number of years. Alaska: appellate eight years; trial five years. (c) For court of appeals, five years. (d) For court of appeals judges only. (e) Qualified elector. For Arizona court of appeals, must be elector of county of residence. For Michigan Supreme Court, elector in state; court of appeals, elector of appellate circuit. For Missouri Supreme and appellate courts, electors for nine years; for circuit courts, electors for three years. For Oklahoma Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals, elector for one year; court of appeals and district courts, elector for six months. For Oregon court of appeals, qualified elector in county. (f) Specific personal characteristics. Arizona, Arkansas good moral character. Maine sobriety of manners. Maryland integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge.

132 The Book of the States 1996-97

(g) Nominee must be under certain age to be eligible. Arizona under 70. Colorado under 72, except when name is submitted for vacancy. Florida under 70, except upon temporary assignment or to complete a term. Michigan, Ohio under 70. (h) Learned in law. (i) Years as a practicing lawyer and/or service on bench of court of record in state may satisfy requirement. Arkansas appellate: eight years; trial: six years. Indiana 10 years admitted to practice or must have served as a circuit, superior or criminal court judge in the state for at least five years. Kansas appellate: 10 years; trial: five years. Texas appellate: 10 years; trial: four years. Vermont five of 10 years preceding appointment. West Virginia appellate: 10 years; trial: five years. Puerto Rico appellate: 10 years; trial: five years. (j) Except that record of birth is required. (k) There are 260 restricted superior court judgeships that require residence within the county at time of appointment and reappointment. There are 144 unrestricted judgeships for which assignment of county is made by the Chief Justice. (l) Thirty years for judges of court of appeals and court of criminal appeals. (m) Supreme Court is five; court of appeals is three. (n) Supreme Court is 30 years; court of appeals is 25 years. (o) For court of appeals, admitted to practice for five years. (p) Superior court judges must also have 5 years of legal government practice or service as law school faculty.

JUDICIARY

Table 4.4 SELECTION AND RETENTION OF JUDGES State or other jurisdiction

How selected and retained

Alabama ..........................

Appellate, circuit, district and probate judges elected on partisan ballots. Municipal court judges appointed by the governing body of the municipality (majority vote of its members).

Alaska ..............................

Supreme Court, court of appeals, superior court and district court judges appointed by governor from nominations submitted by Judicial Council. Supreme Court, court of appeals and superior court judges approved or rejected at first general election held more than three years after appointment. Reconfirmation every 10, eight and six years, respectively. District court judges approved or rejected at first general election held more than one year after appointment. Reconfirmation every four years. District court magistrates appointed by and serve at pleasure of presiding judge of superior court in each judicial district.

Arizona ............................

Supreme Court justices and court of appeals judges appointed by governor from a list of not less than three nominees submitted by a nine-member Commission on Appellate Court Appointments. Superior court judges (in counties with population of at least 150,000) appointed by governor from a list of not less than three nominees submitted by a nine-member commission on trial court appointments. Judges initially hold office for term ending 60 days following next regular general election after expiration of twoyear term. Judges who file declaration of intention to be retained in office run at next regular general election on non-partisan retention ballot. Superior court judges in counties having population less than 250,000 elected on non-partisan ballot; justices of the peace elected on partisan ballot; police judges and magistrates selected as provided by charter or ordinance; Tucson city magistrates appointed by mayor and council from nominees submitted by non-partisan Merit Selection Commission on magistrate appointments.

Arkansas .........................

All elected on partisan ballot.

California ........................

Supreme Court and courts of appeal judges appointed by governor, confirmed by Commission on Judicial Appointments. Judges run unopposed on non-partisan retention ballot at next general election after appointment. Superior court judges elected on nonpartisan ballot or selected by method described above; judges elected to full term at next general election on non-partisan ballot. Municipal court and justice court judges initially appointed by governor and county board of supervisors, respectively, retain office by election on non-partisan ballot.

Colorado .........................

Supreme Court and court of appeals judges appointed by governor from nominees submitted by Supreme Court Nominating Commission. Other judges appointed by governor from nominees submitted by Judicial District Nominating Commission. After initial appointive term of two years, judges run on record for retention. Municipal judges appointed by municipal governing body. Denver County judges appointed by mayor from list submitted by nominating commission; judges run on record for retention

Connecticut .....................

All nonelected judges appointed by legislature from nominations submitted by governor exclusively from candidates submitted by the Judicial Selection Commission. Judicial Review Council makes recommendations on nominations for reappointment. Probate judges elected on partisan ballots.

Delaware .........................

All appointed by governor from list submitted by a judicial nominating commission (which is established by executive order) with consent of majority of Senate.

Florida .............................

Supreme court and district courts of appeal judges appointed by governor from nominees submitted by appropriate judicial nominating commission. Judges run for retention at next general election preceding expiration of term. Circuit and county court judges elected on non-partisan ballots.

Georgia ............................

Supreme Court, court of appeals and superior court judges elected on non-partisan ballots. Probate judges and justices of peace elected on partisan ballots. Other county and city court judges appointed.

Hawaii .............................

Supreme Court and intermediate court of appeals justices and circuit court judges nominated by Judicial Selection Commission (on list of at least six names) and appointed by governor with consent of Senate. Judges reappointed to subsequent terms by the Judicial Selection Commission. District court judges nominated by Commission (on list of at least six names) and appointed by chief justice.

Idaho ................................

Supreme Court and court of appeals justices and district court judges elected on non-partisan ballot. Magistrates appointed on non-partisan merit basis by District Magistrates Commission and run for retention in first general election next succeeding the 18-month period following initial appointment; thereafter, run every four years.

Illinois ..............................

Supreme Court, appellate court and circuit court judges nominated at primary elections or by petition and elected at general or judicial elections on partisan ballot. Judges run in uncontested retention elections for subsequent terms. Circuit court associate judges, once appointed by circuit judges for four-year terms, are being converted to full circuit judges.

Indiana ............................

Supreme Court justices, court of appeals judges and tax court judges are appointed by governor from list of three nominees submitted by seven-member Judicial Nominating Commission. Judges serve until next general election after two years from appointment date; thereafter, run for retention on record. Circuit, superior and county judges in most counties run on partisan ballot. Marion County municipal judges appointed by governor from nominees submitted by county nominating commission.

Iowa .................................

Supreme Court, court of appeals and district court judges appointed by governor from lists submitted by nominating commissions. Judges serve until initial one-year term until January 1 following next general election, then run on records for retention. Full-time judicial magistrates appointed by district judges in judicial election district from nominations submitted by county judicial magistrate appointing commission. Part-time magistrates appointed by county judicial magistrate appointing commission.

Kansas .............................

Supreme Court and court of appeals judges appointed by governor from nominations submitted by Supreme Court Nominating Commission. Judges serve until second Monday in January following first general election after one year in office; thereafter run on record for retention every six (Supreme Court) and four (court of appeals) years. District judges in most judicial districts selected by non-partisan commission plan.

Kentucky .........................

All judges elected on non-partisan ballot.

Louisiana .........................

All justices and judges elected on non-partisan basis, but state has open primary which requires all candidates to appear on a single ballot.

Maine ...............................

All appointed by governor with confirmation of the senate, except probate judges who are elected on partisan ballot.

See footnotes at end of table.

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SELECTION AND RETENTION OF JUDGES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How selected and retained

Maryland ........................

Court of Appeals and Court of Special Appeals judges nominated by Judicial Nominating Commission, and appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate. Judges run on record for retention after one year of service. Judges of circuit courts and Supreme Bench of Baltimore City nominated by Commission and appointed by governor. Judges run in first general election after year of service (may be challenged by other candidates). District court judges nominated by Commission and appointed by governor, subject to Senate confirmation.

Massachusetts .................

All nominated and appointed by governor with advice and consent of Governor’s Council. Judicial Nominating Commission, established by executive order, submits names on non-partisan basis to governor.

Michigan .........................

Nominated in party conventions, all are elected on non-partisan ballot, except remaining municipal judges who are selected in accordance with local procedures for selecting public officials.

Minnesota .......................

All elected on non-partisan ballot.

Mississippi ......................

All elected on partisan ballot, except municipal court judges who are appointed by governing authority of each municipality.

Missouri ..........................

Judges of Supreme Court, court of appeals and several circuit courts appointed initially by governor from nominations submitted by judicial selection commissions. Judges run for retention after one year in office. All other judges elected on partisan ballot.

Montana ..........................

All elected on non-partisan ballot. Judges unopposed in reelection effort, run for retention. Water court judges are appointed by chief justice; Workers’ compensation judges are appointed by the governor.

Nebraska .........................

All judges appointed initially by governor from nominees submitted by judicial nominating commissions. Judges run for retention on non-partisan ballot in general election following initial three-year term; subsequent terms are six years.

Nevada .............................

All elected on non-partisan ballot.

New Hampshire ..............

All appointed by governor and confirmed by majority vote of elected five-member executive council.

New Jersey ......................

All appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate, except judges of municipal courts serving a single municipality who are appointed by the governing body. Judges are reappointed by the governor (to age 70) with the advice and consent of Senate.

New Mexico ....................

Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, district and metropolitan judges appointed by governor from list submitted by a judicial nominating commission. At next general election, after appointment, judges run for full terms in partisan, contested election. The elected judge runs for subsequent terms in uncontested retention elections.

New York .........................

All elected on partisan ballot, except judges of Court of Appeals who are appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate. Governor also appoints judges of court of claims and designates members of appellate division of supreme court. Mayor of New York City appoints judges of criminal and family courts in the city from list submitted by a judicial nominating commission, established by mayor’s executive order.

North Carolina ...............

All elected on partisan ballot, except special judges of superior court who are appointed by governor.

North Dakota ..................

All elected on non-partisan ballot.

Ohio .................................

All elected on non-partisan ballot, except court of claims judges who may be appointed by chief justice of Supreme Court from ranks of Supreme Court, court of appeals, court of common pleas or retired judges.

Oklahoma .......................

Supreme Court justices and Court of Criminal Appeals judges appointed by governor from lists of three submitted by Judicial Nominating Commission. Judges run for retention on non-partisan ballot at first general election following completion of one year’s service. Judges of court of appeals, and district and associate district judges elected on non-partisan ballot. Special judges appointed by district judges within judicial administrative districts. Municipal judges appointed by governing body of municipality.

Oregon .............................

All judges elected on non-partisan ballot for six-year terms, except municipal judges who are generally appointed and serve as prescribed by city council.

Pennsylvania ...................

All initially elected on partisan ballot and thereafter on non-partisan retention ballot, except magistrates (Pittsburgh) who are appointed by mayor.

Rhode Island ...................

Supreme Court justices elected by legislature. Superior, district and family court judges appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate. Probate and municipal court judges appointed by city or town councils.

South Carolina ...............

Supreme Court, court of appeals, circuit court and family court judges elected by legislature from names submitted on a nonpartisan basis by judiciary committee of legislature. Probate judges elected on partisan ballot. Magistrates appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate. Municipal judges appointed by mayor and alderman of city.

South Dakota ..................

Supreme Court justices appointed by governor from nominees submitted by Judicial Qualifications Commission. Justices run for retention at first general election after three years in office. Circuit court judges elected on non-partisan ballot. Magistrates appointed by presiding judge of judicial court with approval of Supreme Court.

Tennessee .........................

Judges of intermediate appellate courts appointed initially by governor from list of three nominees submitted by Appellate Court Nominating Commission. Judges run for election to full term at biennial general election held more than 30 days after occurrence of vacancy. Supreme Court judges and all other judges elected on partisan ballot, except some municipal judges who are appointed by governing body of city.

Texas ................................

All elected on partisan ballot (method of selection for municipal judges determined by city charter or local ordinance).

Utah .................................

Supreme Court, district court, circuit court and juvenile court judges appointed by governor from list of at least three nominees submitted by Judicial Nominating Commission. Judges run unopposed for retention in general election following initial threeyear term; thereafter run on record for retention every 10 (Supreme Court) and six (other courts of record) years.

Vermont ...........................

Supreme Court justices, superior court and district and family court judges nominated by Judicial Nominating Board and appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate. Judges retained in office unless legislature votes for removal.

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JUDICIARY

SELECTION AND RETENTION OF JUDGES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How selected and retained

Virginia ...........................

All full-time judges elected by majority vote of legislature.

Washington .....................

All elected on non-partisan ballot (municipal judges are appointed by mayor).

West Virginia ..................

Supreme Court of Appeals judges, circuit court judges and magistrates elected on partisan ballot.

Wisconsin ........................

Supreme Court, court of appeals and circuit court judges elected on non-partisan ballot.

Wyoming .........................

Supreme Court justices, district and county court judges appointed by governor from list of three nominees submitted by judicial nominating commission. Judges run for retention on non-partisan ballot at first general election occurring more than one year after appointment. Justices of the peace elected on non-partisan ballot. Municipal (police) judges appointed by mayor with consent of Council.

Dist. of Columbia ...........

Court of appeals and superior court judges nominated by president of the United States from a list of persons recommended by District of Columbia Judicial Nominating Commission; appointed upon advice and consent of U.S. Senate.

American Samoa ............

Chief justice and associate justice(s) appointed by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior pursuant to presidential delegation of authority. Associate judges appointed by governor of American Samoa on recommendation of the chief justice, and subsequently confirmed by the Senate of American Samoa.

Guam ...............................

All appointed by governor with consent of legislature from list of nominees submitted by Judicial Council; thereafter, run on record for retention every seven years.

No. Mariana Islands ......

All appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate.

Puerto Rico .....................

All appointed by governor with advice and consent of Senate.

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

All appointed by governor with advice and consent of legislature.

Sources: Warrick, Judicial Selection in the United States: A Compendium of Provisions, 2nd Edition (Chicago: American Judicature Society), 1993; “Judicial Selection in the States: Appellate and General Jurisdiction Courts,” American Judicature Society, 1996; National Center for State Courts, State Court Organization 1993, 1995; and state constitutions and statutes. Note: Unless otherwise specified, judges included in this table are in the state courts of last resort and intermediate appellate and general trial courts.

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Table 4.5 METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Alabama .......................... ...........................................

Judicial Inquiry Commission investigates, receives or initiates complaints concerning any judge. Complaints are filed with the Court of the Judiciary, which is empowered to remove, suspend, censure or otherwise discipline judges in the state. Judges are subject to impeachment.

By gubernatorial appointment. At next general election held after appointee has been in office one year, office is filled for a full term. In some counties, vacancies in circuit and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment on nominations made by judicial commission.

Alaska ..............................

Justices and judges subject to impeachment for malfeasance or misfeasance in performance of official duties. On recommendation of Judicial Qualifications Commission or on its own motion, Supreme Court may suspend judge without salary when judge pleads guilty or no contest or is found guilty of a crime punishable as felony under state or federal law or of any other crime involving moral turpitude under that law. If conviction is reversed, suspension terminates and judge is paid salary for period of suspension. If conviction becomes final, judge is removed from office by Supreme Court. On recommendation of Judicial Qualifications Commission, Supreme Court may censure or remove a judge for action (occurring not more than six years before commencement of current term) which constitutes willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute. The court may also retire a judge for disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

By gubernatorial appointment, from nominations submitted by Judicial Council.

Arizona ............................

Judges subject to recall election. Electors, equal in number to 25 percent of votes cast in last election for judge, may petition for judgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recall. All Supreme Court, court of appeals, and superior court judges (judges of courts of record) are subject to impeachment. On recommendation of Commission on Judicial Qualifications or on its own motion, Supreme Court may suspend without salary, a judge who pleads guilty or no contest or is found guilty of a crime punishable as felony or involving moral turpitude under state or federal law. If conviction is reversed, suspension terminates and judge is paid salary for period of suspension. If conviction becomes final, judge is removed from office by Supreme Court. Upon recommendation of Commission on Judicial Qualifications, Supreme Court may remove a judge for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance or conduct prejudicial to the administration of of justice that brings the office into disrepute. The Court may also retire a judge for a disability that seriously interferes with performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, court of appeals, and superior courts (in counties with population over 250,000) are filled by the governor from judicial appointment commission lists. Vacancies on superior courts in counties of less than 250,000 may be filled by by gubernatorial appointment until next general election when judge is elected to fill remainder of unexpired term. Vacancies on justice courts are filled by appointment by county board of supervisors.

Arkansas .........................

Supreme, appellate, circuit and chancery court judges are subject to removal by By gubernatorial appointment. impeachment or by the governor upon the joint address of two-thirds of the members Appointee serves remainder of elected to each house of the General Assembly. unexpired term if it expires at next On recommendation of Judicial Discipline & Disability Commission, the Supreme general election. Court may suspend, with or without pay, or remove a judge for conviction of any offense punishable as a felony under the laws of Arkansas or the United States; for conviction of a criminal act that reflects adversely on the judgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a judge in other respects; for conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation; for conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice; for a willful violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct or the Rules of Professional Responsibility; for willful and persistent failure to perform the duties of office; or for habitual intemperance in the use of alcohol or other drugs.

California ........................

All judges subject to impeachment for misconduct. All judges subject to recall election. On recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Performance or on its own motion, the Supreme Court may suspend a judge without salary when the judge pleads guilty or no contest or is found guilty of a crime punishable as a felony or any other crime that involves moral turpitude under that law. If conviction is reversed, suspension terminates and judge is paid salary for period of suspension. If conviction becomes final, judge is removed from office by Supreme Court. Commission on Judicial Performance, may remove judge for willful misconduct in office, persistent failure or inability to perform duties, habitual intemperence or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the office into disrepute, subject to petition to Supreme Court. The commission may also retire a judge for disability that seriously interferes with performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

136 The Book of the States 1996-97

Vacancies on appellate courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment with approval of Commission on Judicial Appointments until next general election at which time appointee has the right to become a candidate. Vacancies on superior courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment for remainder of unexpired term; on justice courts by appointment of county board of supervisors or by nonpartisan special election.

JUDICIARY

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Colorado .........................

Supreme, appeals and district court judges are subject to impeachment for high crimes By gubernatorial appointment and misdemeanors or malfeasance in office by two-thirds vote of Senate. (or mayoral appointment in case of Supreme Court, on its own motion or upon petition, may remove a judge from office Denver county court) from names upon final conviction for a crime punishable as a felony under state or federal law or of submitted by appropriate judicial any other crime involving moral turpitude under that law. nominating commission. Upon recommendation of Commission on Judicial Discipline, Supreme Court may remove or discipline a judge for willful misconduct in office, willful or persistent failure to perform the duties of office, intemperance or violation of judicial conduct, or for disability that seriously interferes with performance and is (or is likely to become) permanent. Denver county judges are removed in accordance with charter and ordinance provisions.

Connecticut .....................

Supreme and superior court judges are subject to removal by impeachment or by the governor on the address of two-thirds of each house of the General Assembly. On recommendation of Judicial Review Council or on its own motion, the Supreme Court may remove or suspend a judge of the Supreme or superior court after an investigation and hearing. If the investigation involves a Supreme Court justice, such judge is disqualified from participating in the proceedings. If a judge becomes permanently incapacitated and cannot adequately fulfill the duties of office, the judge may be retired for disability by the Judicial Review Council on its own motion or on application of the judge.

If General Assembly is in session, vacancies are filled by governor exclusively from candidates submitted by the Judicial Selection Commission and appointed by the General Assembly. Otherwise vacancies are filled temporarily by gubernatorial appointment.

Delaware .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment for treason, bribery or any high crime or misdemeanor. The Court on the Judiciary may (after investigation and hearing) censure or remove a judge for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform the duties of office or an offense involving moral turpitude or other persistent misconduct in violation of judicial ethics. The Court may also retire a judge for permanent mental or physical disability interfering with the performance of duties.

Vacancies are filled by governor, with consent of majority of all members of senate, from nominees whose names are submitted by judicial nominating commission.

Florida .............................

Supreme Court, district courts of appeal and circuit court judges are subject to impeachment for misdemeanors in office. On recommendation of Judicial Qualifications Commission, Supreme Court may discipline or remove a judge for willful or persistent failure to perform duties or for conduct unbecoming to a member of the judiciary, or retire a judge for a disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

By gubernatorial appointment, from nominees recommended by appropriate judicial nominating commission.

Georgia ............................

Judges are subject to impeachment for cause. Upon recommendation of the Judicial Qualifications Commission (after investigation of alleged misconduct), the Supreme Court may retire, remove or censure any judge.

By gubernatorial appointment (by executive order) on nonpartisan basis from names submitted by Judicial Nominating Commission.

Hawaii .............................

Upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Discipline (after investigation and hearings), the Supreme Court may reprimand, discipline, suspend (with or without salary), retire or remove any judge as a result of misconduct or disability.

Vacancies on Supreme, intermediate court of appeals and circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment (subject to consent of Senate) from names submitted by Judicial Selection Committee. Vacancies on district courts are filled by appointment by chief justice from names submitted by Committee.

Idaho ................................

Judges are subject to impeachment for cause. Upon recommendation by Judicial Council, Supreme Court (after investigation) may remove judges of Supreme Court, court of appeals and district court judges. District court judges (or judicial district sitting en banc), by majority vote in accordance with Supreme Court rules, may remove magistrates for cause. District Magistrate’s Commission may remove magistrates without cause during first 18 months of service.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, court of appeals and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from names submitted by Judicial Council for unexpired term. Vacancies in magistrates’ division of district court are filled by District Magistrate’s Commission for remainder of unexpired term.

Illinois ..............................

Judges are subject to impeachment for cause. Vacancies on Supreme, appellate The Judicial Inquiry Board files complaints with the Courts Commission which may and circuit courts are filled by remove, suspend without pay, censure or reprimand a judge for willful misconduct in appointment by supreme court office, persistent failure to perform duties or other conduct prejudicial to the until general election. administration of justice or that brings the judicial office into disrepute. The Commission may also suspend (with or without pay) or retire a judge for mental or physical disability.

Indiana ............................

Upon recommendation of the Judicial Qualifications Commission or on its own motion, the Supreme Court may suspend or remove an appellate judge for pleading guilty or no contest to a felony crime involving moral turpitude. The Supreme Court may also retire, censure or remove a judge for other matters. The Supreme Court may also discipline or suspend without pay a non-appellate judge.

Vacancies on Supreme Court and court of appeals are filled by governor from list of three nominees presented by judicial nominating commission. Vacancies on circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment until general election. Vacancies on most superior courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment.

See footnotes at end of table.

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METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Iowa .................................

Supreme and district court judges are subject to impeachment for misdemeanor or malfeasance in office. Upon recommendation of Commission on Judicial Qualifications, the Supreme Court may retire a Supreme, district or associate district judge for permanent disability, or remove such judge for failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance, willful misconduct, conduct which brings the office into disrepute or substantial violations of the canons of judicial ethics. Judicial magistrates may be removed by a tribunal in the judicial election district of the magistrate’s residence.

Governor fills vacancies from lists submitted by judicial nominating commission.

Kansas .............................

All judges are subject to impeachment for treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Supreme Court justices are subject to retirement upon certification to the governor (after a hearing by the Supreme Court nominating Commission) that such justice is so incapacitated as to be unable to perform adequately the duties of office. Upon recommendation of the Judicial Qualifications Commission, the Supreme Court may retire for incapacity, discipline, suspend or remove for cause any judge below the Supreme Court level.

Vacancies on Supreme Court and court of appeals are filled on nonpartisan basis by governor from nominations submitted by Supreme Court nominating commission. Vacancies on district courts (in areas where commission plan has not been adopted) are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next general election, when vacancy is filled for remainder of unexpired term; in areas where commission plan has been adopted, vacancies are filled by gubernatorial appointment from names submitted by judicial nominating commission.

Kentucky .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment for misdemeanors in office. Retirement and Removal Commission, subject to rules of procedure established by Supreme Court, may retire for disability, suspend without pay or remove for good cause any judge. The Commission’s actions are subject to review by Supreme Court.

By gubernatorial appointment (from names submitted by appropriate judicial nominating commission) or by chief justice if governor fails to act within 60 days. Appointees serve until next general election after their appointment at which time vacancy is filled.

Louisiana .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment for commission or conviction of felony or malfeasance or gross misconduct. Upon investigation and recommendation by Judiciary Commission, Supreme Court may censure, suspend (with or without salary), remove from office or retire involuntarily a judge for misconduct relating to official duties, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, persistent and public conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the office into disrepute, or conduct while in office which would constitute a felony or conviction of felony. The Court may also retire a judge for disability which is (or is likely to become) permanent.

Vacancies are filled by Supreme Court appointment if remainder of unexpired term is six months or less; if longer than six months, vacancies are filled in special election.

Maine ...............................

Judges are subject to removal by impeachment or by governor upon the joint address of the legislature. Upon recommendation of the Committee on Judicial Responsibility and Disability, the Supreme Judicial Court may remove, retire or discipline any judge.

Vacancies are filled by governor, subject to review by joint standing committee on the judiciary and to Senate confirmation.

Maryland ........................

Judges are subject to impeachment. Vacancies are filled by governor Judges of Court of Appeals, court of special appeals, trial courts of general with advice and consent of senate, jurisdiction and district courts are subject to removal by governor on judge’s conviction from names submitted by judicial in court of law, impeachment, or physical or mental disability. Judges are also subject to nominating commission. removal upon joint address of the legislature. Upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Disabilities (after hearing), the Court of Appeals may remove or retire a judge for misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform duties, conduct prejudicial to the proper administration of justice, or disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent. Elected judges convicted of felony or misdemeanor relating to public duties and involving moral turpitude may be removed from office by operation of law when conviction becomes final.

Massachusetts .................

Judges are subject to impeachment. The governor, with the consent of the Executive Council, may remove judges upon joint address of the legislature, and may also (after a hearing and with consent of the Council) retire a judge because of advanced age or mental or physical disability. The Commission on Judicial Conduct, using rules of procedure approved by the Supreme Judicial Court, may investigate the action of any judge that may, by consequence of willful misconduct in office, willful or persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance or other conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice, bring the office into disrepute.

...........................................

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Vacancies are filled by governor, with advice and consent of Executive Council, from names submitted by judicial nominating commission.

JUDICIARY

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Michigan .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the legislature, the governor may remove a judge for reasonable cause insufficient for impeachment. Upon recommendation of Judicial Tenure Commission, Supreme Court may censure, suspend (with or without salary), retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, a physical or mental disability or a persistent failure to perform duties, misconduct in office, habitual intemperance or conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice.

Vacancies in all courts of record are filled by gubernatorial appointment from nominees recommended by a bar committee. Appointee serves until next general election at which successor is selected for remainder of unexpired term. Vacancies on municipal courts are filled by appointment by city councils.

Minnesota .......................

Supreme and district court judges are subject to impeachment. Upon recommendation of Board of Judicial Standards, Supreme Court may censure, suspend (with or without salary), retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, physical or mental disability or persistent failure to perform duties, misconduct in office, habitual intemperance or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice.

Statutory plan to fill vacancies on district courts requires governor to appoint from nominees recommended by a judicial nominating commission. Vacancies on other levels of court filled by gubernatorial appointment (no nominating commission). Appointee serves until general election occurring more than one year after appointment at which time a successor is elected to serve a full term.

Mississippi ......................

Judges are subject to impeachment. For reasonable cause which is not sufficient for impeachment, the governor may, on joint address of legislature, remove judges of Supreme and inferior courts. Upon recommendation of Commission on Judicial Performance, Supreme Court may remove, suspend, fine, publicly censure or reprimand a judge for conviction of a felony (in a court outside the state), willful misconduct, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings the office into disrepute. The Commission may also retire any judge for physical or mental disability that seriously interferes with performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

By gubernatorial appointment, from names submitted by a nominating commission. The office is filled for remainder of unexpected term at next state or congressional election held more than seven months after vacancy.

Missouri ..........................

Upon recommendation of Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline, Supreme Court may retire, remove or discipline any judge. Judges subject to impeachment for crime, misconduct, habitual drunkenness, willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude or oppression in office.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, court of appeals, and circuit courts that have adopted commission plan are filled by governor from list of nominees submitted by judicial nominating commission. Vacancies on other circuit courts and municipal court are filled, respectively, by special election and mayoral appointment.

Montana ..........................

All judges are subject to impeachment. Upon recommendation of Judicial Standards Commission, Supreme Court may suspend a judge and remove same upon conviction of a felony or other crime involving moral turpitude. The Supreme Court may retire any judge for a disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties, and that is (or may become) permanent. The Court may also censure, suspend or remove any judge for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, violation of canons of judicial ethics adopted by the Supreme Court or habitual intemperance.

Vacancies on Supreme and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment (with confirmation by Senate) from names submitted by judicial nominating commission. Vacancies on municipal and city courts are filled by appointment by city council for remainder of unexpired term.

Nebraska .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment. In case of impeachment of Supreme Court Vacancies are filled by governor justice, judges of district court sit as court of impeachment with two-thirds concurrence from list of at least two nominees required for conviction. In case of other judicial impeachments, Supreme Court sits as submitted by judicial nominating court of impeachment. commission. Upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Qualifications, the Supreme Court may reprimand, discipline, censure, suspend or remove a judge for willful misconduct in office, willful failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance, conviction of crime involving moral turpitude, disbarment or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the office into disrepute. The Supreme Court also may retire a judge for physical or mental disability that seriously interferes with performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

See footnotes at end of table.

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JUDICIARY

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Nevada .............................

All judges, except justices of peace, are subject to impeachment. Judges are also subject to removal by legislative resolution and by recall election. The Commission on Judicial Discipline may censure, retire or remove a Supreme Court justice or district judge for willful misconduct, willful or persistent failure to perform duties or habitual intemperance, or retire a judge for advanced age which interferes with performance of duties for mental or physical disability that is (or is likely to become) permanent, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court.

Vacancies on Supreme or district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from among three nominees submitted by Commission on Judicial Selection. Vacancies on justice courts are filled by appointment by board of county commissioners or by special election.

New Hampshire ..............

Judges are subject to impeachment. Governor, with consent of Executive Council, may remove judges upon address of both houses of legislature.

Vacancies are filled by governor and approved by majority vote of five-member Executive Council.

New Jersey ......................

Supreme and superior court judges are subject to impeachment by the legislature. Except for Supreme Court justices, judges are subject to a statutory removal proceeding that is initiated by the filing of a complaint by the Supreme Court on its own motion or the governor or either house of the legislature acting by a majority of its total membership. Prior to institution of the formal proceedings, complaints are usually referred to the Supreme Court’s Advisory Committee on Judicial Conduct, which conducts a preliminary investigation, makes findings of fact and either dismisses the charges or recommends that formal proceedings be instituted. The Supreme Court’s determination is based on a plenary hearing procedure, although the Court is supplied with a record created by the Committee. The formal statutory removal hearing may be either before the Supreme Court sitting en banc or before three justices or judges (or combination thereof) specifically designated by chief justice. If Supreme Court certifies to governor that it appears a Supreme Court or superior court judge is so incapacitated as to substantially prevent the judge from performing the duties of office, the governor appoints a commission of three persons to inquire into the circumstances. On their recommendation, the governor may retire the justice or judge from office, on pension, as may be provided by law.

Vacancies on Supreme Court and superior court, county, district, tax, and municipal courts are filled by governor with advice and consent of Senate.

New Mexico ....................

Judges are subject to impeachment. Upon recommendation of the Judicial Standards Commission, the Supreme Court may discipline or remove a judge for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure or inability to perform duties or habitual intemperance, or retire a judge for disability that seriously interferes with performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from names submitted by judicial nominating commission.

New York .........................

All judges are subject to impeachment. Court of Appeals and Supreme Court judges may be removed by two-thirds concurrence of both houses of legislature. Court of claims, county court, surrogate’s court, family court, civil and criminal court (NYC) and district court judges may be removed by two-thirds vote of the Senate on recommendation of governor. Commission on Judicial Conduct may determine that a judge be admonished, censured or removed from office for cause, or retired for disability, subject to appeal to the Court of Appeals.

Vacancies on Court of Appeals and appellate division of Supreme Court are filled by governor with advice and consent of Senate, from among nominees recommended by judicial nominating commission. Vacancies in elective judgeships (outside NYC) are filled at next general election for full term; until election, governor makes appointment (with consent of senate if in session).

North Carolina ...............

Upon recommendation of Judicial Standards Commission, Supreme Court may censure or remove a court of appeals or trial court judge for willful misconductin office, willful and persistent failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the office into disrepute, or mental or physical incapacity that interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent. Upon recommendation of Judicial Standards Commission, a seven-member panel of the court of appeals may censure or remove (for the above reasons) any Supreme Court judge.

Vacancies on Supreme, appeals and superior courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next general election.

North Dakota ..................

Supreme and district court judges are subject to impeachment for habitual intemperance, crimes, corrupt conduct, malfeasance or misdemeanor in office. Governor may remove county judges after hearing. All judges are subject to recall election. On recommendation of Commission on Judicial Qualifications or on its own motion, Supreme Court may suspend a judge without salary when judge pleads guilty or no contest or is found guilty of a crime punishable as a felony under state or federal law or any other crime involving moral turpitude under that law. If conviction is reversed, suspension terminates and judge is paid salary for period of suspension. If conviction becomes final, judge is removed by Supreme Court. Upon recommendation of Commission on Judicial Qualifications, Supreme Court may censure or remove a judge for willful misconduct, willful failure to perform duties, willful violation of the code of judicial conduct or habitual intemperance. The Court may also retire a judge for disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

Vacancies on Supreme and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from nominees submitted by Judicial Nominating Committee until next general election, unless governor calls for a special election to fill vacancy for remainder of term. Vacancies on county courts are filled by appointment by board of county commissioners from names submitted by nominating commission.

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JUDICIARY

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Ohio .................................

Judges are subject to impeachment. Judges may be removed by concurrent resolution of two-thirds members of both houses of legislature or removed for cause upon filing of a petition signed by 15 percent of electors in preceding gubernatorial election. The Board of Commissioners on Grievances and Discipline of the Judiciary may disqualify a judge from office when judge has been indicted for a crime punishable as a felony under state or federal law. Board may also remove or suspend a judge for willful and persistent failure to perform duties, habitual intemperance, conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice or which would bring the office into disrepute, or suspension from practice of law, or retire a judge for physical or mental disability that prevents discharge of duties. Judge may appeal action to Supreme Court.

Vacancies are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next general election when successor is elected to fill unexpired term. If unexpired term ends within one year following such election, appointment is made for unexpired term.

Oklahoma .......................

Judges are subject to impeachment for willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual intemperence, incompetency or any offense involving moral turpitude. Upon recommendation of Council on Judicial Complaints, chief justice of Supreme Court may bring charges against any judge in the Court on the Judiciary. Court on the Judiciary may order removal of judge for gross neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, an offense involving moral turpitude, gross partiality in office, or oppression in office. Judge may also be retired (with or without salary) for mental or physical disability that prevents performance of duties, or for incompetence to perform duties.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Court of Criminal Appeals are filled by governor form list of candidates submitted by judicial nominating commission. For Court of Appeals vacancies, judge is elected to fill unexpired term at next general election.

Oregon .............................

On recommendation of Commission on Judicial Fitness, Supreme Court may remove a judge for conviction of a felony or crime involving moral turpitude, willful misconduct in office, willful or persistent failure to perform judicial duties, habitual intemperance, illegal use of narcotic drugs or willful violation of rules of conduct prescribed by Supreme Court of general incompetence. A judge may also be retired for mental or physical disability after certification by Commission. Judge may appeal to Supreme Court.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, court of appeals and circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment, until next general election when judge is selected to fill unexpired term.

Pennsylvania ...................

All judges are subject to impeachment for misdemeanor in office. Upon complaint by Judicial Conduct Board, Court of Judiciary Discipline may remove a judge subject to appeal to Supreme Court.

By gubernatorial appointment (with advice and consent of Senate), from names submitted by appropriate nominating commission. Appointee serves until next election if the election is more than 10 months after vacancy occurred.

Rhode Island ...................

All judges are subject to impeachment. The Supreme Court on its own motion may suspend a judge who pleaded guilty or no contest or was found guilty of a crime punishable as a felony under state or federal law or any other crime involving moral turpitude. Upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Tenure and Discipline, the Supreme Court may censure, suspend, reprimand or remove from office a judge guilty of a serious violation of the canons of judicial ethics or for willful or persistent failure to perform duties, a disabling addiction to alcohol, drugs or narcotics, or conduct that brings the office into disrepute. The Supreme Court may also retire a judge for physical or mental disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent. Whenever the Commission recommends removal of a Supreme Court justice, the Supreme Court transmits the findings to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, recommending the initiation of proceedings for the removal of the justice by resolution of the legislature.

Vacancies on Supreme Court are filled by the two houses of the legislature in grand committee until the next election. In case of a judgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temporary inability, governor may appoint a person to fill vacancy. Vacancies on superior, family and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment (with advice and consent of Senate).

South Carolina ...............

Judges are subject to removal by impeachment or by governor on address of two-thirds of each house of the legislature. Upon review of findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendation of the Board of Commissioners on Judicial Standards, the Supreme Court can discipline, suspend, remove, retire or hold in contempt a judge who has been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude, has violated the Code of Judicial Conduct or the Rules of Professional Conduct, persistently failed to perform his judicial duties, or is persistently incompetent or neglectful in the performance of his judicial duties or is habitually intemperate, consistently fails to timely issue his official orders, decrees, or opinions or otherwise perform his official duties without just cause or excuse, or for disability.

Vacancies on the Supreme Court, court of appeals, and circuit court are filled by joint public vote of general assembly, from list of nominees supplied by judicial screening committee.

South Dakota ..................

Supreme Court justices and circuit court judges are subject to removal by impeachment. Upon recommendation of Judicial Qualifications Commission, Supreme Court may remove a judge from office.

Vacancies on Supreme and circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from names submitted by Judicial Qualifications Commission for balance of unexpired term.

Tennessee .........................

Judges are subject to impeachment for misfeasance or malfeasance in office. Upon recommendation of the Court on the Judiciary, the legislature (by concurrent resolution) may remove a judge for willful misconduct in office or physical or mental disability.

Vacancies on Supreme, circuit, criminal, and chancery courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next biennial election.

See footnotes at end of table.

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METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Texas ................................

Supreme Court, court of appeals and district court judges are subject to removal by impeachment or by joint address of both houses. Supreme Court may remove district judges from office. District judges may remove county judges and justices of the peace. Upon recommendation of removal by State Commission on Judicial Conduct, Supreme Court selects review tribunal. Decision of review tribunal may be appealed to the Supreme Court.

Vacancies on appellate and district courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next general election, at which time a successor is chosen. Vacancies on county courts are filled by appointment by county commissioner’s court until next election when successor is chosen. Vacancies on municipal courts are filled by governing body of municipality for remainder of unexpired term.

Utah .................................

All judges, except justices of the peace, are subject to impeachment. Following investigations and hearings, the Judicial Conduct Commission may order the reprimand, censure, suspension, removal or involuntary retirement of any judge for willful misconduct, final conviction of a crime punishable as a felony under state or federal law, willful or persistent failure to perform judicial duties, disability that seriously interferes with performance, or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute. Prior to implementation, the Supreme Court reviews the order. Lay justices of the peace may be removed for willful failure to participate in judicial education program.

Vacancies on Supreme, district and circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from candidates submitted by appropriate nominating commission.

Vermont ...........................

Upon review of the findings of the Judicial Conduct Board, all judges are subject to impeachment. Supreme Court may discipline, impose sanctions on, or suspend from duties any judge in the state.

If Senate is in session, vacancies on Supreme, superior, and district courts are filled by governor, with advice and consent of Senate, from list of nominees submitted by judicial nominating board. Otherwise, by governor’s appointment from nominees list.

Virginia ...........................

All judges are subject to impeachment. Upon certification of charges against judge by Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission, Supreme Court may remove a judge.

If General Assembly is in session, vacancies are filled by majority vote of both houses. Otherwise by gubernatorial appointment, with appointee serving until 30 days after commencement of next legislative session.

Washington .....................

A judge of any court of record is subject to impeachment. After notice, hearing and recommendation by Judicial Qualifications Commission, Supreme Court may censure, suspend or remove a judge for violating a rule of judicial conduct. The Supreme Court may also retire a judge for disability that seriously interferes with the performance of duties and is (or is likely to become) permanent.

Vacancies on appellate and general trial courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment until next general election when successor is elected to fill remainder of term.

West Virginia ..................

Judges are subject to impeachment for maladministration, corruption, incompetency, gross immorality, neglect of duty or any crime or misdemeanor. Upon review of recommendations of the Judicial Hearing Board, the Supreme Court of Appeals may censure or suspend a judge for any violation of the judicial code of ethics or retire a judge who is incapable of performing duties because of advancing age, disease or physical or mental infirmity.

Vacancies on appellate and general trial courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment. If unexpired term is less than two years (or such additional period not exceeding three years), appointee serves for remainder of term. If unexpired term is more than three years, appointee serves until next general election, at which time successor is chosen to fill remainder of term.

Wisconsin ........................

All judges are subject to impeachment. Supreme Court, court of appeals and circuit court judges are subject to removal by address of both houses of legislature with two-thirds of members concurring, and by recall election. As judges of courts of record must be licensed to practice law in state, removal of judge may also be by disbarment. Upon review of the findings of fact, conclusions of law and recommendation of the Judicial Commission, the Supreme Court may reprimand, censure, suspend or remove for cause or disability any judge or justice for a willful violation of a rule of the Code of Judicial Ethics, willful or persistent failure to perform official duties, habitual intemperance, due to consumption of intoxicating beverages or use of dangerous drugs, which interferes with the proper performance of judicial duties, or conviction of a felony.

Vacancies on Supreme Court, court of appeals and circuit courts are filled by gubernatorial appointment from nominees submitted by nominating commission.

142 The Book of the States 1996-97

JUDICIARY

METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF JUDGES AND FILLING OF VACANCIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

How removed

Vacancies: how filled

Wyoming .........................

All judges, except justices of peace, are subject to impeachment. Upon recommendation of Judicial Supervisory Commission, the Supreme Court may retire or remove a judge. After a hearing before the panel of three district judges, the Supreme Court may remove justices of the peace.

Vacancies are filled by governor from list of three nominees submitted by judicial nominating commission. Vacancies on justice of peace courts are filled by appointment by county commissioners until next general election.

Dist. of Columbia ...........

Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure may remove a judge upon conviction of felony (including a federal crime), for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform judicial duties or for other conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings the office into disrepute.

Vacancies are filled by president of United States, with consent of U.S. Senate, from list of persons recommended by Judicial Nominating Commission.

Puerto Rico .....................

Supreme Court justices are subject to impeachment for treason, bribery or other felonies and misdemeanors involving moral turpitude. Supreme Court may remove other judges for cause (as provided by judiciary act) after a hearing on charges brought by order of chief justice, who disqualifies self from final proceedings.

Vacancies are filled as in initial selection.

Source: American Judicature Society (Spring 1996). Used with permission.

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Table 4.6 COMPENSATION OF JUDGES OF APPELLATE COURTS AND GENERAL TRIAL COURTS Appellate courts State or other jurisdiction

Court of last resort

Alabama .......................... ........................................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... ........................................... California ........................

Supreme Court

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Salary $115,695

Intermediate appellate court

Salary

Court of Criminal Appeals $114,615 Court of Civil Appeals 114,615 (b) Court of Appeals 98,688 Court of Appeals 98,722 Court of Appeals 96,872 (b,c,e)

General trial courts

Salary

Circuit courts

$80,615 (d) 96,314 93,702 (c,e) 93,702 (c,e) 107,390

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

(a, d) 101,130 (a) 100,035 (a,c,e)

Supreme Court

131,085 (a)

Court of Appeals

122,893

Superior courts Superior courts Chancery courts Circuit courts Superior courts

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

91,000 (a,e) 113,042 (a,e,f) 111,500 (a) 116,244 114,932

Court of Appeals Appellate Court ... District Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

86,500 (b,e) 105,111 (b,e,f) . . .. 110,432 114,203

District courts Superior courts Superior courts Circuit courts Superior courts

82,000 (e) 100,411 (f) 106,000 (b) 104,619 82,488

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ ........................................... Iowa .................................

Supreme Supreme Supreme Supreme

Court Court Court Court

93,780 (a) 79,183 (a) 122,892 105,000 (g)

Intermediate Court Court of Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals

89,780 (b) 78,183 115,663 95,000 (g)

Supreme Court

96,700 (a)

Court of Appeals

93,000 (b)

Circuit courts District courts Circuit courts Circuit courts Superior courts District courts

86,780 74,214 98,909 (b) 85,000 85,000 85,000 (b)

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

Supreme Court 90,952 (a) Supreme Court 89,615 (a) Supreme Court 94,300 (a) Supreme Judicial Court 85,858 (a) Court of Appeals 104,100 (a)

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ... Court of Special Appeals

87,705 (b) 85,956 (b) 89,300 (b) . . .. 97,300 (b)

District courts Circuit courts District courts Superior courts Circuit courts

(h) 82,300 (i) 84,300 81,198 (b) 93,600

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... ........................................... Missouri .......................... ........................................... ...........................................

Supreme Judicial Court 107,730 (a) Supreme Court 118,758 Supreme Court 94,395 (a) Supreme Court 90,800 (a)

Appeals Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ...

Supreme Court

99,733 (a)

Court of Appeals

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ...................... ...........................................

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

68,874 (a) 94,891 (c,e) 85,000 (k) 95,623 (a) 132,250 (a)

... Court of Appeals ... ... Appellate division of Superior Court

. . .. 90,147 (c,e) . . .. . . .. 124,200

District courts District courts District courts Superior courts Superior courts

67,513 87,775 (c,e) 79,000 (k) 89,646 (b) 115,000 (l)

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... ........................................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio ................................. ...........................................

Supreme Court Court of Appeals

81,954 (a) 125,000 (a)

77,856 (b) (b,m)

District courts Supreme courts

73,963 113,000

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

96,000 (a,n) 77,448 (a,c,e) 101,150 (a)

Court of Appeals Appellate divisions of Supreme Court Court of Appeals ... Court of Appeals

92,000 (b,n) . . .. 94,200

Superior courts District courts Courts of common pleas

87,000 (b,n) 71,472 (b,c,e) 76,150 (c)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. ........................................... Pennsylvania ................... ........................................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Supreme Court Supreme Court

87,700 (a) 89,600 (a,e)

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

78,660 87,600 (b,e)

District courts Circuit courts Tax court Courts of common pleas

99,690 (b) 114,007 88,945 (b) . . .. 93,140

Supreme Court

119,750 (a)

Supreme Court Supreme Court

104,403 (a,p) 100,436 (a)

Superior Court Commonwealth Court ... Court of Appeals

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... ........................................... ........................................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ........................... ...........................................

Supreme Court Supreme Court

76,468 (a) 101,820

... Court of Criminal Appeals

. . .. 97,080

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

94,686 (a) 94,800 (a) 80,031 (a)

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ...

90,482 (b) 90,500 (b) . . ..

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. ........................................... Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court

107,373 (a,q) 109,880 85,000

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals ...

102,004 (b,q) 104,448 . . ..

100,690 (a) 85,000

Court of Appeals ...

144 The Book of the States 1996-97

116,000 (b) 116,000 (b) . . .. 95,415 (b)

92,041 . . ..

Trial court (j) 95,710 (b) Circuit courts 104,863 (c) District courts 83,494 (b) Chancery courts 81,200 Circuit courts 81,200 Circuit courts Municipal division 86,286 (b) of circuit courts up to 76,059

75,000 (o) 81,600 (e) 84,200 (e) 104,000 (b)

Superior courts Circuit courts

93,997 (b,p) 95,415

Circuit courts Chancery courts Circuit courts Criminal courts District courts District courts Superior courts District courts

71,413 (b) 92,892 92,892 92,892 92,686 86,200 76,021 (b) 76,021 (b)

Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts

99,678 99,015 80,000

Circuit courts District courts

90,661 (e) 77,000

JUDICIARY

COMPENSATION OF JUDGES OF APPELLATE COURTS AND GENERAL TRIAL COURTS — Continued Appellate courts State or other jurisdiction Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... ........................................... Puerto Rico ..................... ........................................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Court of last resort Court of Appeals High Court ... Commonwealth Supreme Court Supreme Court ...

Salary 141,700 (a) 74,303 (a) ... 126,000 (a) 85,000 (a) ...

Intermediate appellate court ... ... ... . . ..

. . .. . . .. . . .. ...

Appellate Court ...

Source: National Center for State Courts, Survey of Judicial Salaries (January 1996). Note: Compensation is shown according to most recent legislation, even though laws may not yet have taken effect. (a) These jurisdictions pay the following additional amounts to the chief justice or presiding judge of court of last resort: Alabama–$1,080. Alaska–$516. Arizona–$2,508. Arkansas–$8,254 (effective July 1996). California–$6,378. Colorado, Missouri–$2,500 (effective July 1996). Connecticut–$10,534 (effective July 1996). Delaware–$4,000. Hawaii, Utah–$1,000. Idaho–$1,500. Iowa–$3,700. Kansas–$2,520. Kentucky–$5,000. Louisiana–$4,250. Maine–$4,310. Maryland–$16,800. Massachusetts–$3,880. Minnesota–$9,440. Mississippi–chief justice, $3,200; presiding judge, $600. Montana–$1,357. New Hampshire–$2,988. New Jersey–$5,750. New Mexico–$2,000. New York–$4,000. North Carolina–$2,576. North Dakota–$2,184 (effective July 1996). Ohio–$6,500. Oklahoma–$2,800. Oregon–$2,100 (effective July 1996). Pennsylvania–$3,250. Rhode Island–$10,440. South Carolina–$5,286. South Dakota–$2,000. Texas–$2,784. Vermont–$3,585. Virginia–$7,100 (plus $6,500 in lieu of travel expenses). Wisconsin–$8,000. District of Columbia–$500. American Samoa–plus non-foreign post differentials where applicable. No. Mariana Islands–$4,000. Puerto Rico–$1,500. (b) Additional amounts paid to various judges: Alabama–presiding judge, $540. Arkansas–chief judge, $1,583 (effective July 1996). Colorado–chief judge, $2,500 (effective July 1996). Connecticut–chief judge, $6,489 (effective July 1996). Delaware–presiding judge, $4,000. Hawaii–chief judge, $1,500. Illinois–chief judge, $7,228. Iowa–chief judges of court of appeals and district court, $3,600. Kansas –chief judge, $2,392. Kentucky–chief judge, $1,000.

General trial courts

Salary

72,500 . . ..

Salary

Superior courts (r) Superior courts

133,600 (b) (r) 100,000 (b) 120,000 (b)

Superior courts District courts Territorial courts

65,000 55,000 100,000 (b)

Louisiana–chief judge, $4,250. Maine–chief justice, $4,066. Maryland–chief judge, $2,600. Massachusetts–chief justice of appeals court, $3,890, superior court chief justice, $3,980. Minnesota–chief judge of the court of appeals, $4,447; chief judge of district court, $4,175. Missouri–chief judge, $10,227. New Hampshire–chief judge, $5,977. New Mexico–chief judge, $1,900. New York–presiding judges of appellate divisions of supreme court, $3,000. North Carolina–chief judge of court of appeals, $1,600; senior judge of superior court, $2,500. North Dakota–presiding judge, $1,656 (effective July 1996). Oregon–chief judge, $2,000 (effective July 1996). Pennsylvania–presiding judges of superior court and commonwealth court, $1,750; president judges of courts of common pleas, additional amounts to $2,500, depending on number of judges and population. Rhode Island–presiding judge, $9,400. South Carolina–chief judge, $4,016. South Dakota–presiding circuit judge, $2,000. Texas–chief judge, $3,204. Utah, Virginia–chief judge, $1,000. Vermont–administrative judges of superior and district courts, $4,010. District of Columbia–chief judge, $500. Guam–presiding judge, $25,000. No. Mariana Islands–presiding judge of superior court, $3,000. U.S. Virgin Islands–presiding judge of territorial courts, $10,000. (c) Plus local supplements, if any. (d) Salaries range from $104,472 to $105,876 for supreme court; $96,600 to $103,596 for superior court, depending on location and cost-of-living differentials. (e) Effective as of July, 1996. In Wisconsin, August, 1996. (f) Plus three percent semiannually after 25 or more years, three-fourth of three percent after 20-25 years, one-half of three percent after 15-20 years, and one-fourth of three percent after 10-15 years. (g) Plus $3,000 subsistence allowance for associate judges; for chief judges, $5,500. (h) District judge designated as administrative judge, $79,971; district judge, $79,069; district magistrate judge, $37,332. (i) Chief regional judges receive $72,883. (j) Superior court department of the trial court. (k) Plus six percent at seven years and an additional one percent each year thereafter for a maximum of 22 percent. (l) Assignment judges receive $120,750. (m) Intermediate Appellate Court, Appellate Division of the Supreme Court (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th departments): $119,000; Appellate Terms of the Supreme Court (1st, 2nd, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th districts): $115,000. (n) Plus 4.8 percent after five years, 9.6 percent after 10 years, 14.4 percent after 15 years, and 19.2 percent after 20 years. (o) District judges $76,000; associate district judges paid on basis of population ranges: over 30,000–$70,000; 10,000 to 30,000–$62,500; under 10,000– $58,000. (p) Plus five percent after five years, 10 percent after 11 years, 15 percent after 15 years, 17.5 percent after 20 years, and 20 percent after 25 years. (q) Plus $6,500 in lieu of travel, lodging and other expenses. (r) General trial court responsibilities handled by the chief justice or associate judges of the High Court.

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JUDICIARY

Table 4.7 SELECTED DATA ON COURT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES State or other jurisdiction

Title

Established

Appointed by (a)

Salary

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Administrative Director of Courts (b) Administrative Director Administrative Director of Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts

1971 1959 1960 1965 1960

CJ (b) CJ (b) SC (c) CJ (c) JC

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

State Court Administrator Chief Court Administrator (f) Director, Administrative Office of the Courts State Courts Administrator Director, Administrative Office of the Courts

1959 1965 1971 1972 1973

SC CJ CJ SC JC

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa ................................. ...........................................

Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Executive Director, Division of State Court Administration Court Administrator

1959 1967 1959 1975 1971

(b) CJ (b) SC SC CJ SC

85,302 74,313 115,663 78,155 74,800 to 106,000

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

Judicial Administrator Administrative Director of the Courts Judicial Administrator Court Administrator State court Administrator (b)

1965 1976 1954 1975 1955

CJ CJ SC CJ CJ

79,069 82,300 89,300 70,005 93,600

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... ........................................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

Chief Justice for Administration & Management State Court Administrator State Court Administrator

1978 1952 1963

SC SC SC

Court Administrator State Courts Administrator

1974 1970

SC SC

103,500 112,565 Not to exceed 83,494 81,200 75,645

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

State Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director, Office of Court Administration Director of the Administrative Office of the Court Administrative Director of the Courts

1975 1972 1971 1980 1948

SC CJ SC SC CJ

55,227 76,898 (d) 70,692 73,468 115,000

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Chief Administrator of the Courts (h) Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Court Administrator (j) Administrative Director of the Courts

1959 1978 1965 1971 1955

SC (i) CJ (i) CJ CJ SC

71,029 122,000 80,600 (e) 64,404 (d) 94,702

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Administrative Director of the Courts Court Administrator Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director of Court Administration

1967 1971 1968 1969 1973

SC SC SC CJ CJ

78,660 84,200 (d) 117,250 83,856 (e) 65,000

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

State Court Administrator Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court Administrative Director of the Courts (k) Court Administrator Court Administrator (l)

1974 1963 1977 1973 1967

SC SC SC SC SC

67,594 94,620 85,217 86,200 76,021

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Executive Secretary to the Supreme Court Administrator for the Courts Administrative Director of the Supreme Court of Appeals Director of State Courts Court Coordinator

1952 1957 1975 1978 1974

SC (m) SC (m) SC SC SC

99,678 94,064 81,000 94,804 50,799

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Executive Officer, Courts of D.C. Court Administrator Administrative Director of Superior Court Administrative Director of the Court Court/Administrative Clerk

1971 1977 N.A. 1952 N.A.

(n) CJ (o) CJ (o) CJ N.A.

133,600 27,092 82,025 75,000 65,000

Source: Salary information was taken from National Center for State Courts, Survey of Judicial Salaries (January 1996). Key: SC — State court of last resort. CJ — Chief justice or chief judge of court of last resort. JC — Judicial council. N.A. — Not available. (a) Term of office for all court administrators is at pleasure of appointing authority. (b) With approval of Supreme Court. (c) With approval of Judicial Council. (d) Effective July 1996.

146 The Book of the States 1996-97

$ 93,080 102,468 101,268 73,933 (d) 122,893 (e) 118,068 (d,g) 76,100 92,975 83,616

(e) Set by Supreme Court. (f) Administrator is an associate judge of the Supreme Court. (g) Base pay supplemented by increments for length of service. (h) If incumbent is a judge, the title is Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts. (i) With advice and consent of Administrative Board of the Courts. (j) Serves as executive secretary to Judicial Council. (k) Serves as executive director of Judicial Council. (l) Also clerk of the Supreme Court. (m) Appointed from list of five submitted by governor. (n) Joint Committee on Judicial Administration. (o) Presiding judge of Superior Court (general trial court).

Chapter Five

ELECTIONS, CAMPAIGN FINANCE AND INITIATIVES Democracy in action â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on offices up for election 1996-2005, methods of nominating candidates, formulas for election dates, polling hours, voting statistics, campaign finance laws, and procedures for initiative, referenda and recalls.

Table 5.1 STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED: 1996-2005 State or other jurisdiction

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG G,LG,SS,SP,T (b) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (c) G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T (d)

... ... ... ... ...

Colorado (e) .................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ... G,LG (d) ... SS

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T AG,A,T G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,AR,SS,SP, (f,g)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... G,LG (d) ... (f)

Hawaii ............................. Idaho* .............................. Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(h) ... ... G,LG,AG,SP ...

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG (h) G,LG,AG,SS,SP,T (i) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

(h) ... ... G,LG,AG,SP ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana (l) ................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

(j) ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,SS,T, (j) ... ... G G,LG,AG,C

... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (k) G,LG,AG,AR,SS,T ... ...

(j) ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan (m) .................. Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... G,LG,AG,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,SS G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ... A

... ... ... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (n) ...

... ... ... ... G,LG,AG,SS,T

Montana .......................... Nebraska (o) ................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP ... (p) G ...

... ... ... ... G

... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T (p) G ...

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP ... (p) G ...

New Mexico (q)* ............ New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota (s) ............ Ohio .................................

... ... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T (r) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T (t)

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C ... ... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (t)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T (r) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T (t)

Oklahoma (u) ................. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

(v) AG,SS,T AG,A,T (x) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SP,T (u) G,SP (w) G,LG G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T (y)

... ... ... ... ...

. . . (v) AG,SS,T AG,A,T (x) ... ...

Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor AG — Attorney General AR — Agriculture

See footnotes at end of table. A — Auditor C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) T — Treasurer

149

ELECTIONS

The Council of State Governments

Alabama* ........................ Alaska (a) ........................ Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

ELECTIONS

150 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED — Continued State or other jurisdiction

1996

South Dakota (z) ............ Tennessee (aa) ................. Texas (bb) ........................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

... ... ... G,LG,AG,A,T (cc) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G G,LG,AG,AR,C (cc) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... G,LG,AG,A,T (cc) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T (g) G,AG,AR,A,SS,T ... ...

G,LG,AG ... ... SP ...

... ... ... G,LG,AG,SS,T G,A,SS,SP,T

... ... ... ... ...

... G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T (g) G,AG,AR,A,SS,T ... ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

G,LG

...

11 9 10 3 8 0 9

2 1 1 0 0 0 0

37 31 29 6 15 9 26

3 3 3 3 2 0 3

11 9 10 3 8 0 8

5 9

1 0

9 26

0 3

5 9

Totals for year Governor ..................... Lieutenant Governor Attorney General ....... Agriculture ................. Auditor ........................ Comptroller ................ Secretary of State ...... Supt. of Public Inst. (dd) .................. Treasurer ....................

Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor AG — Attorney General AR — Agriculture

1997

A — Auditor C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) T — Treasurer

1998

1999

2000

STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED — Continued State or other jurisdiction

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG G,AG,SS,SP,T (b) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T (d)

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T ... ... ... ...

Colorado (e) .................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T AG,C,T G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,AR,SS,SP (f,g)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... G,LG ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho* .............................. Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG G,LG,AG,SS,SP,T (i) G,LG,AG,C,SS,T A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T,AR

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... G,LG,AG,SP ...

... ... ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana (l) ................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,SS,T ... ... G G,LG,AG,C

... G,LG,AG,AR,A,C,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,SS,T ... ...

G,LG,AG,SS,T (j) ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan (m) .................. Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (n) A

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... G,LG,AG,SS,T

... ... ... ... A

Montana .......................... Nebraska (o) ................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ... ... ... G

... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T G ...

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP ... ... G ...

... ... ... ... G

New Mexico (q)* ............ New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota (s) ............ Ohio .................................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,C ... ... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (t)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T (r) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T ...

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma (u) ................. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SP,T(u) G,SP (w) G,LG G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,C,SS,SP,T (y)

... ... ... ... ...

(v) AG,SS,T AG,A,T (x) ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

151

Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor AG — Attorney General AR — Agriculture

See footnotes at end of table. A — Auditor C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) T — Treasurer

ELECTIONS

The Council of State Governments

Alabama* ........................ Alaska (a) ........................ Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

State or other jurisdiction

2001

ELECTIONS

152 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED — Continued

2002

2003

2004

2005

South Dakota (z) ............ Tennessee (aa) ................. Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... ... ... ...

G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G G,LG,AG,A,C (cc) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... G,LG,AG,A,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

G,LG,AG ... ... SP ...

... ... ... G,LG,AG,SS,T G,A,SS,SP,T

... ... ... ... ...

... G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T G,AG,AR,A,SS,T ... ...

G,LG,AG ... ... SP ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

G,LG

...

2 1 1 0 0 0 0

38 32 30 5 18 9 26

2 2 2 2 1 1 2

12 10 12 3 8 0 9

3 2 2 1 2 0 1

1 0

9 27

0 2

5 10

1 1

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: This table shows the executive branch officials up for election in given year. Footnotes indicate other offices (e.g., commissioners of labor, insurance, public service, etc.) also up for election in a given year. The data contained in this table reflect information available at press time. Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections A — Auditor G — Governor C — Comptroller LG — Lieutenant Governor SS — Secretary of State AG — Attorney General SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) AR — Agriculture T — Treasurer (a) Election of school boards established to maintain system of state dependent public school systems established in areas of the unorganized borough and military reservations not served by other public school systems. (b) Mine inspector–2 year term; corporation commissioners (e)–2 year terms. (c) Commissioner of state lands–4 year term. (d) Insurance commissioner. (e) State board of education (7)–6 year terms; University of Colorado regents (9)–6 year terms. (f) Public service commissioners (5)–6 year terms; 1996–2, 1998–1, 2000–2. Commissioner of labor–4 year term, 1998. Special election to fill secretary of state vacancy in 1996. (g) Insurance commissioner, commissioner of public lands. (h) State board of education (13)–4 year terms; 1996–7, 1998–6, 2000–7. (i) Controller. (j) Commissioner of insurance 1998; 2004. Board of education members (10)–4 year terms, 1996–5, 1998– 5, 2000–5, 2004–5. (k) Railroad commissioners (3). (l) Commissioner of elections–4 year term; commissioner of insurance–4 year term; board of elementary and secondary education (8)–4 year terms; public service commissioners (5)–6 year terms.

(m) Michigan State University trustees (8)–8 year terms; University of Michigan regents (8)–8 year terms; Wayne State University governors (8)–8 year terms; board of education (8)–8 year terms, 1996–2, 1998–2, 2000–2. (n) Commissioner of insurance, highway commissioners (3), public service commissioners (3). (o) Public service commissioners (5)–6 year terms; state board of education (8)–4 year terms; state university regents (8)–6 year terms. (p) State board of education (11)–4 year terms, 1996–5, 1998–6, 2000–5. (q) Commissioner of public lands–4 year terms, 1998; board of education (10)–6 year terms; corporation commissioners (3)–6 year terms. (r) Commissioner of labor; commissioner of insurance. (s) Commissioner of labor–4 year term, 1998; commissioner of insurance–4 year term, 1998; tax commissioner–4 year term, 1998; public service commissioner (3)–6 year terms. (t) State board of education (19)–6 year terms, 1996–6; 1998–7; 2000–6. (u) Corporation commissioner (3)–6 year terms, 1996, 1998, 2000; commissioner of insurance–4 year term, 1998; commissioner of labor–4 year term, 1998. (v) In Oklahoma, 1 of 3 corporation commissioners elected for 6 year term. (w) Commissioner of labor and industries–4 year term. (x) In Pennsylvania, auditor general. (y) Adjutant general–4 year term. (z) Commissioner of school and public lands; public utility commissioners (3) 6 year terms; board of education (15)–6 year terms, 1996, 1998, 2000. (aa) Public service commissioners (3)–6 year terms. (bb) Commissioner of general land office–4 year term; railroad commissioners (3) 6 year terms; board of education (15)–6 year terms; members of State Board of Education serve staggered 4 year term (8 elected in 1996, 7 elected in 1998). (cc) State board of education (9)–4 year terms, 1996–8, 1998–7, 2000–8. (dd) Superintendent of public instruction or commissioner of education.

Table 5.2 STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1996-2005 State or other jurisdiction

Total legislators Senate

1996

1997

1998

House

Senate

House

Senate

House

Senate

1999 House

Senate

House

35 20 30 35 40

105 40 60 100 80

... 10 30 17 20

... 40 60 100 80

... ... ... ... ...

35 10 30 18 20

105 40 60 100 80

... ... ... ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

35 36 21 40 56

65 151 41 120 180

19 36 11 20 56

65 151 41 120 180

... ... ... ... ...

16 36 10 20 56

65 151 41 120 180

... ... ... ... ...

25 35 59 (b) 50 50

51 70 118 100 100

13 35 39 25 25 (d)

51 70 118 100 100

... ... ... ... ...

12 35 40 25 25 (e)

51 70 118 100 100

... ... ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine* ................................. Maryland ............................

40 38 39 35 47

125 100 105 151 141

40 19 ... 35 ...

125 100 ... 151 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 19 ... 35 47

125 100 ... 151 141

... ... 39 ... ...

... ... 105 ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

40 38 67 52 34

160 110 134 122 163

40 ... 67 ... 17

160 110 134 ... 163

... ... ... ... ...

40 38 ... ... 17

160 110 134 ... 163

... ... ... 52 ...

... ... ... 122 ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

50 49 21 24 40

100 U 42 400 80

25 25 10 24 ...

100 U 42 400 ...

... ... ... ... 40

... ... ... ... 80

25 24 11 24 ...

100 U 42 400 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 80

New Mexico ........................ New York* ........................... North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

42 61 50 49 33

70 150 120 98 99

42 61 50 24 (d) 16

70 150 120 98 99

... ... ... ... ...

... 61 50 25 (e) 17

70 150 120 98 99

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

48 30 50 50 46

101 60 203 100 124

24 15 25 50 46

101 60 203 100 124

... ... ... ... ...

24 15 25 50 ...

101 60 203 100 124

... ... ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

153

ELECTIONS

The Council of State Governments

Alabama* ............................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

State or other jurisdiction

Total legislators Senate

1996

1997

1998

House

Senate

House

Senate

House

Senate

ELECTIONS

154 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1996-2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued 1999 House

Senate

House

35 33 31 29 30

70 99 150 75 150

35 16 15 14 30

70 99 150 75 150

... ... ... ... ...

35 17 16 15 30

70 99 150 75 150

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

40 49 34 33 30

100 98 100 99 60

... 25 17 16 15

... 98 100 99 60

... ... ... ... ...

100 ... ... ... ...

... 24 17 17 15

... 98 100 99 60

40 ... ... ... ...

100 ... ... ... ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .............

...

Totals ...............................

1,999

5,440

1,209

4,787

180

1,136

5,033

131

407

STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1996-2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

2000 Senate

2001 House

Senate

2002 House

Senate

2003 House

Senate

2004 House

Senate

2005 House

Senate

House

Alabama* ............................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

... 10 30 17 20

... 40 60 100 80

... ... ... ... ...

35 10 30 35 20

105 40 60 100 80

... ... ... ... ...

... 10 30 35 20

... 40 60 100 80

... ... ... ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

18 36 11 20 56

65 151 41 120 180

... ... ... ... ...

18 36 21 20 (a) 56

65 151 41 120 180

... ... ... ... ...

19 36 10 20 56

65 151 41 120 180

... ... ... ... ...

13 35 19 25 25 (d)

51 70 118 100 100

... ... ... ... ...

12 35 59 25 25 (e)

51 70 118 99 100

... ... ... ... ...

13 35 (c) 25 50

51 70 118 99 100

... ... ... ... ...

40 19 ... 35 ...

125 100 ... 151 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 19 ... 35 47

125 100 ... 151 141

... ... 39 ... ...

... ... 105 ... ...

40 19 ... 35 ...

125 100 ... 151 ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

40 ... 67 ... 17

160 110 134 ... 163

... ... ... ... ...

40 38 ... ... 17

160 110 134 ... 163

... ... ... 52 ...

... ... ... 122 ...

40 ... 67 ... 17

160 110 134 ... 163

... ... ... ... ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

25 25 10 24 ...

100 U 42 400 ...

... ... ... ... 40

... ... ... ... 80

25 24 11 (f) 24 ...

100 U 42 400 ...

... ... ... ... 40

... ... ... ... 80

25 25 10 24 ...

100 U 42 400 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 80

New Mexico ........................ New York* ........................... North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

42 61 50 24 (d) 16

70 150 120 98 99

... ... ... ... ...

... 61 50 25 (e) 17

70 150 120 98 99

... ... ... ... ...

42 61 50 24 16

70 150 120 98 99

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

24 15 25 50 46

101 60 203 100 124

... ... ... ... ...

24 15 25 50 ...

101 60 203 100 124

... ... ... ... ...

24 15 25 38 46

101 60 203 75 124

... ... ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

155

ELECTIONS

The Council of State Governments

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine* ................................. Maryland ............................

State or other jurisdiction

2000 Senate

2001 House

Senate

2002 House

Senate

2003 House

Senate

2004 House

Senate

ELECTIONS

156 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1996-2005 — Continued 2005 House

Senate

House

35 16 15 14 30

70 99 150 75 150

... ... ... ... ...

35 17 31 15 30

70 99 150 75 150

... ... ... ... ...

35 16 15 14 30

70 99 150 75 150

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

... 25 17 16 15

... 98 100 99 60

... ... ... ... ...

100 ... ... ... ...

... 24 17 17 15

... 98 100 99 60

40 ... ... ... ...

100 ... ... ... ...

... 25 17 16 15

... 98 100 99 60

... ... ... ... ...

100 ... ... ... ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .............

...

Totals ...............................

1,188

4,787

180

1,200

5,032

171

407

1,200

4,761

180

Sources: State elections administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: This table shows the number of legislative seats up for election in a given year. As a result of redistricting, states may adjust some elections. The data contained in this table reflect information available at press time. See Table 3.3, “The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations,” for specific information on legislative terms. Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections U — Unicameral legislature (a) In the year following reapportionment, if the Florida Legislature deems it necessary, all 40 Senate seats

may have to run–20 for two-year terms and 20 for four-year terms. (b) The entire Senate is up for election every 10 years, beginning in 1972. Senate districts are divided into three groups. One group of senators is elected for terms of four years, four years and two years; two years, four years and four years; four years, two years and four years. (c) After redistricting there will be a lottery for which districts in the Senate will receive the set of terms. (d) Even-numbered Senate districts. (e) Odd-numbered Senate districts. (f) In Nevada, reapportionment after the census of 2000 will likely add senate and assembly districts for the 2002 elections.

ELECTIONS

Table 5.3 METHODS OF NOMINATING CANDIDATES FOR STATE OFFICES State or other jurisdiction Alabama* ........................

Method(s) of nominating candidates Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates (meetings must be held at least 60 days prior to the date on which primaries are conducted).

Alaska ..............................

Primary election.

Arizona ............................

Primary election.

Arkansas .........................

Primary election.

California ........................

Primary election or independent nomination procedure.

Colorado .........................

Assembly/primary; however, a political party may hold a pre-primary assembly (at least 65 days before the primary) for the designation of candidates. Each candidate who receives at least 30 percent of the delegatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; vote of those present and voting is listed on the primary ballot, with the candidate receiving the most votes listed first. If no candidate receives at least 30 percent of the vote, a second ballot shall be taken on all candidates, and the two candidates with the highest number of votes will be the candidate placed on the primary ballot. If any candidate receives less than 10 percent of the votes from the assembly, they are precluded form petitioning further.

Connecticut .....................

Convention/primary election. Major political parties hold state conventions (convening not earlier than the 68th day and closing not later than the 50th day before the date of the primary) for the purpose of endorsing candidates. If no one challenges the endorsed candidate, no primary election is held. However, if anyone (who received at least 15 percent of the delegate vote on any roll call at the convention) challenges the endorsed candidate, a primary election is held to determine the party nominee for the general election.

Delaware .........................

Primary election.

Florida .............................

Primary election.

Georgia ............................

Primary election.

Hawaii .............................

Primary election.

Idaho ................................

Primary election.

Illinois ..............................

Primary election.

Indiana ............................

Primary election held for the nomination of candidates for governor and U.S. senator; state party conventions held for the nomination of candidates for other state offices.

Iowa .................................

Primary election; however, if there are more than two candidates for any nomination and none receives at least 35 percent of the primary vote, the primary is deemed inconclusive and the nomination is made by the party convention.

Kansas .............................

Primary election; however, candidates of any political party that receive less than 5 percent but more than 1 percent of the total votes cast for statewide offices in the general election must nominate candidates by either caucus or convention.

Kentucky .........................

Primary election. A slate of candidates for governor and lieutenant governor that receives the highest number of its partyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s votes but which number is less than 40 percent of the votes cast for all slates of candidates of that party, shall be required to participate in a runoff primary with the slate of candidates of the same party receiving the second highest number of votes.

Louisiana .........................

Primary election. Open primary system requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. Candidate who receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary is elected to office; if no candidate receives a majority vote, a runoff election is held between the two candidates who received the most votes.

Maine* .............................

Primary election.

Maryland ........................

Primary election.

Massachusetts .................

Primary election.

Michigan .........................

Primary election held for nomination of candidates for governor, U.S. congressional seats, state senators and representatives; court of appeals, circuit and district courts; state conventions held for nomination of candidates for lieutenant governor, secretary of state and attorney general. State convention also held to nominate candidates for Justice of Supreme Court, State Board of Education, Regents of University of Michigan, Trustees of Michigan State University, Governors of Wayne State University.

Minnesota .......................

Primary election.

Mississippi ......................

Primary election.

Missouri ..........................

Primary election.

Montana ..........................

Primary election.

Nebraska .........................

Primary election.

Nevada .............................

Primary election.

New Hampshire ..............

Primary election.

New Jersey ......................

Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election.

New Mexico ....................

Convention/primary election.

New York* .......................

Committee meeting/primary election. The person who receives the majority vote at the state party committee meeting becomes the designated candidate for nomination; however, all other persons who received at least 25 percent of the convention vote may demand that their names appear on the primary ballot as candidates for nomination. Other candidates not receiving 25 percent of the vote may use a designating petition to put their names on the primary ballot as candidates for nomination.

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

157

ELECTIONS

METHODS OF NOMINATING CANDIDATES FOR STATE OFFICES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Method(s) of nominating candidates

North Carolina ...............

Primary election.

North Dakota ..................

Convention/primary election. Political parties hold state conventions for the purpose of endorsing candidates. Endorsed candidates are automatically placed on the primary election ballot, but other candidates may also petition their name on the ballot.

Ohio .................................

Primary election.

Oklahoma .......................

Primary election.

Oregon .............................

Primary election.

Pennsylvania ...................

Primary election and nomination papers for minor political parties and political bodies.

Rhode Island ...................

Primary election.

South Carolina ...............

Primary election for Republicans and Democrats; party conventions held for three minor parties. All must file with proper election commission by varying dates depending on office.

South Dakota ..................

Primary election. Any candidate who receives a plurality of the primary vote becomes the nominee; however, if no individual receives at least 35 percent of the vote for the candidacy for the offices of governor, U.S. senator, or U.S. congressman, a runoff election is held two weeks later. Constitutional officers, attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and school and public lands commissioner, are nominated by party convention.

Tennessee .........................

Primary election.

Texas ................................

Primary election.

Utah .................................

Convention/primary election. Delegates are elected at neighborhood caucus meetings to attend county and state conventions and select party members to run at the regular primary election.

Vermont* .........................

Primary election.

Virginia ...........................

Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates (party opting for convention can only do so within 32 days prior to date on which primary elections are normally held).

Washington .....................

Primary election.

West Virginia ..................

Primary election; however, executive committees may make nomination in case of certain vacancies on ballot.

Wisconsin ........................

Primary election.

Wyoming .........................

Primary election.

Dist. of Columbia ...........

Primary election.

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Primary election.

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of The States, 1994-95. Note: The nominating methods described here are for state offices; procedures may vary for local candidates. Also, independent candidates may have to petition for nomination.

158 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 5.4 ELECTION DATES FOR NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS (Formulas) State or other jurisdiction

National Primary

Runoff

State General

Primary

Runoff

Local General

Primary

Runoff

General

June, 1st T Aug., 4th T 8 T Prior 3 wks. Prior June, ★

... ... ... June, 2nd T (b) ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★

June, 1st T Nat. 8th T Prior Nat. Nat.

June, Last T ... ... Nat. ...

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat.

State ... (a) Nat. V

State ... ... Nat. ...

Nat. Oct., 1st T Nat. (a) Nat. Nat.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... ........................................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Aug, 2nd T 56th day Prior (N)(c) 1st T in March (P) Sept., 1st S After 1st M 9th T Prior July, 3rd T

... ...

Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★

Nat. 56th day Prior

... ...

Nat. (c) Nat.

... State

... ...

Nat. Nat. or May, 1st M (d)

... 5th T Prior 21 days AP

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★ (c)

Nat. Nat. July, 3rd T

... Nat. 21 days AP

Nat. Nat. (c) Nat. (c)

... Nat. July, 3rd T

... Nat. 21 days AP

(a) Nat. (c) Nat. (c)

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

Sept., 2nd Last S May, 4th T March 3rd T May, ★ June, ★

... ... ... ... ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ (c)

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat.

... ... ... ... ...

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. (c)

Nat. Nat. February, Last T Nat. Nat. (e)

... ... ... ... ...

Nat. Nat. April, 1st T (d) Nat. Nat. (e)

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana (h) .................. Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

Aug 1st T May, 1st T after 4th M Oct., 1st S June, 2nd T Sept., 2nd T After 1st M

... ... ... ... ...

Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. (a) Nat. Oct., 2nd to last S Nat. Nat.

... (g) ... ... ...

Nat. (a) Nat. 4th S AP Nat. Nat.

5 wks. Prior (f) Nat. V ... Nat.

... ... ... ... ...

April 1st T (f) Nat. V V Nat.

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

7th T Prior Aug., ★ (i) Sept., 1st T after 2nd M June, 1st T (j) Aug., ★

... ... ... 3rd T AP ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. Nat. Nat. Aug., ★ (a) Nat.

... ... ... 3rd T AP ...

Nat. Nat. (c) Nat. Nat. (a) Nat.

V Nat. Nat. (a) May, 1st T (a) Nat.

... ... ... 2nd T AP ...

V Nat. (c) Nat. (a) June, ★ (a) Nat.

Montana .......................... ........................................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

June, ★

...

Nov., ★

Nat.

...

Nat.

Nat. (f)

... ... ... ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★

Nat. Nat. Nat. June, ★

... ... ... ...

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat.

Sept., 1st T after 2nd M (a) Nat. Nat. ... June, ★

...

May, 1st T After 2nd M Sept., 1st T Sept, 2nd T (c) June, ★

... ... ... ...

Nat. Nat. Mar., 2nd T or May, 2nd T Nat.

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... ........................................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

June, 1st T April, 1st T (P)

... ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. Sept., ★

... ...

Nat. Nat.

Nat. State

Nat. Nat.

May, ★ June, 2nd T March, 3rd T (P)

... ... ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. Nat. Nat.

4 wks. AP ... ...

Nat. Nat. Nat.

V ... Nat. (a)

... Sept., 2 wks AP (a) V ... ...

159

Key: ★ — First Tuesday after first Monday. M —Monday. T — Tuesday. TH — Thursday. S — Saturday. Nat. — Same date as national elections.

V April 1st T or June 2nd T Nat. (a)

See footnotes at end of table. State — Same date as state elections. Prior — Prior to general election. (P) — Presidential election years. (N) — Non-presidential election years. AP — After primary. V — Varies.

ELECTIONS

The Council of State Governments

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

State or other jurisdiction

National Primary

Oklahoma ....................... ........................................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... ........................................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Aug., 4th T (k) Mar, 2nd T (P) May, 3rd T May, 3rd T April, 4th T (P)(l) Sept., 2nd T After 1st M June, 2nd T

South Dakota .................. ........................................... Tennessee ......................... ........................................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont (o)* ...................

June, 1st T Feb., Last T (P) Aug., 1st TH (c) March, 2nd T (P) March, 2nd T June, 4th T Sept., 2nd T

Runoff

State General

Primary

ELECTIONS

160 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTION DATES FOR NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS — Continued Local

Runoff

General

Primary

Runoff

General

Sept., 3rd T

Nov., ★ (c)

Nat.

Nat. (c)

Nat.

Nat. (c)

... ...

Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★

Nat. Nat.

... ...

Nat. Nat.

... ...

Nat. Nat.

... 2nd T AP

Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. Nat.

... Nat.

Nat. Nat.

Nat. Nat. (a)

... Nat.

Nat. Nat. (a)

2nd T AP

Nov., ★

June, 1st T

2nd T AP

Nat.

State

...

Nat. (m)

...

Nov., ★ (c)

Nat.

...

Nat.

...

Aug 1st TH (c)

Apr., 2nd T ... ...

Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★ (c) Nov., ★

Nat. Nat. Sept., 2nd T

Nat. ... ...

Nat. Nat. Nat.*

May, 1st T (n) March, 2nd T (P) Nat. Nat. ...

Nat. ... ...

Nat. Nat. March, 1st T

June, 2nd T Sept., 3rd T (p) May, 2nd T Sept., 2nd T Aug., 1st T After 3rd M

... ... ... ... ...

Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★ Nov., ★

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat.

... ... ... ... ...

Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. (q) Nat.

Nat. or March, 1st T Nat. Nat. Feb., 3rd T Nat.

... ... ... ... ...

Nat. or May, 1st T Nat. Nat. April 1st T (p) Nat.

...

Sept., 2nd T

14 day AP

Nov., 1st T

Sept., 2nd T

14 days AP

Nov., 1st T

Source: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: This table describes the basic formulas for determining when national, state and local elections will be held. For specific information on a particular state, the reader is advised to contact the specific state election administration office. National elections are defined as elections for president, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives. In some cases, states have elected to provide specific data on variations between national elections in presidential and non-presidential years. Where provided, these variations have been noted. Key: State — Same date as state elections. ★ — First Tuesday after first Monday. Prior — Prior to general election. M —Monday. (P) — Presidential election years. T — Tuesday. (N) — Non-presidential election years. TH — Thursday. AP — After primary. S — Saturday. V — Varies. Nat. — Same date as national elections. (a) In Arizona, municipalities not less than 30 days prior to general election. In Delaware, elections are determined by city charter. In Iowa, partisan election only. In Kansas, state and county elections. In Minnesota, county elections only. In Mississippi, state and county elections are held together; municipal elections are held in separate years. In Montana, municipalities only. In New York, runoff in New York City only. In Ohio, municipalities and towns in odd years and counties in even years. In South Carolina, school boards vary. (b) In Arkansas, a general primary is scheduled for the second Tuesday in June. A preferential primary is held two weeks before the general primary; should no candidate receive a majority vote, the general (runoff) primary is held. (c) Even years. (d) Unless that date conflicts with Passover, then 1st Tuesday following last day of Passover. (e) County, township offices, and city elections are held in odd-numbered years on Nov. *. School elections are held annually on Sept., 2T. (f) Odd years.

(g) Held 35 days after the date of the May primary if necessary for governor and lieutenant governor race. (h) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, that candidate is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. For national elections, the first vote is held on the first Saturday in October of evennumbered years with the general election held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. For state elections, the election is held on the second to last Saturday in October with the runoff being held on the fourth Saturday after first election. Local elections vary depending on the location and the year. (i) Applies to federal, state, county, and township offices. Cities may hold their primaries and elections at different times depending on charter or governing statutes. Villages generally hold primary in February and elections in March on an annual basis. Schools for the most part hold annual elections in June. (j) Except in presidential election year when congressional races correspond to Super Tuesday. (k) The primary election is held on the 4th Tuesday in August in each even-numbered year, including presidential election years. The presidential preferential primary is held on the 2nd Tuesday in March during presidential election years. (l) Except the 1994 election which would have landed on a Jewish holiday. It was held on May 10, 1994. (m) County officials. (n) County party has the option of having a county primary in conjunction with the presidential primary in March or the regular May date. (o) In Vermont, if there is a tie in the general election, the legislature decides the winner. In state primary runoffs, the runoff election must be proclaimed within 7 days after primary; after proclamation, election is held 15-22 days later. Local elections are held by annual town meetings which may vary depending on town charter. (p) Other election dates for special elections include: Feb. *, March 2T, April *, May, 4T or date of presidential primary. (q) Superintendent of public instruction, Supreme Court, court of appeals and circuit court justices are elected with local officials.

ELECTIONS

Table 5.5 POLLING HOURS: GENERAL ELECTIONS State or other jurisdiction

Polls open

Polls close

Alabama* ........................ ........................................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

No later than 8 a.m.

Between 6 and 8 p.m.

7 a.m. 6 a.m. 7:30 a.m. 7 a.m.

8 p.m. 7 p.m. 7:30 p.m. 8 p.m.

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

7 a.m. 6 a.m. 7 a.m. 7 a.m. 7 a.m.

7 p.m. 8 p.m. 8 p.m. 7 p.m. 7 p.m.

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ ........................................... Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

7 a.m. 8 a.m.

6 p.m. 8 p.m.

6 a.m. 6 a.m. 7 a.m.

7 p.m. 6 p.m. local time 9 p.m.

Kansas ............................. ........................................... Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. ........................................... Maryland ........................

Between 6 and 7 a.m.

Between 7 and 8 p.m.

6 a.m. 6 a.m. Between 6 and 9 a.m.

6 p.m. (prevailing time) 8 p.m. 8 p.m.

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

7 a.m. 7 a.m. 7 a.m.

8 p.m. 8 p.m. 8 p.m.

7 a.m. 6 a.m.

7 p.m. 7 p.m.

Montana .......................... ........................................... ........................................... Nebraska ......................... ........................................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire ..............

7 a.m. noon

8 p.m. 8 p.m.

7 a.m. 8 a.m. 7 a.m. Varies 11 a.m.

7 p.m. (MST) 8 p.m. (CST) 7 p.m. Varies (cities) 7 p.m. (towns)

New Jersey ......................

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ...............

7 a.m. 6 a.m. 6:30 a.m.

7 p.m. 9 p.m. 7:30 p.m.

North Dakota .................. ........................................... Ohio .................................

Between 7 and 9 a.m.

Between 7 and 9 p.m.

6:30 a.m.

7:30 p.m.

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

7 a.m. 7 a.m. 7 a.m. Between 6 and 9 a.m. 7 a.m.

7 p.m. 8 p.m. 8 p.m. 9 p.m. 7 p.m.

7 a.m. 8 a.m. No standard opening time 7 a.m. 7 a.m. Between 6 and 10 a.m.

7 p.m. (MST) 8 p.m. (CST) 7p.m. (CST) 8 p.m. (EST) 7 p.m. 8 p.m. 7 p.m.

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ ........................................... Wyoming .........................

6 a.m. 7 a.m. 6:30 a.m. 7 a.m. Between 7 and 9 a.m. 7 a.m.

7 p.m. 8 p.m. 7:30 p.m. 8 p.m. 8 p.m. 7 p.m.

Dist. of Columbia ........... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

7 a.m. 7 a.m.

8 p.m. 7 p.m.

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: Hours for primary, municipal and special elections may differ from those noted.

Notes on hours (a) Polls must be open at least 10 consecutive hours; hours set by county commissioner.

Polls may open earlier at option of county clerk, but not earlier than 7 a.m. Polls may close earlier if all registered electors in a precinct have voted.

Hours may be changed by county election officer, but polls must be open at least 12 consecutive hours between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. Only persons still in line at 6 p.m. may vote until 7 p.m. Towns with population less than 100 may close after all registered voters have voted.

Municipalities of less than 500 may establish hours of no later than 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.

In precincts of over 200 registered voters. In precincts of less than 200 registered voters, polls may close when all registered electors have voted.

All polls open not later than 11 a.m. and close not earlier than 7 p.m. In cities, city council shall determine polling hours at least 30 days prior to state elections.

In precincts where voting machines are used, county board of elections may permit closing at 9:30 p.m., provided that all precincts in the county remain open until 9:30 p.m. In precincts where less than 75 votes were cast in previous elections, polls may open at noon.

Opening hours vary across cities and towns.

Must be open at least 10 hours and no more than 13 hours.

1st, 2nd, 3rd class cities. 4th class cities, towns and villages.

(a) In all states, voters standing in line when the polls close are allowed to vote; however, provisions for handling those voters vary across jurisdictions.

The Council of State Governments

161

ELECTIONS

Table 5.6 VOTER REGISTRATION INFORMATION State or other jurisdiction

Mail registration allowed for all voters

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... ★ ★ ★ ★

10 30 29 30 29

M/O (b) (b) (b) (b)

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

29 14 (d) 20 29 (e)

(b) (b) (b) (b) (b)

2 general elections — 4 2 general elections —

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

30 (f) 29 29 (g) 10

(b) (b) M/O M/O (b)

2 election cycles 4 — — 2 general elections

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

14 28 24 Election day 29

(b) (b) D (b) (b)

2 general elections — — — —

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

20 30 Election day (h) 30 28

(b) (b) (b) (b) (b)

— — 4 4 (i) 2 general elections

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

30 (j) 30 10 (l) 29

(b) (b) M/O B,D,E,R,S,T (b)

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

Closing date for registration before general election (days)

Persons eligible for absentee registration (a)

Automatic cancellation of registration for failure to vote for ____ years — 6 4 (c) 4 —

1 presidential election — (k) (m) —

★ 28 T (n) ★ 25 (b) 5 (c) ★ 25 (b) — ------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) ------------------------------------------------------------------★ 30 (b) 4

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

24 20 30 30 30

M/O (b) B,D,M/O,O,P,R,S,T D (b)

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

... ★ ★ ★ ★

15 30 30 5 (q) 17

(b) (b) (b) (r) (s)

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

28 30 30 Election day (q) (h)

T M/O (b) (b) (b)

4 — — 4 (c) 1 general election

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

★ ★ ★ ... ...

30 30 10 50 30

(b) M/O (b) (b) (t)

— 2 general elections 1 general election 1 general election 2 general elections

162 The Book of the States 1996-97

— 2 general elections — (p) 2 general elections — — — 4 —

ELECTIONS

VOTER REGISTRATION INFORMATION — Continued Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: ★ — Mail registration allowed. . . . — Mail registration not allowed. — — No automatic cancellation. (a) In this column: B–Absent on business; C–Senior citizen; D–Disabled persons; E–Not absent, but prevented by employment from registering; M/O–No absentee registration except military and oversees citizens as required by federal law; O–Out of state; P–Out of precinct; R–Absent for religious reasons; S–Students; T–Temporarily out of jurisdiction. (b) All voters. See column on mail registration. (c) In Arizona and Wisconsin, registration is suspended for failure to vote after four years and after no response to notification. In New York, suspended following a five-year period ending with a presidential election. (d) Closing date differs for primary election. In Connecticut, 1 day; Delaware, 21 days. (e) Fifth Monday prior to election. (f) With county clerk, up to 24 days before an election; eligible voters may also register on election day at polling place.

(g) Absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters may be registered until the final poll list is prepared up to 10 days before election day. (h) Minnesota–21 days or election day; Wyoming–30 days or primary election day, or general election day. (i) Only in some counties. (j) 2nd Friday before election day. (k) Four years if person voted in presidential election. (l) Also, at polls on election day. (m) Every 10 years and 2 elections failure to vote. (n) In New Mexico, two consecutive primary and general election cycles, plus failure to respond to confirmation mailings. (o) No voter registration. (p) Two federal elections. (q) By mail: Utah, 20 days; Wisconsin, 13 days. (r) New legislation changed criteria for absentee voting. There are several criteria including religious reasons, disabled, etc., or if the voter otherwise expects to be absent from the precinct on election day. (s) Anyone unable to register in person. (t) No one is eligible to register absentee.

The Council of State Governments

163

ELECTIONS

Table 5.7 VOTING STATISTICS FOR GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS Primary election

General election

Republican

Deomcrat

Total votes

122,190 24,854 297,328 86,977 2,121,728

741,710 24,727 262,364 491,146 2,604,853

863,900 116,214 564,744 578,123 4,726,581

633,519 87,517 594,492 295,925 3,791,904

52.1 40.8 52.5 42.5 49.2

Colorado ......................... 173,298 Connecticut (b) ............. (c) Delaware‡ ....................... unopposed Florida (d) ....................... 901,237 Georgia ............................ 118,118

68,722 242,020 131,065 131,065 unopposed 0 836,414 1,737,651 1,052,315 (e) 1,170,433

432,042 427,840 169,733 2,071,068 645,625

Hawaii (d) ....................... Idaho (d) .......................... Illinois (f) ........................ Indiana ............................ Iowa (d) ...........................

201,286 57,797 unopposed 390,938 128,317

107,908 216,123 1,653,126 822,533 556,395

State Alabama* ........................ Alaska (a) ........................ Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

54,075 118,891 767,695 457,246 311,277

255,361 176,688 767,695 848,184 439,594

Republican

Percent Democrat

Percent

Total votes

Percent

Other

582,106 87,693 500,702 400,386 3,525,197

47.9 41.1 44.3 57.5 45.8

625 38,585 35,413 101 382,366

0.1 18.1 3.0 0.0 5.0

1,216,250 213,435 1,129,607 696,412 7,699,467

21.3 37.5 70.7 49.2 44.5

619,205 236,641 70,236 2,135,008 766,662

30.4 20.7 29.3 50.8 52.9

65,060 476,641 0 583 37,395

3.2 41.8 0.0 0.0 2.6

1,116,307 1,141,122 239,969 4,206,659 1,449,682

29.2 52.2 50.7 36.9 56.4

134,978 181,363 1,569,217 1,382,151 414,453

36.6 43.9 48.2 62.0 42.0

126,127 15,860 35,067 24,432 16,400

34.2 3.9 1.1 1.1 1.7

369,013 413,346 3,257,410 2,229,116 987,248

Kansas ............................. 309,560 172,228 481,788 333,589 42.6 380,609 48.6 69,127 8.8 783,325 Kentucky† ....................... 164,570 506,646 673,519 237,069 42.1 616,558 48.5 20,260 0.2 873,887 Louisiana† ...................... -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------------Maine* ............................. unopposed unopposed 0 243,766 46.7 230,038 44.0 48,688 9.3 522,492 Maryland ........................ 247,500 585,190 838,602 451,256 65.0 879,842 61.0 106,232 46.0 1,437,330 Massachusetts (d) .......... 241,338 Michigan (d) ................... unopposed Minnesota (d) ................. 482,754 Mississippi† .................... 63,561 Missouri‡ ........................ unopposed

553,987 689,002 382,173 726,465 460,973

795,325 689,002 864,927 790,026 460,973

1,533,390 1,899,101 1,094,165 361,500 1,339,531

68.7 61.5 62.0 50.8 64.2

611,650 1,188,438 589,344 338,435 724,919

27.4 38.5 33.4 47.6 34.8

87,166 1,538 43,885 11,253 21,478

3.9 < 0.1 4.7 1.6 1.0

2,232,206 3,089,077 1,765,590 711,188 2,085,928

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire (d) ....... New Jersey§ ....................

99,051 190,941 76,028 81,349 387,018

132,276 167,109 88,297 35,740 369,323

231,327 358,050 164,325 117,089 756,341

209,401 288,741 95,789 218,134 838,553

51.4 49.2 29.9 70.0 37.2

198,421 292,771 207,878 79,686 1,379,937

48.7 49.9 64.8 25.6 61.2

(h) 5,030 17,076 13,709 35,274

(h) 0.9 5.3 4.4 1.6

407,822 586,542 320,743 311,529 2,253,764

New Mexico .................... 80,971 New York* ....................... unopposed North Carolina ............... 262,963 North Dakota .................. unopposed Ohio ................................. unopposed

181,240 unopposed 701,606 unopposed 815,496

262,211 0 964,569 0 815,496

185,692 865,948 1,121,955 119,986 1,938,103

45.2 21.3 43.2 40.1 55.7

224,564 2,157,087 1,368,246 179,094 1,539,416

54.6 53.2 52.7 59.9 44.3

980 1,033,861 104,983 0 131

0.2 25.5 4.1 0.0 0.0

411,236 4,056,896 2,595,184 299,080 3,477,650

442,223 251,838 820,959 167,916 314,341

648,180 479,705 1,410,758 178,717 617,250

466,740 444,646 987,516 92,177 470,756

46.9 40.0 32.3 25.8 50.4

294,936 508,749 2,065,244 264,411 447,002

29.6 45.7 67.7 74.1 47.9

233,336 159,452 0 84 16,092

23.4 14.3 0.0 0.0 1.7

995,012 1,112,847 3,052,760 356,672 933,850

12,825 15,774 28,320 255,753 4,561 (j)

4.1 1.0 0.6 34.0 2.2

311,613 1,487,130 4,396,242 965,211 211,422

0.8 0.0 7.4 0.1 0.0

1,793,916 2,270,531 567,565 1,379,727 160,109

Oklahoma (d) ................. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

205,947 227,867 589,799 10,801 302,909

South Dakota (d) ............ Tennessee (d) .................. Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

105,975 464,447 557,340 (i) (c) 44,869

52,447 158,422 172,515 537,046 1,001,493 807,104 1,036,994 (i) 1,594,284 2,350,994 (c) (c) 321,713 16,930 61,959 (j) 109,540

55.4 54.2 53.5 42.0 51.8

126,273 664,252 2,016,928 177,181 97,321

40.5 44.6 45.9 23.0 46.0

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

58.3 47.8 36.6 58.2 34.6

733,527 1,184,315 368,302 576,280 104,638

40.9 52.2 56.0 41.8 65.4

1,045,319 1,086,216 240,390 802,321 55,471

Source: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: Figures are for 1994 except where indicated: ‡ 1988; § 1989; † 1991. (a) The state recognizes two other political parties and one “limited” party. (b) In 1990, Lowell P. Weicker, A Connecticut Party Candidate, polled 460,576 votes (40.4 percent of the total vote) and won the election with a 32,736 plurality. (c) Candidate nominated by convention. (d) Information taken from 1994 data. (e) Total shown is for first primary. Total votes for runoff elections; Georgia, 956,027.

164 The Book of the States 1996-97

14,398 0 48,873 1,126 0

(f) Information taken from 1990 data. (g) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, he is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. (h) Information is not available. (i) In Texas, total is for first primary. Total votes for runoff elections: Republicans 201,439; Democrats 476,461. (j) Includes Libertarian Party (major party) candidate for governor.

ELECTIONS

Table 5.8 VOTER TURNOUT IN NON-PRESIDENTIAL YEARS: 1986, 1990 AND 1994 (In Thousands) 1994

1990

Voting age population (a)

Number registered (b)

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

N.A. N.A. 3,050 N.A. 18,946

N.A. N.A. 2,075 N.A. 14,723

N.A. N.A. 1,153 N.A. 8,900

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,685 2,487 N.A. 10,690 4,751

2,033 1,792 348 6,441 3,004

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

889 803 N.A. 4,279 N.A.

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

Voting age population (a)

1986

Number registered (b)

Number voting (c)

Number registered (b)

Number voting (c)

3,060 381 2,591* 1,780 19,245

2,375 300 1,860 1,219 13,478

1,216 198 1,095 696 7,899

3,010 377 2,241* 1,761 17,561

2,362 292 1,698 1,189 12,834

1,236 183 890 695 7,617

1,173 1,166 201 1,860 1,545

2,475 2,516 514 10,150 4,751

1,922 1,701 299 6,031 2,773

1,022 1,141 180 3,531 1,450

2,489 2,440 490 9,614 3,817

1,822 1,671 296 5,631 2,576

1,061 994 161 3,430 1,225

488 625 6,119 2,976 1,631

377 419 3,219 1,610 1,022

854 698 8,682 4,008 2,100

453 540 6,032 2,765 1,580

354 321 3,420 1,513 984

784 693 8,550 4,032 2,068

420 550 6,004 2,878 1,611

344 387 3,322 1,556 911

1,889 N.A. 3,042 N.A. N.A.

1,314 2,132 2,213 N.A. 2,367

836 827 894 N.A. 1,437

1,864 2,707* 2,994 931 3,622

1,205 1,854 2,123 872 2,135

805 975 1,396 522 1,111

1,829 2,685* 3,082 893 3,491

1,173 1,995 2,179 790 2,140

841 782 1,370 427 1,113

Massachusetts ................. Michigan (d) ................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

N.A. 6,983 3,362 N.A. N.A.

3,153 6,208 2,857 1,658 N.A.

2,232 3,178 1,795 621 N.A.

4,598 6,829 3,249 1,877 3,893

3,214 5,892 2,831 1,593 2,748

2,343 2,642 1,843 369 1,353

4,535 6,633 3,161 1,867 3,821

3,006 5,791 2,615 1,652 2,769

1,684 2,468 1,457 524 1,477

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

586 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

514 919 N.A. 660 3,859

359 593 N.A. 545 2,131

577 1,181 858 861 5,986

436 891 516 659 3,718

327 594 321 295 1,938

587 1,167 780 823 5,943

444 850 368 551 3,777

326 564 262 251 1,554

New Mexico .................... New York * ...................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

N.A. N.A. 5,022 N.A. 8,119

713 N.A. 3,635 N.A. 6,231

485 N.A. 1,495 N.A. 3,570

1,091 13,582 5,071 473 8,119

658 8,202 3,348 (e) 5,834

411 4,057 2,071 240 3,478

1,101 13,480 4,913 464 7,970

633 8,071 3,081 (e) 5,987

395 4,294 1,591 295 3,121

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,378 2,285 N.A. N.A. 2,665

2,045 1,833 N.A. 552 1,499

995 1,254 N.A. 361 951

2,357 2,124 9,221 771 2,620

2,011 1,477 5,659 537 1,360

911 1,113 3,053 364 794

2,404 1,991 9,060 764 2,475

2,018 1,502 5,847 525 1,304

910 1,088 3,388 323 771

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

509 3,660 13,075 1,233 N.A.

431 2,683 8,641 921 N.A.

318 1,519 4,396 532 N.A.

497 3,660* 12,156 1,094 419

420 2,460 7,701 781 350

260 789 (f) 3,893 458 215

498 3,517* 12,270 1,051 393

428 2,446 7,287 763 328

296 1,210 (f) 3,441 445 199

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

N.A. 4,000 N.A. 3,777 343

3,000 2,897 N.A. (e) 237

2,078 1,733 N.A. 1,565 204

4,755 3,650 1,339 3,616 329

2,738 2,225 885 (e) 222

1,153 1,362 404 1,398 160

4,544 3,307 1,435 3,522 351

2,610 2,230 946 (e) 235

1,043 1,358 396 1,527 165

State

Number voting (c)

Sources: State election administration offices except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. (a) Estimated as of November 1 of the year indicated. Includes armed forces stationed in each state, aliens and institutional population but does not include Americans abroad. (b) Registration figures include (nationally) about 10 percent component of those who have died or moved but are still maintained on the voter registration rolls.

Voting age population (a)

(c) Number represents highest total vote cast in general election for either senatorial, gubernatorial or combined U.S. House of Representatives for that year, except where noted. (d) This information was obtained from estimates released by the U.S. Census Bureau in July 1993. (e) No required statewide registration. (f) In Tennessee, refers to the gubernatorial election.

The Council of State Governments

165

ELECTIONS

Table 5.9 VOTER TURNOUT FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: 1984, 1988 AND 1992 (In thousands) 1992

State

Voting age population Number (a) registered

1988 Number voting (b)

Voting age population Number (a) registered

1984 Number voting (b)

Voting age population Number (a) registered

Number voting (b)

2,999 404 2,749 1,768 20,864

2,380 315 1,965 1,318 15,101

1,687 261 1,516 950 11,374

3,010 370 2,605 1,761 20,875

2,380 293 1,798 1,203 14,004

1,378 203 1,204 828 9,887

2,892 350 2,268 1,607 19,181

2,343 305 1,463 1,268 13,074

1,442 213 1,051 884 9,505

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2,501 2,535 525 10,586 4,750

2,002 1,962 340 6,542 3,177

1,569 1,616 290 5,439 2,321

2,489 2,492 490 9,614 4,665

2,030 1,795 318 6,047 2,941

1,372 1,443 250 4,302 1,810

2,353 2,401 459 8,665 4,231

1,621 1,809 314 5,547 2,372

1,295 1,467 255 4,180 1,776

889 740 8,568 4,108 2,075

465 611 6,600 3,180 1,704

382 482 5,164 2,347 1,355

824 701 8,550 4,068 2,068

444 572 6,357 2,866 1,690

354 409 4,559 2,169 1,226

758 686 8,438 3,993 2,120

419 582 6,470 3,050 1,729

336 411 4,819 2,233 1,320

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

1,881 2,779 2,992 944 3,719

1,366 2,076 2,247 975 2,463

1,162 1,493 1,790 679 1,985

1,829 2,746 3,010 893 3,491

1,266 2,026 2,232 855 2,310

993 1,323 1,628 555 1,714

1,798 2,697 3,069 854 3,260

1,291 2,023 2,212 811 2,253

1,022 1,369 1,707 553 1,676

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

4,607 6,884 3,278 1,826 3,858

3,346 6,147 2,711 1,640 3,057

2,774 4,275 2,356 1,008 2,391

4,535 6,791 3,161 1,867 3,281

3,275 5,953 2,917 1,596 2,942

2,633 3,669 2,097 932 2,094

4,443 6,566 3,058 1,802 3,708

3,254 5,889 2,893 1,670 2,969

2,559 3,802 2,084 941 2,123

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

586 1,167 1,013 830 5,943

530 951 650 661 4,060

418 744 506 545 3,344

586 1,167 780 823 5,943

506 899 445 650 4,011

379 661 350 451 3,100

591 1,172 691 734 5,687

527 903 356 544 4,073

395 652 287 389 3,218

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,150 13,609 5,217 463 8,146

707 9,196 3,817 (c) 6,358

591 7,069 2,612 315 5,043

1,101 13,480 4,913 483 7,970

675 8,612 3,432 (c) 6,323

521 6,486 2,134 309 4,394

1,002 13,301 4,593 471 7,841

651 9,044 3,271 (c) 6,358

514 6,807 2,715 324 4,548

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

2,328 2,210 9,129 776 2,566

2,302 1,775 5,993 554 1,537

1,390 1,461 4,961 453 1,236

2,404 2,044 9,060 764 2,565

2,199 1,528 5,876 549 1,447

1,171 1,202 4,536 405 1,047

2,408 1,962 8,975 735 2,417

1,950 1,609 6,194 542 1,404

1,256 1,227 4,845 410 1,019

500 3,861 12,524 1,159 420

448 2,726 8,440 965 383

336 1,982 6,154 780 293

507 3,598 12,270 1,078 407

440 2,417 8,202 807 348

313 1,636 5,427 662 247

485 3,450 11,436 1,023 392

443 2,580 7,900 840 322

318 1,712 5,398 642 235

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

4,842 3,818 1,350 3,677 322

3,054 2,814 956 (d) 235

2,583 2,324 684 2,531 201

4,544 3,417 1,398 3,536 351

2,877 2,499 969 (d) 226

2,192 1,865 653 2,192 177

4,235 3,228 1,433 3,485 354

2,552 2,458 1,025 (d) 240

2,147 1,884 741 2,112 189

Sources: 1988 and 1984 data provided by Committee for the Study of the American Electorate, with update by the state election administration offices. 1992 base data provided by state election offices, as available; remaining data provided by Committee for the Study of the American Electorate. (a) Estimated population, 18 years old and over. Includes armed forces in each state, aliens, and institutional population.

166 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) Number voting is number of ballots cast in presidential race. (c) Information not available. (d) No statewide registration required. Excluded from totals for persons registered.

Table 5.10 CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS (As of January 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

167

Political Committees.

Secy. of state: for statewide and judicial offices, state 45 days before and between 10 and 5 days before an election; annually on Senate, House of Representative and district attorney. January 31. Probate judge in counties of district: for state Senate or House of Representatives, and county offices. State Ethics Commn.: Statement of economic interests.

Alaska ..............................

State candidates and municipal candidates in municipalities of more than 1,000 residents; ongoing organizations; a business entity, labor organization, or municipality making a contribution or expenditure; groups and individuals contributing more than $250 to any group or candidate.

Alaska Public Office Commission (central office).

30 days and one week before election; 10 days after election; and annually on February 15 for contributions and expenditures not reported the prior year. (a)

Arizona ............................

Candidates and political committees.

Secy. of state: for state offices and state measures (including state legislature). Clerk of board of supervisors: for local judges seeking retention and county offices. City or town clerk: for city or town offices or measures.

In regular election year, June 30 report for period from January 1 through May 31; pre-election report not less than 12 days before the election, complete through 20 days before election; post-election report due 30 days after the election, complete through 20 days after the election. (b)

Arkansas .........................

Candidates whose cumulative contributions exceed $500; exploratory committees; approved political action committees.

Secy. of state and county clerk of county where candidate resides.

Generally, a monthly report due within 15 days after the end of each month; pre-election report due seven days before any election; quarterly supplemental report due within 15 days of the end of each quarter. Final monthly report 30 days after the end of the month in which the election is held.

California ........................

Candidates, committees and elected officeholders. (c)

Secy. of state, registrar of Los Angeles and San Francisco and clerk of county of residence; legislative candidates, board of equalization, court of appeals and superior court judges file with Secy. of state, clerk of county with largest number of registered voters in the district and clerk of county of domicile. (d)

Semi-annual: July 31 and January 31 for all candidates and committees, whether or not they received contributions or made expenditures, and all elected officers, except judges, whose salary is less than $100 or more per month, and judges file only if they received contributions or made expenditures. Periodic: for elections in June or November of even-numbered years: March 22, 12 days before June election, October 5, and 12 days before the November election. (e)

Colorado .........................

Candidates; political committees (except those which spend or receive less than $250 in a calendar year and are organized to support or oppose a local or statewide ballot issue); and persons making independent expenditures more than $100.

Non-municipal elections: either Secy. of state (statewide, legislative, district, or multi-county candidates) or appropriate county clerk and recorder (other officers). Municipal elections: municipal clerk. Non-statewide multi-county issues: county clerk and recorder of each appropriate county.

11 days before and 30 days after general election. (f) Supplemental reports are required annually on the anniversary of the election until a report shows no unexpended balance or deficit.

Connecticut .....................

Candidates, political committees, and party committees spending or receiving more than $1,000 in any election.

Generally with Secy. of state, with local candidates and referendum committees filing with town clerks.

Generally: second Thursday of January, April, July and October; 7th day before each regular state election; 45 days after election and 30 days after primary. State central committees: January 30, April 10, July 10; 12 days before any election. Supplemental reports: seven days after distribution of surplus, or, if deficit, 90 days after primary or election, then 30 days after increase in deficit.

Delaware .........................

Candidates and committees.

State Election Commissioner.

30 days and eight days before election; December 31 of year of election; December 31 of year after election, and annually on December 31 until contributions and expenditures are balanced and the fund is closed.

Florida .............................

Candidates, political committees, committees of continuous existence, political party executive committees and persons making independent expenditures of $100 or more unless no funds have been received or reportable expenditures made during reporting period.

Candidates file with officer before whom candidate qualifies, with copy to supervisor of elections in candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s county of residence for other than statewide candidates. Statewide committees file with division of elections, while other communities file with county supervisor of elections.

Generally by the tenth day of each calendar quarter after treasurer is appointed through last day of qualifying for office and on the 4th, 18th and 32nd days preceding first and second primaries; and on the 4th and 18th days immediately preceding the general election for an opposed candidate, political committee, or committee of continuous existence. Candidates receiving public funds file on the 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th and 32nd days prior to first primary and general election, and on the 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th days prior to the second primary. Any candidate who becomes unopposed files within 90 days of that date.

See footnotes at end of table.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ..........................

State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Georgia ............................

Generally, those making or accepting contributions in excess of $500 on behalf of a candidate for election, a referendum, or recall.

Secy. of state for statewide candidates and referenda. Secy. of state with copy to superintendent of elections in county of candidate’s residence for general assembly candidates. County superintendent of elections for other offices and elections.

45 days and 15 days before and ten days after primary, 15 days before general election, (6 days before general election runoff); and December 31 of election year; supplemental report due December 31 of each year in office for winning candidates.

Hawaii .............................

Candidates, parties and committees; committees that form within ten days before an election and spend $1,000 or more.

Original and a copy with Campaign Spending Commission. In counties of less than 200,000 voters, file original and two copies with either Commission or clerk in county where candidate resides.

Generally 25 working days before primary election, and ten working days before each election, and 30 days after a general or special election. Supplemental reports in the event of surplus or deficit over $250 are filed in the 5th day after the last day of election year, and every six months thereafter.

Idaho ................................

Candidates, political committees, and any person who makes an expenditure of more than $50 other than by a contribution to a candidate or political committee.

Secy. of state.

By seven days before and 30 days after election. Supplemental reports in the event of an unexpended balance or expenditure deficit are filed annually on January 31. Measure committees file April 30 and July 30 reports.

Illinois ..............................

Treasurers of state and local political committees.

State Board of Elections for state political committees; State Board of Elections and county clerk for political committees acting as both state and local political committee.

Reports of campaign contributions: 15 days before each election. Semi-annual reports of contributions and expenditures: January 31 and July 31.

Indiana ............................

Political committees, candidate committees, regular party committees, and political action committees. (g)

State Election Commission for most. Local candidates and committees file with county election board of each county in district. General Assembly candidates file duplicate with board of candidate’s county of residence. (h)

14 days (postmarked) or 11 days (hand-delivered) before election or convention; 20 days after convention if no pre-convention report was filed; annually by third Wednesday in January (by March 1 for political party committee).

Iowa .................................

Candidates and committees receiving contributions or making expenditures in excess of $500 or incurring debt greater than $500 in a calendar year.

Statewide office: Campaign Finance Disclosure Commission. County, city or school office: county election commissioner. State statutory political committee: Commission. Other statutory political committee: county election commissioner and copy to Board.

May 19, July 19, October 19, and January 19 annually, except for committees for city and school office candidates who file five days before the election and the first of the month thereafter. In years in which no primary or general is held, a state or city committee is not required to file the May and July reports. A candidate’s committee is not required to file the May, July, and October reports in a year in which the candidate is not standing for election.

Kansas .............................

Candidates, political committees, party committees, State offices elected statewide: with Secy. of state. constitutional amendment committees, and persons Constitutional amendments: Kansas Commission on making independent expenditures of more than $100. Governmental Standards and Conduct. State offices elected on less than statewide basis: with Secy. of state and county election officer of residence. Local offices: county election officer.

Generally, eight days before election, and January 10 each year. Constitutional amendment committees file each February 15 and 15 days before and 15 days after elections.

Kentucky .........................

Candidates, campaign committees, permanent committees, political party executive committee fundraisers, contributing organizations (when in excess of $100), political issues committees, inaugural committees and those making independent expenditures of $500 or more in any one election.

Candidates/campaign committees: 32nd and 15th day before an election, and 30 days after an election. Candidates have five days from filing deadline to file with Registry. Party executive committees: 30 days after an election. Permanent committees: last day of each calendar quarter. Annual supplemental reports required until fund shows a zero balance.

Louisiana .........................

Candidates for major or district office; candidates Supervisory Committee on Campaign Finance Disclosure. for other office who receive contributions of more than $200 from any one source or make expenditures of more than $5,000; political committees, persons not a candidate who make independent expenditures or accept contributions other than to or from a candidate or committee more than $500; persons who accept contributions or make expenditures more than $200 to support or oppose propositions.

Kentucky Registry of Election Finance. Duplicate reports filed with clerk in county where candidate resides.

Candidates and committees: 180th, 90th, 30th, and tenth day before primary; tenth day before and 40th day after general election. Annual reports by February 15 for most surpluses/deficits. (i)

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

168 The Book of the States 1996-97

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

169

Candidates, political committees, political action committees, party committees, and persons making independent expenditures in excess of $50.

Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices.

Six days before and 42 days after each election; gubernatorial candidates also file January 15 and July 15 in non-election years if they received or spent more than $1,000 in that year, and 42 days before an election. Party committees file semi-annually and before general election.

Maryland ........................

Candidates receiving contributions of $300 or more; political committees; party central committees; slates.

Candidates and their noncontinuing committees and states files with the board with which candidate filed statement of candidacy. Party central committees and all continuing committees file with State Administrative Board of Election Laws. Government contractors file with Secy. of state.

Fourth Tuesday before primary, second Friday before any election, and earlier of the third Tuesday after general election or before taking office. Central and continuing committees also file annually on the date of the last general election. If there is a surplus or deficit, six months after general election, one year after general election, and annually on the election anniversary until the surplus or deficit is eliminated.

Massachusetts .................

Candidates and political committees.

City or town candidates and committees (except for citywide candidates in cities of 100,000 or more): with city or town clerk or election commission. Other candidates: with Director of Campaign and Political Finance.

Candidates for General Court: eight days before primary, eight days before general election, and January 20 of year after general election. Candidates for other than non-city or town offices and political committees: third business day after designating depository and January 20 of year after general election.

Michigan .........................

Candidates, political and independent committees, party committees and ballot question committees; certain persons making independent expenditures.

Secy. of state: candidates for state elective office, judicial Candidate committees, party committees, ballot question committees: 11 days office and all political party committees. County clerk: before and 30 days after election; committees other than independent committees: candidates for local office. State Court Administrator: not later than January 31 of each year; political or independent committees (PACs) special report for judicial office candidates. filing on state level: January 31, July 25, October 25 in odd years, and April 25, July 25, and October 25 in even years.

Minnesota .......................

Candidates, party committees, political committees, Ethical Practices Board; Board files a duplicate of and persons making independent expenditures of legislative candidate reports with the auditor in each more than $100. county of the district.

Candidates for statewide, legislative, and high court offices file ten days before a primary and general election and January 31 annually. (j)

Mississippi ......................

Candidates and political committees.

Secy. of state if candidate for statewide, state district or legislative office; circuit clerk of appropriate county; municipal clerk for municipal office.

For years other than 1995 and every fourth year thereafter: seven days before any election; January 31 to cover the entire prior calendar year. For 1995 and every fourth year thereafter, detailed reporting dates are specified.

Missouri ..........................

Committees, candidates who spend or receive more than $1,000 or receive a single contribution of more than $250, and persons making independent expenditures of $500 or more.

(k)

40th and seventh day before and 30th day after election with minor exception. No later than April 20 for candidate filed/committee formed after end of previous year. (l) Supplemental reports are required each January 15 if contributions or expenditures of $1,000 or more were made or received since the last report. A supplemental report is required if post-election report shows outstanding debts greater than $5,000; this report must be filed until the deficit is less than $5,000.

Montana ..........................

Candidates and political committees (except in certain school districts and special district elections).

Commissioner of Political Practices and election administrator of county where candidate is resident or political committee has headquarters.

Statewide office candidates and related political committees: pre-election year quarterly reports on the fifth day after each quarter; March 10th and September 10th in an election year; 15 and 25 days before an election; not more than 20 days after an election; March 10th and September 10th of each year following an election until closing report is filed. State district office candidates and related political committees: 12th day before election, not more than 20 days after election, and whenever closing report is filed. Other public office candidates and related political committees: same as for state district office if contributions or expenditures to campaign exceed $500. Statewide ballot issues committee: pre-election year reports on the fifth day of each quarter; March 10th, and tenth day of subsequent month through September; 15 and 25 days before election; within 20 days after election. Independent committees: 12th day before election, not more than 20 days after election, and when closing report at the end of the calendar year is due. (m)

See footnotes at end of table.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Maine ...............................

State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Nebraska .........................

Candidate committees, political party committees, independent committees, and ballot question committees upon raising, receiving, or spending more than $2,000 in a calendar year.

Nebraska Accountability and Disclosure Commission. Copies to be filed with election commissioner or county clerk, as appropriate, depending on the type of committee.

By 30th day and tenth day before a primary or general election, and 40th day after primary election, and 60th day after general election. Annual statement due by January 31 for preceding year is statements not required to be filed during previous years. (n)

Nevada .............................

State, district, county, township, and city office candidates; persons that make candidate-related independent expenditures if any contributions received (except political party) or individual/ cumulative expenditures exceed $500; ballot question advocacy persons and groups if any contributions received or individual/cumulative expenditures exceed $500; and committees for the recall of a public officer if individual/cumulative contributions or expenditures exceed $500. Persons include individuals, corporations, business and voluntary associations, labor unions, political action committees, and political party committees.

Secy. of state: candidate for statewide office, state senator, or assemblyman in multi-county district, or any other office with multi-county district; person making independent expenditures for a candidate elected from other than a single city or county; committee for the recall of a public officer; and ballot question advocacy group for a question voted on in other than a single county or city. County clerk: candidate for state senator or assemblyman voted on in a single county; county or township office; person making independent expenditures for a candidate elected only from the county; and ballot question advocacy group for a question voted on only in the county. City clerk: candidate for city office; person making independent expenditures for a candidate elected only from the city; and ballot question advocacy group for a question voted on only in the city.

Candidate at primary or general election: 15 days before primary, 15 days before general election, and 15th day of second month after general election. City office candidate: 15 days before city primary, 15 days before city general election, and 15th day of second month after city general election. Candidate at recall election: contributions report 30 days after election and expenses report 60 days after election. Candidate at special district office election: 15 days before election, contributions report 30 days after election, and expenses report 60 days after election. Recall committee: if petition for recall not filed, 30 days after notice of intent to circulate petition expired; if court does not order special recall election, 30 days after court decision; and if court orders special recall election, 15 days before and 30 days after election. Person making candidate-related independent expenditures and ballot question advocacy group; 15 days before general election or city general election, as appropriate; and 15th day of second month after election.

New Hampshire ..............

Candidates for governor, councilor, state senator, representative to General Court, and county office whose expenditures exceed $500, and political committees (including political party committees) whose receipts or expenditures exceed $500.

Secy. of state.

Wednesday 12 weeks before primary (except political committee of candidate or political party), Wednesday 3 weeks before election, and 2nd Wednesday after election. Every 6 months after election until obligations satisfied or surplus depleted. (o)

New Jersey ......................

Candidate committees and joint candidates committees (except periodic election fund reports not required if total amount to be expended for candidacy by all sources does not exceed $1,000 for candidate committee, $4,000 for joint candidates committee with two candidates, or $6,000 for joint candidates committee with three or more candidates although aggregate contributions over $200 from single source must be reported); political committees that raise or expend $1,000 or more in an election; continuing political committees; political party committees; and legislative leadership committees.

New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission. In case of candidates for non-statewide office, a copy is filed with the county clerk of county where candidate seeks office, except candidates for state legislative office file in county where candidate resides.

Candidates, joint candidates committees, and political committees: 29th day and 11th day before election and 20th day after election, and if post-election report is not the final report, every 60 days thereafter until certification of winding up business (final report) is filed. Continuing political committees: by April 15th, July 15th, October 15th and January 15th of each calendar year. Aggregate contributions, expenditures, or testimonial affair or public solicitation proceeds over $100 to be reported within 20 days after $100 aggregate exceeded, starting with 19th day after election (p).

New Mexico ....................

Public officials, candidates or treasurers of candidatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; campaign committees (except candidates filing statements that they anticipate receiving or spending less than $1,000 for non-statewide office or $2,500 for statewide office in primary or general election), and treasurers of political committees.

Secy. of state: statewide elective offices, multi-county state legislative offices, judicial offices (except magistrates), multi-county district offices, and political committees. County Clerk: county elective offices, magistrates and single-county state legislative offices.

Candidates and special purpose political committees: by 10 days before and 30 days after an election, 6 months after an election if contributions remain unexpended or debts unpaid, and every 12 months after an election as long as unpaid debts remain. General purpose political committee: by 10 days before and 30 days after an election.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

170 The Book of the States 1996-97

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Candidates and political committees, however, filing is not required for candidates or their authorized political committees (1) that do not expend more than $50 in a calendar year or $1,000 in an election cycle, (2) before an uncontested primary election, or (3) for an election in a city, town, or village or less than 10,000 unless total receipts or expenditures exceed $1,000.

Candidates: presidential electors, state executive or Primary elections: 32nd and 11th day before and 10th day after contested primary legislative offices, supreme court justices, constitutional election. Runoff primary: 4th day before and 10th day after primary. General convention delegates and multi-county party positions election: 32nd day and 11th day before and 27th day after the election. Periodic (if not wholly elected within New York City), with State statements are also required by January 15 and July 15 in each subsequent year Board of Elections; other public offices (except village until activities terminated. (q) offices and party positions in a single county or New York City), with city or county board of elections, as appropriate; and village offices if election not on general election day, with county board of elections. Political Committees: with State Board of Elections, except committees taking part solely in an election for a candidate required to file with a local board of elections, are also required to file with local board. County political party committees file with the county board of elections. Committees are required to file with other boards in certain instances.

North Carolina ...............

Candidates, political committees, referendum committees, and individuals making independent contributions or expenditures over $100; however, municipal and county offices in municipalities and counties under 50,000 are not required to file reports. Candidates and political party committees whose contributions, expenditures and loans will not exceed $1,000 can be exempted from reporting.

State Board of Elections: candidates, political committees, and persons making independent contributions or expenditures over $100 with respect to candidates for state and district offices and referendum committees, with respect to statewide referenda. County Board of Elections: candidates, political committees, and persons making independent contributions or expenditures over $100 with respect to candidates for single-county district, county and municipal offices.

North Dakota ..................

Candidates for statewide or legislative office who receive any contributions more than $100 during a calendar year; political parties that receive contributions of more than $100 and contribute money to a statewide or legislative office candidate of more than $100; political committees administering PACs; and persons who solicit or accept contributions aggregating more than $100 in a calendar year concerning statewide referenda and initiatives; and corporations, limited liability companies, or associations that spend money to promote passage or defeat of a measure.

Secy. of state: state office candidates, political parties, Pre-election statement: 12th day before election. Year-end statement: January 31 political committees, and statewide initiative/referendum of following year (except corporations, limited liability companies, and group or person; and corporations, cooperative corporations, associations.) (r) limited liability companies, and associations. State legislative candidates file with the county auditor in the candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s county of residence.

Ohio .................................

Campaign committees, political action committees, legislative campaign funds, and political parties.

Secy. of state: statewide and state board of education offices, state political committees, and state and national political parties. County board of elections: offices within county and multi-county district (file in county with greatest population), county political committees, and county political parties.

171

See footnotes at end of table.

Primary election: by 10th day before primary (and 10th day after primary of candidate eliminated); if there is a second primary, by the 10th day after the primary if the candidate was eliminated. General election: by 10th day after election. Annual report if contributions are received or expenditures made during the calendar year for which no reports are otherwise required, by last Friday in January of following year. Candidates and political committees in elections in municipalities over 50,000 must submit reports according to the schedule for the particular method under which the election is conducted. Individuals making independent contributions or expenditures over $100 must report within ten days after the contribution or expenditure is made.

12th day before and 38th day after an election: annual statement on the last business day of January except in year post-general election statement is filed. Monthly statements of contributions for July, August, September of general election year required by campaign committee of statewide office candidate. From 19th day before general election through general election day, a business-day statement required if campaign committee receives contribution causing aggregate contributions from contributor to exceed $2,500 in case of designated state executive office candidate or $500 in case of supreme court candidate.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

New York .........................

State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Oklahoma .......................

Candidates, candidate committees, and other committees accepting contributions or making expenditures in excess of $500 in the aggregate in a calendar year in the state.

State Ethics Commission: state and county candidates/ State office elections: quarterly reports: January 15, April 15, July 15, and October candidate committees and other-non-local committees. 15. Pre-election report 8 days before primary, runoff primary, and general election Clerk of political subdivision: municipal and school board (report between primary and runoff primary replaces October 15 report). Candidate candidates/committees and supporting/opposing committees. committee which doesn’t accept contributions exceeding $500 in aggregate may be exempted. Aggregate contribution or independent expenditure of $500 or more after closing date for pre-election reporting period must be reported within 24 hours of receipt. County and local elections: 10th day before primary, runoff primary, and general election, and 40th day after general election.

Oregon .............................

Candidates (or their principal campaign committees) and political committees; chief petitioners for initiative, referendum, and recall petitions.

Secy. of state: statewide, state, and congressional district office. County Clerk: non-city office within a county. County clerk in county where the chief administrative officer is located: multi-county district office. Chief city election officer: city office.

29-39 days and 5-8 days before election and 30 days after election. (s) If the post-election statement shows an unexpended balance of contributions or expenditure deficit, a post-election annual supplemental statement is required until there is no balance or deficit. Chief petitioners: 15th day after petition filing deadline; annually by September 10th if did not qualify for ballot and have surplus or deficit.

Pennsylvania ...................

Candidates and political committees if amount received or expended or liabilities incurred exceed $250 during a reporting period.

Report concerning candidate: office with which a candidate files nomination documents, either the Secy. of the Commonwealth or appropriate county board of elections. If report concerns both candidates who file nomination documents with the Secy. and those who file with county boards, then with the Secy. of the Commonwealth.

Statewide office candidates and political committees influencing statewide election: by 6th Tuesday and 2nd Friday before primary and general election. All other committees: 2nd Friday before primary and general election. All candidates and political committees: 30 days after election and annual report on January 31 of each year until no balance or debt; then termination report may be filed.

Rhode Island ...................

Candidates, political action committees, and state and municipal party committees that receive contributions of over $100 from one source in a calendar year, or spend more than $1,000 in the aggregate on behalf of a candidate or question.

State Board of Elections.

28th and 7th day before a primary, general or special election, and 28th day after an election (final report). Political party committee must file annual report by March 1. Ongoing reports due 120 days after election and at 90-day intervals thereafter on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 until dissolution of campaign fund or completion of a committee’s business regarding past election.

South Carolina ...............

Candidates and committees.

State Ethics Commission: non-legislative candidates and non-legislative committees. State Senate or House of Representatives ethics committee, as appropriate: legislative candidates and caucus committees.

Initial report: if receipt or expenditures of contributions exceeds $500, 10 days after threshold amount met; if $500 threshold not met, 15 days before an election. Subsequent reports: 10 days after calendar quarter in which contributions are received or expenditures are made, whether before or after an election. (t) Independent expenditure by committee within 20 days before an election to be reported immediately if more than $10,000 for statewide office candidate, or $2,000 for any other candidate. Final report may be filed at any time when contributions no longer received or expenditures made or incurred.

South Dakota ..................

State executive, state legislative, and county office candidates or candidate’s committees; political action committees that participate in an election; political party committees; persons or ballot question committees involved with a question or constitutional amendment at a statewide election; and persons and political committees involved with a question at a non-statewide election.

Secy. of state: state office and legislative office candidates and candidate’s committees, political party committees, political action committees, and persons involved with a statewide question. County auditor: county office candidates and candidate’s committees. Person in charge of an election: persons and committees involved with a non-statewide question.

State office candidates, candidates’ committees, political action committees, and political party committees: last Tuesday prior to primary and general election, and by February 1 for preceding calendar year or remainder not covered by previous report. (u) Legislative and county office candidates: by July 1 and December 31 of election year. Person or committee involved with a statewide election: by July 1 of election year and last Tuesday before election; annually thereafter by February 1. Person or committee involved with non-statewide question: 10 days before and 30 days after election.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

172 The Book of the States 1996-97

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Candidates, single-candidate political campaign committees, and single-measure political campaign committees: if political treasurer appointed more than one year before election, by February 1 each year through year of election; in election year, 7 days before and 48 days after each election. If unexpended balance, continuing obligations or expenditure deficit exists after the post-election statement is filed, a supplemental annual statement must be filed. Multi-candidate political campaign committees: within 10 days after each quarter. (v)

Texas ................................

Candidates, officeholders and political committees Texas Ethics Commission, county clerk or clerk or (except political party county executive committees secretary of non-county subdivision. (w) with aggregate contributions and expenditures of $5,000 or less in a calendar year).

Candidates, officeholders and political committees: semi-annual reports by July 15 and January 31. Opposed candidates and political committees in an election year: pre-election reports by 30th and 8th day before each election day (and by 8th day before runoff election day, if applicable). General purpose political committee may elect to file monthly by 5th day of each month in lieu of semiannual and pre-election reports. Opposed candidates and specific purpose political committees may elect to file only semi-annual reports if aggregate contributions and expenditures do not exceed $500 in an election. Local officeholders not required to file for a reporting period in which aggregate contributions and expenditures do not exceed $500. (x)

Utah .................................

Candidates for governor, lieutenant governor, state auditor, state treasurer, attorney general, state senator, state representative or personal campaign committee (executive office candidate only); candidates for county office and for city offices in cities of the first or second class; political party committees, political action committees and political issues committees that receive contributions or make political expenditures of $750 or more in a calendar year; and corporations that make political expenditures of $750 or more in a calendar year.

Lieutenant Governor: state executive and legislative office candidates, political action committees, political issues committees, and corporations. County clerk: county office candidates. City recorder: city office candidates.

State executive/legislative office candidates: interim reports due 7 days before party convention if contest, 7 days before primary if candidate involved, 7 days before general election; summary report due December 31st of general election year; statement of dissolution and final summary report may be submitted at any time. Candidates in county, 1st class city, 2nd class city, and 3rd class city with population of 10,000 or more: if local ordinance, at least once within 2 weeks before election at least once within 2 months after election. If no election ordinance, 7 days before election and 30 days after election. Political party committees: July 10th of general election year, 7 days before primary, 7 days before general election, and December 31st of general election year. Political action committees, political issues committees and corporations: annually by December 31st, 7 days before primary, and 7 days before general election.

Vermont ...........................

State executive office candidates, state legislative, county and local office candidates who have accepted contributions or made expenditures of $500 or more; political parties; and political committees that have accepted contributions or made expenditures of $500 or more in a calendar year.

Secy. of state: state executive office candidates, political committees, and political parties. Officer with whom candidate files nomination papers: state legislative, county, and local office candidates.

State executive office candidates, political committees, and political parties: 40 days and 10 days before primary and general election; 10 days after general election; and July 15 and annually thereafter or when all contributions and expenditures have been accounted for and any indebtedness and surplus funds eliminated. Political committees and political parties involved in a local election also file 10 days before and 10 days after the election with the municipal clerk. State legislative and county office candidates: 10 days before primary and general election, and 30 days after the general election; annual reporting as for state executive office candidates. Local office candidates: 10 days before and 10 days after the election.

173

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Candidates and political campaign committees.

See footnotes at end of table.

Registry of Election Finance: state office candidates and political campaign committees in state elections. Appropriate county election commission: local office candidates and committees for local elections. General Assembly candidates and their political committees file a copy with county election commission where the candidate resides.

Time for filing

Tennessee .........................

State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Virginia ...........................

Candidates or their campaign committees, persons and political committees (including PACs, unexempted political party committees, and organized party groups of election officials) anticipating contributions or expenditures over $100, and inaugural fund committees. Exempted political party committees (committees other than state party committees, district party committees, county or city party committees for counties or cities with a population of more than 100,000, or organized political party groups of elected officials) report when contributions accepted or contributions or expenditures made exceed $10,000 (or higher amount set by state board of elections) in aggregate in calendar year. Persons and political committees to report independent expenditures exceeding $500 in a statewide election of $100 in any other election. Earmarked contributions received by political party committee or organized party group of elected officials to be reported.

State Board of Elections: all statewide and general assembly candidates, persons, political committees, and inaugural fund committees. Electoral board where candidate resides: candidates for general assembly and local office. County, city or local district party committee also filed with local electoral board.

Candidates: all candidates for office filled at November general election: For non-election year and January 15 of following year. For election year - April 15, 8th day before June primary, July 15, September 15, October 15, 8th day before November election, 30th day after November election, January 15 of following year. Schedule followed until final report filed. Candidates: for offices at a special election not held on regular election date: 8th day before election, 30th day after election and prior to taking office, January 15 and July 15 of following years until final report filed. Persons and political committees: File in accordance with applicable schedule for (1) candidates for office filled at November general election, except political party committee not required to file report due on 30th day after November general election, or (2) candidates for local office filled at May general election, or (3) candidates for nomination or election to office filled at special election held on a date other than regularly scheduled general election. Must comply with election-year filing. Schedule for each year it seeks to influence the outcome of an election. Local office candidates in May general election: 8th day before primary and general election, June 15 and July 15 in election year, and January 15 of the next and subsequent years. Inauguration fund committees: March 15 after inauguration; July 15 of inauguration year.

Washington .....................

Candidates and political committees except in election campaigns for federal elective office and precinct committee officer. Candidates and political committees concerning an office whose constituency covers less than an entire county and contains less than 5,000 voters and in jurisdictions with less than 1,000 voters are exempted unless the exemption is voided.

Public Disclosure Commission and auditor or elections officer of county in which the candidate resides. Continuing political committees file reports with the Public Disclosure Commission and auditor or elections office of county in which the committee maintains its office or headquarters.

At time campaign treasurer is designated; 21st and 7th day before and by the 10th day of the month following an election; 10th day of each month in which no other reports are required if a contribution is received or expenditure made in the previous month provided total contributions or expenditures since last report exceed $200; and at time campaign fund is closed and campaign concluded (final report). Post-primary report not required for candidate whose name will appear on general election ballot, or from continuing political committee. Continuing political committees also file monthly reports by 10th day if total contributions or expenditures since last report exceed $200. Candidates and political committees may file only post-election reports if they qualify for abbreviated campaign reporting or candidates may file only the registration statement if they qualify for mini-campaign reporting. (y)

West Virginia ..................

Candidates, financial agents, party committee treasurers, and persons, associations or persons and organizations (including corporations) that support or oppose a candidate or issue, and their treasurers or equivalent officer.

Secy. of state: state, legislative, and multi-county political subdivision offices. Clerk of the county commission: all other offices.

Last Saturday in March or within 15 days thereafter before the primary; 7-10 days before and 25-30 days after a primary, general or special election; and annually on last Saturday in March or within 15 days thereafter if contributions or expenditures exceed $5,000 or any loan is outstanding.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

174 The Book of the States 1996-97

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Statements required from

Statements filed with

Time for filing

Candidates and personal campaign committees, political committees, political groups, individuals and conduits that meet minimum criteria concerning contributions, disbursements, obligations, or transfers. A political committee, political group, or individual, if other than a candidate or personal campaign committee is exempted from registration and reporting if it does not make or accept contributions, make disbursements, or incur obligations of over $25 in a calendar year. Elections for presidential elector, convention delegate, and precinct committeeman are exempted from registration and reporting. Persons, political committees and political groups (except political committees and individuals required to file a statement under oath concerning independent candidate-related disbursements) that do not anticipate aggregate contributions, disbursements, or obligations of over $1,000 in a calendar year and receipt of single-source contributions of over $100 in a calendar year are exempt from reporting.

State Elections Board: political party committees, state 8-14 days before a primary or general election; continuing semi-annual reports office candidates and committees, committees and between January 1 and 31 and July 1 and 20 until a termination report is filed. (z) individuals in both state and local office elections, and political groups and individuals involved with statewide referenda. Clerk of the most populous jurisdiction: local office candidates and committees (and duplicates of certain reports required to be filed with State Elections Board) and committees and individuals involved with local referenda only. City Clerk: city school district elections. School district clerk: other district school elections.

Wyoming .........................

Candidates, candidates’ campaign committees, political action committees, state and county political party central committees, and referendum/initiative organizations.

Secy. of state: statewide office candidates, state and county Candidates: within 10 days after an election. Non-party committees: within 10 political party central committees, state legislative, and days after an election; political action committees and candidates’ campaign district judge candidates and their supporting committees. committees formed after an election to defray campaign expenses and any ongoing County clerk: other office candidates and supporting committees also report semi-annually on July 1 and December 31 of each oddcommittees, and political party county central committees. numbered year until committee terminates. Party committees: 10 days after general or special election. Initiative or referendum organizations: within 10 days after petition submitted. Ballot proposition organizations: within 10 days after election. PAC’s supporting an initiative or referendum petition drive: 30-45 days before election.

Dist. of Columbia ...........

Candidates spending more than $250 in any one election; political committees; persons making independent expenditures of $50 or more.

Director of Campaign Finance.

Each year: January 31. Election years: 10th day of March, June, August, October and December; 8 days before an election. Non-election years: July 31. (aa)

See footnotes at end of table.

175

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Wisconsin ........................

Source: Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer, Campaign Finance Law 96 (Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Note: This table deals with filing requirements for state and local offices in general terms. For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. (a) Contributions exceeding $250 made within one week before election must be reported within 24 hours. (b) In other years, an annual report is filed by January 31 covering activity for the entire previous year. (c) Short forms may be used by candidates and officeholders who raise and spend less than $1,000 in calendar year. There are three types of committees: (1) recipient committees receive $1,000 or more in contributions in a year; (2) independent expenditure committees make independent expenditures of $1,000 or more in a year; and (3) major donor committees make contributions of $10,000 or more in a year. (d) Statewide officers, candidates, and committees: Original and one copy with the Secy. of state, two copies with the Registrar-Recorder of Los Angeles County, two copies with the Registrar of Voters of the County of San Francisco, and two copies with the filer’s county of domicile. State legislature, Board of Equalization, Appellate and Superior Court elections: Original and one copy with the Secy. of state, two copies with the county clerk with the largest number of registered voters in the district affected, and two copies with the filer’s county of domicile. Other multi-county elections: original and one copy with the county clerk with the largest number of registered voters in the jurisdiction, two copies with the filer’s county of domicile. County offices and municipal courts: original and one copy with the county clerk, two copies with the filer’s county of domicile. City offices: original and one copy with the city clerk. (e) Late contributions received or made and late independent expenditures of $1,000 or more made during the 16 days before an election must be reported by special methods within 24 hours. (f) Contributions received more than $500 within 16 days before the election must be reported by the recipient within 48 hours after receipt. (g) Also required from corporations and labor organizations making expenditures in referenda, and of certain persons making independent expenditures. Public utilities file a special report with Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission. (h) Referenda reports filed with appropriate county election board and State Election Commission. Public utilities file a special report with the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission. (i) Special report required within 48 hours after a receipt of contribution of certain amounts, or expenditures to certain persons form 20 days before election through election day. (j) Any contribution or loan to a statewide candidate of $2,000, or more than $400 to any legislative or district court candidate received between the closing date and the last pre-election report and the election must be reported within 48 hours after receipt. (k) As of January 1, 1993, the filing officer became the Missouri Ethics Commission. Statements filed with the Missouri Ethics Commission for statewide office candidates and committees, and candidates for the supreme or appellate courts. Candidates for legislative office, circuit court and county clerk file with the Secretary of State and election authority of the candidate’s place of residence. Varied requirements for other candidates. (l) Contributions of more than $1,000 received by a statewide office candidate ($500 for any other committee) after the closing date of the last pre-election disclosure report but before election day must be reported within 48 hours after receipt. (m) Report required for all candidates and related political committees within 24 hours if contribution of $500 or more received for statewide office or statewide ballot issue, within 10 days before election, or within 48 hours if contribution of $100 or more received for state district offices within 17 days before election. (n) Report of contributions of $500 or more received within 14 days before election is required to be filed within 5 days after receipt. (o) Notice of a contribution more than $500 received after 2nd Wednesday before election is to be filed

within 24 hours. Report of independent expenditures to be filed within 24 hours after expenditure more than $500 is made, and thereafter each time $500 more is spent. (p) Single-source contribution of over $250 received by a continuing political committee after final day of quarterly reporting period and on or before election day to be reported within 48 hours. Single-source contributions received by a candidate or political committee between the 13th day and election day to be reported within 48 hours. (q) Contributions of more than $1,000 received after close of pre-election filing period must be reported within 24 hours of receipt. Political committees are to file by January 15th and July 15th of each year after statement of treasurer and depository filed. (r) Supplemental statement for contribution of $500 or more received in 20 day period before an election must be filed within 48 hours by statewide or legislative office candidate and by referendum/initiative group or person. (s) If $500 in contributions received after 9th day and before the day preceding the election, a pre-election supplemental statement is due on the day before the election. (t) If a pre-election report is due within 30 days of the end of a quarter, a combined report is due no later than 15 days before the election. (u) If a contribution of $500 or more is received within 9 days prior to an election, statement must be filed within 48 hours. (v) If large contribution, loan or transfer of funds received within 10 days of election ($5,000 if it concerns a state office candidate; $2,500 if it concerns a local office candidate), report must be filed within 72 hours. Any report due in December is to be filed by January 31. (w) Texas Ethics Commission: Candidate for statewide office, district office filled by voters of more than one county, state senator or representative, or state board of education; specific purpose committee supporting or opposing candidate filing with Commission; officeholder and specific purpose political committee for assisting an officeholder if a candidate for the office files with the Commission; specific purpose political committee involved with a statewide measure; specific purpose political committee required to file with more than one filing officer; and a general purpose political committee. County clerk: candidate for county office, precinct office, or an office filled by voters of one county; specific purpose committees supporting or opposing a candidate who files with the county clerk; officeholder and specific purpose committee for assisting an officeholder if a candidate for the office files with the county clerk; and specific purpose committee involved with a county measure. Clerk or secretary of non-county political subdivision: candidates for local office; specific purpose committee supporting or opposing a local office candidate; officeholder and specific purpose committee for assisting an officeholder if a candidate for the office files with the clerk/secretary; and specific purpose committee involved with a local measure. (x) Certain large aggregate pre-election contributions or direct campaign expenditures between 9th and 2nd day before an election must be reported to Secy. of State within 48 hours. (y) Contributions of over $500 received by a candidate or political committee or made by a political committee after the last pre-primary report or within 21 days of the general election are to be reported within 24 hours (contribution made) or 48 hours (contribution received). From July 1 to general election, reports of bank deposits during previous 7 days due each Friday. (z) An unreported cumulative contribution of $500 or more by a state office candidate, committee, or individual within 15 days before an election must be reported within 24 hours of receipts. A candidate-related disbursement of more than $20 cumulatively within 15 days before an election must be reported within 24 hours of making. (aa) Contributions of $200 or more received after closing date for last pre-election report must be reported within 24 hours.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

176 The Book of the States 1996-97

CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued

Table 5.11 CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS (As of January 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Political party

177

Arizona ................................ ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Arkansas (a) ....................... ............................................... ...............................................

Prohibited.

Limited to $1,000 per candidate per election.

Same as corporate.

California (a) ...................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

Limits of $1,000 per candidate per special election or special runoff election only. Certain jurisdictions have local limits on contributions to candidates.

Limits of $5,000 for a broadSame as labor union. based political committee; and $2,500 for a political committee per candidate per special election or special runoff election only. Certain jurisdictions have local limits on contributions to candidates.

Limits of $5,000 for a broad-based Limits of $5,000 per candidate per political committee; $2,500 for a special election or special runoff political committee; and $1,000 per election only. person per candidate per special election or special runoff election only. Certain jurisdictions have local limits on contributions to candidates.

Colorado (a) ........................

Unlimited.

Connecticut (a) ................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Delaware (a) ....................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Limited to $1,200 per statewide candidate per election and $600 per nonstatewide candidate per election.

Same as corporate.

Corporate PAC: limited to aggregate of $100,000/election and twice individual limits per candidate. Labor PAC: limited to aggregate of $50,000 per election and same limits per candidate as individuals. Same as corporate.

Same as corporate.

Limited by office.

Florida (a) ...........................

Limited to $500 per candidate.

Same as corporate.

Limited to $500 per candidate; Party may not contribute to candidate investment and law firms and their for judicial office. Party limited in officers, directors, and employees contributions to candidates receiving making contributions or engaged in public financing. Generally, $50,000 fundraising for state-level candidates limit, with no more than $25,000 in last cannot compete for business from 28 days before general election. Florida Housing Finance Agency. Food outlets and convenience stores cannot solicit or make contributions of more than $100 to a candidate for Commissioner of agriculture and certain officials and employees of that office may not solicit contributions.

Same as labor union.

Limited to $690 for statewide candidates and $270 for local candidates; combined total for all PACs is $68,670 statewide and $6,870 local. Committees certified to give at the upper limits are limited to $3,440 statewide and $1,370 local. Limited to $1,000 per candidate per election from approved political action committee.

Public utility regulated by Public Service Commission may only contribute through a PAC. Same as labor union.

Unlimited.

Prohibited.

...

Same as corporate.

Limited to $2,500 per candidate per election.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Limited to $500 to any candidate, Unlimited. political committee or political party per election. Limited to $1,000 per office per Limited to $1,000 per office per year. Corporations and their year. subsidiaries collectively limited to $1,000 for a single candidate.

See footnotes at end of table.

Unlimited.

Regulated industry

Alabama .............................. ............................................... ............................................... Alaska (a) ............................ ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Regulated industry

Political party

Hawaii (a) ...........................

Limited to $1,000 in any election period.

Same as corporate.

Limited to $2,000 for two-year Same as PAC offices; $4,000 for four-year offices; $6,000 for statewide offices in any election period.

Limited to $50,000 for governor; $40,000 for lieutenant governor; $25,000 for partisan mayor and prosecuting attorney; $20,000 for state senate and partisan offices of county council; $15,000 for state representative.

Idaho ....................................

Unlimited.

Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................

Unlimited. Limited to an aggregate of $5,000 for statewide candidates, an aggregate of $5,000 for state party central committees; $6,000 for other offices; $4,000 for state legislative caucuses; and $2,000 for other party committees.

Unlimited. Same as corporate.

Unlimited. Unlimited.

Unlimited. Unlimited. No contributions to statewide Unlimited. candidates by major lottery vendors. Limited to an aggregate of $5,000 for statewide candidates; an aggregate of $5,000 for state party central committees; $6,000 for other offices; $4,000 for state legislative caucuses; and $2,000 for other party committees.

Iowa .....................................

Prohibited.

Unlimited if through a union PAC; up to $500 per calendar year if there is no PAC.

Unlimited.

Kansas (a) ...........................

Limited to $2,000 per statewide Same as corporate. candidate per election; $1,000 per election for Senate seats; $500 per election for House seats, local office, district judge, district magistrate judge, district attorney and state school board.

Same as corporate.

Prohibited for banks, insurance companies, savings & loans and credit unions, statewide notification center, and for not-for-profit organizations involved in riverboat gambling. Same as corporate.

Kentucky (a) .......................

Prohibited.

Same as labor union.

Prohibited. No contributions by major lottery venders and lottery auditors.

Louisiana (a) .......................

Limited to $5,000 for major office Same as corporate. candidates, $2,500 for district office candidates, and $1,000 for any other offices, per candidate, per election. During any four-year period, may not contribute greater than $100,000 to any political committee other than a candidate committee.

Limited to $5,000 for major office candidates, $2,500 for district office candidates, and $1,000 for any other offices, per candidate, per election. During any four-year period, may not contribute greater than $100,000 to any political committee other than a candidate committee. PACs with greater than 250 members who contributed at least $50 to the PAC during the preceding calendar year may give twice the limits. Aggregate limits from all PACs combined that candidates may receive for primary and general elections: $50,000 for major office; $35,000 for district office; $10,000 for other office.

Limited to $5,000 for major office Unlimited. candidates, $2,500 for district office candidates, and $1,000 for any other office, per candidate, per election. Casino license holder may not contribute to any candidate for public office.

Maine ................................... ...............................................

Limited to $5,000 per candidate per election.

Same as corporate.

...

Limited to $500 per candidate per election.

Same as corporate.

Unlimited.

Unlimited in uncontested primaries and general election.

Limited to $500 per slate per election.

Same as corporate.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

178 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Regulated industry

Political party

Limited to an aggregate of $10,000 per four-year election cycle and $4,000 per candidate or political committee.

Same as corporate.

Limited to an aggregate of Same as corporate. $6,000 per four-year election cycle per candidate or political committee.

Unlimited.

Massachusetts (a) ...............

Prohibited.

Must organize as political committee if exceed aggregate contributions of $15,000 or 10 percent of gross revenues.

Limited to $500 per candidate, with aggregate annual limits depending upon office sought.

State party committees limited to contributions of not more than $3,000 per candidate, per year.

Michigan (a) .......................

Prohibited for candidate elections.

Limited to $3,400 for a statewide office, $1,000 for state senate and $500 for state representative candidates per election cycle.

Limited to $3,400 for a statewide Prohibited except through a PAC. office, $1,000 for state Senate and $500 for state representative candidates per election cycle. A PAC that qualifies as an independent committee may contribute ten times these amounts. Lawyer PAC limited to $100 per judicial candidate.

Minnesota ...........................

Prohibited.

Governor/lt. governor: limited to Same as labor union. $2,000 per election year and $500 in a non-election year. Attorney general: limited to $1,000 per election year and $200 in a non-election year. Other statewide offices: limited to $500 per election year and $100 in a non-election year. State Senate/state representative: limited to $500 per election year and $100 in a non-election year.

Prohibited; includes insurance companies.

Mississippi .......................... ............................................... Missouri (a) ........................

Limited to $1,000 per candidate per election. Unlimited.

Montana ..............................

Prohibited.

See footnotes at end of table.

Prohibited. Registered lobbyists limited to $200 per candidate per year.

State central: $68,000 for governor/lt. governor, $10,000 for Senate, $5,000 for House, $68,000 for all other state elective offices.

Governor/lt. governor: limited to $20,000 per election year and $5,000 in a non-election year. Attorney general: limited to $10,000 per election year and $2,000 in a non-election year. Other statewide offices: limited to $5,000 per election year and $1,000 in a nonelection year. State Senate/state representative: limited to $5,000 per election year and $1,000 in a nonelection year.

Unlimited.

Generally prohibited.

Unlimited.

Limited to $1,000 for statewide office candidates; $500 for Senate candidates; $250 for House candidates; varying limits for local office candidates.

Unlimited.

Limited to $10,000 for a statewide office candidate; $5,000 for a Senate candidate; $2,500 for a House candidate and 10 times allowable individual contribution limit for other candidates.

As an independent committee, limited for each contested primary and general election in a campaign to $400 for governor/lieutenant governor, $200 for other statewide candidates, and $100 for all other candidates.

Same as labor union.

Prohibited.

All political committees of a political party on the ballot at most recent gubernatorial election, limited for all elections in a campaign to aggregate of $15,000 for governor/lt. governor, $5,000 for other statewide candidates, $2,000 for public service commissioner, $800 for state senator, and $500 for other candidates. Contributions to judicial candidates prohibited.

179

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Maryland (a) ......................

State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Regulated industry

Political party

Nebraska (a) .......................

State, statewide and legislative Same as corporate. candidates are limited to maximum amount of aggregate contributions in election years that may be accepted from independent committees; businesses (including corporations); labor unions; industry, trade or professional associations; and political parties: Governor - $750,000; secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, auditor of public accounts $75,000; legislature, Public Service Commission, Board of Regents of University of Nebraska & State Board of Education - $25,000.

Same as corporate.

Nevada .................................

Statewide office: $20,000 per Same as corporate. election cycle. City, county, state, or judicial office: $10,000 per election cycle.

Same as corporate.

Unlimited.

New Hampshire ..................

Prohibited.

New Jersey (a) ....................

Limited to $1,500 per nonSame as corporate. governor candidate per primary or general election; $1,800 per governor candidate per primary or general election; $25,000 to political party state committee or county committee or legislative leadership committee per year; $5,000 to municipal party committee per year. Unlimited to political committee or continuing political committee.

Limited to $1,000 per election if to candidate or political committee working on behalf of a candidate who does not voluntarily agree to limit campaign expenditures; otherwise unlimited. $5,000 per non-governor candidate per primary or general election; $1,800 per governor candidate per primary or general election; $25,000 to political party state committee or county committee or legislative leadership committee per year; $5,000 to municipal party committee per year. Unlimited to political committee or continuing political committee.

Political party political committee limited to $1,000 per election if to candidate or political committee working on behalf of a candidate who does not voluntarily agree to limit campaign expenditures; otherwise unlimited. Prohibited for certain bank, utility, Political party state committee limited and insurance corporations or to $1,800 per candidate for governor associations; otherwise, limited to per primary or general election; $1,500 per nongovernor unlimited for candidates for noncandidate per primary or general governor office. County and municipal election; $1,800 per governor committees may not contribute to candidate per primary or general candidate for governor; also limited in election; $25,000 to political contributions to municipal party party state committee or county committee ($5,000 per year), candidates committee or legislative leadership in other counties, and candidates in committee per year; $5,000 to certain legislative districts containing municipal party committee per year. county of county committee. Political Unlimited to political committee or party national committee limited to continuing political committee. $50,000 per year to state party committee; otherwise, subject to PAC limits. Unlimited as to leadership PACs.

New Mexico ........................

Unlimited.

New York (a) .......................

Same maximum aggregate limit per office and per party committee or constituted committee per calendar year as individuals, but limited to an aggregate of $5,000 in political contributions and expenditures per calendar year.

Same maximum aggregate limit Same as labor union. per office per election and per party committee or constituted committee per calendar year as individuals.

Unlimited. Solicitation by state Unlimited. regulatory office or candidate for the office of directly regulated entity or persons prohibited if charges for service set by or license issued by the regulatory office. Same maximum aggregate limit per Prohibited in primary, unlimited in office per election and per party general election. committee or constituted committee per calendar year as individuals, and, if a corporation, also limited to an aggregate of $5,000 in contributions and expenditures per calendar year.

Prohibited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

180 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Limited to $4,000 per candidate committee or other political committee per election for that election.

Regulated industry Prohibited.

Political party

North Carolina (a) .............

Prohibited.

North Dakota ......................

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Ohio (a) ............................... ............................................... Oklahoma (a) ......................

Prohibited.

Limited per person or family to $5,000 to a political party committee or political action committee in a calendar year, $5,000 to a candidate/ candidate committee for state office or municipal office in a municipality of 250,000 or more, for election campaign, and $1,000 to any other local candidate/candidate committee.

Unlimited, except to judicial candidates. Same as labor union.

Oregon .................................

Corporation, professional corporation or non-profit corporation may not make contributions directly or indirectly from treasury funds to any candidate or nonmeasure political committee.

Labor organization may not make contributions directly or indirectly from treasury funds to any candidate or nonmeasure political committee.

Prohibited.

Limited to $500 in aggregate per Same as corporate. election to candidate or principal campaign committee for governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries, or judge of Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, or Oregon Tax Court; however, limitations on contributions to a candidate do not apply if aggregate amount from opponent’s contributions and loans from personal funds and family contributions to opponent’s campaign exceeds $25,000. Limited to $100 in aggregate per election to candidate or principal campaign for state senator or state representative; however, limitations on contributions to a candidate do not apply if aggregate amount from opponent’s contributions and loans from personal funds and family contributions to opponent’s campaign exceeds $10,000. Political committees that are not a principal campaign committee or political committees over which a candidate exercises direction and control prohibited from making contributions to other political committees except candidate’s principal committee or political committee not organized exclusively to support or oppose candidates for national or party office or measures.

Unlimited.

Political party committees limited to aggregate contributions per election of $25,000 to candidate or principal campaign committee for governor; $10,000 to candidate or principal campaign committee of candidate for secretary of state, state treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, attorney general, commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries; $5,000 to candidate for state senator or state representative; and $500 to candidate for judge of Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, or Oregon Tax Court. As a political committee, prohibited from making contributions to other political committees except a candidate’s principal campaign committee or exclusively to support or oppose national or party office candidates or measures.

181

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments See footnotes at end of table.

Prohibited.

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Regulated industry

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Rhode Island .......................

Prohibited.

$1,000 per recipient per calendar year Prohibited. and maximum of $25,000 for all recipients, except per recipient limit doubles to $2,000 if recipient is a candidate for general office who has qualified for public funding, and an additional $10,000 may be contributed to a political party committee for organizational and party-building activities.

$25,000 to any one party candidate (no limit on allowable in-kind contributions); unlimited for aggregate contributions to all party candidates; $10,000 to a party committee for organizational and party-building activities.

South Carolina (a) .............

Limited to $3,500 per statewide candidate per election; $1,000 per other candidate per election; $3,500 per committee per calendar year. Corporation or corporate committee may solicit contributions to the corporation or corporate committee only from shareholders, employees, and families.

Limited to $3,500 per statewide candidate per election; $1,000 per other candidate per election; $3,500 per committee per calendar year. Organization or organization committee may solicit contributions to the organization only from members and families.

Limited to $3,500 per statewide candidate per election; $1,000 per other candidate per election; $3,500 per committee per calendar year.

Limited to $3,500 per statewide candidate per election; $1,000 per other candidate per election; $3,500 per committee per calendar year. Public utility may not include contributions or expenditures to influence election or operate PAC in its operating expenses. Lobbyist and contractors may not contribute.

Limited to $50,000 per statewide candidate per election, $5,000 per other candidate per election.

South Dakota ...................... ............................................... ...............................................

Prohibited.

Prohibited if union is corporation; Unlimited. permitted if an association but not out of dues or treasury funds.

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Tennessee .............................

Prohibited.

Limited to $2,500 for state office candidate and $1,000 for other candidate in aggregate per election.

Prohibited; public service commissioner or candidate for that office may not accept a contribution from a regulated party during contested case.

Limited to $250,000 for statewide office, $40,000 for state Senate, and $20,000 for other office in aggregate per election from all party committees.

Texas (a) ..............................

Unlimited to political parties, Same as corporate. except during 60 days before election, and to political committees to support or oppose a measure.

Unlimited, but may not be made Same as corporate. from mandatory assessments from corporation employees or labor organization members. Contributions from an out-of-state political committee are subject to special notification and reporting requirements.

Unlimited.

Utah .....................................

Unlimited.

Insurers prohibited from making political contributions, if do not have security surplus.

Unlimited.

Vermont (a) ......................... ...............................................

Limited to $1,000 per candidate or committee per election.

Same as corporate.

Limited to $3,000 per candidate or committee per election.

Same as corporate.

Unlimited.

Virginia ............................... ...............................................

Unlimited.

Pari-mutuel betting licensees cannot contribute to candidates.

Unlimited.

Limited to $7,500 for statewide office or state Senate and $5,000 for other office in the aggregate per election. Candidate for statewide office limited to 50 percent of total contributions in aggregate from committees. Candidates for other office limited to $75,000 in aggregate from all committees. Prohibited within 10 days before election.

Prohibited.

Political party

Pennsylvania (a) .................

Unlimited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

182 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Corporate

Labor union

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Regulated industry

Political party

Aggregate contributions per election to state office candidates limited to $500 for state legislative office candidate and $1,000 for state executive office candidate. Aggregate contributions within 21 days of a general election may not exceed $5,000 for a campaign for other than statewide office. Aggregate contributions in calendar year to each political party state organization and to each major party county central committee or legislative district committee limited to $2,500 and to a caucus of the state legislature limited to $500.

Same as corporate. Labor organization may not make contributions from agency shop fees paid by nonmember without nonmember’s authorization.

Same as corporate.

Same as corporate. Insurer or fraternal benefit society may not contribute to insurance commissioner candidate.

Aggregate contributions per election cycle to state office candidates by a political party or a caucus of the state legislature are limited to 50¢ per voter in district (state legislative office candidate) or state (state executive office candidate) and by a major party county central committee or legislative district committee limited to 25¢ per voter in district (state legislative office candidate) or state (state executive office candidate). County central committees and legislative district committees may contribute for only those state legislative offices that include their jurisdiction. Aggregate contributions made by a single contributor other than a bona fide political party state organization within 21 days of a general election may not exceed $50,000 for a statewide office campaign or $5,000 for any other campaign.

West Virginia (a) ................

Prohibited.

Limited to $1,000 per candidate, per primary or general election.

Same as labor union.

Prohibited.

Limited to $1,000 per candidate, per primary or general election, and $1,000 to state party executive committee per calendar year.

Wisconsin (a) ......................

Prohibited, except concerning a referendum.

Prohibited if labor union is a Chapter 185 association, except concerning a referendum.

Limited to 4 percent of authorized disbursement level for statewide office candidate, $1,000 for state senator, $500 for assembly representative, varying amounts for other offices, and $6,000 in a calendar year for a political party.

Prohibited; also may not offer special privileges to candidates, political committees, and individuals making independent disbursements.

Unlimited; however, a political party or legislative campaign committee that files a statement under oath concerning independent candidate-related disbursements becomes subject to the limits for PACs. A candidate may not receive more than 65 percent of authorized disbursement level from all political committees. Political party may not receive more than $150,000 in any biennium from all political committees other than political party and legislative campaign committees. Contributions from committees (other than political party or legislative campaign committees) limited to $6,000 in a calendar year.

Prohibited.

Unlimited.

Prohibited.

Prohibited in primary elections; otherwise unlimited.

............................................... ............................................... Wyoming ............................. ............................................... See footnotes at end of table.

183

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Washington (a) ...................

State or other jurisdiction Dist. of Columbia (a) .........

Corporate

Separate segregated fundpolitical action committee (PAC)

Labor union

Limited to an aggregate of $600 Same as corporate. per election and $100 for mayor; $100 for council chair; $100 for council member at-large; $50 for council member from a district or board of education member at-large; $50 for board of education member from a district or party official; and $25 for a neighborhood advisory committee member.

Same as corporate.

Source: Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer. Campaign Finance Law 1996. (Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Note: For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. Key: . . . — No reference to contribution in the law. (a) Restrictions on cash contributions. In Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Maryland and North Carolina eliminated to $100 or less. In California and New York, less than $100. In Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Vermont and West Virginia, limited to $50 or less. In Kentucky, limited to $50 or less, but cash contribution is entirely prohibited to slate of candidates’ for governor and lieutenant governor. In Missouri, must be $25 or less. Michigan limits cash contributions to $250 or less. In Oklahoma, individual’s contribution of not more than $50 in cash to a candidate committee permitted; otherwise prohibited. In Wisconsin,

Regulated industry Same as corporate.

Political party ...

must be $50 or less. Contributions of over $50 to be made by negotiable instrument or credit card. In Hawaii, contributions greater than $100 require a receipt to the donor and a record of the transaction. In Louisiana, contributions greater than $100 must be by written instrument and all contributions by corporations, labor organizations, and associations must be by check. In New Jersey, cash contributions prohibited unless in response to public solicitation or a written contributor statement is filed (maximum up to $200 cumulatively). In Ohio, must be $100 or less per election. In Pennsylvania, must be $100 or less in the aggregate if to or for a candidate. In South Carolina, prohibited if over $25 from an individual. In Texas, must be $100 or less in the aggregate per each reporting period, except no limit for general purpose political committee. In Washington, must be $50 or less if no receipt. Non-in-kind contribution of more than $50 by individuals and any non-in-kind contribution by political committees must be made by written instrument. In District of Columbia, must be less than $25.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

184 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued

Table 5.12 CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS (As of January 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Unlimited.

No solicitation of state employees for state political activities. City employees may contribute to county/state political activities; county employees may contribute to city/state political activities; judges and judicial employees may not solicit except for their own candidacies.

Alaska (a) ............................

Limited to $1,000 per office per year.

Unlimited.

Same as individual.

Contribution may not be required of state Prohibited. employees. Judges and judicial office candidates may not contribute.

Arizona ................................

Limited to $690 per statewide Unlimited, but may trigger Definitions imply that spouse may candidate; $270 per other offices; new limits for opponent. contribute under candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and a maximum of $2,560 in total unlimited aegis. contributions per calendar year.

...

Prohibited.

Arkansas (a) .......................

Limited to $1,000 per candidate per election.

Unlimited.

Same as individual.

Certain state employees are prohibited from soliciting, as are certain judges (for campaigns other than their own). Contribution may not be required of state employees.

Anonymous contribution must be less than $50 per year. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

California (a) ......................

Limits of $1,000 per person per candidate per special election or special runoff election only. Certain jurisdictions have local limits on contributions to candidates.

Generally unlimited.

Same as individual.

Local agency employees may not solicit employees of agency except incidentally through a large solicitation.

Anonymous contribution must not exceed $100. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Colorado (a) ........................

Unlimited.

Judges and employees subject to their Anonymous contribution must be maximum direction and control should not solicit of $25. Contribution in the name of another funds for a political organization or prohibited. candidate. Judges and employees subject to their direction and control should not pay an assessment or contribute to a political organization or candidate (other than the specific judicial candidate).

Connecticut (a) ...................

Limit to an aggregate of $15,000 Unlimited. per election and $2,500 for governor; $1,500 for other statewide office; $1,000 for sheriff or local chief executive; $500 for state senate, or probate judge; $250 for state representative; or other local office; and $5,000 per year to state party.

Same as individual.

State department heads and deputies may not solicit. Contribution may not be required. Prohibited for judges.

185

See footnotes at end of table.

Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Anonymous contribution must be less than $15. Contributions in the name of another prohibited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ..............................

State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidate’s family member ...

Anonymous or in name of another

Limited to $1,200 per statewide candidate per election and $600 per non-statewide candidate per election.

Same as individual.

Florida (a) ...........................

Limited to $500 per candidate. Unemancipated child under 18 limited to $100 per candidate. Some restrictions on judges and judicial personnel.

Unlimited, except Limited to $500 per candidate. candidates accepting public financing are limited to $25,000 to their own campaigns. Some restrictions on candidates for judge.

Georgia ................................

Limited to $5,000 in the aggregate Unlimited. to statewide candidates in an election year, and $1,000 in the aggregate in a non-election year. Limited to $2,000 in the aggregate to general assembly and other candidates in an election year, and $1,000 in the aggregate in a nonelection year.

Spouse and children: unlimited. Other family members: same as individual.

Prohibited for state employees to coerce another state employee.

Prohibited.

Hawaii (a) ...........................

Limited to $2,000 for two-year offices; $4,000 for four-year offices; $6,000 for statewide offices in an election period.

Limited to $50,000, including the candidate’s family, in any election period.

Same as candidate.

Solicitation of contributions prohibited. Contributions to other employees are prohibited.

Prohibited.

Idaho ....................................

Unlimited.

Prohibited for state employee to coerce another state employee. Contribution permitted.

Anonymous contribution must be $50 or less. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Illinois ..................................

Unlimited, but generally prohibited Same as individual. for judicial candidates and judicial employees.

Unlimited.

Solicitation and contribution by employees prohibited under certain circumstances; generally prohibited for judges and judicial employees.

Prohibited.

Indiana ................................

Unlimited.

Certain law enforcement personnel/ Contribution in the name of another prohibited. firefighters may not solicit on duty or in uniform; state employees cannot solicit (1) when on duty, (2) acting in official capacity, (3) from those employees known to have a business relationship with the employee’s agency, and (4) from state employees directly supervised by the employee. Judges may not personally solicit. Contribution may not be required. Judges should not contribute, and their employees, are subject to the same constraints.

Unlimited.

Same as individual.

Government employees

Delaware (a) .......................

Prohibited.

Solicitation generally prohibited for state Contribution in the name of another prohibited. employees during working hours, or within a building owned by a state entity. Judges may not solicit contributions. Judges should not make contributions.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

186 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Iowa .....................................

Unlimited.

Kansas (a) ...........................

Candidate

Candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Prohibited for state employee to coerce another state employee. Prohibited for judges and certain judicial employees.

Prohibited.

Limited to $2,000 per statewide Unlimited. candidate per election; $1,000 per election for senate seats; $500 per election for house seats and local office, district magistrate judge, district attorney, and state school board.

Same as individual.

Certain employees cannot compel contributions.

Anonymous contribution must be $10 or less. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Kentucky (a) .......................

Limited to $500 per candidate Unlimited (direct). Loans per election (lower limits for are limited to $50,000 per school board), $500 to a political joint slate for governor issues committee, $1,500 to PAC, and lieutenant governor; and $2,500 to all state/local $25,000 per statewide political parties. Minors limited candidate; and $10,000 to $100. No more than $1,500 for other candidates. in total contributions to all permanent committees and contributing organizations in any year (but unlimited to inaugural committees).

Limited to $500 per candidate per election. Minors limited to $100.

Solicitations are generally prohibited except as part of a larger solicitation not specifically targeted at state employees. Assessments and coercion of state employees prohibited. Prohibited for judges. May not be required of state employees. School district employees may not contribute to school board candidates in their districts.

Anonymous contribution must be $50 or less with any excess aggregating more than $1,000 escheating to the commonwealth. Contribution in the name of another prohibited. (b)

Louisiana (a) .......................

Limited to $5,000 for major office Unlimited. candidates, $2,500 for district office candidates, and $1,000 for any other offices, per candidate, per election. During any four-year period, may not contribute more than $100,000 to any political committee other than a candidate committee.

Same as individual.

Solicitation and contribution generally prohibited.

Anonymous contribution generally prohibited. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Maine ...................................

Limited to an aggregate of $25,000 in a calendar year and $1,000 per candidate per election.

Unlimited.

Unlimited for spouse.

Prohibited for state employee to coerce another state employee.

Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Maryland (a) ......................

Limited to an aggregate of $10,000 per four-year election cycle and $4,000 per candidate or political committee.

Unlimited.

Unlimited for spouse.

Contribution may not be required.

Prohibited.

Massachusetts (a) ...............

Limited to $500 per candidate per year, with an aggregate limit of $12,500 per year. Minors limited to $25 per year.

Unlimited, except for loans, Same as individual. which are limited depending upon office sought.

Solicitation generally prohibited. Contribution may not be required.

Prohibited.

187

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Unlimited.

See footnotes at end of table.

Unlimited.

State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Michigan (a) .......................

Limited to $3,400 for a statewide office, $1,000 for state senate, and $500 for state representative candidates per election cycle; lawyers limited to $100 for candidate for judicial office.

Minnesota ...........................

Candidate Unlimited, except to $50,000 per gubernatorial campaign from candidate and family per election cycle.

Candidate’s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Unlimited, except to $50,000 per gubernatorial campaign per election cycle.

Prohibited for judges and employees under direction and control of a judge for that judge’s candidacy. Contribution may not be required.

Prohibited.

Governor/lt. governor: limited to Unlimited, except limited $2,000 per election year and to 10 times election year $500 in a non-election year. limit if accepting a public Attorney general: limited to subsidy. $1,000 per election year and $200 in a non-election year. Other statewide offices: limited to $500 per election year and $100 in a nonelection year. State senate/state representative: limited to $500 per election year and $100 in a nonelection year.

Same as individual.

Solicitation prohibited during hours of employment. Prohibited for judges and their employees, and judicial candidates. Contribution may not be required.

Anonymous contributions must be less than $20. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Mississippi ..........................

Unlimited.

Solicitation prohibited for employees of certain specified agencies. Contribution may not be required. Employees of certain specified agencies may not contribute.

...

Missouri (a) ........................

Limited to $1,000 for statewide office candidates; $500 for senate candidates; $250 for house candidates; varying limits for local office candidates.

Unlimited.

Same as individual.

Judge and judge’s employees may not Anonymous contribution must be $25 or less. solicit for party. Merit system Contribution in the name of another prohibited. employees may not receive or be solicited for contributions. Members of the Missouri Ethics Commission may not contribute. Judge and judicial candidates should not contribute to party, unless judge a candidate.

Montana (a) ........................

Limited for each contested Unlimited. primary and general election in a campaign to $400 for governor/ lieutenant governor, $200 for other statewide candidates, and $100 for all other candidates.

Same as individual.

Solicitation by municipal government employees prohibited while on job or at place of employment.

Prohibited.

Nebraska (a) .......................

Unlimited.

Contribution unlimited.

Anonymous contribution prohibited. Contribution in the name of another prohibited, except earmarked contributions permitted if disclosure requirements met.

Unlimited, except that Unlimited. candidate committee cannot contribute to another candidate committee other than in fundraising event.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

188 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Statewide office: $10,000 per Same as individual. election cycle. City, county, state, or judicial office: $2,000 per election cycle.

Same as individual.

May not solicit funds for a political organization or candidate.

If anonymous contribution $100 or more, must be delivered to state treasurer or donated to nonprofit entity.

New Hampshire ..................

Limited to $5,000 per candidate, Unlimited. per election, except limited to $1,000 per election if to candidate or political committee working on behalf of a candidate who does not voluntarily agree to limit campaign expenditures.

Same as individual.

Cannot coerce classified state employee to contribute.

Prohibited.

New Jersey (a) ....................

Limited to $1,500 per nongovernor candidate per primary or general election; $1,800 per governor candidate per primary or general election; $25,000 to political party state committee or county committee or legislative leadership committee per year; $5,000 to municipal party committee per year. Unlimited to political committee or continuing political committee.

Candidate for non-governor office unlimited. Candidate for governor accepting public funds limited to $25,000 per primary or general election from personal funds; if not accepting public funds, unlimited. $25,000 to political party state committee or county committee or legislative leadership committee per year. $5,000 to political committee per election; $5,000 to continuing political committee or municipal party committee per year.

Spouse of candidate for governor Prohibited to demand from other public and presumably other family employees. members limited to $1,800 per primary or general election; unlimited for spouse, child, parent, or sibling residing in same household of candidate for non-governor office.

Prohibited.

New Mexico (a) ..................

Unlimited.

Anonymous contributions prohibited if over $100. Aggregate anonymous contributions received during primary or general election limited to $2,000 for statewide races and $500 for other races. Excess over limit must be donated to general fund or to a Section 170(b)(1)(A) organization. In the name of another person prohibited if recipient knows contribution is from third person that directed that contribution not be publicly reported.

See footnotes at end of table.

Elected office, public officer or employee with regulatory office, candidate for regulatory office, or agent of candidate may not solicit contributions from regulated entities and persons. Non-probationary state employees cannot be dismissed for failure to contribute.

189

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Nevada .................................

State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidate’s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

New York (a) .......................

Limited to an aggregate of Unlimited to own campaign. $150,000 per year and maximum aggregate per office. Statewide office: primary product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in state x $0.05, but not less than $4,500 or more than $13,400; general election - $28,000. State senator: primary - $4,500; general election $7,000. Member of assembly: primary - $2,800; general election $2,800. New York City mayor, public advocate, comptroller: primary election - greater of $4,500 or product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in city x $.05, but not more than $13,400; general election - $28,000. Other public office: primary - greater of $1,000 or product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in district x $.05, but not more than $50,000. Election to party position greater of $1,000 or product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in district x $.05, but not more than $50,000. Party or constituted committee - limited to aggregate of $62,500 per year.

Candidate’s spouse - unlimited. Solicitation prohibited for police force Other family members (candidate’s members and judicial candidates. child, parent, grandparent, brother, Contribution permitted, but may sister, and their spouses together) not be required. limited to maximum aggregate per office. Statewide office: primary product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in state x $.025; general election - product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in state x $.025; state senator: primary greater of $20,000 or product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party district multiplied by $.25, but not more than $100,000; general election - greater of $20,000 or product of number of registered voters in district x $.25, but not more than $100,000. Member of assembly: primary - greater of $12,500 or product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in district x $.25, but not more than $100,000; general election - greater of $12,500 or product of number of registered voters in district x $.25, but not more than $100,000; general election - greater of $1,250 or product of number of enrolled voters in district x $.25, but not more than $100,000. Election to party position product of number of enrolled voters in candidate’s party in district x $.25, but not more than $100,000.

Anonymous prohibited. In the name of another prohibited, except contributions of not more than $2,500 in name of partnership does not violate prohibition.

North Carolina (a) .............

Limited to $4,000 per committee or candidate per election for that election.

Unlimited.

Judge or judicial candidate may not solicit contributions. No person may coerce a state employee or applicant for a state position subject to the Personnel Act to make a contribution by threatening adverse or preferential personnel actions.

Prohibited.

North Dakota ......................

Unlimited.

Full-time judges and judicial candidates Prohibited. may not solicit contributions. Full-time judges and judicial candidates may not make contributions to political organizations and candidates. State officers and employees may not solicit campaign funds while on duty or in uniform. Political subdivision may extend prohibition to local public employees.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

190 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Ohio (a) ...............................

Unlimited, except to judicial candidates.

Oklahoma (a) ......................

Oregon .................................

Candidate’s family member Unlimited.

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

191

May not solicit or be solicited if in classified service or public employee. Judge may not solicit or receive campaign funds.

Prohibited.

Limited per person or family to Unlimited to own campaign; Same as individual. $5,000 to a political party otherwise subject to limits committee or political action for individuals. Candidate committee in a calendar year, committee may not contribute $5,000 to a candidate/candidate or make independent committee for state office or expenditure for another municipal office in a municipality candidate. of 250,000 or more for election campaign, and $1,000 to any other local candidate/candidate committee for election campaign.

State officials and employees may not solicit or receive contributions. Judges should not solicit. Classified employees may not solicit. Contribution prohibited for state highway patrol members and supernumerary tax consultants. Judges should not contribute.

Anonymous contributions prohibited in excess of $50. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

Limited to $500 in aggregate per Unlimited in personal Same as individual. election to candidate or principal funds contributed to the campaign committee for governor, candidate or candidate’s secretary of state, state treasurer, principal campaign committee. superintendent of public instruction, Candidate’s principal campaign attorney general, commissioner of committee, and political the bureau of labor and industries, committee over which candidate or judge of supreme court, court of exercises direction or control appeals; or Oregon tax court; prohibited from contributing however, limitations on other than candidate’s personal contributions to a candidate do funds to another candidate or not apply if aggregate amount principal campaign committee from opponent’s contributions and for other than national or political loans from personal funds and party office or to any other family contributions to opponent’s political committee not organized campaign exceeds $25,000. exclusively to support or oppose Limited to $100 in aggregate per national or party office candidates election to candidate or principal or measures. Otherwise, subject campaign for state senator or state to same limitations as individuals. representative; however, limitations on contributions to a candidate do not apply if aggregate amount from opponent’s contributions and loans from personal funds and family contributions to opponent’s campaign exceeds $10,000. If under 18, limited to $25 in aggregate per candidate per election. Prohibited from contributing more than $100 in calendar year to any one political committee (except candidate’s principal campaign committee or political committee organized exclusively to support or oppose candidates for national or political party office or measures) or $1,000 to any one political committee.

Solicitation prohibited during hours of employment. Contribution may not be demanded to pay a political assessment.

Prohibited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments See footnotes at end of table.

Candidate Unlimited.

State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidate’s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Pennsylvania (a) .................

Unlimited.

Public officers and employees may not Prohibited. demand a political assessment. Judges should not solicit funds. State classified service, state crime commission, public utility commission, community action agency, and county board of health personnel may not solicit. Workplace contributions by state classified service employees are restricted. Judges and judicial candidates should not make candidate contributions.

Rhode Island (a) .................

$1,000 per recipient per calendar year and maximum of $10,000 for all recipients, except perrecipient limit doubles to $2,000 if recipient is a candidate for general office who has qualified to receive public funding, and an additional $10,000 may be contributed to a political party committee for organizational and partybuilding activities.

To own campaign, generally unlimited; however, a candidate for general office who has qualified and elected to receive public funding, contributions (and loans) by the candidate may not exceed 5 percent of the total the candidate is permitted to spend in the campaign.

Same as individual.

State classified employees may not Prohibited. Must be returned to donor if solicit. State or municipal officials may identity can be ascertained; if it cannot, not solicit contribution with understanding escheats to state. that official will be influenced. Full-time judge or candidate for judicial office should not solicit. State classified employees may not be solicited.

South Carolina (a) .............

Limited to $3,500 per statewide Unlimited. candidate per election; $1,000 per other candidate per election; $3,500 per committee per calendar year.

Same as individual.

Employer cannot give preference to Anonymous contribution prohibited generally. employees who contribute; must Must give to children’s trust fund. inform them of right to refuse without penalty. No one may solicit uniformed law enforcement officer, judge, judicial candidate, solicitor and staff, and attorney general and staff except for own campaign. Judge and judicial candidate should not solicit. Contribution prohibited by state ethics commission personnel; judges and judicial candidates should not contribute, except in elective office may contribute to a political party or organization. Employees and officers of the Judicial Department may not coerce or command political contributions from state officers and employees.

South Dakota ......................

Limited to any calendar year to $1,000 for a statewide office candidate; $250 for a legislative or county office candidate; and $3,000 to a political party.

Unlimited.

Judge or judicial candidate may not solicit. Judge or judicial candidate may not contribute to a political organization or candidate.

Unlimited.

...

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

192 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidate’s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Limited to $2,500 for state office candidate and $1,000 for other candidate in aggregate per election.

Limited to $250,000 for Same as individual. statewide office, $40,000 for state senate, or $20,000 for other office, in aggregate per election.

Prohibited for state government superiors ... to solicit their employees. Prohibited to solicit persons who receive government benefits. State career service employees may not solicit. Judges should not solicit. Employees of sheriff’s department under civil service law may not solicit. Judges expressly permitted to contribute only to political party or candidate.

Texas (a) .............................. ...............................................

Unlimited.

...

Contribution in the name of another prohibited, unless there is disclosure.

Utah .....................................

Unlimited.

Prohibited to solicit executive branch employees during hours of employment. Judges should not solicit funds. Judges are not permitted to make contributions to a political party or organization.

...

Vermont (a) .........................

Limited to $1,000 per candidate or committee per primary or general election.

Unlimited, except federal Unlimited. office candidate limited to $1,000 to another candidate or committee per election.

Solicitation prohibited.

...

Virginia ...............................

Unlimited.

Unlimited

Contribution by judges prohibited.

...

Washington (a) ...................

Unlimited using their own Same as individual. personal funds or portion of jointly held funds, but may not make aggregate contributions within 21 days of a general election to own campaign exceeding $50,000 for statewide office. Candidates for state office may not accept aggregate contributions per election cycle from all political party county central committees and legislative district committees combined that exceed 25¢ per voter in district (state legislative office candidate) or state (state executive office candidate). Candidates may not accept contributions that exceed limits. Otherwise, same as for individuals.

Solicitation on government property is prohibited. State or local official or official’s agent may not solicit from employees in officials agency. Judges may not solicit. Contribution prohibited if city with commission form of government. Judges may not contribute to a political party, political organization, or non-judicial candidate.

Contribution may not be made so as to conceal the source. Anonymous contribution limited to greater of one percent of total accumulated contributions received or $300. Contribution in the name of another prohibited.

West Virginia (a) ................

Limited to $1,000 per candidate, Same as individual. per primary or general election and $1,000 to state party executive committee per calendar year.

State classified service employees and judges and judicial candidates may not solicit. Non-elective salaried government employees may not be solicited.

Anonymous contribution prohibited. Contributor disclosure required for contribution in the name of another.

193

See footnotes at end of table.

Unlimited.

Same as individual.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Tennessee .............................

State or other jurisdiction

Individual

Candidate

Candidate’s family member

Government employees

Anonymous or in name of another

Wisconsin (a) ......................

Limited to an aggregate of $10,000 in a calendar year. Limits for campaign: $10,000 for statewide office, $1,000 for state senator, $500 for state representative, $2,500 or $3,000 for court of appeals judge (depending on population of district), $1,000 or $3,000 for circuit judge (depending on population of circuit), and for local office, the greater of $250 or 1¢ x number of inhabitants ($3,000 maximum).

Unlimited as to candidate’s own personal funds and property or personal funds and property owned jointly or as marital property with spouse. State office candidate who receives election campaign fund grant is limited to 200 percent of the amount that an individual may contribute.

Limited to same amounts as individual, except in the case of property and personal funds owned jointly or as marital property by a candidate and spouse.

Solicitation and contribution prohibited Anonymous contribution must be $10 or less. during hours of employment or while Contribution in the name of another prohibited. engaged in official duties. Judges may not solicit or contribute for political party.

Wyoming .............................

Limited to an aggregate of $25,000 and to $1,000 per candidate, per primary, general, or special election in any general election year and the preceding year.

Unlimited.

Judges may not solicit funds for candidates.

...

Dist. of Columbia (a) .........

Limited to an aggregate of Same as individual. $600 per election and $100 for mayor; $100 for council chair; $100 for council member at-large; $50 for council member from a district or board of education member at-large; $50 for board of education member from a district or party official; and $25 for a neighborhood advisory committee member.

Same as individual.

Contribution permitted but employees may not solicit or collect political contributions.

Anonymous contributions prohibited.

Source: Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer Campaign Finance Law 96. (Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Note: For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. Key: . . . — No reference to contributions in the law. (a) Restrictions on cash contributions. In Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Maryland and North Carolina limited to $100 or less. In California and New York, less than $100. In Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Vermont and West Virginia, limited to $50 or less. In Kentucky, must be $50 or less, but cash contribution is entirely prohibited to slate of candidates for governor and lieutenant governor. Michigan limits cash contributions to $20 or less. In Missouri and District of Columbia, must be $25 or less. In Montana, recipient must maintain receipt for cash contributions over $25. New Mexico limits unidentifiable cash contributions received at special events up to $1,000 are not subject to anonymous contribution limits. Excess over $1,000 after expenses must be donated to general fund or to a Section 170(b)(1)(A) organization.

In Wisconsin, must be $10 or less. Oklahoma individual’s contribution of not more than $50 in cash to a candidate committee is permitted; otherwise, prohibited. In Washington, must be $50 or less if no receipt. Nonin-kind contribution by more than $50 by individuals and any non-in-kind contribution by political committees must be made by written instrument. Hawaii requires a receipt to the donor and a record of the transaction for any contributions greater than $100. In Louisiana, contributions greater than $100 must be by written instrument. All contributions by corporations, labor organizations, and associations must be by check. Cash contributions in New Jersey are prohibited unless in response to public solicitation or a written contributor statement is filed (maximum up to $200 cumulatively). In Ohio, must be $100 or less per election. In Pennsylvania, must be $100 or less in the aggregate if to or for a candidate. In Rhode Island and South Carolina, prohibited if over $25 from an individual. In Texas, must be $100 or less in the aggregate per each reporting period, except no limit for general purpose political committee. (b) Language has been held to be unconstitutionally vague.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

194 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued

Table 5.13 CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES (As of January 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

195

Only committee named and designated by candidate.

...

Unlimited as to officeholder expenses, contributions to charity, transfers to another committee, donations to state agencies or funds, or uses for other nonpersonal lawful purposes.

Alaska ..................................

Candidate, treasurer, or deputy treasurer.

...

No expenditures permitted . . . before filing date except for personal travel expenses and public opinion polls/ surveys.

May be given to charity, used to repay contributors, spent on a future campaign, used to repay candidate or used as income, contributed to another committee, or transferred to office allowance fund. Surplus funds may be taken as income by candidate.

Arizona ................................

Treasurer or authorized agent.

...

May be retained for a future campaign; returned to contributors; donated to a party committee, certain charitable organizations, political organizations within limits or other candidate (after 12/31/92 may not be donated to another candidate’s committee or used for candidate’s personal use).

Arkansas .............................

...

After setting aside any funds needed to pay debts, and an amount equal to the yearly salary for the office sought, surplus funds must either be turned over to the state treasurer for the benefit of the general revenue fund, to an organized political party, or to contributors to the candidate’s campaign (b).

California ............................

Candidate or treasurer.

...

Must be directly related to political, legislative, or governmental purpose if candidate or elected officer receives substantial personal benefit. Certain expenditures must be directly related regardless of benefit received.

May be used for debts or charitable contributions; contributed to a political party, candidate for federal office or ballot measure committee; contributed to an out-of-state campaign, or used to defray certain legal or professional expenses associated with the election and aftermath; or used to purchase home or office security system subject to restrictions. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Colorado .............................

...

Must be reasonably related to an election, voter registration, or political education. May not be used to encourage another candidate’s withdrawal from race.

May be contributed to a nonprofit or charitable organization whose purposes are not political in nature, or to the state or a political subdivision of the state. Surplus on behalf of a partisan candidate may be given to a political party or to a candidate.

Connecticut .........................

Treasurer or those authorized by treasurer.

...

No expenditures permitted until treasurer and campaign depository have been designated.

Polls, meeting halls, rally expenses, printing and advertising, professional service fees, travel, staff salaries, rent, supplies, voter transportation, communications, petition-related expenses, and other expenses permitted by the commission.

May be donated to another committee (except one established to further the candidate’s future campaigns), distributed pro rata to contributors, or used for transition expenses. Ballot question committees may also distribute surplus to government agencies or tax-exempt organizations. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

See footnotes at end of table.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ..............................

State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Delaware .............................

Candidate committee.

...

Florida .................................

Only campaign treasurers or deputy treasurers.

Georgia ................................

Expenditures prior to first filing ...

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Staff salaries, travel expenses, filing fees, communications and printing, food, office supplies, voter lists and canvasses, poll watchers, rent, advertising, rallies, legal counsel.

May be contributed to a tax-exempt, religious, charitable, educational, or scientific organization, volunteer fire department, or a successful committee.

Publicly financed candidates . . . and those agreeing to voluntary limits: $5 million for governor and lt. governor; $2 million for cabinet. Limits may be increased under certain circumstances.

Expenditures may only be used to influence the results of an election.

Funds remaining after an election are to be used to pay remaining obligations incurred prior to or on election day. Surplus funds may be used to reimburse a candidate for candidate’s contributions; transferred to a public officeholder account in various amounts dependent upon office; returned pro rata to contributors; given to a candidate’s political party; donated to a nonprofit or charitable organization; or given to the state for the general fund or the election campaign financing trust fund (by a state candidate) or political subdivision (by a local candidate). Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Candidate, chair, treasurer, or designated agents.

...

May only be used to defray ordinary and necessary campaign expenses incurred in connection with the candidate’s campaign for elective office, or the public officer’s fullfillment or retention of that office.

May be donated to any charitable organization and nonprofit organization; transferred to any future campaign for elective office for which they were received; used for repayment of any prior campaign obligation incurred as a candidate; or transferred to any national, state, or local committee of any political party or to any candidate. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Hawaii .................................

Only campaign treasurer or deputy treasurer.

Voluntary election year ... limits: governor - $2.50 x qualified voters; lt. governor - $1.40 x qualified voters; mayor - $2.00 x qualified voters; House/Senate/ council prosecutor - $1.40 x qualified voters; others 20¢ x qualified voters.

Must be related to a campaign purpose, including donations to community, youth, social or recreational organizations; reports, surveys, and polls.

May be used for fundraising; candidate-sponsored, politically related activity; ordinary and necessary office-holder expenses; donations to any community service, scientific, education, youth, recreation, charitable, or literary organization. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Idaho ....................................

...

Illinois ..................................

Must be authorized by chair, treasurer, or their designated agents.

...

Only for nomination, election or ... retention of a person in public office, or in connection with a public policy question.

...

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

196 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Only treasurer may make expenditures.

...

Must be used for campaign, for continuing political activity, activity related to service in an elected office, or contributions to party committees or other candidate committees.

May be transferred to candidate committees, political committees, or state election commission, political parties, certain tax-exempt organizations, used for continuing political activity or officeholder expenses reasonably related to the expenses of holding elective office, or returned pro rata to contributors. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Iowa .....................................

Must be through sale depository accounts.

...

Initial report must account for all funds raised and spent for current election back to beginning of activity, even if in different calendar year.

Generally prohibited. Public checkoff funds may only be used for legitimate campaign purposes in general elections, including salaries, rent, advertising, supplies, travel, campaign paraphernalia, contributions to other candidates or committees, and the like. Candidate campaign funds may only be used for legitimate campaign purposes, including salaries, rent, advertising, supplies, travel, campaign paraphernalia, or for constituency services or office-holder expenses.

Public checkoff funds may not be used to lease or purchase any item whose benefits extend beyond the time in which the funds must be spent. Candidates’ campaign funds may not generally be used to pay civil/criminal penalties; personal debts or expenses; for personal services unrelated to the campaign; most motor vehicle leases and payments; professional organization and most service organization memberships; mortgage or rental payments for the candidate; meals, groceries, and other food not for campaign uses; payments clearly in excess of the fair market value of the service or item. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Kansas .................................

Must be by or through treasurer.

...

No expenditures permitted Must be for legitimate campaign until registration form or officeholding expenses. properly filed.

Kentucky .............................

Treasurer must make or authorize all expenditures on behalf of a candidate.

Candidates accepting public No expenditures permitted financing limited to $1.8 until primary campaign million in a primary depository is designated. election; $300,000 in a primary runoff election; and $1.8 million in a general election.

Political parties receiving tax money may use these funds to support their party’s candidates in a general election, and for administrative costs of maintaining a party headquarters.

Any unexpended balance may be returned pro rata to all contributors, transferred to the candidate’s party executive committee, retained for election to the same office, be donated to a Section 501(c)(3) charity, or escheat to the state treasury. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Louisiana .............................

Any person, upon proper notification to treasurer.

...

Must be related to a political campaign or holding of office.

May be returned pro rata to contributors; given to a charitable organization; spent for or against a candidate, political party, or a proposition; used in future political campaigns; or activity related to a future campaign. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited except to replace items stolen, lost, or damaged in connection with a campaign.

See footnotes at end of table.

No expenditures aggregating in excess of $500 may be made by a political committee until statement of organization is properly filed.

Residual funds must be contributed to a charitable organization, a party committee, to the state general fund, or returned in whole or pro rata to contributors. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

197

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Indiana ................................

State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing ...

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Maine ...................................

...

PAC is limited to expenditures of $5,000 per candidate or political committee per election.

...

Returned pro rata to contributors, used for the candidate’s future campaigns or transferred to other committees, unrestricted gift to the state; gift to charitable or educational organization; loan repayment or debt retirement of campaign expenses; or payment for expenses incurred in performance of office to which elected.

Maryland ............................

Public funds may only be spent upon authority of candidate or treasurer. Other expenditures must be made through treasurer.

Publicly financed No expenditures permitted candidates for governor/lt. until registration form governor limited to 30¢ is properly filed. x qualified voters, adjusted annually beginning January 1, 1997.

Public contributions may only be used to further the candidate’s nomination or election, for legal purposes, and for expenses not incurred later than 30 days after the election.

Public funds must be repaid not later than 60 days after the election for which the funds are granted. Other surplus funds must be returned on a pro rata basis to contributors; paid to a party central committee; donated to a local board of education, recognized non-profit educational or charitable organization; or given to a higher education institution for scholarships.

Massachusetts .....................

Candidate, committee treasurer, or designee.

...

Michigan .............................

An expenditure may only be made with the authorization of the treasurer or the treasurer’s designee.

Gubernatorial candidates ... who accept public funds limited to $2 million per election; additional expenditures are authorized in response to editorials, endorsements, etc.

Public funds may only be spent on services, facilities, materials, or other things of value to further the candidate’s election during the election year.

Minnesota ...........................

Must be authorized by treasurer or deputy treasurer of the committee or fund.

Candidates accepting public . . . subsidies are limited as follows in election years (to be adjusted each election year based on Consumer Price Index; 1994 figures shown): governor/lt. governor: $1,725,920; attorney general: $287,655; other statewide office: $143,829; state senate: $43,150 (1992 figure); state representative: $21,576. Limits in nonelection years are 20 percent of election year limits. Under certain conditions, expenditures may increase.

Limited to salaries, wages, and fees; Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. communications, mailing, and transportation and travel; advertising and printing; office space and furnishings; supplies; and other expenses reasonably related to the election.

Mississippi ..........................

...

No committee expenditures Public financing funds must be Public financing funds must be repaid within 10 days permitted until committee spent for expenses directly related following primary or state election. Personal use of is properly organized. to campaign. Other candidates may funds by candidate prohibited. make expenditures for enhancement of their political future.

...

Public funds must be promptly repaid and may not be used in a subsequent election. Other funds may be transferred to another committee of same candidate (with restrictions), party, or tax-exempt charitable institution or returned to contributors. Public funds cannot be used to pay a candidate. Judicial candidate surplus funds must be returned to contributors or donated to state bar.

...

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

198 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

All expenditures must be made by or through the treasurer.

Voluntary limitations ruled . . . unconstitutional.

...

Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Montana .............................. ...............................................

Campaign treasurer and deputy campaign treasurer.

...

Nebraska .............................

Treasurers or assistant treasurers; however, candidates and their agents are also permitted to make expenditures.

...

Expenditure may not be made by a committee raising, receiving, or disbursing more than $2,000 in a calendar year until it files a statement of organization and has a treasurer.

A committee other than a political party may not expend or transfer funds except for goods, materials, services, or facilities to assist or oppose a candidate for a ballot question.

After an election, a committee may expend or transfer funds for continued operation of campaign offices; social events for workers, volunteers, and constituents; obtaining public input and opinion; repayment of campaign loans; newsletters and other political communications; gifts of acknowledgment; and office-holder related meals, lodging and travel. After termination of a candidate committee, unexpended funds may be transferred to another candidate committee, a political party committee, a tax-exempt charitable organization, the Campaign Finance Limitation Act Cash Fund; the state or certain political subdivisions; or returned to contributors. A committee may not make expenditures for the payment of a candidate’s clothes, or medical or dental expenses; mortgage or rental payments for the candidate’s permanent residence; installment payments for an auto owned by the candidate; satisfaction of personal debts (excluding reportable campaign loans); or personal services (such as legal or accounting services).

Nevada .................................

...

Elected and defeated candidates and non-candidate officeholders are required to dispose of unspent contributions in a statutorily authorized manner, including return to contributors, contribution for political purpose, and donation to tax-exempt nonprofit entity. Elected candidates may use for present or future campaign expenses or public office expenses. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

See footnotes at end of table.

199

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Missouri ..............................

State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Before non-party political . . . committee may make expenditures, a registration statement must be filed, and if the political committee is organized to support a candidate, written consent of the candidate or candidate’s fiscal agent must have been secured and filed. Political committee making independent expenditures must declare in registration statement it will abide by $1,000 expenditure limit per candidate per election.

Use of surplus funds (a)

New Hampshire ..................

Candidates or candidate’s fiscal agent.

Candidate may agree to limit campaign expenditures made by candidate and by committees, political party and immediate family on candidate’s behalf in a primary or general election in accordance with a maximum expenditure schedule.

Contributions may be used after general or special election for fundraising or other politically related activity sponsored by the candidate, or for donations to charitable organizations.

New Jersey ..........................

Treasurer or deputy treasurer of a candidate, political party committee, political committee, and continuing political committee.

Maximum amount to aid ... candidate for governor (excluding travel expenses) in 1993 primary: $2.6 million; in 1989 general election: $5.9 million. Spending limits are subject to adjustment prior to election year to reflect changes in campaign costs. Gubernatorial candidate receiving public funding is limited to $25,000 in primary and $25,000 in general election from candidate’s personal funds.

Contributions may be used for the Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. payment of campaign expenses; contributions to any charitable organization described in Section 170(c) of Internal Revenue Code, or non-profit organization that is exempt from taxation under Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code; transmittal to another candidate, candidate committee, or joint candidates committee or to a political committee continuing political committee, legislative leadership committee, or political party committee for the lawful use by such other candidate or committee; the payment of the overhead and administrative expenses related to the operation of the candidate committee or joint candidates committee of a candidate or a legislative leadership committee; the pro-rata repayment of contributors; or the payment of ordinary and necessary expenses of holding public office. Gubernatorial candidates limited as to use of public funds.

New Mexico ........................

Treasurer of candidate or political committee.

Treasurer must be appointed . . . and separate bank account established before candidate or political committee may make an expenditure.

...

Judicial candidates must return unused funds to contributors or donate to charitable organization. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

200 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

Contributions may be expended for any lawful purpose.

Use of surplus funds (a)

Candidate or treasurer of candidate or political committee.

...

North Carolina ...................

Except for independent expenditures, candidate-related expenditures may be made only through the treasurer or assistant treasurer of a candidate or political committee.

Candidates for state Except for independent ... constitutional office in expenditures, candidategeneral election who related expenditures may qualify for and receive not be made until a treasurer public matching funds are is appointed and certified. subject to expenditure limit depending on office involved.

...

North Dakota ......................

...

Ohio .....................................

For a campaign committee, only the campaign treasurer and deputy campaign treasurer.

...

Candidate must designate a treasurer before candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s campaign committee may receive contributions or make expenditures.

Candidate expenditures must be legitimate, verifiable, ordinary, and necessary.

Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Oklahoma ...........................

Treasurer and deputy treasurer of candidate committees and other committees.

...

Candidates may use contributions Funds of state candidate/candidate committee may only to defray campaign expenditures be disposed of by return to contributors, donation or ordinary and necessary expenses to charitable organization, retention for a future incurred in connection with duties campaign, deposit with the state, defense of of public officeholder. campaign legal actions, community activity, political activity, or transfer to political party committee. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Oregon .................................

Expenditures must be made by or through the treasurer of a political committee.

Candidates for statewide or . . . state legislative office may agree to limit expenditures to the statutory maximum limit in a primary or general election by filing a declaration of limitation on expenditures, but are not bound by the declaration: if an opposing candidate has not filed the declaration or has filed the declaration but has made expenditures exceeding the applicable limit.

...

May be used for any lawful purpose, including transfer to political party committee, return to donor, or holding for use in subsequent campaign. Contributions may not be converted to personal use of candidate not related to political campaign or holding public office or party position.

A candidate or candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s principal campaign committee may dispose of excess contributions by using them to defray any ordinary and necessary expenses incurred with duties as an officeholder; transferring them to a political committee of a political party; contributing them to a charitable organization; or using them for any other lawful purpose.

201

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

New York .............................

See footnotes at end of table.

Expenditures may not be made by a political committee until the designation of a treasurer and depository have been filed.

For certain purposes

State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Pennsylvania .......................

For a political committee, the treasurer, or appointed assistant treasurer.

...

Rhode Island .......................

Campaign treasurer or deputy campaign treasurer.

South Carolina ...................

Expenditures prior to first filing No expenditure may be made by a political committee until a chair and treasurer have been appointed.

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

No candidate, political committee chair, or treasurer may make an expenditure except as provided by law.

After financial activity is terminated, residual funds may be used for lawful expenditures, or returned pro rata to contributors. Judicial candidate should not use contributions for private benefit.

Unlimited, except for No expenditures may be candidate for general office made before the who accepts public funding. appointment of a treasurer and the filing of such designation.

Contributions may not be used to repay more than $200,000 during an election cycle of any cumulative personal loans to campaign by the candidate.

Campaign funds not used to pay for the expenses of gaining or holding public office may be maintained in campaign accounts; be donated to a candidate public office, a political organization, or a PAC, subject to the statutory limitations on contributions; be transferred in whole or in part to a newly established PAC; be donated to a tax-exempt charitable organization; be donated to the state; or be returned to the donor. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Candidates or duly authorized officer of a committee.

...

Disposition of excess funds of a candidate or committee is restricted to specific recipients and uses. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

South Dakota ......................

...

Necessary expenditure of money for ordinary or usual expense of conducting a political campaign unless expressly forbidden.

Judicial office candidate should not use for private benefit.

Tennessee .............................

Political treasurer of candidate and political campaign committee.

...

Candidate and political Clerical/office force; dissemination committee are required to of literature; public speakers; certify name and address of newspaper announcements of political treasurer before candidacy; and transportation of making an expenditure in voters unable to go to the polls. an election.

Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

202 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Candidate for candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own election; political committee; campaign treasurer or assistant campaign treasurer acting in an official capacity; and an individual who makes independent, unreimbursed expenditures.

Voluntary limits on aggregate expenditures per election for judicial candidates; statewide judicial office - $2 million; office or chief justice of the court of appeals - $500,000 if the population of the judicial district is more than one million, or $350,000 if the population of the judicial district is one million or less; and other non-statewide judicial offices - $350,000 if the population of the judicial district is more than one million, $200,000 if the population of the judicial district is 250,000 to one million, and $100,000 if the population of the judicial district is less than 250,000.

Candidates may not make Use of public funds for political or authorize expenditures advertising prohibited. Payment before filing a campaign from contributions for personal treasurer appointment. services of candidate, officeholder, Specific-purpose political or family restricted. Reimbursement committees may not make of personal funds for expenditures expenditures that exceed by and repayment of loans made $500 without filing a by relatives of a candidate to a campaign treasurer candidate or officeholder limited appointment. Specificto an aggregate of $500,000 per purpose and general-purpose election for governor and $250,000 political committees, other per election for other statewide office. than political party county executive committees, may not make expenditures totaling more than $500 to support or oppose a candidate for statewide office, state legislature, state board of education, or multi-county district office unless a campaign treasurer appointment was filed at least 30 days before the election. General purpose political committeees, other than political party county executive, may not make expenditures exceeding $500 unless a campaign treasurer appointment was filed at least 60 days before the expenditures and the committee has accepted contribution from at least 10 persons.

Contributions may not be converted to the personal use of a candidate or officeholder. Specific purpose political committee also may not convert contributions to the personal use of a former candidate or officeholder. Expenditures from personal funds may be reimbursed from contributions.

Utah .....................................

Candidate and the secretary of a personal campaign committee in the case of a candidate for state executive office. A committee member may not make an expenditure over $1,000 without written authorization by candidate or committee secretary.

...

State office candidate must Expenditures prohibited by law file a statement of may not be made. appointment of personal campaign committee before the committee may make expenditures.

Judicial candidates may not use contributions for candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s private benefit.

Vermont ...............................

Designated treasurer.

...

203

See footnotes at end of table.

Existing surplus may be contributed Conversion of surplus funds to personal use of and existing debts assigned to new candidate is prohibited, but the candidate may use fund. such funds to reduce personal campaign debts.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Texas ....................................

State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Virginia ...............................

...

Washington .........................

West Virginia ......................

Total expenditures allowed ...

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Candidate must appoint one Prohibited. campaign treasurer not later than upon acceptance of a contribution.

After filing of final report, surplus funds may be used in a succeeding election; returned to contributors; donated to a Section 170 organization; contributed to other candidates or committees, including a political party committee; or used to defray unreimbursable elective office expenses of candidate. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited.

Campaign treasurer, candidate, or ... person on authority of campaign treasurer or candidate.

...

May be disposed of by return to the contributors in an amount not to exceed the original contributions, transfer to the candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal account for reimbursement for lost earnings during the campaign, donation to a registered charitable organization, transmittal to the state, retention for a future campaign for the same office, transferred to a political party or caucus political committee, or payment of non-reimbursed public office-related expenses. Contributions may be transferred to the personal account of a candidate or expended for candidateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal use for reimbursement for loans to cover lost earnings while campaigning or performing services for the political committee and for direct out-of-pocket expenses for repayment of loans made to political committee. Candidate may not be reimbursed more than $3,000 per election for loans made to their own campaigns.

Candidates, financial agents and political committee treasurers.

No person may act as treasurer or financial agent before filing designation. Political party may not disburse money for election expenses unless treasurer is appointed.

Generally, lawful payments for political expenses; rent, maintenance, and furnishing of political headquarters or office; payment of support staff; political advertising and advertising agency services; public meeting-related expenses; travel, lodging and administrative expenses; nominating petition costs; prevention of unlawful registration of voters; voter transportation; and public polls; and non-cash postelection expressions of appreciation. Judicial candidates may not use or permit use of contributions for private benefit.

Excess campaign assets may be disposed of by transfer to new candidate committee; contribution to political party committee or candidate; or returned to contributors on a pro rata basis. Per statute, excess funds may be transferred by a terminating political committee to another committee for the same candidate. Per statute, excess contributions may be used in connection with duties as a public officeholder; contributed to a charitable organization; or transferred to a political party committee. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited, except for reimbursement of election expenses. Use of excess campaign assets for personal economic benefit is prohibited.

...

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

204 The Book of the States 1996-97

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Who may make expenditures

Total expenditures allowed

Expenditures prior to first filing

For certain purposes

Use of surplus funds (a)

Wisconsin ............................

Treasurer of a candidate, political committee, political group, or individual.

State office candidates who receive election campaign fund grant may not expend more for a campaign than amount specified in the authorized disbursement schedule unless opponents not accepting grant do not agree to comply with the limit voluntarily.

Disbursements may not be Expenditures may be made for any made by candidate or lawful purpose. Contributions must personal campaign be used for a political purpose. committee, political committee, political group, or individual before registration statement is filed and campaign depository account established.

Residual funds may be used for any political purpose not prohibited by law, returned to the donor, or donated to a charitable organization or the common school fund.

Wyoming ............................. ...............................................

...

Candidate for judicial office may not use contributions for private benefit of candidate.

Dist. of Columbia ...............

Only the chair, treasurer, or designated agents may make an expenditure.

...

May be donated to a political party for political purposes; returned to donors; transferred to a scientific, technical, or literacy or educational organization; or used for constituent services with certain limits.

Source: Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer. Campaign Finance Law 96. (Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Note: For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; No reference in the law.

(a) Post election. (b) Unopposed candidate may not take any campaign funds for personal use or for income for spouse or dependent children after the filing deadline (or if opposed in the primary but not in the general election, after the date of winning the nomination).

205

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Tax provisions relating to individuals State

Credit

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ ............................................... Arkansas ............................. California ............................ ...............................................

... ... ... ... ...

Deduction ... ... $100 (a). Money designated as surcharge is deductible. ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Georgia ................................

... ... ... ...

. . . .

...

Hawaii ................................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ ............................................... Iowa ..................................... ...............................................

...

... ... ...

$100 for contributions to central or county party committees, or $500 for contributions to candidates who abide by expenditure limits, with deductible maximum of $100 of a total contribution to a single candidate. ... ... ...

...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. ............................................... Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................ ............................................... ...............................................

Checkoff

Public financing Surcharge

Source of funds

Distribution of funds

... ... ...

$1 (a) ... $2, $5, or $10 (b)

Surcharge ... Surcharge and donated amounts.

To political party designated by taxpayer. ... To political party designated by taxpayer.

... ...

... $1, $5, $10, or $25 (c)

... Surcharge and an equal amount matched by state.

... To political parties for party activities and distribution to statewide general election candidates.

... ... ... ...

... ... ... $5 (d)

... ... ... ... ... ... Direct appropriations; assessments To candidates for governor and lieutenant governor and on contributions received by members of the cabinet. certain political committees (e); candidate filing fees; donated surplus funds; and voluntary surcharge on intangibles tax returns, motor vehicle registrations, driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s license applications, boat registrations and annual reports for corporations. ... ...

...

$2 (a)

...

Checkoff, appropriated funds, other moneys.

To candidates for all non-federal elective offices.

$1 ... ...

... ... ...

...

$1.50 (a)

...

Checkoff ... Revenues from personalized motor vehicle plates. Checkoff

To political party designated by taxpayer. ... Percentage divided equally between the qualified political parties for state and county party use. To political party designated by taxpayer or divided among qualified parties as specified by taxpayer.

... ...

... $2 (a)

... ...

... Checkoff

... ... ...

... Any amount Add-on not to exceed $500 per tax filer.

... Surcharge Direct appropriations; fines; and tax add-ons.

... To political party designated by taxpayer for party activities and distribution to general election candidates. ... To political party designated by taxpayer. To candidates for governor and lieutenant governor only.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

206 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 5.14 FUNDING OF STATE ELECTIONS: TAX PROVISIONS AND PUBLIC FINANCING (As of January 1996)

FUNDING OF STATE ELECTIONS — Continued Tax provisions relating to individuals

Massachusetts ..................... ............................................... ............................................... Michigan ............................. ............................................... Minnesota ........................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

...

$1 (a)

...

Checkoff

...

$3 (a)

...

Checkoff

...

$5 (a)

...

Direct appropriations, checkoff excess anonymous contributions.

... ...

$100 (a) ...

... ...

$2 of income tax refund. . . . ... Direct appropriations, taxpayer contribution of income tax refund, and amounts repaid to campaign finance limitation cash fund by candidates.

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... $25 for political contribution to newsletter fund contribution. Income tax surcharge for candidates is intended to be deductible.

207

North Dakota ...................... Ohio ..................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... See footnotes at end of table.

Refund up to $50 for contributions to political parties and qualified candidates. (a)

... $50 for contributions to statewide candidates. (a)

... ...

Checkoff

Surcharge

Source of funds

... ... $1 (a) $2 (a) ... $1 (a)

... ... ... ... ... Up to amount of income tax refund due.

... ... Direct appropriations and checkoff. Checkoff ... Checkoff for political parties fund; surcharge for candidates fund.

... $1 (a)

... ...

... Checkoff

Distribution of funds To candidates abiding by expenditure limits and raising qualifying contributions in statewide primary and general elections. To candidates in gubernatorial primaries and candidates for governor and lieutenant governor in general election. To qualifying candidates for governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, other statewide offices, state senator and state representative after primary and general elections; to the state committee of a political party for multi-candidate expenditures; and to state general fund for administrative purposes. ... ... ... If highest estimated maximum expenditure of opponents not agreeing to abide by the statutory spending limitation for the office is greater then the spending limitation, to otherwise qualified candidates for governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, auditor of public accounts, legislature, public service commission, board of regents of the University of Nebraska, and state board of education who agree to abide by the statutory spending limitation. ... ... To qualified gubernatorial candidates. To political party designated by taxpayer. ... Political parties’ fund divided among political parties according to registration. In non-general election years, not more than 50 percent in election campaign fund to state party and 50 percent in presidential election year candidates’ fund. In general election year, 100 percent in election campaign fund to state party (with 50 percent to special party committee). If presidential election year, 100 percent in presidential election year candidates’ fund to state party (with 50 percent to special party committee). Candidates’ fund divided among opposed candidates for governor who agree to abide by the expenditure limit and raise matching funds equal to 5 percent of expenditure limit. Matching funds are provided on a one-to-one basis for general election campaign. ... Divided equally among major political parties each calendar quarter. Party allocation divided: 50 percent to state executive committee of party, and 50 percent to county executive committees of party according to proportion of income from tax return checkoffs in each county to total checkoff income.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

The Council of State Governments

Credit

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey .......................... New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

Deduction

Public financing

State

Tax provisions relating to individuals State Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... South Carolina ...................

Credit ... Lessor of (1) total contributions with a maximum of $50 (a), or (2) the taxpayers’ liability. No credit for contributions to statewide and state legislative candidates who do not file declaration of limitation on expenditures. ... ...

Public financing

Deduction

Checkoff

Surcharge

Source of funds

$100 ...

... ...

Distribution of funds

... ...

... $5 (a)

... ...

... Checkoff (“credit”)

... First $2 ($4 for a joint return) of checkoff allocated to major political parties. Distributed to eligible political party designated by taxpayer. If a party is not designated, 5 percent of the amount is allocated to each party for each state officer elected, and the remainder to each party in proportion to the votes its candidate for governor received in previous election. Maximum of $200,000 allocated to all political parties. Remainder to qualifying candidates in general election for governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, and general treasurer, as state matching funds (maximum for 1994 was $750,000 for governor and $187,500 for all other candidates). ...

...

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... Vermont ...............................

... ... ... ...

. . . .

... ... ... $1

... ... ... ...

... ... ... Checkoff (although funds actually are revenue from sales and use taxes).

...

... ... ... To political party designated by taxpayer: 50 percent to state central committee, and 50 percent to county central committee in proportion to the number of taxpayers designating the party in each county to the total number of taxpayers in the state who designate the party. ...

Virginia ............................... ............................................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ ............................................... ............................................... Wyoming .............................

...

Surcharge

To designated political party.

... ... ...

... ... $1 (a)

$25 (a) of income tax refund. ... ... ...

... ... Checkoff

...

... ... According to formula, to state executive office, state legislative office and state Supreme Court candidates in a spring, general, or special election. (f) ...

. . . .

Source: Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer, Campaign Finance Law 1996 (Washington, D.C., National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Note: Table details only those states that have a tax provision relating to individuals or a provision for public financing of state elections. Credits and deductions may be allowed only for certain types of candidates and/or political parties. Consult state statutes for further details. Key: . . . — No provision.

(a) For joint returns, amount indicated may be doubled. (b) Additional amounts may be donated. (c) And a separate designation of $1, $5, $10, or $25. (d) On intangibles tax return. (e) Declared unconstitutional and no longer collected. (f) Candidates must meet certain qualifications.

CAMPAIGN FINANCE

208 The Book of the States 1996-97

FUNDING OF STATE ELECTIONS — Continued

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM RECALL

Table 5.15 STATEWIDE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM Changes to constitution Initiative

Changes to statutes

Referendum

Initiative

Referendum

State

Direct (a)

Indirect (a)

Legislative (b)

Direct (c)

Indirect (c)

Legislative

Citizen petition (d)

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ... ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

★

...

★

Sources: State election administration offices, state constitutions and statutes, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Note: This table summarizes state provisions for initiatives and referenda. Initiatives may propose constitutional amendments or develop state legislation and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a citizen petition. The indirect initiative must be submitted to the legislature for a decision after the required number of signatures has been secured on a petition and prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. Referendum refers to the process whereby a state law or constitutional amendment passed by the legislature may be referred to the voters before it goes into effect. Three forms of referenda exist: (1) citizen petition, whereby the people may petition for a referendum on legislation which has been con-

sidered by the legislature; (2) submission by the legislature (designated in table as “Legislative”), whereby the legislature may voluntarily submit laws to the voters for their approval; and (3) constitutional requirement, whereby the state constitution may require that certain questions be submitted to the voters. Key: ★ — State Provision. . . . — No state provision. (a) See Table 1.3, “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative,” for more detail. (b) See Table 1.2, “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature,” for more detail. (c) See Tables 5.16 through 5.19 on State Initiatives, for more detail. (d) See Tables 5.20 through 5.23 on State Referenda, for more detail.

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209

INITATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.16 STATE INITIATIVES: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO CIRCULATE A PETITION

State or other jurisdiction

Signatures required to request a petition (b)

Applied to (a) Const. amdt. Statute

Const. amdt. Statute

Alabama* .......................... Alaska ................................ Arizona .............................. Arkansas ........................... California ..........................

... ... D D D

... I D D D

Colorado ........................... Connecticut ....................... Delaware ........................... Florida ............................... Georgia ..............................

D ... ... D ...

D ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... D ... ...

... D ... ... ...

Kansas ............................... Kentucky ........................... Louisiana ........................... Maine* ............................... Maryland ..........................

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................... Michigan ........................... Minnesota ......................... Mississippi ........................ Missouri ............................

Request submitted to

... ... ... 100 (g) 15% (g)(g) 10% (g) 10% 8% ... ...

Individual Request responsible form Restricted Financial for petition furnished subject contributions Deposits by (c) matter (d) Title Summary reported (e) required (f)

... LG SS AG AG

... SP ST SP SP

... Y N N N

... LG ... AG AG

... Y Y Y Y

... $100 ... ... $200

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... SS ...

... ... ... SP ...

N ... ... N ...

(h) ... ... P ...

Y ... ... Y ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 20 ... ... ...

... SS ... ... ...

... SP ... ... ...

... N Y ... ...

... AG ... ... ...

... Y ... ... ...

... ... ... ... . . ..

... ... ... I ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... (i) 5 (i) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... SP ...

... ... ... Y ...

... ... ... P ...

... ... ... Y ...

... ... ... ... ...

I D ... I D

I I ... ... D

10 ... ... ... ...

AG ... ... SS SS

SS ... ... ... SP

Y Y ... Y Y

AG P ... AG SS,AG

AG P ... AG ...

Y Y ... Y Y

... ... ... ... ...

Montana ............................ Nebraska ........................... Nevada ............................... New Hampshire ................ New Jersey ........................

D D D ... ...

D D I ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

SS SS SS ... ...

SP SP SP ... ...

Y Y Y ... ...

AG AG P ... ...

(j) Y (j) Y N ... ...

... N N ... ...

New Mexico ...................... New York* ......................... North Carolina ................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ...................................

... ... ... D D

... ... ... D I

... ... ... 25 ...

... ... ... (k) 25 (k) ...

... ... ... SS SS

... ... ... SP SP

... ... ... N Y

... ... ... (e) Y (e) Y

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma (l) .................... Oregon ............................... Pennsylvania ..................... Rhode Island ..................... South Carolina .................

D D ... ... ...

... 25 ... ... ...

SS SS ... ... ...

SP SS ... ... ...

N N ... ... ...

AG AG ... ... ...

Y Y ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

South Dakota .................... Tennessee ........................... Texas .................................. Utah ................................... Vermont* ...........................

D ... ... ... ...

D ... ... I,D ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 5 ...

SS ... ... LG ...

SP ... ... SP ...

N ... ... N ...

P ... ... SP ...

... ... ... ... ...

Y ... ... (m) Y (m) ...

... ... ... N ...

Virginia ............................. Washington ....................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin .......................... Wyoming ...........................

... ... ... ... ...

... I,D ... ... D

... ... ... ... ...

... 1 ... ... 100

... SS ... ... SS

... SP ... ... SS

... N ... ... Y

... Y ... ... Y

... N ... ... $500

U.S. Virgin Islands ...........

...

10% EV

...

Source: State election administration offices, state constitutions and statutes, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: AG — Attorney General . . . — Not applicable P — Proponent D — Direct initiative ST — State I — Indirect initiative SP — Sponsor EV — Eligible voters Y — Yes LG — Lieutenant Governor N — No SS — Secretary of State (a) An initiative may provide a constitutional amendment or develop a new statute, and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a petition. The indirect initiative must first be submitted to the legislature for decision after the required number of signatures have been secured on a petition, prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which an initiative may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication of

210 The Book of the States 1996-97

... ... ... ... ... ... SS,AG SS,AG ... AG

... ... AG AG ... ... ... ... AG,SS AG,SS AG

state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety, and health. In Illinois, amendments are restricted to “structural and procedural subjects contained in” the legislative article. (e) In some states, a list of financial contributors and the amount of their contributions must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed. In North Dakota, if over $100 in aggregate for calendar year. (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) The total number of votes cast for governor in last election. (h) Title Setting Board–secretary of state, attorney general, director of legislative legal services. (i) The name and address of five voters. (j) Contributions reported to Commissioner of Political Practices; petitions filed with Secretary of State. (k) Petition needs 25 people who act as a sponsoring committee. Their names and addresses appear on the front of the petition. (l) In Oklahoma, a person is not required to obtain permission to circulate a petition. Information provided by Oklahoma refers to procedural requirements for filing a petition only. (m) Political issues committees must report if contributions or expenditures exceed $750 in a calendar year.

Table 5.17 STATE INITIATIVES: CIRCULATING THE PETITION Basis for signatures (see key below)

State or other jurisdiction

Const. amdt.

Statute

Maximum time period Can signatures allowed for petition be removed circulation (a) from petition (b)

Completed petition filed with

Days prior to election Const. amdt.

Statute

... ... 15% VG 10% VG 8% VG

... 10% TV from 2/3 ED 10% VG 8% VG 5% VG

... 1 yr. 2 yr. 6 mos. 150 days

... Y Y N Y

... (c) SS SS SS (d)

... ... 4 mos. 4 mos. 131 days

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

5% VSS ... ... 8% VEP, 8% from 1/2 CD ...

5% VSS ... ... ... ...

6 mos. ... ... 4 yr. ...

Y ... ... ... ...

SS ... ... SS ...

3 mos. ... ... 91 days ...

3 mos. ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... 8% VG ... ...

... 10% VG ... ... ...

... ... 2 yr. ... ...

... ... Y ... ...

... SS SS ... ...

... ... 6 mos. ... ...

... 4 mos. ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 10% VG ...

... ... ... 1 yr. ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... SS ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

3% VG, no more than 25% from 1 county 10% VG ... 12% VG 8% VG, 8% each from 2/3 CD

3% VG, no more than 25% from 1 county (e) 8% VG ... ... 5% VG, 5% each from 2/3 CD

... (f) ... 1 yr. 20 mos.

Y ... ... ... Y

SS SS ... SS (d) SS

... (g) ... 90 days prior to LS 4 mos.

... (g) ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

10% VG, 10% each from 2/5 SLD 10% EV, 5% each from 2/5 counties 10% TV, 10% each from 3/4 counties ... ...

5% VG, 5% each from 1/3 SLD 7% EV, 5% each from 2/5 counties 10% TV, 10% each from 3/4 counties ... ...

1 yr. ... (i) ... ...

Y Y ... ... ...

SS SS SS .. ...

(h) 4 mos. 90 days ... ...

(h) 4 mos. 30 days prior to LS ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... 4% resident population 10% VG, 1.5% each from 1/2 counties

... ... ... 2% resident population 3% VG, 1.5% each from 1/2 counties (j)

... ... ... 1 yr. ...

... ... ... N (j) ...

... ... ... SS SS

... ... ... 90 days 90 days

... ... 90 days 90 days

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

15% VH 8% VG ... ... ...

8% VH 6% VG ... ... ...

90 days ... ... ... ...

N N (k) ... ... ...

SS SS ... ... ...

... 4 mos. ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

4 mos.

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Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Maximum time period Can signatures allowed for petition be removed circulation (a) from petition (b)

Basis for signatures (see key below)

State or other jurisdiction

Const. amdt.

Statute

Completed petition filed with

Days prior to election Const. amdt.

Statute

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

10% VG ... ... ... ...

5% VG ... ... 10% VG, 10% each from 1/2 counties ...

1 yr. ... ... ... ...

... ... ... Y ...

SS ... ... LG ...

1 yr. ... ... ... ...

182 days ... ... June 1 ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ... ... ...

... 8% VG ... ... 15% TV, from 2/3 counties

... (j) ... ... 18 mos.

... Y ... ... Y

... SS ... ... SS

... ... ... ... ...

... (l) ... ... 120 days

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

10 % ED

...

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. VG — Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV — Eligible voters. VH — Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. TV — Total voters in last election. VSS — Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. VEP — Total votes cast in the state as a whole on the last presidential election. ED — Election district. CD — Congressional district. SLD — State legislative district. LG — Lieutenant Governor SS — Secretary of State LS — Legislative session Y — Yes N — No

(a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) Director of elections. (d) Petitions first must be submitted to county circuit clerks for signature certification. (e) First Wednesday in December. (f) In Michigan, signatures dated more than 180 days prior to the filing date are ruled invalid. (g) Constitutional amendment–not less than 120 days prior to the next general election; statute–approximately 160 days prior to the next general election. (h) Second Friday of the fourth month prior to election (3 months). (i) Constitutional amendment–276 days; Amend or create a statute–291 days. (j) Direct–6 months; Indirect–10 months. (k) Not after petition has been filed. (l) Direct–4 months; Indirect–2 weeks prior to legislative session.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

212 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE INITIATIVES: CIRCULATING THE PETITION — Continued

Table 5.18 STATE INITIATIVES: PREPARING THE INITIATIVE TO BE PLACED ON THE BALLOT

State

Signatures verified by: (a)

Number of days to amend/appeal a petition that is:

Within how many days after filing

Incomplete (b)

Not Accepted (c)

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term)

Petition certified by: (d)

... Director of elections County recorder SS Clerk or registrar of voters

... 60 days 10 days 30 days 50 days

... ... ... 30 days ...

... 30 days ... 15 days ...

... Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor $50-$100, 1-5 yrs. ...

... LG SS SS SS

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

SS ... ... Supervisor of elections ...

30 days ... ... ... ...

15 days ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

(e) ... ... ... ...

SS ... ... SS ...

... County clerk SBE and election authority ... ...

... ... 14 days ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 10 days ... ... ...

... $5,000, 2 yrs. ... ... ...

... SS SBE ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine* ................................. Maryland ............................

... ... ... Registrar of voters ...

... ... ... 25 days ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... SS ...

... ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

Local board of registrar City & township clerks ... Circuit clerk SS, local election authority

2 weeks ... ... ... ...

4 weeks (f) ... ... ... Prior to filing deadline

... ... ... ... ...

$1,000, 1 yr. ... ... $1,000, 1 yr. Class A midemeanor

SS BSC ... SS SS

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

County clerk and recorder County clerk or election commissioner County clerk or registrar ... ...

4 weeks 40 days 20-50 days ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 10 days ... ... ...

$500, 6 mos. Calss IV felony $10,000, 1-10 yrs. ... ...

SS SS SS ... ...

New Mexico ........................ New York* ........................... North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

... ... ... SS County board of elections

... ... ... 35 days ...

... ... ... 20 days 10 days

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... $1,000, 6 mos.

... ... ... SS SS

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

... SS, county elections official ... ... ...

... 15 days ... ... ...

... (g) ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

$1,000, 1 yr. Class C felony (possible) ... ... ...

... SS ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

...

213

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The Council of State Governments

Alabama* ............................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

State

Signatures verified by: (a)

Number of days to amend/appeal a petition that is:

Within how many days after filing

Incomplete (b)

Not Accepted (c)

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term)

Petition certified by: (d)

SS ... ... County clerk ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... $500, 2 yrs. ...

SS ... ... LG ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

... SS ... ... SS

... (h) ... ... 60 days

... ... ... ... 30 days

... 10 days (i) ... ... 30 days

... ... ... ... $1,000, 1 yr.

... SS ... ... SS

U.S. Virgin Islands .............

Supervisor of elections

60 days

...

SBE

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. SS — Secretary of State. LG — Lieutenant Governor. BSC — Board of State Canvassers. SBE — State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the initiative is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures is submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures has not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void.

(c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the initiative is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) No more than $500, one year in county jail, or both. (f) Applies to statutory initiatives. (g) If an initiative petition is submitted not less than 165 days before the election and if the secretary of state determines there are insufficient signatures, but the deadline for filing the signatures has not passed, the petitioners may submit additional signatures. (h) Direct–no specific limit; Indirect–45 days. (i) In Washington, a petition that is not accepted may be appealed within 10 days.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

214 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE INITIATIVES: PREPARING THE INITIATIVE TO BE PLACED ON THE BALLOT — Continued

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.19 STATE INITIATIVES: VOTING ON THE INITIATIVE

Stae or other jurisdiction Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Effective date of Election where Days to approved initiative (b) Can an approved initiative be: initiative contest election Title by: Summary by: voted on Const. amdt. Statute results (c) Amended? Vetoed? Repealed? Ballot (a)

... LG ... AG AG

... ... ... AG AG

... ... ... (d) ... (e) 90 days (e) GE (f) IM (f) (f) IM (f) GE 30 days 30 days GE,PR or SP (b) 1 day (b) (b) IM (b)

... 5 5 20 5

... Y (g) Y (g) Y (h) Y (h)

Can a defeated initiative be refiled?

... ... N after 2 yrs. (f) N (f) (g) Y (g) N N N Y

... Y Y ... Y

Colorado ......................... SS,AG,LSS SS,AG,LSS Connecticut ..................... ... ... Delaware ......................... ... ... Florida ............................. P,AG P,AG Georgia ............................ ... ...

(i) ... ... GE ...

30 days ... ... (j) ...

30 days ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 10 ...

... ... ... Y ...

N ... ... N ...

... ... ... N ...

Y ... ... Y ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... AG (k) ... ...

... GE GE ... ...

... ... 20 days ... ...

... 30 days ... ... ...

... 20 15 ... ...

... Y ... ... ...

... N ... ... ...

... Y ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... REG or SP ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... (f) 30 days (f) ...

... ... ... ... ...

. . .. ... ... N ...

... ... ... N ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts .................

() 30 days (b)(b 30 days (b)

Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

BSC ... AG SS

BSC ... AG LC

GE ... GE GE or SP

(b) 45 days (b) 10 days (b) ... ... 30 days ... 30 days IM

2 (l) ... ... 30

Y ... Y Y (m)

N ... N N

Y ... Y Y (n)

after 2 biennial elections Y ... after 2 yrs. Y

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... ........................................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... AG

AG AG

July 1 Oct. 1 10 days (b) 10 days (b)

... 40

... ...

N N

... ...

after 3 yrs. Y

SS,AG ... ...

GE GE 4 mos.(b) after filing GE ... ...

10 days (o) 10 days (o) ... ... ... ...

14 (p) ... ...

N ... ...

... ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... AG,SS AG,SS PR,SP or GE SS Ohio Ballot Board (r)

... ... ... 30 days 30 days

... ... ... 14 15

... ... ... (q) w/i 7 yrs. (q) ...

... ... ... ... ... ... N (q) w/i 7 yrs. (q) N ...

... ... ... Y Y

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

P,AG AG ... ... ...

REG or SP GE even yrs. ... ... ...

IM 30 days ... ... ...

... 40 ... ... ...

... N ... ... ...

N N ... ... ...

Y Y ... ... ...

after 3 yrs. Y ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

AG ... ... LC ...

GE ... ... GE ...

1 day ... ... ... ...

1 day ... ... (s) 5 days (s) ...

10 ... ... 40 ...

Y ... ... Y ...

N ... ... N ...

Y ... ... Y ...

... AG ... ... SS

... AG ... ... SS,AG

... GE ... ... GE 120 days after LS

... ... ... ... ...

... IM ... ... 90 days

... 3 ... . . .. . . ..

... after 2 yrs. ... ... Y

... ... ... ... N

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

... ... after 2 yrs. Y ... ... ... ... after 2 yrs. after 5 yrs. N

See footnotes at end of table.

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215

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STATE INITIATIVES: VOTING ON THE INITIATIVE — Continued Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. PR — Primary election. LG — Lieutenant Governor. GE — General election. SS — Secretary of State. REG — Regular election. AG — Attorney General. SP — Special election. P — Proponent. IM — Immediately. LC — Legislative Council. LS — Legislative session. LSS — Legislative Legal Services. Y — Yes. BSC — Board of State Canvassers. N — No. SBE — State Board of Elections. w/i — Within. (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure. In Massachusetts and Nebraska, apart form satisfying the requisite majority vote, the measure must receive, respectively, 30% and 35% of the total votes cast in favor. An initiative approved by the voters may be put into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed. In California and Nebraska, the measure may specify an enacting date. In Nebraska, 10 days after completion of canvass by the State Board of Canvassers. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on an initiative within a

216 The Book of the States 1996-97

certain number of days after the election including the measure proposed. (d) First statewide election at least 120 days after the legislative session. (e) After certification of election. (f) Upon governor’s proclamation. (g) Unless measure was approved by a majority vote of qualified electors. (h) As specified. (i) Ballot issues shall be decided in a state general election, biennial local district election or on the first Tuesday in November of odd-numbered years. (j) First Tuesday after the first Monday in January following the general election. (k) Title and summary provided in petition or, if initiated by General Assembly, in the legislation. (l) After election is certified. (m) By vote of people for constitutional change. (n) By legislative act. (o) Fourth Wednesday in November. (p) After election; if a recount is done, contest must be filed within five days of recount. (q) Except by a two-thirds vote by both houses of the legislature. (r) General election at least 90 days after filing. (s) Effective date may be written in the initiative, otherwise it takes place within five days.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.20 STATE REFERENDUMS: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO CIRCULATE A CITIZEN PETITION Signatures required to request a Request petition (b) submitted to:

Request forms furnished by: (c)

Restricted subject matter (d)

Individual responsible for petiton Title

Summary

Financial contributions reported (e)

Deposit required (f)

... Y N N N

... LG Y AG AG

... Y Y Y Y

... $100 ... ... N

... ... ... ... ...

N ... ... ... ...

(g) ... ... ... ...

Y ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... SS ... ... ...

... SP ... ... ...

... N Y ... ...

... AG ... ... ...

... Y ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... (h) 5 (h) ...

... SS ... SS SS

... ... ... SP ...

... Y ... Y ...

... ... ... SS ...

... ... ... Y ...

... ... ... ... ...

Y Y ... ... Y

10 ... ... ... ...

SS ... ... ... SS

SS ... ... ... SP

... Y ... ... Y

AG ... ... ... SS,AG

AG ... ... ... ...

Y Y ... ... Y

... ... ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

Y Y Y ... ...

... 5% EV ... ... ...

SS SS SS ... ...

SP SP SP ... ...

N Y N ... ...

AG AG P ... ...

Y Y (i) ... ...

N N N ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

Y ... ... Y Y

... ... ... 25 EV ...

SS ... ... SS SS

... ... ... SP SP

... ... ... N Y

SS ... ... SS,AG ...

SS ... ... SS,AG AG

... ... ... (e) Y (e) Y

... ... ... N N

Oklahoma (j) .................. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Y Y ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

SS SS ... ... ...

SP SS ... ... ...

N N ... ... ...

SP,AG AG ... ... ...

Y Y ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

Y ... ... Y ...

... ... ... 5 ...

SS ... ... LG ...

SP ... ... SP ...

Y ... ... N ...

P ... ... SP ...

... ... ... ... ...

Y ... .. (k) Y (k) ...

N ... ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... Y ... ... Y

... 1 ... ... 100

... SS ... ... SS

... SP ... ... SS

... Y ... ... Y

... AG ... ... SS

... Y ... ... Y

... N ... ... $500

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

State or other jurisdiction

Citizen petition (a)

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... Y Y Y Y

... 100 5% VG ... ...

... LG SS AG AG

... SP ST SP SP

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Y ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... Y ... ... ...

... 20 ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... Y ... Y Y

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. AG — Attorney general. EV — Eligible voters. P — Proponent. VG — Total votes cast for the position ST — State. VG — of governor in the last election. SP — Sponsor. LG — Lieutenant governor. Y — Yes. SS — Secretary of state. N — No. (a) Three forms of referenda exist: citizen petition, submission by the legislature, and constitutional requirement. This table outlines the steps necessary to enact a citizen’s petition. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. Some states require such signatures to only be those of eligible voters. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which a referendum may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication of

state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety and health. In Kentucky, referenda are only permitted for the establishment of soil and water and watershed conservation districts. (e) In some states, a list of individuals who contribute financially to the referendum campaign must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed. In North Dakota, if over $100 in aggregate for calendar year. (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) Title Setting Board secretary of state, attorney general, director of legislative legal services. (h) The name and address of five voters. (i) Expenditures advocating defeat or passage of the question in excess of $500 must be reported. (j) In Oklahoma, a person is not required to receive permission to circulate a petition. The individual must, however, file the petition with the secretary of state. The circulation period is 90 days. (k) If more than $750 is spent to influence the vote.

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217

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.21 STATE REFERENDUMS: CIRCULATING THE CITIZEN PETITION State or other jurisdiction

Basis for signatures

Maximum time period Can signatures allowed for petition be removed from circulation (a) petition (b)

Completed petition filed: With

Days after legislative session

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... 10% TV, from 2/3 ED 5% VG 6% VG 5% VG

... w/i 90 days of LS w/i 90 days after LS ... 90 days

... Y Y N Y

... LG SS SS SS

... 90 days 90 days 90 days 90 days

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

5% VSS ... ... ... ...

6 mos. ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

SS ... ... ... ...

90 days ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... 10% VG 10% EV ... ...

... w/i 60 days after LS 24 mos. prior to election ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... SS SBE ... ...

... 60 days 6 mos. before election ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... 5% VG ... 10% VG 3 % VG

... ... ... 90 days of LS (c) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... SS ... SS SS

... 4 mos. ... 90 days ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

3% VG 5% VG ... ... 5% VG, from 2/3 ED

90 days ... ... ... ...

... N ... ... Y

SS SS ... ... SS

90 days after signed by governor 90 days ... ... 90 days

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

5% VG, from 1/3 ED 5% VG, from 2/5 county 10% EV last GE ... ...

1 yr. ... approx. 6 mos. ... ...

Y ... ... ... ...

SS SS SS ... ...

6 mos. 90 days 120 prior to next GE ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

10% EV last GE, from 3/4 county ... ... 2% total population 6% VG, 3% each from 1/2 county

... ... ... 90 days ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... SS SS

4 mos. prior to next GE ... ... 90 days after receiving 90 days

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

5% VH 4% VG ... ... ...

w/i 90 days of LS w/i 90 days of LS ... ... ...

N N ... ... ...

SS SS ... ... ...

90 days 90 days ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

5% VG ... ... 10% VG ...

... ... ... ... ...

N ... ... Y ...

SS ... ... LG ...

90 days ... ... 60 days ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... 4% VG ... ... 15% TV, from 2/3 county

... w/i 90 days after LS ... ... w/i 90 days after LS

... Y ... ... Y

... SS ... ... SS

... 90 days ... ... 90 days

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

10% EV,D

...

60 days

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. VG — Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV — Eligible voters. TV — Total voters in the last general election. VH — Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. VSS — Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. ED — Election district. GE — General election. LS — Legislative session. LG — Lieutenant governor. SS — Secretary of state. Y — Yes N — No w/i — Within

218 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to or by the sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) Request for petition must be submitted within 10 days of adjournment of legislative session.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.22 STATE REFERENDUMS: PREPARING THE CITIZEN PETITION REFERENDUM TO BE PLACED ON BALLOT State or other jurisdiction

Signatures verified by: (a)

Within how many days after filing

No. of days to amend/appeal petition that is: Incomplete (b)

Not accepted (c)

... (e) 10 (e) ... 30 ...

... 30 days 10 15 ...

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... ... Director of elections 60 SS, county recorder (f) 20 (f) SS ... County clerk or registrar of voters ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

SS ... ... ... ...

30 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... County clerk ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... SS, registrars of voters County board of elections

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

Local boards of registrars City and township clerks ... ... SS, local election authorities

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

County clerk, recorder S, county clerk, election commr. County clerk, registrar ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term)

Petition certified by: (d)

... Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor $50-$100, 1-5 yrs. ...

... LG SS SS SS

... ... ... ... ...

(g) ... ... ... ...

SS ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 10 ... ... ...

... $5,000, 2 yrs. ... ... ...

... SS ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ..,

... ... ... ... ...

$1,000, 1 year ... ... ... Class A misdemeanor

SS BSC ... ... SS

28 40 20-50 ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

$500, 6 mos. Class IV felony $10,000, 1-10 yrs. ... ...

SS SS SS ... ...

... ... ... SS County board of elections

... ... ... 35 ...

30 ... ... (b) 20 (h) 10

15 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... $1,000, 6 mos.

... ... ... SS SS

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

(i) SS, county elections officials ... ... ...

... 15 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

$500, 2 yrs. Class C felony (possible) ... ... ...

... SS ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

SS ... ... County clerks ...

... ... ... 60 ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... $500, 2 yrs. ...

SS ... ... LG ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... SS ... ... SS

... (j) ... ... 60

... ... ... ... 60

... (k) 10 (k) ... ... 60

... ... ... ... $1,000, 1 yr.

... SS ... ... ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

Legislature

...

(l)

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. SS — Secretary of State. LG — Lieutenant Governor. BSC — Board of State Canvassers. SBE — State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the referendum is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such

cases, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the referendum is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures have been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) If within 90 days of the legislative session. (f) In Arizona, the secretary of state has 48 hours to count signatures and 15 days to complete random sample; the county recorder then has 10 days to verify signatures. (g) Not more than $500 or one year in city jail, or both. (h) No additional signatures may be added. Sponsors have 20 days to correct insufficient signatures which already have been gathered. (j) No specified time. (k) In Washington, a petition that is not accepted may be appealed in 10 days. (l) Legislature.

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219

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.23 STATE REFERENDUMS: VOTING ON THE CITIZEN PETITION REFERENDUM State or other jurisdiction

Effective date of approved referendum (b)

Days to contest election results (c)

... 1st statewide election 180 days after LS GE GE or SP GE or SP 31 days after LS

... 30 days IM 30 days IM

... 5 5 60 ...

(d) ... ... ... ...

30 days ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Ballot (a) Title by:

Election where referendum voted on

Summary by:

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... LG, AG ... AG AG

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

SS, AG, LSS ... ... ... ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... AG ... ... ...

... Biennial or REG ... ... ...

... 30 days ... ... ...

... 20 (e) ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... SS, AG

... ... ... ... LSS

... GE or SP ... GE or SP more than 60 days but less than 6 mos. after LS GE

... IM ... 30 days 30 days

... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... BSC ... ... SS

... BSC ... ... LC

GE more than 60 days after filing GE ... ... GE or SP called by legislation

30 days 10 days ... ... IM

... 2 (e) ... ... 30

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

AG AG SS, AG ... ...

Oct. 1 (f) 10 days Nov., 4th Wed. ... ...

... 40 19 (g) ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

SS ... ... SS, AG ...

... ... ... SS, AG Ohio Ballot Bd.

GE ... ... PR, SP or GE GE more than 60 days after filing

IM ... ... 30 days 30 days

... ... ... 14 (e) 15

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

SS AG ... ... ...

... AG ... ... ...

GE or SP GE (h) ... ... ...

IM 30 days ... ... ...

... 40 ... ... ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

AG ... ... LC ...

GE ... ... GE ...

1 day ... ... 5 days (f) ...

10 ... ... 40 ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... AG ... ... SS

... AG ... ... SS, AG

... IM ... ... 30 days

... 3 ... ... 30

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

GE GE not less than 30 days after filing GE ... ...

... GE ... ... GE more than 120 days after LS GE

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. LG — Lieutenant Governor. GE — General election. AG — Attorney General. PR — Primary election. SS — Secretary of State. REG — Regular election. BSC — Board of State Canvassers. SP — Special election. LC — Legislative Counsel. IM — Immediately. LSS — Legislative Legal Services. LS — Legislative session. SBE — State Elections Board. (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure in every state. In Arizona, a referendum approved by the voters becomes effective upon the governor’s proclamation. In Nebraska, a referendum may be put

220 The Book of the States 1996-97

into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed by the Board of State Canvassers and upon the governor’s proclamation. In Massachusetts the measure must also receive at lease 30 percent of the total ballots cast in the last election. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a referendum within a certain number of days after the election including this matter. In Alaska, five days to request recount with appeal to the court within five days after recount. (d) In Colorado, ballot issues shall be decided in state general election, biennial local district election or on the first Tuesday in November of oddnumbered years. (e) After election is certified. (f) Unless otherwise specified. (g) In Nevada, 14 days after election or 5 days after recount. (h) In Oregon, a state referendum initiated by citizen petition can only be voted on in a general election. A referral by the legislature can be voted on in a general election, a primary, or on any date determined necessary.

Table 5.24 STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: APPLICABILITY TO STATE OFFICIALS AND PETITION CIRCULATION

... All but judicial officers All ... All

... ... (d) ... (e)

... 120 days 6 mos./5 days legislators ... No limit

... 180 days ... ... ...

... 25% VO 25% VO ... 12% VO, 1% from 5 counties

... 25% VO 25% VO ... 20% VO

... ... 120 days ... 160 days

All ... ... ... All

(f) ... ... ... ...

6 mos./5 days general assembly ... ... ... 180 days

... ... ... ... 180 days

25% VO ... ... ... 15% EV (g), 1/15 from each congressional district

25% VO ... ... ... (g) 30% EV (g)

60 days ... ... ... 90 days

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... All but judicial officers ... ... ...

... (d) ... ... ...

... 90 days ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 20% EV ... ... ...

... 60 days ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

All but judicial officers ... All but judicial officers of records ... ...

1 time ... (h) ... ...

120 days ... ... ... ...

200 days ... 6 mos. ... ...

40% VO ... (i) 33 1/3% EV (i) ... ...

90 days ... 180 days ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... All but judicial officers of records ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 6 mos. ... ... ...

... 25% VG ...

... (j) ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. ........................................... New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

All public officers elected or appt. ... All public officers

(d) ... (d)

2 mos. ... 6 mos. (l)

... ... ...

10% EV ... 25% EV in given jurisdiction

... All elected officials

... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... All but U.S. Congress ...

... ... ... 1 time ...

... ... ... ... ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... All but U.S. Congress ... G,LG,SS,AG,T ...

... (d) ... ... ...

... 6 mos./5 days general assembly ... 6 mos. ...

... ... ... 1 yr. ...

The Council of State Governments 221

See footnotes at end of table.

No. of times recall can be attempted

Recall may not be initiated with days remaining in term

... 6 mos. ... ... ...

Statewide officers

... 20% EVg ... ... ... 40% VO ... 33 1/3% EV (i) ... ... ... 25% VG ... ...

...

(k) ... 25% EV in given jurisdiction ... ...

3 mos. ... 60 days

... ... ... 25% EVg ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 15% (m) ... 15% (n) ...

... (m) 15% (m) ... ... ...

... 90 days ... 90 days ...

...

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Others

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Officers to whom recall is applicable (a)

Recall may be initiated after official has been in office

Basis for signatures (b) (see key below)

Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (c)

State or other jurisdiction

Officers to whom recall is applicable (a)

No. of times recall can be attempted

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

Municipal only (1st and 2nd class) ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... All but judges of courts of records ... All ...

... ... ... 1 time ...

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

All

...

Recall may be initiated after official has been in office ... ... ... ... ... ... IM ... 1 yr. (p) ... 1 yr.

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. All — All elective officials. VO — Number of votes cast in the last election for the office or official being recalled. EVg — Number of eligible voters in the last general election for governor. EV — Eligible voters. VG — Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. VP — Total votes cast for position of president in last presidential election. IM — Immediately. (a) An elective official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the recalled official’s successor. An appointed official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the successor(s) of the elective officer(s) authorized to appoint an individual to the position. (b) Signature requirements for recall of those other than state elective officials are based on votes in the jurisdiction to which the said official has been elected. (c) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (d) Additional recall attempts can be made provided that the state treasury is reimbursed the cost of the previous recall attempt(s). (e) Must wait until 6 months after the first recall attempt.

Basis for signatures (b) (see key below)

Recall may not be initiated with days remaining in term ... ... ... ... ... ... 180 days ... ... ... 1 yr.

Statewide officers ... ... ... ... ... ... 25% VO ... 25% VG (q) ... 30% VO

Others

Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (c)

15% EV ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 35% VO ... (r) 25% VP (r) ...

... (o) ... (s) 60 days (s) ...

30% VO

...

(f) If signatures are obtained at least equal in number to 50% of those voting in the last general election. (g) Eligible voters for office at last general election to fill office. (h) Must wait at least until 18 months after the first recall attempt. (i) Basis for signatures 33 1/3% if over 1,000 EV; 40% if under EV. (j) In Michigan, signatures dated more than 90 days prior to the filing deadline are ruled invalid. (k) 15% EV for district or county officials, 10% EV for municipal or school officials. (l) Six months or 10 days after legislative session begins for legislators. (m) 15% of the total votes cast in the public officer’s electoral district for all candidates for governor at the election next preceding the filing of the petition at which a candidate for governor was elected for a four-year term. (n) In Rhode Island, a recall may be instituted by filing with the state board of elections an application for issuance of a recall petition against said general officer which is signed by duly qualified electors equal to three percent of the total number of votes cast at the last preceding general election for that office. If, upon verification, the application is determined to contain signatures of the required number of electors, the state board of elections shall issue a recall petition for circulation amongst the electors of the state. Within 90 days of issuance, recall petitions containing the signatures of duly qualified electors consisting of 15% of the total number of votes cast in the last preceding general election for said office must be filed with the sate elections board. (o) Statewide officials 270 days; others 180 days. (p) Petition may be filed after official has been in office one year. (q) State, congressional, judicial, legislative and county offices. (r) For city, village, town and school district elected officials. (s) For statewide offices, 30 days for local offices (city, town and village).

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

222 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: APPLICABILITY TO STATE OFFICIALS AND PETITION CIRCULATION — Continued

Table 5.25 STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: PETITION REVIEW, APPEAL AND ELECTION Days to amend/appeal Penalty for Days allowed for Days to step falsifying petition petition to be down after (denotes fines, jail time) certified (d) certification (e) ... 30 75 ... ...

... ... 5 ... ...

... 60-90 days after cert. 100-120 days after cert. ... 60-80 days after cert.

... SP, GE or PR SP ... SP

... 5 5 ... ...

30-60 ... ... ... 30-45

5 ... ... ... ...

60-90 days after cert. ... ... ... 30-45 days after cert.

SP OR GE ... ... ... SP, PR or GE

... ... ... ... 5

... $5,000, 2 yrs. ... ... ...

... 10 ... ... ...

... 5 ... ... ...

... 45+ days after cert. (h) ... ... ...

... SP or GE (h) ... ... ...

... 20 (i) ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Class B misdemeanor ... $100-1,000, 30-90 days ... ...

30 ... 10 ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

60-90 days after cert. ... (j) ... ...

SP or GE ... SP ... ...

30 ... 30 ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 35 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... w/i 60 days after cert. ... ... ...

... SP ... ... ...

... 2 (i) ... .. ...

20 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

$500, 6 mos. ... $10,000, 1-10 yrs. ... ...

30 ... 20-50 ... ...

5 ... 5 ... ...

3 mos. after cert. ... (l) ... ...

SP or GE ... SP ... ...

... ... 10 ... ...

... ... ... 20 (m) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 35 ...

... ... ... 10 (n) ...

... ... ... SP, GE or PR ...

... ... ... 14 (o) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... Class C felony (possible) ... ... ...

... 10 ... ... ...

... 5 ... ... ...

... SP ... ... ...

... 40 ... ... ...

Signatures verified (a) by:

Incomplete (b)

Not accepted (c)

Alabama* ........................ Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... Director of elections SS, county recorder ... County clerk/registrar of voters

... 20 ... ... ...

... 30 ... ... ...

... Class B midemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor ... ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

SS ... ... ... Election Supervisor

60 ... ... ... Not allowed

... ... ... ... 10

$1,000/1 yr. ... ... ... $1,000, 12 mos.

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... County clerk ... ... ...

... 30 ... ... ...

... 10 ... ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

County election officer ... Registrar of voters ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... City and township clerks (k) ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

County clerk, recorder ... County clerk, registrar ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... SS ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... SS or county clerk ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

Voting on the recall (f) Election held

... ... ... ... ... ... w/i 40 days after cert. ... ... ...

223

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

The Council of State Governments

Election type

Days to contest election results (g)

a petition that is:

State or other jurisdiction

Days to amend/appeal State or other jurisdiction

Signatures verified (a) by:

a petition that is: Incomplete (b)

Not accepted (c)

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont* .........................

Municipal finance officer ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... SS, county auditor ... Filing offices (q)

... ... ... 5

... 10 (p) ... 7 (r)

...

U.S. Virgin Islands .........

...

Penalty for Days allowed for Days to step falsifying petition petition to be down after (denotes fines, jail time) certified (d) certification (e) ... ... ... ... ...

Election held

... ... ... ... ...

(l) ... ... ... ...

... IM ... 10

... 45-50 days after cert. ... 6 weeks after cert.

...

... ... Felony w/i 10 ... ... Not more than $10,000, 31 not more than 3 yrs. or both. ... ...

...

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States 1994-95. Key: . . . — Not applicable. SS — Secretary of State. SP — Special election. GE — General election. PR — Primary election. IM — Immediate and automatic removal from office. w/i — Within (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the recall is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. When this is declared, the recall is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) The official to whom a recall is proposed has a certain number of days to step down from his position before a recall election is initiated, if he desires to do so. (f) A majority of the popular vote is required to recall an official in each state. (g) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a recall within a certain number of days after the results

... ... ... ... ...

Voting on the recall (f)

Election type

Days to contest election results (g)

SP ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... SP ... SP (s)

... 3 ... 3 (t)

...

are certified. In Alaska, an appeal to courts must be filed within five days of the recount. (h) In Idaho, the dates on which elections may be conducted are the first Tuesday in February, the fourth Tuesday in May, the first Tuesday in August, or the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. In addition, an emergency election may be called upon motion of the governing board of a political subdivision. Recall elections conducted by any political subdivision shall be held on the nearest of these dates which falls more than 45 days after the clerk of the political subdivision orders that the recall election shall be held. (i) After election is certified. (j) The election must be held on the next available date of six dates per year allowed by the election committee. (k) In Michigan, all petition signatures are verified by the city and township clerks. The Board of State Canvassers certifies the petition as having adequate number of valid signatures. Both of these procedures fall under the auspices of the secretary of state. (l) In Nevada, a recall election is held 10-20 days after the court determines a recall election is to be held. In South Dakota, a recall election is held 30-50 days after the governing board orders a recall election. The governing board must meet within 10 days after the petition is filed. (m) Only signatures already collected can be amended such as adding addresses or correcting some other flaw which makes the signatures unverifiable. (n) After petition is filed with the secretary of state. (o) Fourteen days after the canvas board has certified the results. (p) In Washington, a petition that is not accepted may be appealed in 10 days. (q) Where declaration of candidacy is filed. (r) After certificate. (s) May be held on general election but is still considered special election. (t) Business days.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

224 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: PETITION REVIEW, APPEAL AND ELECTION — Continued

Chapter Six

STATE FINANCES With significant changes in fiscal federalism anticipated and new responsibilities devolving from Washington to the states, the importance of state finances has rarely been so critical â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on state budgetary procedures and fund management, revenues and expenditures, state debt, taxes, federal government grants and payments to states, and federal program spending by state.

BUDGET

Table 6.1 STATE BUDGETARY CALENDARS

State

Budget guidelines to agencies

Agency requests submitted to governor

Agency hearings held

Governor’s budget sent to legislature

Legislature adopts budget

September July June 1 March July/Nov

Nov/Dec October September 1 July Aug/Sept

January November Nov/Dec August August/Nov

February December January Sept/Dec January 10

Feb/May May Jan/April Jan/April June 15

October July July July July

Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Annual/Annual (a) Biennial/Biennial Annual/Annual

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

June July August June May

August 1-15 September Oct/Nov September September

August/Sept February Oct/Nov November Nov/Dec

January 15 February January December January

May May/June (b) June 30 March March

July July July July July

Annual/Annual Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Annual/Annual

July/Aug June September ... June

September September Nov/Dec ... September

November ... Nov/Dec ... Nov/Dec

December January March ... January

April March June ... April/May

July July July July July

Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

June July September July June

September October November September August 31

November ... February Oct/Dec Oct/Nov

January January February January January

May April June June April

July July July July July

Annual/Annual (c) Biennial/Biennial Annual/Annual Biennial/Biennial Annual/Annual

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

August October May/June June July

October November October 15 August October

October December Sept/Oct ... ...

January (d) January (e) November 11 January

June July May ... April/May

July October July July July

Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual Annual/Annual (f)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Dec/August July May/June August July/August

May/Oct September September October October

May/Oct Jan/Feb Sept/Dec November ...

Janaury January January February January

April April June May June

July July July July July

Biennial/Biennial Annual/Biennial Biennial/Biennial Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

July July January March July

September September August June/July Sept/Oct

Sept/Dec Oct/Nov Sept/Nov July/Oct Oct/Nov

January January February December February (g)

Feb/March March June Jan/April June

July April July July July

Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Biennial/Biennial Biennial/Biennial Annual/Biennial

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

July Jan/June August July August

October September October October September

Oct/Dec Sept/Nov Dec/Jan Nov/Dec ...

February (h) January February (j) February January

May (i) Jan/June June June June

July July July July July

Annual/Annual Biennial/Biennial Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Annual/Annual

June/July August March July September

September October July/Nov September October

Sept/Oct November July/Sept Oct/Nov Nov/Dec

December January (j) January December January

March April/May May February May

July July September July July

Annual/Annual Annual/Annual Biennial/Biennial Annual/Annual Annual/Annual (k)

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

April/August April July June May 15

June/Sept September September September September

Sept/Oct October Oct/Nov ... November

December December January January December

March/April May March June/July March

July July July July July

Annual/Biennial Annual/Biennial Annual/Annual Biennial/Biennial Annual/Biennial

Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Budgetary Processes in the States (February 1995). Key: . . . — Not applicable (a) Agencies are divided into major budget units and other budget units. Major budget units submit annual budget requests. Other budget units submit biennial budget requests. (b) Legislature adopts budget during June of odd years, May of even years. (c) Twenty agencies are on a biennial budget cycle. The rest are still on an annual cycle. (d) Within 30 days after legislature convenes in regular session, except when a newly elected governor is inaugurated when presentation must occur within 60 days after legislature convenes.

Fiscal year begins

Frequency of legislative/ budget cycles

(e) Fourth Tuesday. (f) There is a constitutional authority to do annual and biennial budgeting. Beginning in Fiscal 1994, the operating budget has been on an annual basis while the capital budget has been on a biennial basis. (g) Budget submission delayed to mid-March for new governors. (h) First Monday. (i) Last Friday. (j) Budget is submitted in March when governor has been elected for first full term. In Tennessee, budget may be submitted by March 1 during the first year of a governor’s term. (k) State Constitution prescribes a biennial legislature; in practice, legislature meets annually, in regular and adjourned sessions.

The Council of State Governments

227

BUDGET

Table 6.2 OFFICIALS OR AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR BUDGET PREPARATION, REVIEW AND CONTROLS State or other jurisdiction

Official/agency responsible for preparing budget document

Special budget review agency in legislative branch

Agency(ies) responsible for budgetary and related accounting controls

Alabama ..............................

State Budget Off., Dept. of Finance

Legislative Fiscal Off.

Dept. of Finance

Alaska .................................. ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of Mgt. & Budget

Div. of Legislative Audit; Div. of Legislative Finance; Legislative Affairs Agcy.

Div. of Finance, Dept. of Admn.

Arizona ................................ ............................................... Arkansas ............................. ...............................................

Director, Off. of Strategic Planning & Budgeting Administrator, Off. of Budget, Dept. of Finance & Admn.

California ............................ ............................................... ...............................................

Jt. Legislative Budget Cmte.

Finance Div., Dept. of Admn.

Fiscal & Tax Research Services, Bur. of Legislative Research

Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Director, Dept. of Finance

Senate Cmte. on Budget & Fiscal Review; Assembly Cmte. on Budget; Off. of Legislative Analyst

Dept. of Finance

Colorado ............................. ...............................................

Director, Off. of State Planning & Budgeting

Jt. Budget Cmte.

Div. of Accounts & Control, Dept. of Admn.

Connecticut ......................... ............................................... ...............................................

Assistant Executive Budget Officer, Budget & Finance Div., Off. of Policy & Mgt.

Off. of Fiscal Analysis

Off. of Policy & Mgt.

Delaware .............................

Director, Off. of the Budget

Off. of Controller General

Dept. of Finance

Florida ................................. ...............................................

Director, Off. of Planning & Budgeting, Off. of the Governor

Senate Ways & Means Cmte.; House Appropriations Cmte.

Finance Div., Dept. of Banking & Finance

Georgia ................................ ...............................................

Director, Off. of Planning & Budget

Legislative Budget Analyst, Legislative Budget Off.

Off. of Treasury & Fiscal Services

Hawaii ................................. ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Dept. of Budget & Finance

Senate Ways & Means Cmte.; House Finance Cmte.; Off. of the Auditor

Dept. of Budget & Finance

Idaho .................................... ...............................................

Administrator, Div. of Financial Mgt., Off. of the Governor

Budget & Policy Analysis; Jt. Finance â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Appropriations Cmte.

Div. of Financial Mgt., Off. of the Governor

Illinois .................................. ...............................................

Director, Bur. of the Budget, Off. of the Governor

Economic & Fiscal Comm.

Dept. of Revenue; Bur. of the Budget, Off. of the Governor

Indiana ................................ ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Budget Agcy.

Senate Finance Cmte.; House Ways & Means Cmte.; Off. of Fiscal & Mgt. Analysis, Legislative Services Agcy.

Budget Agcy.

Iowa .....................................

Director, Dept. of Mgt.

Legislative Fiscal Bur.

Dept. of Mgt.

Kansas ................................. ...............................................

Director, Div. of the Budget, Dept. of Admn.

Legislative Research Dept.

Dept. of Admn.

Kentucky ............................. ...............................................

State Budget Director, Off. of the Governor

Budget Review Off., Legislative Research Comm.

Finance & Admn. Cabinet

Louisiana ............................. ...............................................

Budget Director, Div. of Admn., Off. of the Governor

Legislative Fiscal Off.; Off. of Economic & Budget Policy

Div. of Admn.

Maine ................................... ............................................... ...............................................

State Budget Officer, Bur. of the Budget, Dept. of Admn. & Financial Services

Off. of Fiscal & Program Review, Legislative Council

Dept. of Admn. & Financial Services

Maryland ............................ ...............................................

Secretary, Dept. of Budget & Fiscal Planning

Dept. of Fiscal Services

Dept. of Budget & Fiscal Planning

Massachusetts ..................... ...............................................

Director, Executive Off. for Admn. & Finance

Senate, House Ways & Means Cmtes.

Executive Off. for Admn. & Finance

Michigan .............................

Director, Dept. of Mgt. & Budget

Senate, House Fiscal Agencies

Dept. of Mgt. & Budget

Minnesota ........................... ...............................................

Commissioner, Dept. of Finance

Legislative Coordinating Comm.; House Fiscal Analysis

Dept. of Finance

Mississippi .......................... ...............................................

Executive Director, Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Jt. Legislative Budget Off.

Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Missouri .............................. ...............................................

Deputy Commissioner, Div. of Budget & Planning, Off. of Admn.

Senate, House Appropriations Cmte.; Oversight Div.

Off. of Admn.

Montana .............................. ...............................................

Director, Budget & Program Planning Off.

Off. of Legislative Fiscal Analyst

Budget & Program Planning Off.

Nebraska ............................. ............................................... ...............................................

Administrator, Budget Div., Dept. of Administrative Services

Legislative Fiscal Off.

Budget Div., Dept. of Administrative Services; Auditor of Public Accounts; Dept. of Revenue

228 The Book of the States 1996-97

BUDGET

BUDGET OFFICIALS OR AGENCIES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Official/agency responsible for preparing budget document

Special budget review agency in legislative branch

Agency(ies) responsible for budgetary and related accounting controls

Nevada ................................. ...............................................

Director, Budget Div., Dept. of Admn.

Fiscal Analyst Div., Legislative Counsel Bur.

Controller

New Hampshire .................. ............................................... ...............................................

Commissioner, Dept. of Administrative Services; Asst. Commissioner/Budget Officer, Dept. of Admn. Services

Legislative Budget Assistant’s Off.

Dept. of Administrative Services

New Jersey .......................... ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of Mgt. & Budget; Dept. of Treasury

Legislative Budget & Finance Off.; Central Mgt. Unit., Off. of Legislative Services

Dept. of Treasury

New Mexico ........................ ...............................................

Director, Budget Div., Dept.of Finance & Admn.

Legislative Finance Cmte.

Dept. of Finance & Admn.

New York .............................

Director, Div. of Budget, Executive Dept.

Senate Finance Cmte.

Off. of the State Comptroller

North Carolina ................... ...............................................

State Budget Officer, Off. of State Budget

Fiscal Research Div., Legislative Services Off.

Off. of State Budget

North Dakota ...................... ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of Mgt. & Budget; Asst. Executive Budget Analyst, Off. of Mgt. & Budget

Legislative Budget Analyst & Auditor, Legislative Council

Off. of Mgt. & Budget

Ohio .....................................

Director, Off. of Budget & Mgt.

Legislative Budget Off.

Off. of Budget & Mgt.

Oklahoma ........................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of State Finance

House of Rep., Research, Legal & Fiscal Div.; Senate Fiscal Staff

Off. of State Finance

Oregon ................................. ...............................................

Budget Director, Dept. of Admn. Services

Legislative Fiscal Off.

Dept. of Admn. Services

Pennsylvania ....................... ...............................................

Secretary, Budget Dept.

Senate, House Appropriations Cmtes.; Legislative Budget & Finance Cmte.

Budget Dept.

Rhode Island ....................... ............................................... ...............................................

Associate Director of Finance, Budget Officer, Off. of the Budget, Dept. of Admn.

Senate, House Fiscal Advisory Staffs

Dept. of Admn.

South Carolina ................... ............................................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of State Budget, Budget & Control Bd.

Senate Finance Cmte.; House Ways and Means Cmte.; State Budget & Control Bd.

Budget & Control Bd.

South Dakota ......................

Commissioner, Bur. of Finance & Mgt.

Legislative Research Council

Bur. of Finance & Mgt.

Tennessee ............................. ...............................................

Assistant Commissioner, Budget Div., Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Fiscal Review Cmte.

Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Texas .................................... ...............................................

Director, Governor’s Off. of Budget & Planning

Legislative Budget Bd.

Comptroller of Public Accounts

Utah ..................................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of Planning & Budget

Off. of Legislative Fiscal Analyst

Div. of Finance, Dept. of Admn. Services

Vermont ............................... ...............................................

Commissioner, Dept. of Finance & Mgt.; Agency of Admn.

Jt. Fiscal Cmte.

Dept. of Finance & Mgt., Agency of Admn.

Virginia ............................... ...............................................

Director, Dept. of Planning & Budget

Senate Finance Cmte.; House Appropriations Cmte.

Secretary of Finance, Governor’s Cabinet

Washington ......................... ...............................................

Director, Off. of Financial Mgt.

House Appropriations Cmte.; Legislative Budget Cmte.

Off. of Financial Mgt.

West Virginia ...................... ...............................................

Director, Budget Div., Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Senate, House Finance Cmte.; Off. of Legislative Auditor

Dept. of Finance & Admn.

Wisconsin ............................ ...............................................

Administrator, State Executive Budget & Planning, Dept. of Admn.

Legislative Fiscal Bur.

Div. of Technical Mgt., Dept. of Admn.

Wyoming .............................

Administrator, Budget Div.

Legislative Services Off.

Off. of State Auditor

Dist. of Columbia ...............

Director, Off. of the Budget

Budget Off., Cmte. of the Whole

Financial Mgt.

American Samoa ................

Director, Program Planning & Budget

Legislative Financial Off.

Dept. of Treasury

Guam ...................................

Director, Bur. of Budget & Mgt. Research

Fiscal Off.

Dept. of Admn.

No. Mariana Islands .......... ...............................................

Special Asst. for Mgt. & Budget, Off. of the Governor

Senate Fiscal Affairs Cmte.; House Ways & Means Cmte.

Finance & Accounting Dept.

Puerto Rico .........................

Director, Off. of Budget & Mgt.

Off. of Legislative Services

Off. of Budget & Mgt.

U.S. Virgin Islands .............

Director, Off. of Mgt. & Budget

Post Audit Div.

Dept. of Finance

Sources: The Council of State Governments, State Legislative Leadership, Committees and Staff: 1995 and State Administrative Officials Classified by Function: 1995.

The Council of State Governments

229

Constitutional and Statutory Provisions

BUDGETS

230 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 6.3 STATE BALANCED BUDGETS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS, GUBERNATORIAL AND LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY Gubernatorial Authority

State or other jurisdiction

Governor must submit a balanced budget

Legislature must pass a balanced budget

Governor must sign a balanced budget

May carry over deficit

C,S S C,S S C

S S C,S S ...

... S C,S S ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

C S C,S C,S C

C C,S C,S C,S C

C,S ... C,S ... C,S

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Legislative Authority

Governor has line item veto

Can reduce budget without legislative approval

Votes required to override gubernatorial veto

Restrictions on budget reductions

... ... (c) ★ (c) ... ★

(a) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

ATB ... (d) ... ...

Majority in each chamber 2/3 elected (b) 2/3 elected Majority elected 2/3 elected

Majority Majority 2/3 elected (e) 3/4 elected 2/3 elected

Majority Majority Majority 3/4 elected 2/3 elected

C C C,S C,S C

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (h) ★ (h) (i) ★ (i) ★

... MR ★ MR ATB

2/3 both chambers 2/3 both chambers 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 elected

Majority (f) Majority (g) 3/5 elected Majority Majority

Majority Majority (g) Majority Majority Majority

... (l) C (l) C ... S

C,S ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

(j) ★ (j) (m) ★ (m) ... ★ ★

... (m) ★ (m) ... ... ATB

2/3 of members 2/3 elected Majority 3/5 (n) Majority 2/3 vote

Majority Majority Majority Majority Majority

Majority elected (k) Majority Majority 3/5 (n) Majority Majority

S C,S C,S C,S C

C,S C,S C,S C C

... C,S C,S C,S ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

(o) ATB (o) ... MR (q) ATB (q) ★

2/3 elected Majority 2/3 elected 2/3 elected (s)

Majority 2/3 elected (p) Majority Majority

Majority Majority Majority Majority (r) Majority

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

C,S C,S S S C

C,S C S S ...

C,S C,S C,S ... C

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... (u) MR ... ...

2/3 present 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 elected

Majority Majority Majority 3/5 Majority

Majority (t) Majority Majority Majority Majority

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

S C S S C

C S C ... C

... ... C ... C

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

(v) ★ (v) ... ★ ... (w) ★ (w)

MR ★ MR ... ...

2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3 2/3

Majority Majority Majority Majority Majority

Majority 3/5 elected Majority Majority Majority

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

C C C,S C C

C ... S C C

C ... ... C C

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ (aa) ★ (aa)

... (x) ★ (x) (y) ★ (y) ★ ★

... (x) ... ATB ★

2/3 elected 2/3 elected ... 2/3 elected (bb)

Majority Majority Majority Majority (z) Majority

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

S C C,S C C

C C ... C C

C C C S C

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

(cc) ★ (cc) ★ (ee) ★ (ee) ★ (ff) ★ (ff)

★ MR ... ★ ★

2/3 2/3 2/3 3/5 2/3

3/4 elected Majority Majority elected Majority Majority

Majority Majority Majority elected 2/3 both houses Majority

elected elected elected elected elected

elected (dd) elected elected present present

Votes required to pass revenue increase

Votes required to pass budget

STATE BALANCED BUDGETS — Continued Constitutional and Statutory Provisions

Gubernatorial Authority

State or other jurisdiction

Governor must submit a balanced budget

Legislature must pass a balanced budget

Governor must sign a balanced budget

May carry over deficit

C C ... C,S ...

C C C,S C,S ...

C C ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

(ii) S ... C ...

... ... C C ...

Puerto Rico .........................

Legislative Authority

Governor has line item veto

Can reduce budget without legislative approval

Restrictions on budget reductions

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ (hh)

... ... ... (gg) ATB (gg) ★

... ... C ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (ll) ★ (ll) ... ★

(jj) MR (jj) ATB ★ ... ...

...

★

...

Votes required to pass revenue increase

Votes required to pass budget

2/3 elected Majority 2/3 present 2/3 elected 2/3 elected

2/3 elected Majority Majority Majority Majority

Majority Majority Majority Majority Majority

2/3 members present (kk) 2/3 elected 2/3 2/3 elected 2/3 elected

Majority Majority Majority Majority Majority

2/3 elected

Majority

231

(o) Reductions allowed only to get back to a balanced budget. (p) 2/3 elected (tax), majority (fee). (q) Governor may expend funds up to one year. Certain restrictions apply to ATB reductions. (r) For emergency enactment, two-thirds votes required. (s) Governor has no veto power over the budget bill. (t) For capital budget, two-thirds votes required. (u) There are both statutory and constitutional restrictions on executive branch authority to make budget reductions, involving approval by both House and Senate appropriations committees. (v) May reduce appropriations by 15 percent except debt service, legislative and judicial branch appropriations, school foundation programs and salaries of elected officials. (w) May not reduce debt service. (x) May reduce budget without approval only for state operations; only restriction on reductions is that reductions in aid to localities cannot be made without legislative approval. (y) Except for certain block grants. (z) Emergency measures and measures that amend a statute that has been referred or enacted through an initiated measure within the last seven years must pass both houses by a two-thirds majority. (aa) Line item veto in appropriation act only. (bb) Two-thirds if appropriation or tax, three-fifths for all others. (cc) Would require agreement of agency governing boards and or CEO. (dd) Emergency measures require a three-fourths vote for passage. (ee) The governor may reduce budgets selectively; he must provide 10 days prior notice and the reasons for so doing before lapsing current year grant and subsidy money. (ff) The Budget and Control Board can authorize an across-the-board agency reduction when there is a revenue shortfall. When in session, the General Assembly has five statewide session days to take action to prevent the reduction. (gg) Some restrictions, i.e. cannot cut debt services. (hh) The Governor may reduce expenditures but not appropriations. (ii) Requirement applies only to budget execution. The governor is required to insure that actual expenditures do not exceed actual revenues. (jj) The Governor has power to withhold allotments of appropriations, but cannot reduce legislative appropriations. (kk) Two-thirds of members present includes a majority of the members elected. The revenue stabilization fund was approved by voters in November of 1992. (ll) May reduce spending authority.

BUDGETS

The Council of State Governments

Sources: National Association of State Budget Officers, Budgetary Processes in the States (February 1995); updated April 1996 by The Council of State Governments. Update reflects literal reading of state constitutions and statutes. Key: C — Constitutional S — Statutory ATB — Across the board MR — Maximum reduction dictated ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) The governor may return a bill without limit for recommended amendments for amount and language, as long as the legislature is still in session. (b) Joint session. (c) May carry over “casual deficits,” i.e., not anticipated. (d) Governor may reduce budgets of administration-appointed agencies only. (e) If the Governor vetoes the increase, it requires a vote of three-fourths of elected members to override the veto. (f) All tax increases must be approved by a vote of the people. (g) Must have quorum. (h) Budget reductions are limited to executive branch only. (i) The elected cabinet (administrative commission) for the Executive Branch and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for the Judicial Branch are authorized to resolve deficits under $300 million. Deficits over $300 million shall be resolved by the legislature. (j) The Governor’s authority to reduce budgets can be done only pursuant to existing statutes. (k) If general fund expenditure ceiling is exceeded, two-thirds vote required; otherwise majority of elected members. (l) Although the constitution requires that the legislature pass a balanced budget, there are no sanctions if they do not. (m) The Governor’s authority to reduce budgets is temporary. The State Board of Examiners (Governor, Attorney General and Secretary of State) have permanent appropriation reduction authority. (n) If the Governor vetoes a bill or an item of appropriation entirely, the legislature can override him with a three-fifths vote in each house. If the Governor amendatorily vetoes language or reduces an item of appropriation, the legislature can accept the amendatory changes or restore the item or appropriation to its original amount with a majority vote in each house. Appropriations require a majority vote in each house if passed prior to midnight on June 30th of each year and require a three-fifths vote in each house if passed after that point.

Votes required to override gubernatorial veto

BUDGET

Table 6.4 REVENUE ESTIMATING PRACTICES State or other jurisdiction

Primary authority Estimates for revenue bind the estimate budget

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

C E C E E

★ ... ★ ★ ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

L E C C E

... ★ (b) ★ (b) ★ ★

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana* .......................... Iowa .................................

C E E C C

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... ........................................... Maine* ............................. Maryland ........................

Frequency of estimates updates

Multi-year forecasting

Economic Advisory Boards

As necessary Semi-annual Quarterly Quarterly Semi-annual

CY + 1 CY + 20 CY + 2 CY + 2 CY + 1

(a) ... ... Council of Economic Advisors Dept. of Finance Semi-annual Review Conference

Quarterly Monthly Bi-monthly Semi-annual, or as needed Semi-annual, or as needed

CY + 4 CY + 4 CY + 4 CY + 1 or 9 CY + 1

Governor’s Revenue Estimating Advisory Group Economic Conference Board ... ... House and Senate Appropriations Committees

... ... ★ ... ★

Quarterly Semi-annual Quarterly Semi-annual Quarterly

CY + 6 CY + 1 CY + 1 CY + 2 CY + 1

Council on Revenues ... Legislature’s Economic and Fiscal Commission Economic Forum; Revenue Technical Forecast Committee Economic Forecasting Council

C C C

★ ★ ★

Semi-annual Quarterly Quarterly

CY + 1 CY + 2 CY + 4

C E

★ ...

Semi-annual Semi-annual, or as needed

CY + 2 CY + 5

Consensus Revenue Estimating Group Consensus Forecasting Group Revenue Estimating Conference; Economic Estimating Conference Consensus Economic Forecasting Commission Business Advisory Panel

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri* ........................

E C E C E

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Semi-annual Semi-annual Semi-annual Semi-annual Semi-annual

CY + 2 CY + 1 CY + 4 or 5 CY + 10 (c) CY + 4

... Governor’s Council of Economic Advisors Council of Economic Advisors ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada* ........................... New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

L C E L E

★ ★ ... ★ ★

As necessary Semi-annual As necessary Quarterly Semi-annual

CY + 4 CY + 2 CY + 2 CY + 6 CY + 1

... Economic Forecasting Advisory Board ... ... State Revenue and Forecasting Advisory Commission

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

C E L E E

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Semi-annual Quarterly Quarterly Semi-annual Semi-annual

CY + 1 CY + 2 CY + 4 CY + 2 CY + 2

... ... Advisory Council on Revenue Forecasting The Economic Advisory Council to the Governor

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

E E E C E

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Informal semi-annual revision Quarterly Semi-annual Three times a year Quarterly

CY + 1 CY + 5 CY + 5 CY + 1 CY + 1

... Governor’s Council of Economic Advisors ... ... Board of Economic Advisors

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

L E (e) I (e) C E

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

(d) Semi-annual or as needed As necessary Quarterly Semi-annual

CY + 2 CY + 1 CY + 2 CY + 10 CY + 1

The Governor’s Council of Economic Advisors ... ... The Economic Coordinating Committee ...

Virginia ........................... ........................................... Washington ..................... West Virginia ..................

★

Varies, 2 or 3 times per FY

CY + 2 or 3

C E

★ ★

Quarterly Annual (f)

CY + 4 CY + 3

Wisconsin* ...................... Wyoming .........................

(g) C

★ ★

Annual Semi-annual

CY + 3 CY + 5

Governor’s Advisory Board of Economists; Governor’s Advisory Council on Revenue Estimates Governor’s Council of Economic Advisors Center for Economic Research; Bureau of Employment Programs; West Virginia Research League; West Virginia Development Office (h) Consensus Revenue Estimating Group

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

E E

★ ★

Three times a year Three times a year

CY + 5 CY + 4

... Planning Board

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1994-95. Key: ★ — Yes. . . . — No. C — Consensus E — Executive L — Legislative I — Independent CY — Current year (a) Various groups advise the Consensus Committee. (b) There is no formal statute which obligates the legislature to use Delaware Economic & Financial Advisory Council estimates. However, since its

232 The Book of the States 1996-97

inception, DEFAC estimates have been used exclusively. (c) University Research Center forecasts 10 years out. Office of Policy Development forecasts 12 quarters out. (d) Semi-annual by executive, annual by legislature. (e) Texas vests authority for revenue estimation in an independently elected comptroller. (f) Unofficial estimates revised quarterly. (g) The executive branch is required by statute to prepare revenue estimates. The Legislature’s Joint Committee on Finances has final approval of revenue estimates used in the state budget. (h) A technical forecast advisory group consisting of economists from various state agencies reviews national and state economic forecasts. It does not review revenue estimating.

Table 6.5 ALLOWABLE STATE INVESTMENTS Certificates of deposits (in state)

Certificates of deposits (nationally)

Other time deposits

Bankers acceptance

Commercial paper

Corporate notes/bonds

Mutuals

State and local government obligations

U.S. Treasury obligations

U.S. agency obligations

Eurodollars (CDs or TDs)

Repurchase agreements

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ (a) ★ (a) ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ (b) ★ (b)

... ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

New Mexico* .................. New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table.

233

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Certificates of deposits (in state)

Certificates of deposits (nationally)

Other time deposits

Bankers acceptance

Commercial paper

Corporate notes/bonds

Mutuals

State and local government obligations

U.S. Treasury obligations

U.S. agency obligations

Eurodollars (CDs or TDs)

Repurchase agreements

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... (d) ★ (d) ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (d) ★ (d) ★

★ ... ★ (e) ★ (e) ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (d) ★ (d) ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia (h) ............ Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ (g) ★ (g) ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

(f) ★ (f) ... ... ★ ★

★ (b) ★ (b) ... ★ ★

★ (b) ★ (b) ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

★ ★

... ...

... ★

... ...

★ ★

★ ...

... ...

★ ...

Source: National Association of State Treasurers’ survey, Spring 1996, except where noted by * where data are from 1993. Key: ★ — Investment allowed. . . . — Investment not allowed. (a) Only 100 percent full faith and credit of U.S. Government. (b) Five percent limit.

(c) Above triple B only. (d) Limited. (e) Money market mutual funds, only. (f) Within state. (g) Collateralized. (h) Treasurer’s office does not have investment function.

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

234 The Book of the States 1996-97

ALLOWABLE STATE INVESTMENTS — Continued

Table 6.6 CASH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Reviews of cash management programs Banking relations State or other jurisdiction

Reviewing agency

Frequency of review

Investment practices Reviewing agency

Frequency of review

Agency preparing cash management services Lock boxes

Wire transfers

Zero balance accounts

Information services

Account reconciliation services

Automated clearinghouse

SE SE SE SE SE

(a) 5 years Annually Annually Biannually

SE SE SE SE SE/OF

(a) 5 years Ongoing Annually Ongoing

OF OF OF N.A. OF

OF N.A. IH,OF IH IH,OF

N.A. OF OF N.A. OF

IH IH IH,OF IH N.A.

N.A. IH IH,OF IH IH,OF

OF OF IH,OF IH OF

Colorado ....................... Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... Florida ........................... Georgia ..........................

SE SE/OF SE SE SE

Monthly Biannually Quarterly Ongoing Annually

SE/OF SE/OF (b) OF SE/OF

2-3 years Weekly Annually Occasional Quarterly

IH,OF IH,OF OF IH,OF IH,OF

IH,OF IH,OF OF OF IH,OF

OF OF OF OF N.A.

OF IH,OF OF N.A. IH

OF IH,OF IH IH,OF N.A.

IH,OF IH,OF OF * IH

Hawaii ........................... Idaho .............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana .......................... Iowa ...............................

SE SE SE SE SE

Annually Monthly 1-2 years Annually 4 years

SE SE SE/OF SE OF

Annually Daily Monthly Annually N.A.

OF N.A. OF OF OF

OF IH,OF IH,OF OF IH

OF OF OF OF OF

IH IH,OF IH,OF N.A. N.A.

IH IH IH N.A. N.A.

OF OF IH OF IH

Kansas ........................... Kentucky ....................... Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. Maryland ......................

SE SE SE SE SE

3 years 2 years Annually 2 years Monthly

SE/OF SE SE SE SE

Annually (c) Annually Quarterly Monthly

OF IH OF OF IH,OF

OF OF OF N.A. OF

IH IH IH N.A. IH,OF

IH OF IH IH IH,OF

IH,OF OF OF IH IH,OF

Massachusetts* ............ Michigan ....................... Minnesota ..................... Mississippi .................... Missouri ........................

SE SE SE SE SE

Quarterly Annually Quarterly Ongoing Ongoing

SE SE SE SE SE

Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Ongoing Ongoing

OF OF OF N.A. N.A.

IH,OF OF IH IH IH

OF OF OF N.A. OF

IH,OF N.A. IH,OF N.A. IH,OF

IH,OF N.A. IH N.A. OF

OF OF IH,OF OF IH

Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada ........................... New Hampshire ............ New Jersey ....................

SE SE SE SE SE/OF

Ongoing Monthly Quarterly Monthly Ongoing

SE N.A. SE SE SE

Ongoing N.A. Quarterly Monthly Annually/Ongoing

N.A. N.A. OF OF IH,OF

IH,OF OF OF IH OF

N.A. IH OF OF IH,OF

IH,OF IH IH IH IH,OF

IH N.A. IH N.A. IH,OF

IH,OF IH,OF IH IH,OF IH,OF

New Mexico* ................ New York* ..................... North Carolina ............. North Dakota ................ Ohio ...............................

SE SE SE SE SE

Daily N.A. Ongoing Annually Monthly

SE SE SE SE SE

Monthly Annually (d) Quarterly Annually Monthly

OF OF N.A. N.A. IH,OF

OF OF IH OF OF

OF OF OF OF OF

IH N.A. IH N.A. IH,OF

IH IH,OF IH N.A. IH,OF

IH N.A. OF N.A. OF

Oklahoma ..................... Oregon ........................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. South Carolina .............

SE SE SE/OF SE SE

Ongoing Ongoing Annually Quarterly Annually

SE OF SE/OF SE SE

Ongoing Annually Daily Annually Quarterly

OF OF OF IH OF

OF IH IH,OF IH OF

OF OF OF OF IH,OF

IH IH ... IH,OF IH

IH IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF

IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF OF

235

See footnotes at end of table.

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ......................

Reviews of cash management programs Banking relations State or other jurisdiction

Reviewing agency

Frequency of review

Investment practices Reviewing agency

Frequency of review

Agency preparing cash management services Lock boxes

Wire transfers

Zero balance accounts

Information services

Account reconciliation services

Automated clearinghouse

South Dakota ................ Tennessee ....................... Texas .............................. Utah ............................... Vermont .........................

SE SE SE SE SE

(e) Annually Annually Biannual Annually

SE SE SE SE SE

(f) Annually Annually Biannual Annually

OF IH IH OF OF

IH IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF IH,OF

OF IH OF OF OF

IH,OF IH OF IH,OF IH,OF

IH,OF IH IH IH,OF IH

IH,OF IH OF IH,OF IH,OF

Virginia ......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................ Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming .......................

SE SE N.A. SE SE

Ongoing Annually N.A. Annually Monthly

OF SE SE SE/OF SE

Annually Semiannual Annually Monthly Monthly

OF OF IH,OF OF N.A.

IH OF OF OF IH,OF

OF IH OF OF IH

IH,OF IH N.A. IH,OF N.A.

IH,OF IH, IH,OF IH,OF IH

IH,OF OF IH,OF IH,OF OF

Dist. of Columbia ......... Puerto Rico ...................

SE SE

Annually Monthly

SE SE

Annually Monthly

OF N.A.

OF OF

N.A. IH,OF

IH,OF IH,OF

OF OF

Source: National Association of State Treasurers’ survey, Spring 1996, except where noted by * where data are from 1993. Key: SE — State employee or board. OF — Outside firm. IH — Within treasurer’s office. . . . — Service not utilized. N.A. — Not available.

(a) No formal review, but ongoing informal. (b) Cash management policy board. (c) Annually by State Auditor, quarterly by State Investment Commission. (d) Sooner if required by changing conditions. (e) Daily by Treasurer, Quarterly by Treasurer & Finance Office and Annually by Treasurer & Department of Legislative Audit. (f) Quarterly by Investment Council, Annually by Legislative Audit and daily by Treasurer & Investment Office.

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

236 The Book of the States 1996-97

CASH MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND SERVICES — Continued

Table 6.7 DEMAND DEPOSITS Compensation for demand deposits

Method for selecting depository

Procedure used

Collateralization required above Percentage the federal requiring insurance level collateral

Negotiation

... ★

... ...

★ ★

... ...

★ ★

... ...

Treasurer (a) Treasurer

★ ...

... ...

... ★

... ...

... ★

... ...

Treasurer, Board Treasurer

...

★

...

★

...

Treasurer

Yes

110

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Treasurer Treasurer Treasurer, Board Treasurer Board

Competitive bid Competitive bid Account analysis Competitive bid Negotiation, account analysis

CB,FS CB,FS (c) FS FS

Yes Yes No Yes No

100 (b) (d) 25-200 0

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(e)★ (e) ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

Treasurer Treasurer (f) Treasurer Treasurer

Competitive bid Annual negotiation Account analysis Account analysis Account analysis

FS CB,FS FS CB FS (h)

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

99 N.A. (g) 0 10

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

Board (i) Treasurer Treasurer Treasurer

Account analysis Competitive bid Competitive bid Annual negotiation Competitive bid

CB,FS FS FS MB FS

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

100 100 102 90 100

Massachusetts .................

(j) ★ (j)

...

★

...

★

...

Treasurer and agency

CB,FS,MB

Michigan ......................... ........................................... Minnesota ....................... ........................................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri .......................... ...........................................

...

★

...

Treasurer

★

...

Dept. of Finance

... ★

★ ...

... ...

... ★

... ...

Treasurer Treasurer, Governor, State Auditor

Annual negotiation, competitive bid, account analysis Annual negotiation, account analysis Competitive bid, account analysis Account analysis Competitive bid

★ ... ★

... ... ...

... ... ★

... ★ ...

... ★ ★

... ... ...

Treasurer Treasurer Treasurer

★ ★

★ ...

... ...

★ ★

... ...

... ★

... ...

Treasurer Treasurer

Account analysis Account analysis Competitive bid, account analysis Account analysis Competitive bid, account analysis

Account analysis Competitive bid, account analysis Competitive bid Annual negotiation, account analysis Annual negotiation

CB CB

Yes Yes

100 100

CB,FS CB

Yes Yes

102 N.A.

Yes

100

CB,FS

Yes

110

CB,FS CB

Yes Yes

105 100

CB,FS CB CB

Yes Yes Yes

50 110 100

CB,FS CB,FS

No Yes

0 N.A.

237

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

The Council of State Governments

Application

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. ........................................... Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... ........................................... California ........................

See footnotes at end of table.

Agencies request

Method for determining compensation

Competitive bid

Depositor’s Compensating Agency’s convenience balances convenience

Selection of depository made by

State or other jurisdiction

Compensation for demand deposits

Method for selecting depository Depositor’s Compensating Agency’s convenience balances convenience

Procedure used

Method for determining compensation

Collateralization required above Percentage the federal requiring insurance level collateral

Competitive bid

Application

Negotiation

New Mexico* .................. New York* ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Treasurer, Board Treasurer Treasurer (k) Board

Competitive bid Account analysis Account analysis Account analysis Biennial negotiation

CB,FS CB,FS CB FS CB,FS

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... ........................................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ... ...

... ... ★

★ ★ ...

★ ... ...

... ... ...

★ ... ...

... ... ...

Account analysis (l) Negotiation Account analysis

CB,FS CB,FS (n)

Yes Yes Yes

100 25 (m) 100

... ...

★ ★

... ★

... ...

Treasurer Treasurer Treasurer, Bd. of Finance/Revenue Treasurer Treasurer

No (o) Yes

0 110

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah .................................

★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★

★ ... ... ...

Treasurer Treasurer Board Treasurer

Vermont ...........................

★

...

Treasurer

Competitive bid Account analysis Account analysis Negotiation, competitive bid, account analysis Competitive bid

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... ........................................... West Virginia .................. ........................................... Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★

... ...

★ ...

★ ★

... ...

★ ★

... ...

★

...

★

...

★

...

Treasurer Treasurer, state agencies Board

★ ★

... ★

... ...

★ ...

... ...

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

★ ...

... ★

... ...

Source: National Association of State Treasurers’ survey, Spring 1996, except where noted by * where data are from 1993. Key: ★ — Method utilized. . . . — Method not utilized. N.A. — Not available. CB — Compensating balances. FS — Fee for service. MB — Minimum balance. (a) Any state agency can make deposits directly into any state depository. (b) Depends upon Risk Based Capital Ratio. (c) Combination of Fees and Balances. (d) Banks must meet certain financial criteria. If they do not meet the criteria they must collateralize to 102 percent MTM. (e) For state primary depository and drawee bank only. Others by negotiation. (f) Authorized investment staff make deposits in institutions based on criteria set by policy committee and the institutions rating.

Agencies request

Selection of depository made by

State or other jurisdiction

Account analysis Account analysis

CB CB

50-100 100 100 N.A. N.A.

CB,FS (p) FS CB,FS CB,FS

Yes Yes Yes No

110 N.A. 105 (q) 0

Yes

102

Account analysis Account analysis

Yes Yes

(r) 10

Competitive bid, account analysis Account analysis Account analysis

CB,FS

Yes

88.6

Board Treasurer

CB,FS CB,FS

No Yes

N.A. 100

Treasurer Treasurer

Competitive bid Account analysis

CB CB,FS

Yes Yes

102 100

(g) Demand deposits require a range from 102 percent 110 percent above the FDIC insurance level based on the collateral pledged. (h) Set up a C.D. that will generate earnings to the bank to cover fee. (i) Finance Cabinet Division of Purchases (based on valuation committee recommendation for primary depository). (j) And Treasurer’s approval. (k) State owned bank. (l) Bank services will be competitively selected in the future. (m) 110 percent if notified by state treasurer. (n) Non-interest bearing time deposit. (o) Except under certain conditions. (p) Daily account analysis with earnings credit determination; no charge for overdrafts if month-to-date collected balance at month-end is a positive balance; interest earned based on month’s average collected balance; fees paid per bank service unit charges according to volume of services and negotiated price per contract; bank has option to raise unit charges two percent per year. (q) Requires 125 percent if mortgage backed securities are pledged. (r) Graduated scale based on financial ratings of institution.

MANAGEMENT OF FUNDS

238 The Book of the States 1996-97

DEMAND DEPOSITS — Continued

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Table 6.8 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL AGGREGATES, BY STATE: 1993 (In millions of dollars) Revenue

State

Total

General

Expenditure

Utilities and liquor Insurance store trust

Total

General

Utilities and liquor store

Debt outstanding Insurance at end of trust fiscal year

Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year

United States .............

$805,231

$653,462

$6,746

$145,023

$743,542

$647,116

$9,376

$87,050

$387,712

$1,147,844

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

11,389 7,358 10,843 6,446 108,222

9,688 6,160 8,808 5,627 84,409

130 28 17 0 173

1,571 1,171 2,018 819 23,641

10,242 5,423 9,783 6,015 104,567

9,340 4,934 8,782 5,555 89,037

141 61 23 0 95

762 428 978 460 15,435

4,170 4,427 3,053 1,919 41,295

15,506 26,904 15,551 7,992 141,913

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

10,028 12,744 2,876 33,216 16,565

7,840 11,011 2,532 27,654 14,077

0 18 4 5 0

2,187 1,714 340 5,557 2,488

8,673 12,507 2,557 30,103 15,308

7,472 10,582 2,320 27,689 14,061

3 166 21 31 0

1,198 1,759 216 2,383 1,247

3,117 12,848 3,490 13,635 4,519

17,441 15,981 5,822 44,973 22,485

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,543 3,409 30,351 14,673 8,224

4,838 2,747 24,971 13,485 7,123

0 46 0 0 84

706 617 5,380 1,188 1,017

5,606 2,776 28,126 14,136 7,767

5,088 2,442 24,675 13,480 7,199

0 36 0 0 58

518 297 3,450 657 510

5,023 1,290 19,893 5,458 1,837

8,948 4,473 39,188 17,526 9,360

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

6,757 11,333 13,348 3,926 14,842

5,863 9,687 11,636 3,428 12,071

0 0 0 73 71

894 1,646 1,712 424 2,700

5,742 10,543 12,893 3,889 13,537

5,275 9,550 11,726 3,405 11,406

0 6 0 51 316

468 987 1,167 432 1,815

935 6,820 9,585 2,999 8,731

6,545 14,729 19,113 4,958 21,314

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

21,584 28,449 16,245 7,205 12,559

19,343 24,327 13,397 6,031 10,335

62 455 0 124 0

2,179 3,667 2,848 1,050 2,224

21,557 27,051 14,295 6,235 10,894

19,107 23,358 13,003 5,585 9,902

111 374 0 100 0

2,338 3,319 1,292 550 991

25,415 8,849 4,145 1,659 6,516

23,657 30,874 22,835 9,439 19,345

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

3,023 3,890 4,500 3,011 29,611

2,408 3,712 3,185 2,550 23,813

37 0 70 210 375

578 178 1,245 251 5,423

2,663 3,823 4,051 2,970 28,923

2,283 3,717 3,151 2,584 23,630

34 0 73 166 979

346 106 826 221 4,313

1,749 1,587 1,653 5,242 21,779

4,996 4,284 7,191 6,332 47,051

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

6,303 78,209 19,374 2,288 38,341

5,376 62,986 16,367 2,010 24,483

0 2,077 0 0 371

927 13,147 3,007 278 13,487

5,599 74,280 16,916 2,120 31,665

5,190 61,558 15,495 1,910 25,038

0 3,927 0 0 268

410 8,795 1,421 210 6,358

1,597 59,219 4,002 830 12,486

13,501 116,672 28,998 2,883 66,654

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

8,610 10,826 37,842 3,765 10,637

7,206 7,772 29,974 3,018 8,429

221 172 672 7 547

1,183 2,882 7,196 740 1,661

8,272 9,013 34,359 4,176 10,388

7,058 7,685 28,705 3,539 8,793

236 105 633 39 719

978 1,223 5,021 598 876

3,919 5,821 12,989 5,147 4,901

11,216 16,578 49,037 6,277 17,443

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

1,942 12,305 42,019 5,348 1,953

1,591 10,576 35,688 4,437 1,742

0 0 0 72 29

351 1,729 6,331 839 182

1,686 11,028 39,091 4,834 1,849

1,604 10,288 35,111 4,370 1,696

0 2 0 54 30

83 738 3,980 409 123

1,818 2,624 8,684 2,193 1,419

4,040 12,201 61,558 7,813 2,211

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

16,307 20,087 6,047 18,677 2,181

13,973 14,603 5,016 13,610 1,851

253 264 46 0 32

2,081 5,219 985 5,067 298

14,721 18,439 5,943 14,621 1,887

13,398 15,577 4,833 13,272 1,657

215 228 43 0 29

1,108 2,634 1,067 1,348 201

7,438 7,848 2,684 7,674 781

24,436 27,728 5,901 30,519 5,454

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data presented are statistical in nature and do not represent an accounting statement. Therefore, a difference between an individual governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total revenues and expenditures does not necessarily indicate a budget surplus or deficit.

The Council of State Governments

239

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Table 6.9 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL AGGREGATES, BY STATE: 1994 (In millions of dollars) Revenue

State

Total

General

Expenditure

Utilities and liquor Insurance store trust

Total

General

Utilities and liquor store

Debt outstanding Insurance at end of trust fuscal year

Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year

United States ..............

$844,897

$693,083

$6,834

$144,978

$779,931

$686,678

$9,708

$83,541

$410,998

$1,256,820

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

11,599 6,203 11,749 6,870 115,228

10,014 5,279 9,707 5,983 89,752

130 28 18 0 136

1,455 896 2,023 887 25,340

10,815 5,752 10,522 6,078 106,275

9,922 5,256 9,530 5,642 91,822

130 46 23 0 90

763 449 969 436 14,364

3,854 3,585 3,170 1,812 48,121

16,206 26,396 16,738 8,611 146,242

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

10,425 11,995 3,237 34,805 18,265

8,035 11,288 2,824 29,484 15,530

0 20 5 5 0

2,391 687 408 5,315 2,735

8,903 12,964 2,617 32,284 16,823

7,652 11,207 2,389 29,991 15,643

4 195 19 39 0

1,247 1,561 209 2,253 1,180

3,263 13,599 3,397 14,565 5,174

19,471 15,014 6,023 49,713 25,582

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,698 3,628 31,897 15,813 8,961

5,057 2,845 26,595 14,486 7,619

0 45 0 0 84

641 739 5,302 1,327 1,258

5,806 2,989 29,449 15,048 8,101

5,261 2,650 26,058 14,337 7,539

0 28 0 0 58

544 312 3,391 711 504

5,146 1,281 20,355 5,572 1,990

9,789 5,039 41,917 20,523 10,743

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

7,474 11,730 13,524 4,098 14,695

6,463 10,099 11,847 3,534 12,870

0 0 0 71 90

1,011 1,631 1,678 492 1,735

6,654 10,541 12,936 3,902 14,203

6,092 9,559 11,786 3,450 11,800

0 5 0 49 311

562 978 1,150 403 2,092

1,103 6,744 8,782 2,993 9,130

6,762 15,680 20,627 6,472 23,459

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

22,298 31,814 17,182 7,697 13,359

20,346 27,050 14,212 6,607 11,345

66 452 0 129 0

1,887 4,312 2,969 960 2,014

22,454 29,305 15,278 6,796 11,549

20,428 25,862 13,952 6,177 10,590

92 358 0 104 0

1,934 3,085 1,327 515 959

26,681 11,505 4,351 2,066 6,512

21,843 36,296 25,794 11,687 20,947

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

3,166 4,446 4,767 3,081 29,808

2,518 4,027 3,460 2,649 24,029

37 0 77 211 408

611 420 1,229 220 5,371

2,778 3,991 4,203 3,179 29,606

2,393 3,887 3,404 2,797 24,432

34 0 84 167 1,114

351 104 715 215 4,059

2,108 1,468 1,685 5,651 22,894

5,849 4,332 7,673 6,081 48,968

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

6,709 82,202 21,051 2,289 40,836

5,799 66,587 17,959 2,010 27,052

0 2,095 0 0 366

910 13,519 3,092 279 13,419

5,995 76,872 19,040 2,083 33,422

5,570 64,802 17,642 1,886 26,869

0 4,146 0 0 263

426 7,923 1,397 198 6,289

1,735 65,078 4,538 757 12,117

15,242 124,654 32,213 2,780 89,454

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

9,184 10,886 38,252 4,025 11,268

7,467 8,511 30,462 3,076 9,020

238 175 667 7 589

1,478 2,200 7,123 941 1,659

8,493 9,104 37,818 3,682 11,209

7,221 7,817 32,579 3,071 9,563

239 106 619 36 751

1,032 1,181 4,620 575 894

3,873 5,645 13,671 5,544 4,972

11,824 17,128 53,609 7,216 18,190

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

2,041 12,725 45,035 5,907 2,026

1,741 10,940 38,031 4,809 1,782

0 0 0 76 28

300 1,785 7,004 1,023 217

1,826 11,940 40,967 5,132 1,913

1,739 11,195 37,324 4,689 1,770

0 4 0 57 27

87 742 3,643 386 116

1,680 2,627 9,378 2,103 1,570

4,196 12,544 70,084 8,494 2,466

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

17,295 19,379 6,349 19,617 2,308

14,817 15,662 5,333 14,467 2,004

246 256 47 0 32

2,232 3,461 970 5,150 271

15,523 19,577 6,281 15,281 1,975

14,263 16,345 5,250 13,823 1,752

211 226 45 0 28

1,048 3,006 986 1,458 194

7,912 8,266 2,525 7,748 702

26,603 31,052 6,166 36,721 5,707

240 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 6.10 NATIONAL TOTALS OF STATE GOVERNMENT FINANCES FOR SELECTED YEARS: 1982-94 Amount (in millions) Item

1994

241

See footnotes at end of table.

Per capita 1993

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1984

1982

$805,231 653,462 353,526 188,560 177,577 101,765 28,164 16,475 3,958 27,214 10,983 111,376 3,070 3,675 145,023 34,442 94,347 16,234 805,882 62,140 743,542 647,116 221,547 131,180 73,969 16,399 168,416 31,340 14,505 1,259 121,313 51,355 38,959 3,097 9,299 53,311

$745,211 608,692 327,822 169,902 159,041 91,091 25,867 14,367 3,747 23,696 10,861 107,610 3,067 3,512 129,940 26,921 88,281 14,738 736,095 35,201 700,894 611,922 211,570 124,920 70,904 13,524 156,364 29,512 28,295 1,269 112,070 48,747 37,193 3,073 8,481 48,123

$661,192 551,722 310,561 143,534 134,926 71,961 23,337 14,098 3,235 22,295 8,607 97,627 3,013 3,460 102,996 17,952 72,356 12,688 650,460 21,656 628,804 554,901 196,648 116,180 65,560 12,911 124,456 24,341 25,306 1,376 86,773 47,038 36,179 2,733 8,126 45,878

$632,462 517,720 300,779 126,329 118,353 59,397 21,271 13,931 3,013 20,742 7,976 90,612 2,907 3,305 108,530 18,370 78,898 11,262 592,213 19,895 572,318 508,284 184,935 109,438 60,978 12,720 104,971 21,635 22,643 1,299 71,364 44,249 34,121 2,344 7,784 42,666

$586,931 482,721 284,413 115,765 108,235 51,934 19,547 14,404 2,968 19,384 7,530 82,543 2,788 3,248 98,174 19,640 67,964 10,571 546,254 21,177 525,077 469,269 173,184 104,601 55,988 11,177 92,750 19,614 21,103 1,256 61,956 42,694 33,039 2,279 7,376 38,602

$541,426 445,138 264,146 107,241 100,478 47,908 17,970 13,467 2,896 18,237 6,763 73,751 2,767 3,030 90,491 17,187 63,556 9,749 505,507 20,840 484,667 432,179 159,500 95,391 52,410 10,302 84,235 17,665 20,759 1,153 55,614 40,681 31,509 2,222 6,949 34,872

$516,793 419,063 246,510 102,381 95,463 44,828 16,883 12,963 2,794 17,993 6,918 70,173 2,833 2,964 91,933 18,839 64,660 8,435 476,116 20,416 455,700 403,942 149,901 88,253 50,710 9,636 78,454 17,184 20,320 1,140 50,540 38,273 29,713 1,776 6,785 32,131

$481,307 393,503 228,082 98,574 92,666 41,802 16,523 13,855 2,790 17,696 5,908 66,848 2,807 2,907 82,090 18,173 56,820 7,097 439,810 15,577 424,233 376,457 140,189 81,929 47,928 9,173 72,464 16,298 19,715 1,161 45,728 36,661 28,598 1,593 6,470 30,160

$397,087 330,740 196,795 81,450 76,140 35,423 13,975 10,380 2,606 13,757 5,310 52,495 2,759 2,638 60,950 16,671 38,564 5,715 361,546 10,364 351,182 309,775 116,058 67,458 40,016 7,599 62,749 13,628 17,748 1,154 39,671 28,840 21,874 1,278 5,687 24,982

$330,899 275,111 162,607 69,166 66,026 31,510 13,149 8,304 2,352 10,711 3,139 43,338 2,854 2,085 50,848 16,854 29,035 4,959 316,844 6,715 310,129 269,327 102,984 60,684 34,296 6,951 55,257 13,744 15,549 875 33,301 25,131 19,078 1,025 5,028 22,121

4.9 6.1 5.7 8.7 8.0 8.6 7.2 7.8 1.7 7.8 19.0 2.7 -0.6 3.0 -0.0 -13.7 4.5 3.0 4.4 -1.3 4.9 6.1 4.2 3.6 4.3 8.3 9.9 9.1 1.1 15.7 11.1 4.9 5.0 6.6 3.5 6.9

8.1 7.4 6.7 11.0 11.7 11.7 8.9 14.7 5.6 13.5 1.1 3.5 0.1 4.6 11.6 27.9 -8.3 10.2 9.5 76.5 6.1 5.8 4.7 5.0 4.3 21.3 7.7 6.2 (48.7) (0.8) 8.2 5.4 4.7 0.8 9.6 10.8

$3,252.47 2,668.05 1,439.05 788.76 738.45 425.46 116.20 68.39 15.49 112.91 50.30 440.24 11.75 14.57 558.10 114.36 379.37 64.37 3,238.53 236.15 3,002.38 2,643.41 888.44 523.00 297.04 68.40 712.65 131.61 56.45 5.61 516.98 207.29 157.55 12.70 37.04 219.40

$3,129.23 2,539.43 1,373.84 732.77 690.09 395.47 109.45 64.02 15.38 105.76 42.68 432.82 11.93 14.28 563.58 133.85 366.64 63.09 3,131.76 241.48 2,889.49 2,514.77 860.96 509.78 287.45 63.73 654.48 121.79 56.37 4.89 471.44 199.57 151.40 12.04 36.14 207.17

27,333 25,978 11,213 20,803 10,542 3,930 5,603 23,990 165 6,817 87,050 40,117 35,197 11,735

25,904 21,998 10,521 20,120 9,751 3,702 5,489 24,622 170 7,036 79,359 35,628 32,761 10,969

24,279 21,412 10,256 19,240 9,101 3,238 5,506 23,393 157 7,217 64,182 32,264 22,017 9,902

22,445 20,029 9,909 17,266 8,616 3,003 5,166 21,532 152 7,131 54,452 29,562 16,423 8,467

21,206 17,188 9,070 15,018 7,672 2,937 4,756 20,355 146 6,410 46,995 26,966 12,791 7,237

19,489 15,202 8,310 13,303 6,969 2,842 4,508 19,367 134 6,229 43,881 24,196 13,024 6,661

17,862 14,083 7,816 11,704 6,459 2,741 4,048 18,587 129 5,971 43,316 22,189 15,174 5,952

16,990 12,980 7,312 10,771 5,855 2,697 3,714 16,876 122 5,530 39,828 19,878 14,821 5,131

15,068 9,704 5,945 7,732 4,517 2,546 3,140 13,137 99 4,817 34,277 16,112 13,987 4,178

13,681 8,183 5,485 5,889 3,735 2,278 2,730 9,015 64 3,730 34,664 13,133 18,027 3,503

1.4 12.7 5.9 11.2 7.9 3.2 7.1 -1.1 8.5 5.8 -4.0 9.4 -19.1 -4.8

5.5 18.1 6.6 3.4 8.1 6.2 2.1 (2.6) (2.9) (3.1) 9.7 12.6 7.4 7.0

106.71 112.70 45.72 89.06 43.79 15.61 23.10 91.31 0.69 27.77 321.59 169.00 109.58 43.01

106.22 100.95 43.58 80.84 40.97 15.27 21.77 93.23 0.64 26.49 338.29 155.90 136.78 45.60

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

Revenue total ................................................... $844,897 General revenue .............................................. 693,083 Taxes .............................................................. 373,824 Intergovernmental revenue ........................... 204,897 From Federal Government .......................... 191,829 Public welfare ........................................... 110,522 Education ................................................... 30,186 Highways ................................................... 17,767 Employment security administration ....... 4,024 Other .......................................................... 29,331 From local governments ............................. 13,067 Charges and miscellaneous revenue ............ 114,361 Liquor stores revenue ...................................... 3,052 Utility revenue ................................................. 3,784 Insurance trust revenue ................................... 144,978 Unemployment compensation ...................... 29,707 Employee retirement ..................................... 98,550 Other .............................................................. 16,721 Expenditure and debt redemption ............... 841,275 Debt redemption ............................................ 61,344 Expenditure total ........................................... 779,931 General expenditure ........................................ 686,681 Education ....................................................... 230,791 Intergovernmental expenditure .................. 135,861 State institutions of higher education ........ 77,162 Other education ........................................... 17,768 Public welfare ................................................ 185,125 Intergovernmental expenditure .................. 34,189 Cash assistance, categorical program ........ 14,664 Cash assistance, other ................................. 1,457 Other public welfare ................................... 134,815 Highways ....................................................... 53,849 Regular state highway facilities ................. 40,926 State toll highway facilities ........................ 3,300 Intergovernmental expenditure .................. 9,623 Health and hospitals ...................................... 56,995 State hospitals and institutions for handicapped ......................................... 27,719 Other ............................................................ 29,276 Natural resources ........................................... 11,878 Corrections .................................................... 23,135 Financial administration ............................... 11,376 Employment security administration ........... 4,056 Police protection ........................................... 6,000 Interest on general debt ................................ 23,719 Veteransâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; services .......................................... 179 Utility expenditure ........................................ 7,214 Insurance trust expenditure .......................... 83,541 Employee retirement ................................... 43,901 Unemployment compensation .................... 28,466 Other ............................................................ 11,173

Percentage Percentage change change Per 1993 to 1992 to capita 1994 1993 1994

Amount (in millions) Item

1994

1993

1992

1991

Total expenditure by character and object .... 779,931 743,542 701,931 628,804 Direct expenditure ........................................... 554,321 529,447 499,104 442,264 Current operation .......................................... 370,257 345,469 323,090 287,079 Capital outlay ................................................ 52,929 50,152 50,126 47,937 Construction ................................................ 41,649 39,604 39,001 37,647 Purchase of land and existing structures ... 3,001 3,121 3,822 3,401 Equipment .................................................... 8,279 7,427 7,303 6,889 Assistance and subsidies ............................. 23,101 21,976 20,511 18,876 Interest on debt ............................................ 24,494 24,800 25,482 24,189 Insurance benefits and repayments ............ 83,541 87,050 79,895 64,182 Intergovernmental expenditure .................... 225,610 214,095 202,827 186,540 Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year ....................................................... 1,256,819 1,147,844 1,085,274 1,018,480 Unemployment fund balance in U.S. Treasury ....................................................... 28,882 26,999 27,390 33,088 Securities, total by purpose Insurance trust ............................................... 860,439 770,509 656,761 611,774 Debt offsets .................................................... ... ... 216,528 201,759 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. . . . — Not available.

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1984

1982

Percentage Percentage change change 1993 to 1992 to 1994 1993

Per capita 1994

Per capita 1993

572,319 397,291 258,046 45,524 34,803 3,471 7,250 16,902 22,367 54,452 175,028

525,076 359,661 232,964 43,121 33,612 2,715 6,795 15,421 21,160 46,995 165,415

484,667 333,005 213,249 40,667 31,421 3,082 6,164 15,000 20,208 43,881 151,662

455,700 314,421 199,806 37,209 28,174 2,594 6,440 14,705 19,385 43,316 141,279

424,233 292,267 186,098 34,578 26,557 2,205 5,816 14,162 17,601 39,828 131,966

351,182 242,809 156,922 25,486 19,507 1,883 4,096 12,386 13,738 34,277 108,373

310,129 211,386 133,152 23,303 19,397 1,316 2,590 10,867 9,400 34,664 98,743

4.9 4.7 7.2 5.5 5.2 -3.8 11.5 5.1 -1.2 -4.0 5.4

5.9 6.1 6.9 0.1 1.5 -18.3 1.7 7.1 -2.7 9.0 5.8

3,002.38 2,133.88 1,425.32 203.75 160.33 11.55 31.87 88.93 94.29 321.59 868.80

2,889.49 2,057.50 1,342.53 194.90 153.91 12.13 28.86 85.40 96.38 338.29 832.00

963,342

880,994

783,362

697,390

611,023

443,366

338,274

9.5

5.8

4,838.18

4,460.66

37,167

34,342

27,398

22,431

18,019

5,708

6,789

7.0

-1.4

111.18

104.92

565,641 189,966

505,664 175,028

434,870 166,624

403,895 120,827

341,867 116,990

255,697 81,527

191,926 56,655

11.7 -0.7

6.6 -1.8

3,312.30 790.30

2,994.29 803.46

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

242 The Book of the States 1996-97

NATIONAL TOTALS OF STATE GOVERNMENT FINANCES FOR SELECTED YEARS: 1982-94 — Continued

Table 6.11 STATE GENERAL REVENUE, BY SOURCE AND BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars) Taxes

State

Total general revenue (a)

Sales and gross receipts Total

Total (b)

General

Licenses Motor fuels

Total (b)

Motor vehicle

Individual income

Corporation net income

Intergovernmental revenue

Charges and miscellaneous general revenue

$653,461,782

$353,525,901

$174,736,541

$114,929,398

$23,568,474

$23,246,974

$11,501,886

$112,242,604

$24,207,836

$188,559,917

$111,375,964

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

9,688,246 6,159,665 8,808,186 5,626,556 84,408,527

4,639,784 2,227,283 5,281,816 2,942,581 48,738,484

2,514,799 99,239 2,991,846 1,649,027 21,574,684

1,190,189 0 2,255,743 1,118,773 16,671,614

435,568 40,743 387,235 305,346 2,556,060

377,723 62,951 297,468 184,515 2,489,623

150,950 23,959 208,286 87,757 1,419,237

1,332,878 0 1,380,653 905,150 17,200,000

189,506 872,260 244,856 153,926 4,727,879

2,965,310 904,620 2,425,897 1,832,046 25,478,358

2,083,152 3,027,762 1,100,473 851,929 10,191,685

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

7,840,311 11,011,362 2,532,084 27,653,930 14,076,759

3,788,634 6,674,848 1,339,527 16,407,214 8,150,457

1,582,428 3,096,872 198,118 12,720,388 3,855,472

998,033 2,056,219 0 9,295,283 2,979,769

379,729 397,807 75,873 1,185,515 468,366

238,961 308,173 439,109 1,265,419 329,972

109,711 188,360 20,434 733,574 146,070

1,764,736 2,253,951 513,138 0 3,389,921

137,748 713,381 113,748 755,900 470,710

2,136,402 2,385,135 445,215 7,233,647 4,392,661

1,915,275 1,951,379 747,342 4,013,069 1,533,641

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

4,837,650 2,746,519 24,971,077 13,485,006 7,123,434

2,748,134 1,559,927 14,499,812 6,915,288 3,901,719

1,684,170 703,242 7,325,853 3,148,217 1,806,547

1,302,919 486,159 4,370,488 2,300,233 1,251,900

73,973 140,500 1,063,547 572,488 337,949

72,393 127,132 847,282 198,129 377,423

57,573 52,234 649,572 132,848 241,776

922,912 609,262 4,814,510 2,806,780 1,467,019

53,127 83,551 1,097,305 656,228 167,046

1,011,419 687,606 6,460,059 3,823,145 1,888,764

1,078,097 498,986 4,011,206 2,746,573 1,332,951

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

5,863,061 9,686,768 11,635,787 3,428,499 12,070,672

3,302,928 5,331,520 4,365,992 1,763,941 7,175,001

1,668,240 2,394,854 2,222,159 911,459 3,054,533

1,191,466 1,465,634 1,332,435 641,580 1,718,152

264,032 374,778 471,012 146,446 559,104

181,004 318,919 432,650 103,102 380,066

113,737 166,538 95,974 50,776 241,535

1,040,385 1,733,415 929,706 614,939 3,079,664

219,074 254,775 245,273 74,933 260,401

1,648,886 2,828,192 4,329,914 1,045,864 2,794,369

911,247 1,527,056 2,939,881 618,694 2,101,302

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

19,343,370 24,327,143 13,396,723 6,030,790 10,334,735

10,383,445 12,865,907 8,137,307 2,983,438 5,479,884

3,297,371 4,837,636 3,570,273 1,966,951 2,766,842

2,124,164 3,467,303 2,374,195 1,414,346 2,016,876

557,180 783,426 469,258 308,468 443,822

449,249 764,939 623,093 185,070 439,361

274,501 538,065 429,247 76,942 214,769

5,374,911 4,890,708 3,321,955 587,589 2,006,279

959,332 1,843,420 509,534 171,049 192,718

5,066,717 6,621,344 3,247,265 2,296,460 3,220,673

3,893,208 4,839,892 2,012,151 750,892 1,634,178

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2,407,806 3,712,109 3,185,186 2,550,473 23,812,593

1,129,966 1,981,288 2,207,038 993,285 13,021,982

200,143 1,041,064 1,811,425 673,355 6,774,514

0 694,880 1,033,952 0 3,651,123

116,296 222,383 156,406 96,503 419,333

125,738 129,260 288,331 107,453 603,985

43,831 59,234 81,275 52,370 320,064

356,987 685,066 0 35,784 4,350,485

85,054 102,755 0 126,169 946,641

769,582 967,907 636,669 850,168 5,917,526

508,258 762,914 341,479 707,020 4,873,085

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

5,375,922 62,985,784 16,366,721 2,009,521 24,483,360

2,776,572 31,291,336 9,753,838 876,600 12,788,355

1,665,355 11,309,933 4,211,669 490,361 6,403,692

1,319,095 6,283,883 2,353,722 288,760 3,970,741

200,361 525,250 869,244 78,442 1,121,757

142,677 959,161 613,995 71,103 887,842

109,048 559,011 289,528 43,650 442,505

526,935 15,300,000 3,992,016 125,687 4,721,854

90,428 2,637,556 710,658 54,174 677,183

1,256,712 23,604,891 4,685,579 646,128 7,142,038

1,342,638 8,089,557 1,927,304 486,793 4,552,967

See footnotes at end of table.

243

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

United States ..............

Taxes Sales and gross receipts

State

Total general revenue (a)

Total

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

7,205,620 7,771,877 29,974,280 3,017,865 8,429,365

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ........................... Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Licenses Total (b)

Motor vehicle

355,362 312,233 742,193 99,049 295,263

540,918 463,419 1,757,030 77,169 373,769

433,994 253,406 459,051 47,589 79,305

1,299,583 2,383,214 4,657,926 497,235 1,494,799

142,023 205,031 1,469,962 69,846 176,339

1,861,921 2,339,167 8,076,161 973,528 2,563,112

1,246,265 1,774,465 5,235,157 611,360 1,577,277

306,253 2,853,022 9,142,262 894,127 161,310

83,251 642,787 2,085,524 185,541 55,746

61,792 521,550 2,417,117 79,096 61,224

26,419 169,711 709,844 49,248 39,067

0 94,894 0 842,098 285,822

28,142 365,323 0 83,936 32,572

585,113 3,626,942 10,825,621 1,255,283 563,180

416,487 1,390,551 6,621,790 970,320 385,701

1,665,826 5,304,518 714,369 2,260,563 194,857

651,148 608,375 220,718 590,333 36,751

409,892 436,530 134,603 422,741 66,853

266,805 207,950 80,147 217,778 36,631

3,584,765 0 621,174 3,445,819 0

365,340 0 179,009 492,015 0

2,883,041 3,526,159 1,787,178 3,349,001 697,342

3,517,832 2,173,390 754,504 2,305,081 491,748

Total (b)

General

4,097,434 3,658,245 16,662,962 1,432,977 4,288,976

1,647,646 478,006 7,790,328 762,934 2,201,405

1,014,159 0 4,828,823 413,000 1,556,680

1,590,669 10,575,966 35,688,184 4,437,144 1,741,693

589,069 5,558,473 18,240,773 2,211,541 792,812

470,554 4,432,251 14,503,510 1,178,521 374,506

13,972,671 14,603,405 5,016,409 13,609,610 1,850,689

7,571,798 8,903,856 2,474,727 7,955,528 661,599

3,012,956 6,638,186 1,335,463 3,436,229 251,315

Motor fuels

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Total general revenue equals total taxes plus intergovernmental revenue plus charges and miscellaneous revenue.

Individual income

Corporation net income

Charges and miscellaneous Intergovernmental general revenue revenue

(b) Total includes other taxes not shown separately in this table.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

244 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GENERAL REVENUE, BY SOURCE AND BY STATE: 1993 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

Table 6.12 STATE GENERAL REVENUE, BY SOURCE AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Taxes

State

Total general revenue (a)

Sales and gross receipts Total

Total (b)

General

Licenses Motor fuels

Total (b)

Motor vehicle

Individual income

Corporation net income

Intergovernmental revenue

Charges and miscellaneous general revenue

$693,082,192

$373,823,968

$185,852,578

$123,297,594

$24,520,347

$24,203,421

$11,946,281

$117,726,427

$25,497,599

$204,896,745

$114,361,479

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

10,014,415 5,279,241 9,706,807 5,982,514 89,751,813

4,767,108 1,240,275 5,656,858 3,175,976 49,695,396

2,559,992 99,654 3,269,399 1,785,652 21,465,527

1,279,245 0 2,494,391 1,211,806 16,871,660

445,279 40,507 423,061 320,905 2,526,231

386,771 73,785 321,227 193,897 2,471,486

157,861 24,289 225,722 89,632 1,422,013

1,367,622 0 1,408,535 958,302 17,547,763

218,131 176,070 303,239 184,281 4,633,449

3,077,084 919,487 2,829,890 1,917,370 29,698,401

2,170,223 3,119,479 1,220,059 889,168 10,358,016

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

8,034,742 11,288,011 2,823,768 29,483,899 15,529,788

4,154,450 6,788,492 1,444,083 17,808,222 8,784,065

1,775,608 3,262,305 211,112 13,551,787 4,151,459

1,125,265 2,184,089 0 10,042,360 3,266,812

405,952 405,748 75,874 1,252,347 490,883

249,542 303,333 469,337 1,301,092 390,981

112,787 184,660 20,422 762,437 203,731

1,925,168 2,236,725 546,856 0 3,580,714

146,042 701,942 155,070 950,235 521,399

2,183,970 2,628,354 495,521 7,406,684 4,614,047

1,696,322 1,871,165 884,164 4,268,993 2,131,676

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,056,910 2,845,137 26,595,038 14,486,178 7,619,377

2,993,378 1,616,901 15,471,781 7,283,449 4,130,450

1,851,798 775,847 7,869,905 3,353,790 1,965,098

1,332,248 544,145 4,660,572 2,505,874 1,388,742

76,374 152,231 1,096,031 599,025 354,145

74,892 151,600 914,650 205,670 385,897

57,961 60,211 711,801 137,645 249,609

962,217 563,351 5,049,815 3,015,729 1,509,125

68,429 87,933 1,229,274 606,169 174,285

1,096,421 706,960 7,175,426 4,238,375 2,038,830

967,111 521,276 3,947,831 2,964,354 1,450,097

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

6,462,587 10,098,826 11,846,512 3,534,461 12,870,416

3,674,816 5,692,730 4,382,693 1,764,588 7,582,734

1,810,463 2,720,527 2,281,396 890,696 3,273,739

1,297,170 1,560,091 1,379,112 617,008 1,814,949

284,490 380,406 465,940 149,826 587,845

186,119 323,517 432,683 106,498 351,983

113,630 156,876 95,928 53,987 185,676

1,194,328 1,729,182 977,593 614,442 3,225,341

254,892 269,067 219,190 91,955 320,068

1,714,555 2,860,061 4,702,918 1,098,979 2,966,060

1,073,216 1,546,035 2,760,901 670,894 2,321,622

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

20,345,556 27,049,926 14,212,231 6,607,121 11,345,021

11,016,505 15,419,391 8,650,998 3,325,387 5,909,982

3,538,812 6,081,009 3,828,984 2,242,360 2,985,727

2,303,139 4,538,124 2,516,191 1,586,879 2,195,890

562,584 794,603 486,797 340,587 472,024

401,099 816,635 664,057 210,330 460,153

236,694 576,090 449,866 102,289 217,777

5,689,768 5,553,342 3,449,331 637,637 2,141,522

1,062,930 2,174,644 551,822 167,873 252,392

5,442,566 7,139,231 3,472,473 2,494,417 3,718,513

3,886,485 4,491,304 2,088,760 787,317 1,716,526

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2,518,229 4,026,566 3,460,261 2,649,303 24,028,565

1,160,867 2,143,628 2,380,709 837,002 13,494,043

242,219 1,148,823 1,968,546 484,915 6,941,845

0 746,975 1,184,850 0 3,778,427

157,743 256,014 171,967 97,912 446,284

132,624 144,678 286,709 105,250 614,423

42,560 65,618 82,896 49,795 314,169

345,644 715,590 0 35,980 4,475,079

68,872 113,142 0 144,157 1,085,055

839,586 1,078,254 719,125 1,027,308 5,246,012

517,776 804,684 360,427 784,993 5,288,510

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

5,798,622 66,587,242 17,959,184 2,009,594 27,051,863

3,020,921 32,816,619 10,518,600 884,714 14,188,451

1,803,333 11,595,814 4,597,688 496,733 7,151,105

1,430,498 6,364,937 2,589,005 256,203 4,479,907

196,439 490,283 908,553 83,158 1,242,480

141,853 940,811 646,871 63,632 1,165,990

105,166 612,820 307,522 33,664 529,242

577,069 16,033,524 4,288,148 136,944 5,110,016

122,528 3,120,034 737,260 71,461 652,543

1,331,968 25,725,554 5,298,351 657,988 8,217,789

1,445,733 8,045,069 2,142,233 466,892 4,645,623

See footnotes at end of table.

245

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

United States ..............

Taxes Sales and gross receipts

State

Total general revenue (a)

Total

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

7,467,428 8,511,185 30,461,740 3,076,493 9,020,192

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ........................... Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisocnsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Licenses Total (b)

Motor vehicle

378,255 354,578 751,182 119,641 303,918

552,166 511,152 1,752,101 85,954 370,074

446,105 265,461 464,508 54,976 88,940

1,315,068 2,583,527 4,735,861 528,089 1,530,996

162,214 263,682 1,486,299 79,320 219,052

1,978,006 2,625,971 8,363,935 1,032,301 2,830,146

1,226,439 1,845,798 4,955,807 608,067 1,688,279

339,039 3,081,250 9,926,287 984,287 175,974

87,326 684,479 2,171,338 187,377 59,680

79,798 562,847 2,526,066 81,743 68,174

25,888 177,350 744,896 49,893 41,560

0 99,108 0 925,004 286,108

36,540 421,960 0 125,191 34,932

662,285 3,717,569 11,737,018 1,355,119 619,218

419,657 1,488,814 6,828,559 1,037,738 330,224

1,780,604 5,797,770 727,192 2,427,900 199,428

670,770 632,262 204,654 634,631 39,728

413,997 458,364 145,273 435,365 70,272

267,968 222,233 86,127 219,736 37,594

3,811,860 0 669,694 3,638,710 0

306,667 0 184,625 541,284 0

3,091,748 3,673,043 1,927,209 3,699,608 805,041

3,688,131 2,287,882 851,573 2,339,551 460,026

Total (b)

General

4,262,983 4,039,416 17,141,998 1,436,125 4,501,767

1,773,873 543,362 8,118,911 722,267 2,322,079

1,090,876 0 5,134,300 412,820 1,673,303

1,741,167 10,939,645 38,030,908 4,808,737 1,781,957

659,225 5,733,262 19,465,331 2,415,880 832,515

512,173 4,501,624 15,867,612 1,256,881 400,461

14,816,948 15,661,772 5,332,980 14,466,854 2,004,462

8,037,069 9,700,847 2,554,198 8,427,695 739,395

3,253,135 7,238,336 1,385,645 3,662,615 259,937

Motor fuels

Individual income

Corporation net income

Charges and miscellaneous Intergovernmental general revenue revenue

(b) Total includes other taxes not shown separately in this table.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

246 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GENERAL REVENUE, BY SOURCE AND BY STATE: 1994 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

Table 6.13 STATE EXPENDITURE, BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT AND BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars) Direct expenditures Capital outlay

State

Intergovernmental expenditure

Total

Current operation

Total

Construction

Land and existing structures

Equipment

Assistance and subsidies

Interest on debt

Insurance benefits and repayments

Exhibit: Total salaries and wages

$214,094,882

$529,447,432

$345,469,183

$50,152,233

$39,603,947

$3,121,919

$7,426,367

$21,975,757

$24,799,992

$87,050,267

$115,253,139

2,211,563 1,086,346 3,219,572 1,505,645 44,176,628

8,030,811 4,336,662 6,563,153 4,509,083 60,390,858

5,913,144 2,919,195 4,318,570 3,291,669 37,815,307

781,952 428,896 565,627 497,233 3,857,935

554,340 336,220 420,371 404,748 2,792,381

96,734 9,907 44,769 20,275 410,270

130,878 82,769 100,487 72,210 655,284

306,485 135,960 489,606 138,326 747,242

267,648 424,719 211,542 122,133 2,535,341

761,582 427,892 977,808 459,722 15,435,033

2,220,916 898,530 1,278,841 1,186,322 11,967,508

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,378,157 2,112,048 410,182 9,303,312 4,120,627

6,294,729 10,395,241 2,146,788 20,799,884 11,187,411

4,257,833 6,347,494 1,347,212 13,882,902 7,758,811

531,899 1,016,248 280,445 2,442,620 1,350,311

372,707 896,774 232,479 1,700,461 1,117,071

58,649 37,265 22,070 473,675 101,996

100,543 82,209 25,896 268,484 131,244

62,302 505,404 66,284 1,308,986 514,147

244,985 767,568 237,131 782,334 317,188

1,197,710 1,758,527 215,716 2,383,042 1,246,954

1,857,853 2,182,845 594,087 5,399,225 2,684,196

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

132,570 806,396 7,139,225 4,385,769 2,287,463

5,473,118 1,969,141 20,986,425 9,750,574 5,479,455

3,385,961 1,267,588 12,840,447 7,539,094 3,879,796

1,122,922 262,722 1,951,992 1,046,810 692,624

626,382 208,419 1,665,295 851,525 569,217

378,122 11,024 50,301 6,933 21,114

118,418 43,279 236,396 188,352 102,293

175,336 42,946 1,452,802 175,481 274,481

271,002 98,652 1,290,939 332,951 122,371

517,897 297,233 3,450,245 656,238 510,183

1,518,237 485,403 3,687,309 2,310,515 1,729,159

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,670,354 2,521,244 2,806,110 772,595 2,707,134

4,072,111 8,021,968 10,087,126 3,115,942 10,830,190

2,886,685 5,282,924 7,277,911 2,142,396 7,054,400

467,173 1,040,068 758,012 177,138 939,627

352,993 892,993 605,009 132,808 769,671

16,596 14,132 28,235 6,803 50,940

97,584 132,943 124,768 37,527 119,016

205,240 298,234 255,909 172,707 520,798

45,326 413,539 628,056 191,714 499,922

467,687 987,203 1,167,238 431,987 1,815,443

1,243,754 2,023,402 2,540,180 586,100 2,338,467

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

4,286,839 7,693,539 4,803,732 1,946,210 2,909,208

17,269,736 19,356,988 9,491,349 4,288,676 7,984,349

10,594,354 12,769,892 6,330,310 3,019,856 5,349,078

1,865,585 1,186,649 873,314 498,350 867,289

1,651,511 956,513 674,222 386,247 505,840

93,201 54,610 29,797 22,008 233,616

120,873 175,526 169,295 90,095 127,833

995,016 1,431,157 688,145 110,321 348,308

1,476,465 650,698 307,617 110,133 428,267

2,338,316 3,318,592 1,291,963 550,016 991,407

2,832,063 4,523,488 2,367,737 980,624 1,913,598

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

659,613 1,029,811 1,165,679 301,281 8,099,029

2,003,476 2,793,164 2,884,863 2,669,001 20,823,723

1,235,667 2,075,995 1,527,321 1,849,141 13,152,732

236,771 391,972 345,492 179,173 1,874,448

210,166 322,439 301,525 131,894 1,589,375

1,881 9,755 8,953 22,264 55,034

24,724 59,778 35,014 25,015 230,039

65,660 95,895 54,612 92,571 235,968

119,214 123,541 131,218 327,442 1,247,395

346,164 105,761 826,220 220,674 4,313,180

452,253 886,421 658,643 490,506 4,211,272

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,666,350 23,848,129 5,419,109 411,268 8,314,711

3,933,149 50,431,755 11,496,558 1,708,521 23,350,098

2,789,086 32,608,843 7,866,160 1,211,468 12,410,843

492,601 4,426,985 1,318,483 177,399 2,120,638

430,344 3,900,522 1,063,043 151,802 1,617,209

8,967 24,424 10,606 471 30,182

53,290 502,039 244,834 25,126 473,247

151,537 843,683 609,701 44,641 1,642,406

90,348 3,757,476 281,190 65,368 817,858

409,577 8,794,768 1,421,024 209,645 6,358,353

932,450 9,589,780 2,806,400 399,318 4,368,568

See footnotes at end of table.

247

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

United States .............. Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Direct expenditures Capital outlay

Total

Current operation

Construction

Land and existing structures

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,254,815 2,258,239 8,378,102 483,816 2,098,883

6,017,522 6,754,504 25,981,174 3,692,356 8,289,399

4,053,419 4,269,207 16,906,542 2,233,681 5,753,283

496,360 533,761 1,419,461 401,279 1,090,592

339,367 402,295 1,129,062 353,356 801,896

39,730 6,658 54,360 14,534 72,708

117,263 124,808 236,039 33,389 215,988

242,334 301,330 1,670,537 167,427 232,569

247,345 427,098 963,465 291,531 336,736

978,064 1,223,108 5,021,169 598,438 876,219

1,604,787 1,531,560 4,403,077 652,146 2,242,897

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

299,323 2,774,218 10,373,354 1,213,729 302,695

1,387,103 8,253,776 28,717,859 3,619,993 1,546,717

948,991 6,008,259 19,945,020 2,511,368 1,093,706

193,853 963,392 2,905,169 417,119 124,131

156,266 781,347 2,138,106 289,856 96,707

5,856 62,037 267,985 764 1,849

31,731 120,008 499,078 126,499 25,575

33,825 356,981 1,333,549 139,085 102,622

127,551 187,203 554,228 143,028 102,797

82,883 737,941 3,979,893 409,393 123,461

351,185 2,024,540 5,464,871 1,004,000 370,536

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,749,296 4,730,035 1,226,379 5,005,878 638,672

10,971,766 13,709,386 4,716,720 9,614,998 1,248,083

7,766,297 7,971,766 2,945,310 6,170,041 692,208

1,026,494 1,858,592 402,476 1,008,758 243,393

801,206 1,566,913 333,097 809,251 210,706

16,690 92,272 1,180 13,687 6,030

208,598 199,407 68,199 185,820 26,657

602,055 794,859 146,791 549,320 44,176

468,999 450,472 154,583 538,439 67,226

1,107,921 2,633,697 1,067,560 1,348,440 201,080

3,131,744 3,062,846 743,756 2,162,141 357,083

State

Intergovernmental expenditure

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

Total

Equipment

Assistance and subsidies

Interest on debt

Insurance benefits and repayments

Exhibit: Total salaries and wages

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

248 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE EXPENDITURE, BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT AND BY STATE: 1993 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

Table 6.14 STATE EXPENDITURE, BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Direct expenditures Capital outlay

State

Intergovernmental expenditure

Total

Current operation

Total

Construction

Land and existing structures

Equipment

Assistance and subsidies

Interest on debt

Insurance benefits and repayments

Exhibit: Total salaries and wages

225,610,354

554,536,091

370,256,599

52,928,988

41,648,940

3,001,198

8,278,850

23,100,864

24,493,580

83,756,060

119,932,800

2,349,153 1,246,725 3,577,730 1,547,294 44,546,355

8,466,067 4,504,792 6,944,581 4,530,455 61,860,919

6,370,171 3,057,576 4,672,164 3,359,776 39,986,730

767,100 502,363 622,055 470,275 3,982,609

488,812 350,894 434,866 374,070 2,961,600

104,512 60,942 49,297 15,512 410,823

173,776 90,527 137,892 80,693 610,186

315,344 143,001 491,150 149,108 959,852

250,642 352,454 190,138 115,728 2,435,947

762,810 449,398 969,074 435,568 14,495,781

2,334,706 897,081 1,515,012 1,238,798 12,351,581

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,553,610 2,256,866 419,704 10,236,796 4,473,816

6,350,561 10,707,179 2,197,449 22,046,946 12,349,025

4,148,417 6,766,984 1,440,255 14,751,388 8,766,555

634,161 996,203 255,160 2,818,265 1,462,043

469,543 832,613 204,811 2,004,007 1,116,414

51,165 29,069 29,477 527,768 109,872

113,453 134,521 20,872 286,490 235,757

68,219 625,847 69,355 1,360,237 564,739

251,346 756,744 223,422 863,974 375,609

1,248,418 1,561,401 209,257 2,253,082 1,180,079

1,751,510 2,387,777 627,553 5,622,214 2,722,462

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

142,404 858,750 7,412,264 4,594,808 2,461,697

5,663,245 2,130,573 22,036,247 10,453,212 5,639,366

3,529,771 1,351,073 13,768,719 8,307,158 4,042,168

1,107,253 323,080 2,011,593 957,049 678,442

778,000 252,251 1,693,891 733,856 544,994

213,955 7,837 96,806 30,004 23,049

115,298 62,992 220,896 193,189 110,399

205,283 53,348 1,562,899 173,986 286,869

276,546 91,005 1,302,461 303,681 128,150

544,392 312,067 3,390,575 711,338 503,737

1,652,092 503,023 3,908,454 2,282,401 1,873,808

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

2,114,401 2,581,409 2,844,099 738,961 2,804,841

4,539,791 7,960,023 10,091,521 3,162,794 11,446,024

3,148,967 5,401,576 7,172,705 2,204,161 7,353,354

567,756 903,458 866,917 197,894 917,809

457,885 748,615 655,053 159,885 748,424

17,297 25,273 45,867 9,358 43,682

92,574 129,570 165,997 28,651 125,703

200,811 307,530 261,977 173,173 555,303

60,017 369,661 640,359 184,287 479,519

562,240 977,798 1,149,563 403,279 2,140,039

1,307,038 2,022,107 2,699,930 573,658 2,289,094

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

4,451,132 8,864,360 5,378,559 2,070,637 3,250,024

18,002,886 20,440,740 9,899,701 4,725,711 8,298,971

11,434,247 13,842,941 6,809,833 3,399,050 5,772,480

2,167,758 1,523,926 780,302 546,155 747,704

1,935,734 1,171,775 552,435 389,748 557,243

114,485 68,229 54,686 55,759 62,614

117,539 283,922 173,181 100,648 127,847

1,010,305 1,369,068 715,311 145,187 427,402

1,456,263 619,812 267,712 119,962 392,246

1,934,313 3,084,993 1,326,543 515,357 959,139

2,982,413 4,693,825 2,401,961 1,049,703 1,999,395

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

675,772 1,087,419 1,277,353 368,587 8,269,624

2,101,903 2,903,508 2,925,221 2,810,148 21,363,835

1,298,898 2,183,143 1,630,019 1,963,923 13,579,873

279,055 412,106 415,928 169,947 2,145,616

245,023 339,986 377,979 127,340 1,793,368

2,307 10,525 7,335 6,725 63,721

31,725 61,595 30,614 35,882 288,527

72,219 96,971 60,981 101,810 245,836

100,846 107,186 103,647 359,853 1,305,764

350,885 104,102 714,646 214,615 4,086,746

452,796 899,423 700,971 511,456 4,365,222

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,821,635 24,641,493 6,589,994 422,452 8,531,560

4,173,722 52,230,081 12,449,791 1,660,978 24,890,015

3,095,888 34,617,221 8,802,517 1,180,047 13,999,726

359,236 5,124,042 1,381,304 188,302 2,122,026

267,912 4,143,336 1,094,977 159,861 1,684,287

9,436 46,506 7,651 28,309 62,425

81,888 934,200 278,676 132 375,314

193,976 862,409 627,337 37,207 1,719,047

98,956 3,703,638 241,319 57,706 760,164

425,666 7,922,771 1,397,314 197,716 6,289,052

1,012,932 9,888,134 2,985,696 398 4,909,810

See footnotes at end of table.

249

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

Direct expenditures Capital outlay

Total

Current operation

Construction

Land and existing structures

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,388,001 2,261,202 8,683,499 444,141 2,203,683

6,104,552 6,843,124 29,134,494 3,243,148 9,005,372

4,090,657 4,476,503 20,073,928 1,867,353 6,503,401

495,462 518,642 1,588,460 333,282 1,012,402

355,367 401,650 1,232,948 302,432 772,410

26,790 4,583 66,738 9,612 72,014

113,305 112,409 288,774 21,238 167,978

237,815 294,478 1,707,587 166,176 246,454

248,730 372,712 1,144,616 296,120 348,683

1,031,888 1,180,789 4,619,903 580,217 894,432

1,584,458 1,577,200 4,634,621 674,363 2,268,124

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

300,224 2,998,831 11,091,281 1,302,964 301,624

1,525,416 8,941,413 29,875,370 3,829,489 1,611,279

1,050,597 6,551,529 20,975,602 2,716,759 1,162,259

236,284 1,078,046 3,288,347 453,641 139,770

192,178 917,311 2,585,312 320,495 99,404

5,910 67,263 172,471 3,540 4,858

38,196 93,472 530,564 129,606 35,508

37,731 385,146 1,436,344 145,057 101,080

114,258 185,148 532,298 127,660 92,644

86,546 741,544 3,642,779 386,372 115,526

351,833 2,067,260 5,835,237 1,128,000 372,472

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,861,915 5,049,189 1,249,440 5,327,881 684,195

11,660,840 14,527,484 5,031,440 9,953,987 1,290,702

8,362,736 8,699,787 3,203,872 6,563,973 748,169

1,140,287 1,602,582 538,948 843,192 254,751

895,752 1,370,711 464,422 661,562 225,498

7,172 37,090 482 18,354 2,043

237,363 194,781 74,044 163,276 27,210

633,831 766,171 150,035 537,151 42,711

475,815 453,355 152,933 550,847 50,997

1,048,171 3,005,589 985,652 1,458,824 194,074

3,367,101 3,288,220 818,731 2,241,372 309,374

State

Intergovernmental expenditure

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

Total

Equipment

Assistance and subsidies

Interest on debt

Insurance benefits and repayments

Exhibit: Total salaries and wages

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

250 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE EXPENDITURE, BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT AND BY STATE: 1994 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

Table 6.15 STATE GENERAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars) State

Total general expenditure (a)

Education

Public welfare

Highways

Hospitals

Natural resources

Health

Corrections

Financial administration

Employment security administration

Police

251

$647,116,311

$221,547,224

$168,416,448

$51,354,624

$27,534,515

$11,212,522

$25,776,486

$20,803,459

$10,541,853

$3,930,349

$5,603,484

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

9,339,796 4,933,907 8,782,381 5,555,006 89,037,012

3,663,465 1,266,638 3,016,961 2,247,834 31,281,571

2,016,935 563,876 2,159,415 1,311,510 25,118,234

856,228 586,378 920,713 608,359 4,592,900

887,835 35,341 71,652 304,906 2,818,232

156,698 232,631 142,141 129,631 1,604,926

412,456 173,336 459,287 200,595 4,391,129

182,217 135,224 345,378 119,390 3,050,401

110,288 111,369 208,489 81,100 1,653,895

68,014 35,701 40,879 36,642 450,829

78,320 53,474 99,278 41,441 825,796

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

7,471,882 10,582,334 2,319,842 27,688,696 14,061,084

3,131,906 2,523,990 811,426 9,362,284 5,745,687

1,837,012 2,776,367 318,723 6,135,088 3,683,934

719,213 753,476 265,000 2,368,954 1,030,699

179,713 799,554 43,635 457,908 569,756

151,814 70,021 30,217 972,537 277,915

220,766 329,967 122,143 1,968,067 517,091

266,446 443,979 89,881 1,072,612 604,649

121,534 198,474 58,327 410,216 119,283

35,516 82,982 8,768 58,625 101,730

43,153 84,362 36,308 199,571 108,951

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,087,791 2,441,966 24,675,405 13,480,105 7,198,836

1,446,756 1,023,423 7,540,365 5,138,552 2,816,042

651,418 428,492 6,862,324 3,390,152 1,513,737

361,406 291,599 2,488,804 1,369,779 915,617

203,306 33,217 706,963 506,971 509,271

113,031 101,386 247,116 142,751 179,591

275,777 62,893 982,710 334,833 150,963

112,541 64,781 654,805 321,107 157,922

58,470 38,079 380,769 179,217 105,698

21,776 13,558 229,655 88,009 52,756

12,540 30,320 239,031 110,190 48,375

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

5,274,778 9,550,437 11,725,998 3,405,338 11,406,315

2,270,450 3,716,072 3,835,792 1,039,388 3,711,509

981,751 2,564,736 3,095,197 1,107,131 2,682,465

653,777 932,924 828,627 310,987 984,898

306,831 295,982 1,024,526 61,439 322,539

127,839 261,915 253,904 73,905 250,390

154,432 219,051 345,153 123,166 615,986

178,540 210,403 299,551 52,834 592,323

99,889 178,613 125,546 52,330 243,062

18,773 42,251 64,948 28,138 32,490

38,941 103,603 124,351 24,008 181,928

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

19,106,929 23,357,795 13,003,118 5,585,172 9,902,150

3,543,558 7,952,268 4,641,905 2,041,912 3,700,500

5,424,970 6,192,088 3,259,495 1,349,248 2,498,383

1,256,283 1,635,383 1,204,389 570,838 938,015

760,360 1,097,617 551,989 265,741 400,882

131,578 341,293 298,797 212,936 201,863

974,112 1,470,953 429,462 155,442 388,672

681,066 909,743 205,105 91,438 208,022

426,468 266,551 198,458 41,431 137,986

108,396 183,132 91,316 42,387 69,224

172,431 201,056 103,791 36,713 104,283

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2,283,275 3,717,214 3,150,967 2,583,651 23,630,213

848,597 1,299,879 1,164,708 517,573 7,116,917

406,227 807,373 512,777 918,863 5,740,766

284,546 480,835 302,190 223,465 1,615,224

35,289 250,434 48,913 38,164 935,136

97,319 111,524 52,647 33,340 188,557

96,446 150,157 60,614 101,686 521,286

39,912 83,767 153,530 49,681 678,673

65,915 45,586 97,491 38,467 298,788

9,147 25,760 28,534 21,229 96,622

24,820 38,488 30,524 26,201 284,514

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

5,189,922 61,557,640 15,494,643 1,910,144 25,037,974

1,976,767 16,661,431 6,439,684 686,004 8,760,384

757,627 21,975,191 3,198,211 411,281 7,021,167

822,852 2,297,014 1,554,923 215,013 2,140,896

257,522 3,484,401 691,506 60,297 1,183,524

80,261 347,909 292,837 87,479 233,277

207,734 1,935,065 615,288 46,037 815,642

137,281 2,075,580 606,274 16,499 755,297

71,862 934,010 144,316 25,819 547,667

44,065 425,763 62,867 5,217 180,925

46,868 298,824 158,837 7,295 169,454

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

7,057,834 7,684,558 28,704,733 3,539,123 8,793,206

3,052,425 2,493,333 8,688,571 845,448 3,138,343

1,574,576 1,471,544 8,959,035 885,603 2,064,155

697,160 799,620 2,302,727 209,084 616,226

328,749 447,585 1,363,708 75,568 607,963

98,342 263,657 367,231 27,999 151,884

279,002 357,204 1,228,100 176,159 467,952

202,068 199,917 627,350 107,217 331,370

172,450 304,048 459,331 47,507 145,009

43,557 40,038 167,627 28,383 58,720

47,065 73,284 310,447 28,396 87,757

See footnotes at end of table.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

United States ..............

State

Total general expenditure (a)

Education

Public welfare

Highways

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

1,603,543 10,287,797 35,111,320 4,370,101 1,696,410

481,005 3,524,871 14,777,150 2,076,472 572,086

318,785 3,073,225 8,983,902 741,577 404,600

229,329 1,067,360 2,991,251 360,270 184,717

43,872 462,828 1,650,577 267,195 20,596

64,600 116,075 555,427 98,394 45,271

50,627 360,592 1,024,134 122,069 36,007

33,559 366,011 1,562,203 105,777 41,809

30,621 95,415 531,487 83,499 24,880

14,782 72,674 255,984 31,675 11,340

14,229 69,444 212,293 37,336 26,705

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

13,398,381 15,577,458 4,832,665 13,272,436 1,657,030

5,265,246 6,827,423 1,870,421 4,395,640 596,592

2,448,596 3,211,139 1,394,431 3,001,695 211,421

1,380,737 1,231,978 584,337 1,064,589 253,035

998,622 527,856 93,704 410,249 34,091

163,660 452,491 94,940 404,408 76,167

473,415 548,802 102,208 456,485 65,333

642,137 482,216 37,450 390,273 27,250

287,706 193,640 91,719 168,556 30,522

81,871 101,330 25,472 77,925 12,347

265,394 156,817 23,540 51,824 10,913

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Does not represent some of detail.

Hospitals

Natural resources

Health

Corrections

Financial administration

Employment security administration

Police

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

252 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GENERAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1993 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

Table 6.16 STATE GENERAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Total general expenditure (a)

Education

Public welfare

Highways

Hospitals

Natural resources

Health

Corrections

Financial administration

Employment security administration

United States .............

$686,681,030

$230,790,998

$185,124,759

$53,849,443

$27,946,498

$11,878,197

$29,048,718

$23,134,735

$11,376,181

$4,056,438

$6,000,330

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

9,922,352 5,256,168 9,529,970 5,642,181 91,821,751

3,969,277 1,278,065 3,306,759 2,216,940 28,114,516

2,167,799 633,407 2,318,661 1,387,240 28,567,428

883,852 564,753 1,053,985 598,765 4,658,401

823,194 32,710 89,071 311,251 2,706,385

169,019 347,771 142,034 118,622 1,687,892

487,044 169,672 467,729 211,719 5,314,026

216,691 142,174 383,997 132,299 3,499,370

109,481 121,310 182,211 89,011 1,839,396

67,145 31,933 46,473 37,237 456,627

86,839 54,946 98,449 44,492 868,550

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

7,652,127 11,207,223 2,388,519 29,991,369 15,642,762

3,357,760 2,664,903 828,267 10,231,108 6,482,888

1,615,926 2,980,050 352,390 6,725,033 4,181,488

820,949 792,774 249,979 2,710,990 977,971

159,124 913,523 47,186 250,118 582,056

154,100 67,869 32,408 1,074,889 321,205

232,482 261,998 131,628 2,078,849 545,525

289,364 465,293 84,344 1,246,607 670,459

111,018 204,328 67,918 451,538 214,069

40,194 90,739 8,157 60,061 100,494

50,283 99,854 37,631 219,897 117,140

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,260,983 2,649,688 26,057,936 14,336,682 7,539,444

1,495,992 1,111,705 7,967,623 5,449,388 3,028,246

717,577 453,576 7,320,900 3,910,612 1,532,381

369,981 312,551 2,474,219 1,347,306 912,849

211,429 37,919 753,353 530,071 492,096

113,101 104,721 268,407 137,639 197,165

310,655 74,583 1,081,918 346,970 165,327

109,208 69,823 739,784 329,663 163,190

56,600 42,208 416,329 188,230 109,573

21,078 18,369 222,131 88,269 50,160

11,127 35,189 245,168 115,189 51,218

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

6,091,952 9,558,836 11,786,057 3,449,931 11,799,886

2,733,678 3,845,626 3,968,097 1,041,019 3,758,706

1,095,207 2,517,724 2,860,209 1,172,921 2,750,883

763,618 867,033 861,036 280,845 1,028,389

328,245 336,167 1,081,007 57,032 315,884

135,275 238,043 299,540 76,458 260,380

185,118 239,723 350,956 129,853 643,814

181,112 206,827 326,698 55,693 689,323

98,864 180,608 119,998 62,774 233,528

19,481 39,616 67,266 27,604 59,165

40,692 104,819 121,458 27,112 203,783

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

20,427,602 25,862,008 13,951,717 6,177,031 10,589,856

3,716,150 8,740,829 5,231,085 2,284,893 3,942,657

5,864,987 6,858,489 3,618,154 1,593,556 2,665,909

1,485,057 1,715,245 1,054,185 560,284 1,110,567

783,985 1,240,203 552,902 278,084 423,349

157,697 438,273 324,005 149,779 208,465

1,090,006 1,935,439 412,413 184,112 435,920

632,872 1,029,221 234,109 103,383 221,697

467,737 274,148 217,530 45,726 159,290

92,211 144,814 97,788 49,053 82,067

198,704 211,747 110,064 42,014 116,245

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2,393,009 3,886,825 3,403,989 2,797,452 24,432,409

895,905 1,353,593 1,240,035 535,244 7,614,241

416,541 872,253 563,418 1,081,516 5,889,885

301,859 517,242 399,142 214,106 1,779,672

30,469 251,019 53,750 36,748 977,660

93,639 118,214 47,982 32,961 208,640

108,807 160,238 61,974 107,480 546,514

40,586 79,018 135,892 53,490 702,214

74,917 54,737 96,211 39,830 317,407

8,667 25,703 30,362 19,741 94,355

26,548 39,074 32,836 25,256 278,813

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

5,569,691 64,802,431 17,642,471 1,885,714 26,869,123

2,158,452 17,270,575 7,670,250 722,355 8,867,242

908,656 24,008,547 3,603,210 365,385 7,951,812

719,298 2,693,551 1,713,492 236,317 2,295,655

286,573 3,614,675 712,761 54,260 1,246,280

87,321 370,434 338,274 78,060 231,907

231,036 2,231,831 700,800 47,546 961,763

143,392 2,060,013 720,414 17,389 885,083

79,429 984,534 161,308 24,611 589,740

28,974 400,185 73,439 5,473 196,621

51,015 336,293 189,367 6,668 172,346

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

7,221,225 7,817,263 32,579,199 3,071,409 9,563,160

3,215,728 2,617,186 9,170,144 814,869 3,318,830

1,573,445 1,643,681 11,785,875 795,198 2,343,976

685,082 784,638 2,341,523 211,949 603,010

303,930 405,462 1,362,603 62,854 616,077

124,135 223,519 412,698 28,369 158,455

270,886 330,954 1,140,809 166,400 739,644

212,174 217,770 799,605 104,160 307,319

154,092 347,669 474,419 54,444 140,404

41,910 43,977 176,912 32,447 65,847

47,825 100,839 319,922 25,934 106,201

State

253

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

See footnotes at end of table.

Police

State

Total general expenditure (a)

Education

Public welfare

Highways

Hospitals

Natural resources

Health

Corrections

Financial administration

Employment security administration

Police

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

1,739,094 11,195,029 37,323,872 4,689,087 1,770,242

516,773 3,890,747 15,505,486 2,251,246 569,230

357,829 3,279,239 9,473,754 819,403 454,343

266,477 1,097,471 2,921,372 367,109 194,577

46,247 465,331 1,721,518 271,616 14,433

72,179 156,242 558,884 103,053 50,769

55,038 466,221 1,182,271 146,947 50,889

41,866 396,447 2,242,749 114,362 30,243

34,979 86,242 601,941 89,461 40,143

16,286 75,628 332,807 31,237 9,523

15,756 78,292 231,667 38,108 24,858

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

14,263,339 16,345,395 5,250,197 13,823,044 1,752,330

5,564,861 7,017,952 1,929,342 4,660,014 654,521

2,531,379 3,619,591 1,543,919 3,154,452 224,945

1,639,221 1,334,793 702,583 1,098,316 275,404

1,030,289 517,518 79,598 415,416 33,067

172,587 396,996 129,397 374,895 83,830

514,780 659,122 124,332 480,406 74,551

684,093 442,070 56,811 393,602 30,772

298,788 244,549 115,576 173,357 33,970

86,933 122,687 23,893 79,306 15,393

280,759 160,774 33,456 53,130 11,983

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Does not represent sum of state figures because total includes miscellaneous expenditures not shown.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

254 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GENERAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Table 6.17 STATE DEBT OUTSTANDING AT END OF FISCAL YEAR, BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars, except per capita amounts) Long-term State

Total

Per capita

Total

Full faith and credit

Net long-term (a) Nonguaranteed

Short-term

Total

$3,869,984 $177,090,730

Full faith and credit

United States ..................

$387,712,400

$1,506.70

$383,842,416

$103,666,843

$280,175,573

4,170,084 4,426,963 3,052,565 1,918,960 41,294,944

995.96 7,390.59 775.55 791.65 1,323.09

4,169,007 4,423,963 3,052,565 1,918,242 39,283,973

1,205,924 455,500 0 168,392 13,425,871

2,963,083 3,968,463 3,052,565 1,749,850 25,858,102

1,077 3,000 0 718 2,010,971

1,943,582 921,432 2,371,436 414,372 21,448,502

$93,076,620 1,160,040 433,606 0 168,392 13,339,256

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

3,116,813 12,848,096 3,490,392 13,634,806 4,518,709

874.04 3,920.69 4,986.27 996.77 653.28

3,116,665 12,842,496 3,479,783 13,634,262 4,518,709

22,491 7,394,080 569,227 1,338,900 2,975,175

3,094,174 5,448,416 2,910,556 12,295,362 1,543,534

148 5,600 10,609 544 0

274,734 6,862,362 1,125,176 7,356,763 3,123,935

22,491 6,322,741 523,781 627,989 2,956,111

5,023,176 1,289,747 19,892,834 5,458,015 1,837,018

4,285.99 1,173.56 1,700.68 955.37 652.81

4,973,212 1,289,662 19,886,049 5,446,943 1,824,807

2,767,691 0 5,971,459 0 0

2,205,521 1,289,662 13,914,590 5,446,943 1,824,807

49,964 85 6,785 11,072 12,211

3,946,231 187,476 7,262,194 1,654,021 633,515

2,755,753 0 5,664,708 0 0

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

935,488 6,820,146 9,585,046 2,999,353 8,731,054

369.61 1,799.99 2,231.68 2,420.79 1,758.52

934,920 6,820,146 9,524,024 2,999,353 8,731,054

0 30,020 3,405,984 544,705 2,284,185

934,920 6,790,126 6,118,040 2,454,648 6,446,869

568 0 61,022 0 0

916,134 4,249,471 4,176,295 583,089 4,258,617

0 0 2,947,393 543,915 2,271,431

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

25,415,253 8,849,355 4,144,533 1,659,010 6,516,158

4,227.42 933.67 917.54 627.70 1,244.97

25,047,835 8,845,242 4,143,588 1,659,010 6,440,048

11,391,335 1,175,400 1,710,910 712,673 839,245

13,656,500 7,669,842 2,432,678 946,337 5,600,803

367,418 4,113 945 0 76,110

11,997,545 3,430,159 1,808,536 649,526 1,094,212

11,147,733 1,175,400 1,444,980 590,234 746,319

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

1,749,316 1,587,317 1,653,407 5,242,056 21,778,675

2,085.00 987.75 1,190.36 4,659.61 2,764.14

1,740,783 1,587,163 1,651,726 5,242,056 21,761,618

192,060 0 768,150 743,690 3,594,841

1,548,723 1,587,163 883,576 4,498,366 18,166,777

8,533 154 1,681 0 17,057

421,504 38,661 960,437 845,486 11,167,514

182,250 0 743,590 595,570 3,592,129

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,597,465 59,218,591 4,001,678 829,832 12,485,771

988.53 3,254.31 576.20 1,306.82 1,125.76

1,595,385 58,794,591 4,001,678 829,832 12,394,120

153,942 9,612,181 584,905 0 2,875,075

1,441,443 49,182,410 3,416,773 829,832 9,519,045

2,080 424,000 0 0 91,651

576,291 28,767,568 1,009,651 35,634 5,359,643

153,942 7,498,782 583,060 0 2,875,075

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

3,919,153 5,820,850 12,989,361 5,147,293 4,900,522

1,212.98 1,919.81 1,078.13 5,147.29 1,345.19

3,918,899 5,820,850 12,590,487 5,108,458 4,778,772

259,705 4,895,547 4,973,428 1,348,426 884,213

3,659,194 925,303 7,617,059 3,760,032 3,894,559

254 0 398,874 38,835 121,750

2,289,890 2,199,682 7,016,432 2,015,939 3,086,605

259,705 1,914,159 4,959,084 1,348,426 884,213

1,818,438 2,623,708 8,683,525 2,192,941 1,418,969

2,543.27 514.55 481.59 1,179.00 2,463.49

1,818,217 2,497,754 8,683,216 2,178,779 1,418,787

0 652,744 4,239,491 378,290 369,495

1,818,217 1,845,010 4,443,725 1,800,489 1,049,292

221 125,954 309 14,162 182

204,711 894,356 5,482,742 521,356 441,265

0 648,518 2,539,137 361,069 369,495

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

7,438,406 7,847,752 2,683,982 7,674,173 780,701

1,145.96 1,493.39 1,474.72 1,523.26 1,661.07

7,438,406 7,846,425 2,683,982 7,674,173 780,701

600,213 4,924,430 327,685 2,899,165 0

6,838,193 2,921,995 2,356,297 4,775,008 780,701

0 1,327 0 0 0

1,801,479 4,999,250 1,190,325 2,994,049 80,945

600,213 4,910,858 323,172 2,891,900 0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Long-term debt outstanding minus long-term debt offsets.

The Council of State Governments

255

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Table 6.18 STATE DEBT OUTSTANDING AT END OF FISCAL YEAR, BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars, except per capita amounts) Long-term State

Total

Per capita

Total

Full faith and credit

$406,085,867 $112,474,867

Net long-term (a) Nonguaranteed

Short-term

Total

Full faith and credit

United States ..............

$410,998,326

$1,582.16

$293,611,000

$4,912,459

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

3,853,804 3,585,262 3,170,472 1,812,006 48,120,610

913.44 5,916.27 778.03 738.69 1,530.99

3,850,214 3,582,362 3,170,472 1,810,111 44,840,409

1,243,117 344,912 365,240 166,478 15,596,289

2,607,097 3,237,450 2,805,232 1,643,633 29,244,120

3,590 2,900 0 1,895 3,280,201

2,022,074 817,468 2,678,100 414,183 27,874,161

1,172,380 338,959 365,240 166,478 15,546,778

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

3,262,891 13,599,243 3,397,475 14,565,270 5,173,997

892.48 4,152.44 4,812.29 1,043.88 733.38

3,262,775 13,594,043 3,387,500 14,564,482 5,173,997

2,507 9,214,500 584,658 1,060,150 3,766,355

3,260,268 4,379,543 2,802,842 13,504,332 1,407,642

116 5,200 9,975 788 0

285,089 8,512,328 1,244,729 8,793,942 3,899,399

2,507 7,996,351 565,333 608,655 3,747,291

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

5,145,799 1,280,743 20,355,305 5,572,485 1,990,295

4,364.55 1,130.40 1,732.07 968.79 703.53

5,103,614 1,280,743 20,349,663 5,566,909 1,975,142

2,872,488 0 6,309,815 0 0

2,231,126 1,280,743 14,039,848 5,566,909 1,975,142

42,185 0 5,642 5,576 15,153

4,126,735 176,409 7,533,058 1,754,995 699,022

2,865,500 0 5,949,402 0 0

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,103,280 6,743,654 8,781,953 2,992,749 9,129,956

431.98 1,762.13 2,035.22 2,413.51 1,823.80

1,102,920 6,743,654 8,779,660 2,992,749 9,129,956

0 15,270 3,286,571 529,285 2,508,799

1,102,920 6,728,384 5,493,089 2,463,464 6,621,157

360 0 2,293 0 0

1,070,033 4,280,541 3,709,514 566,677 4,474,068

0 15,270 2,885,894 526,786 2,489,118

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

26,680,560 11,505,325 4,351,489 2,066,203 6,511,570

4,416.58 1,211.60 952.81 774.15 1,233.72

26,326,612 11,500,502 4,351,489 2,066,203 6,502,070

11,831,856 1,320,400 1,783,591 864,349 862,435

14,494,756 10,180,102 2,567,898 1,201,854 5,639,635

353,948 4,823 0 0 9,500

12,659,524 3,648,625 1,878,298 804,979 1,142,157

11,574,015 1,320,400 1,476,907 744,056 777,185

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

2,107,542 1,468,413 1,684,543 5,650,805 22,894,179

2,462.08 904.75 1,156.17 4,969.93 2,896.53

2,099,760 1,468,202 1,682,797 5,650,805 22,885,138

244,446 0 967,880 748,485 3,591,316

1,855,314 1,468,202 714,917 4,902,320 19,293,822

7,782 211 1,746 0 9,041

495,735 349,480 1,153,223 969,344 12,109,962

234,835 0 941,819 592,955 3,589,448

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,735,172 65,077,504 4,537,505 756,667 12,117,371

1,049.08 3,581.79 641.80 1,186.00 1,091.46

1,731,464 64,723,504 4,537,505 756,667 11,999,829

180,965 10,287,833 1,026,560 0 3,086,953

1,550,499 54,435,671 3,510,945 756,667 8,912,876

3,708 354,000 0 0 117,542

590,711 34,250,924 1,529,819 36,853 5,866,656

180,965 8,641,972 1,024,314 0 3,086,953

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

3,872,603 5,645,164 13,670,944 5,543,852 4,972,412

1,188.64 1,829.28 1,134.33 5,560.53 1,357.10

3,872,497 5,645,164 13,248,389 5,535,417 4,864,162

355,035 4,601,335 5,076,787 1,325,164 929,759

3,517,462 1,043,829 8,171,602 4,210,253 3,934,403

106 0 422,555 8,435 108,250

2,483,611 2,539,784 7,430,512 2,398,133 3,396,336

355,035 2,186,103 5,048,129 1,325,164 929,759

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

1,680,487 2,627,396 9,377,851 2,102,833 1,569,887

2,330.77 507.71 510.28 1,102.11 2,706.70

1,680,090 2,511,296 9,377,427 2,085,610 1,569,762

0 762,653 4,827,474 394,325 480,220

1,680,090 1,748,643 4,549,953 1,691,285 1,089,542

397 116,100 424 17,223 125

242,922 994,794 6,258,816 539,944 544,904

0 759,716 3,124,336 376,165 480,220

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

7,912,014 8,265,639 2,525,138 7,747,539 702,470

1,207.57 1,547.00 1,385.92 1,524.51 1,475.78

7,912,014 8,264,970 2,525,138 7,747,539 702,470

499,070 5,310,513 279,955 2,969,074 0

7,412,944 2,954,457 2,245,183 4,778,465 702,470

0 669 0 0 0

1,927,487 5,411,072 1,121,947 2,997,208 78,669

499,070 5,257,979 275,273 2,961,809 0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Long-term debt outstanding minus long-term debt offsets.

256 The Book of the States 1996-97

$200,784,954 $103,006,524

TAXES

Table 6.19 AGENCIES ADMINISTERING MAJOR STATE TAXES (As of January 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Income

Sales

Gasoline

Motor vehicle

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Franchise Tax Bd.

Dept. of Revenue ... Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Bd. of Equalization

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Bd. of Equalization

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Public Safety Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Dept. of Motor Vehicles

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. Div. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. ... Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. Dept. of Public Safety Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Public Safety Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Revenue

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue & Finance

County Treasurer Dept. of Transportation Secretary of State Bur. of Motor Vehicles Local (a)

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

Dept. of Revenue Revenue Cabinet Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Bur. of Taxation Comptroller

Local (a) Transportation Cabinet Dept. of Public Safety Secretary of State Dept. of Transportation

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Treasury Dept. of Revenue Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue

Reg. of Motor Vehicles Secretary of State Dept. of Public Safety Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue ... Dept. of Revenue Admin. Dept. of Treasury

... Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Taxation ... Dept. of Treasury

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Safety Dept. of Treasury

Local (a) Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Safety Dept. of Law & Public Safety

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax. & Finance Dept. of Revenue Tax. Commr. Dept. of Taxation

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax. & Finance Dept. of Revenue Tax Commr. State Treasurer

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax. & Finance Dept. of Revenue Tax Commr. Dept. of Taxation

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Transportation Bur. of Motor Vehicles

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Administration Dept. of Revenue

Tax Comm. ... Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Administration Dept. of Revenue

Tax Comm. Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Administration Dept. of Revenue

Tax Comm. Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Revenue

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

... Dept. of Revenue ... Tax Comm. Commr. of Taxes

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Comptroller Tax Comm. Commr. of Taxes

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Comptroller Tax Comm. Commr. of Motor Vehicles

Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Hwys. & Public Trans. Tax Comm. Commr. of Motor Vehicles

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

Dept. of Taxation ... Dept. of Tax & Revenue Dept. of Revenue ...

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Tax & Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Licensing Dept. of Tax & Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Licensing Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Revenue

Dist. of Columbia .......

Dept. of Fin. & Revenue

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

257

TAXES

AGENCIES ADMINISTERING MAJOR STATE TAXES — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Tobacco

Death

Alcoholic beverage

Number of agencies administering taxes

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Bd. of Equalization

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Controller

Alcoh. Bev. Control Bd. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Fin. & Admin. Bd. of Equalization

2 2 2 1 4

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. Div. of Revenue Dept. of Business Reg. Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. Div. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Serv. Div. of Revenue Dept. of Business Reg. Dept. of Revenue

1 2 2 3 1

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue & Finance

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Attorney General Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue & Finance

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue & Finance

2 2 3 2 2

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

Dept. of Revenue Revenue Cabinet Dept. of Revenue & Tax Bur. of Taxation Comptroller

Dept. of Revenue Revenue Cabinet Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Bur. of Taxation Local

Dept. of Revenue Revenue Cabinet Dept. of Revenue & Tax. Liquor Comm. Comptroller

2 2 2 3 3

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Treasury Dept. of Revenue Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue

Dept. of Revenue Liquor Control Comm. Dept. of Revenue Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue

2 3 2 1 1

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue Admin. Dept. of Treasury

Dept. of Revenue Liquor Control Comm. Dept. of Taxation Liquor Comm. Dept. of Treasury

2 3 2 3 2

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax. & Finance Dept. Revenue Tax Commr. Dept. of Taxation

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax. & Finance Dept. of Revenue Tax Commr. Dept. of Taxation

Tax & Revenue Dept. Dept. of Tax & Finance Dept. of Revenue Treasurer State Treasurer

1 2 2 3 3

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

Tax Comm. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Administration Dept. of Revenue

Tax Comm. Liquor Control Comm. Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Administration Dept. of Revenue

1 3 2 2 1

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue State Treasurer Tax Comm. Commr. of Taxes

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue Comptroller Tax Comm. Commr. of Taxes

Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue State Treasurer Tax Comm. Commr. of Taxes

2 1 3 1 2

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

Dept. of Taxation Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Tax & Revenue Dept. of Revenue Dept. of Revenue

Alcoh. Bev. Control Liquor Control Board Dept. of Tax & Revenue Dept. of Revenue Liquor Comm.

3 3 2 2 2

Dist. of Columbia .......

Dept. of Fin. & Revenue

Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators. Key: . . . — Not applicable

258 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) Joint state and local administration. State level functions are performed by the Department of Transportation in Iowa and Montana, and the Department of Revenue in Kansas.

TAXES

Table 6.20 STATE TAX AMNESTY PROGRAMS November 22, 1982 - Present Legislative authorization

Major taxes covered

Accounts receivable included

Collections ($ millions) (a)

Installment arrangements permitted (b)

State or other jurisdiction

Amnesty period

Alabama ..............................

01/20/84 - 04/01/84

No (c)

All

3.2

Arizona ................................

11/22/82 - 01/20/83

No (c)

All

6.0

Yes

Arkansas .............................

09/01/87 - 11/30/87

Yes

All

1.7

Yes

California ............................ ...............................................

12/10/84 - 03/15/85

Yes Yes

Individual income Sales

Yes No

154.0 43.0

Yes Yes

Colorado .............................

09/16/85 - 11/15/85

Yes

All

6.4

Yes

Connecticut ......................... ...............................................

09/01/90 - 11/30/90 09/01/95 - 11/30/95

Yes Yes

All All

Yes Yes

54.0 N.A.

Yes Yes

Florida ................................. ...............................................

01/01/87 - 06/30/87 01/01/88 - 06/30/88

Yes Yes (d)

Intangibles All

No No

13.0 8.4 (d)

No No No

Georgia ................................

10/01/92 - 12/05/92

Yes

Idaho ....................................

05/20/83 - 08/30/83

No (c)

Illinois ..................................

10/01/84 - 11/30/84

Yes

All

Yes

51.3

Individual income

0.3

All

Yes

160.5

Iowa .....................................

09/02/86 - 10/31/86

Yes

All

Yes

35.1

Kansas .................................

07/01/84 - 09/30/84

Yes

All

0.6

N.A. No

Kentucky .............................

09/15/88 - 09/30/88

Yes (c)

All

61.1

Louisiana ............................. ...............................................

10/01/85 - 12/31/85 10/01/87 - 12/15/87

Yes Yes

All All

No No

1.2 0.3

Yes (e) Yes (e)

Maine ...................................

11/01/90 - 12/31/90

Yes

All

Yes

29.0

Yes

Maryland ............................

09/01/87 - 11/02/87

Yes

All

Yes

34.6 (f)

Massachusetts .....................

10/17/83 - 01/17/84

Yes

All

Yes

86.5

Michigan .............................

05/12/86 - 06/30/86

Yes

All

Yes

109.8

Yes (g)

Minnesota ...........................

08/01/84 - 10/31/84

Yes

All

Yes

12.1

Mississippi ..........................

09/01/86 - 11/30/86

Yes

All

1.0

Missouri ..............................

09/01/83 - 10/31/83

No (c)

All

0.9

New Jersey ..........................

09/10/87 - 12/08/87

Yes

All

Yes

186.5

Yes

New Mexico ........................

08/15/85 - 11/13/85

Yes

(j) All (h)

13.6

Yes

New York .............................

11/01/85 - 01/31/86

Yes

(j) All (i)

Yes

401.3

Yes

North Carolina ...................

09/01/89 - 12/01/89

Yes

(k) All (j)

Yes

37.6

North Dakota ......................

09/01/83 - 11/30/83

No (c)

All

0.2

Yes

Oklahoma ...........................

07/01/84 - 12/31/84

Yes

Income, Sales

Yes

13.9

No (k)

Pennsylvania .......................

10/13/95 - 01/10/96

Yes

All

Yes

N.A.

Rhode Island .......................

10/15/86 - 01/12/87

Yes

All

0.7

Yes

South Carolina ...................

09/01/85 - 11/30/85

Yes

All

Yes

7.1

Yes

Texas ....................................

02/01/84 - 02/29/84

No (c)

(m) All (l)

0.5

Vermont ...............................

05/15/90 - 06/25/90

Yes

All

Yes

1.0 (m)

Virginia ...............................

02/01/90 - 03/31/90

Yes

All

Yes

32.2

West Virginia ......................

10/01/86 - 12/31/86

Yes

All

Yes

15.9

Yes

Wisconsin ............................

09/15/85 - 11/22/85

Yes

All

Yes (n)

27.3

Yes

Dist. of Columbia ............... ...............................................

07/01/87 - 09/30/87 07/10/95 - 08/31/95

Yes Yes

All All

Yes N.A.

24.3 19.5

Yes N.A.

Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators. Key: N.A. — Not available (a) Where applicable, figure indicates local portions of certain taxes collected under the state tax amnesty program. (b) “No” indicates requirement of full payment by the expiration of the amnesty period. “Yes” indicates allowance of full payment after the expiration of the amnesty period. (c) Authority for amnesty derived from pre-existing statutory powers permitting the waiver of tax penalties. (d) Does not include intangibles tax and drug taxes. Gross collections totaled $22.1 million, with $13.7 million in penalties withdrawn. (e) Amnesty taxpayers were billed for the interest owed, with payment due within 30 days of notification. (f) Figure includes $1.1 million for the separate program conducted by the Department of Natural Resources for the boat excise tax. (g) The amnesty statute was construed to extend the amnesty to those who applied to the department before the end of the amnesty period, and permitted

them to file overdue returns and pay back taxes and interest at a later date. (h) The severance taxes, including the six oil and gas severance taxes, the resources excise tax, the corporate franchise tax, and the special fuels tax were not subject to amnesty. (i) Availability of amnesty for the corporation tax, the oil company taxes, the transportation and transmissions companies tax, the gross receipts oil tax and the unincorporated business tax restricted to entities with 500 or fewer employees in the United States on the date of application. In addition, a taxpayer principally engaged in aviation, or a utility subject to the supervision of the State Department of Public Service was also ineligible. (j) Local taxes and real property taxes were not included. (k) Full payment of tax liability required before the end of the amnesty period to avoid civil penalties. (l) Texas does not impose a corporate or individual income tax. In practical effect, the amnesty was limited to the sales tax and other excises. (m) Preliminary figure. (n) Waiver terms varied depending upon the date the tax liability was accessed.

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259

TAXES

Table 6.21 STATE EXCISE TAX RATES (As of January 1, 1996) State or other jurisdiction

General sales and gross receipts tax (percent)

Cigarettes (cents per pack of 20)

Distilled spirits (a) ($ per gallon)

Motor fuel (b) (cents per gallon) Gasoline

Diesel

4 ... 5 4.5 6 (d)

16.5 29 58 31.5 37

... 5.60 3.00 2.50 (c) 3.30

16 8 18 18.5 18

17 8 18 18.5 18

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

3 6 ... 6 4

20 50 24 33.9 12

2.28 4.50 5.46 6.50 (e) 3.79

22 35 23 4 (f) 7.5

20.5 18 22 4 (f) 7.5

4 5 6.25 (g) 5 5

60 28 44 15.5 36

5.81 ... 2.00 2.68 ...

16 22 19 15 20

16 22 21.5 16 22.5

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

4.9 6 4 6 5

24 3 (i) 20 39 36

2.50 (h) 1.92 (j) 2.50 ... 1.50

18 15 20 19 23.5

20 12 20 20 24.25

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

5 6 6.5 (g) 7 4.225

51 75 48 18 17

4.05 ... 5.03 (k) ... 2.00

21 15 20 18 15

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... 5 6.5 (l) ... 6

18 34 35 25 40

... 3.00 2.05 ... 4.40

27 25.1 24 18 10.5

24.75 25.1 27 18 13.5

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

5 4 4 5 5

21 56 5 44 24

6.06 6.44 ... 2.50 ...

17 8 21.6 20 22

18 8 21.6 20 22

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ............................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4.5 ... 6 7 5

23 38 31 61 7

5.56 (m) ... ... 3.75 2.72 (n)

17 24 12 28 16

14 24 12 28 16

4 6 6.25 4.875 5

33 13 (p) 41 26.5 44

3.93 (o) 4.00 (q) 2.40 (r) ... ...

18 21 20 19 15

18 18 20 19 16

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3.5 6.5 6 5 4

2.5 81.5 17 44 12

... ... ... 3.25 ...

17.5 23 20.5 23.4 9

16 23 20.5 23.4 9

Dist. of Columbia ...............

5.75

1.50

260 The Book of the States 1996-97

TAXES

STATE EXCISE TAX RATES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, compiled from various sources. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Tax is not applicable. (a) Eighteen states have liquor monopoly systems. In Alabama, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wyoming, the state operates retail/wholesale liquor outlets. In North Carolina, liquor stores are operated by county boards. Tax rates in these states cannot be compared to others, since revenue is generated from various taxes, fees and net liquor profits. Only gallonage taxes imposed by states with a license system are reported in the table. (b) In some states, different tax rates apply to liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and gasohol. Several states have variable-rate motor fuel taxes, under which the motor fuel tax rate is changed periodically by administrative action according to a statutory formula. Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania have gross receipts or franchise taxes on oil companies, which are not covered in this table. (c) Additional 20 cents per case and 3 percent off-premise or 14 percent on-premise sales taxes are imposed. (d) Includes a 0.5 percent temporary tax pending a judicial ruling on school finance. (e) An additional 10 cents per ounce on-premise tax is imposed. (f) The amount of the 6 percent sales tax is determined by the Department of Revenue based on average retail price, and is in addition to the gallonage

rate reported in the table. An additional transportation tax is imposed at twothirds the total local rate up to 6 cents per gallon. (g) 1.25 percent of the tax in Illinois and 0.5 percent in Minnesota are distributed to local governments. (h) Plus two additional taxes: an 8 percent enforcement tax on all sales and a 10 percent gross receipts tax. (i) Dealers pay an additional enforcement and administrative fee of 0.1 cent per pack. (j) Additional 5 cents per case and 9 percent wholesale taxes are imposed. (k) An additional one cent per bottle tax is imposed on all liquor except miniatures. (l) Includes mandatory, statewide, state-collected 3.75 percent county and school sales tax. (m) Additional $1.00 per bottle and 12 percent gross receipts taxes are imposed on all on-premise sales. (n) Additional $5.36 per case tax and a 9 percent surtax are imposed on all liquor sales. (o) An additional 2 percent wholesale tax is imposed. (p) Dealers pay an additional enforcement and administrative fee of 0.05 cents per pack. (q) Additional 15 cents per case and 15 percent (on-premise sales) taxes are imposed. (r) Additional 14 percent (on-premise sales) and 5 cents per drink (airline sales) taxes are also imposed.

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261

TAXES

Table 6.22 FOOD AND DRUG SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS (As of January 1, 1996) Exemptions State or other jurisdiction

Tax rate (percentage)

Food (a)

Prescription drugs

Nonprescription drugs

4 none 5 4.5 6 (b)

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

3 6 none 6 4

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

4 5 6.25 (c) 5 5

... ... (d) ★ ★

★ ★ (d) ★ ★

... ... (d) ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

4.9 6 4 6 5

... ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

5 6 6.5 (c) 7 4.225

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

none 5 6.5 none 6

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

5 4 4 5 5

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4.5 none 6 7 5

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

4 6 6.25 4.875 5

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3.5 6.5 6 5 4 (f)

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(e) ... ... ... ...

Dist. of Columbia ...............

5.75

★

Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, compiled from various sources. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Some states tax food, but allow an (income) tax credit to compensate poor households. They are: Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming.

262 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) Includes a 0.5 percent temporary tax pending a judicial ruling on school finance. (c) 1.25 percent of the tax in Illinois and 0.5 percent in Minnesota is distributed to local governments. (d) Not fully implemented but taxable at 1 percent. (e) Fully exempt after June 30, 1996. (f) The tax rate may be adjusted annually based on a formula using balances in the unappropriated general funds and the school foundation fund.

TAXES

Table 6.23 STATE INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAXES (As of January 1, 1996) Tax rate range (in percents)

State or other jurisdiction

Low

High

Number of brackets

Income brackets Lowest

Highest

Personal exemptions Single

Married

Dependents

Federal income tax deductible

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California (e) ..............

2.0 - 5.0 3 500 (a) 3,000 (a) 1,500 3,000 300 ★ ----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)---------------------------------------------------------------------3.0 - 5.6 5 10,000 (a) - 150,000 (a) 2,300 4,600 2,300 1.0 - 7.0 (c) 6 3,000 25,000 20 (d) 40 (d) 20 (d) 1.0 - 11.0 8 4,831 (a) - 219,872 (a) 66 (d) 132 (d) 66 (d)

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

5.0 1 ------------Flat rate------------ ------------------------None-----------------------3.0 - 4.5 2 2,250 (a) 2,250 (a) 12,000 (f) 24,000 (f) 0 0.0 - 7.1 7 2,000 40,000 100 200 100 (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)---------------------------------------------------------------------1.0 - 6.0 6 750 (g) 7,000 (g) 1,500 3,000 1,500

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa (e) ........................

2.0 2.0 3.0 3.4 0.4

- 10.0 - 8.2

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine (e) ..................... Maryland ....................

4.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Massachusetts ............. Michigan (e) ............... Minnesota (e) .............. Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

5.95 (l) 4.4 6.0 - 8.5 3.0 - 5.0 1.5 - 6.0

Montana (e) ................ Nebraska (e) ............... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

9.98

8 8 1 1 9

1,500 (a) 20,500 (a) 1,000 (h) 20,000 (h) ------------Flat rate-----------------------Flat rate-----------1,060 48,195

1,040 2,550 (i) 1,000 1,000 20 (d)

2,080 5,100 (i) 2,000 2,000 40 (d)

1,040 2,550 (i) 1,000 1,000 15 (d)

7.75 6.0 6.0 8.5 5.0

3 5 3 5 5

20,000 (j) 3,000 10,000 (a) 4,150 (a) 1,000

2,000 20 (d) 4,500 (k) 2,100 1,200

4,000 40 (d) 9,000 (k) 4,200 2,400

2,000 20 (d) 1,000 (k) 2,100 1,200

1 1 3 3 10

------------Flat rate-----------------------Flat rate-----------15,750 (m) 52,790 (m) 5,000 10,000 1,000 9,000

2,200 2,400 2,550 (i) 6,000 1,200

4,400 4,800 5,100 (i) 9,500 2,400

1,000 2,400 2,550 (i) 1,500 400

30,000 (j) 8,000 50,000 (a) 16,500 (a) 3,000

★

(n) ★ (n)

2.0 - 11.0 10 1,800 64,600 1,480 2,960 1,480 ★ 2.62 - 6.99 4 2,400 (o) 26,500 (o) 69 (d) 138 (d) 69 (d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(p)---------------------------------------------------------------------1.4 - 6.35 5 20,000 (q) 75,000 (q) 1,000 2,000 1,500

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

1.7 - 8.5 4.0 - 7.875 (s) 6.0 - 7.75 2.67 - 12.0 (u) 0.743- 7.5

7 5 3 8 9

5,200 (r) 5,500 (a) 12,750 (t) 3,000 5,000

41,600 (r) 13,000 (a) 60,000 (t) 50,000 - 200,000

2,550 (i) 0 2,550 (i) 2,550 (i) 750 (v)

5,100 (i) 0 5,100 (i) 5,100 (i) 1,500 (v)

2,550 (i) 1,000 2,550 (i) 2,550 (i) 750 (v)

(u) ★ (u)

1,000 2,000 1,000 (w) ★ (w) 120 (d) 240 (d) 120 (d) (x) ★ (x) ------------------------None-----------------------liability-------------------------------------------------------2,550 (i) 5,100 (i) 2,550 (i)

Oklahoma ................... Oregon (e) ................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina (e) .....

0.5 - 7.0 (w) 8 1,000 10,000 5.0 - 9.0 3 2,150 (a) 5,400 (a) 2.8 1 ------------Flat rate-------------------------------------------------------------------27.5% Federal tax 2.5 - 7.0 6 2,250 11,250

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont

----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(p)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b)---------------------------------------------------------------------2.55 - 7.2 6 750 (a) 3,750 (a) 1,913 (i) 3,825 (i) 1,913 (i) (y) ★ (y) -------------------------------------------------------25% Federal tax liability (z)-------------------------------------------------------

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

2.0 - 5.75 4 3,000 17,000 800 1,600 800 ----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)---------------------------------------------------------------------3.0 - 6.5 5 10,000 (a) 60,000 (a) 2,000 4,000 2,000 4.9 - 6.93 (aa) 3 7,500 15,000 0 0 50 (d) ----------------------------------------------------------------------(b)----------------------------------------------------------------------

Dist. of Columbia .......

6.0

9.5

10,000

20,000

1,370

2,740

1,370

See footnotes at end of table.

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263

TAXES

STATE INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAXES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators. (a) For joint returns, the tax is twice the tax imposed on half the income. (b) No state income tax. (c) A special tax table is available for low income taxpayers reducing their tax payments. (d) Tax credits. (e) Seven states have statutory provision for automatic adjustment of tax brackets, personal exemption or standard deductions to the rate of inflation. Nebraska indexes the personal exemption amounts only. After 1996, the Michigan personal exemption amounts increase to $2,500 and are indexed for inflation. (f) Combined personal exemptions and standard deduction. An additional tax credit is allowed ranging from 75 percent to 0 percent based on state adjusted gross income. Exemption amounts are phased out for higher income taxpayers until they are eliminated for households earning over $71,000. For tax years beginning after 1996, the tax bracket amount increases to $4,500. (g) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals and married households filing jointly. For married households filing separately, the same rates apply to income brackets ranging from $500 to $5,000. (h) For joint returns, the tax is twice the tax imposed on half the income. A $10 filing fee is charged for each return and a $15 credit is allowed for each exemption. (i) These states allow personal exemption or standard deductions as provided in the IRC. Utah allows a personal exemption equal to three-fourths the federal exemptions. Amounts reported include the 1996 index adjustment. (j) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals and married households filing separately. For married households filing jointly, the rates range from 3.5 percent for income under $30,000 to 6.45 percent for income over $60,000. (k) Combined personal exemption and standard deduction. (l) A 12 percent tax rate applies to interest, dividends and capital gains. (m) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals and married taxpayers filing separately. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the same rates apply to income brackets ranging from $23,490 to $93,340. An additional 0.5 percent tax is applied to certain income levels. (n) Limited to $10,000 for joint returns and $5,000 for individuals.

264 The Book of the States 1996-97

(o) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals. For married couples, the tax rates range from 2.62 percent for incomes under $4,000 to 6.99 percent for incomes over $46,750. (p) State income tax is limited to dividends and interest income only. (q) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals. A separate schedule is provided for married households filing jointly which ranges from 1.4 percent under $20,000 to 6.37 percent for incomes over $150,000. (r) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals. For married individuals, the rate ranges from 2.2 percent under $8,000 to 8.5 percent over $64,000. Married households filing separately pay twice the tax imposed on half the income. (s) Effective April 1, 1996, the top tax bracket is scheduled to fall to 7.0 percent. A blend rate of 7.125 percent is used for the entire year. (t) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers, the same rates apply to income brackets ranging from $21,250 to $100,000. An additional middle income tax credit is allowed. (u) Taxpayers have the option of paying 14 percent of the adjusted federal income tax liability, without a deduction of federal taxes. An additional $300 personal exemption is allowed for joint returns or unmarried heads of households. (v) Plus an additional $20 per exemption tax credit. After 1996, the personal exemption amounts will increase to $850. (w) The rate range reported is for single persons not deducting federal income tax. For married persons filing jointly, the same rates apply to income brackets ranging from $2,000 to $21,000. Separate schedules, with rates ranging from 0.5 percent to 10 percent, apply to taxpayers deducting federal income taxes. (x) Limited to $3,000. (y) One half of the federal income taxes are deductible. (z) If Vermont tax liability for any taxable year exceeds the tax liability determinable under federal tax law in effect on December 31, 1994, the taxpayer will be entitled to a credit of 106 percent of the excess tax. (aa) The tax brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers, the same rates apply to income brackets ranging from $10,000 to $20,000.

TAXES

Table 6.24 STATE PERSONAL INCOME TAXES: FEDERAL STARTING POINTS State or other jurisdiction

Relation to Internal Revenue Code

Tax base

... (a) 01/01/95 ... 01/01/93

... ... Federal adjusted gross income ... Federal adjusted gross income

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Current Current Current (a) 01/01/95

Federal taxable income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income ... Federal adjusted gross income

12/31/94 01/01/95 Current 01/01/94 01/01/95

Federal taxable income Federal taxable income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Current 12/31/93 Current 12/31/94 Current

Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

01/01/88 (b) Current (b) 12/31/94 ... Current

Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income Federal taxable income ... Federal adjusted gross income

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Current Current (a) (c) ...

Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income ... ... ...

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Current Current 01/01/95 Current Current

Federal Federal Federal Federal Federal

adjusted gross income adjusted gross income taxable income liability (d) adjusted gross income

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Current Current ... Current 12/31/94

Federal Federal ... Federal Federal

adjusted gross income taxable income

(a) (c) (a) Current (e) Current (e)

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

Current (a) 01/01/95 12/31/94 (a)

Dist. of Columbia ...............

08/10/93

Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, compiled from various sources. Key: . . . — State does not employ a federal starting point. Current — State has adopted Internal Revenue Code as currently in effect. Dates indicate state has adopted IRC as amended to that date.

liability taxable income

... ... ... Federal taxable income Federal liability Federal adjusted gross income ... Federal adjusted gross income Federal adjusted gross income ... Federal adjusted gross income (a) No state income tax. (b) Or 1/1/87, taxpayer’s option. (c) On interest and dividends only. (d) Or federal taxable income based on current Internal Revenue Code. (e) Not to exceed tax computed using Internal Revenue Code as of 12/31/95.

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265

TAXES

Table 6.25 RANGE OF STATE CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATES (As of January 1, 1996) State or other jurisdiction

Tax rate (percent)

5.0 1.0 - 9.4 9.0 (b) 1.0 - 6.5 9.3 (c)

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

5.0 10.75 (d) 8.7 5.5 (f) 6.0

Tax brackets Lowest

Highest

--------------------Flat Rate-------------------10,000 90,000 --------------------Flat Rate-------------------3,000 100,000 --------------------Flat Rate---------------------------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat

Number of brackets 1 10 1 6 1

Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate--------------------

1 1 1 1 1

Tax rate (a) (percent) financial institution

Federal income tax deductible

6.0 1.0 - 9.4 9.0 (b) 1.0 - 6.5 10.668 (c)

★ ... ... ... ...

5.0 10.75 (d) 8.7 - 2.7 (e) 5.5 (f) 6.0

... ... ... ... ...

4.4 - 6.4 (g) 8.0 (h) 7.3 (i) 7.9 (j) 6.0 - 12.0

25,000 100,000 --------------------Flat Rate---------------------------------------Flat Rate---------------------------------------Flat Rate-------------------25,000 250,000

3 1 1 1 4

7.92 (g) 8.0 (h) 7.3 (i) 7.9 (j) 5.0

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

4.0 (l) 4.0 - 8.25 4.0 - 8.0 3.5 - 8.93 (m) 7.0

--------------------Flat Rate-------------------25,000 250,000 25,000 200,000 25,000 250,000 --------------------Flat Rate--------------------

1 5 5 4 1

4.5 (l) (a) (a) 1.0 7.0

... ... ... ... (k) ★ (k) ... ... ★ ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

9.5 (n) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 11.72 (n) ... -----------------------------------------------------------------(o)----------------------------------------------------------------------9.8 (p) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 9.8 (p) ... 3.0 - 5.0 5,000 10,000 3 (a) ... 6.25 --------------------Flat Rate-------------------3 7.0 (k) ★ (k)

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

6.75 (q) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 6.75 (q) ... 5.58 - 7.81 50,000 2 (a) ... -----------------------------------------------------------------(r)----------------------------------------------------------------------7.0 (s) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 7.0 (s) ... 7.5 (t) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 3.0 (t) ...

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

4.8 - 7.6 9.0 (u) 7.75 (v) 3.0 - 10.5 (w) 5.1 - 8.9 (x)

500,000 1 million --------------------Flat Rate---------------------------------------Flat Rate-------------------3,000 50,000 50,000

3 1 1 6 2

4.8 - 7.6 9.0 (u) 7.75 (v) 7.0 (w) (x)

... ... ... ★ ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

6.0 6.6 (b) 9.99 (y) 9.0 5.0

--------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat --------------------Flat

1 1 1 1 1

6.0 6.6 (b) (a) 8.0 (z) 4.5 (aa)

... ... ... ... ...

... 6.0 (bb) 5.0 (b) 5.5 - 8.25 (b)

... --------------------Flat Rate--------------------

... 1

6.0 - 1.0 (b) 6.0

... ...

--------------------Flat Rate-------------------10,000 250,000

... 4

5.0 (b) 5.5 - 8.25 (b)

... ...

Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate-------------------Rate--------------------

6.0 --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 6.0 (cc) ... -----------------------------------------------------------------(r)----------------------------------------------------------------------9.0 --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 9.0 ... 7.9 (dd) --------------------Flat Rate-------------------1 7.9 ... -----------------------------------------------------------------(r)----------------------------------------------------------------------9.5 (ee)

266 The Book of the States 1996-97

--------------------Flat Rate--------------------

9.5 (ee)

...

TAXES

RANGE OF STATE CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATES — Continued Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, compiled from various sources. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Rates listed include the corporate tax rate applied to financial institutions or excise taxes based on income. Some states have other taxes based upon the value of deposits or shares. (b) Minimum tax is $50 in Arizona, $10 in Oregon, $250 in Rhode Island, $200 per location in South Dakota (banks), $100 in Utah and $150 in Vermont. (c) Minimum tax is $800. The tax rate on S-Corporations is 1.5 percent (4.67 percent for banks). (d) Or 3.1 mills per dollar of capital stock and surplus (maximum tax $1 million) or $250. Tax rate is scheduled to fall to 10.5 percent in 1997, 9.5 percent in 1998, 8.5 percent in 1999, and 7.5 percent after 1999. (e) The marginal rate decreases over 4 brackets ranging from 20 million to 30 million in taxable income. Building and loan associations are taxed at a flat 8.7 percent. (f) Or 3.3 percent Alternative Minimum Tax. An exemption of $5,000 is allowed. (g) Capital gains are taxed at 4 percent. (h) Minimum tax is $20. An additional tax of $10 is imposed on each return. (i) Includes a 2.5 percent personal property replacement tax. (j) Consists of 3.4 percent on income from sources within the state plus a 4.5 percent supplemental income tax. (k) Fifty percent of the federal income tax is deductible. (l) Plus a surtax of 3.35 percent (2.125 percent for banks) taxable income in excess of $50,000 ($25,000). (m) Or a 27 percent tax on Federal Alternative Minimum Taxable Income. (n) Rate includes a 14 percent surtax, as does the following: an additional tax of $2.60 per $1,000 on taxable tangible property (or net worth allocable to state, for intangible property corporations); minimum tax of $456. The bank rate will decrease to 11.32 percent in 1997, 10.91 percent in 1998, and 10.50 percent after 1998. (o) Michigan imposes a single business tax (sometimes described as a business activities tax or value added tax) of 2.3 percent on the sum of federal taxable income of the business, compensation paid to employees, dividends, interest, royalties paid and other items. (p) Plus a 5.8 percent tax on any Alternative Minimum Taxable Income

over the base tax. (q) A 7 percent tax on taxpayers using water’s edge combination. Minimum tax is $50; for small business corporations, $10. (r) No state corporate income tax. (s) Plus a 0.25 percent tax on the enterprise base (total compensation, interest and dividends paid). Business profits tax imposed on both corporations and unincorporated associations. (t) The rate reported in the table is the business franchise tax rate; there is also a net worth tax at rates ranging from 0.2 to 2 mills. The minimum tax is $200. Corporations not subject to the franchise tax are subject to a 7.25 percent income tax. Banks other than savings institutions are subject to the franchise tax. S-Corporations are subject to an entity level tax of 1.13 percent. (u) For tax years beginning before July 1, 1995, a 12.5 percent surcharge is applied. For tax years beginning after June 30, 1995 but before July 1, 1996, a 7.5 percent surcharge is applied. Or 1.78 (0.1 for banks) mills per dollar of capital (up to $350,000); or 5 percent (3 percent for banks) of the minimum taxable income; or a minimum of $1,500 to $325 depending on payroll size ($250 plus 2.5 percent surtax for banks); if any of these is greater than the tax computed on net income. An addition tax of 0.9 mills per dollar of subsidiary capital is imposed on corporations. (v) Plus a 1 percent surtax. Financial institutions are also subject to a Franchise tax equal to $30 per one million in assets. (w) Or 6 percent Alternative Minimum Tax. The bank tax rate includes a 2 percent privilege tax. Minimum tax is $50. (x) Or 5.82 mills time the value of the taxpayer’s issued and outstanding share of stock; minimum tax $50. An additional litter tax is imposed equal to 0.11 percent on the first $25,000 of taxable income, 0.22 percent on income over $25,000; or 0.14 mills on net worth. Corporations manufacturing or selling litter stream products are subject to an additional 0.22 percent tax on income over $25,000 or 0.14 mills on net worth. (y) Includes a 0.49 percent surtax, which is being phased out through 1997. (z) For banks, the alternative tax is $2.50 per $10,000 of capital stock ($100 minimum). (aa) Savings and loans are taxed at a 6 percent rate. (bb) Texas imposes a franchise tax of 4.5 percent of earned surplus. (cc) State and national banks subject to the state’s franchise tax on net capital is exempt from the income tax. (dd) Plus a surtax set annually by the Department of Revenue to finance a special recycling fund. (ee) A 5.0 percent surtax is also imposed. Minimum tax is $100.

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TAXES

Table 6.26 STATE SEVERANCE TAXES: 1995 State

Title and application of tax (a)

Alabama ..............................

Iron Ore Mining Tax Forest Products Severance Tax Oil and Gas Conservation & Regulation of Production Tax Oil and Gas Production Tax

Coal Severance Tax Coal and Lignite Severance Tax

Rate $.03/ton Varies by species and ultimate use. 2% of gross value at point of production. 8% of gross value at point of production; 4% of gross value at point of incremental production resulting from a qualified enhanced recovery project; 4% if wells produce 25 bbl. or less oil per day or 200,000 cu. ft. or less gas per day; 6% of gross value at point of production for certain on-shore and off-shore wells; 2% of gross value of occluded natural gas from coal seams at point of production for wellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first five years. $.135/ton $.20/ton in addition to Coal Severance Tax.

Alaska ..................................

Fisheries Business Tax Fishery Resource Landing Tax Oil and Gas Production Tax

Arizona ................................

Severance Tax (b)

2.5% of net severance base for mining; 1.5% of value for timbering.

Arkansas ............................. ...............................................

Natural Resources Severance Tax Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

Separate rate for each substance. Maximum 25 mills/bbl. of oil and 5 mills/1,000 cu. ft. of gas. (c)

California ............................

Oil and Gas Production Tax

Rate determined annually by Department of Conservation. (d)

Colorado ............................. ...............................................

Severance Tax (e) Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

Separate rate for each substance. Maximum 1.5 mills/$1 of market value at wellhead. (f)

Florida .................................

Oil, Gas and Sulfur Production Tax

5% of gross value for small well oil and 8% of gross value for all other; additional 12.5% for escaped oil and $12.8/mcf of gas produced and sold or used during the month. $2.34/long-ton produced or recovered sulfur. 6% of market value at point of severance (h), except $1.35/ton phosphate rock and $.84/ton heavy minerals times the change in the producer price index.

Salmon Marketing Tax

Solid Minerals Tax (g)

3% to 5% of fish value based on type of fish. 3.3% of the value of the fishery resource at the place of landing. The greater of $.60/bbl. for old crude oil ($.80 for all other) or 15% of gross value at production point (multiplied by economic limit factor); the greater of $.064/1,000 cu. ft. of gas or 10% of gross value at production point (multiplied by economic limit factor). Additional $.00125/bbl. of oil and $.00125/50,000 cu. ft. of gas (oil and gas conservation tax). 1% of the value of salmon that is removed or transferred.

Georgia ................................

Tax on Phosphates

$1/ton

Idaho ....................................

Ore Severance Tax Oil and Gas Production Tax Additional Oil and Gas Production Tax

2% of net value Maximum of 5 mills/bbl. of oil and 5 mills/50,000 cu. ft. of gas. (c) 2% of market value at site of production.

Illinois ..................................

Timber Fee

4% of purchase price (i)

Indiana ................................

Petroleum Production Tax (j)

1% of value

Kansas .................................

Severance Tax (k) Oil and Gas Conservation Tax Mined-Land Conservation & Reclamation Tax

8% of gross value of oil and gas; $1/ton of coal. 21 mills/bbl. crude oil or petroleum marketed or used each month; 5.5 mills/1,000 cu. ft. of gas sold or marketed each month. $50, plus per ton fee of between $.03 and $.10.

Kentucky .............................

Oil Production Tax Coal Severance Tax Natural Resource Severance Tax (l)

4.5% of market value 4.5% of gross value 4.5% of gross value, less transportation expenses

Louisiana ............................. ...............................................

Natural Resources Severance Tax Oil Field Site Restoration Fee

Rate varies according to substance. Rate varies according to type of well, condition of site and production.

Maine ...................................

Mining Excise Tax

The greater of a tax on facilities and equipment or a tax on gross proceeds.

Maryland ............................

Mine Reclamation Surcharge

$.09/ton (as per state authority) and $.06/ton (as per county authority) of coal removed by open-pit or strip method. $.30/ton of surface-mined coal (as county authority).

Coal Severance Tax Michigan .............................

Gas and Oil Severance Tax

5% (gas), 6.6% (oil) and 4% (oil from stripper wells and marginal properties) of gross cash market value of the total production. Maximum additional fee of 1% of gross cash market value on all oil and gas produced in state in previous year.

Minnesota ...........................

Taconite, Iron Sulphides and Agglomerate Taxes Semi-Taconite Tax

$2.054/ton ($.05/ton for agglomerates) $.10/ton ($.05/ton if agglomerated or sintered in state), plus $.001/ton depending on percentage of iron content.

(m)

268 The Book of the States 1996-97

TAXES

STATE SEVERANCE TAXES — Continued State Mississippi ..........................

Title and application of tax (a) Oil and Gas Severance Tax

Timber Severance Tax Salt Severance Tax

Rate 6% of value at point of gas production; 3.5% of gross value of occluded natural gas from coal seams at point of production for well’s first five years; also, maximum 30 mills/bbl. oil or 4 mills/1,000 cu. ft. gas (Oil and Gas Board maintenance tax). 6% of value at point of oil production; 3% of value at production when enhanced oil recovery method used. Varies depending on type of wood and ultimate use. 3% of value of entire production in state.

Missouri ..............................

Assessment on Surface Coal Mining Permittees

$.45/ton for first 50,000 tons sold, shipped or otherwise disposed of in calendar year, and $.30/ton for next 50,000 tons. Whenever Coal Mine Land Reclamation Fund balance is less than $7 million, $.25/ton for first 50,000 tons and $.15/ton for second 50,000 tons. Whenever Fund is less than $2 million, $.30/ton for first 50,000 tons and $.20 for the second 50,000 tons.

Montana ..............................

Coal Severance Tax Metalliferous Mines License Tax (n)

Varies by quality of coal and type of mine. Progressive rate, taxed on amounts in excess of $250,000. For concentrate shipped to smelter, mill or reduction work, 1.81%. Gold, silver or any platinum group metal shipped to refinery, 1.6%. 5% of total gross value of petroleum and other mineral or crude oil (o), and 2.65% of total gross value of natural gas. $.05/ton $.22/ton of cement, $.05/ton of cement, plaster, gypsum or gypsum products. $25 plus 0.5% of gross value over $5,000. $25 plus 0.4% of gross value for talc.

Oil or Gas Producers’ Severance Tax Micaceous Minerals License Tax Cement License Tax (p) Mineral Mining Tax Nebraska .............................

Oil and Gas Severance Tax Oil and Gas Conservation Tax Uranium Tax

Nevada .................................

Minerals Extraction Tax Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

3% of value of nonstripper oil and natural gas; 2% of value of stripper oil. Maximum 4 mills/$1 of value at wellhead. (c) 2% of gross value over $5 million. Minimum 2%, maximum 5%. Based on ratio of net proceeds to gross proceeds of whole operation. $50/mills/bbl. of oil and 50 mills/50,000 cu. ft. of gas. $50 for drilling each well.

New Hampshire ..................

Refined Petroleum Products Tax

0.1% of fair market value

New Mexico ........................

Resources Excise Tax (q) Severance Tax (q) Oil and Gas Severance Tax Oil and Gas Privilege Tax Natural Gas Processor’s Tax Oil and Gas Ad Valorem Production Tax Oil and Gas Conservation Tax (r)

Varies according to substance. Varies according to substance. 3.75% of value of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. 3.15% of value; 4% of value of natural gas. 0.45% of value of products. Varies, based on property tax in district of production. 0.19% of value.

North Carolina ...................

Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

Maximum 5 mills/bbl. of oil and 0.5 mill/1,000 cu. ft. of gas. $50 for drilling well; $15 for each well abandoned or dry hole plugged. $.40 or $.50/1,000 board ft. and $.12 or $.20/cord depending on type of wood and use.

Primary Forest Product Assessment Tax North Dakota ......................

Oil and Gas Gross Production Tax Coal Severance Tax Oil Extraction Tax

5% of gross value at well. $.75/ton plus $.02/ton. (s) 6.5% of gross value at well (with exceptions due to price and date of well completion).

Ohio ..................................... ...............................................

Resource Severance Tax

$.10/bbl. of oil; $.025/1,000 cu. ft. of natural gas; $.04/ton of salt; $.02/ ton of sand, gravel, limestone and dolomite; $.07/ton of coal.

Oklahoma ...........................

Oil, Gas and Mineral Gross Production Tax (t) Natural Gas and Casinghead Gas Conservation Excise Tax

Separate rate for each substance. $.07/1,000 cu. ft., less 7% of gross value of each 1,000 cu. ft. of gas.

Oregon .................................

Forest Products Harvest Tax Oil and Gas Production Tax Privilege Tax on Eastern Oregon Timber

$.05/1,000 board ft. (privilege tax); $.50/1,000 board ft. (harvest tax). 6% of gross value at well. 5.61% of immediate harvest value on reforestation land; 1.8% from privately owned land. 3.2% of stumpage value on reforested land; 3.2% from privately owned land.

Privilege Tax on Western Oregon Timber South Dakota ......................

Precious Metals Severance Tax Energy Minerals Severance Tax Conservation Tax

Tennessee .............................

Oil and Gas Severance Tax Coal Severance Tax (u)

$4 per ounce of gold severed plus additional tax depending on price of gold; 10% on net profits or royalties from sale of precious metals. 4.5% of taxable value of any energy minerals. 2.4 mills of taxable value of any energy minerals. 3% of sales price $.20/ton

See footnotes at end of table.

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269

TAXES

STATE SEVERANCE TAXES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State

Title and application of tax (a)

Rate

Texas ....................................

Gas Production Tax Oil Production Tax Sulphur Production Tax Cement Production Tax Oil-Field Cleanup Regulatory Fees

7.5% of market value. The greater of 4.6% of market value or $.046/bbl. $1.03/long ton or fraction thereof. $.0275/100 lbs. or fraction thereof. 5/16 of $.01/barrel; 1/30 of $.01/1000 cubic feet of gas. (v)

Utah .....................................

Metalliferous Minerals Tax Oil and Gas Tax

Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

2.6% of gross value for metals. 3% of the value of the well for the first $13 per barrel of oil, 5% from $13.01 and above; 3% of the value at the well for first $1.50/mcf, 5% from $1.51 and above. $.02 of market value at wellhead.

Virginia ...............................

Forest Products Tax Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Tax Oil Severance Tax (w)

Varies by species and ultimate use. Varies depending on balance of Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Fund. 0.5% of gross receipts from sale.

Washington ......................... ...............................................

Uranium and Thorium Milling Tax Enhanced Food Fish Tax

$.05/lb 0.08% to 5.25% of value (depending on species) at point of landing.

West Virginia ......................

Natural Resource Severance Tax

Coal, 5% plus 0.35% for counties and municipalities. Timber, 3.22%; 5% on limestone or sandstone quarried or mined; 5% on oil; 5% on natural gas; 4.5% on other natural resources.

Wisconsin ............................ ...............................................

Mining Net Proceeds Tax Oil and Gas Severance

Progressive net proceeds tax form 3% to 15%. 7% of market value.

Wyoming .............................

Oil and Gas Production Tax Mining Excise and Severance Taxes

Maximum 0.8 mill/$1 of value at wellhead. (c,x) Varies by substance from 1.5% to 3.75% of value; some additional excise taxes of 2% to 3%.

Source: Commerce Clearing House Inc., All States Tax Guide. (a) Application of tax is same as that of title unless otherwise indicated by a footnote. (b) Timber, metalliferous minerals. (c) Actual rate set by administrative actions. (d) For 1994, $.03186/bbl of oil per 10,000 cu. ft. of natural gas. (e) Metallic minerals, molybdenum ore, coal, oil shale, oil and gas. (f) Currently set at 1.1 mill. (g) Clay, gravel, phosphate rock, lime, shells, stone, sand, heavy minerals and rare earths. (h) 7% beginning July 1, 1996, 8% beginning July 1, 1997, and thereafter. (i) Buyer deducts amount from payment to grower; amount forwarded to Department of Conservation. (j) Petroleum, oil, gas and other hydrocarbons. (k) Coal, salt, oil and gas. (l) Coal and oil excepted. (m) State also has two related taxes; Mining Occupation Tax and Net Proceeds Tax. Also selected counties must impose an Aggregate Materials Tax of $.10/cubic yard or $.07/ton on materials produced in the county.

270 The Book of the States 1996-97

(n) Metals, precious and semi-precious stones and gems. (o) Except 2 percent of gross value of incremental petroleum and other mineral or crude oil produced in tertiary recovery projects. (p) Cement and gypsum or allied products. (q) Natural resources except oil, natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide. (r) Oil, coal, gas, liquid hydrocarbons, geothermal energy, carbon dioxide and uranium. (s) Rate reduced by 50 percent if burned in cogeneration facility using renewable resources as fuel to generate at least 10 percent of its energy output. (t) Asphalt, oil, gas, uranium and metals. (u) Counties and municipalities also authorized to levy severance taxes on sand, gravel, sandstone, chert and limestone and a privilege tax on nuclear materials. (v) Fees will not be collected when fund reaches $10 million, but will again be collected when fund falls below $6 million. (w) May be levied by counties and cities, until July 1, 1995. (x) Currently, rate is .6 mill/$1.

TAXES

Table 6.27 NATIONAL SUMMARY OF STATE GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE, BY TYPE OF TAX: 1992 TO 1994 Percent change year-to-year Amount (in thousands of dollars) Tax source

1994

1993

1992

1993 to 1994

1992 to 1993

Percent distribution, 1994

Per capita, 1994 (in dollars)

6.7%

100.0%

$1,439.00

Total collections ......................

$373,823,968

$353,525,901

$331,179,823

Sales and gross receipts .............. General ..................................... Selective ................................... Motor fuels .......................... Public utilities ..................... Insurance .............................. Tobacco products ................ Alcoholic beverages ............ Other ....................................

185,852,578 123,297,594 62,554,984 24,520,347 8,509,861 8,610,074 6,605,100 3,614,874 10,694,728

174,736,541 114,929,398 59,807,143 23,568,474 8,268,479 7,953,769 6,231,502 3,583,730 10,201,189

164,135,284 108,712,128 55,423,156 22,252,877 7,764,969 7,834,971 6,118,679 3,590,510 7,861,150

6.4 7.3 4.6 4.0 2.9 8.3 6.0 0.9 4.8

6.5 5.7 7.9 5.9 6.5 1.5 1.8 -0.2 29.8

49.7 33.0 16.7 6.6 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.0 2.9

715.45 474.64 240.81 94.39 32.76 33.14 25.43 13.92 41.12

Licenses ....................................... Motor vehicles ......................... Corporations in general ........... Motor vehicle operators .......... Hunting and fishing ................. Alcoholic beverages ................ Other ........................................

24,203,421 11,946,281 4,504,882 1,053,435 945,431 299,087 5,454,305

23,246,974 11,501,886 4,331,700 1,017,229 893,752 274,965 5,227,442

21,593,489 10,652,964 4,104,183 1,006,263 884,301 259,997 4,685,781

4.1 3.9 4.0 3.6 5.8 8.8 4.3

7.7 8.0 5.5 1.1 1.1 5.8 11.6

6.5 3.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.4

93.17 45.99 17.34 4.06 3.64 1.15 21.00

Individual income .......................

117,726,427

112,242,604

104,994,892

4.9

6.9

31.5

453.19

Corporation net income ..............

25,497,599

24,207,836

21,851,236

5.3

10.8

6.8

98.15

Severance .....................................

4,298,003

4,907,971

4,647,479

-12.4

5.6

1.1

16.55

Property ........................................

8,386,108

7,116,818

7,363,812

17.8

-3.4

2.2

32.28

Death and gift ..............................

5,042,437

4,658,957

4,455,707

8.2

4.6

1.3

19.41

Other ............................................

2,817,395

2,408,200

2,137,924

17.0

12.6

0.8

10.84

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Population figures as of July 1, 1994 were used to calculate per capita amounts; see Table 6.32.

The Council of State Governments

271

TAXES

Table 6.28 SUMMARY OF STATE GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE, BY STATE: 1992 TO 1994 Amount (in thousands of dollars) State

1994

1993

Percent change year-to-year 1992

1993 to 1994

United States ..................

$373,823,968

$353,525,901

$331,179,823

4,767,108 1,240,275 5,656,858 3,175,976 49,695,396

4,639,784 2,227,283 5,281,816 2,942,581 48,738,484

4,217,916 1,602,937 4,826,755 2,748,292 47,972,949

2.7 -44.3 7.1 7.9 2.0

10.0 39.0 9.4 7.1 1.6

1,129.91 2,046.66 1,388.19 1,294.73 1,581.09

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

4,154,450 6,788,492 1,444,083 17,808,222 8,784,065

3,788,634 6,674,848 1,339,527 16,407,214 8,150,457

3,531,698 6,059,339 1,341,005 14,504,207 7,266,981

9.7 1.7 7.8 8.5 7.8

7.3 10.2 -0.1 13.1 12.2

1,136.34 2,072.82 2,045.44 1,276.30 1,245.08

2,993,378 1,616,901 15,471,781 7,283,449 4,130,450

2,748,134 1,559,927 14,499,812 6,915,288 3,901,719

2,709,518 1,396,013 13,463,435 6,963,139 3,616,444

8.9 3.7 6.7 5.3 5.9

1.4 11.7 7.7 -0.7 7.9

2,538.91 1,427.10 1,316.52 1,266.25 1,460.04

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

3,674,816 5,692,730 4,382,693 1,764,588 7,582,734

3,302,928 5,331,520 4,365,992 1,763,941 7,175,001

2,801,692 5,080,971 4,250,245 1,670,488 6,502,494

11.3 6.8 0.4 0.0 5.7

17.9 4.9 2.7 5.6 10.3

1,438.85 1,487.52 1,015.69 1,423.05 1,514.73

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

11,016,505 15,419,391 8,650,998 3,325,387 5,909,982

10,383,445 12,865,907 8,137,307 2,983,438 5,479,884

9,903,246 11,279,170 7,449,787 2,494,392 5,131,360

6.1 19.8 6.3 11.5 7.8

4.8 14.1 9.2 19.6 6.8

1,823.62 1,623.78 1,894.24 1,245.93 1,119.74

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

1,160,867 2,143,628 2,380,709 837,002 13,494,043

1,129,966 1,981,288 2,207,038 993,285 13,021,982

1,034,876 1,889,877 1,823,376 985,415 12,802,662

2.7 8.2 7.9 -15.7 3.6

9.2 4.8 21.0 0.8 1.7

1,356.15 1,320.78 1,633.98 736.15 1,707.24

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

3,020,921 32,816,619 10,518,600 884,714 14,188,451

2,776,572 31,291,336 9,753,838 876,600 12,788,355

2,237,656 30,113,133 9,009,742 693,007 12,114,788

8.8 4.9 7.8 0.9 10.9

24.1 3.9 8.3 26.5 5.6

1,826.43 1,806.19 1,487.78 1,386.70 1,278.01

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4,262,983 4,039,416 17,141,998 1,436,125 4,501,767

4,097,434 3,658,245 16,662,962 1,432,977 4,288,976

3,765,272 3,322,287 16,269,988 1,307,111 3,935,500

4.0 10.4 2.9 0.2 5.0

8.8 10.1 2.4 9.6 9.0

1,308.47 1,308.95 1,422.34 1,440.45 1,228.65

659,225 5,733,262 19,465,331 2,415,880 832,515

589,069 5,558,473 18,240,773 2,211,541 792,812

565,032 4,858,098 17,024,494 1,987,793 765,972

11.9 3.1 6.7 9.2 5.0

4.3 14.4 7.1 11.3 3.5

914.32 1,107.88 1,059.16 1,266.18 1,435.37

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

8,037,069 9,700,847 2,554,198 8,427,695 739,395

7,571,798 8,903,856 2,474,727 7,955,528 661,599

7,025,345 8,476,932 2,351,858 7,389,207 645,929

6.1 9.0 3.2 5.9 11.8

7.8 5.0 5.2 7.7 2.4

1,226.66 1,815.62 1,401.86 1,658.34 1,553.35

272 The Book of the States 1996-97

6.7%

Per capita, 1994 (in dollars)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

5.7%

1992 to 1993

$1,439.05

Table 6.29 STATE GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE, BY TYPE OF TAX: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State

Sales and gross receipts

Total

Licenses

Individual income

Corporation net income

Severance

Property

Death and gift

Documentary and stock transfer

Other

The Council of State Governments

Number of states using tax ..........................

United States ..................

$373,823,968

$185,852,578

$24,203,421

$117,726,427

$25,497,599

$4,298,003

$8,386,108

$5,042,437

$2,538,708

$278,687

4,767,108 1,240,275 5,656,858 3,175,976 49,695,396

2,559,992 99,654 3,269,399 1,785,652 21,465,527

386,771 73,785 321,227 193,897 2,471,486

1,367,622 0 1,408,535 958,302 17,547,763

218,131 176,070 303,239 184,281 4,633,449

70,892 827,522 0 12,922 46,373

112,596 61,612 313,841 5,708 2,999,953

30,176 1,616 40,617 11,425 530,845

20,928 0 0 10,479 0

0 16 0 13,310 0

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

4,154,450 6,788,492 1,444,083 17,808,222 8,784,065

1,775,608 3,262,305 211,112 13,551,787 4,151,459

249,542 303,333 469,337 1,301,092 390,981

1,925,168 2,236,725 546,856 0 3,580,714

146,042 701,942 155,070 950,235 521,399

15,409 0 0 54,362 0

8,597 15 0 681,484 33,779

33,866 223,187 23,240 347,052 87,672

0 60,985 36,723 922,210 127

218 0 1,745 0 17,934

2,993,378 1,616,901 15,471,781 7,283,449 4,130,450

1,851,798 775,847 7,869,905 3,353,790 1,965,098

74,892 151,600 914,650 205,670 385,897

962,217 563,351 5,049,815 3,015,729 1,509,125

68,429 87,933 1,229,274 606,169 174,285

0 2,560 0 696 0

0 108 217,726 3,020 0

28,120 6,845 155,254 98,375 88,146

7,922 0 35,157 0 7,899

0 28,657 0 0 0

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

3,674,816 5,692,730 4,382,693 1,764,588 7,582,734

1,810,463 2,720,527 2,281,396 890,696 3,273,739

186,119 323,517 432,683 106,498 351,983

1,194,328 1,729,182 977,593 614,442 3,225,341

254,892 269,067 219,190 91,955 320,068

105,663 199,261 370,439 0 0

35,759 370,782 48,815 41,625 219,142

87,592 76,135 52,577 10,080 81,646

0 4,259 0 9,292 73,791

0 0 0 0 37,024

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

11,016,505 15,419,391 8,650,998 3,325,387 5,909,982

3,538,812 6,081,009 3,828,984 2,242,360 2,985,727

401,099 816,635 664,057 210,330 460,153

5,689,768 5,553,342 3,449,331 637,637 2,141,522

1,062,930 2,174,644 551,822 167,873 252,392

0 33,483 2,720 34,214 61

310 692,835 8,200 22,731 13,607

277,533 56,981 43,732 10,242 54,308

46,053 0 102,152 0 0

0 10,462 0 0 2,212

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

1,160,867 2,143,628 2,380,709 837,002 13,494,043

242,219 1,148,823 1,968,546 484,915 6,941,845

132,624 144,678 286,709 105,250 614,423

345,644 715,590 0 35,980 4,475,079

68,872 113,142 0 144,157 1,085,055

90,893 1,628 44,176 0 0

226,373 3,407 55,595 743 11,332

10,886 11,981 23,608 33,218 304,770

0 4,379 2,075 30,882 61,539

43,356 0 0 1,857 0

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

3,020,921 32,816,619 10,518,600 884,714 14,188,451

1,803,333 11,595,814 4,597,688 496,733 7,151,105

141,853 940,811 646,871 63,632 1,165,990

577,069 16,033,524 4,288,148 136,944 5,110,016

122,528 3,120,034 737,260 71,461 652,543

330,669 0 1,863 110,396 9,060

33,269 0 127,087 1,953 13,239

12,200 799,405 119,683 3,595 86,498

0 327,031 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

See footnotes at end of table.

TAXES

273

State

Total

Sales and gross receipts

Licenses

Individual income

TAXES

274 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE, BY TYPE OF TAX: 1994 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Corporation net income

Severance

Property

Death and gift

Documentary and stock transfer

Other

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4,262,983 4,039,416 17,141,998 1,436,125 4,501,767

1,773,873 543,362 8,118,911 722,267 2,322,079

552,166 511,152 1,752,101 85,954 370,074

1,315,068 2,583,527 4,735,861 528,089 1,530,996

162,214 263,682 1,486,299 79,320 219,052

372,464 74,744 0 0 0

0 90 230,255 7,414 12,331

59,210 45,341 593,992 9,477 27,192

6,352 17,518 208,999 3,515 20,043

21,636 0 15,580 89 0

659,225 5,733,262 19,465,331 2,415,880 832,515

512,173 4,501,624 15,867,612 1,256,881 400,461

79,798 562,847 2,526,066 81,743 68,174

0 99,108 0 925,004 286,108

36,540 421,960 0 125,191 34,932

7,007 951 919,299 18,872 0

0 0 0 0 9,664

23,591 44,483 152,354 8,189 8,705

116 78,824 0 0 12,723

0 23,465 0 0 11,748

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

8,037,069 9,700,847 2,554,198 8,427,695 739,395

3,253,135 7,238,336 1,385,645 3,662,615 259,937

413,997 458,364 145,273 435,365 70,272

3,811,860 0 669,694 3,638,710 0

306,667 0 184,625 541,284 0

1,678 84,031 152,945 1,881 298,869

15,721 1,606,396 2,038 52,678 84,278

82,996 35,239 9,321 53,202 26,039

114,296 278,481 4,657 29,301 0

36,719 0 0 12,659 0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

Table 6.30 STATE GOVERNMENT SALES AND GROSS RECEIPTS TAX REVENUE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars)

State

General sales or gross receipts

Total

Selective sales and gross receipts Motor fuels

Total

Public utilities

Tobacco products

Insurance

Alcoholic beverages

Parimutuels

Amusements

Other

Number of states using tax ......................

The Council of State Governments

United States ..............

$185,852,578

$123,297,594

$62,554,984

$24,520,347

$8,509,861

$6,605,100

$8,610,074

$3,614,874

$543,612

$1,251,841

$8,899,275

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

2,559,992 99,654 3,269,399 1,785,652 21,465,527

1,279,245 ... 2,494,391 1,211,806 16,871,660

1,280,747 99,654 775,008 573,846 4,593,867

445,279 40,507 423,061 320,905 2,526,231

376,822 2,609 112,214 ... 39,955

68,116 16,788 53,076 89,134 622,313

166,346 26,109 134,971 62,942 977,529

112,043 11,956 42,263 27,618 279,556

5,180 ... 8,506 14,676 119,159

91 1,685 917 989 ...

106,870 ... ... 57,582 29,124

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

1,775,608 3,262,305 211,112 13,551,787 4,151,459

1,125,265 2,184,089 ... 10,042,360 3,266,812

650,343 1,078,216 211,112 3,509,427 884,647

405,952 405,748 75,874 1,252,347 490,883

5,866 147,141 24,652 459,376 ...

62,490 124,795 20,669 438,864 80,620

103,191 167,845 50,009 378,461 198,773

22,915 41,747 11,892 534,793 114,371

8,414 40,500 118 93,376 ...

1,248 51,020 ... 397 ...

40,267 99,420 27,898 351,813 ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

1,851,798 775,847 7,869,905 3,353,790 1,965,098

1,332,248 544,145 4,660,572 2,505,874 1,388,742

519,550 231,702 3,209,333 847,916 576,356

76,374 152,231 1,096,031 599,025 354,145

92,292 2,125 798,604 4,139 ...

32,658 19,269 304,800 79,653 96,202

174,515 48,464 141,426 132,472 103,327

38,997 4,561 59,457 32,367 12,478

... 1,549 46,896 ... 1,696

... ... 206,892 ... 8,508

104,714 3,503 555,227 260 ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,810,463 2,720,527 2,281,396 890,696 3,273,739

1,297,170 1,560,091 1,379,112 617,008 1,814,949

513,293 1,160,436 902,284 273,688 1,458,790

284,490 380,406 465,940 149,826 587,845

806 ... 19,513 1,112 137,723

54,097 17,151 81,910 46,132 139,767

95,619 260,391 246,250 40,341 147,489

58,217 57,007 50,056 34,656 24,094

8,299 15,548 5,544 1,621 2,993

1,077 240 1,862 ... 5,173

10,688 429,693 31,209 ... 413,706

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

3,538,812 6,081,009 3,828,984 2,242,360 2,985,727

2,303,139 4,538,124 2,516,191 1,586,879 2,195,890

1,235,673 1,542,885 1,312,793 655,481 789,837

562,584 794,603 486,797 340,587 472,024

... ... 788 ... 346

237,307 395,792 169,681 54,204 99,091

290,189 201,094 150,069 97,296 195,004

60,998 122,503 55,930 36,453 23,372

13,426 17,415 217 ... ...

8,350 ... 57,507 126,941 ...

62,819 11,478 391,804 ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

242,219 1,148,823 1,968,546 484,915 6,941,845

... 746,975 1,184,850 ... 3,778,427

242,219 401,848 783,696 484,915 3,163,418

157,743 256,014 171,967 97,912 446,284

13,457 2,233 4,930 50,390 1,612,339

13,825 46,292 47,943 42,850 255,568

32,506 40,494 77,279 40,037 257,910

14,853 15,693 13,143 10,920 76,316

190 854 ... 6,180 4,707

... 10,821 426,694 2,480 287,154

9,645 29,447 41,740 234,146 223,140

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,803,333 11,595,814 4,597,688 496,733 7,151,105

1,430,498 6,364,937 2,589,005 256,203 4,479,907

372,835 5,230,877 2,008,683 240,530 2,671,198

196,439 490,283 908,553 83,158 1,242,480

8,875 1,750,317 279,467 25,961 662,691

23,899 704,853 37,925 23,966 287,042

34,929 688,284 225,408 17,311 325,865

28,246 217,962 158,015 5,197 79,695

1,153 67,069 ... ... 14,089

966 662 ... 11,354 ...

78,328 1,311,447 399,315 73,583 59,336

TAXES

275

See footnotes at end of table.

State

Total

General sales or gross receipts

TAXES

276 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GOVERNMENT SALES AND GROSS RECEIPTS TAX REVENUE: 1994 — Continued Selective sales and gross receipts Total

Motor fuels

Public utilities

Tobacco products

Insurance

Alcoholic beverages

Parimutuels

Amusements

Other

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,773,873 543,362 8,118,911 722,267 2,322,079

1,090,876 ... 5,134,300 412,820 1,673,303

682,997 543,362 2,984,611 309,447 648,776

378,255 354,578 751,182 119,641 303,918

14,637 6,435 649,913 68,944 38,827

73,067 104,699 307,679 41,125 29,166

134,882 64,295 433,370 36,844 69,666

57,736 10,577 146,278 8,403 111,862

3,601 2,698 15,669 7,286 ...

12,399 80 361 ... 18,318

8,420 ... 680,159 27,204 77,019

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

512,173 4,501,624 15,867,612 1,256,881 400,461

339,039 3,081,250 9,926,287 984,287 175,974

173,134 1,420,374 5,941,325 272,594 224,487

87,326 684,479 2,171,338 187,377 59,680

781 5,596 263,277 ... 16,074

14,248 81,420 573,337 27,649 14,227

29,746 171,340 754,674 39,959 17,931

9,670 64,704 400,466 17,609 13,330

374 ... ... ... 103

37 ... 7,034 ... ...

30,952 412,835 1,771,199 ... 103,142

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,253,135 7,238,336 1,385,645 3,662,615 259,937

1,780,604 5,797,770 727,192 2,427,900 199,428

1,472,531 1,440,566 658,453 1,234,715 60,509

670,770 632,262 204,654 634,631 39,728

114,236 202,422 223,738 268,238 ...

15,039 215,284 33,596 180,171 5,651

196,416 146,309 66,813 103,806 13,878

107,046 128,602 7,855 39,396 1,000

... 3,790 2,500 7,964 252

61 14 ... 509 ...

368,963 111,883 119,297 ... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Key: . . . — Not applicable.

Table 6.31 STATE GOVERNMENT LICENSE TAX REVENUE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

Motor vehicle

Total

Motor vehicle operators

Corporations in general

Occupations and businesses, n.e.c.

Hunting and fishing

Alcoholic beverages

Public utilities

Amusements

Other

The Council of State Governments

Number of states using tax ..........................

United States ..................

$24,203,421

$11,946,281

$1,053,435

$4,504,882

$4,490,442

$945,431

$299,087

$362,225

$239,217

$362,421

386,771 73,785 321,227 193,897 2,471,486

157,861 24,289 225,722 89,632 1,422,013

13,877 2,352 9,580 11,418 105,722

94,207 1,001 4,415 8,670 96,538

92,241 27,641 38,141 48,594 655,188

17,320 16,201 14,979 17,189 67,335

2,698 1,883 3,037 1,391 36,746

8,412 322 ... 8,873 81,057

... 96 28 4,494 ...

155 ... 25,325 3,636 6,887

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

249,542 303,333 469,337 1,301,092 390,981

112,787 184,660 20,422 762,437 203,731

4,114 25,036 129 95,747 37,869

3,508 12,050 307,008 117,592 25,065

61,071 66,379 136,492 230,785 57,923

55,339 4,005 871 14,454 20,552

3,493 5,888 599 38,286 4,704

... ... 2,585 23,961 ...

2,135 250 66 10,090 ...

7,095 5,065 1,165 7,740 41,137

74,892 151,600 914,650 205,670 385,897

57,961 60,211 711,801 137,645 249,609

272 3,547 41,638 ... 6,667

1,475 613 90,494 4,146 37,184

11,464 33,895 44,055 38,445 58,198

252 20,957 18,747 13,995 14,439

... 1,000 4,283 7,564 8,332

3,293 29,670 ... ... 7,622

... ... 867 3,352 2,017

175 1,707 2,765 523 1,829

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

186,119 323,517 432,683 106,498 351,983

113,630 156,876 95,928 53,987 185,676

7,865 9,198 9,824 9,587 19,689

17,307 82,226 260,744 2,367 13,490

27,667 47,991 42,744 27,532 120,389

10,720 15,912 12,584 9,050 10,486

2,724 2,125 ... 2,941 493

3,715 6,353 7,562 ... ...

207 361 2,229 506 13

2,284 2,475 1,068 528 1,747

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

401,099 816,635 664,057 210,330 460,153

236,694 576,090 449,866 102,289 217,777

60,002 32,814 22,355 7,361 15,195

18,286 18,669 2,183 50,490 69,015

55,912 99,696 141,019 35,901 106,454

4,369 38,901 37,482 11,239 20,667

1,127 11,797 779 2,948 3,332

... 17,633 ... ... 15,656

938 629 351 ... 1,455

23,771 20,406 10,022 102 10,602

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

132,624 144,678 286,709 105,250 614,423

42,560 65,618 82,896 49,795 314,169

3,151 4,647 9,650 7,185 26,464

928 6,617 10,486 3,848 124,061

22,844 44,775 100,763 27,879 76,951

26,377 8,488 4,596 6,233 12,051

1,390 241 ... 3,035 4,880

1,222 ... ... 4,399 3,317

33,456 ... 74,535 492 49,946

696 14,292 3,783 2,384 2,584

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

141,853 940,811 646,871 63,632 1,165,990

105,166 612,820 307,522 33,664 529,242

5,714 91,925 52,827 2,924 27,425

2,143 37,514 164,406 ... 310,468

13,267 82,209 93,601 19,989 246,249

11,325 35,589 14,737 6,495 23,491

3,347 27,685 5,758 240 24,680

72 49,641 ... ... 648

170 239 5,854 320 ...

649 3,189 2,166 ... 3,787

See footnotes at end of table.

TAXES

277

State or other jurisdiction

Total

Motor vehicle

Motor vehicle operators

TAXES

278 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE GOVERNMENT LICENSE TAX REVENUE: 1994 — Continued Corporations in general

Occupations and businesses, n.e.c.

Hunting and fishing

Alcoholic beverages

Public utilities

Amusements

Other

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

552,166 511,152 1,752,101 85,954 370,074

446,105 265,461 464,508 54,976 88,940

6,358 14,781 47,247 424 13,020

34,494 7,468 893,118 10,190 28,920

43,899 180,798 242,528 17,890 91,326

14,038 30,248 42,624 1,390 12,414

2,354 1,738 14,072 241 9,649

4 7,622 39,928 ... ...

4,561 786 44 180 31,186

353 2,250 8,032 663 94,619

79,798 562,847 2,526,066 81,743 68,174

25,888 177,350 744,896 49,893 41,560

1,670 35,964 69,218 7,746 3,253

748 249,682 1,228,233 ... 1,837

35,374 68,721 384,103 9,695 13,260

10,735 22,424 46,665 13,135 5,087

257 1,677 25,705 700 408

... 5,151 8,212 ... ...

163 ... 5,365 ... 176

4,963 1,878 13,669 574 2,593

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

413,997 458,364 145,273 435,365 70,272

267,968 222,233 86,127 219,736 37,594

22,363 20,616 4,230 20,623 2,152

24,814 9,170 4,484 8,631 3,879

70,089 150,701 18,275 126,742 2,697

18,393 28,956 14,149 45,736 22,010

6,193 8,371 8,051 238 7

... 14,188 9,527 13 1,567

9 681 5 965 ...

4,168 3,448 425 12,681 366

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Key: . . . — Not applicable.

TAXES

Table 6.32 FISCAL YEAR, POPULATION AND PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATE

State United States ..................

Date of close of fiscal year in 1994 ...

Total population (excluding armed forces overseas) (in thousands)

Personal income, calendar year 1993 (a)

July 1, 1994 (b)

July 1, 1993 (b)

July 1, 1992 (b )

Amount (in millions)

Per capita (in dollars)

259,771

257,326

254,442

$5,342,330

$20,781

September 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

4,219 606 4,075 2,453 31,431

4,187 599 3,936 2,424 31,211

4,136 587 3,832 2,399 30,867

71,620 13,785 71,317 38,776 683,002

17,106 23,008 18,119 15,994 21,884

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

3,656 3,275 706 13,953 7,055

3,566 3,277 700 13,679 6,917

3,470 3,281 689 13,488 6,751

76,581 91,625 15,220 283,297 132,832

21,475 27,957 21,735 20,710 19,203

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

1,179 1,133 11,752 5,752 2,829

1,172 1,099 11,697 5,713 2,814

1,160 1,067 11,631 5,662 2,812

27,389 19,279 263,591 109,465 51,564

23,378 17,540 22,534 19,161 18,324

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

2,554 3,827 4,315 1,240 5,006

2,531 3,789 4,295 1,239 4,965

2,523 3,755 4,287 1,235 4,908

50,295 64,237 71,252 23,271 118,759

19,874 16,954 16,588 18,775 23,920

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

June 30 September 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

6,041 9,496 4,567 2,669 5,278

6,012 9,478 4,517 2,643 5,234

5,998 9,437 4,480 2,614 5,193

147,148 194,687 94,942 38,869 102,369

24,475 20,542 21,017 14,708 19,559

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

856 1,623 1,457 1,137 7,904

839 1,607 1,389 1,125 7,879

824 1,606 1,327 1,111 7,789

14,617 31,754 31,593 24,947 210,622

17,413 19,757 22,747 22,169 26,732

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

June 30 March 31 June 30 June 30 June 30

1,654 18,169 7,070 638 11,102

1,616 18,197 6,945 635 11,091

1,581 18,119 6,843 636 11,016

26,402 450,754 129,790 10,872 217,693

16,333 24,771 18,688 17,123 19,627

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

3,258 3,086 12,052 997 3,664

3,231 3,032 12,048 1,000 3,643

3,212 2,977 12,009 1,005 3,603

55,047 58,962 255,921 21,204 61,236

17,035 19,447 21,241 21,203 16,810

June 30 June 30 August 31 June 30 June 30

721 5,175 18,378 1,908 580

715 5,099 18,031 1,860 576

711 5,024 17,656 1,813 570

12,860 93,894 345,009 30,010 11,193

17,977 18,415 19,134 16,138 19,442

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30 June 30

6,552 5,343 1,822 5,082 476

6,491 5,255 1,820 5,038 470

6,377 5,136 1,812 5,007 466

139,831 114,422 29,392 99,860 9,275

21,544 21,773 16,148 19,822 19,724

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable.

(a) U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, August 1994. (b) Represents resident U.S. population (50 states) as of July 1993, 1994 and 1995 from the Bureau of the Census.

The Council of State Governments

279

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.33 SUMMARY DISTRIBUTION OF FEDERAL FUNDS, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In millions of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

Total

Grants to state and local governments

Salaries and wages

Direct payments for individuals

Procurement

Other programs

United States ..................

$1,320,132

$214,239

$168,951

$691,666

$197,959

$47,317

22,280 4,640 19,011 11,376 155,391

3,209 1,063 2,996 1,966 26,219

3,125 1,367 2,269 1,020 18,830

11,996 924 10,558 7,298 75,466

3,364 1,007 2,679 596 30,416

585 278 510 496 4,460

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

18,989 16,591 2,950 71,092 32,067

2,102 3,028 472 8,018 5,028

3,540 1,405 455 7,263 5,945

7,987 8,902 1,784 46,381 15,486

4,472 2,751 167 8,306 4,799

888 506 72 1,124 809

7,603 4,965 49,936 22,104 12,979

1,088 778 8,506 3,553 2,015

2,498 611 5,402 2,101 954

2,898 2,520 31,367 13,804 7,590

905 844 3,222 1,674 637

213 212 1,440 971 1,783

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

12,506 17,504 21,672 6,708 36,576

1,666 3,096 5,233 1,269 3,637

1,892 2,608 2,136 773 7,414

6,914 10,068 10,656 3,518 13,600

1,151 1,322 3,037 1,023 8,228

883 410 611 125 3,695

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

35,374 38,975 18,797 14,072 31,766

6,261 7,117 3,515 2,507 3,971

3,112 2,887 1,617 1,539 3,332

17,672 25,535 10,113 7,308 14,889

6,609 2,479 1,798 2,295 7,455

1,720 956 1,753 424 2,119

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

4,638 7,439 6,104 4,636 37,328

906 1,114 797 956 6,163

611 971 763 432 3,739

2,250 4,178 3,409 2,648 22,685

204 561 1,045 487 4,218

666 615 90 113 524

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

11,274 90,346 28,858 3,909 48,023

1,714 22,445 4,862 702 8,366

1,590 7,428 4,833 566 4,467

4,041 51,909 16,481 1,704 29,488

3,596 6,142 1,897 210 4,775

333 2,422 786 727 926

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

15,718 13,057 61,025 5,473 17,097

2,359 2,355 9,705 1,100 2,726

2,627 1,419 5,802 641 2,503

8,943 8,275 39,193 3,109 8,839

1,142 493 4,525 499 2,721

648 516 1,800 123 308

3,814 25,056 79,308 7,594 2,411

724 3,940 12,669 1,209 546

541 2,669 9,999 1,479 268

1,848 13,461 41,079 3,444 1,435

197 4,478 12,842 1,190 109

503 508 2,719 271 53

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

45,890 26,644 9,550 19,670 2,344

3,180 3,924 2,166 3,450 714

12,147 4,187 788 1,396 358

17,168 13,381 6,003 12,616 1,070

11,689 4,086 445 1,282 121

1,705 1,065 148 925 81

21,766 111 1,048 61 9,315 385

2,222 67 154 52 3,388 191

11,415 3 457 2 695 35

2,523 31 139 4 4,744 137

4,103 11 276 3 316 17

1,503 0 22 0 172 4

Adjustments or undistributed to states ...........................

24,318

1,059

193

23,043

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. For additional information on categories and distributions shown, see footnotes to Tables 6.34 through 6.38.

280 The Book of the States 1996-97

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.34 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BY AGENCY AND FOR SELECTED PROGRAMS, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction United States (c) .........

Total

Child Food Stamp nutrition administration programs (a)

$214,238,801 $6,827,963

Special supplemental Special State and food program milk private (WIC) program forestry

Economic Corporation National development for public Guard centers administration broadcasting -construction

$3,351,484

$3,150,181

$17,422

$75,886

$236,754

$289,424

$207,341

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

3,209,413 1,063,354 2,995,682 1,966,315 26,218,739

144,026 19,513 123,939 87,073 843,593

54,355 9,506 19,180 13,435 348,893

58,935 9,088 57,112 37,172 411,417

34 6 172 23 884

5,205 996 961 660 4,936

4,893 3,027 1,694 4,442 16,304

1,735 4,050 3,222 1,017 19,304

8,325 2,272 9,280 2,283 5,856

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,102,430 3,027,597 472,150 8,018,036 5,028,414

74,413 52,813 20,370 362,310 217,048

13,973 18,433 4,059 74,689 50,366

32,199 36,691 7,624 130,975 99,481

78 507 0 138 22

1,406 267 510 1,650 2,405

2,905 648 215 6,573 5,869

4,280 1,909 0 9,404 2,742

87 0 66 3,330 1,847

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

1,088,000 777,759 8,505,540 3,553,262 2,015,274

28,076 27,860 253,335 105,844 61,934

8,634 4,065 44,280 26,417 9,738

19,578 17,827 112,474 58,545 28,643

7 205 2,790 361 213

1,039 759 2,112 698 1,388

889 5,860 7,827 2,461 4,719

1,665 1,392 7,794 4,468 2,159

724 10,682 950 1,680 10,743

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,666,440 3,096,169 5,232,732 1,269,065 3,637,395

88,749 116,070 217,733 28,541 98,245

7,309 25,762 38,373 5,503 366,650

28,070 56,442 64,014 12,630 38,517

161 123 69 119 425

902 1,277 3,067 912 2,783

1,862 7,413 3,080 2,918 2,672

2,238 3,351 2,617 1,778 2,635

5,371 992 7,373 199 3,411

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

6,261,443 7,117,036 3,514,597 2,506,590 3,970,851

114,660 167,824 129,548 138,434 122,773

22,142 54,603 76,161 18,046 25,705

49,491 103,571 41,606 43,558 58,210

521 1,216 847 7 436

435 2,087 1,081 1,580 1,186

5,198 8,806 3,814 2,990 9,658

11,672 6,342 14,714 1,205 3,267

679 1,381 11,429 7,440 2,570

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

906,271 1,114,016 796,770 955,616 6,162,785

23,278 49,450 21,891 14,556 127,929

4,485 4,196 5,772 2,708 75,730

10,885 17,056 12,325 9,111 60,122

59 230 108 232 967

841 622 351 1,394 380

2,124 756 457 146 3,650

622 4,567 1,288 1,289 1,865

2,835 4,198 1,359 0 0

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,714,352 22,445,396 4,862,166 702,001 8,366,287

81,847 457,406 194,451 23,080 207,694

75,760 150,344 33,015 3,325 98,365

25,992 226,823 77,268 9,877 111,351

9 1,469 125 65 1,009

873 453 1,488 740 2,615

1,200 11,333 7,306 2,007 6,516

1,999 25,985 3,420 1,365 8,091

9,755 499 1,600 8,209 648

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,358,690 2,354,826 9,704,968 1,099,961 2,726,377

105,538 72,648 208,168 16,018 122,547

17,814 23,631 93,427 5,813 17,116

49,340 33,863 123,080 10,851 52,984

102 239 816 102 0

162 1,592 1,825 346 3,904

5,052 4,160 9,183 305 4,719

1,947 2,779 10,760 508 4,678

932 4,389 615 20 3,108

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

724,219 3,939,516 12,668,889 1,208,744 546,422

24,911 136,817 664,137 60,129 12,432

4,294 22,055 142,165 13,567 8,597

11,859 61,915 258,369 25,518 7,485

50 50 121 51 126

797 3,177 2,368 969 912

1,407 3,423 20,572 642 141

1,395 3,680 8,366 2,586 799

2,591 7,25 26,289 4,514 10

Virginia ........................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,180,376 2,165,790 3,449,739 714,290

101,726 52,299 88,277 12,671

41,050 6,090 24,722 1,369

62,836 26,065 53,755 6,516

55 39 1,720 15

2,914 2,224 1,707 647

4,403 6,495 3,870 189

31,672 1,698 4,396 481

2,043 3,488 10,233 4,068

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

2,221,772 66,571 51,631 3,388,207 191,159

20,780 4,427 3,839 150,615 4,845

8,648 0 4,903 1,083,040 3,164

10,219 0 0 119,520 6,035

17 0 0 0 2

98 0 253 270 113

6,030 3,359 519 5,637 1,286

6,692 331 0 1,767 423

15 0 0 900 0

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

281

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GRANTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

State or other jurisdiction

School improvement programs

Construction of wastewater treatment facilities

FEMAdisaster relief

Support payments (AFDC)

Low income home energy assistance

Supplemental security Medicaid income

Section 8 housing assistance grants (b)

United States (c) .............

$1,358,046

$1,971,463

$2,021,899

$16,635,326

$2,206,275

$82,033,657

$30,457

$9,794,218

23,266 6,687 18,621 13,506 148,272

23,950 8,804 9,381 15,005 144,015

20,823 881 21,488 7,773 1,102,743

116,989 68,362 291,223 86,450 4,137,867

16,964 10,749 8,325 13,434 78,777

1,287,374 175,948 1,103,268 833,595 7,861,310

768 47 402 118 3,560

101,800 17,994 85,541 75,357 1,407,328

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

16,303 14,643 6,681 58,652 35,923

6,793 23,902 9,116 80,617 19,130

27 582 3,369 118,196 31,831

92,519 302,289 34,664 554,590 459,462

34,985 50,458 5,923 17,268 21,682

648,692 1,175,083 152,581 2,945,408 2,079,808

174 388 58 637 311

112,500 196,626 13,407 350,380 180,323

6,721 6,735 60,162 27,973 14,037

7,146 10,109 105,893 31,020 24,472

37,140 46 95,602 1,819 78,669

117,739 32,485 575,996 133,229 123,416

2,657 11,139 114,702 56,739 41,577

242,711 234,651 2,780,473 1,591,290 693,308

88 183 1,000 1,086 231

65,953 26,724 482,140 155,281 79,004

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

12,679 20,621 26,700 6,769 22,986

16,254 14,031 13,402 10,520 51,924

34,916 5,791 11,448 6,587 9,313

105,146 181,980 53,992 86,834 257,115

16,851 30,890 15,072 33,706 39,856

601,972 1,330,415 3,255,603 604,137 1,190,803

1 649 749 357 315

52,974 125,615 127,935 69,526 184,412

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

27,336 50,400 22,128 17,586 26,188

194,859 107,733 9,747 14,069 41,224

6,178 3,669 15,138 47,512 103,897

611,077 806,661 295,652 84,699 234,948

101,674 137,014 100,733 28,299 47,971

2,104,363 2,913,905 1,389,527 1,067,514 1,577,329

1,787 992 325 183 605

508,237 259,392 172,001 82,025 162,948

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

6,728 8,361 6,721 6,704 37,402

8,754 6,405 9,815 10,510 81,685

53 45,711 19 109 5,338

46,532 32,678 51,916 55,027 441,272

14,363 17,186 3,458 18,635 85,347

246,683 389,284 191,561 496,026 2,431,107

134 66 154 52 441

25,281 36,511 39,056 46,527 429,693

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

9,336 97,084 32,717 6,677 55,496

14,701 110,139 40,553 7,200 123,520

737 20,252 2,396 7,998 473

139,765 1,798,948 348,405 25,673 725,625

10,785 276,582 39,618 16,547 118,272

531,106 11,323,034 2,098,144 200,884 3,503,649

104 3,645 758 134 2,908

48,247 1,086,837 184,182 23,703 404,447

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

16,577 14,304 58,570 6,724 19,178

14,005 22,053 66,902 6,686 23,277

4,084 4,696 62,543 1,119 4,505

204,943 179,926 641,004 60,823 105,636

16,550 40,383 151,741 12,309 11,882

781,563 754,789 3,998,232 445,038 1,328,662

215 279 1,641 106 92

93,010 109,479 498,554 93,598 99,804

6,695 16,631 96,610 11,496 6,671

9,746 34,864 137,046 14,851 4,189

9,610 34,451 4,732 159 314

22,238 145,384 648,968 86,555 58,462

13,314 23,297 33,670 13,655 15,504

205,963 1,802,843 5,386,193 405,664 187,036

93 190 2,044 82 72

24,459 136,042 448,574 31,269 31,728

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

29,420 23,952 9,824 25,302 6,662

48,339 39,724 26,029 60,583 4,908

4,286 9,292 1,166 13,499 31

134,629 324,919 111,705 166,253 24,725

40,420 80,556 20,647 78,477 5,666

1,005,807 1,441,362 988,836 1,426,611 98,407

413 552 205 983 0

177,530 154,997 82,211 140,359 13,193

6,715 1,918 4,474 1,107 30,111 3,693

16,679 0 418 2,176 15,134 240

2,453 26 40 0 4,674 11,014

105,647 0 7,360 0 92,000 2,924

6,805 0 0 21 3,140 0

395,288 1,698 3,169 1,332 118,931 3,687

80 0 0 0 0 0

55,191 1,040 10,164 0 173,109 0

282 The Book of the States 1996-97

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GRANTS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued

State or other jurisdiction

Office of Justice State State justice FAAFederal Public Assistance-justice unemployment Highway institute airport transit housing grants programs insurance & services trust fund grants trust fund administration

All other grants

United States (c) .........

$3,453,356

$688,422

$3,345,813

$18,622,632

$9,254

$1,619,615

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

66,473 69,883 66,211 22,708 164,930

9,656 2,622 16,597 4,862 97,460

41,700 28,433 37,398 27,286 540,370

272,066 224,514 270,612 184,900 2,015,086

3 60 69 9 353

18,904 84,890 28,451 6,310 135,880

17,028 2,591 25,288 6,149 565,691

914,141 312,431 797,247 522,748 6,163,910

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

32,991 62,813 9,058 123,381 100,184

10,547 9,296 3,308 38,518 15,043

38,926 68,714 8,806 108,490 60,270

256,573 393,444 53,404 794,581 384,075

278 36 80 144 109

63,114 11,208 286 104,486 36,860

51,073 73,018 2,495 110,966 80,883

607,594 533,829 136,070 2,022,653 1,142,740

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

22,018 10,433 267,538 44,561 12,850

4,348 3,928 27,543 10,391 7,259

17,391 21,567 149,540 49,346 27,017

221,540 115,109 728,486 353,347 246,864

2 76 31 13 46

25,869 8,862 85,295 16,786 18,947

15,787 2,095 337,344 25,536 12,327

240,278 224,967 2,262,233 854,371 515,713

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

11,939 54,588 61,972 12,785 58,441

5,752 8,646 9,099 4,391 10,356

22,902 32,190 35,127 18,521 59,573

215,398 239,057 262,476 88,277 298,070

6 23 22 103 85

14,885 26,957 24,132 8,481 13,081

6,859 20,125 27,898 5,137 95,521

413,244 793,161 970,779 260,334 830,206

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

88,153 70,067 56,936 33,828 46,488

14,194 16,911 10,279 5,159 14,916

87,233 130,477 53,540 25,665 62,892

962,806 416,889 292,865 173,451 438,576

82 339 118 53 22

16,914 39,805 31,638 5,405 38,715

131,975 59,168 32,937 8,021 37,825

1,199,777 1,757,784 751,833 699,861 912,502

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

30,920 24,405 23,568 8,026 135,803

3,197 4,602 4,009 4,541 24,353

12,932 18,067 26,272 14,317 123,058

165,449 150,480 125,477 69,129 510,287

15 36 106 132 45

11,185 12,525 30,131 13,724 21,318

3,005 6,173 5,247 3,132 262,382

285,911 280,451 235,709 179,589 1,302,611

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

24,486 367,508 66,168 12,643 188,943

6,352 43,769 14,190 3,116 23,056

18,742 234,488 66,740 13,381 98,656

148,374 779,927 473,082 105,195 704,537

237 285 295 14 292

13,545 84,037 47,304 9,311 36,252

6,161 776,656 23,026 2,448 90,522

544,239 4,567,893 1,105,915 218,409 1,853,350

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

70,196 17,712 212,279 33,846 30,224

8,281 8,648 28,081 1,899 12,771

28,797 43,628 180,931 20,835 39,762

248,890 202,684 757,344 136,487 231,876

13 28 53 0 80

17,300 16,102 51,653 13,821 19,917

10,707 102,762 251,325 13,381 10,788

662,672 694,052 2,296,241 219,138 578,867

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

30,974 72,655 125,570 9,887 1,835

3,364 15,779 48,363 6,037 2,737

10,876 45,506 160,834 33,226 10,245

133,979 284,012 1,070,890 110,242 48,299

0 91 50 29 1

3,868 38,152 128,573 22,406 3,380

2,516 27,557 187,159 9,023 478

199,220 1,023,688 3,067,226 346,187 144,875

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

58,928 67,903 18,276 48,682 4,835

14,564 15,079 4,834 11,211 1,738

60,344 83,778 18,028 62,707 11,030

306,763 461,587 172,130 338,805 114,351

269 93 49 243 9

64,993 37,963 7,701 20,176 7,947

25,963 29,492 8,418 26,301 1,351

961,009 934,765 597,333 840,867 393,481

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

19,148 0 1,006 0 152,418 22,276

3,382 709 868 648 5,923 1,235

16,793 0 636 0 24,624 3,736

72,220 3,707 16,960 3,237 60,423 9,917

0 0 0 0 26 0

151 1,685 4,232 4,356 6,381 3,270

269,090 20 331 0 12,940 0

1,199,631 47,651 94,084 29,240 1,326,624 113,299

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. All amounts in this table represent actual expenditures of the federal government during the fiscal year. (a) For Puerto Rico, amounts shown is for nutritional assistance grant program. All other amounts are grant payments for food stamp administration.

$3,933,912 $52,358,001

(b) Section 8 payments to public agencies; Section 8 payments to nonpublic agencies are included in Table 6.36. (c) Includes undistributed monies: $65,336 for corporation for public broadcasting, $144,766 for state unemployment insurance & services, $167,410 for the highway trust fund, and $211,744 for other programs.

The Council of State Governments

283

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.35 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES FOR SALARIES AND WAGES, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Department of Defense Military State or other jurisdiction

All other federal agencies

Total

Active

Inactive

United States ..................

$168,951,181

$73,470,136

$43,255,327

$38,027,245

$5,228,082

$30,214,809

$40,945,198

$54,535,847

3,124,963 1,367,420 2,268,568 1,019,962 18,829,975

1,700,599 843,409 924,473 356,997 9,911,821

783,845 637,441 602,975 224,987 5,976,272

577,355 606,289 531,308 159,246 5,623,613

206,490 31,152 71,667 65,741 352,659

916,754 205,968 321,498 132,010 3,935,549

492,143 108,258 521,767 319,589 4,558,379

932,221 415,753 822,328 343,376 4,359,775

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

3,540,058 1,404,522 455,420 7,262,593 5,944,727

1,537,565 458,073 197,861 3,426,832 3,336,998

1,089,223 287,590 144,685 2,349,439 2,197,814

966,702 237,690 109,543 2,192,854 1,989,987

122,521 49,900 35,142 156,585 207,827

448,342 170,483 53,176 1,077,393 1,139,184

699,732 621,097 195,189 2,130,262 994,928

1,302,761 325,352 62,370 1,705,499 1,612,801

2,498,305 611,479 5,402,257 2,100,938 953,878

2,178,525 189,453 1,447,268 895,524 130,985

1,527,640 142,970 820,356 357,040 83,225

1,475,729 109,461 678,406 129,479 16,032

51,911 33,509 141,950 227,561 67,193

650,885 46,483 626,912 538,484 47,760

143,923 127,376 2,299,299 748,473 528,575

175,857 294,650 1,655,690 456,941 294,318

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

1,892,117 2,607,970 2,135,549 772,946 7,414,466

1,006,155 1,587,763 994,584 430,366 2,596,255

803,002 1,192,515 719,310 186,283 1,070,900

701,805 1,116,100 591,520 145,250 941,705

101,197 76,415 127,790 41,033 129,195

203,153 395,248 275,274 244,083 1,525,355

438,262 447,596 511,396 208,084 858,760

447,700 572,611 629,569 134,496 3,959,451

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

3,112,100 2,886,704 1,617,440 1,538,504 3,331,943

763,582 633,885 236,559 917,009 1,218,607

373,927 240,669 137,491 558,398 597,529

242,331 110,585 32,622 444,683 460,365

131,596 130,084 104,869 113,715 137,164

389,655 393,216 99,068 358,611 621,078

1,246,568 1,490,453 813,941 263,904 1,002,998

1,101,950 762,366 566,940 357,591 1,110,338

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

610,638 971,440 762,978 432,384 3,738,702

175,240 441,486 309,213 97,078 1,336,362

135,562 313,227 241,266 44,533 418,358

105,681 273,193 220,458 22,610 314,199

29,881 40,034 20,808 21,923 104,159

39,678 128,259 67,947 52,545 918,004

125,121 285,186 190,545 208,490 1,596,682

310,277 244,768 263,220 126,816 805,658

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,590,247 7,427,713 4,832,860 566,230 4,466,688

760,937 1,491,994 3,214,871 305,461 1,727,108

448,450 940,496 2,699,857 248,462 496,929

414,946 752,727 2,585,791 214,314 352,646

33,504 187,769 114,066 34,148 144,283

312,487 551,498 515,014 56,999 1,230,179

205,199 3,329,621 924,544 110,107 1,669,410

624,111 2,606,098 693,445 150,662 1,070,170

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

2,626,762 1,418,829 5,802,343 641,400 2,502,954

1,604,263 209,439 1,965,567 338,259 1,810,597

954,569 101,983 522,129 178,767 1,315,383

860,602 31,948 260,765 150,978 1,186,602

93,967 70,035 261,364 27,789 128,781

649,694 107,456 1,443,438 159,492 495,214

438,307 426,179 2,138,197 206,732 372,433

584,192 783,211 1,698,579 96,409 319,924

541,339 2,669,391 9,999,144 1,479,163 267,897

192,732 531,740 4,523,373 763,608 53,696

151,724 327,965 2,829,086 221,512 34,057

126,750 202,959 2,585,447 151,998 5,651

24,974 125,006 243,639 69,514 28,406

41,008 203,775 1,694,287 542,096 19,639

113,128 758,753 2,483,577 236,896 111,144

235,479 1,378,898 2,992,194 478,659 103,057

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

12,147,347 4,186,920 787,820 1,395,848 357,727

8,912,192 2,391,354 121,620 236,923 134,486

4,871,417 1,421,626 64,021 136,483 104,817

4,771,560 1,293,938 16,538 30,260 89,337

99,857 127,688 47,483 106,223 15,480

4,040,775 969,728 57,599 100,440 29,669

1,008,274 733,639 253,940 702,482 64,792

2,226,881 1,061,927 412,260 456,443 158,449

11,415,021 2,954 457,499 2,347 695,207 35,344

1,199,525 640 438,120 0 256,322 4,782

518,884 604 255,017 0 152,001 616

480,677 0 253,595 0 79,986 429

38,207 604 1,422 0 72,015 187

680,641 36 183,103 0 104,321 4,166

288,072 451 6,718 496 170,886 14,248

9,927,424 1,863 12,661 1,851 267,999 16,314

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. U.S. total includes $20.4 million undistributed monies for all other federal agencies.

284 The Book of the States 1996-97

Civilian

Postal service

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.36 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DIRECT PAYMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS BY PROGRAM, STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Social Security

State or other jurisdiction United States (a) ....

Total

Retirement insurance payments

Survivors insurance payments

Medicare Disability insurance payments

Hospital insurance payments

Supplementary medical insurance payments

Federal retirement & disability payments Civilian

Military

Payments for unemployment compensation

$691,665,546 $211,953,205 $63,247,942 $38,458,440 $120,751,892 $61,246,676 $36,808,137 $26,478,356 $25,604,395

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

11,996,267 923,855 10,558,274 7,297,516 75,466,316

3,109,163 183,643 3,580,992 2,048,854 20,622,375

1,230,241 65,759 879,554 703,588 5,488,820

836,268 47,473 610,020 576,807 3,559,940

1,888,761 69,233 1,388,782 1,155,273 12,947,862

834,667 34,208 835,880 643,015 8,359,464

876,187 116,677 712,912 341,125 3,556,378

674,986 93,293 707,759 331,709 3,412,605

206,530 149,608 190,185 180,150 4,329,938

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

7,987,002 8,901,598 1,784,144 46,381,263 15,486,498

2,286,680 3,404,441 634,032 15,787,970 4,199,429

686,433 777,021 171,889 3,729,640 1,482,570

506,379 407,206 96,720 2,063,831 1,135,086

1,161,988 1,685,593 267,727 7,756,931 2,061,830

533,072 871,264 144,996 4,746,271 1,203,024

648,729 229,869 92,334 2,736,109 1,027,394

715,180 150,572 85,657 2,789,503 987,168

218,458 599,758 69,747 856,755 313,750

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

2,897,916 2,519,518 31,366,917 13,804,465 7,590,340

888,024 856,338 9,875,752 5,055,960 2,805,664

182,341 239,255 2,981,531 1,550,624 840,395

92,740 145,278 1,542,695 901,637 368,549

313,648 338,578 6,838,332 2,441,365 1,490,988

191,793 173,029 2,799,649 1,081,925 621,280

416,561 162,376 973,979 466,414 278,298

218,405 133,958 401,018 246,902 107,822

200,860 89,562 1,293,281 167,732 171,355

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

6,913,854 10,068,024 10,656,384 3,518,408 13,600,349

2,290,234 2,691,082 2,623,634 1,065,430 3,427,922

665,936 1,097,299 1,286,486 304,890 1,056,558

303,212 917,083 800,510 216,133 509,686

1,394,156 1,702,490 1,829,964 644,242 2,167,563

537,403 546,905 682,932 263,687 1,067,639

331,909 416,120 366,662 194,708 2,516,933

253,804 283,306 375,383 144,486 704,417

199,790 266,264 174,534 140,167 404,159

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

17,671,744 25,535,487 10,112,759 7,308,269 14,889,070

5,451,002 8,343,269 3,630,577 1,782,000 4,681,022

1,405,901 2,622,221 1,026,137 706,265 1,444,068

951,914 1,601,624 508,198 602,724 888,243

3,902,036 5,156,629 1,813,634 1,159,995 3,217,369

1,856,178 2,669,894 828,168 517,616 992,400

740,576 567,389 373,735 327,971 745,417

272,116 284,201 169,064 302,691 417,404

928,969 1,053,106 384,096 110,426 357,045

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

2,250,410 4,178,248 3,409,112 2,648,014 22,684,624

702,926 1,431,990 1,165,049 969,746 7,706,586

216,426 423,146 261,797 229,005 1,946,925

141,410 184,990 206,913 151,853 1,043,058

346,573 808,760 384,572 443,115 4,479,848

164,802 325,971 220,168 191,511 2,316,804

155,289 194,524 253,251 176,146 928,168

86,807 174,897 331,965 138,855 307,335

65,821 43,092 145,724 47,200 1,491,055

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

4,040,562 51,909,373 16,480,546 1,703,683 29,488,445

1,080,472 16,360,685 5,490,594 525,704 9,419,260

350,160 4,284,997 1,587,277 184,137 3,270,957

242,227 2,815,624 1,278,361 69,358 1,705,621

475,014 10,318,342 2,207,301 397,399 5,566,915

276,932 5,812,409 1,155,541 148,078 2,530,246

375,685 1,499,207 793,111 77,129 1,182,901

313,446 401,747 915,397 38,392 492,037

73,952 2,449,802 337,039 30,966 857,169

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

8,943,111 8,275,019 39,192,955 3,108,772 8,839,171

2,623,230 2,884,552 12,551,060 1,024,210 2,674,695

884,906 722,742 3,796,057 229,546 841,589

482,060 419,281 1,622,832 159,701 705,171

1,566,054 1,371,256 8,069,021 526,274 1,128,773

633,747 590,632 3,964,281 288,375 476,413

717,110 484,000 1,640,060 148,634 531,952

431,806 283,688 572,464 87,660 683,349

134,001 422,955 1,890,599 246,114 213,167

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

1,848,296 13,461,058 41,079,000 3,444,053 1,434,866

611,118 3,898,832 11,013,493 1,103,159 476,808

196,148 1,355,040 4,108,310 310,127 133,777

89,220 1,004,968 2,003,002 175,822 87,414

350,704 2,208,835 6,478,134 347,056 250,998

132,377 965,274 3,564,161 204,951 103,419

114,065 652,518 2,151,223 499,472 59,079

60,406 529,336 2,620,711 152,426 39,667

12,062 290,974 1,236,493 76,304 61,369

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

17,168,101 13,381,007 6,003,229 12,616,430 1,069,678

4,267,155 4,209,827 1,595,972 4,693,782 349,151

1,364,435 1,081,103 700,023 1,288,025 103,143

894,794 679,527 491,851 702,298 61,848

2,145,569 1,663,501 1,014,392 2,412,836 155,737

1,081,606 932,647 400,113 1,121,817 69,383

2,538,636 981,582 196,697 332,343 72,786

2,097,719 978,096 111,582 168,183 51,511

272,247 1,061,230 160,107 426,371 28,922

Dist. of Columbia ....... American Samoa ........ Guam ........................... No. Mariana Islands .. Puerto Rico ................. U.S. Virgin Islands .....

2,522,946 30,798 139,256 4,026 4,743,891 137,337

333,056 5,724 28,422 0 1,386,927 43,532

106,396 5,803 15,652 0 610,065 14,807

65,971 4,070 5,335 0 764,742 9,163

496,380 0 4,022 0 330,739 8,805

239,324 0 3,094 0 291,071 5,170

705,891 55 29,483 17 94,993 5,373

50,428 8,736 16,209 379 67,795 1,918

133,553 0 0 0 320,178 19,705

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

285

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DIRECT PAYMENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Continued

State or other jurisdiction

Veterans benefits programs

United States (a) ........ $17,570,266

Supplemental security income payments

Food stamps

$26,010,116 $22,926,610

Housing assistance

Pell grants

Excess earned income tax credit

National guaranteed Federal student loan workers interest compensation subsidies payments

$7,576,334

$6,001,950

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

411,165 47,828 337,949 315,928 1,377,260

652,452 24,125 306,591 355,322 3,742,737

453,354 53,072 417,658 212,035 2,389,984

76,768 8,572 38,028 39,963 2,080,126

125,385 6,861 93,149 61,349 687,429

348,570 10,244 226,583 165,745 1,882,985

8,172 38 13,470 5,258 76,301

46,890 8,577 57,299 21,219 257,817

216,708 4,644 161,463 140,176 694,295

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

272,570 140,999 43,459 1,278,788 567,117

236,623 188,491 43,641 1,374,384 773,986

223,690 152,201 47,890 1,323,717 695,207

70,292 111,244 9,248 211,575 120,985

77,143 34,972 8,956 246,251 145,230

127,410 51,439 29,479 738,436 460,608

24,755 1,427 1,005 11,226 7,399

35,277 14,506 3,986 123,642 54,284

162,323 80,595 33,378 606,234 251,431

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

72,669 76,172 410,060 277,260 152,599

77,134 65,851 1,315,327 391,330 160,966

153,172 57,195 1,069,488 414,782 145,623

23,943 17,566 414,785 95,692 69,306

9,991 29,821 230,217 128,345 72,930

23,747 47,377 486,822 208,124 76,510

1,244 6,113 33,840 35,607 23,599

20,005 8,531 32,200 20,451 7,863

11,639 72,518 667,941 320,315 196,593

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

168,427 322,650 333,376 145,808 289,414

148,556 644,560 788,183 93,802 356,139

145,916 416,301 642,373 110,689 466,384

41,300 91,469 78,066 40,838 100,462

64,494 82,524 134,808 21,617 73,360

80,773 170,648 348,506 36,095 185,852

66,879 11,019 10,290 5,978 6,957

9,693 28,955 25,074 8,762 58,252

211,372 379,349 155,603 81,076 208,652

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

453,249 441,255 256,603 267,781 370,486

571,039 943,960 250,300 546,354 461,286

330,322 834,132 241,822 397,215 482,794

296,489 183,688 106,826 70,149 148,867

127,424 206,746 109,333 86,182 112,751

113,149 276,257 100,531 288,756 218,109

63,437 28,862 7,806 10,214 20,120

40,958 23,957 17,193 20,543 18,193

166,985 298,297 288,736 111,387 313,496

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

75,147 120,030 110,607 94,894 361,301

55,840 85,464 80,074 40,004 604,167

55,937 79,285 87,812 45,677 502,768

17,250 40,807 21,122 31,205 282,864

23,385 37,725 11,009 18,745 113,771

31,919 53,177 62,920 25,308 282,768

6,913 20,982 103 2,116 15,502

8,643 4,471 15,492 8,528 80,230

95,322 148,937 50,534 34,106 221,474

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

162,128 884,637 596,660 41,080 625,867

170,377 2,386,478 713,439 31,869 1,129,965

217,879 1,944,955 490,478 34,085 1,083,214

25,016 747,030 104,192 20,415 253,041

50,699 592,729 125,808 19,530 239,414

107,499 657,736 436,912 18,440 353,809

7,813 124,857 11,945 8,176 47,393

21,183 84,132 37,371 2,359 47,943

90,080 544,006 199,120 56,566 682,693

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

424,262 241,571 721,104 81,875 300,169

290,400 195,707 1,081,350 82,578 427,269

304,693 241,058 1,006,972 75,833 303,152

42,343 55,357 356,299 64,435 65,147

96,921 65,923 225,294 26,172 75,711

162,194 114,441 332,620 28,155 267,620

5,780 3,120 75,668 9,017 13,952

44,833 25,180 84,683 5,674 21,891

98,771 153,556 1,202,591 24,519 109,151

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

65,837 426,050 1,372,110 87,114 42,578

51,408 704,738 1,529,662 88,600 44,130

41,151 599,976 2,319,622 94,479 44,220

17,531 112,334 218,974 20,012 23,346

22,510 107,041 356,391 67,022 12,650

26,707 296,643 1,294,367 63,067 15,018

22,383 9,736 134,346 30,635 6,692

4,246 59,624 124,408 19,034 3,594

30,423 239,139 553,593 104,773 30,107

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

551,526 425,100 186,865 283,967 32,156

514,208 390,858 283,167 401,216 21,545

448,189 388,601 261,325 220,424 27,250

135,499 68,985 54,385 90,603 9,621

113,232 106,647 43,328 88,761 13,089

267,043 160,746 75,506 128,351 17,320

18,190 4,490 2,803 34,537 1,631

66,141 51,505 11,840 15,023 3,901

391,912 196,562 413,273 207,893 50,684

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

55,009 2,039 5,010 278 360,503 1,925

89,597 0 0 2,868 0 0

86,198 0 21,815 0 0 22,547

39,998 3,162 7,031 0 102,080 0

14,042 1,114 1,411 453 352,878 1,279

42,172 0 0 0 0 0

15,401 0 0 0 1,475 6

22,088 76 1,047 0 12,086 132

27,442 19 725 31 48,359 2,975

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Amounts represent actual expenditures during the fiscal year. (a) Includes undistributed monies amounting to $206 million.

286 The Book of the States 1996-97

$12,036,947 $1,296,078

All other

$1,851,483 $11,846,719

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.37 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT CONTRACTSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;VALUE OF AWARDS, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

Total

Department of Defense

Postal service

All other federal agencies

United States ......................

$197,959,409

$125,982,520

$8,846,398

$63,130,491

Alabama .................................. Alaska ...................................... Arizona .................................... Arkansas ................................. California ................................

3,364,002 1,006,522 2,678,911 596,422 30,415,651

1,665,341 626,502 1,969,216 373,953 22,615,104

106,330 23,390 112,730 69,049 984,859

1,592,331 356,630 596,965 153,420 6,815,688

Colorado ................................. Connecticut ............................. Delaware ................................. Florida ..................................... Georgia ....................................

4,471,955 2,751,492 166,825 8,306,106 4,798,781

2,625,789 2,424,100 107,575 5,884,127 4,116,175

151,180 134,191 42,171 460,253 214,959

1,694,986 193,201 17,079 1,961,726 467,647

Hawaii ..................................... Idaho ........................................ Illinois ...................................... Indiana .................................... Iowa .........................................

905,447 843,790 3,221,553 1,674,325 637,179

789,794 65,956 1,261,545 1,311,514 309,262

31,095 27,520 496,774 161,711 114,201

84,558 750,314 1,463,234 201,100 213,716

Kansas ..................................... Kentucky ................................. Louisiana ................................. Maine ....................................... Maryland ................................

1,150,865 1,321,804 3,036,532 1,022,606 8,228,452

805,698 743,717 2,142,171 923,922 4,196,742

94,689 96,705 110,489 44,958 185,539

250,478 481,382 783,872 53,726 3,846,171

Massachusetts ......................... Michigan ................................. Minnesota ............................... Mississippi .............................. Missouri ..................................

6,609,253 2,479,396 1,798,284 2,294,930 7,454,585

5,118,209 1,603,173 1,132,721 1,856,440 6,146,448

269,327 322,019 175,856 57,018 216,702

1,221,717 554,204 489,707 381,472 1,091,435

Montana .................................. Nebraska ................................. Nevada ..................................... New Hampshire ...................... New Jersey ..............................

204,449 560,719 1,044,963 487,320 4,217,738

63,384 310,958 273,945 369,039 3,048,933

27,033 61,616 41,168 45,045 344,970

114,032 188,145 729,850 73,236 823,835

New Mexico ............................ New York ................................. North Carolina ....................... North Dakota .......................... Ohio .........................................

3,596,002 6,142,267 1,897,140 209,976 4,775,362

659,563 3,574,345 1,158,075 119,982 2,946,411

44,334 719,380 199,752 23,789 360,684

2,892,105 1,848,542 539,313 66,205 1,468,267

Oklahoma ............................... Oregon ..................................... Pennsylvania ........................... Rhode Island ........................... South Carolina .......................

1,141,586 492,880 4,525,091 499,319 2,720,612

755,602 128,150 2,738,166 409,821 990,104

94,698 92,078 461,967 44,665 80,466

291,286 272,652 1,324,958 44,833 1,650,042

South Dakota .......................... Tennessee ................................. Texas ........................................ Utah ......................................... Vermont ...................................

196,767 4,477,718 12,841,822 1,190,193 108,851

74,508 1,189,573 8,248,335 524,001 60,725

24,442 163,932 536,588 51,182 24,013

97,817 3,124,213 4,056,899 615,010 24,113

Virginia ................................... Washington ............................. West Virginia .......................... Wisconsin ................................ Wyoming .................................

11,688,840 4,086,471 445,011 1,282,320 121,229

7,972,557 1,614,855 177,191 764,936 56,356

217,842 158,506 54,865 151,775 13,999

3,498,441 2,313,110 212,955 365,609 50,874

Dist. of Columbia ................... American Samoa .................... Guam ....................................... No. Mariana Islands .............. Puerto Rico ............................. U.S. Virgin Islands .................

4,103,030 10,643 276,064 2,646 316,335 16,984

1,007,729 7,568 271,687 1,823 215,290 11,074

62,239 97 1,452 107 36,921 3,078

3,033,062 2,978 2,925 716 64,124 2,832

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: United States total includes undistributed funds of $24.4 billion with $16.9 billion occurring in the Department of Defense and $7.5 billion in all other federal agencies.

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287

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.38 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES FOR OTHER PROGRAMS, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Grants

State or other jurisdiction United States (b) ........

Total

$47,317,236 $17,652,877

Department of Health & Human Service research grants

National Science Foundation

NASA-space program research grants

National Endowment for the Arts Arts

Humanities

ACTION (a)

All other programs

$8,769,336

$2,667,575

$632,154

$169,606

$153,932

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

585,305 278,447 510,000 496,056 4,459,972

261,017 251,120 285,230 56,384 2,390,016

134,556 139,916 109,371 14,459 1,203,618

16,542 8,205 101,273 7,256 376,532

18,923 3,445 14,216 1,467 124,117

974 1,076 1,641 722 19,394

863 616 1,248 1,144 14,118

3,393 612 1,429 2,141 8,367

85,766 97,250 56,052 29,195 643,870

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

887,866 505,502 71,857 1,123,518 808,710

398,591 304,901 42,072 441,645 249,451

148,690 183,700 3,849 120,682 120,978

140,709 35,335 12,493 61,439 35,114

18,257 1,750 1,981 21,250 11,001

1,679 2,620 943 1,819 3,241

2,263 3,735 1,762 1,415 2,314

1,856 2,064 696 6,479 3,256

85,137 75,697 20,348 228,561 73,547

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

213,133 212,286 1,440,232 971,156 1,782,620

66,485 32,619 553,996 199,794 150,111

23,150 6,700 250,955 79,608 80,666

16,910 6,649 151,547 51,642 19,770

4,647 371 11,103 4,971 4,677

1,179 731 5,388 1,211 1,091

1,336 565 8,858 2,890 996

693 1,206 4,736 2,656 2,400

18,570 16,397 121,409 56,816 40,511

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

882,642 410,148 610,614 124,717 3,694,929

76,499 85,632 159,593 67,792 879,877

31,528 34,499 56,888 29,590 603,851

10,417 12,881 18,307 9,962 65,939

2,754 1,590 3,679 671 35,027

922 2,103 980 948 3,027

1,016 605 1,092 1,874 3,510

2,188 2,225 2,519 1,034 2,045

27,674 31,729 76,128 23,713 166,478

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

1,719,522 956,275 1,753,437 423,692 2,119,237

1,358,188 608,279 326,112 76,300 285,431

872,691 250,359 193,471 22,924 189,805

180,559 110,128 35,450 9,962 21,900

33,376 15,552 1,955 3,349 4,760

6,822 2,283 6,476 1,085 2,784

13,296 3,878 2,853 1,006 1,655

3,315 3,974 2,052 2,054 3,296

248,129 222,105 83,855 35,920 61,231

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

665,842 614,731 89,915 112,811 523,942

64,305 63,231 51,235 64,805 272,252

29,673 32,854 14,065 32,645 92,124

15,084 10,895 8,480 9,672 64,253

1,128 1,681 537 6,039 6,623

1,085 1,089 893 1,246 2,521

1,029 1,297 492 1,250 3,659

1,243 1,541 1,118 971 3,155

15,063 13,874 25,650 12,982 99,917

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

333,013 2,421,570 785,557 726,866 925,820

170,187 1,496,626 507,465 52,288 459,834

47,012 841,047 335,741 12,262 236,064

12,013 254,952 50,735 4,336 48,163

6,898 22,908 7,426 437 44,116

3,517 38,791 1,983 658 6,240

1,873 22,395 3,108 717 3,569

1,353 9,293 3,699 662 5,377

97,521 307,240 104,773 33,216 116,305

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

647,891 515,863 1,800,038 123,219 307,643

140,077 209,251 912,207 73,395 124,797

90,895 102,134 455,204 34,111 30,341

14,710 34,369 162,324 13,821 17,016

1,661 7,886 18,033 3,551 1,487

1,221 1,872 6,879 1,072 1,176

910 2,344 5,390 2,046 1,625

2,069 2,010 5,852 935 1,785

28,611 58,636 258,525 17,859 71,367

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

502,966 507,821 2,719,272 271,348 52,823

48,796 234,725 843,983 144,595 37,376

23,442 140,591 433,344 61,137 23,470

4,229 16,542 97,593 22,806 3,587

2,029 14,544 40,771 13,481 313

766 1,123 5,836 1,126 1,272

463 1,789 4,461 1,266 1,063

931 3,341 6,470 1,448 1,089

16,936 56,795 255,508 43,331 6,582

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

1,705,080 1,064,901 148,296 925,491 80,705

362,482 502,186 100,659 361,885 27,780

143,681 324,442 10,168 174,188 2,378

68,629 58,222 36,642 55,705 6,817

22,925 11,991 25,027 10,685 1,090

1,898 3,357 701 1,866 1,144

4,952 2,370 773 2,026 451

2,471 2,474 1,757 2,609 723

117,926 99,330 25,591 114,806 15,177

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

1,503,024 395 21,942 491 171,771 4,398

644,690 409 2,450 447 68,211 3,209

119,356 15 476 0 19,297 648

49,729 0 130 0 9,183 15

11,454 0 0 0 2,541 0

7,075 277 261 200 979 377

6,339 30 243 247 541 324

1,107 0 0 0 2,388 211

449,630 87 1,340 0 33,282 1,634

288 The Book of the States 1996-97

$134,762 $5,125,512

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES FOR OTHER PROGRAMSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Continued Direct payments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; other than for individuals Department of Agriculture

State or other jurisdiction

Total

Feed grain production stabilization payments

Conservation reserve program

Crop insurance claims & payments

Wheat production stabilization paymemts

Other agricultural programs

All other programs

United States (b) ............

$29,664,359

$1,522,706

$1,743,521

$1,835,581

$1,692,505

$5,162,085

$17,707,961

324,288 27,327 224,770 439,672 2,069,956

2,582 140 1,776 4,058 9,360

23,915 937 1 12,302 8,718

1,807 0 0 519 487

3,808 0 4,960 30,971 27,213

88,648 4,987 76,036 333,567 375,597

203,528 21,263 141,997 58,255 1,648,581

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

489,275 200,601 29,785 681,873 559,259

23,422 349 1,212 1,431 7,974

79,513 0 61 5,398 26,339

1,417 37,942 242 6,627 27,701

64,995 0 499 647 13,583

48,579 2,429 6,080 96,075 173,844

271,349 159,881 21,691 571,695 309,818

146,648 179,667 886,236 771,362 1,632,509

0 18,465 189,312 84,355 244,277

7 38,820 62,156 34,009 178,943

0 654 30,080 542 689,132

0 65,483 29,338 14,168 291

3,829 28,539 88,749 16,222 424,605

142,812 27,706 486,601 622,066 95,261

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

806,143 324,516 451,021 56,925 2,815,052

83,254 17,062 3,220 313 4,860

152,242 25,981 6,404 1,756 1,438

98,306 974 645 647 34

293,471 7,706 4,292 2 2,184

102,316 10,540 217,755 14,091 12,624

76,554 262,253 218,705 40,116 2,793,912

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

361,334 347,996 1,427,325 347,392 1,833,806

154 40,720 130,962 2,290 39,717

1 20,094 101,355 35,133 108,337

186 191 368,218 1,190 19,704

0 15,440 77,017 7,549 36,331

5,762 34,249 512,049 217,215 201,813

355,231 237,302 237,724 84,015 1,427,904

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

601,537 551,500 38,680 48,006 251,690

38,867 170,256 211 130 1,131

104,697 76,613 100 0 38

266,220 5,093 50 17 221

131,598 62,743 659 0 412

29,508 112,209 3,085 1,443 6,174

30,647 124,586 34,575 46,416 243,714

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

162,826 924,944 278,092 674,578 465,986

5,367 13,338 13,379 71,217 54,044

18,329 3,278 6,542 107,003 26,910

133 2,385 7,222 80,573 598

7,892 3,630 7,288 254,427 25,338

39,786 26,226 92,061 140,816 31,620

91,319 876,087 151,600 20,542 327,476

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

507,814 306,612 887,831 49,824 182,846

5,533 4,508 8,132 1 6,969

49,743 25,813 5,951 0 11,333

37,964 0 876 10 1,328

149,941 37,412 1,198 0 8,043

86,090 19,859 31,143 430 65,580

178,543 219,020 840,531 49,383 89,593

454,170 273,096 1,875,289 126,753 15,447

54,347 7,387 72,274 2,655 334

70,786 23,581 161,420 9,051 12

54,589 513 12,287 55 46

74,310 8,103 103,370 5,120 1

183,880 74,637 757,798 17,129 2,719

16,258 158,875 768,140 92,743 12,335

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

1,342,598 562,715 47,637 563,606 52,925

6,237 20,066 749 52,032 2,274

3,948 52,939 29 47,274 9,747

189 619 2 76,896 162

4,169 99,454 96 2,220 5,131

39,024 84,677 6,556 163,040 24,891

1,289,031 304,960 40,205 222,144 10,720

858,334 14 19,492 44 103,560 1,189

0 0 0 0 0 0

4,492 0 0 0 29 0

0 0 0 0 287 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

24,127 22 103 36 1,189 70

829,715 8 19,389 8 102,055 1,119

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Amounts represent a mix of value of awards and actual expenditures during the fiscal year. Grant amounts are other than those for state and local governments which are shown in Table 6.34. (a) ACTION grants include the following federal domestic assistance pro-

grams: the Foster Grandparent Program; Retired Senior Volunteer Program; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA); Student Community Service Program; Senior Companion Program; Mini-Grant Program; Volunteer Demonstration Program; Drug Alliance; and Literacy Corps. (b) Includes undistributed monies.

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289

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Table 6.39 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOAN AND INSURANCE PROGRAMSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;VOLUME OF ASSISTANCE PROVIDED, BY STATE AND TERRITORY: FISCAL YEAR 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Direct loans

State or other jurisdiction

Total

Commodity loansprice supports

Farmers Home Administration rural housing loans

Water & waste disposal system loans

Housing for the elderly or handicapped

Other direct loans

United States ..................

$15,649,248

$6,298,804

$3,792,165

$715,500

$133,915

$4,708,864

155,849 19,867 81,032 355,553 4,630,638

53,446 39 23,027 224,242 801,023

70,647 16,306 47,218 104,031 197,559

12,100 0 4,502 17,600 18,153

1,450 409 1,779 1,397 15,772

18,206 3,113 4,506 8,283 3,598,131

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

78,820 43,348 19,835 449,749 410,711

40,031 30 895 250,287 50,300

31,460 20,864 12,973 139,171 161,798

2,873 4,485 2,915 9,139 22,676

482 7,437 2 3,740 2,268

3,974 10,532 3,050 47,412 173,669

28,887 101,695 485,398 277,314 480,850

260 57,028 267,005 164,382 265,399

9,814 38,453 102,174 84,750 135,443

788 3,904 14,325 21,946 13,254

11,198 0 3,115 343 3,289

6,827 2,310 98,779 5,893 63,465

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

182,307 490,462 377,562 101,839 93,545

99,950 352,186 254,071 121 6,718

57,986 89,253 85,967 65,525 63,395

2,957 33,252 19,221 17,213 8,379

744 836 4,697 818 2,974

20,670 14,935 13,606 18,162 12,079

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

104,900 206,724 543,606 603,600 371,265

144 52,242 333,645 482,976 114,914

57,363 114,810 147,650 95,394 93,149

27,292 17,901 13,944 17,242 11,332

4,901 8,651 2,140 673 1,474

15,200 13,120 46,227 7,315 150,396

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

163,685 276,824 22,324 47,028 51,911

138,112 199,817 59 0 2,046

18,818 56,421 12,313 33,463 26,277

3,073 6,206 5,530 11,433 12,839

0 28 0 342 845

3,682 14,352 4,422 1,790 9,904

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

44,234 175,656 701,208 202,446 253,579

6,159 22,853 492,665 145,924 88,138

34,370 85,956 145,308 31,277 113,625

2,940 30,261 41,913 6,043 31,967

0 12,659 2,804 0 9,096

765 23,927 18,518 19,202 10,753

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

106,857 108,512 224,522 11,334 112,204

25,453 17,956 10,174 0 6,319

54,188 50,938 123,656 10,265 82,169

13,736 11,111 35,735 220 17,984

734 1,535 9,143 0 309

12,746 26,972 45,814 849 5,423

199,741 421,754 855,009 180,942 43,446

125,002 265,348 579,113 142,388 54

52,064 115,830 221,462 28,486 30,671

6,486 23,408 24,408 2,017 6,006

98 1,475 4,308 0 0

16,091 15,693 25,718 8,051 6,715

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

166,980 172,981 76,407 149,928 25,549

20,135 81,242 414 33,539 1,532

94,452 64,568 54,217 91,078 21,580

23,289 15,481 16,405 13,283 1,111

3,962 2,645 90 208 0

25,142 9,045 5,281 11,820 1,326

2,624 238 15,869 1,502 125,812 12,812

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 8,574 1,168 75,409 10,419

0 0 0 0 35,228 0

1,770 0 0 0 1,275 0

854 238 7,295 334 13,900 2,393

290 The Book of the States 1996-97

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOAN AND INSURANCE PROGRAMS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Guaranteed loans

State or other jurisdiction

Total

Mortgage insurance for homes

Guaranteed student loans

Veterans housing guaranteed Mortgage Farmers Home & insured insurance Administration loans (a) condominiums programs

United States .............. $158,977,068 $92,678,173 $23,101,135 $18,299,125 $7,856,970

$2,128,549

Small business loans

Other guaranteed loans

Total insurance

$6,266,685 $8,620,665 $293,136,911

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

1,696,277 793,079 5,554,100 1,222,039 20,445,672

906,562 620,123 4,242,705 671,992 11,738,913

133,244 0 415,776 120,416 1,912,806

307,613 77,201 602,984 171,855 3,088,609

21,588 20,638 138,952 4,683 1,961,032

16,968 1,206 3,768 47,785 41,157

106,941 46,188 75,467 75,822 1,011,335

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

6,194,020 1,765,210 327,605 8,508,780 5,127,937

4,211,984 756,980 197,550 5,688,200 3,503,758

323,424 167,180 34,403 521,648 322,104

615,351 102,761 63,872 1,544,618 705,738

418,131 184,623 1,378 319,654 113,239

34,661 7,507 5,285 23,936 63,275

174,740 109,872 19,589 217,746 231,334

415,729 1,001,326 436,287 2,437,092 5,528 1,177,956 192,978 119,672,275 188,489 4,370,808

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

576,137 954,522 5,633,834 6,747,148 1,029,725

105,777 582,917 3,550,215 1,578,984 274,678

34,688 23,745 709,643 4,647,309 335,908

46,991 115,531 423,103 246,002 82,718

361,410 4,861 445,577 33,730 3,386

67 22,354 81,911 39,809 179,288

10,141 51,492 185,841 61,018 100,049

17,063 153,622 237,544 140,296 53,698

2,258,291 269,927 3,871,071 1,556,886 2,502,034

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,173,215 1,240,991 1,796,581 446,487 6,736,774

748,041 653,931 1,136,716 181,622 4,620,097

0 233,206 162,448 120,933 203,613

171,596 151,524 201,881 66,819 660,616

8,610 16,629 9,595 4,271 854,929

61,576 41,255 107,149 15,499 8,652

103,421 39,640 103,581 40,830 56,115

79,971 104,806 75,211 16,513 332,752

1,061,363 981,306 21,735,130 502,381 3,293,827

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

2,430,914 3,128,453 6,235,464 1,120,067 3,046,277

746,292 1,883,487 4,295,220 615,667 1,979,054

1,099,450 550,402 794,410 168,518 306,729

202,727 258,851 329,019 119,430 233,663

83,806 49,894 265,536 809 64,882

17,465 64,605 154,460 69,183 73,890

104,587 98,884 109,861 91,017 157,785

176,587 210,435 286,958 55,443 230,274

1,452,179 1,919,836 2,475,319 1,446,661

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire ..............

679,729 1,109,229 2,127,742 638,665

380,783 395,166 1,468,042 289,301

94,333 378,434 0 117,458

46,286 125,805 438,353 80,936

6,553 1,689 115,091 35,865

19,198 95,331 3,233 711

87,194 40,365 31,788 81,528

45,382 72,439 71,235 32,866

376,844 1,683,215 731,407

New Jersey ...................... New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

2,676,637 919,772 6,235,932 3,125,122 662,127 3,628,496

1,607,788 488,588 2,882,298 1,933,610 313,553 2,224,632

345,723 96,575 1,667,124 195,810 70,197 551,351

244,475 208,382 185,683 631,936 24,445 390,155

265,387 10,674 28,398 89,768 9,351 101,068

4,373 18,394 52,653 62,314 53,200 23,055

103,258 63,248 347,013 77,384 35,576 132,099

105,633 33,911 1,072,763 134,300 155,805 206,136

15,146,591 480,476 8,595,106 6,290,586 1,078,984 1,597,730

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,811,001 1,338,756 4,294,862 511,182 1,308,041

1,105,519 788,701 1,834,333 236,495 654,151

238,322 184,449 1,747,274 125,684 195,112

231,326 140,977 279,672 48,647 261,726

15,485 14,379 92,051 17,676 24,178

62,194 10,310 33,756 1,046 21,099

75,691 87,816 145,843 30,942 53,546

82,464 112,124 148,061 50,692 98,229

1,022,802 896,123 4,020,817 919,203 9,129,495

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

436,729 3,447,145 12,212,090 2,479,209 238,849

151,203 2,489,163 8,228,925 1,808,092 39,608

102,790 282,089 1,067,232 178,293 99,115

33,611 391,148 1,349,768 151,107 19,496

556 69,476 103,423 97,542 3,253

69,620 31,868 161,211 5,050 19,617

49,145 91,922 631,135 67,560 50,468

29,804 91,479 670,396 171,565 7,292

607,402 782,676 23,496,375 101,741 157,575

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

6,747,909 3,972,733 197,003 2,101,888 302,626

3,662,811 2,284,817 82,628 296,553 183,257

423,699 396,544 0 1,197,292 0

1,366,920 733,867 36,276 183,837 38,117

941,601 194,764 399 6,776 815

9,859 23,916 42,300 92,568 19,731

79,339 183,693 19,744 177,271 29,067

263,680 155,132 15,656 147,591 31,639

5,258,604 1,477,136 649,751 821,662 125,113

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

248,058 0 2,066 0 1,575,138 17,041

136,619 0 0 0 1,213,649 6,426

0 0 0 0 2,964 1,267

14,125 0 435 0 50,147 395

31,947 0 0 0 184,381 2,582

0 0 0 0 9,235 0

6,142 0 631 0 99,743 4,237

59,225 0 1,000 0 15,019 2,134

44,381 1,965 12,659 0 1,191,566 181,756

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Amounts represent dollar volume of direct loans made and loans guaranteed, or the face value of insurance coverage provided during the fiscal year.

203,361 27,723 74,448 129,486 691,820

2,085,927 182,052 1,538,468 602,883 24,445,667

(a) Represents only the federal governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contingent liability which is the lesser of $36,000 or 40 percent of the loan (minimum $22,500). Amount shown does not represent the full value of closed loans, as shown in the federal budget.

The Council of State Governments

291

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

292 The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter Seven

MANAGEMENT, REGULATION AND PERSONNEL Staffing the states â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on personnel systems, information resource management, and regulatory activities. Also: statistics on employment, payrolls and retirement systems, and tables on licensing and regulation of selected non-health occupations and professions.

PERSONNEL

Table 7.1 THE OFFICE OF STATE PERSONNEL EXECUTIVE: SELECTION, PLACEMENT AND STRUCTURE Reports to:

Organizational status

Other

Directs departmental employees

Legal basis for personnel department

Separate agency

Part of a larger agency

★ ... ... ...

... (b) ★ (b) (c) ★ (c) (d) ★ (d)

★ ★ ★ ★

S S S S

★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★

...

★

...

★

...

★

...

(e) ★ (e)

★

...

G (f) D (f) G D G

★ ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... (b) ★ (b) ... (g) ★ (g) ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

C S S C,S S

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

(h) G (h) B D G (h) G (h)

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... (i) ★ (i) ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S S S S S

★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

D G B (j) D (j) G

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ★ ... ...

(b) ★ (b) ... ... (b) ★ (b) ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S S C S S

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

G (k) B (k) G B G

... ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

(b) ★ (b) ... ... ... (b) ★ (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S C S S C,S,E

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

D G G G G

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S S S S C,S

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

(l) B (l) G G D D

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... (n) ★ (n) (b) ★ (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(m) S (m) C S S S

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania* ................ Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

(o) G (o) (p) D (p) G D (q)

★ ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... (b) ★ (b) (b) ★ (b) (b) ★ (b) (r) ★ (r)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S S E S S

★ ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

G ★ ... ... ... S ... ★ G ★ ... ... ★ S ★ ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------(t) G (t) ★ ... ... ★ S ★ ... G ★ ... ... ★ S ... ★

State or other jurisdiction

Method of selection

Governor

Personnel board

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California State Personnel Bd. ..... Dept. of Personnel Admin. .....................

B (a) D (a) D D

... ... ... ★

B G

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming* .......................

G (t) G (t) D (t) G (t) D

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ...

(u) ★ (u) ... (v) ... (w) ★ (w)

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

S S S S S

★ ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ★

Puerto Rico .....................

(t) G (t)

★

...

★

...

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

295

PERSONNEL

THE OFFICE OF STATE PERSONNEL EXECUTIVE — Continued Source: National Association of State Personnel Executives, State Personnel Office: Roles and Functions, Third Edition, 1996, except where noted by * where data is from Second Edition, 1992. Note: See above referenced source for more detailed information. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No B — Appointment by personnel board. D — Appointment by department head. G — Appointment by governor. C — Constitution. S — Statute. E — Executive Order. N.A. — Not available. (a) Appointed by Department Head with the approval of the Governor. (b) Head of administration/administrative services. Alaska: Commissioner, Administrative Services; Connecticut: Commissioner, Administrative Services; Kansas: Secretary of Administration; Maine: Commissioner, Administrative & Financial Services; Massachusetts: Secretary, Administration and Finance; Missouri: Commissioner; Nebraska: Director, Administrative Services; Ohio: Director, Administrative Services; Oregon: Director, Administrative Services; Pennsylvania: Secretary of Administration; Rhode Island: Director, Administration. (c) Reports to Director of Administration. (d) Department head (Finance and Administration). (e) Only those employees in the Department of Personnel Administration. (f) The Commissioner of Administrative Services of which the Bureau of Personnel is a part of is appointed by the Governor. There are two Deputy

296 The Book of the States 1996-97

Commissioners, technically the State Personnel Executive is appointed by the Commissioner (Department Head). (g) Agency Head of Management Services. (h) Appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. (i) Assistant Director of Central Management Services. (j) Director makes decision after consultation with the Policy Review Board (an eight-member advisory board to the Bureau of Human Resources comprised of five Commissioners of other state Departments, a representative from the Governor’s office, and two private sector members). (k) Civil Service Commission appointed by Governor for eight-year terms. No more than two can be members of the same political party. Executive is appointed after competitive exam. (l) Appointed by the State Personnel Board with the approval of the Governor. (m) Director only. (n) Reports to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. (o) Appointed by the Governor with the approval of the legislature. (p) Appointed by the Director of the Executive Department with the approval of the Governor. (q) Appointed by the State Budget and Control Board which includes the following: the Governor, Comptroller General, State Treasurer, Chairman, House Ways and Means Committee and the Chairman, Senate Finance Committee. (r) Reports to the Executive Director of the Budget and Control Board. (s) Texas does not have a centralized personnel system. (t) Appointed by the Governor with confirmation of the Senate. (u) Reports to the Cabinet Secretary for Administration. (v) Department of Administration Secretary. (w) Reports to the Cabinet-level agency director.

Provides human resource information system (a)

Human resource planning

Classification

Position allocation

Compensation (a)

Recruitment

Selection

Position audits

Other personnel function audits

Employee promotion

Employee assistance & counseling

Human resource development

CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR SR DA SR

CPO SR CPO CPO

CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR CPO CPO DA

SR DA CPO DA

DA DA CPO DA

CPO SR CPO CPO

CPO SR SR DA

DA DA SR DA

O SR

DA SR

CPO

...

CPO

SR SR CPO ... CPO

SR CPO CPO CPO CPO

CPO CPO CPO CPO CPO

CPO CPO CPO CPO SR

DA DA CPO DA SR

CPO CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR SR SR DA SR

SR DA CPO DA SR

DA SR CPO DA SR

SR CPO ... CPO DA

DA DA DA DA SR

CPO DA CPO DA DA

SR SR CPO DA DA

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... CPO ... CPO CPO

CPO CPO ... CPO CPO

CPO DA ... CPO CPO

CPO SR ... ... CPO

DA CPO ... CPO CPO

SR CPO ... ... CPO

CPO CPO ... CPO CPO

SR SR ... SR SR

DA DA ... DA SR

DA CPO ... DA SR

DA CPO ... SR CPO

SR CPO ... ... CPO

SR DA ... DA SR

SR DA ... CPO CPO

CPO CPO ... SR CPO

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

SR CPO CPO CPO SR

CPO CPO CPO CPO CPO

CPO SR CPO CPO CPO

SR SR SR CPO CPO

SR CPO CPO CPO SR

SR CPO CPO CPO ...

CPO CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR O SR CPO SR

SR SR DA DA SR

CPO CPO CPO CPO SR

CPO SR SR ... CPO

SR SR DA DA SR

SR CPO DA DA CPO

SR SR SR DA SR

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

SR CPO SR CPO CPO

CPO CPO SR SR CPO

O SR CPO CPO SR

SR SR CPO SR DA

SR CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR SR SR SR CPO

CPO SR CPO CPO SR

SR SR SR SR SR

SR (c) CPO SR DA SR

SR DA SR DA CPO

SR CPO SR CPO CPO

... CPO SR CPO SR

SR DA SR DA SR

CPO O SR DA

SR SR SR SR

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... CPO SR CPO CPO

DA CPO CPO CPO CPO

SR CPO CPO SR CPO

SR CPO SR SR CPO

CPO CPO SR CPO CPO

SR ... SR CPO CPO

CPO CPO CPO/(f) CPO CPO

DA CPO SR SR SR

DA DA DA SR SR

DA CPO SR SR SR

SR CPO SR CPO CPO

... ... SR CPO CPO

DA DA DA DA SR

CPO ... SR DA CPO

SR SR SR SR CPO

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

CPO CPO ... DA SR

CPO CPO CPO SR CPO

SR CPO CPO SR CPO

CPO SR DA SR SR

CPO CPO SR CPO CPO

SR CPO SR CPO DA

CPO CPO CPO SR CPO

CPO CPO DA DA SR

DA CPO DA DA DA

DA DA DA DA SR

CPO SR SR CPO CPO

CPO SR CPO SR CPO

DA CPO DA DA DA

CPO DA SR DA ...

CPO SR SR SR SR

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona* .......................... Arkansas ......................... California ........................ State Personnel Bd. ..... Dept. of Personnel Admin. ..................... Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

The Council of State Governments 297

See foototes at end of table.

Performance evaluation (a)

Establishes qualifications

CPO CPO CPO CPO

State or other jurisdiction

PERSONNEL

Administers merit tests (a)

Table 7.2 STATE PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION: FUNCTIONS

Provides human resource information system (a)

Human resource planning

Classification

Position allocation

Compensation (a)

Recruitment

Selection

Position audits

Other personnel function audits

Employee promotion

CPO CPO CPO SR CPO

CPO CPO CPO CPO CPO

DA SR CPO SR SR

CPO CPO CPO CPO SR

CPO DA CPO CPO CPO

CPO CPO O SR SR

SR SR DA SR DA

DA DA CPO DA DA

CPO CPO DA CPO SR

DA CPO CPO CPO SR

DA DA CPO DA DA

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

CPO CPO ... DA CPO

CPO CPO DA SR SR

CPO CPO O SR CPO

CPO SR DA SR SR

CPO CPO DA SR SR

CPO CPO O SR CPO

SR CPO DA CPO SR

... DA DA SR SR

SR CPO DA DA SR

SR CPO DA DA DA

SR CPO SR CPO CPO

CPO CPO DA CPO ...

SR CPO DA DA SR

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming* .......................

... SR CPO CPO CPO

SR SR CPO SR CPO

CPO CPO SR CPO CPO

... DA SR SR ...

SR SR CPO CPO CPO

SR SR CPO O CPO

SR SR CPO CPO SR

SR SR CPO SR SR

SR DA SR SR SR

SR SR SR DA CPO

SR CPO CPO SR DA

SR CPO CPO DA ...

Puerto Rico .....................

CPO

Key: CPO — Functions performed in centralized personnel office. O — Functions performed in other centralized agency. DA — Functions performed in a decentralized agency. SR — Functions are a shared responsibility. . . . — Not applicable.

Human resource development

Establishes qualifications

CPO SR O CPO CPO

Employee assistance & counseling

Administers merit tests (a)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania* ................ Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Performance evaluation (a)

State or other jurisdiction

PERSONNEL

298 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION: FUNCTIONS — Continued

SR SR

SR DA

SR SR

O DA DA ...

SR DA DA SR

SR DA SR DA CPO

SR CPO SR DA

SR SR CPO SR

CPO

O O CPO DA

O O O CPO

O O ... CPO

DA SR CPO (b) DA

Budget recommendations to legislature

... ... O SR

Drug testing

DA ... SR SR

Deferred compensation

... ... ... SR

Group health insurance

Child care/ elder care

DA CPO CPO SR

Workers compensation

Employee attitude survey

O O SR DA

Productivity system

SR SR SR SR

Employee incentive

... CPO ... ...

Retirement

Grievance & appeals

... CPO ... CPO

Collective bargaining/labor negotiations

Labor & employee relations

DA CPO O SR

... CPO

...

CPO

...

CPO

...

CPO

Colorado ....................... Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... Florida ........................... Georgia ..........................

SR SR CPO DA SR

SR SR CPO SR DA

SR CPO CPO SR SR

... CPO CPO CPO ...

SR SR SR SR SR

SR SR CPO O ...

SR ... CPO DA DA

SR ... ... DA SR

SR SR ... SR SR

... SR ... SR ...

CPO SR CPO DA DA

CPO CPO ... SR CPO

CPO CPO SR DA CPO

SR DA SR DA SR

CPO DA SR DA SR

Hawaii ........................... Idaho .............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana .......................... Iowa ...............................

SR DA ... SR CPO

SR CPO ... SR CPO

CPO ... ... CPO CPO

SR CPO ... SR SR

O DA ... O CPO

CPO DA ... SR SR

... ... ... ... ...

SR ... ... DA DA

DA ... ... DA ...

SR DA ... CPO CPO

O DA ... CPO CPO

CPO DA ... O CPO

CPO ... ... DA SR

O CPO ... CPO CPO

Kansas ........................... Kentucky ....................... Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. Maryland ......................

CPO CPO DA CPO CPO

SR SR DA CPO SR

SR ... DA DA SR

SR ... DA O ...

SR SR SR DA SR

DA DA O O O

SR SR DA DA SR

... SR SR DA ...

SR SR ... DA SR

... ... ... DA ...

CPO CPO O CPO DA

CPO CPO O CPO ...

CPO ... DA CPO SR

CPO SR CPO DA CPO

Massachusetts* ............ Michigan ....................... Minnesota ..................... Mississippi .................... Missouri ........................

O CPO SR DA DA

SR SR SR SR DA

O SR CPO SR SR

O DA CPO ... ...

(d) CPO SR SR SR

O DA O O DA

CPO CPO ... SR CPO

... SR ... DA SR

O DA ... SR SR

O DA ... ... ...

O DA CPO O DA

... CPO CPO O DA

CPO DA SR DA SR

SR CPO CPO CPO

Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada ........................... New Hampshire ............ New Jersey ....................

CPO SR O ... CPO

SR CPO SR SR SR

SR CPO SR CPO SR

CPO CPO SR CPO O

SR CPO SR SR SR

CPO DA O DA O

DA ... SR CPO CPO

DA ... DA ... CPO

SR ... SR ... DA

DA ... ... DA DA

... O DA CPO O

CPO CPO O CPO O

CPO (e) O CPO O

DA DA DA DA DA

CPO SR SR CPO O

New Mexico .................. New York ....................... North Carolina ............. North Dakota ................ Ohio ...............................

... SR DA DA ...

DA SR SR DA ...

DA SR ... DA SR

DA O ... ... SR

SR DA SR SR SR

DA O ... O ...

... SR ... DA SR

CPO SR DA DA ...

... SR SR ... ...

... SR DA ... CPO

DA SR SR DA CPO

DA CPO SR O CPO

DA CPO SR O ...

CPO DA DA DA SR

SR CPO SR CPO SR

CPO

299

PERSONNEL

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona* ........................ Arkansas ....................... California ...................... State Personnel Bd. ... Dept. of Personnel Admin. ...................

See foototes at end of table.

DA DA CPO CPO

Affirmative action

State or other jurisdiction

Employee health & wellness program

STATE PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION: FUNCTIONSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Continued

Collective bargaining/labor negotiations

Grievance & appeals

Retirement

Employee incentive

Productivity system

Employee attitude survey

Child care/ elder care

Group health insurance

Deferred compensation

Drug testing

Budget recommendations to legislature

Labor & employee relations

DA SR CPO CPO DA

SR SR CPO SR DA

DA SR CPO SR SR

... CPO CPO SR ...

SR SR SR (g) SR SR

CPO CPO O O DA

SR DA CPO SR DA

SR SR CPO DA SR

CPO DA CPO DA DA

CPO DA O DA DA

DA CPO CPO SR CPO

CPO CPO CPO SR CPO

CPO CPO DA SR CPO

DA DA CPO SR DA

South Dakota* .............. Tennessee ....................... Texas .............................. Utah ............................... Vermont .........................

O O DA CPO SR

CPO SR DA SR SR

CPO SR DA SR CPO

CPO ... DA ... CPO

SR CPO DA SR SR

O O SR CPO O

CPO SR DA SR ...

CPO SR DA ... ...

... CPO DA SR ...

O O DA ... SR

CPO O SR O O

O O SR CPO CPO

CPO O SR CPO O

CPO O DA SR ...

Virginia ......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................ Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming* .....................

SR DA SR SR ...

SR SR SR SR DA

... SR CPO CPO CPO

... DA ... CPO ...

SR SR O CPO CPO

SR O O SR O

SR DA O CPO ...

... ... ... DA ...

... SR SR DA ...

... SR O DA O

SR O O CPO O

SR O O CPO ...

DA DA O ... O

SR CPO SR SR

Puerto Rico ...................

...

CPO

Source: National Association of State Personnel Executives, State Personnel Office: Roles and Functions, Third Edition, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from Second Edition, 1992. Note: See above referenced source for more detailed information. Key: CPO — Functions performed in centralized personnel office. O — Functions performed in other centralized agency. DA — Functions performed in a decentralized agency. SR — Functions are a shared responsibility. . . . — Not applicable. (a) These functions have been computerized in the following states. Testing Certification: Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Vermont; Human Resource Information System: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North

Workers compensation

Affirmative action

Employee health & wellness program

Oklahoma ..................... Oregon ........................... Pennsylvania* .............. Rhode Island ................. South Carolina .............

State or other jurisdiction

SR CPO SR DA SR DA CPO ...

Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington West Virginia; Payroll: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin; Fringe Benefits Summaries: Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah. (b) For adjustments to the salary and benefits plan only. (c) Management positions only. (d) Department of Personnel Administration handles appeals of classification and civil service issues; grievances and other types of appeals handled by Office of Employee Relations; cases denied may be appealed to the Civil Service Commission. (e) Private vendor. (f) Legislature. (g) Grievances only.

PERSONNEL

300 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION: FUNCTIONS—Continued

PERSONNEL

Table 7.3 CLASSIFICATION AND COMPENSATION PLANS

State or other jurisdiction

Legal basis for classification

Current number of classifications in state

Requirement for periodic comprehensive classification review plan

Date of most recent comprehensive review of classification

S S N.A. S

1,481 1,000 N.A. 1,854

★ ... N.A. ★

C,S,R,CB

4,500

...

Ongoing

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

C,S,R S S S S,R

951 4,060 1,300 3,100 1,500

... ★ ... ... (c)

1993-1995 Ongoing 1987 N.A. (d)

S S S,R,CB S,R S

1,719 1,633 1,039 1,501 851

... ★ ... ... ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

S S,R C S,R S,R

762 1,700 N.A. 1,300 2,389

Massachusetts* .................. Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

S C S S S,R

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

(a) 1960 N.A. 1989-1990

Legal basis for compensation plan

Compensation schedules determined by:

S S,CB N.A. S

P (b) P,L (b) L L

S,R,CB

C,S,R S,CB S S S,R

P P,L L P P

1961 1993 1969 1976 1993

S,CB S S,R,CB S S,CB

P L (b) P (b) P (b) P (b)

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Dec. 1994 1982 Ongoing 1976-1977 1984 (e)

S S,R C S,R,CB S,R

P P,L P (b) P,L (b) P,L

1,150 (approx.) 1,691 2,269 2,500 1,307

... ... ... ... ...

1980 (i) 1992-1993 (i) N.A.

N.A. C S,CB S S,R

(h) P (f),L (g), (h) (b,j) P (a) L P,L

S,R S S,R S,R S

1,350 1,460 1,300 1,251 6,169

... ... ★ ... ...

1992 1973 Ongoing (k) 1991 Ongoing

S,R,CB S,CB S,R S,R S

L P P,L (b) L (b) (l) P (l)

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

S,R S ... S,R S,CB

1,200 5,950 3,500 980 2,000

... ... ... ... ★

1989-1990 N.A. 1995 1988 1990

S,R S S S,R S,CB

P (b) L (b) (m) (n) (b) P,L (b)

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania* .................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

S S S S S,R

1,407 815 2,782 1,500 2,298

... ... ... ... ★

1981 1989 1989 1985 (i) (i)

S S,CB S S,CB S,R

P,L (b) P (b) P P L

South Dakota* .................... Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

S ... (o) S (o) S S,R,CB

551 1,680 1,148 2,200 1,300

... ... ★ ... ...

1985-1986 1984 1994 1986 1986

S S (o) S (o) S S,R,CB

P P L P,L (b) P (b)

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming* ...........................

S S,R S,R S,R S

1,800 1,750 750 2,800 774

★ ★ ... ... ★

N.A. Ongoing 1990-1994 Ongoing 1989

S S,R S,R S,R S

P,L P,L P,L (b) P,L (b) P

Puerto Rico .........................

N.A.

★

(i)

P,L

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

301

PERSONNEL

CLASSIFICATION AND COMPENSATION PLANS — Continued Source: National Association of State Personnel Executives, State Personnel Office: Roles and Functions, Third Edition, 1996, except where noted by * where data is from Second Edition, 1992. Note: See above referenced source for more detailed information. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No C — Constitution. L — Legislature. P — Personnel Department. S — Statute. R — Regulation. CB — Collective Bargaining. EO — Executive Order. N.A. — Not available. (a) Review one-fifth of all positions on a yearly basis.

302 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) Collective bargaining. (c) Currently under redesign. (d) Under development; implementation begins October 1996. (e) Not completed. (f) Management compensation schedules. (g) All department compensation schedules approved by legislation. (h) Office of Employee Relations determines non-management compensation schedules. (i) Currently in progress. (j) Coordinated comp procedure. (k) Each occupation reviewed every 10 years. (l) Labor negotiated contracts. (m) State Personnel Commission (with funding from the legislature). (n) The Personnel Division recommends schedules within legislative appropriations. The State Personnel Board has approval authority. (o) Appropriations Act.

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 7.4 SELECTED EMPLOYEE LEAVE POLICIES Annual leave

Sick leave

Accrual (in days/year) State or other jurisdiction

One year

Five years

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona* .......................... Arkansas ......................... California ........................

13 15 12 12 11

16 21 15 15 15

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

12 12 15 13 15

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

Carryover Accrual Carryover allowed (in days/year) allowed

Leave used for other purposes (a)

Leave bank/ Parental program leave offered treated as

Child care on-site

★ ★ (c) ★ (c) ★ ★

13 15 12 12 12

(b) ★ (b) ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (d) ★ (d) ★ ★

I I,B I B I

A,S,U A,S,U (e) M U

... ... ★ ... ★

15 15 15 16.25 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

10 15 15 13 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I,B I,B ... I,B ...

(f) (g) A ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

21 12 10 12 10

21 15 10 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

21 12 12 N.A. 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (h) ★ (h)

I,B ... B ... I

U A,S,U M A,S,L A,S,U,L

★ ... ★ ★ ...

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

12.025 12 12 12 10

15.275 15 18 15 10

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Unlimited 12 Unlimited 12 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I I ... ... I,B

L L U (i) (j)

... ... ... ★ ...

Massachusetts* .............. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

10 15 13 18 15

15 17 27 21 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

15 13 13 12 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... I,B I ... B

(k) U (k) (m) M (m) (m) M (m) L S,U

(l) ★ (l) ... ... ... ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

15 12 15 12 12

15 12 15 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12 21 15 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I,B I I,B ... I

S M A,S,L ... U

... ... ... ★ ★

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

3.08 14 11.75 12 10

3.69 18 16.75 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12 10.5 Unlimited 12 10

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I I I I I

U,L (n) (o) A,U L

... ★ ... ... ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania* ................ Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

15 12 5.5 10 15

18 15 10.4 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

15 12 13 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (r) ★ (r)

I I ... ... B

L (p) (q) L L

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

South Dakota* ................ Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

15 12 10.5 13 12

15 18 13.5 16.25 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

14 12 12 Unlimited (v)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(s) ★ (s) ★ ★ ★ ★

I I,B B I,B B

(t) M (t) A,S L A,S,L (w)

... ★ (u) ★ ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming* .......................

12 12 15 10 12

12 15 15 15 15

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

15 12 18 13 12

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I I I I I

A,S,U U A,U U (e)

★ ★ ★ ... ★

Puerto Rico .....................

★

...

★

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

303

INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

SELECTED EMPLOYEE LEAVE POLICIES — Continued Source: National Association of State Personnel Executives, State Personnel Office: Roles and Functions, Third Edition, 1996, except where noted by * where data are from Second Edition, 1992. Note: See above referenced source for more detailed information. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No A — Annual leave with pay. B — Donation to a leave bank. I — Donation of leave directly to individual. L — Leave without pay. U — Annual and/or sick leave without pay. N.A. — Not available. (a) Purposes vary across the states and individual jurisdictions should be consulted for specifics. However, sick leave typically may be used for family illness in these cases. Other purposes include medical appointments, funeral/ bereavement leave, births, adoption and workers’ compensation disability. (b) Up to 150 days. (c) Up to 30 days. Any additional carryover must be approved by Dept. of Administration director. (d) Industrial disability, parental leave and limit of 40 hours for family member’s illness. (e) Annual leave, sick leave, compensatory credits or leave without pay.

304 The Book of the States 1996-97

(f) Employee may use annual leave or sick leave with pay, remainder of family leave is annual leave and leave without pay. (g) Three days may be charged to sick leave in most cases. (h) Family care. (i) Pregnancy disability for up to six-eight weeks may be charged to accrued sick leave. (j) Special leave category without pay or annual leave with pay. (k) Up to eight weeks without pay. (l) Child care program is privately owned and operates facility on stateowned property. (m) Unpaid leave for adoption. (n) May use leave credits other than sick leave, otherwise unpaid leave. (o) May use sick leave to care for mother during period of disability, may use paid vacation without pay at other times. (p) Any accrued leave must be used before going on leave without pay. (q) Up to 183 days childbirth leave without pay with benefits. (r) Eight days for illness in immediate family; FMLA leave of twelve weeks. (s) 40 hours maximum. (t) Father may use annual leave or 40 hours of personal leave. (u) Varies by agency. (v) Depends on seniority. (w) Parental leave without pay.

Lincoln’s Birthday

President’s Day (c)

Washington’s Birthday (c)

Good Friday

Memorial Day (d)

Columbus Day (e)

Veteran’s Day

Day after Thanksgiving

Day before or after New Year’s

Election Day (f)

Other (g)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(h) ★ (h) ★ ★ ★ ★

... (j) ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

(i) ★ (i) ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... Before ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

Colorado (l) .................... Connecticut (k) .............. Delaware ......................... Florida (k) ....................... Georgia (k) ......................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... (m)

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ (m)

... ... ... ... (m)

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ (n) ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ (n,l) ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ (n) ★

... ... ... (n) ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky (k) ................... Louisiana ......................... Maine (k) ......................... Maryland ........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (o) ★ ★

... ... ... ... (j)

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ★

... (p) ★ (p) ★ ... (j)

★ ★ (o) ★ (o) ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ (o) ★ (o) ★ ...

(o) ★ (o) ★ (o) ★ (o) ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi (k) ................ Missouri ..........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... (o)

... Before ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Montana (k) .................... Nebraska (k) ................... Nevada (k) ....................... New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ (o)

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota (k) ........... Ohio (k) ...........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (j) ... ... ...

(q) ... ... ... ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

(o) ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(q) ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ (r) ...

... ... ... ... ...

... (j) ... ... ...

★ ... ... ... ...

See footnotes at end of table.

Day before or after Christmas

Martin Luther King’s Birthday (b)

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona (k) ...................... Arkansas ......................... California ........................

305

PERSONNEL

The Council of State Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Major holidays (a)

Table 7.5 STATE EMPLOYEES: PAID HOLIDAYS*

Martin Luther King’s Birthday (b)

Lincoln’s Birthday

President’s Day (c)

Washington’s Birthday (c)

Good Friday

Memorial Day (d)

Columbus Day (e)

Veteran’s Day

Day after Thanksgiving

Day before or after New Year’s

Election Day (f)

Other (g)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon (k) ....................... Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina (k) .........

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(s) ... ★ ★ ★

★ (o) ... After (o)

★ (o) ... After ...

... ... ... ★ (t) ★ (t)

... ★ ... ★ ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas (v) .......................... Utah ................................. Vermont (k) .....................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (x) ★ (x) (j)

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ (w) ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (u) ... ★ (j)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (u) ★ ... (o)

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin (bb) ................ Wyoming .........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(y) ★ (y) ★ ★ ★ (cc) ★ (cc)

... ... ★ ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

... ... ... (p) ★ (p) ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ...

(o) ... (z) Before ...

... ... (aa) ★ (aa) ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

Dist. of Columbia ...........

★

...

★

...

★

...

Day before or after Christmas

State or other jurisdiction

Major holidays (a)

PERSONNEL

306 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE EMPLOYEES: PAID HOLIDAYS* — Continued

STATE EMPLOYEES: PAID HOLIDAYS* — Continued Nevada–Nevada Day (October 31). New Mexico–One personal holiday to permanent incumbents who have completed the one year probationary period. Oregon–Two discretionary days. Rhode Island–Victory Day (second Monday in August). South Carolina–One floating holiday. South Dakota–Native American’s Day (second Monday in October). Texas–Confederate Heroes Day (January 19), Texas Independence Day (March 2), San Jacinto Day (April 21), Emancipation Day (June 19) and Lyndon Johnson’s Birthday (August 27). A state employee may observe Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Good Friday in lieu of any state holiday on which the employee’s agency is required to be open. Utah–Pioneer Day (July 24). Vermont–Town Meeting Day (first Tuesday in March), Battle of Bennington Day (August 16). Washington–One floating holiday. West Virginia–West Virginia Day (June 20). District of Columbia–Inauguration Day (January 20, every four years). (h) Also for Robert E. Lee’s Birthday. (i) Also for Thomas Jefferson’s Birthday. (j) Floating holiday; employee may take the holiday on another day. State offices are open. (k) If a holiday falls on a Saturday, it is observed on the Friday before. If it falls on a Sunday, observed on the following Monday. In Oregon, it is rescheduled if it falls on someone’s scheduled day off. (l) In Colorado, agencies have the discretion to observe an alternate holiday schedule in lieu of statutory holidays. (m) In Georgia, Robert E. Lee’s Birthday is observed on the day after Thanksgiving, and Washington’s birthday is observed the day after Christmas. (n) In Indiana, Lincoln’s Birthday is observed on the day after Thanksgiving, and Washington’s birthday is observed the day before Christmas. (o) At the discretion of the governor. In South Carolina, the day after Christmas is an established holiday. (p) Half day. (q) In New Mexico, President’s Day is observed on the day after Thanksgiving. (r) In North Dakota, if the day before Christmas is a weekday, state offices close at noon. (s) Legislation is pending to establish the Thursday after Thanksgiving as a statutory holiday. (t) In South Carolina, election day is a holiday in even-numbered years. (u) In Tennessee, state employees have selected by ballot to observe Columbus Day on the day after Thanksgiving during the past few years. (v) In Texas, a holiday is not observed if it falls on Saturday or Sunday. (w) In Texas, a state employee may observe Good Friday in lieu of any state holiday on which the employee’s agency is required to be open. (x) Called Human Rights Day; celebrates Martin Luther King, Jr. and others who worked for human rights. (y) Called Lee/Jackson/King Day, after Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and Martin Luther King, Jr. (z) Half day on Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve if they fall on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday. (aa) In West Virginia, both general and primary elections are holidays. (bb) Any holiday that falls on a Saturday is a floating holiday. A holiday that falls on a Sunday is observed on the following Monday. (cc) Called Martin Luther King, Jr./Wyoming Equality Day.

307

PERSONNEL

The Council of State Governments

* Holidays in addition to any other authorized paid personal leave granted state employees. Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel offices, March 1996. Note: In some states, the governor may proclaim additional holidays or select from a number of holidays for observance by state employees. In some states, the list of paid holidays is determined by the personnel department at the beginning of each year; as a result, the number of holidays may change from year to year. Number of paid holidays may also vary across some employee classifications. Dates are given for 1996 and may change slightly for 1997. If a holiday falls on a weekend, generally employees get the day preceding or following. Key: ★ — Paid holiday granted. . . . — Paid holiday not granted. (a) New Year’s Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. (b) Third Monday in January. (c) Generally, third Monday in February; Washington’s Birthday or President’s Day. In some states the holiday is called President’s Day or Washington-Lincoln Day. Most frequently, this day recognizes George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. (d) Last Monday in May in all states indicated, except New Hampshire and Vermont where holiday is observed on May 30. Generally, states follow the federal government’s observance (last Monday in May) rather than the traditional Memorial Day (May 30). (e) Second Monday in October. (f) General election day only, unless otherwise indicated. In Indiana, primary and general election days. (g) Additional holidays: Alabama–Mardi Gras Day (day before Ash Wednesday) in Baldwin and Mobile Counties only; in other counties, state employees receive one floating holiday. Confederate Memorial Day (fourth Monday in April), Jefferson Davis’ Birthday (first Monday in June). Alaska–Seward’s Day (last Monday in March), Alaska Day (October 18). Employee’s birthday may be taken as a floating holiday under one collective bargaining agreement. Arkansas–Employee’s birthday. California–One personal day. Delaware–Return Day, after 12 noon (Thursday after a general election) in Sussex County only. Florida–One personal day. Georgia–Confederate Memorial Day (April 26). Hawaii–Prince Johan Kuhio Kalanianaole Day (March 26), King Kamehameha I Day (June 11), Admissions Day (third Friday in August). Iowa–Two floating holidays. Kansas–Discretionary day (taken whenever employee chooses with supervisor’s approval). Louisiana–Mardi Gras Day (day before Ash Wednesday), Inauguration Day (every four years, in Baton Rouge only). Maine–Patriot’s Day (third Monday in April). Maryland–Maryland Day (March 25) and Defender’s Day (September 12) are floating holidays; state offices remain open. Massachusetts–Patriot’s Day (third Monday in April), Evacuation Day (March 17) and Bunker Hill Day (June 17). Minnesota–One floating holiday. Mississippi–Confederate’s Memorial Day (last Monday in April). Missouri–Harry Truman’s Birthday (May 8). Nebraska–Arbor Day (last Friday in April).

PERSONNEL

Table 7.6 CIVIL SERVICE REFORM IN THE STATES

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................ Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa ................................. Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................ Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

Training

Employee relations

Benefits

Layoffs

P N.A. G (a) G G,P

Performance evaluation

I I I I I

Selection

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Recruitment

Initiator of reform

Compensation

Extent of reform

Classification

State or other jurisdiction

Merit testing

Personnel functions under reform or considered for reform

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ★

I G,L,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ I L,P ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------W G,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ I N.A. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... I I (c) I I

P (a) G G,P G,P

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ... ★

I N.A. W ... ★ ... W I I ★ ... ★ I G,L,P ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------I G,L,P ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... W G,L,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ W I W N.A. N.A.

G,P (a) G,P PL P G

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ... I ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

I N.A. ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ I P ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ I G,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------W G,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

------------------------------------------------------------------------ (e) -----------------------------------------------------------------------I G,P ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ I G,P N.A. ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... I G,P ... H ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... W G,P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

W I I I W

G G,P N.A. G G,L,P (a)

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

-------------------------------------------------------- No reform underway/planned -------------------------------------------------------I N.A. ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (f) -----------------------------------------------------------------------I P ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... I P ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

I P ... ★ I N.A. ★ ★ I P ... ★ I G,P ★ ★ -------------------------------------------------------- No

Dist. of Columbia ........... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

I W

G P

... ★

Source: The Council of State Governments survey, 1996. Key: ★ — Function is being reformed or considered for reform. . . . — No reform. I — Incremental reform. W — Wholesale reform. G — Governor. L — Legislature. P — Personnel agency. N.A. — Not available. (a) Other initiators: Arizona, Idaho–various state agencies; Massachusetts– various groups dedicated to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the

308 The Book of the States 1996-97

★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... reform underway/planned -------------------------------------------------------★ ★

... ★

★ ★

delivery of state government services; Minnesota–Governor’s Commission on Reform and Efficiency. (b) Reform is being planned or under consideration by the state personnel executives in Delaware, Louisiana and North Carolina; no further information available. (c) Extent of reform unknown until review process has been completed. (d) Division of Personnel instituted a Certified Public Manager Program in 1996. (e) Streamlining classification and compensation system to include class consolidation and wider salary grades. (f) Data not available.

PERSONNEL

Table 7.7 ALTERNATIVE WORKING ARRANGEMENTS FOR STATE EMPLOYEES State

Flextime

Share leave

Telecommute

Job sharing

Incentives/credits for not using sick leave

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ N.A. ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ N.A. ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... N.A. ★ ... ...

★ N.A. ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

★ N.A. N.A. ★ ★

★ ★ N.A. ... ★

★ N.A. N.A. ... ...

★ ★ N.A. ... ★

... ★ N.A. ... ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ----------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ---------------------------------------------------------------------

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ N.A. ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ... ★ ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

N.A. ★ ... ★ ★

N.A. ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ N.A. ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... N.A. ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

Source: Oklahoma Office of Personnel Management survey, Workforce Policies: State Activity and Innovations, July 1995, which updates information originally in the National Association of State Budget Officers, March 1995. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No N.A. — Not applicable. (a) Information not available.

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309

INFORMATION/RECORDS MANAGEMENT

Table 7.8 INFORMATION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICERS Has authority to approve: State

Chief information officer’s title and division (a)

Officer’s decisions are binding ★ ... N.A. ★ ★

State IRM State IRM State IRM plans policies standards ★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

Director, Data Systems Management Division Commissioner, Department of Administration Assistant Director, Department of Administration Director, Department of Computer Services Director, Office of Information Technology

Staff Director, Commission on Information Management . . . ... ★ ... ... -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer--------------------------------------------------------Executive Director, Office of Information Systems ★ ★ ★ ... ★ Executive Administrator, Information Resource ★ ★ ★ ★ ... Commission -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer---------------------------------------------------------

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana (b) ...................... Iowa .................................

Director of Finance Director, Department of Administration Director, Department of Central Management Services -----------------------------------------------------------No chief -----------------------------------------------------------No chief

Kansas ............................. ........................................... Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

Director, Division of Information Systems ★ ★ ★ ... ★ & Telecommunications Commissioner, Department of Information Systems ... ... ★ ★ ★ -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer--------------------------------------------------------Director, Bureau of Information Services (c) ★ (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ Chief of Information Technology ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... ........................................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

Director, Office of Management Information Systems Chief Information Officer, Department of Management & Budget Assistant Commissioner Executive Director, Central Data Processing Authority -----------------------------------------------------------No chief

Administrator, Information Services Division Acting Administrator, Central Data Processing Director, Department of Information Services Director, Information Technology Management Administrator, Office of Telecommunications and Information Systems

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio ................................. ...........................................

Director, Information Systems Division (d) ★ (d) ★ ★ ★ ... -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer--------------------------------------------------------Deputy State Controller for IRM (d) ★ ★ ★ ★ Director, Information Systems Division (d) ★ ★ ★ ★ Director, Department of Administrative Services, ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ delegated to the Director of Computer Services

-----------------------------------------------------------No chief Chief Information Officer Special Assistant to the Governor for Telecommunications & Technology Systems -----------------------------------------------------------No chief Assistant Director, Office of Information Technology Policy & Management

South Dakota .................. ........................................... Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

Commissioner, Bureau of Information (d) ★ ★ N.A. ★ & Telecommunications Chief of Information Systems ★ ★ ★ ... ★ Executive Director, Department of Information Resources ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer--------------------------------------------------------Chief Information Officer N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Virginia ........................... ........................................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

Director, Department of Information Technology ★ ... ... ★ ★ Director, Council on Information Management ★ ★ ★ ★ ... Director, Department of Information Services (e) ★ (e) ★ ★ ★ ★ -----------------------------------------------------------No chief information officer--------------------------------------------------------Division Administrator, Department of Administration ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Administrator, Office of Computer Technology ... ... ★ N.A. ★

Source: National Association of State Information Resource Executives, State Information Resource Management Organizational Structures: 1994 NASIRE Biennial Report, 1994. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No N.A. — Not available (a) The state’s chief information officer is the individual with the highest level of authority for managing information resources and services. (b) Basic functions of CIO fulfilled by Data Processing Oversight Commission. However, each large agency may have a Director who fulfills

310 The Book of the States 1996-97

N.A. ... ... ★ ★

State-level IRM acquisitions

★ ★ ★ N.A. ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ information officer--------------------------------------------------------information officer---------------------------------------------------------

... ★

... ...

... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ information officer--------------------------------------------------------N.A. (d) ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

information officer--------------------------------------------------------★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ information officer--------------------------------------------------------★ ★ ★ ★ ★

certain CIO functions. (c) Advisory only. (d) Decisions are binding in some cases, but not in others. In Nebraska, typically for hardware acquisition purposes. In New Mexico, there are six departments in the executive branch that are statutorily exempt from this provision. In North Carolina, the CIO has authority to the extent that it has been specified or delegated by the commission. (e) The enforcement mechanism is delegated acquisition authority; failure to comply with policy may result in loss of authority to purchase goods and services.

INFORMATION/RECORDS MANAGEMENT

Table 7.9 INFORMATION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: STATE COMMISSIONS, CENTRAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BUDGETS State commissions State

IRM commission (a)

Authority to approve:

Central IRM organization (b)

IRM budget as a percentage of total state budget (c)

... ★ ... ... ...

... A,B,C,D ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

N.A. N.A. 1.6 N.A. 1.4

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

★ ... ★ ★ ★

A,B,C ... B A,B,C,D B

... ... ★ ★ ★

(d,e) 1.3 (d,e) N.A. (d) 7.5 (d) (d) 0.8 (d) 0.2

... ★ ... ★ ...

... A, B,C, D ... D ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

1.0 (d,e) 1.6 (d,e) N.A. 0.7 (d) 1.3 (d)

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... A,B,C ... A,B,C (f) A,B (f)

★ ★ ... ★ ★

(d,e) 6.6 (d,e) (d,e) 1.7 (d,e) N.A. (d) 0.8 (d) (d,e) 2.0 (d,e)

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... (g) A,B,C,D ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

0.9 1.5 N.A. (e) 1.7 (e) 1.1

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

★ ... ★ ★ ...

none ... none N.A. ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

(d) 2.4 (d) N.A. N.A. N.A. 1.4

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

★ ... ★ ... ...

A,B,C,D ... A,B,C ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ...

N.A. 0.9 0.8 N.A. (d,e) 0.7 (d,e)

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

... ★ ... ... ...

... A,B,C ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

2.8 (e) 2.0 (e) 1.1 N.A. (d,e) 2.5 (d,e)

... ★ ★ ... ★

... A,B (h) A,B,C (h) ... B,C,D

★ ★ ★ ... ...

(d,e) 9.0 (d,e) (d) 0.6 (d) (d,e) 1.9 (d,e) N.A. N.A.

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

★ ★ ... ★ ...

A,B,C A,B,C,D ... A,B,C ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

(e) 3.0 (e) (d,e) 2.7 (d,e) N.A. (e) 1.4 (e) (d) 2.8 (d)

Source: National Association of State Information Resource Executives, State Information Resource Management Organizational Structures: 1994 NASIRE; Biennial Report, 1994. Key: ★ — Organization exists in the state . . . — Organization does not exist in the state A — State IRM plans B — State IRM policies C — State IRM standards D — State-level IRM acquisitions N.A. — Not available (a) Formal board, commission, committee or authority established for the purpose of directing or managing the planning and implementation of information processing resources, policies, standards and services within the state. (b) A department or agency with state-level authority over information

management; usually sets policy and standards; possibly subject to approval of an IRM commission; and may have influence over day-to-day IRM operations. (c) Budget includes information for the executive department only, except in Connecticut and where noted. (d) In addition to the executive department, budget includes information for the legislative and judicial branches, except in South Dakota and Tennessee — legislative only; Washington, Florida and Texas — judicial only. (e) In addition to the executive department, budget includes information for university. (f) Reviews and recommends. (g) Has review authority only. (h) Approves state-level IRM acquisitions except for telecommunication operations of the General Services commission.

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311

INFORMATION/RECORDS MANAGEMENT

Table 7.10 STATE AID FOR LIBRARIES (Fiscal Year 1994) State

Number of public libraries (a)

Individual public libraries

208 85 39 36 169

$ 4,772,000 1,276,000 1,211,000 1,908,000 23,323,000

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

120 194 29 100 54

673,000 1,362,000 861,000 25,436,000 27,873,000

0 10,000 2,000 0 0

210,000 2,191,000 1,119,000 1,167,000 6,831,000

1 107 606 238 517

0 601,000 15,029,000 1,386,000 181,000

0 0 0 0 0

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

320 116 65 225 24

2,167,000 4,247,000 184,000 40,000 16,474,000

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

374 377 132 47 148

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Public library systems $

946,000 0 0 1,038,000 2,125,000

Public library construction

7,000 0 0 0 3,160,000

Total aid $ 5,976,000 1,333,000 1,691,000 3,292,000 33,306,000

1,636,000 1,004,000 0 1,577,000 0

1,255,000 134,000 86,000 0 53,000

3,774,000 4,700,000 2,068,000 28,180,000 34,756,000

0 116,000 10,204,000 653,000 146,000

0 0 20,481,000 2,721,000 0

0 0 4,454,000 97,000 50,000

0 717,000 50,168,000 4,857,000 377,000

1,137,000 0 0 0 0

303,000 1,282,000 468,000 158,000 330,000

0 0 0 210,000 1,269,000

769,000 0 0 0 3,929,000

4,376,000 5,528,000 652,000 408,000 22,003,000

7,700,000 14,497,000 2,635,000 0 2,103,000

7,975,000 4,881,000 5,770,000 3,558,000 0

1,144,000 951,000 310,000 138,000 245,000

1,423,000 736,000 865,000 0 0

6,458,000 110,000 702,000 5,000 435,000

24,701,000 21,176,000 10,281,000 3,701,000 2,782,000

83 269 26 229 310

19,000 476,000 412,000 0 8,729,000

279,000 0 0 0 86,000

121,000 112,000 97,000 217,000 0

0 596,000 0 80,000 3,125,000

264,000 163,000 177,000 80,000 1,323,000

683,000 1,346,000 687,000 297,000 13,262,000

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

69 758 74 78 250

280,000 38,019,000 12,519,000 451,000 263,000

0 25,169,000 0 0 844,000

52,000 1,561,000 570,000 103,000 500,000

0 5,275,000 0 50,000 789,000

55,000 10,605,000 269,000 72,000 2,474,000

387,000 80,629,000 13,359,000 675,000 4,869,000

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

110 124 448 51 40

616,000 172,000 18,768,000 384,000 4,203,000

1,232,000 299,000 1,770,000 0 0

275,000 304,000 0 1,844,000 230,000

28,000 0 6,992,000 0 0

86,000 256,000 5,983,000 869,000 82,000

2,236,000 1,031,000 33,513,000 3,097,000 4,515,000

113 137 498 69 201

9,000 1,833,000 709,000 812,000 11,000

0 4,642,000 9,621,000 0 0

112,000 381,000 841,000 144,000 151,000

0 0 0 0 0

48,000 0 0 933,000 1,000

169,000 6,856,000 11,171,000 1,890,000 162,000

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

90 70 97 380 23

11,046,000 547,000 4,679,000 534,000 12,000

0 123,000 1,346,000 11,792,000 0

10,000 120,000 162,000 418,000 32,000

0 0 0 60,000 0

617,000 422,000 171,000 1,158,000 23,000

11,674,000 1,212,000 6,359,000 13,961,000 67,000

312 The Book of the States 1996-97

250,000 0 317,000 214,000 1,397,000

Other 0 57,000 164,000 131,000 3,299,000

Source: Chief Officers of State Library Agencies. Data are state funds, excluding Federal funds, and excluding state funds used to administer a state library agency.

Multitype library systems

(a) Source for this column: Public Libraries in the United States: 1993, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995.

STATE PURCHASING

Table 7.11 STATE PURCHASING: BUY-AMERICAN LAWS AND OTHER PRACTICES Preference to specified products State

Buy-American laws affecting public procurement

Small business

Recycled plastic

Recycled paper

Other products with recycled content

Other

... ... ... ... (a) ★ (a)

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

... (b) ★ (b) ... ... ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

(d) ★ (d) ... ... (f) ★ (f) ...

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

(g) ★ (g) ... (a) ★ (a) ... (e) ★ (e)

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... (h) ★ (h) (h) ★ (h) ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... ... (i) ★ (i) (j) ★ (j) ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... (h) ★ (h) ... ... ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... ... ... ... (k) ★ (k)

★ ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

(a) ★ (a) (e) ★ (e) ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

... (h) ★ (h) ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... (h) ★ (h) ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... (l) ★ (l) ... ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

... ... ★ (m) ★ (m) (n) ★ (n)

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ★ (h) ★ (h) ...

Source: National Association of State Purchasing Officials, State and Local Government Purchasing, 4th Edition (1994). Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Automobiles only. (b) Textiles only. (c) The law is too vague to apply. (d) Hawaiian products, printing, software. (e) Steel. In Illinois, domestically produced products receive a 10 percent preference for steel used in public works projects. In Maryland, 10,000 pounds or more for public works projects. In New York, steel for public works projects only.

(f) Five percent price preference to Indiana businesses. (g) The law is permissive, not mandatory. (h) Products or services of sheltered or rehabilitation workshops. Also in Michigan, prison industries. Also in New York, products of the special employment program of the state office of mental health. (i) Five percent preference to American-made products and services. (j) Specifications shall be written so as not to exclude comparable equipment of domestic manufacturer. (k) Materials used in conjunction with public works contracts. (l) Only in tie bids for products/services. (m) The state will purchase materials that are manufactured to the greatest extent in the United States in case of tie bids. (n) Beef.

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313

STATE PURCHASING

Table 7.12 STATE PURCHASING OF RECYCLED PRODUCTS State purchases State

Purchases of recycled products required by law

Recycled oil

... ★ ... ★ ★

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Restrictions on purchasing

Recycled fuel

Alternative fuel vehicles

Soybean ink

Foam cups and plates

Products with CFCs

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ... ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

★ ... ★ ★ ...

... ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ★ ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

... ★ ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ★

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ★ ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

... ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

... ★ ... ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ★ ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

... ★ ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

(a) ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ★ ...

Source: National Association of State Purchasing Officials, State and Local Government Purchasing, 4th Edition (1994). Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Used in test vehicles only.

314 The Book of the States 1996-97

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.13 SUMMARY OF STATE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT: 1953-1993 Employment (in thousands) Total, full-time and part-time Year (October) 1953 ................ 1954 ................ 1955 ................ 1956 ................ 1957 (April) ... 1958 ................ 1959 ................ 1960 ................ 1961 ................ 1962 ................ 1963 ................ 1964 ................ 1965 ................ 1966 ................ 1967 ................ 1968 ................ 1969 ................ 1970 ................ 1971 ................ 1972 ................ 1973 ................ 1974 ................ 1975 ................ 1976 ................ 1977 ................ 1978 ................ 1979 ................ 1980 ................ 1981 ................ 1982 ................ 1983 ................ 1984 ................ 1985 ................ 1986 ................ 1987 ................ 1988 ................ 1989 ................ 1990 ................ 1991 ................ 1992 ................ 1993 ................

Monthly payrolls (in millions of dollars)

Full-time equivalent

All

Education

Other

All

1,082 1,149 1,199 1,268 1,300 1,408 1,454 1,527 1,625 1,680 1,775 1,873 2,028 2,211 2,335 2,495 2,614 2,755 2,832 2,957 3,013 3,155 3,271 3,343 3,491 3,539 3,699 3,753 3,726 3,747 3,816 3,898 3,984 4,068 4,115 4,236 4,365 4,503 4,521 4,595 4,673

294 310 333 353 375 406 443 474 518 555 602 656 739 866 940 1,037 1,112 1,182 1,223 1,267 1,280 1,357 1,400 1,434 1,484 1,508 1,577 1,599 1,603 1,616 1,666 1,708 1,764 1,800 1,804 1,854 1,925 1,984 1,999 2,050 2,112

788 839 866 915 925 1,002 1,011 1,053 1,107 1,126 1,173 1,217 1,289 1,344 1,395 1,458 1,501 1,573 1,609 1,690 1,733 1,798 1,870 1,910 2,007 2,032 2,122 2,154 2,123 2,131 2,150 2,190 2,220 2,267 2,310 2,381 2,440 2,519 2,522 2,545 2,562

966 1,024 1,081 1,136 1,153 1,259 1,302 1,353 1,435 1,478 1,558 1,639 1,751 1,864 1,946 2,085 2,179 2,302 2,384 2,487 2,547 2,653 2,744 2,799 2,903 2,966 3,072 3,106 3,087 3,083 3,116 3,177 2,990 3,437 3,491 3,606 3,709 3,840 3,829 3,856 3,891

Education

Other

211 222 244 250 257 284 318 332 367 389 422 460 508 575 620 694 746 803 841 867 887 929 952 973 1,005 1,016 1,046 1,063 1,063 1,051 1,072 1,091 945 1,256 1,264 1,309 1,360 1,418 1,375 1,384 1,436

755 802 837 886 896 975 984 1,021 1,068 1,088 1,136 1,179 1,243 1,289 1,326 1,391 1,433 1,499 1,544 1,619 1,660 1,725 1,792 1,827 1,898 1,950 2,026 2,044 2,024 2,032 2,044 2,086 2,046 2,181 2,227 2,297 2,349 2,432 2,454 2,472 2,455

All $

Education

Other

278.6 $ 73.5 $ 205.1 300.7 78.9 221.8 325.9 88.5 237.4 366.5 108.8 257.7 372.5 106.1 266.4 446.5 123.4 323.1 485.4 136.0 349.4 524.1 167.7 356.4 586.2 192.4 393.8 634.6 201.8 432.8 696.4 230.1 466.3 761.1 257.5 503.6 849.2 290.1 559.1 975.2 353.0 622.2 1,105.5 406.3 699.3 1,256.7 477.1 779.6 1,430.5 554.5 876.1 1,612.2 630.3 981.9 1,741.7 681.5 1,060.2 1,936.6 746.9 1,189.7 2,158.2 822.2 1,336.0 2,409.5 932.7 1,476.9 2,652.7 1,021.7 1,631.1 2,893.7 1,111.5 1,782.1 3,194.6 1,234.4 1,960.1 3,483.0 1,332.9 2,150.2 3,869.3 1,451.4 2,417.9 4,284.7 1,608.0 2,676.6 4,667.5 1,768.0 2,899.5 5,027.7 1,874.0 3,153.7 5,345.5 1,989.0 3,357.0 5,814.9 2,178.0 3,637.0 6,328.6 2,433.7 3,884.9 6,801.4 2,583.4 4,226.9 7,297.8 2,758.3 4,539.5 7,842.3 2,928.6 4,913.7 8,443.1 3,175.0 5,268.1 9,083.0 3,426.0 5,657.0 9,437.0 3,550.0 5,887.0 9,828.0 3,774.0 6,054.0 10,288.2 3,999.3 6,288.9

Average monthly earnings of full-time employees All $ 289 294 302 321 320 355 373 386 409 429 447 464 484 522 567 602 655 700 731 778 843 906 964 1,031 1,096 1,167 1,257 1,373 1,507 1,625 1,711 1,825 1,935 2,052 2,161 2,260 2,372 2,472 2,479 2,562 2,722

Education $ 320 325 334 358 355 416 427 439 482 518 545 560 571 614 666 687 743 797 826 871 952 1,023 1,080 1,163 1,237 1,311 1,399 1,523 1,671 1,789 1,850 1,991 2,155 2,263 2,396 2,490 2,627 2,732 2,530 2,607 3,034

Other $ 278 283 290 309 309 333 352 365 383 397 410 427 450 483 526 544 597 605 686 734 805 855 909 975 1,031 1,102 1,193 1,305 1,432 1,551 1,640 1,740 1,834 1,956 2,056 2,158 2,259 2,359 2,433 2,521 2,578

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

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PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.14 EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, BY FUNCTION: OCTOBER 1992 All employees, full-time and part-time

October payrolls

(in thousands)

(in millions of dollars) Local governments

Total

State governments

Local governments

Average October earnings of full-time employees

4,595

11,103

$33,183

$9,828

$23,355

$2,562

2,356 841 5,762 3,859 132 106

1,909 623 35 25 1 106

447 218 5,727 3,825 131 0

4,155 2,094 12,124 9,557 178 242

3,457 1,695 75 61 1 242

698 400 12,049 9,496 177 0

2,959 4,108 2,522 2,838 2,057 2,496

561 496 1,163 770 558 344 319 204 543 118 355 323 370 459

261 215 555 87 55 0 0 164 348 118 151 114 52 29

300 281 608 683 503 344 319 40 194 0 205 209 318 430

1,252 1,015 2,518 2,061 1,698 825 776 431 1,308 275 751 832 568 1,293

626 471 1,224 247 177 0 0 355 844 275 351 350 125 105

626 544 1,294 1,814 1,521 825 776 76 464 0 400 482 443 1,188

2,326 2,179 2,327 2,947 3,179 3,260 3,297 2,436 2,454 2,433 2,320 2,765 2,491 2,951

Functions

Total

All functions ........................................

15,698

Education: Higher Education ............................ Instructional personnel only ....... Elementary/Secondary schools ...... Instructional personnel only ....... Libraries ........................................... Other education ............................... Selected functions: Highways ......................................... Public welfare .................................. Hospitals .......................................... Police protection ............................. Police officers only ..................... Fire protection ................................. Firefighters only .......................... Natural resources ............................. Correction ........................................ Social insurance administration ..... Financial administration ................. Judicial & legal administration ...... Other government administration .. Utilities ............................................

State governments

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

316 The Book of the States 1996-97

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.15 EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, BY FUNCTION: OCTOBER 1993 All employees, full-time and part-time

October payrolls

(in thousands)

(in millions of dollars) Local governments

Total

State governments

Local governments

Average October earnings of full-time employees

4,673

11,151

$34,540

$10,288

$24,252

$2,654

2,410 850 5,834 3,891 135 114

1,961 630 37 26 1 114

450 220 5,797 3,864 134 0

4,413 2,166 12,703 10,009 185 255

3,663 1,740 82 66 1,314 255

750 426 12,621 9,942 184 0

3,092 4,244 2,621 2,937 2,117 2,600

556 507 1,124 776 561 330 306 203 561 113 360 326 340 450

262 224 541 87 53 0 0 167 367 113 159 117 52 28

294 283 583 689 508 330 306 36 194 0 201 208 288 422

1,279 1,054 2,549 2,143 1,764 848 800 437 1,369 271 801 873 578 1,286

648 496 1,251 256 176 0 0 369 898 271 387 368 130 106

631 559 1,298 1,887 1,588 848 800 68 472 0 415 505 448 1,180

2,389 2,212 2,452 3,032 3,279 2,385 3,430 2,489 2,491 2,521 2,429 2,867 2,546 3,013

Functions

Total

All functions ........................................

15,824

State governments

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Statistics for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

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PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.16 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1992 Full-time equivalent employment

State or other jurisdiction

All employees (full-time and part-time) State

Local

Number per 10,000 population

Number State

Local

Total

State

Local

United States ..................

4,594,635

11,103,221

13,365,686

Total

3,856,222

9,509,464

524

151

373

94,907 27,485 64,804 53,364 385,807

170,062 26,134 163,044 95,854 1,326,155

235,412 46,027 199,138 128,584 1,429,841

81,101 24,246 54,064 46,596 321,860

154,311 21,781 145,074 81,988 1,107,981

569 784 520 536 463

196 413 141 194 104

373 371 379 342 359

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

72,424 63,843 24,385 187,813 127,075

159,020 110,133 19,025 577,289 309,546

185,140 151,167 37,687 664,070 397,053

53,004 54,154 20,179 164,501 114,464

132,136 97,013 17,508 499,569 282,589

534 461 547 492 588

153 165 293 122 170

381 296 254 370 419

61,786 25,586 164,182 115,618 60,418

15,196 50,122 525,396 238,414 140,176

64,539 60,096 567,178 297,585 155,793

50,657 20,250 136,623 95,157 47,354

13,882 39,846 430,555 202,428 108,439

556 563 488 526 554

437 190 117 168 168

120 373 370 358 386

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

56,168 85,605 103,048 26,961 97,529

138,701 132,719 178,632 54,298 179,538

157,064 197,016 249,344 65,148 239,627

47,882 76,254 88,767 22,006 82,072

109,182 120,762 160,577 43,142 157,555

623 525 582 528 488

190 203 207 178 167

433 322 375 349 321

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

101,646 172,502 83,922 55,388 90,424

218,173 407,519 226,558 121,253 206,132

277,246 460,471 239,943 155,159 247,711

84,983 137,853 67,332 47,433 74,049

192,263 322,618 172,611 107,726 173,662

462 488 536 594 477

142 146 150 181 143

321 342 385 412 334

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

23,693 34,545 20,961 21,328 131,841

47,017 87,827 52,264 43,207 337,996

54,229 99,631 66,001 51,803 417,409

17,095 28,746 19,142 16,296 115,770

37,134 70,885 46,859 35,507 301,639

658 620 497 466 536

207 179 144 147 149

451 441 353 320 387

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

53,317 290,433 127,279 21,964 176,781

67,036 988,512 301,532 34,088 484,789

102,368 1,147,540 368,847 37,515 539,719

42,159 267,429 109,046 16,468 140,305

60,209 880,111 259,801 21,047 399,414

647 633 539 590 490

267 148 159 259 127

381 486 380 331 363

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

79,346 63,229 173,030 24,225 90,504

141,272 131,854 422,212 30,851 137,661

187,811 155,211 510,169 47,629 201,698

67,071 49,704 143,438 19,890 77,754

120,740 105,507 366,731 27,739 123,944

585 521 425 474 560

209 167 119 198 216

376 354 305 276 344

17,631 90,593 278,281 46,491 14,474

39,549 196,760 820,720 70,398 22,923

39,172 253,944 987,993 92,955 30,546

13,517 75,930 239,702 39,618 12,923

25,655 178,014 748,291 53,337 17,623

551 505 560 513 536

190 151 136 219 227

361 354 424 294 309

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

141,664 120,368 40,280 96,533 13,154

259,277 201,393 64,927 242,206 31,442

344,975 275,419 92,232 261,595 36,581

115,817 98,016 33,597 72,674 11,274

229,158 177,403 58,635 188,921 25,307

541 536 509 522 785

182 191 185 145 242

359 345 324 377 543

Dist. of Columbia ...............

56,419

54,655

928

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Statistics for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

318 The Book of the States 1996-97

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.17 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1993 Full-time equivalent employment

State or other jurisdiction

All employees (full-time and part-time) State

Local

Number per 10,000 population

Number State

Local

Total

State

Local

United States ..................

4,673,387

11,151,015

13,442,930

Total

3,890,662

9,552,282

522

151

371

95,555 25,561 70,003 53,411 410,951

169,769 27,530 167,749 97,669 1,308,206

239,479 43,865 205,402 131,067 1,428,718

82,886 21,829 56,683 46,655 343,781

156,593 22,050 148,719 84,412 1,084,937

572 732 522 540 458

198 364 144 192 110

374 368 378 348 348

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

74,096 70,185 24,924 190,603 135,675

158,008 109,311 19,720 574,819 319,871

187,098 154,946 38,006 665,128 411,389

54,542 59,991 20,425 167,056 118,527

132,556 94,955 17,581 498,072 292,862

525 473 543 486 594

153 183 292 122 171

372 290 251 364 423

63,297 26,204 163,957 113,161 62,489

15,205 50,390 523,065 236,816 144,283

66,125 61,557 562,496 291,306 163,627

51,787 20,555 131,878 87,843 51,018

14,338 41,002 430,618 203,463 112,609

564 560 481 510 581

442 187 113 154 181

122 373 368 356 400

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

56,671 84,577 106,976 26,225 101,693

142,848 134,378 174,926 52,115 182,852

162,598 193,775 250,218 63,598 244,679

47,709 71,725 90,417 21,285 83,871

114,889 122,050 159,801 42,313 160,808

642 511 583 513 493

188 189 211 172 169

454 322 372 342 324

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

96,238 169,662 84,354 53,901 94,944

230,423 408,940 231,730 119,799 204,678

282,672 462,025 243,580 154,479 255,348

80,524 135,864 67,059 47,746 78,829

202,148 326,161 176,521 106,733 176,519

470 487 539 584 488

134 143 148 180 151

336 344 391 404 337

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

22,877 35,038 20,865 21,886 124,519

44,430 88,744 52,755 41,240 347,907

52,228 99,830 65,194 51,898 413,886

17,343 29,158 19,059 16,902 110,176

34,885 70,672 46,135 34,996 303,710

623 621 469 461 525

207 181 137 150 140

416 440 332 311 385

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

53,199 291,446 128,912 20,956 177,437

69,204 978,133 325,001 32,302 459,516

105,631 1,122,240 389,294 38,307 530,820

42,862 267,359 110,640 15,684 141,286

62,769 854,881 278,654 22,623 389,534

653 617 560 603 478

265 147 159 247 127

388 470 401 356 351

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

82,399 63,031 175,874 24,159 91,821

139,659 133,525 423,107 30,305 138,336

189,753 154,853 512,320 47,485 202,505

68,207 47,160 144,945 19,834 77,885

121,546 107,693 367,375 27,651 124,620

587 511 425 475 556

211 156 120 198 214

376 355 305 277 342

17,950 92,559 283,089 48,972 14,433

37,949 203,745 842,497 71,825 27,290

40,049 258,750 1,015,088 97,883 34,696

13,895 77,223 247,494 42,031 12,686

26,154 181,527 767,594 55,852 22,010

560 507 562 526 602

194 151 137 226 220

366 356 426 300 382

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

145,726 126,194 40,270 95,799 18,663

264,699 207,646 63,172 238,945 30,942

352,000 267,847 90,573 259,463 35,781

118,071 96,414 33,412 69,577 10,874

233,929 171,433 57,161 189,886 24,907

542 509 498 515 761

182 183 184 138 231

360 326 314 377 530

District of Columbia ..........

53,041

51,375

888

Source U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Statistics for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

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319

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.18 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT PAYROLLS AND AVERAGE EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME EMPLOYEES, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1992 Amount of payroll (in thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

Percentage of October payroll

Total

State government

Local governments

State government

United States ..................

$33,011,649

$9,828,247

$23,183,402

456,438 151,925 472,557 237,404 4,510,316

176,929 76,792 121,955 99,385 1,062,204

279,510 75,133 350,602 138,019 3,448,111

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

476,398 469,559 94,727 1,483,639 783,123

165,021 174,518 49,451 354,591 233,831

172,235 118,412 1,448,754 654,036 359,657

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Average earnings of full-time state and local government employees (dollars) All

Education employees

$2,562

$2,607

$2,521

40 50 30 40 20

60 50 70 60 80

1,968 3,413 2,504 1,892 3,312

1,979 3,227 2,569 1,990 3,271

1,958 3,555 2,446 1,777 3,340

311,377 295,042 45,276 1,129,048 549,292

30 40 50 20 30

70 60 50 80 70

2,592 3,205 2,562 2,272 1,998

2,616 3,304 2,845 2,173 2,035

2,589 3,107 2,309 2,346 1,966

130,808 43,387 346,998 227,829 136,016

41,427 75,025 1,101,756 426,207 223,642

80 40 20 30 40

20 60 80 70 60

2,661 2,050 2,665 2,290 2,393

2,677 2,022 2,707 2,618 2,463

2,650 2,080 2,627 1,926 2,312

325,583 399,197 476,862 139,395 662,057

100,811 166,307 190,313 51,870 223,037

224,772 232,889 286,548 87,525 439,021

30 40 40 40 30

70 60 60 60 70

2,151 2,113 1,947 2,216 2,834

2,191 2,233 2,032 2,207 3,146

2,103 1,963 1,861 2,226 2,568

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

740,776 1,276,871 626,869 263,839 512,505

223,416 401,837 190,889 93,589 153,212

517,360 875,034 435,980 170,250 359,293

30 30 30 40 30

70 70 70 60 70

2,736 2,971 2,785 1,725 2,115

2,760 3,157 2,881 1,744 2,243

2,716 2,745 2,688 1,703 1,992

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

108,117 209,200 176,095 121,667 1,249,578

37,577 59,849 49,783 38,410 351,750

70,540 149,351 126,311 83,257 897,829

30 30 30 30 30

70 70 70 70 70

2,090 2,195 2,762 2,444 3,073

2,170 2,210 2,575 2,529 3,370

1,981 2,180 2,908 2,347 2,796

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

198,785 3,521,278 788,619 78,779 1,279,873

88,128 832,608 257,507 33,979 352,935

110,657 2,688,671 531,112 44,801 926,939

40 20 30 40 30

60 80 70 60 70

2,011 3,146 2,185 2,253 2,485

1,998 3,324 2,304 2,524 2,606

2,024 3,036 2,064 1,955 2,370

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

358,012 391,572 1,323,316 130,637 395,952

133,413 130,410 400,895 54,871 157,742

224,600 261,162 922,421 75,767 238,209

40 30 30 40 40

60 70 70 60 60

1,951 2,601 2,642 2,826 2,018

2,008 2,636 2,876 3,028 2,155

1,890 2,569 2,409 2,636 1,884

73,412 512,752 2,101,154 191,647 69,051

28,512 160,337 552,537 80,955 31,270

44,901 352,415 1,548,616 110,692 37,781

40 30 30 40 50

60 70 70 60 50

1,950 2,047 2,165 2,158 2,357

2,000 2,120 2,158 2,091 2,360

1,888 1,986 2,172 2,246 2,353

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

769,247 719,780 180,767 674,175 75,046

252,987 249,095 64,883 210,669 22,149

516,260 470,685 115,884 463,507 52,897

30 30 40 30 30

70 70 60 70 70

2,305 2,746 1,990 2,754 2,156

2,356 2,627 2,191 2,942 2,312

2,254 2,843 1,709 2,538 2,008

Dist. of Columbia ...............

171,441

100

3,175

3,000

3,225

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Statistics for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

320 The Book of the States 1996-97

Local government

Other

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.19 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT PAYROLLS AND AVERAGE EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME EMPLOYEES, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1993 Amount of payroll (in thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

Percentage of October payroll

Average earnings of full-time state and local government employees (dollars)

Total

State government

Local governments

State government

Local government

All

Education employees

United States ..................

$34,539,710

$10,288,176

$24,251,534

29.8

70.2

$2,654

$2,714

$2,599

479,556 156,083 506,486 247,084 4,688,794

184,112 78,961 130,576 102,153 1,188,550

295,444 77,121 375,910 144,931 3,500,244

38.4 50.6 25.8 41.3 25.3

61.6 49.4 74.2 58.7 74.7

2,041 3,633 2,621 1,931 3,450

2,074 3,662 2,712 2,002 3,471

2,008 3,614 2,538 1,843 3,435

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

489,190 499,282 95,073 1,518,154 858,666

166,483 196,127 48,965 368,805 264,387

322,706 303,155 46,108 1,149,348 594,278

34.0 39.3 51.5 24.3 30.7

66.0 60.7 48.5 75.7 69.3

2,661 3,328 2,585 2,334 2,124

2,706 3,491 2,908 2,262 2,157

2,617 3,166 2,305 2,390 2,094

177,668 123,505 1,509,506 669,400 380,594

136,626 44,276 359,580 228,903 145,124

41,042 79,229 1,149,925 440,497 235,471

76.9 35.8 23.8 34.2 38.1

23.1 64.2 76.2 65.8 61.9

2,689 2,091 2,808 2,381 2,436

2,770 2,046 2,810 2,699 2,497

2,631 2,139 2,806 2,021 2,364

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

353,889 397,152 487,001 139,483 689,894

107,314 158,377 196,068 50,599 228,754

246,575 238,775 290,933 88,884 461,140

30.3 39.8 40.3 36.3 33.2

69.7 60.2 59.7 63.7 66.8

2,245 2,102 1,983 2,270 2,898

2,305 2,193 2,035 2,272 3,218

2,170 1,979 1,932 2,267 2,626

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

778,104 1,338,476 656,127 273,873 538,881

225,497 407,201 194,503 101,459 165,678

552,608 931,275 461,624 172,414 373,203

29.0 30.4 29.6 37.0 30.7

71.0 69.6 70.4 63.0 69.3

2,844 3,110 2,894 1,799 2,167

2,779 3,358 2,987 1,805 2,313

2,902 2,823 2,792 1,792 2,028

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

108,670 216,714 180,318 125,863 1,315,332

38,339 61,807 50,605 40,772 361,419

70,330 154,907 129,713 85,091 953,913

35.3 28.5 28.0 32.4 27.5

64.7 71.5 72.0 67.6 72.5

2,211 2,269 2,876 2,543 3,255

2,316 2,300 2,742 2,624 3,585

2,078 2,241 2,975 2,456 2,954

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

212,975 3,613,658 853,732 82,629 1,305,119

90,755 879,776 261,603 33,769 369,660

122,220 2,733,882 592,129 48,860 935,459

42.6 24.3 30.6 40.9 28.3

57.4 75.7 69.4 59.1 71.7

2,075 3,326 2,240 2,346 2,573

2,044 3,621 2,355 2,594 2,664

2,110 3,147 2,123 2,053 2,490

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

358,387 409,488 1,351,740 135,356 407,696

126,489 136,829 397,724 56,605 159,447

231,898 272,659 954,015 78,751 248,249

35.3 33.4 29.4 41.8 39.1

64.7 66.6 70.6 58.2 60.9

1,931 2,693 2,739 2,956 2,057

2,076 2,689 3,003 3,168 2,185

1,777 2,696 2,470 2,763 1,934

77,741 538,887 2,208,181 208,010 80,059

29,991 169,074 593,951 89,201 30,862

47,750 369,813 1,614,229 118,810 49,197

38.6 31.4 26.9 42.9 38.5

61.4 68.6 73.1 57.1 61.5

2,036 2,111 2,208 2,232 2,407

2,087 2,175 2,221 2,150 2,413

1,973 2,058 2,194 2,345 2,396

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

810,259 784,643 185,989 673,185 75,346

268,627 281,028 66,260 192,481 22,021

541,632 503,615 119,729 480,703 53,325

33.2 35.8 35.6 28.6 29.2

66.8 64.2 64.4 71.4 70.8

2,373 3,084 2,086 2,747 2,212

2,413 3,207 2,302 2,943 2,343

2,332 3,003 1,795 2,525 2,085

Dist. Of Columbia ..............

167,812

0.0

100.0

3,315

3,011

3,383

Other

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Statistics for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

The Council of State Governments

321

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.20 STATE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT (FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT), FOR SELECTED FUNCTIONS, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1992 Selected functions Education

State

All functions

Higher Other education education (a) (b) Highways

United States ......... 3,856,222 1,285,659 126,655

256,830

Public welfare Hospitals Corrections 344,793

86,027

147,294

193,697

110,664

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

81,101 24,246 54,064 46,596 321,860

30,109 5,874 18,826 14,873 106,617

3,964 3,458 2,649 2,650 4,494

4,269 2,978 3,190 4,028 19,304

4,510 1,698 4,963 3,602 3,098

12,784 382 988 5,008 35,803

3,911 1,216 6,232 2,812 34,870

1,073 431 1,670 870 11,085

3,186 2,658 2,285 2,579 13,252

3,091 1,369 3,422 2,390 16,817

2,629 1,100 1,032 327 2,429

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

53,004 54,154 20,179 164,501 114,464

27,328 12,444 6,439 36,746 32,774

1,423 2,676 231 2,557 4,694

3,055 3,691 1,390 10,882 6,188

1,254 4,239 1,577 9,692 7,525

4,740 10,550 2,179 15,757 15,172

3,448 5,418 1,675 29,080 14,040

1,017 1,509 735 3,791 2,051

1,662 626 464 6,874 4,429

2,474 3,611 878 9,694 3,464

2,670 3,115 1,185 8,976 1,163

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

50,657 20,250 136,623 95,157 47,354

7,064 7,138 46,518 45,153 18,485

21,858 685 2,926 4,970 1,165

859 1,767 8,873 4,842 2,764

1,208 1,562 12,605 5,372 3,289

2,804 1,013 20,885 11,690 8,508

2,026 1,139 11,806 6,470 2,092

0 433 3,750 1,800 807

1,534 1,660 3,327 2,700 2,866

1,639 1,412 8,778 4,837 1,898

2,159 363 2,496 925 2,104

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

47,882 76,254 88,767 22,006 82,072

19,906 28,113 27,355 5,652 20,164

665 4,189 3,687 1,415 1,970

3,671 5,752 5,622 2,794 5,052

1,699 4,945 5,865 1,868 7,105

7,558 5,989 18,666 1,875 7,443

3,558 5,093 6,617 1,251 8,812

988 1,701 1,077 587 2,276

1,983 3,739 4,772 1,405 2,310

2,010 3,990 3,639 1,523 5,111

1,846 3,638 1,334 533 3,685

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

84,983 137,853 67,332 47,433 74,049

20,694 65,263 33,190 14,496 20,518

803 1,970 1,634 1,363 2,021

4,651 3,875 5,110 3,481 6,329

7,338 12,796 1,651 3,233 6,797

17,398 13,037 7,435 7,932 13,076

5,311 14,965 2,455 2,965 6,280

1,991 3,105 835 913 1,925

2,057 3,757 3,496 3,979 2,532

5,956 3,677 3,180 1,477 3,548

5,326 2,683 1,262 469 2,701

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

17,095 28,746 19,142 16,296 115,770

5,573 9,919 5,985 5,169 27,343

731 742 266 308 6,520

1,890 2,391 1,449 1,948 8,272

1,171 2,584 1,017 1,114 5,893

1,310 4,184 939 982 19,155

943 1,751 2,252 900 9,791

370 673 499 435 3,651

1,460 1,834 1,104 475 2,086

1,297 959 1,272 725 7,691

154 636 405 755 4,751

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

42,159 267,429 109,046 16,468 140,305

16,735 42,684 38,758 6,790 65,959

857 5,661 3,041 339 2,296

2,725 14,897 12,084 1,074 8,903

1,950 7,396 1,156 198 2,137

5,363 62,749 15,534 1,922 18,701

2,628 33,083 12,367 487 10,794

570 5,481 3,107 224 2,289

1,641 3,484 4,066 1,410 3,810

2,709 17,045 3,434 611 5,841

1,670 16,414 4,945 328 2,112

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

67,071 49,704 143,438 19,890 77,754

23,633 14,137 48,157 5,762 26,103

1,926 1,148 2,658 927 2,925

3,542 3,851 12,682 977 5,218

7,944 4,439 9,797 1,593 4,966

8,309 6,163 23,246 1,447 10,031

4,823 2,709 8,688 1,821 7,321

1,730 1,092 5,288 258 1,773

2,050 2,976 5,346 665 2,809

2,770 3,912 9,716 1,374 3,504

1,726 2,225 2,319 924 545

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

13,517 75,930 239,702 39,618 12,923

4,280 28,594 81,947 19,190 4,454

436 2,009 4,763 836 336

1,257 4,793 14,339 1,792 1,096

1,114 4,699 15,535 2,556 1,144

1,533 10,061 41,208 4,434 554

582 6,409 29,397 2,194 697

282 1,544 3,037 648 475

880 3,576 11,232 1,404 652

718 3,101 9,940 1,620 815

555 1,542 3,639 994 491

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

115,817 98,016 33,597 72,674 11,274

42,527 39,319 11,477 36,251 3,174

3,123 1,667 1,527 1,344 152

11,281 6,212 5,764 2,114 1,862

2,411 7,490 2,264 1,189 300

19,210 7,203 2,388 8,514 1,629

8,836 6,095 786 5,422 475

2,372 1,898 811 852 248

3,350 5,532 1,815 2,690 815

4,772 3,587 1,295 4,525 579

2,768 1,414 975 1,865 362

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.

322 The Book of the States 1996-97

211,548 525,441

Financial and other Judicial Police Natural governmental and legal protection resources administration administration

(b) Includes instructional and other personnel in elementary and secondary schools.

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.21 STATE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT (FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT), FOR SELECTED FUNCTIONS, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1993 Selected functions Education

State

All functions

Higher Other education education (a) (b) Highways

United States ......... 3,890,662 1,306,350 129,589

258,060

Public welfare Hospitals Corrections 362,689

85,856

149,156

201,317

114,264

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

82,886 21,829 56,683 46,655 343,781

31,503 3,410 21,259 15,185 123,797

4,027 3,536 2,548 2,683 4,414

4,344 2,910 3,308 3,967 19,306

4,598 1,707 5,535 3,437 3,360

13,097 393 888 5,035 35,117

4,240 1,234 6,350 2,868 37,341

1,042 415 1,577 863 10,962

3,021 2,492 2,419 2,597 16,567

2,615 1,334 3,277 2,230 20,153

2,764 1,128 1,097 338 2,575

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

54,542 59,991 20,425 167,056 118,527

28,896 14,807 6,421 38,419 35,434

1,043 2,899 239 3,206 5,171

3,123 3,752 1,392 11,257 6,098

1,265 4,613 1,791 10,165 8,195

4,696 12,073 2,211 16,153 15,247

3,769 6,186 1,481 29,069 14,835

1,017 1,538 699 3,717 2,129

1,586 569 508 7,036 4,834

2,497 3,331 883 9,430 3,704

2,661 3,297 1,191 9,118 1,002

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

51,787 20,555 131,878 87,843 51,018

7,064 6,963 47,460 38,923 20,857

22,504 700 2,984 4,813 1,129

864 1,767 8,846 4,842 2,860

1,152 1,765 12,222 5,205 3,339

3,010 1,032 14,384 11,139 9,298

2,121 1,194 12,669 6,233 2,184

0 435 3,585 1,992 848

1,571 1,872 3,449 2,872 2,828

1,599 1,413 8,795 4,605 1,704

2,200 390 2,987 929 2,015

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

47,709 71,725 90,417 21,285 83,871

20,096 24,718 27,069 5,588 21,308

751 4,067 3,729 1,255 1,989

3,645 5,619 5,641 2,756 5,030

1,701 4,720 5,788 1,871 7,523

6,980 5,937 20,196 1,781 7,162

3,460 5,026 6,585 1,110 9,421

982 1,683 1,077 458 2,291

1,878 3,617 4,642 1,379 2,435

2,076 3,880 3,745 1,515 5,089

1,859 3,681 1,503 560 3,730

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

80,524 135,864 67,059 47,746 78,829

22,768 64,832 32,273 14,775 23,359

688 1,924 1,651 1,375 2,097

4,637 3,777 5,046 3,435 6,455

6,428 12,969 1,673 3,335 7,086

12,975 12,412 7,319 8,390 12,564

5,719 15,114 2,585 3,131 6,593

1,913 3,105 868 913 1,922

1,392 3,739 3,442 3,218 2,529

6,123 4,907 3,315 1,449 3,606

5,504 2,663 1,542 418 3,239

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

17,343 29,158 19,059 16,902 110,176

6,473 9,909 5,985 5,202 27,339

697 703 251 342 7,728

1,799 2,412 1,444 2,025 8,196

1,178 2,843 1,040 1,302 5,764

1,017 4,366 810 1,041 18,042

781 1,766 2,120 988 9,405

400 660 578 402 3,566

1,399 1,844 973 478 2,380

1,293 969 1,298 744 7,196

172 683 376 758 3,989

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

42,862 267,359 110,640 15,684 141,286

17,263 43,861 38,909 6,677 66,737

817 5,547 3,055 327 2,305

2,673 15,069 12,961 1,070 8,997

1,434 8,055 1,156 202 2,042

5,562 60,556 15,370 1,415 18,466

3,795 34,147 12,367 499 11,261

567 5,495 3,298 218 2,451

1,409 3,573 4,197 1,344 3,587

2,088 17,240 4,149 594 9,513

1,714 16,789 5,203 336 2,158

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

68,207 47,160 144,945 19,834 77,885

22,518 12,771 49,149 5,762 24,888

2,578 916 2,840 970 2,930

4,230 3,428 12,828 969 5,174

6,763 4,356 10,224 1,601 4,770

8,137 5,878 21,031 1,293 10,487

6,389 2,675 9,562 1,814 7,423

1,605 1,106 5,176 250 1,834

2,173 3,113 5,321 475 2,661

3,151 4,001 10,419 1,469 3,533

1,380 2,211 2,295 1,066 591

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

13,895 77,223 247,494 42,031 12,686

4,479 30,133 79,292 20,892 4,404

489 2,120 4,565 893 337

1,295 4,821 13,653 1,843 1,088

1,122 4,476 22,877 2,660 1,204

1,510 10,195 41,010 4,922 317

641 6,892 31,632 2,157 737

287 1,549 3,065 677 464

944 3,171 11,551 1,356 650

757 3,107 9,637 1,596 842

538 1,635 4,782 1,152 481

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

118,071 96,414 33,412 69,577 10,874

43,116 34,929 11,435 33,869 3,174

3,124 1,636 1,520 1,328 149

11,281 6,359 5,699 2,191 1,878

2,368 7,181 2,511 1,247 307

19,455 8,187 2,165 7,873 1,221

10,790 7,415 801 5,641 473

2,418 1,850 811 860 238

3,345 5,502 1,815 2,693 710

4,963 3,627 1,303 3,959 594

2,752 1,460 1,031 1,963 358

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.

220,126 509,815

Financial and other Judicial Police Natural governmental and legal protection resources administration administration

(b) Includes instructional and other personnel in elementary and secondary schools.

The Council of State Governments

323

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.22 STATE GOVERNMENT PAYROLLS FOR SELECTED FUNCTIONS, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1992 (In thousands of dollars) Selected functions Education

State

All functions

Higher education (a)

United States ........ $9,828,247 $3,456,791

Other education (b) Highways

Financial and other Judicial Police Natural governmental and legal Hospitals Corrections protection resources administration administration

Public welfare

$475,727

$349,876

Alabama .................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ...................... Arkansas ................... California ..................

176,929 76,792 121,955 99,385 1,062,204

70,607 13,592 45,213 36,638 367,157

$317,070 $625,915 $471,050 $1,224,262 $843,513 9,158 11,043 5,836 5,629 13,364

8,795 11,481 7,220 8,737 65,484

9,246 5,054 11,113 5,960 9,230

23,537 1,186 1,728 9,705 107,782

8,513 4,524 11,855 4,883 125,368

3,325 1,741 4,826 2,105 32,370

6,982 8,763 4,964 5,150 40,456

7,125 4,692 6,744 4,544 47,414

6,990 4,109 3,295 1,265 10,181

Colorado ................... Connecticut ............... Delaware ................... Florida ....................... Georgia ......................

165,021 174,518 49,451 354,591 233,831

93,297 41,971 18,803 90,574 78,618

3,233 7,749 709 5,534 11,459

8,877 11,146 2,822 23,565 12,536

3,654 13,015 3,315 13,763 15,275

11,754 33,955 4,187 29,980 27,456

9,449 18,123 3,685 55,225 19,635

2,954 5,326 2,289 9,913 4,971

4,949 1,983 1,039 14,838 9,663

6,928 10,712 1,901 21,439 7,742

8,232 10,094 3,125 26,065 3,611

Hawaii ....................... Idaho .......................... Illinois ........................ Indiana ...................... Iowa ...........................

130,808 43,387 346,998 227,829 136,016

25,480 14,650 117,762 128,320 61,367

52,576 1,436 7,628 8,257 3,134

2,127 3,977 24,836 9,003 6,975

2,703 3,244 30,518 8,916 7,778

6,543 2,058 45,039 26,362 20,940

4,581 2,366 30,101 11,982 5,472

0 1,142 11,973 4,117 2,906

4,230 3,550 9,115 6,196 7,274

4,635 3,079 21,014 8,415 4,788

6,061 1,293 10,462 3,438 5,885

Kansas ....................... Kentucky ................... Louisiana ................... Maine ......................... Maryland ..................

100,811 166,307 190,313 51,870 223,037

38,982 68,274 66,139 13,588 68,489

1,448 9,724 8,485 3,401 5,276

8,277 11,959 11,460 6,060 12,050

3,949 9,589 12,681 4,019 15,140

14,729 11,932 33,527 4,004 16,900

8,263 9,608 12,988 2,957 22,117

2,396 4,076 2,487 1,585 6,943

4,652 7,653 9,789 3,243 5,990

4,250 7,928 7,547 3,550 12,419

4,390 7,450 4,229 1,551 11,422

Massachusetts ........... Michigan ................... Minnesota ................. Mississippi ................ Missouri ....................

223,416 401,837 190,889 93,589 153,212

57,012 179,588 93,619 34,634 52,096

2,109 6,407 4,967 2,764 4,076

13,945 12,514 15,253 5,522 13,747

18,733 36,414 4,538 5,097 10,644

39,062 41,671 19,280 14,531 23,171

14,284 46,433 7,019 4,485 10,538

7,091 10,435 2,650 1,865 4,729

5,369 10,628 9,317 7,066 5,067

16,334 11,424 9,082 3,107 6,406

14,966 9,323 4,890 1,694 6,254

Montana .................... Nebraska ................... Nevada ....................... New Hampshire ........ New Jersey ................

37,577 59,849 49,783 38,410 351,750

12,853 20,928 14,213 12,812 89,437

1,649 1,814 778 726 23,154

4,554 5,243 4,001 4,127 26,392

2,345 4,763 2,528 2,785 16,692

2,198 7,784 2,301 2,265 45,324

1,922 3,395 6,153 2,334 30,537

856 1,606 1,546 1,158 12,849

3,306 3,277 2,853 975 6,647

2,664 2,284 3,308 1,675 21,951

542 1,812 1,497 1,895 18,330

New Mexico .............. New York ................... North Carolina ......... North Dakota ............ Ohio ...........................

88,128 832,608 257,507 33,979 352,935

34,934 141,165 100,845 15,129 158,997

1,857 17,179 7,349 642 6,575

5,509 41,466 24,729 2,074 23,595

3,991 22,321 2,950 336 5,808

10,598 167,560 33,554 3,434 46,298

5,289 106,705 24,984 926 28,106

1,355 18,687 7,953 550 6,730

3,475 10,603 9,356 2,767 9,018

5,632 46,847 8,467 1,165 15,213

4,121 62,851 12,514 866 6,682

Oklahoma ................. Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania ............. Rhode Island ............. South Carolina .........

133,413 130,410 400,895 54,871 157,742

49,790 42,780 142,989 15,378 59,094

4,095 2,890 6,505 2,546 6,487

6,359 8,075 28,379 2,382 7,835

14,489 10,744 23,555 4,912 9,229

15,058 14,714 80,314 2,990 15,350

8,470 7,055 20,093 5,973 12,895

3,633 3,648 15,338 988 3,667

3,650 6,913 13,654 1,602 6,258

5,724 9,777 23,698 3,479 7,204

4,681 5,959 8,781 2,869 1,618

South Dakota ............ Tennessee ................... Texas .......................... Utah ........................... Vermont .....................

28,512 160,337 552,537 80,955 31,270

10,253 65,199 209,704 36,450 11,029

844 4,220 10,651 1,863 868

2,658 9,029 31,913 4,327 2,699

1,960 9,560 28,411 5,372 2,449

2,538 19,936 88,447 8,179 1,143

1,056 11,947 57,895 4,588 1,643

617 3,537 8,341 1,664 1,473

1,771 6,928 25,581 3,337 1,679

1,577 6,535 24,177 3,324 1,777

1,318 4,647 11,712 2,662 1,365

Virginia ..................... Washington ............... West Virginia ............ Wisconsin .................. Wyoming ...................

252,987 249,095 64,883 210,669 22,149

100,640 92,913 26,217 110,291 6,281

7,360 4,343 3,184 3,749 339

21,768 19,666 10,395 6,549 3,819

5,068 20,481 3,343 2,786 584

35,207 16,436 3,380 25,628 2,605

16,637 15,439 1,153 13,039 810

6,156 5,653 1,844 2,358 524

7,304 13,947 3,756 6,454 1,698

10,818 10,097 2,267 11,526 1,320

7,647 5,284 2,041 7,007 900

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.

324 The Book of the States 1996-97

$246,947 $354,739

(b) Includes instructional and other personnel in elementary and secondary schools.

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT

Table 7.23 STATE GOVERNMENT PAYROLLS FOR SELECTED FUNCTIONS, BY STATE: OCTOBER 1993 (In thousands of dollars) Selected functions Education

State

All functions

Higher education (a)

Other education (b) Highways

Public welfare

Financial and other Judicial Police Natural governmental and legal Hospitals Corrections protection resources administration administration

United States ........ $10,288,176 $3,662,954 $336,344 $648,267 $495,529 $1,251,037 $897,697

$516,199

$368,244

Alabama .................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ...................... Arkansas ................... California ..................

184,112 78,961 130,576 102,153 1,188,550

76,082 13,697 54,553 37,531 455,585

9,256 11,762 5,166 5,873 14,291

9,028 11,452 7,318 9,121 65,496

9,671 5,102 10,088 6,502 8,713

24,042 1,216 1,767 9,703 111,769

9,056 4,677 12,750 5,281 126,567

$256,453 $369,018 2,683 1,868 4,664 2,134 34,392

7,064 8,690 5,541 5,260 49,604

6,414 4,656 7,014 4,660 55,809

7,573 4,265 3,519 1,456 10,720

Colorado ................... Connecticut ............... Delaware ................... Florida ....................... Georgia ......................

166,483 196,127 48,965 368,805 264,387

92,918 54,929 17,994 98,602 88,405

3,354 10,265 778 7,972 13,602

9,083 12,089 2,813 23,376 16,845

3,742 13,457 3,470 15,470 16,734

11,767 37,646 4,228 30,883 28,057

10,096 20,107 3,330 55,256 28,654

2,954 5,454 2,327 9,870 5,085

5,055 1,948 1,158 16,307 10,587

7,121 9,888 1,953 21,634 8,924

8,222 9,397 3,139 26,824 3,706

Hawaii ....................... Idaho .......................... Illinois ........................ Indiana ...................... Iowa ...........................

136,626 44,276 359,580 228,903 145,124

25,480 13,948 121,760 125,192 66,267

56,144 1,506 8,393 8,383 3,148

2,161 3,977 27,302 9,003 6,766

2,636 3,437 32,231 8,973 8,022

7,054 2,024 39,118 27,694 23,336

4,863 2,488 34,354 13,280 5,832

0 1,718 11,158 4,773 3,053

4,356 3,940 9,549 6,191 7,228

4,649 3,136 22,335 9,139 4,558

6,312 1,433 12,266 3,470 5,779

Kansas ....................... Kentucky ................... Louisiana ................... Maine ......................... Maryland ..................

107,314 158,377 196,068 50,599 228,754

42,564 61,820 63,651 13,769 71,793

1,669 9,504 8,462 3,057 5,445

8,645 11,703 11,584 6,564 11,987

3,972 9,008 12,615 4,030 15,946

15,107 12,216 38,632 3,672 16,226

8,642 9,589 13,243 2,832 24,231

2,479 4,038 2,489 1,160 6,558

4,921 7,280 9,755 3,401 6,528

4,485 7,999 7,936 3,109 12,635

4,501 7,609 4,687 1,626 9,630

Massachusetts ........... Michigan ................... Minnesota ................. Mississippi ................ Missouri ....................

225,497 407,201 194,503 101,459 165,678

60,020 180,904 94,237 37,459 57,201

2,175 6,657 5,111 3,063 3,766

15,284 12,632 15,035 6,104 15,359

18,915 38,340 4,680 5,704 11,460

32,928 41,123 19,107 16,763 23,208

16,669 47,862 7,450 5,101 11,175

6,810 10,435 2,879 1,865 4,726

4,446 11,279 9,345 6,351 4,919

16,983 15,534 9,610 3,266 7,197

16,284 9,751 5,775 1,532 8,036

Montana .................... Nebraska ................... Nevada ....................... New Hampshire ........ New Jersey ................

38,339 61,807 50,605 40,772 361,419

13,923 20,902 14,213 12,884 96,763

1,636 1,693 756 800 25,949

4,347 5,327 4,178 5,466 28,756

2,571 5,654 2,639 2,986 17,271

1,990 8,693 2,109 2,102 47,580

1,749 3,685 6,077 2,532 31,632

907 1,599 1,910 1,261 14,228

3,283 3,368 2,371 1,030 8,063

2,539 2,224 3,428 1,785 21,835

666 1,882 1,486 1,912 16,745

New Mexico .............. New York ................... North Carolina ......... North Dakota ............ Ohio ...........................

90,755 879,776 261,603 33,769 369,660

35,950 146,840 101,815 15,173 162,373

1,807 17,021 7,494 642 6,984

5,689 41,337 24,494 2,241 25,550

2,807 22,906 2,950 348 6,023

11,193 199,933 35,057 2,497 47,856

7,637 105,990 24,984 1,003 31,306

1,349 19,753 8,189 506 7,657

2,852 11,552 10,107 2,710 9,445

4,691 49,414 10,016 1,211 26,427

4,385 66,607 13,246 915 6,941

Oklahoma ................. Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania ............. Rhode Island ............. South Carolina .........

126,489 136,829 397,724 56,605 159,447

48,279 44,986 152,069 15,378 57,217

5,000 2,424 7,483 2,632 6,511

6,745 8,318 31,066 2,474 7,752

9,429 11,203 26,247 4,032 8,951

14,164 15,830 48,496 4,096 16,383

8,829 7,297 24,192 6,382 13,072

3,466 3,747 15,907 998 4,255

3,806 7,633 14,382 1,229 4,788

6,062 10,860 26,886 3,795 7,829

3,345 6,309 9,723 3,407 1,908

South Dakota ............ Tennessee ................... Texas .......................... Utah ........................... Vermont .....................

29,991 169,074 593,951 89,201 30,862

10,841 69,326 221,519 40,988 10,618

1,008 4,625 11,237 2,126 920

2,889 9,568 30,679 4,601 2,638

2,058 9,479 44,139 5,664 2,637

2,613 20,477 92,231 9,811 751

1,236 13,267 63,940 4,675 1,736

680 3,855 8,434 1,742 1,647

1,958 6,609 24,873 3,312 1,671

1,726 7,222 24,098 3,705 1,793

1,304 5,250 15,911 3,170 1,377

Virginia ..................... Washington ............... West Virginia ............ Wisconsin .................. Wyoming ...................

268,627 281,028 66,260 192,481 22,021

109,004 103,854 26,769 98,628 6,281

7,040 4,332 3,101 4,006 317

21,769 20,727 10,332 6,751 3,849

5,460 19,693 3,894 3,004 564

37,052 26,492 3,174 18,797 2,372

20,411 16,784 1,260 13,803 834

8,223 5,840 1,863 2,376 491

7,460 14,453 3,855 5,970 1,533

11,630 12,481 2,318 10,272 1,310

7,859 5,574 2,248 7,625 943

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Includes instructional and other personnel. (b) Includes instructional and other personnel in elementary and secondary schools.

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Table 7.24 NUMBER, MEMBERSHIP AND MONTHLY BENEFIT PAYMENTS OF STATE-ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: 1990-91 THROUGH 1992-93 1991-92

1990-91

Number of systems ...........................................................................................................

Item

N.A.

209

203

Membership, last month of fiscal year: Total members ............................................................................................................. Active members .......................................................................................................... Other ............................................................................................................................

11,875,650 10,401,884 1,473,766

11,908,482 10,411,555 1,496,927

11,653,035 10,102,942 1,560,093

Percent distribution ......................................................................................................... Active members .......................................................................................................... Other ............................................................................................................................

100.0 87.6 12.4

100.0 87.4 12.6

100.0 86.7 13.4

Beneficiaries receiving periodic benefits: Total number ................................................................................................................ Persons retired on account of age or length of service ............................................. Persons retired on account of disability ..................................................................... Survivors of deceased former members .....................................................................

3,654,532 3,192,442 191,026 271,064

3,513,819 3,092,069 184,062 243,572

3,357,002 2,886,903 220,052 250,047

Percent distribution ......................................................................................................... Persons retired on account of age or length of service ............................................. Persons retired on account of disability ..................................................................... Survivors of deceased former members .....................................................................

100.0 87.4 5.2 7.4

100.0 88.0 5.2 6.9

100.0 86.0 6.6 7.4

Recurrent benefit payments for last month of fiscal year: Total amount (in thousands) ....................................................................................... To persons retired on account of age or length of service ........................................ To persons retired on account of disability ............................................................... To survivors of deceased former members ................................................................

$2,891,404 $2,588,705 $163,724 $138,975

$2,793,268 $2,508,760 $159,960 $124,549

$2,436,907 $2,157,306 $170,723 $108,878

Percent distribution ......................................................................................................... For persons retired on account of age or length of service ...................................... For persons retired on account of disability .............................................................. For survivors of deceased former members ..............................................................

100.0 89.5 5.7 4.8

100.0 89.8 5.7 4.5

100.0 88.5 7.0 4.5

Average monthly payment for beneficiaries: Average for all beneficiaries (in dollars) ................................................................... For persons retired on account of age or length of service ...................................... For persons retired on account of disability .............................................................. For survivors of deceased former members ..............................................................

$791 $811 $857 $513

$795 $811 $869 $511

$726 $747 $776 $435

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. N.A. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not available.

326 The Book of the States 1996-97

1992-93

RETIREMENT

Table 7.25 NATIONAL SUMMARY OF FINANCES OF STATE-ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: SELECTED YEARS, 1989-1993 Amount (in millions of dollars)

Percentage distribution

1992-93

1991-92

1990-91

1989-90

1988-89

1992-93

1991-92

1990-91

Receipts .................................................... Employee contributions ...................... Government contributions .................. From State Government .................. From Local Government ................. Earnings on investments .....................

$109,646 13,786 28,170 15,251 12,919 67,690

$100,026 13,326 24,932 13,930 11,002 61,768

$85,576 12,563 26,007 14,455 11,553 47,006

$89,165 11,648 25,505 13,968 11,537 53,012

$81,090 10,813 24,357 13,155 11,202 45,919

100.0 12.6 25.7 13.9 11.8 61.7

100.0 13.3 24.9 13.9 11.0 61.8

100.0 14.7 30.4 16.9 13.5 54.9

Payments .................................................. Benefits ............................................ Withdrawals ..................................... Other ................................................

41,349 37,967 2,150 1,232

36,929 33,762 2,001 1,166

33,297 30,157 2,156 974

30,512 27,538 2,041 933

25,277 24,861 1,702 725

100.0 91.8 5.2 3.0

100.0 91.4 5.4 3.2

100.0 90.6 6.5 2.9

Amount of Cash FY ................................ Cash and Deposits ............................... Cash and Demand Deposits ............ Time or Savings Deposits ............... Securities ............................................. Governmental ...................................... Federal Government ........................ U.S. Treasury ............................... Federal Agency ........................ State and Local Governments ............. Nongovernmental .................................... Corporate Bonds .................................. Corporate Stocks ................................. Mortgages ............................................ Funds held in trust ............................... Other securities .................................... Other investments .................................... Real Property ....................................... Miscellaneous Investments .................

732,410 48,453 4,247 44,206 619,444 168,249 168,093 135,891 32,202 156 451,195 141,052 232,160 18,595 22,324 37,063 64,512 25,544 38,969

703,968 38,279 2,838 35,441 598,492 152,633 152,432 113,579 38,853 201 445,858 141,025 201,879 24,541 18,091 60,322 67,198 34,510 32,688

630,551 36,806 2,589 34,217 548,585 155,469 155,360 121,290 34,071 109 393,116 131,050 190,830 22,459 19,614 29,164 45,160 16,081 29,079

575,466 39,323 2,744 36,579 494,469 140,062 139,956 109,029 30,927 106 354,407 119,799 170,536 26,699 14,095 23,307 41,657 14,083 26,689

503,074 39,927 1,527 38,445 438,246 128,438 128,294 97,295 31,000 143 309,809 109,706 153,476 16,739 12,303 17,585 24,856 8,869 15,961

100.0 6.6 0.6 6.0 84.6 23.0 23.0 18.6 4.4 0.0 61.6 19.3 31.7 2.5 3.0 5.1 8.8 3.5 5.3

100.0 5.4 0.4 5.0 85.0 21.7 21.7 16.1 5.5 0.0 63.3 20.0 28.7 3.5 2.6 8.6 9.5 4.9 4.6

100.0 5.8 0.4 5.4 87.0 24.7 24.6 19.2 5.4 0.0 62.3 20.8 30.3 3.6 3.1 4.6 7.2 2.6 4.6

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

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327

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328 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 7.26 MEMBERSHIP AND BENEFIT OPERATIONS OF STATE-ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: LAST MONTH OF FISCAL YEAR 1991-92 Benefit Operations, last month of fiscal year Beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments Membership, last month of the fiscal year

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

United States ..................

11,844,340

3,414,299

2,992,401

178,074

243,824

2,566,152

2,312,671

140,260

112,491

183,663 49,288 164,388 121,653 1,173,027

49,692 12,627 40,607 24,370 424,214

49,393 11,512 28,387 21,173 336,948

279 342 1,074 2,062 40,058

20 773 11,146 1,135 47,208

38,914 16,254 39,848 14,560 402,573

38,715 15,147 25,745 13,021 356,190

191 614 4,774 1,059 39,436

8 493 9,329 480 6,947

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

151,479 112,062 31,694 566,144 292,589

39,183 45,024 14,266 119,741 57,912

32,438 40,153 10,868 100,618 47,651

4,998 2,348 1,449 6,796 3,981

1,747 2,523 1,949 12,327 6,280

38,713 52,509 9,638 77,323 53,767

30,291 48,811 8,561 68,647 47,121

4,649 2,040 582 2,956 3,127

3,773 1,658 495 5,720 3,519

57,401 59,541 460,414 230,553 157,455

21,779 18,563 160,561 71,967 51,827

20,244 18,550 129,423 63,037 51,655

952 1 4,864 2,633 62

583 12 26,274 6,297 110

20,802 8,539 112,681 35,884 16,924

19,985 8,402 101,022 30,807 16,736

733 1 3,767 620 110

84 5 7,892 4,456 78

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

120,570 190,874 271,860 49,899 166,539

38,300 51,770 72,550 24,613 53,784

36,016 49,795 63,536 19,827 53,780

0 1,068 3,060 1,258 0

2,284 907 5,954 3,528 4

13,832 37,076 29,960 17,321 53,187

13,318 35,471 24,759 14,501 53,180

0 1,025 1,812 1,251 0

515 579 3,390 1,570 7

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

177,708 449,464 277,212 189,981 164,341

70,322 140,087 70,404 34,616 45,344

59,256 125,220 60,646 29,016 40,033

3,832 6,940 1,988 2,080 1,652

7,234 7,927 7,770 3,520 3,659

57,959 114,679 49,828 18,592 30,678

49,127 102,763 45,976 15,638 28,770

3,059 5,731 1,199 1,107 844

5,773 6,185 2,653 1,847 1,063

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

57,780 38,610 56,992 39,838 434,130

18,499 6,914 13,518 9,415 130,229

16,540 6,470 11,947 9,415 115,952

1,306 146 715 0 2,086

633 298 856 0 12,191

11,259 2,459 11,651 4,971 125,774

10,191 2,280 10,059 4,971 112,837

701 59 478 0 2,397

367 121 514 0 10,539

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

116,542 877,958 399,942 26,872 806,164

25,434 327,003 97,103 7,527 243,168

22,740 322,277 79,321 6,795 199,318

1,137 1,565 8,682 149 20,978

1,557 3,161 9,100 583 22,872

21,071 258,813 65,863 3,611 202,682

19,603 256,120 56,105 3,316 168,864

601 1,187 5,589 51 23,088

867 1,506 4,170 244 10,730

State

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Persons retired on account of disability

Periodic benefit payment for the month (in thousands of dollars)

Survivors of deceased former members (no. of payees)

Persons retired on account of disability

To survivors of deceased former members

MEMBERSHIP AND BENEFIT OPERATIONS, FISCAL YEAR 1991-92 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Benefit Operations, last month of fiscal year Beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments

State

Membership, last month of the fiscal year

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Persons retired on account of disability

Periodic benefit payment for the month (in thousands of dollars)

Survivors of deceased former members (no. of payees)

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Persons retired on account of disability

To survivors of deceased former members

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

139,772 161,617 364,483 32,046 311,312

49,777 58,751 183,689 13,616 47,519

41,309 55,212 164,482 13,391 38,106

2,164 3,539 8,285 0 5,238

6,304 0 10,922 225 4,175

43,634 33,520 114,381 17,154 36,384

36,845 31,479 106,519 17,022 30,736

1,941 2,041 4,270 0 3,303

4,848 0 3,591 132 2,346

35,474 166,121 817,272 104,093 24,080

10,885 54,789 59,490 20,047 5,850

9,173 49,113 48,257 19,387 5,041

263 2,355 10,744 660 377

1,449 3,321 489 0 432

4,797 27,000 23,492 14,076 3,282

4,263 24,200 22,749 13,662 2,890

123 1,200 730 413 192

411 1,600 13 0 200

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

306,383 260,555 72,418 290,347 33,740

69,609 79,621 38,476 79,091 10,156

59,858 79,588 36,355 73,023 10,156

8,688 11 735 4,474 0

1,063 22 1,386 1,594 0

51,798 28,373 20,917 71,627 5,525

45,755 28,344 19,521 66,111 5,525

5,671 9 512 5,018 0

372 19 884 498 0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

329

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The Council of State Governments

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330 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 7.27 MEMBERSHIP AND BENEFIT OPERATIONS OF STATE-ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: LAST MONTH OF FISCAL YEAR 1992-93 Benefit Operations, last month of fiscal year Beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments Membership, last month of the fiscal year

Total (a)

United States ..................

11,875,650

3,654,532

3,192,442

191,026

271,064

2,891,404

2,588,705

163,724

138,975

183,659 50,348 178,395 134,314 1,180,428

49,723 13,145 48,959 24,724 451,115

49,421 11,937 35,956 21,266 343,345

282 364 1,980 1,964 49,532

20 844 11,023 1,494 58,238

37,939 17,301 62,719 16,066 288,871

37,739 16,148 39,270 14,487 230,776

192 588 14,055 1,021 43,434

8 564 9,395 558 14,661

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

132,311 109,974 32,724 573,755 303,284

41,423 47,043 14,442 126,763 60,396

34,264 42,027 11,093 106,866 49,699

5,365 2,430 1,392 7,008 4,182

1,794 2,586 1,957 12,889 6,515

44,780 58,738 9,623 87,756 59,044

35,034 54,884 8,480 78,214 51,880

5,443 2,108 606 3,216 3,300

4,303 1,745 537 6,325 3,864

59,518 55,889 485,251 250,168 157,610

25,892 18,303 163,879 69,053 54,970

23,879 17,321 140,920 59,770 53,492

1,657 342 4,210 2,844 692

356 640 18,749 6,439 786

24,227 9,629 125,841 36,168 19,508

23,485 9,114 113,921 30,954 18,248

695 180 3,107 729 628

47 335 8,813 4,485 631

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

120,570 195,296 156,524 91,379 189,473

38,300 54,487 73,654 24,413 59,021

36,016 52,456 66,353 19,827 59,021

0 1,123 4,094 1,258 0

2,284 908 3,207 3,328 0

13,832 40,653 69,097 17,321 62,541

13,318 38,861 63,936 14,501 62,541

0 1,183 2,810 1,251 0

515 609 2,351 1,570 0

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

167,093 416,638 284,484 193,849 166,934

71,193 132,712 74,077 40,308 49,105

60,000 112,448 63,734 32,968 42,140

3,900 6,298 2,123 2,464 1,641

7,293 13,966 8,220 4,876 5,324

60,334 120,566 55,176 24,829 36,418

51,209 102,576 50,554 21,821 33,543

3,198 5,625 1,356 1,277 872

5,927 12,364 3,266 1,731 2,003

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

59,521 41,581 61,861 39,838 440,294

19,203 7,739 12,572 9,415 135,069

17,086 7,443 11,677 9,415 122,369

1,385 250 755 0 0

732 46 140 0 12,700

11,907 3,121 16,170 4,971 140,613

10,745 2,972 14,108 4,971 127,365

773 115 675 0 0

389 33 1,387 0 13,248

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

190,343 830,035 410,706 26,832 753,169

27,312 337,669 100,939 7,781 253,133

24,542 332,889 82,753 6,997 208,407

1,277 1,572 8,604 159 21,966

1,493 3,208 9,582 625 22,760

24,921 284,110 74,124 4,041 210,194

23,278 281,509 63,495 3,689 174,880

674 1,000 5,957 55 24,593

969 1,601 4,672 296 10,720

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of disability

Periodic benefit payment for the month (in thousands of dollars) Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

State

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Survivors of deceased former members

Persons retired on account of disability

Survivors of deceased former members

MEMBERSHIP AND BENEFIT OPERATIONS, FISCAL YEAR 1992-93 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Benefit Operations, last month of fiscal year Beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments

State

Membership, last month of the fiscal year

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Persons retired on account of disability

Periodic benefit payment for the month (in thousands of dollars)

Survivors of deceased former members

Total (a)

Persons retired on account of age or length of sevice

Persons retired on account of disability

Survivors of deceased former members

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

148,894 166,736 367,998 31,958 317,157

51,373 60,437 187,464 14,190 49,834

43,790 56,850 167,926 13,958 39,838

2,348 3,587 8,383 0 5,547

5,235 0 11,155 232 4,449

45,294 43,725 158,381 17,886 40,278

39,637 41,252 149,412 17,752 33,978

2,202 2,473 4,864 0 3,651

3,456 0 4,105 134 2,649

36,957 182,182 881,381 110,777 20,965

11,663 50,541 182,384 20,531 6,004

9,756 44,034 157,852 19,855 5,159

271 2,588 9,746 676 327

1,636 3,919 14,786 0 518

4,997 26,994 143,717 14,645 3,550

4,437 23,521 133,501 14,208 3,122

125 1,428 6,025 437 173

435 2,045 4,191 0 255

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

309,392 270,392 79,721 290,347 36,745

71,283 82,506 38,476 79,091 10,823

60,953 82,473 36,355 73,023 10,823

9,220 11 735 4,474 0

1,110 22 1,386 1,594 0

54,194 65,746 20,917 71,627 6,307

47,723 65,718 19,521 66,111 6,307

6,089 9 512 5,018 0

382 19 884 498 0

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

331

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The Council of State Governments

RETIREMENT

Table 7.28 FINANCES OF STATEâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS, BY STATE: FISCAL 1992-93 (In thousands of dollars) Receipts during fiscal year Government contributions State United States .............

Total

Employee contributions

$109,646,128 $13,785,501

Payments during fiscal year

From local Earnings on From states governments investments

Total

Benefits

Withdrawals

Other

$15,250,879 $12,919,464 $67,690,284 $41,349,332 $37,966,841 $2,150,475 $1,232,016

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

1,573,897 1,101,294 1,388,457 740,867 15,379,338

225,007 128,153 52,124 40,076 2,404,666

294,140 102,566 24,256 188,852 1,404,985

52,951 102,838 89,512 26,548 1,900,218

1,001,799 767,737 1,222,565 485,391 9,669,469

504,800 276,403 535,583 219,056 6,182,308

455,380 246,731 494,958 199,853 5,674,204

39,216 13,970 23,797 5,244 330,357

10,204 15,702 16,828 13,959 177,74

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

1,591,453 1,125,734 298,180 4,926,935 2,477,619

285,462 187,123 19,280 22,853 308,468

157,004 411,945 60,396 636,288 602,002

272,125 24,156 895 1,908,608 153,306

876,862 502,510 217,609 2,359,186 1,413,843

618,139 736,931 128,193 1,099,220 776,350

565,738 721,064 117,546 1,025,029 716,052

33,398 15,084 1,561 2,051 33,282

19,003 783 9,086 72,140 27,016

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

871,467 413,538 4,197,521 1,210,832 784,829

66,378 73,744 777,357 169,369 122,602

312,983 42,210 543,497 298,247 46,519

0 84,209 355,121 142,609 151,752

492,106 213,375 2,521,546 600,607 463,956

330,468 139,401 1,755,431 484,081 284,755

269,790 115,586 1,564,751 449,761 238,085

39,455 11,009 73,376 25,102 24,356

21,223 12,806 117,304 9,218 22,314

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

599,398 1,540,339 1,971,599 452,175 2,272,179

115,408 307,986 336,820 78,482 100,745

78,284 379,398 594,268 232,136 625,081

13,263 110,683 51,565 0 26,604

392,443 742,272 988,946 141,557 1,519,749

187,827 567,702 941,158 235,703 897,183

150,809 531,861 826,337 219,001 750,465

19,266 18,905 50,592 11,648 125,683

17,752 16,936 64,229 5,054 21,035

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

1,455,154 2,599,523 2,325,843 949,245 1,879,537

360,969 234,012 292,762 192,942 188,916

722,894 766,771 95,815 114,633 195,514

14,400 344,775 303,907 169,905 217,818

356,891 1,253,965 1,633,359 471,765 1,277,289

907,571 1,490,891 712,816 389,779 492,102

724,317 1,446,788 658,279 334,792 435,775

181,371 6,698 31,747 40,613 32,213

1,883 37,405 22,790 14,374 24,114

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

347,811 155,636 715,270 166,198 3,682,087

74,588 46,824 25,033 54,512 651,030

28,255 9,227 78,472 29,151 568,087

57,992 45,318 281,725 14,168 324,555

186,976 54,267 330,040 68,367 2,138,415

159,881 49,584 203,567 74,646 1,749,222

144,908 39,167 190,338 59,650 1,687,109

13,064 6,684 3,919 12,638 62,077

1,909 3,733 9,310 2,358 36

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

869,715 7,614,887 2,843,796 132,740 9,551,662

167,515 371,413 491,451 29,782 1,372,559

71,010 109,721 467,801 9,835 611,470

139,764 892,739 115,368 20,694 1,723,464

491,426 6,241,014 1,769,176 72,429 5,844,169

315,762 3,659,740 928,461 54,547 3,363,015

281,093 3,510,223 847,417 43,809 3,169,352

33,039 82,053 77,408 5,367 123,177

1,630 67,464 3,63 5,371 70,486

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,028,540 2,290,535 4,992,155 407,623 1,563,994

194,898 262,195 603,488 79,520 287,291

310,226 139,130 800,683 62,418 286,230

73,630 292,467 503,917 52,570 72,543

449,786 1,596,743 3,084,067 213,115 917,930

599,032 648,203 2,230,828 225,048 533,338

552,931 537,938 2,158,450 213,294 484,670

24,242 32,687 22,809 4,519 41,521

21,859 77,578 49,569 7,235 7,147

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

349,494 1,564,814 5,913,401 622,653 141,354

41,478 108,059 1,196,973 31,381 17,949

16,158 282,907 1,142,832 72,063 42,705

23,409 36,382 316,245 143,962 2,895

268,449 1,137,466 3,257,351 375,247 77,805

69,202 341,069 2,251,860 202,646 51,002

59,486 323,928 1,957,324 182,495 42,028

6,097 17,141 256,867 13,594 722

3,619 0 37,669 6,557 8,252

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

1,877,536 3,319,764 420,381 4,677,499 269,630

47,391 430,962 83,670 14,910 8,925

225,436 538,210 162,721 221,591 33,856

445,778 211,102 18,837 542,593 49,579

1,158,931 2,139,490 155,153 3,898,405 177,270

764,648 826,646 266,841 799,689 87,004

667,971 789,691 252,296 764,600 73,721

35,541 35,985 12,599 27,536 9,195

61,136 970 1,946 7,553 4,088

332 The Book of the States 1996-97

RETIREMENT

FINANCES OF STATE-ADMINISTERED EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS, BY STATE: FISCAL 1992-93â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Continued Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year Governmental securities Federal securities State

Total

Cash and deposits

Total

U.S. Treasury

Federal agency

State and local

Nongovernmental securities

United States ..................

$732,409,567

$48,453,358

$168,093,363

$135,890,967

$32,202,396

$155,630

$515,707,216

10,986,404 5,841,020 11,758,417 5,247,250 111,031,544

1,547,277 180,341 1,115,102 576,787 6,009,993

177,577 1,628,859 3,967,807 1,314,028 25,016,488

177,577 1,543,273 3,624,127 1,113,019 22,251,494

0 85,586 343,680 201,009 2,764,994

0 0 0 12,574 0

9,261,550 4,031,820 6,675,508 3,343,861 80,005,063

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

12,276,645 8,638,739 2,075,035 29,138,635 17,491,921

547,639 534,986 139,984 2,334,936 675,736

1,287,935 789,272 279,257 3,152,615 5,980,567

1,234,828 755,788 279,257 2,979,533 5,957,685

53,107 33,484 0 173,082 22,882

29,740 17,714 0 0 0

10,411,331 7,296,767 1,655,794 23,651,084 10,835,618

5,036,156 2,182,423 24,442,898 7,823,617 6,484,147

458,877 129,454 1,461,810 276,735 137,040

396,228 585,079 2,048,171 4,787,955 175,130

396,228 585,079 1,218,137 3,023,281 163,961

0 0 830,034 1,764,674 11,169

0 0 0 0 0

4,181,051 1,467,890 20,932,917 2,758,927 6,171,977

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

3,741,428 9,332,586 10,349,350 2,306,026 14,056,499

51,769 1,155,953 1,111,919 180,077 287,578

547,774 2,115,973 2,814,875 136,133 0

96,757 2,063,125 2,394,541 136,133 0

451,017 52,848 420,334 0 0

0 0 728 0 0

3,141,885 6,060,660 6,421,828 1,989,816 13,768,921

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

8,451,218 21,298,947 16,039,611 6,791,708 12,344,235

93,302 4,160,063 237,996 1,124,052 635,621

61,890 3,457,585 295,306 2,686,343 1,958,954

51,244 3,457,585 292,298 2,686,343 1,036,452

10,646 0 3,008 0 922,502

1,228 0 0 63,191 4,925

8,294,798 13,681,299 15,506,309 2,918,122 9,744,735

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

2,180,916 2,471,703 4,894,013 1,303,637 27,216,175

52,342 75,737 276,225 119,903 1,582

83,722 472,789 1,408,525 156,887 120,486

83,722 197,094 1,260,570 156,887 0

0 275,695 147,955 0 120,486

0 0 0 0 0

2,044,852 1,923,177 3,209,263 1,026,847 27,094,107

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

5,600,442 73,406,760 21,177,677 1,128,631 47,741,990

391,511 1,670,364 6,078,808 16,564 3,409,789

2,039,770 18,077,243 6,052,254 155,060 19,168,053

1,420,579 17,557,857 6,052,254 138,285 16,153,136

619,191 519,386 0 16,775 3,014,917

0 0 0 0 1,895

3,169,161 53,659,153 9,046,615 957,007 25,162,253

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

6,019,037 8,645,914 35,263,387 2,617,772 14,037,320

787,958 893,482 1,294,619 6,958 2,978,585

1,708,605 1,518,885 9,499,688 1,644,840 8,610,628

866,810 1,417,647 6,529,145 1,644,840 4,567,741

841,795 101,238 2,970,543 0 4,042,887

0 0 0 0 0

3,522,474 6,233,547 24,469,080 965,974 2,448,107

1,811,817 8,661,037 40,127,920 4,593,990 863,987

287,382 1,061 1,975,597 206,639 74,351

377,107 2,663,145 15,736,815 1,038,816 77,895

274,254 62,256 8,825,229 760,590 72,270

102,853 2,600,889 6,911,586 278,226 5,625

0 0 0 0 0

1,147,328 5,996,831 22,415,508 3,348,535 711,741

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

13,856,950 16,249,313 1,817,538 23,634,666 1,920,516

1,580,609 936,064 45,435 118,173 8,593

1,426,411 4,443,520 1,591,559 4,017,893 340,966

1,426,411 4,419,833 835,993 3,308,853 340,966

0 23,687 755,566 709,040 0

0 0 0 23,635 0

10,849,930 10,869,729 180,544 19,474,965 1,570,957

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

The Council of State Governments

333

Percentage distribution of cash and investment holdings Annual benefit payments as a percentage of

Percent of receipts paid by

State

Employee contribution

State government

Local government

Annual receipts

Cash and investments

Average benefit payments (a)

Investments earnings as a percentage of cash and security holdings

Governmental securities Cash and deposits

Federal

Nongovernmental State and securities and other local investments

United States ..................

13.3

13.9

11.0

33.8

4.8

$ 795

8.8

5.4

21.7

0.0

72.8

13.9 13.1 9.6 5.9 17.4

19.9 12.4 2.2 24.7 5.8

3.6 10.7 8.0 3.6 8.1

27.4 24.8 35.6 28.5 35.5

4.3 4.6 3.3 3.9 4.5

783 1,287 981 597 949

9.9 11.7 7.5 8.9 9.2

11.4 0.4 8.2 8.4 4.5

1.6 26 37.9 24.7 19.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

87.0 73.5 53.8 66.6 76.4

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

15.6 15.1 6.4 0.5 12.0

12.9 35.7 23.8 13.5 24.1

16.4 2.1 0.3 40.5 5.9

29.6 55.8 43.9 21.0 26.3

4.3 7.4 6.5 4.2 4.1

988 1,166 676 646 928

8.4 6.3 10.3 9.0 9.0

3.0 6.6 8.1 3.3 2.5

8.2 9.2 10.1 26.4 35.3

0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

88.5 84.1 81.9 70.3 62.2

9.1 24.4 20.1 12.7 15.9

10.6 42.1 12.4 24.0 5.9

5.9 0.0 8.6 9.7 18.4

34.3 ... 36.5 34.0 28.7

5.5 ... 6.4 6.2 3.5

955 739 702 499 327

11.8 4.7 10.3 9.8 7.3

8.5 5.1 6.5 10.8 1.5

14.5 39.7 9.0 52.5 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

76.9 65.2 84.4 36.6 98.1

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

19.3 20.8 30.0 20.2 5.3

13.1 26.8 22.6 44.3 30.0

2.2 6.4 4.7 0.0 1.2

25.2 34.9 71.3 52.0 30.8

4.0 5.7 7.9 9.7 5.1

361 716 867 704 989

10.5 7.6 4.7 6.6 10.5

1.4 13.4 8.4 7.3 1.3

14.6 21.7 17.8 6.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

83.9 65.0 73.8 86.8 98.7

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

26.5 8.9 12.2 18.9 12.0

52.4 24.7 4.0 28.7 11.6

1.1 15.4 12.4 14.5 13.5

52.5 53.4 25.7 27.8 24.5

8.8 6.7 4.1 4.7 3.4

824 819 708 537 677

3.3 6.2 11.4 6.4 8.8

1.1 19.1 0.8 15.2 10.0

0.7 16.6 1.8 42.8 31.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

98.2 64.3 97.3 41.9 58.9

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

22.5 43.7 2.4 32.8 18.9

7.8 8.6 12.1 17.5 13.8

17.7 42.3 31.9 8.5 8.6

40.6 36.6 21.9 35.9 44.1

7.0 ... 3.9 4.6 5.8

609 444 864 528 966

9.0 0.4 9.5 5.2 7.7

2.6 2.9 5.9 9.2 0.0

2.0 18.3 33.8 12.0 3.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

95.4 78.8 60.3 78.8 96.7

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

20.3 4.3 17.7 19.1 14.9

8.4 .3 15.7 6.3 14.9

16.8 9.5 4.1 14.1 14.6

31.3 40.1 28.8 27.6 39.1

5.2 4.7 4.0 4.1 3.9

828 791 678 480 998

9.1 10.0 8.7 9.1 5.3

5.1 2.2 28.3 1.3 2.5

32.9 24.8 28.7 0.0 17.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

62.0 72.9 43.0 98.7 80.5

RETIREMENT

334 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 7.29 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS FOR STATE-ADMINISTERED PUBLIC EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: FISCAL 1991-92

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS: FISCAL 1991-92 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Percentage distribution of cash and investment holdings Annual benefit payments as a percentage of

Percent of receipts paid by

State

Employee contribution

State government

Local government

Annual receipts

Cash and investments

Average benefit payments (a)

Investments earnings as a percentage of cash and security holdings

Cash and deposits

Federal

Governmental securities Nongovernmental State and securities and other local investments

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

16.7 11.0 11.1 17.0 19.2

24.1 6.7 17.4 4.6 18.7

5.7 13.4 9.9 11.9 4.6

46.7 22.0 33.3 45.1 30.3

9.6 5.8 5.8 8.4 3.4

877 571 623 1,066 766

11.0 18.0 10.7 12.4 6.5

8.3 10.2 4.3 1.5 12.1

28.5 16.0 29.7 61.4 68.0

2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

61.1 73.8 66.1 37.2 19.8

16.4 7.2 21.8 5.4 9.9

6.3 18.5 23.5 11.2 23.7

9.3 2.4 2.2 22.5 2.0

22.9 24.2 30.3 28.2 28.6

3.3 3.4 4.1 3.9 5.2

441 493 897 702 561

9.7 10.2 7.1 8.5 11.8

15.0 6.4 1.7 6.4 12.0

22.1 27.9 39.1 25.6 10.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

62.9 65.7 59.2 68.0 77.3

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3.1 17.2 19.9 0.3 4.1

12.7 11.3 38.7 4.7 13.1

24.1 20.1 4.5 11.6 18.4

31.6 32.2 60.0 16.3 25.9

4.7 4.6 13.9 3.2 3.8

744 759 544 906 544

9.0 7.4 8.5 16.5 9.4

9.6 5.1 2.5 0.5 1.0

10.8 23.9 87.6 17.0 16.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

79.6 71.0 9.9 82.4 82.1

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not available. (a) Average benefit payment for the last month of fiscal year.

335

RETIREMENT

The Council of State Governments

Percentage distribution of cash and investment holdings Annual benefit payments as a percentage of

Percent of receipts paid by

State

Employee contribution

State government

Local government

Annual receipts

Cash and security holdings

Average benefit payments (a)

Investments earnings as a percentage of cash and security holdings

Governmental securities Cash and deposits

Federal

State and local

Nongovernmental securities and other investments

United States ..................

12.57

13.91

11.78

34.63

5.18

$ 791

9.2

6.6

23.0

0.0

70.4

14.30 11.64 3.75 5.41 15.64

18.69 9.31 1.75 25.49 9.14

3.36 9.34 6.45 3.58 12.36

28.93 22.40 35.65 26.98 36.89

4.14 4.22 4.21 3.81 5.11

763 1,316 1,281 650 640

9.1 13.1 10.4 9.3 8.7

14.1 3.1 9.5 11.0 5.4

1.6 27.9 33.7 25.0 22.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

84.3 69.0 56.8 63.7 72.1

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

17.94 16.62 6.47 0.46 12.45

9.87 36.59 20.25 12.91 24.30

17.10 2.15 0.30 38.74 6.19

35.55 64.05 39.42 20.80 28.90

4.61 8.35 5.66 3.52 4.09

1,081 1,249 666 692 978

7.1 5.8 10.5 8.1 8.1

4.5 6.2 6.7 8.0 3.9

10.5 9.1 13.5 10.8 34.2

0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

84.8 84.5 79.8 81.2 61.9

7.62 17.83 18.52 13.99 15.62

35.91 10.21 12.95 24.63 5.93

0.00 20.36 8.46 11.78 19.34

30.96 27.95 37.27 37.14 30.34

5.36 5.30 6.40 5.75 3.67

936 526 768 524 355

9.8 9.8 10.3 7.7 7.2

9.1 5.9 6.0 3.5 2.1

7.9 26.8 8.4 61.2 2.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

83.0 67.3 85.6 35.3 95.2

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

19.25 19.99 17.00 17.36 4.43

13.06 24.63 30.00 51.34 27.51

2.21 7.19 2.60 0.00 1.17

25.16 34.53 41.71 48.43 33.03

4.03 5.70 7.98 9.50 5.34

361 746 938 710 1,060

10.5 8.0 9.6 6.1 10.8

1.4 12.4 10.7 7.8 2.0

14.6 22.7 27.2 5.9 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

84.0 64.9 62.1 86.3 98.0

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

24.81 9.00 12.59 20.33 10.05

49.68 29.50 4.12 12.08 10.40

0.99 13.26 13.07 17.90 11.59

49.78 55.66 28.30 35.27 23.19

8.57 6.79 4.10 4.93 3.53

847 908 745 616 742

4.2 5.9 10.2 6.9 10.3

1.1 19.5 1.5 16.6 5.1

0.7 16.2 1.8 39.6 15.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

98.1 64.2 96.7 43.0 78.9

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

21.44 43.60 3.50 32.80 17.68

8.12 8.59 10.97 17.54 15.43

16.67 42.19 39.39 8.52 8.81

41.66 36.47 26.61 35.89 45.82

6.64 1.58 3.89 4.58 6.20

620 403 1,286 528 1,041

8.6 2.2 6.7 5.2 7.9

2.4 3.1 5.6 9.2 0.0

3.8 19.1 28.8 12.0 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

93.8 77.8 65.6 78.8 99.6

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

19.26 4.88 17.28 22.44 14.37

8.16 1.44 16.45 7.41 6.40

16.07 11.72 4.06 15.59 18.04

32.32 46.10 29.80 33.00 33.18

5.02 4.78 4.00 3.88 6.64

912 841 734 519 830

8.8 8.5 8.4 6.4 12.2

7.0 2.3 28.7 1.5 7.1

36.4 24.6 28.6 13.7 40.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

56.6 73.1 42.7 84.8 52.7

RETIREMENT

336 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 7.30 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS FOR STATE-ADMINISTERED PUBLIC EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS: FISCAL 1992-93

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS: FISCAL 1991-92 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Percentage distribution of cash and investment holdings Annual benefit payments as a percentage of

Percent of receipts paid by

State

Employee contribution

State government

Local government

Annual receipts

Cash and security holdings

Average benefit payments (a)

Investments earnings as a percentage of cash and security holdings

Cash and deposits

Federal

State and local

Nongovernmental securities and other investments

Governmental securities

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

18.95 11.45 12.09 19.51 18.37

30.16 6.07 16.04 15.31 18.30

7.16 12.77 10.09 12.90 4.64

53.76 23.49 43.24 52.33 30.99

9.19 6.22 6.12 8.15 3.45

882 723 845 1,260 808

7.5 18.5 8.7 8.1 6.5

13.1 10.3 3.7 0.3 21.2

28.4 17.6 26.9 62.8 61.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

58.5 72.1 69.4 36.9 17.4

11.87 6.91 20.14 5.04 12.70

4.62 18.08 19.23 11.57 30.21

6.70 2.33 5.32 23.12 2.05

17.02 20.70 32.93 29.31 29.73

3.28 3.74 4.88 3.97 4.86

428 534 788 713 591

14.8 13.1 8.1 8.2 9.0

15.9 0.0 4.9 4.5 8.6

20.8 30.7 39.2 22.6 9.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

63.3 69.2 55.9 72.9 82.4

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

2.52 12.98 19.90 0.32 3.31

12.01 16.21 38.71 4.74 12.56

23.74 6.36 4.48 11.60 18.39

35.58 23.79 60.02 16.35 27.34

4.82 4.86 13.88 3.24 3.84

760 797 544 906 583

8.4 13.2 8.5 16.5 9.2

11.4 5.8 2.5 0.5 0.4

10.3 27.3 87.6 17.0 17.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

78.3 66.9 9.9 82.4 81.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (a) Average benefit payment for the last month of fiscal year.

337

RETIREMENT

The Council of State Governments

LICENSURE/REGULATION

Accountant, Certified Public

Architect

Auctioneer

Barber

Cosmetologist

Embalmer (a)

Engineer, Professional (b)

Funeral Director

Insurance Agent

Insurance Broker

Landscape Architect

Polygraph Examiner

Real Estate Agent

Real Estate Broker

Surveyor, Land

Table 7.31 STATE REGULATION OF SELECTED NON-HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

L L L L L

L ... ... L ...

... L L L L

L L L L L

L ... L ... ...

L ... L L L

L ... ... L ...

L L L L L

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

L L L L L

... ... ... L L

L L L L L

... L ... L L

L L L L L

... L L L L

L L L L L

L L L ... ...

... C L L L

... ... ... ... L

L L L L L

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

L L L L L

... ... ... L ...

L L L L L

L ... L ... ...

L L L L L

... L ... L ...

L L ... ... C

... ... L L L

L L L L L

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

L L L L L

... L L L ...

L L L L L

L L L L ...

L L L L L

L ... L L L

L L L L L

... L L L ...

L L L L L

L L C L L

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

L ... ... L L

L L L L L

L ... ... ... L

L C L L C

... L ... ... ...

L L L L L

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

L L L L L

... ... ... L ...

L L L L ...

L L L L L

... L L L ...

L L L L L

... L L L ...

L L L ... C

L L L ... ...

L L L L L

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

L L L L L

... ... L L L

L L L L L

... L L L L

L L L L L

L L C ... L

L ... L L ...

L L L L L

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

L L L L L

... ... L L L

L L L L L

L L ... L L

L L L L L

... ... L L L

L L L L L

L L ... ... L

L L L L L

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

L L L L L

... L L ... L

L L L L L

L L L ... L

L L L L L

L ... ... L L

L L L L ...

L L L L L

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

L L L L L

L R L ... ...

L L L L L

... L L ... L

L L L L L

... L ... ... L

C C L ... L

L ... L ... ...

L L L L L

Dist. of Columbia ...........

...

State or other jurisdiction

Source: Council on Licensure, Enforcement and Regulation, Issues in Professional Regulation, 1993, and various national associations of state boards. Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation

338 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) In some states, embalmers are not licensed separately from funeral directors; embalming is part of the funeral director’s job. (b) In addition to licensing professional engineers, some states regulate engineers by specific areas of expertise, such as civil engineers.

Chiropractor

Counselor, Professional

Counselor, Alcoholism

Counselor, Drug

Counselor, Pastoral

Counselor, Substance Abuse

Dentist

Dental Assistant

Dental Hygienist

Denturist

Dietitian

Emergency Medical Technician (a)

Hearing Aid Dealer & Fitter

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

... L ... ... L

L L L L L

L ... C L ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... C ... ...

L L L L L

... ... C R L

L L L L L

... ... L ... ...

L ... ... L C

L L L L L

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

R ... ... L L

L L L L L

L ... L ... L

C ... ... C ...

C ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

L ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... L C

L L L L L

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

L ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... L L ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

C ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... L ... ... ...

... ... L ... L

L L L L L

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ... L L L

L L L L L

C ... L L C

... ... ... ... ...

... ... C R L

... ... ... L ...

C ... ... L ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... R

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L C L L L

L L L L L

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

L ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... L ... L L

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... C ...

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... L C ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... L ...

L L L L L

... L L L L

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

L ... L ... L

L L L L L

L C ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... C ...

C ... ... C C

L L L L L

... ... ... ... R

L L L L L

L ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

L L ... ... ...

L L L L L

L ... C ... L

... L ... ... ...

... L ... L ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... L ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L ... ... L L

L L L L L

339

Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation * — Enabling legislation . . . — Not regulated

See footnotes at end of table.

LICENSURE/REGULATION

The Council of State Governments

State and other jurisdiction

Acupuncturist

Table 7.32 STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993

State and other jurisdiction

Acupuncturist

Chiropractor

Counselor, Professional

Counselor, Alcoholism

Counselor, Drug

Counselor, Pastoral

Counselor, Substance Abuse

Dentist

Dental Assistant

Dental Hygienist

Denturist

Dietitian

Emergency Medical Technician (a)

Hearing Aid Dealer & Fitter

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... L R L ...

L L L L L

L L ... ... L

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... C ...

L L L L L

C ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... L ... ... ...

L L ... L ...

L L L L L

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... L L L

L L L L L

... L L ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... L ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

R L ... ... L

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

... L C L ...

L L L L L

L L L L ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

L L ... L ...

L L L L L

L ... L C L

C ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

C ... ... ... L

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

... ... ... ... ...

... L ... ... ...

L L L L L

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

L ...

L L

L ...

... ...

L L

... L

L L

... ...

L L

... ...

Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation * — Enabling legislation . . . — Not regulated

LICENSURE/REGULATION

340 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993 — Continued

Nurse Practitioner

Nurse, Registered

Nursing Home Administrator

Optician

Optometrist

Osteopath

Pharmacist

Physical Therapist

L L L L ...

L L ... L L

L L C L L

L L L L L

L L L L ...

... L L L C

L L L L L

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... L ... ... ...

... ... ... L ...

L L L L L

L L L ... ...

... L ... L L

L L L L L

... L L L L

... L ... L L

L L L L L

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ... ...

L ... ... ... L

L L L L L

L ... ... C ...

... L ... ... L

L L L L L

L L L (b) . . . (b) L

... L L C L

... ... L C L

L L ... ... ...

L L L L L

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... R ...

L L L L L

L L ... ... L

L L L L L

C L L L L

C L L L ...

... L ... ... ...

L L L L L

C L L L L

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

L C ... L ...

... C L ... ...

L L L L L

L ... ... L C

L ... ... L ...

L ... ... ... ...

L L L L L

L L C L L

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... ... L ... ...

... L ... L ...

L L L L L

L L ... ... L

L L L L ...

L L L L L

L L ... L ...

... ... ... R L

L L L L L

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... ... ... ...

L L ... L ...

L L L L L

... L C ... L

... L ... ... L

L L L L L

L L L ... L

... L L ... L

L L L L L

The Council of State Governments 341

Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation * — Enabling legislation . . . — Not regulated

Occupational Therapy Assistant

Nurse Midwife

... ... ... L ...

Occupational Therapist

Nurse, Licensed Practical

... ... L ... ...

Homeopath

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

State and other jurisdiction

See footnotes at end of table.

LICENSURE/REGULATION

Massage Therapist

STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993 — Continued

Nurse Midwife

Nurse Practitioner

Nurse, Registered

Nursing Home Administrator

Optician

Optometrist

Osteopath

Pharmacist

Physical Therapist

L L L L L

C C L L L

C ... L L L

L L L L L

L L L ... L

... ... ... L L

L L L L L

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... L L ...

L L L L L

L ... ... L ...

L ... L L ...

L L L L L

L L L (b) . . . (b) L

L L L L ...

... L L ... L

L L L L L

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ... ... ...

... L ... ... ...

L L L L L

L L L L ...

L ... ... ... L

L L L L L

C L ... C L

... L ... C L

L L ... ... ...

L L L L L

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

... ...

L L

... L

L L

L (b) . . . (b)

L L

... L

L L

L ...

L L

Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation * — Enabling legislation . . . — Not regulated

Occupational Therapy Assistant

Nurse, Licensed Practical

... L ... L ...

Occupational Therapist

Massage Therapist

... ... ... ... ...

Homeopath

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

State and other jurisdiction

LICENSURE/REGULATION

342 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993 — Continued

Physician Assistant

Podiatrist

Psychologist

Radiologic Technologist

Radiation Therapist

Respiratory Therapist

Sanitarian

Social Worker

Speech-Language Pathologist & Aud.

Veterinarian

Veterinary Technician

L L ... L L

L L L L L

L L C C L

L L L L L

... ... C ... C

... ... C ... L

... ... ... L L

... ... ... R ...

L ... C L ...

L ... ... L L

... L C ... L

L L L L L

L L L L R

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ... R L L

L L L L L

C L L L C

L L L L L

... ... L L ...

... ... ... L L

... ... ... ... ...

... L L L L

L ... ... L L

L L L L L

... ... ... ... L

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... L L L

L L L L L

C C L C L

L L L L L

L L L C L

L ... L ... L

L ... L * L

... R ... C L

L L ... R ...

... L L L L

L ... L L L

... ... L L L

L L L L L

... ... L L L

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

R L L L L

L L L L L

C L L L L

L L L L L

... L L L ...

... * L L ...

C L L L C

... L L ... L

L L L L L

C ... ... L ...

L L L L L

L L ... L L

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

L ... ... L ...

L L L L L

L L C ... L

L L L L L

L * ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

L ... C L C

L C C L C

L C L L ...

L ... C L L

L L L ... ...

L L L L L

... L L ... L

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

... C ... C L

L L L L L

L C L L L

L L L L L

L L L C L

L ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... L

L L ... L L

L R ... ... L

L L L C ...

L L L ... L

... ... L C L

L L L L L

... L L ... ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

L L L L L

L L L R L

L L L L L

C L ... ... ...

... L ... ... ...

L ... ... L ...

... ... L L L

L C C L L

L L L L L

L ... C ... ...

L L L L L

343

Key: C — Certification L — Licensure R — Regulation * — Enabling legislation . . . — Not regulated

See footnotes at end of table.

Therapist, Marriage & Family

Physician

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

LICENSURE/REGULATION

The Council of State Governments

State and other jurisdiction

Physical Therapy Assistant

STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993 — Continued

Physical Therapy Assistant

Physician

Physician Assistant

Podiatrist

Psychologist

Radiologic Technologist

Radiation Therapist

Respiratory Therapist

Sanitarian

Social Worker

Speech-Language Pathologist & Aud.

Veterinarian

Veterinary Technician

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

L L R L L

L L L L L

L L C L L

L L L L L

... L ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... L ... L L

L L ... L ...

L ... L ... L

L L L L L

L L ... L L

L L L L L

L L R ... L

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

L L L ... L

L L L L L

... ... L * L

... ... ... L ...

... L L ... ...

... C L L ...

L L L L ...

... L L L ...

L L L L L

L ... ... ... ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

L ... L ... ...

L L L L L

L L L ... L

L L L L L

C C L ... L

... ... ... ... L

C L ... L ...

... ... L L ...

L L L C ...

L ... L L L

... L ... C L

L L L L L

L ... L L ...

Dist. of Columbia ........... Puerto Rico .....................

L L

L ...

L L

... L

... ...

... L

... ...

L L

... ...

Therapist, Marriage & Family

State and other jurisdiction

(a) There are eight categories of emergency medical technicians, from basic to paramedic to task-specific certifications. No state regulates all categories, but every state regulates at least one category. (b) In Indiana, Utah and Puerto Rico, nursing home administrators are not licensed as such, but they are licensed more broadly as health facility administrators.

LICENSURE/REGULATION

344 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE REGULATION OF HEALTH OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS: 1993 — Continued

LICENSURE/REGULATION

State or other jurisdiction

Architects

Certified Public Accountants

Dentists

Engineer, Professional

Lawyers

Nurses

Nursing Home Administrator

Optometry

Pharmacy

Physical Therapist

Physicians

Psychology

Real Estate

Social Work

Veterinary Medicine

Table 7.33 STATUS OF MANDATORY CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR SELECTED PROFESSIONS: 1995

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ... E E E

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ E ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

... ... ... ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... E ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... E ★ E ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

... E ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ E ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

... E E ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... E E ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ E ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... E ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ E ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ E

... E E ★ ...

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

E E E ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

E ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ S

... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

E ... ★ E ...

... E ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ... E

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

... ... E ... E

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ S ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ... E ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

... ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ... ★ ★

E E ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

... ... S ★ ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

S ★ E ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

E E E E ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ... ...

E E ... E E

... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

... ... ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ★ ★ ... ★

★ ... E ... ...

... ... ★ ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ S ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★

S ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★ ★ ...

... ★ ★ ★ E

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... E ★ E ★

... ★ ★ ... ★

Dist. of Columbia ...........

★

...

★

Source: Louis Phillips & Associates, Greenville, S.C. Key: ★ — Required. E — Enabling legislation. S — Under certain circumstances. . . . — No requirements.

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345

MINIMUM AGE

Table 7.34 MINIMUM AGE FOR SPECIFIED ACTIVITIES Minimum age for marriage with consent (b) State or other jurisdiction

Age of majority (a)

Minimum age for making a will

Minimum age for buying alcohol

Minimum age for serving on a jury

Minimum age for leaving school (c)

19 18 18 18 18

(d,e) 14 (d,e) (d,e) 14 (d,e) (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (g,i) 17 (g,i) (g,i) 16 (g,i) (k) (k)

(f) 19 (f) (h) 18 (h) 18 (j) 18 (j) (l) 18 (l)

21 21 21 21 21

19 18 18 18 18

16 16 16 17 18

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

18 18 18 18 18

(g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (i) 18 (i) (i) 16 (i) (d,i) 16 (d,i) (d,i) 16 (d,i) (i) 16 (i) (i) 16 (i)

18 18 18 18 (h) 18 (h)

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

16 16 16 16 16

18 18 18 18 (o) 18 (o)

(g) 15 (g) (g) 16 (g) (m) 16 (m) (i) 17 (i) (g) 18 (g)

18 18 (j) 18 (j) 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

18 16 16 (n) 16 (n) 16

Kansas ............................ (p) Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

(p) 18 (p) 18 18 18 18

(g) 18 (g) (g,i) 18 (g,i) (g) 18 (g) (g) 16 (g) (i,r) 16 (i,r)

(h,j) 18 (h,j) 18 (j,q) 18 (j,q) 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

16 (n) 16 (n) 17 17 16

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

18 18 18 21 18

(s) 14 (s) 16 (g) 16 (g) (k,s) (u) 15 (u)

(s) 12 (s) 16 (g) 16 (g) (k,s) (u) 15 (u)

18 (j,l) 18 (j,l) 18 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 21 21

16 16 (t) 16 (t) 16 16

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

18 19 18 18 18

(g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) 17 17 (g) 16 (g) (g) 16 (g) (s) 14 (s) (s) 13 (s) (g,i) 16 (g,i) (g,i) 16 (g,i)

18 18 18 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 19 18 18 18

(v) 16 (v) 16 17 16 16

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

18 18 18 18 18

(i,u) 16 (i,u) (i,u) 16 (i,u) (s) 16 (s) (s) 16 (s) (i) 16 (i) (i) 16 (i) 16 16 (g,i) 18 (g,i) (g,i) 16 (g,i)

(l) 18 (l) 18 18 (l) 18 (l) 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

16 (w) 16 (w) 16 16 18

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

18 18 21 18 18

(g,i) 16 (g,i) (x) 17 (x) (u) 16 (u) (u) 18 (u) (i) 16 (i)

(g,i) 16 (g,i) (x) 17 (x) (u) 16 (u) (u) 16 (u) (i) 14 (i)

18 18 18 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

18 18 17 16 17

18 18 18 18 18

(i) 16 (i) (u) 16 (u) (s) 14 (s) (d) 14 (d) (g) 16 (g)

(i)16 (i) (u) 16 (u) (s) 14 (s) (d) 14 (d) (g) 16 (g)

18 18 18 18 18

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

(v) 16 (v) 18 17 18 16

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

18 18 18 18 18

18 18 18 18 19

21 21 21 21 21

18 18 18 18 18

18 (y) 18 (y) 16 18 16

Dist. of Columbia ...............

Male

Female

(d,i) 16 (d,i) (d,i) 16 (d,i) (u) 17 (u) (u) 17 (u) (i) 18 (i) (i) 18 (i) (e) 16 (e) (e) 16 (e) (u) 16 (u) (u) 16 (u)

346 The Book of the States 1996-97

(d) 16 (d)

MINIMUM AGE

MINIMUM AGE FOR SPECIFIED ACTIVITIES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Sources: Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, Inc.; Education Commission of the States; National Center for State Courts; National Center for Youth Law; Gary Skoloff, Skoloff & Wolfe. (a) Generally, the age at which an individual has legal control over own actions and business (e.g., ability to contract) except as otherwise provided by statute. In many states, age of majority is arrived at upon marriage if minimum legal marrying age is lower than prescribed age of majority. (b) With parental consent. Minimum age for marrying without consent is 18 years in all states, except in Mississippi where the minimum age is 21. (c) Without graduating. (d) Parental consent not required if minor was previously married. (e) Other statutory requirements apply. (f) All married persons, widows and widowers over 18. (g) Younger persons may marry with parental consent and/or permission of judge. In Connecticut, judicial approval. (h) Married persons 16 and over. (i) Younger persons may obtain license in case of pregnancy or birth of child. (j) Court may authorize minors to transact business. (k) No age limits. (l) Age may be lower for a minor who is living apart from parents or legal guardians and managing own financial affairs, or who has contracted a lawful marriage, or on active duty in the military.

(m) Judicial consent may be given when parents refuse to consent. (n) In Indiana, students between 16 and 18 must submit to an exit interview and have written parental approval before leaving school. In Kentucky, must have parental signature for leaving school between 16 and 18. (o) A married minor, or a minor tried and convicted to the department of corrections, is also deemed to have reached majority. (p) Married minors age 16 and over are deemed to have reached majority for most purposes. (q) Parents may declare emancipation of minor at age 15. (r) If under 16, proof of age and the consent of parents in person is required. If a parent is ill, an affidavit by the incapacitated parent and a physicianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affidavit to the effect required. (s) Parental consent and/or permission of judge required. In Texas, below age of consent, need parental consent and permission of judge. (t) Age 18, beginning in year 2000. (u) Younger persons may obtain license in special circumstances. (v) Or completion of eighth grade, whichever is earlier. (w) Age 17 in New York City and Buffalo. (x) If a party has no parent residing within state, and one party has residence within state for six months, no permission required. (y) Can leave if age 15 and have completed grade eight, has a useful occupation, has met graduation requirements, or has certificate of education competency.

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347

MOTOR VEHICLES

Table 7.35 STATE MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS: 1994 State or other jurisdiction

Automobiles (a)

Motorcycles (a)

Buses (a,b)

Trucks (a)

Total registrations 1993 1994

Percentage change

United States ..................

133,929,662

3,718,127

670,423

63,445,280

194,063,482

198,045,365

2.1

1,947,961 300,420 1,849,994 775,142 14,742,557

38,707 12,544 67,738 14,356 541,960

8,401 1,935 4,444 5,585 42,261

1,220,199 231,141 959,023 786,111 7,554,056

3,390,365 489,004 2,891,589 1,527,625 22,823,712

3,176,560 533,496 2,813,462 1,566,838 22,338,875

-6.3 9.1 -2.7 2.6 -2.1

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

1,651,591 2,046,422 404,129 7,519,206 4,167,597

96,425 48,318 9,114 177,374 56,631

5,571 8,375 2,177 39,564 15,062

1,092,696 544,692 (c) 171,729 2,693,040 1,807,042

3,032,088 2,594,369 554,550 10,169,556 5,632,425

2,749,858 2,599,489 578,036 10,251,810 5,989,702

-9.3 0.2 4.2 0.8 6.3

509,282 545,163 6,226,009 3,230,511 1,806,075

12,148 33,050 188,426 97,017 115,196

4,305 3,410 16,305 23,581 9,269

265,288 486,157 2,455,540 1,634,542 950,534

763,491 1,023,179 8,070,464 4,670,301 2,738,147

778,876 1,034,729 8,697,854 4,888,635 2,765,878

2.0 1.1 7.8 4.7 1.0

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

1,093,876 1,732,359 1,977,787 610,727 2,731,510

44,658 33,992 35,341 25,619 38,894

3,779 11,788 20,347 2,810 11,216

985,302 921,557 1,428,330 332,208 897,611

1,922,229 2,629,130 3,166,155 1,027,942 3,559,558

2,082,957 2,665,705 3,426,464 945,774 3,640,337

8.4 1.4 8.2 -8.0 2.3

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

3,068,374 5,276,953 2,677,293 1,340,513 2,741,383

65,980 113,098 129,714 28,526 56,768

10,414 23,940 16,840 9,334 12,167

948,016 2,272,700 1,363,282 713,120 1,454,380

3,837,497 7,398,558 3,716,103 1,999,639 4,065,686

4,026,804 7,573,593 4,057,415 2,062,967 4,207,930

4.9 2.4 9.2 3.2 3.5

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

512,144 840,533 537,855 643,840 4,601,597

21,391 20,851 20,159 33,338 86,471

3,049 5,770 1,727 1,729 19,423

434,332 611,281 445,113 346,246 (c) 1,218,189 (c)

939,220 1,439,026 937,227 958,741 5,640,875

949,525 1,457,584 984,696 991,815 5,839,209

1.1 1.3 5.1 3.4 3.5

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

734,634 7,906,975 3,525,315 373,106 7,177,441

30,875 175,188 63,838 17,530 223,794

3,402 43,333 34,113 2,409 32,279

684,404 2,245,858 (c) 1,883,293 309,126 2,454,007

1,420,653 10,162,501 5,364,571 661,831 9,278,973

1,422,440 10,196,166 5,442,720 684,640 9,663,727

0.1 0.3 1.5 3.4 4.1

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

1,559,306 1,530,070 6,026,443 545,194 1,816,606

56,008 61,234 168,535 16,893 34,123

14,406 10,938 33,466 1,643 14,705

1,232,038 1,211,561 2,422,478 (c) 152,257 (c) 911,502

2,771,353 2,624,127 8,282,066 695,310 2,683,711

2,805,750 2,752,569 8,482,387 699,093 2,742,813

1.2 4.9 2.4 0.5 2.2

468,678 3,712,180 8,698,528 808,372 315,054

25,822 57,443 142,859 23,000 17,932

2,564 16,455 68,468 866 1,874

298,144 1,330,017 4,858,869 605,430 172,508

807,684 4,963,848 13,118,321 1,334,784 483,222

769,386 5,058,653 13,625,865 1,414,668 489,436

-4.7 1.9 3.9 6.0 1.3

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3,920,576 2,882,261 879,205 2,460,931 268,606

58,353 96,987 16,311 149,756 16,522

16,266 7,652 3,500 12,296 2,419

1,570,219 1,575,156 579,623 1,452,562 238,145

5,407,735 4,412,998 1,345,395 3,814,695 557,616

5,507,060 4,465,069 1,462,328 3,925,788 509,170

1.8 1.2 8.7 2.9 -8.7

Dist. of Columbia ...............

211,378

1,318

2,792

34,625

263,637

248,795

-5.6

Source: Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (1994). Compiled for the calendar year ending December 31, 1994 from reports of state authorities. Note: Where the registration year is not more than one month removed from the calendar year, registration-year data are given. Where the registration year is more than one month removed, registrations are given for the calendar year. (a) Includes federal, state, county and municipal vehicles. Vehicles owned by the military services are not included.

348 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) The numbers of private and commercial buses given here are estimates by the Federal Highway Administration of the numbers in operation, rather than the registration counts of the states. (c) The following farm trucks, registered at a nominal fee and restricted to use in the vicinity of the ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s farm, are not included in this table: Connecticut, 9,378; New Hampshire, 3,786; New Jersey, 6,005; New York, 15,736; Pennsylvania, 22,282; and Rhode Island, 1,073.

MOTOR VEHICLES

Table 7.36 MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS LICENSES: 1994 Estimated total licensed drivers during 1994 (in thousands)

State or other jurisdiction

Years for which issued

4 5 4 4 4

Issuance Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday

(a) $20.00 (a) 15.00 10.00 - 25.00 14.00 12.00

2,860,724 435,677 2,849,304 1,768,394 20,156,177

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

5 4 5 (b) 4 or 6 (b) 4

Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday

15.00 (a) 28.50 - 43.50 (a) 12.50 (c) 20.00 (c) 15.00

2,732,682 2,318,543 513,406 11,005,438 4,816,618

(d) 2 or 4 (d) 4 4 and 5 (e) 3 and 4 (e) (e) 2 and 4 (e)

Birthday Birthday Birthday Birth month Birthday

(d) 20.50 10.00 (e) 6.00 (e) (e) 16.00 (e)

745,392 800,513 7,502,201 3,860,329 1,896,518

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

4 4 4 6 5

Birthday Birth month Birthday Birthday Birthday

(a) 8.00 - 14.00 (a) 10.00 18.00 30.00 30.00

1,771,566 2,516,408 2,594,615 913,597 3,308,006

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

5 (f) 2 and 4 (f) 4 4 3

Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday Issuance

(a) 33.75 (a) (f) 6.00 - 12.00 (f) 18.50 - 37.50 20.00 7.50

4,471,529 6,601,924 2,705,701 1,671,690 3,382,046

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

4 and 8 4 4 4 4

Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday Issuance

16.00 - 32.00 15.00 (f) 20.50 (f) 32.00 16.00 - 17.50

525,780 1,146,447 1,007,191 877,471 5,433,383

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

(e) 4 (e) 4 5 4 4

Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday Birthday

13.00 22.25 10.00 10.00 10.75

1,167,462 10,376,615 4,840,104 439,330 7,142,173

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4 4 (e) 2 and 4 (e) 5 5

Issuance Birthday Birth month Birthday Birthday

(g) 18.00 (g) 26.25 (e) 27.00 (e) 30.00 12.50

2,343,555 2,542,681 8,115,074 688,399 2,492,019

5 5 4 5 2 or 4

Birthday Birthday Birthday (h) Birthday Birthday

8.00 (a) 19.50 (a) (h) 16.00 (h) 15.00 - 20.00 12.00 - 20.00

508,076 3,825,671 12,109,960 1,245,205 445,576

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

5 4 4 4 4

Birth month Birthday Issuance Birthday Birthday

12.00 14.00 10.50 15.00 20.00

4,601,235 3,775,019 1,298,478 3,554,003 341,706

Dist. of Columbia ...............

Issuance

20.00

361,854

Renewal date

Sources: American Automobile Association, Digest of Motor Laws (1996); U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 1994. Status of requirements as of October, 1995. (a) The following examination fees are in addition to the fee shown for a license: Alabama-$5; Connecticut-$15; Kansas-$2; Massachusetts-$5; Tennessee-$5. (b) Original license is $20. Renewal fee is $20 for six years if no moving violation convictions within past three years. (c) Fee for original license: Florida-$20. (d) Licenses issued for two years to persons 15-24 years and 65 years and over. Fee for two-year licenses: $6; four-year licenses: $12.

Amount of fee

(e) Indiana three-year renewal license for persons 75 years and older; Iowa$8 for two-year license for persons over 18 and under 70; New Mexico persons 75 and over renew annually at $2.50; Pennsylvania-$11.50 for two-year license for persons 65 years and over. (f) Persons age 60 and over may renew at $4 annually. (g) Additional $4 to $25 for license application before obtaining the original license. $11.25-$3.75 for persons 62-64. Free of charge for persons 65 and over. (h) Licenses issued to those under 18 expire on 18th birthday. License fee is prorated with a $5 minimum.

The Council of State Governments

349

MOTOR VEHICLES

Table 7.37 MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS (As of 1996) Child restraints mandatory for passengers Mandatory up to ____ seat belt years (d) law (e)

Liability laws (b)

Vehicle inspection (c)

Transfer of plates to new owner

S S C S, NF (m)

(h) spot (j) H (j)

★ ★ ★ ... ★

6 16 5 5 4 (n)

★ ★ ★ ★ (q) ★ (o)

S,NF S S,NF (f) NF (p) C

(j) H H (j) (j)

... ... ★ ... ★

4 (n) 4 4 (n) 6 18

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

(i) 15 (i) (l) 15 (l) (i,l) 16 (i,l) (i,l) 16 + 1 mo. (i,l) (i,l) 14 (i,l)

S S,C S S,C S

H (j) (j,q) (j) spot

★ ... ... ... ...

4 4 (n) 6 5 6

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

14 (i) 16 (i) (v) 17 (s) (l) 16 (l) (i,l,v) 16 (i,l,s)

NF,UM C,NF C S,C C,NF

spot (j) ★ ★ (u)

... ★ ★ ... ...

14 (n) 5 19 10

★ (q) ★ (o) ★ (q) ★ (o) ★

(f) (i,l,k) 15 (i,l,k) (f) (f) (k) 15½ (k)

(i,l,v) 16½ (i,l,s) (i,l,v) 16 (i,l,s) (l) 16 (l) (k) 15½ (k)

C,NF C,NF C,NF S,F C

★ spot (j) spot (h) ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

12 4 4 2 4

(q) ★ (o) ★ (q) ★ (o) ★ ★

(f) (f,k) 15 (f,k) (f,i,k) 15½ (f,i,k) (v) (k)

(i,l) 15 (i,l) 14 (i,k) 14 (i,k) (l) 16 (l) (x) 16 (w)

C F F,C S,F S,NF,UJ

... ... (u) H H

... ... ... ... ...

4 (n) 5 (n) 5 (n) 12 5

(q) ★ (o) ★ (q) ★ (o) ... (q) ★ (o)

(l) 15 (l) (k) 16 (k) (i,k,l) 15 (i,k,l) (f) (f,i) 16 (f,i)

(k) 14 (k) (i,v) 16 (i,s) 16 (i,l) 14 (i,l) (x) 14 (w)

S,C S,C,NF S,C S,NF,UM,UJ S,C

(j) (j) ★ (j) (j) ★ (j) spot (j) spot (j)

... ... ... ★ ...

11 16 (o) 6 11 4 (n)

★ (q) ★ (o) ★ ★ ★

16 16 16 16 16

(y) (i,k) 15 (i,k) (i,k) 16 (i,k) (f) (k) 15 (k)

(l) 15½ (l) (x) 14 (w) (i,v) 16 (i,s) (l) 16 (l) 15

S,C F,C,NF C S C,NF,UM

(u) ★ (u) (j) spot (j) (j) ★ (j) ★ ...

★ ★ ... ... ...

6 16 4 13 6

★ (q) ★ (o) ★ (q) ★ (o) (q) ★ (o)

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

16 16 16 (l) 16 (i,l) 18

(k) 14 (k) (k) 15 (k) (k,p) 15 (k,n) 16 (f,k) 15 (f,k)

... (j) ★ (j) (j) ★ (j) (j) ★ (j) ★

★ ... ★ ... ...

5 4 4 8 13

★ ★ ★ ★ (q) ★ (o)

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

18 18 18 18 16

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... Puerto Rico ..................... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

18 16 (l) 16 16 18

Minimum age for driver’s license (a)

State or other jurisdiction

Regular

Learner’s

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

16 16 18 16 18

(f) 15 (f) (i) 14 (i) (f,i) 15 + 7 mo. (f,i) (f) 14-16 (f) (k,l) 15 (k,l)

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

21 (i,k) 15 + 6 mo. (i,k) (i,p,k) 15¼ (i,k,n) 16 (l) (l) 16 (l) 18 (i) 15 +10 mo. (i) (i,l) 16 (i,l) 16 (f) 15 (f) (i) 15 (i) 16 15 (i) 16 (i)

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

18 17 18 18 16 (l)

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

16 (f) 18 (f) 16 (r) (i) 14 (i) 17 (k,l) 15 (k,l) 18 (t) (f,k) 15 + 9 mo. (f,k)

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

17 18 18 16 15

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

18 16 16 18 17

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

16 17 (l) 18 16 18 (x)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

Restrictive

(f,k) 15 (f,k) (f,k,l) 15 (f,k,l) (f) (k,p) 16 (k,n) 14

(g) 14 (g) (g,i) 14 (g,i) (i) 16 (i) (i,k) 14 (i,k) (l) 16 (l)

(v) 14 (s) F,UM 14 S,F (k,l,x) 15 (k,l,w) S,F,C,UM (k,r) 15 + 9 mo. (k,y) S,UM (k) 16 (k) S

(f,i,k) 15 (f,i,k) (p) 15 (n) (k) 15 (k) (f) 15½ (f) (i,k) 15 (i,k)

(i,l) 16 (i,l) (l) 16 (l) 16 (i,l) 16 (i,l) (i,k) 15 (i,k)

S,UM S,F S,C S S,C

★ (j) ★ (j) spot (j) ...

... ★ ... ... ...

4 5 9 4 3 (n)

★ (q) ★ (o) ★ (q) ★ (o) ★

(f,k) (k) 16 (k) (i,k) 15 (i,k) (k) 16 (k)

(i) 16 (i) (l) 17 (l) (i) 16 (i) (i,k) 16 (i,k) (l) 16 (l)

C C S NF (z)

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

16 ... 11 4 (p) 5 (n)

(q) ★ (o) ... ★ (q) ★ (o) ★

350 The Book of the States 1996-97

MOTOR VEHICLES

MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS — Continued Source: American Automobile Association, Digest of Motor Laws, (1996). Key: ★ — Provision. . . . — No provision. (a) See Table 7.36, “Motor Vehicle Operators Licenses: 1994” for additional information on driver licenses. (b) All jurisdictions except Colorado, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a non-resident service of process law. Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Illinois (applicable to hitchhikers only), Oregon, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands each have a guest suit law. In this column only: S–“Security-type” financial responsibility law (following accident report, each driver/owner of the vehicles involved must show ability to pay damages which may be charged in subsequent legal actions arising from accident); F–“Future-proof type” financial responsibility law (persons who have been convicted of certain serious traffic offenses or who have failed to pay a judgement against them for damages arising from an accident must make a similar showing of financial responsibility); C–“Compulsory insurance” law (motorists must show proof of financial responsibility liability insurance usually as a condition of vehicle registration); NF– “No-fault insurance” law (vehicle owner looks to own insurance company for reimbursement for accident damages, rather than having to prove in court that the other party was responsible); UJ–“Unsatisfied judgement funds” law (state-operated funds financed with fees from motorists unable to provide evidence of insurance or from assessments levied on auto insurance companies to cover pedestrians and others who do not have no-fault insurance); UM–“Uninsured motorist” law (insurance companies must offer coverage against potential damage by uninsured motorists). (c) “Spot” indicates spot check, usually for reasonable cause, or random roadside inspection for defective or missing equipment. (d) The type of child restraint (safety seat or seat belt) required depends on the age of the child. The majority of states allow for substituting adult safety belts by age 5. (e) These states have enacted mandatory seat belt legislation. Unless otherwise specified, legislation covers driver and front-seat passengers. (f) Permit required. In Arkansas, for 30 days prior to taking driving test. In Minnesota, not required if driver can pass road test. In Oregon, not required if applicant can already drive. (g) Restricted to mopeds. (h) Cities have authority to maintain inspection stations. In Alabama, state troopers also authorized to inspect at their discretion. (i) Guardian or parental consent required. (j) Emission inspections. In Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wisconsin, mandatory annual emission inspections in certain counties. In California, biennial inspections are required in portions of counties which do not meet federal clean air standards. In Oregon, biennial inspections in Portland metro area and the Rogue Valley. (k) Driver must be accompanied by licensed operator. In California and Vermont (learner’s permit), a licensed operator 25 years or older. In California, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont (restrictive license), Virginia, Wyoming, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, a licensed operator

18 years or older. In Maryland, individual, 21 years or older, licensed to drive vehicle of that class, and licensed for three or more years. In Nebraska, a licensed operator 19 years or older. In New Jersey, an individual licensed for same classification as the learner’s permit. In Pennsylvania, a licensed operator 18 years or older, licensed in same or equivalent class as learner. In Arkansas, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah and West Virginia, a licensed operator 21 years or older. In American Samoa, must be accompanied by parent, legal guardian, or safety instructor. In Missouri and Guam, must be accompanied by parent or legal guardian. (l) Must have successfully completed approved driver education course. (m) Financial responsibility required of every driver/owner of motor vehicle at all times. (n) Other restrictions. In California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Wyoming and U.S. Virgin Islands, age restriction or child under 40 pounds. In Delaware, age restriction and under 40 pounds. In Kentucky, 40 inches in height or under. (o) Mandatory for drivers and passengers. Maine, passengers between 415 years. In Minnesota, driver, front-seat passengers, and anyone under 11. New Jersey, driver responsible for all passengers between five and 18 years. New York, all back-seat occupants under 10 years and over 4 years, as well as all front-seat occupants. (p) Proof of personal injury protection is required. In event of an accident in which operator is charged with a moving violation, the operator must prove liability insurance in force on date of accident. (q) Trucks, buses and trailers only. Required for vehicle owners in certain counties. (r) All first-time licensees must complete state approved prelicensing course. (s) Driving hours restricted. In Louisiana, drivers under 17 not permitted to operate vehicles between hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. Monday through Thursday; between midnight and 5 a.m. Friday through Sunday. In Massachusetts, drivers under 18 prohibited from driving between 1 a.m. and 4 a.m., unless accompanied by parent or legal guardian. In New York, drivers 16-17 years old are restricted from driving between 8 p.m. and 5 a.m. (may not drive in New York City at any time). In Pennsylvania, drivers prohibited from driving between midnight and 5 a.m., unless accompanied by parent or spouse 18 years or older or in possession of employer’s affidavit. In South Dakota, drivers 14-16 not permitted to operate vehicle between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. (t) All new drivers must complete three-hour alcohol-awareness program. (u) Mandatory inspection only under certain circumstances. In Maryland, all used cars upon resale or transfer. In Nevada, used cars registered to new owner and emissions test for first-time registration in Clark and Washoe counties. In Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa only. (v) Required for motorcyclists only. In New Hampshire, otherwise, unlicensed persons who are being taught to drive must be accompanied by licensed operator 25 years or older. (w) License will be granted at lower age under special conditions. In New Jersey (agriculture pursuit), 16. In Ohio (proof of hardship), 14. In Oregon, (special conditions), 14. In Texas (proof of hardship), 15. (x) Probationary license issued to persons 16-18 upon completion of approved driver education course. (y) Must be enrolled in driver education course. In Washington, 15 + 6 mo. (z) Details not available.

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351

MOTOR VEHICLES

Table 7.38 STATE NO-FAULT MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE LAWS Maximum first-party (no fault) benefits State or other jurisdiction

Purchase of first-party benefits

Minimum tort liability threshold (a)

Arkansas .............................

None

$5,000 if incurred within 2 yrs. of accident.

70% of lost income up to $140/wk. beginning 8 days after accident, for up to 52 wks.

Colorado .............................

$2,500 (b)

$50,000 (additional $50,000 for rehabilitation expenses incurred within 10 yrs. of accident).

100% of first Up to $25/day for $125/wk., 70% of next up to 52 wks. $125/wk., 60% of remainder up to $400/wk., for up to 52 wks.

Delaware .............................

None, but amt. of no-fault benefits received cannot be used as evidence in suits for general damage.

-----------$15,000 per person, $30,000 per accident overall max. on first-party benefits---------Limited only by Limited only by total Limited only by Funeral benefit: $3,000 total benefits benefits limit, but total benefits limit, (must be incurred within limit, but must be must be incurred but must be incurred 2 yrs. of accident). incurred within 2 within 2 yrs. of within 2 yrs. of yrs. of accident. accident. accident.

Florida .................................

No dollar threshold (c)

------------------------------$10,000 overall max. on first-party benefits-----------------------------80% of all costs. 60% of lost income. Limited only by Funeral benefit: $5,000 total benefits limit.

Hawaii .................................

Amount set -------------------------------$20,000 overall max. on first-party benefits----------------------------annually by Limited only by Up to $1,200/mo. Up to $800/mo. Funeral benefit: $1,500 state insurance total benefits limit. commissioner. (b)

Kansas .................................

$2,000 (b)

$4,500 (additional $4,500 for rehabilitation).

Kentucky .............................

(d)

$1,000 (b)

--------------------------------$10,000 overall max. on first-party benefits---------------------------Limited only by Up to $200/wk. Up to $200/wk. Up to $200/wk. each total benefits limit. (If not subject to for survivors’ economic taxes, benefits can be losss and survivors’ reduced max. 15%). replacement services loss. Funeral benefit: $1,000.

Maryland ............................

None

-------------------------------$2,500 overall max. on first-party benefits----------------------------------------------------------for expenses incurred within 3 yrs. of accident----------------------------Limited only by Limited only by total Limited only by Funeral benefit: limited total benefits limit. benefits limit. total benefits limit. only by total benefits limit.

Massachusetts .....................

$2,000 (b)

--------------------------------$8,000 overall max. on first-party benefits-----------------------------Limited only by Up to 75% of lost Up to 75% of Funeral benefit: limited total benefits limit, income. actual loss. only by total benefits if incurred within limit. 2 yrs.

Michigan (e) .......................

No dollar threshold. (c)

No dollar limits.

Minnesota ...........................

$4,000 (b)

-----------------------$20,000 max. for first-party benefits other than medical----------------------$20,000 85% of lost income $200/wk., beginning Up to $200/wk. ea. for up to $250/wk. 8 days after accident. survivors’ economic loss and survivors’ replacement service loss. Funeral benefit: $2,000.

New Jersey ..........................

(f)

Max $250,000. Up to $100/wk. for Subject to $250 one yr. deductible and 20% co-payment between $250 and $5,000.

352 The Book of the States 1996-97

Medical

Income loss

Up to $900/mo. for one yr. (if benefits not subject to taxes, max. 85% of lost income).

Up to $1,475/mo. up to 3 yrs.

Replacement services Up to $70/wk. beginning 8 days after accident, for up to 52 wks.

$25/day for 365 days.

$20/day for up to 3 yrs.

Survivors/funeral benefits $5,000 (if death occurs within one yr. of accident).

$1,000

Up to $900/mo. for lost income and replacement services for up to one yr., less disability payments received before death. Funeral benefit: $2,000.

Up to $1,475/30-day period for lost income for up to 3 yrs. and $20/ day for replacement services. Funeral benefits: not less than $1,750 nor more than $5,000.

Up to $12/day for a Max. amount of benefits max. of $4,380/ victim would have person. received. Funeral benefit: $1,000.

MOTOR VEHICLES

STATE NO-FAULT MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE LAWS — Continued Maximum first-party (no fault) benefits State or other jurisdiction

Purchase of first-party benefits

Minimum tort liability threshold (a)

New York .............................

No dollar threshold. (c)

-------------------------------$50,000 overall max. on first-party benefits------------------------------Limited only by 80% of lost income up $25/day for up to $2,000 in addition to total benefits limit. to $2,000/mo. for up one yr. other benefits. to 3 yrs.

North Dakota ......................

$2,500 (b)

-------------------------------$30,000 overall max. on first-party benefits------------------------------Limited only by 85% of lost income Up to $15/day. Up to $150/wk. for total benefits limit. up to $150/wk. survivors’ income loss and $15/day for survivors’ replacement services. Funeral benefit: $3,500.

Oregon .................................

None

$10,000

If victim is disabled at least 14 days, 70% of lost income up to $1,250/mo. for up to one year.

If victim is disabled Funeral benefit: $2,500. at least 14 days up to $30/day for up to one yr. $15/day for child care, up to $450.

Pennsylvania .......................

(g)

$5,000

(h)

South Dakota ......................

None

$2,000 if incurred within 2 yrs. of accident.

$60/wk. for up to None 52 wks. for disability extending beyond 14 days of date of accident.

Texas ....................................

None

-------------------------------$2,500 overall max. on first-party benefits------------------------------Limited only by Limited only by total Limited only by Limited only by total total benefits limit benefits limit if total benefits limit benefits limit if incurred if incurred within incurred within if incurred within within 3 yrs. of accident. 3 yrs. of accident. 3 yrs. of accident. 3 yrs. of accident. Payable only to non-wage earners.

Utah .....................................

$3,000 (b)

$3,000

85% of lost income up to $250/wk. for up to 52 wks., subject to 3-day waiting period which does not apply if disability lasts longer than 2 wks.

$20/day for up to $3,000 survivors benefit. 365 days subject to Funeral benefit: $1,500. 3-day waiting period which does not apply if disability last longer than 2 wks.

Virginia ...............................

None

$2,000 if incurred within one yr. of accident.

Up to $100/wk. for max. 52 wks.

None

Funeral benefit: included in medical benefit.

Washington .........................

None

Up to $35,000.

Up to $5,000.

Funeral benefit: $2,000.

Dist. of Columbia ...............

(i)

$50,000 or $100,000 (medical and rehabilitation).

$12,000 or $24,000.

Max. of $24,000.

Funeral benefit: $4,000.

Medical

Source: State Farm Insurance Companies, No Fault Press Reference Manual. Key: O — Optional M — Mandatory (a) Refers to minimum amount of medical expenses necessary before victim can sue for general damages (“pain and suffering”). Lawsuits allowed in all states for injuries resulting in death and permanent disability. Some states allow lawsuits for one or more of the following: serious and permanent disfigurement, certain temporary disabilities, loss of body member, loss of certain bodily functions, certain fractures, or economic losses (other than medical) which exceed state limits. (b) Victim cannot recover unless economic loss exceeds amount or injury results in condition(s) cited in legislation (e.g., permanent disfigurement, disability, dismemberment, fractures, etc.). (c) Victim cannot recover unless injury results in condition(s) cited in legislation (e.g., permanent disfigurement, disability, dismemberment, fractures, etc.). (d) Accident victim is not bound by tort restriction if (1) he has rejected the tort limitation in writing or (2) he is injured by a driver who has rejected the tort limitation in writing. Rejection bars recovery of first-party benefits.

Income loss

Replacement services

Survivors/funeral benefits

(h) $10,000 if death occurs within 90 days of accident.

(e) Liability for property damage for all states with no-fault insurance under the state tort system. Michigan has no tort liability for vehicle damage, except in cases where damage does not exceed $400. (f) Motorist chooses one of two optional limitations. (g) Motorist chooses between full-tort option, with no limit on general damages, and a limited-tort option. (h) Optional coverages are available to $177,500 maximum, including income loss benefits, accidental death benefits, and funeral benefits, in addition to medical benefits. An extraordinary medical benefits coverage to maximum $1.1 million is available. (i) If person chooses “personal injury protection” option, victims who are covered by no-fault benefits have up to 60 days after accident to decide whether to receive no-fault benefits. Victims who choose to get no-fault benefits cannot recover damages unless injury resulted in substantial permanent scarring or disfigurement; substantial and medically demonstrable permanent impairment which has significantly affected the victim’s ability to perform professional activities or usual and customary daily activities; a medically demonstrable impairment that prevents victim from performing substantially all of his usual customary daily activities for more than 180 continuous days; or medical and rehabilitation expenses or work loss exceeding the amount of no-fault benefits available.

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353

PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSIONS

Table 7.39 STATE PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSIONS State or other jurisdiction

Regulatory authority

Members Number Selection

Selection of chair

Length of commissioners’ terms (in years)

Number of full-time employees

Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission Corporation Commission Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission

3 5 3 3 5

E GL E GS GS

E G C G C

4 6 6 6 6

148 44 250 117 1,138.5

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Public Utilities Commission Department of Public Utility Control Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission

3 5 5 5 5

GS GL GS GS (a) E

G C G C (b)

4 4 5 4 6

98.5 124 24 408 140

Public Utilities Commission Public Utilities Commission Commerce Commission Utility Regulatory Commission Utilities Board

3 3 7 5 3

GS GS GS G GS

G C G G GS

6 6 5 4 6

31 57 310 68 74

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

State Corporation Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission Public Service Commission

3 3 5 3 5

GS GS E GS GS

C G C G G

4 4 6 6 5

215 119 106 69 135

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

Department of Public Utilities Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission

3 3 5 3 5

G GS GS E GS

G G G C G

4 6 6 4 6

140 200 45 139 203

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission Board of Public Utilities

5 5 5 3 3

E E G GC GS

C C G GC G

4 6 4 6 6

46 48 118 75 388

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Public Utilities Commission Public Service Commission Utilities Commission Public Service Commission Public Utilities Commission

3 5 7 3 5

GS GS GL E GS (c)

G G G C G

6 6 8 6 5

50 725 150 47 458

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Corporation Commission Public Utility Commission Public Utility Commission Public Utilities Commission Public Service Commission

3 3 5 3 7

E GS GS GS E

C C G G (b)

6 4 5 6 4

454 450 581 38 128

Public Utilities Commission Public Service Commission Public Utility Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Board

3 3 3 3 3

E E GS GS GS

C C G G G

6 6 6 6 6

24 257 220 15 14

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

State Corporation Commission Utilities & Transportation Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Public Service Commission

3 3 3 3 3

L GS GS GS GS

(b) G G G C

6 6 6 6 6

612 180 235 184.5 30

Dist. of Columbia ............... Puerto Rico .........................

Public Service Commission Public Service Commission

3 5

MC GS

4 4

89 264

Source: National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, Profiles of Regulatory Agencies of the United States and Canada, Yearbook 199495. (Washington, D.C.: 1995). Note: See Table 7.40, “Selected Regulatory Functions of State Public Utility Commissions,” for information on commissions’ authority. Key: G — Appointed by Governor. GC — Appointed by Governor, with consent of the Governor’s Council. C — Elected by the Commission. GS — Elected by the Governor, with consent of Senate. L — Appointed by the Legislature. GL — Appointed by Governor, with consent of entire Legislature. MC — Appointed by the Mayor, with consent of City Council. E — Elected by the public.

354 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) Governor chooses candidates from a list developed by a nine member nominating committee. (b) Chairmanship rotates annually. (c) Applicants are screened by PUC Nominating Council. Four names then provided to governor.

Chapter Eight

PROGRAMS AND ISSUES Includes information on public school attendance, higher education institutions and their full-time faculty salaries, fees and room rates at higher education institutions, prison populations, spending on environmental programs, child labor laws, and health care and highway spending.

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

Table 8.1 MEMBERSHIP AND ATTENDANCE IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS, BY STATE: 1993-94 AND 1994-95 1993-94 (rev. est.) State or other jurisdiction

Estimated average daily membership (ADM)

United States ..................

...

722,964 121,396 701,682 431,987 ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

Estimated average daily attendance (ADA) 40,078,788

1994-95 (est.) ADA as a percent of ADM

Estimated average daily membership (ADM)

...

684,414 105,961 659,204 410,228 5,188,633 (a)

94.7 87.3 93.9 95.0 ...

728,749 125,814 723,994 436,032 ...

... 498,000 104,460 2,015,926 1,221,226

579,682 471,500 97,247 1,873,199 1,148,319

... 94.7 93.1 92.9 94.0

181,212 ... 1,836,977 927,338 490,693

169,140 223,489 1,709,915 883,838 467,402

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

438,750 632,807 780,126 210,942 761,500

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

Estimated average daily attendance (ADA)

ADA as a percent of ADM

40,664,466

...

690,263 107,156 679,092 412,137 5,292,714 (a)

94.7 85.2 93.8 94.5 ...

... 508,700 105,852 2,076,370 1,247,987

594,019 481,000 98,518 1,924,155 1,173,482

... 94.6 93.1 92.7 94.0

93.3 ... 93.1 95.3 95.3

181,782 ... 1,861,649 931,430 494,619

170,976 226,198 1,733,061 888,490 471,141

94.1 ... 93.1 95.4 95.3

412,860 577,499 728,574 199,146 713,073

94.1 91.3 93.4 94.4 93.6

445,678 614,075 767,050 212,322 780,807

415,654 575,353 710,241 201,583 731,153

93.3 93.7 92.6 94.9 93.6

874,021 ... 800,154 497,043 ...

808,503 1,483,752 752,145 471,367 777,096

92.5 ... 94.0 94.8 ...

887,645 ... 817,100 499,738 ...

818,981 1,494,120 772,160 472,181 775,378

92.3 ... 94.5 94.5 ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

156,375 27,960 235,186 178,242 1,146,945

147,742 265,474 217,462 169,617 1,071,597

94.5 949.5 92.5 95.2 93.4

159,366 283,714 245,600 181,211 1,170,000

148,851 270,435 226,820 172,734 1,093,137

93.4 95.3 92.4 95.3 93.4

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

299,343 2,649,200 1,108,625 118,782 1,764,657

269,409 2,413,200 1,051,295 114,394 1,657,200

90.0 91.1 94.8 96.3 93.9

302,513 2,706,900 1,130,886 118,839 1,766,500

272,262 2,465,700 1,072,817 114,722 1,657,300

90.0 91.1 94.9 96.5 93.8

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

600,500 509,300 1,726,000 145,650 609,005

565,000 472,800 1,602,000 135,062 584,145

94.1 92.8 92.8 92.7 95.9

606,000 514,500 1,751,000 146,266 617,875

570,200 477,600 1,625,000 135,062 597,284

94.1 92.8 92.8 92.3 96.7

133,303 851,899 ... 464,525 99,630

127,299 797,017 3,237,958 439,534 94,645

95.5 93.6 ... 94.6 95.0

135,057 857,505 ... 471,500 102,136

129,291 803,397 3,279,837 446,133 97,013

95.7 93.7 ... 94.6 95.0

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

1,036,795 911,904 310,189 810,801 99,996

978,144 854,454 290,713 761,711 94,651

94.3 93.7 93.7 95.0 94.7

1,052,405 935,131 306,851 813,828 99,311

993,172 876,218 286,730 779,562 94,295

94.4 93.7 93.4 95.8 94.9

Dist. of Columbia ...............

78,340

70,079

89.5

78,036

69,686

89.3

Source: Adapted from National Education Association. 1995. 1994-95 Estimates of School Statistics. Washington, D.C.: NEA. Reprinted with permission. Note: Average Daily Membership (ADM) for the school year is an average obtained by dividing the aggregate days of membership by the number of days in which school is in session. Pupils are “members” of a school from the date they are placed on the current roll until they leave permanently. Membership is the total number of pupils belonging–the sum of those present and those absent. Average Daily Attendance (ADA) for the school year is the aggregate days pupils were actually present in school divided by the number of days school was actually in session.

Key: . . . — Not available. (a) Count includes excused absences.

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363

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

Table 8.2 ENROLLMENT, AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE AND CLASSROOM TEACHERS IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS, BY STATE: 1994-95 State or other jurisdiction

Total enrollment (a)

Estimated average daily attendance (a) 40,664,466

Classroom teachers (a)

Pupils per teacher based on enrollment

Pupils per teacher based on average daily attendance

United States ..................

43,929,467

2,552,161

17.2

16.0

733,736 131,097 733,960 446,024 5,340,000

690,263 107,156 679,092 412,139 5,292,714 (b)

43,238 8,100 37,477 26,502 221,500

17.0 16.2 19.6 16.8 24.1

16.0 13.2 18.1 15.6 23.9

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

640,522 507,987 106,813 2,108,968 1,270,948

594,019 481,000 98,518 1,924,155 1,173,482

34,894 34,930 6,417 119,279 77,675

18.4 14.5 16.6 17.7 16.4

17.0 13.8 15.4 16.1 15.1

182,972 240,448 1,919,225 967,739 498,837

170,976 226,198 1,733,061 888,490 471,141

10,676 12,582 112,991 54,953 31,883

17.1 19.1 17.0 17.6 15.6

16.0 18.0 15.3 16.2 14.8

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

460,905 644,726 774,415 212,182 790,935

415,654 575,353 710,241 201,583 731,153

30,588 38,100 47,550 15,398 45,300

15.1 17.0 16.3 13.8 17.5

13.6 15.1 15.0 13.1 16.1

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

890,240 1,624,043 826,600 503,301 861,532

818,981 1,494,120 772,160 472,181 775,378

58,893 84,544 47,371 28,342 55,573

15.1 19.2 17.4 17.8 15.5

14.0 17.7 16.3 16.7 14.0

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

164,295 285,756 250,747 188,930 1,174,216

148,851 270,435 226,820 172,734 1,093,137

10,079 19,536 13,238 12,300 86,310

16.3 14.6 18.9 15.4 13.6

14.8 13.8 17.1 14.0 12.7

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

302,513 2,790,700 1,146,639 119,288 1,787,049

272,262 2,465,700 1,072,817 114,722 1,657,300

18,224 193,000 71,070 7,764 104,182

16.6 14.5 16.1 15.4 17.2

15.0 12.8 15.1 14.8 16.0

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

609,800 521,000 1,779,790 147,490 641,371

570,200 477,600 1,625,000 135,062 597,284

39,290 27,000 102,350 10,062 37,560

15.5 19.3 17.4 14.7 17.1

14.5 17.7 15.9 13.4 16.0

135,494 865,729 3,680,271 471,557 101,045

129,291 803,397 3,279,837 446,133 97,013

9,026 48,921 228,895 21,788 7,410

15.0 17.7 16.1 21.6 13.6

14.3 16.4 14.3 20.5 13.1

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

1,060,806 939,333 309,888 856,661 100,314

993,172 876,218 286,730 779,562 94,295

70,521 46,076 20,869 49,330 6,705

15.0 20.4 14.8 17.4 15.0

14.1 19.0 13.7 15.8 14.1

Dist. of Columbia ...............

80,450

69,686

5,899

13.6

11.8

Source: Adapted from National Education Association. 1995. 1994-95 Estimates of School Statistics. Washington, D.C.: NEA. Reprinted with permission.

364 The Book of the States 1996-97

(a) Estimated. (b) Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average daily attendance count includes excused absences.

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

Table 8.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY OF INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS: 1939-40 TO 1994-95 Average annual salary for: (in unadjusted dollars) State or other jurisdiction

1939-40

1949-50

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

$ 744 ... 1,544 584 2,351

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

1959-60

1969-70

1979-80

1989-90

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

$2,111 ... 3,556 1,801 ...

$4,002 6,859 5,590 3,295 6,600

$ 6,954 10,993 8,975 6,445 9,980

$13,338 27,697 16,180 12,704 18,626

$26,200 43,161 33,529 23,296 39,309

$28,737 46,400 38,221 28,645 42,800

$30,015 47,679 39,794 29,189 42,116

$32,597 48,929 41,325 29,677 42,538

1,393 1,861 1,684 1,012 770

2,821 3,558 3,273 2,958 1,963

4,997 6,008 5,800 5,080 3,904

7,900 9,400 9,300 8,600 7,372

16,840 16,989 16,845 14,875 14,547

31,832 41,888 34,620 30,275 29,541

35,212 50,820 37,691 32,453 32,609

34,975 51,418 39,031 33,350 32,283

35,712 53,020 40,668 33,617 34,507

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

... 1,057 1,700 1,433 1,017

... 2,481 3,458 3,401 2,420

5,390 4,216 5,814 5,542 4,030

9,829 7,257 9,950 9,574 8,200

20,436 14,110 18,271 16,256 15,776

32,956 24,758 33,912 31,905 27,619

37,856 28,334 39,925 27,264 31,180

37,671 28,928 40,737 36,743 31,830

37,319 31,063 42,448 37,569 32,622

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,014 826 1,006 894 1,642

2,628 1,936 2,983 2,115 3,594

4,450 3,327 4,978 3,694 5,557

7,811 7,624 7,220 8,059 9,885

14,513 15,350 14,020 13,743 18,308

30,154 27,482 25,036 27,831 37,520

34,269 32,733 29,783 31,293 40,524

35,640 33,561 30,560 32,049 40,878

36,709 34,232 27,629 33,182 42,300

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

2,037 1,576 1,276 559 1,159

3,338 3,420 3,013 1,416 2,581

5,545 5,654 5,275 3,314 4,536

9,175 10,125 9,957 6,012 8,091

18,900 20,682 16,654 12,274 14,543

40,175 37,286 33,340 25,079 28,166

47,510 43,231 38,303 25,178 30,630

47,893 46,392 37,309 26,070 31,521

48,543 48,507 38,615 27,870 32,466

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

1,184 829 1,557 1,258 2,093

2,962 2,292 3,209 2,712 3,511

4,425 3,876 5,693 4,455 5,871

8,100 7,855 9,689 8,018 9,500

15,080 14,236 17,290 13,508 18,851

29,526 27,024 31,970 29,798 37,485

28,344 30,463 35,764 36,456 46,055

29,040 31,595 35,603 38,599 46,979

30,052 32,803 36,553 39,564 49,196

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,144 2,604 946 745 1,587

3,215 3,706 2,688 2,324 3,088

5,382 6,537 4,178 3,695 5,124

8,125 10,200 7,744 6,900 8,594

15,406 20,400 14,445 13,684 16,100

25,790 40,000 28,952 23,788 32,467

27,356 46,300 30,678 26,058 35,700

28,611 46,900 30,968 25,692 36,853

28,866 48,300 32,360 26,515 37,867

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,014 1,333 1,640 1,809 743

2,736 3,323 3,006 3,294 1,891

4,659 5,535 5,308 5,499 3,450

7,139 9,200 9,000 8,900 7,000

13,500 16,996 17,060 18,425 13,670

23,944 32,100 34,110 36,704 28,453

26,977 36,882 42,736 38,282 30,477

27,981 38,920 43,300 39,992 30,970

28,928 40,100 45,422 41,464 31,512

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

807 862 1,079 1,394 981

2,064 2,302 3,122 3,103 2,348

3,725 3,929 4,708 5,096 4,466

6,700 7,290 7,503 8,049 8,225

13,010 14,193 14,729 17,403 13,300

22,120 27,949 28,549 24,591 29,012

24,470 30,451 30,452 27,869 36,217

24,977 31,685 31,046 28,669 35,691

25,726 32,452 31,444 29,672 36,681

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

899 1,706 1,170 1,379 1,169

2,328 3,487 2,425 3,007 2,798

4,312 5,643 3,952 4,870 4,937

8,200 9,500 7,850 9,150 8,532

14,655 19,735 14,395 16,335 16,830

31,656 31,828 23,842 32,445 29,047

35,093 37,495 31,428 36,668 30,094

33,826 37,490 31,656 36,040 31,832

34,587 37,752 33,051 37,534 32,300

Dist. of Columbia ...........

2,350

3,920

6,280

11,075

23,027

32,638

39,382

39,257

42,088

Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; National Education Association. 1995. 1994-95 Estimates of School Statistics. Washington, D.C.: NEA. Reprinted with permission. Note: Includes supervisors, principals, classroom teachers, librarians and other related instructional staff. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not available.

The Council of State Governments

365

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

Table 8.4 STATE COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION Years of instruction in . . . All courses

English/ language arts

Social studies

Mathematics

Science

22 22

4 4

3 4

2 3

½1½ ½1½

½9½ 4

21 20 20

4 4 4

3 ½2½ 3

2 2 3

2 2 2

1 ... 1

9 9 ½6½

13 16

3 3

2 3

2 2

... ...

1 fine arts or foreign language 2 in same foreign language, 1 fine arts

... ...

Colorado (e) ................ Connecticut ................. Delaware (f) ................ Florida (g) ................... Standard diploma ...... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... Academic scholars .... ....................................... Georgia (h) .................. Standard diploma ...... ....................................... ....................................... Advanced diploma .... ....................................... .......................................

... 20 19

... 4 4

... 3 3

... 3 2

... 2 2

... 1 ½1½

... 6 ½6½

... 1 arts or vocational education ...

... 1988 1987

½1½

1989

½ practical/exploratory vocational education, ½ performing arts or speech & debate, ½ life management skills 2 of same foreign language, 1 from a spectrum of fine arts subjects

1997

1 computer technology and/or fine arts and/or education, and/or junior ROTC 2 foreign languages, 1 fine arts, vocational education, computer technology or ROTC

Hawaii ......................... Idaho (i) ....................... Illinois (j) .................... Indiana (k) .................. Standard diploma ...... Academic honors ....... ....................................... Iowa (l) ........................

22 21 16

4 4 3

4 2 2

3 2 2

3 2 1

½1½ ½1½ ½4½

6 6 ½2¼

½ guidance 3½ 1¼

1997 1989 1988

½19½ 24

4 4

2 3

2 4

½1½ 1

8 4 or 5

1989 1990

...

... 3 in 1 foreign language or 2 each in 2 foreign languages ...

...

1989

State or other jurisdiction Alabama (a) ................ Standard diploma ...... Advanced diploma .... ....................................... Alaska .......................... Arizona (b) .................. Arkansas (c) ................ California (d) .............. Standard diploma ...... Advanced diploma .... .......................................

Kansas ......................... Kentucky (m) .............. Standard diploma ...... Commonwealth diploma .................... ....................................... Louisiana (n) .............. Standard diploma ...... Scholar program ........ Regents’ scholar ........ Maine (o) ..................... Maryland (p) .............. ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

Physical education/ health Electives

First graduating class to which requirements apply

Other courses ... 2 foreign languages, ½ home/ personal management ... ½ free enterprise ½ fine arts

1989 1989 ... 1991 1988

1989

1997

1989

1987

1 foreign language in advanced placement

1986

23 23 24 16 21

4 4 4 4 4

3 3 ½3½ 2 3

3 3 3 2 3

3 3 3 2 2

2 2 2 ½1½ 1

½7½ ½7½ ½4½ ½3½ 5

½ computer literacy ½ computer literacy 3 foreign languages, 1 fine arts 1 fine arts 1 fine arts, 1 industrial arts/ technology education, home economics, vocational education or computer studies, 1 community service

1989 1987 1983 1989 1997

Massachusetts (q) ...... Michigan (r) ............... Standard diploma ...... ....................................... ....................................... College preparatory ... Minnesota (s) .............. Mississippi (t) ............. Missouri (u) ................ Standard diploma ...... College preparatory ...

...

... 20 18

4 4 4

3 3 2

3 1 2

2 1 2

1 ½1½ ...

... ½9½ 8

2 foreign languages/fine or performing arts or vocational education, ½ computer education At least 2 years foreign languages ... ...

... 1982 1989

22 24

3 4

2 3

1 1

10 8

1 fine, 1 practical arts 1 fine, 1 practical arts

1988 1988

Montana (v) ................ Nebraska (w) .............. Nevada (x) ................... ....................................... New Hampshire (y) .... New Jersey (z) ............

20 ... ½22½

4 ... 4

½1½ ... 2

2 ... 2

1 ... 2

1 ... ½2½

½10½ ... ½8½

1989 1991 1992

½19¾ ½21½

4 4

½2½ 3

2 3

2 2

½1¼ 4

4 4

... ... 1 arts/humanities, ½ computer literacy 4 1½

366 The Book of the States 1996-97

1989 1990

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

STATE COURSE REQUIREMENTS — Continued Years of instruction in . . . State or other jurisdiction New Mexico (aa) ........ New York (bb) ............ Local diploma ............ ....................................... ....................................... Regents’ diploma ...... ....................................... ....................................... North Carolina (cc) ... Standard diploma ...... Scholars program ...... ....................................... ....................................... North Dakota (dd) ..... Ohio (ee) ...................... Oklahoma (ff) ............. Standard diploma ...... College preparatory ... Oregon (gg) ................. Pennsylvania (hh) ...... Rhode Island (ii) ........ Standard diploma ...... College preparatory ... ....................................... South Carolina (jj) .... Standard diploma ...... Academic achievement honors ....................... South Dakota (kk) ..... Tennessee (ll) .............. Standard diploma ...... Honors ........................ ....................................... Texas (mm) ................. Standard diploma ...... Advanced program .... ....................................... ....................................... Utah (nn) ..................... Vermont (oo) ............... Virginia (pp) ............... Standard diploma ...... ....................................... Advanced studies diploma .................... ....................................... Washington (qq) ......... ....................................... West Virginia (rr) ...... Wisconsin (ss) ............. Wyoming (tt) .............. Dist. of Columbia (uu) ....................................... .......................................

All courses

English/ language arts

Social studies

Mathematics

Science

Physical education/ health Electives

½18½

½1½

0 to 2

½18½

½1½

0 to 2

20 22

4 4

2 3

1 1

9 4

17 18

4 3

3 2

2 2

2 1

1 1

5 9

20 15 22 21

4 4 3 4

2 2 ½3½ 3

2 3 2 3

2 2 2 3

... ... 2 1

10 ... 8 5

16 18

4 4

2 2

2 3

2 2

... ...

6 4

Other courses

First graduating class to which requirements apply

1 communication skills

1990

1 art and/or music, ½ health, 2 noncredit units of physical education beyond total 3 to 5 in sequence of specific courses (varying on type of diploma) chosen by the student

1989

... 2 foreign languages, 2 additional from English, math, science, social science, or foreign language ... ...

1987 1994

... 4 from choice 1½ 2 arts/humanities

1987 1988 1988 1989

... 2 foreign languages, ½ computer, ½ arts

1989 ...

1989

1994 1988

...

1987

2 foreign languages

1986

...

½ computer, ½ fine arts

1989

20 ½20½

4 4

1 3

2 3

½1½ ½1½

9 2

½ economics 2 in same foreign languages, 2 fine/visual or performing arts

1989 1989

21 22

4 4

½2½ ½2½

3 3

2 3

½1½ ½1½

7 3

1988 1988

24 ½14½

3 4

3 3

2 5

2 ...

½9½ ½1½

½ economics/free enterprise ½ economics/free enterprise, 2 foreign languages, 1 computer science, 1 fine arts 2½ 1 arts

1 additional math or science, 1 fine or practical arts

1989

½2½

½5½

21 13 18

4 4 ...

3 3 1

2 2 ...

7 ... ...

3 foreign languages, 1 fine or practical arts 1 occupational education, 1 fine/ visual or performing arts 1 ... ...

1989

½23½

½3½

½1½

½3½

Source: Education Commission of the States, Clearinghouse Notes (August 1993). Key: . . . — No requirement. (a) Students must become computer literate through related coursework. A minimum competency test is required for graduation. (b) Passage of a minimum competency test is required for graduation. (c) Social studies options 3 units or 2 units social studies and 1 practical arts. (d) State board has published Model Graduation Requirements to be used as a guide by local districts. These include specifics in core subjects plus computer studies and foreign language. Dept. of Education has test and cutoff standards for early exit, with parental approval. Passage of a minimum competency test is required for graduation. State has a suggested model of curriculum to guide local districts advising students on requirements for college entry. (e) Local boards determine requirements. State has constitutional prohibition against state requirements. School accreditation requirements are a total

2 foreign languages, 1 life skills, 1 career/vocational, ½ fine arts, ½ music

1988 1989

1991 1989 1989 ... 1996

of 30 units, appropriately covering language arts, social studies, science, math, foreign language, fine/vocational/practical arts, health/safety and physical education. (f) Passing the minimum competency test is required for graduation. (g) Two of the science units must be in a lab. Students must have a 1.5 grade point average to graduate. Vocational students may substitute certain sequences of vocational courses to satisfy up to 2 of the required credits in each of the areas of English, math and science. For the Academic Scholars Certificate, in addition to the increased requirements, students face a set of specific requirements to qualify for the program as well as the accompanying scholarship program. The state’s junior and senior class students may receive dual credits for college courses. The state does require passage of a minimum competency test for graduation. (h) Other column: 1 fine arts, vocational education or computer technology, ROTC. Students who successfully complete 4 units in vocational education courses in addition to requirements receive a formal seal of endorsement by the SBE. Algebra is required. Passage of a minimum competency test is required for graduation.

The Council of State Governments

367

ELEMENTARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION

STATE COURSE REQUIREMENTS — Continued (i) Other column: 1/2 each, reading, speech and consumer education and 2 humanities. Practical arts may substitute for 1 of the 2 units of humanities; total requirement remains the same with electives decreasing. SBE requires either a C average, demonstrated competency in core curriculum on a junior class competency test, or adherence to local district’s achievement plan for graduation. State has available a competency test for optional usage by districts. If students pass the test they receive a special proficiency endorsement on their diploma. (j) Other column: 1/4 consumer education, 1 art, foreign language, music or vocational education. One year of math may be computer technology; one year of social studies must be U.S. History or half U.S. History and half American Government. Beginning in 1985-86 the school boards were allowed to excuse pupils in 11-12th grades from physical education to 1) participate in interscholastic athletics or 2) enroll in academic class required for admission to college or in order to graduate from high school. Pupils in 9-12th grades may elect to take a SBE developed consumer education proficiency test; if passed, they will be excused from requirement. (k) The state board regulations were approved and signed by the governor in September 1983. The state does not use standard Carnegie units. (l) Legislative requirements in effect for many years. Local districts determine remaining requirements. State allows students in junior and senior classes to receive dual credits for college coursework. (m) Other column: 1 additional math, science, social studies or vocational education. Additional core subject credit is a legislative requirement passed in 1984 and approved by the state board to be effective for graduates in 1985. Graduates in 1985 and 1986 needed 18 units to graduate. (n) With an ACT score of 29 or above, 3.5 GPA with no semester grade lower than a B, no unexcused absences and no suspensions students receive a Scholar Program seal on diploma. Algebra is required. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (o) Enacted by legislature and approved by state board. American History is required. All students must pass computer proficiency standards. One of the science units must include lab study. (p) Four credits must be earned after Grade 11. Students can now earn statewide certificate of merit with fulfillment of additional requirements. Special education certificates are available for students unable to meet requirements but who complete a special education program. Minimum competency test is required for graduation, as is a writing test and passage of a quiz on citizenship. (q) Legislative requirements in effect for many years. American History is required. Local boards determine additional requirements. (r) Legislative requirements in effect for many years. Local boards determine additional requirements. The state board, in January 1984, published graduation requirement guidelines which local districts are urged to incorporate. Included in the recommendations are a minimum of 15 1/2 units, which includes an option of 2 units picked from foreign language/fine or performing arts/vocational education and 1/2 computer education. Recommendations include modified academic coursework for students who are college-bound. (s) Students in junior and senior classes may receive dual credits for college coursework. (t) At least one of the science units must include lab. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (u) The college preparation diploma became available to qualifying graduates in 1985. For college preparation, specific core subjects must be taken. (v) Core requirements in effect for several years. State board raised the total: 1985 graduates needed 19 units; 1986 graduates needed 20. Social studies requirement has 2 alternatives. Effective 7/92 requirements changed to 2 units of social studies, 2 units of science, 1 unit of fine arts and 1 unit of vocational/practical arts. (w) For graduation, 200 credit hours are required, with at least 80 percent in core curriculum courses. Local boards determine credits. (x) Computer literacy may be waived by demonstration of competency. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (y) Other column: 1/2 arts; 1/2 computer science; 3 from 2 of the following — arts, foreign language, practical arts, vocational education. The usage of minimum competency test passage for high school graduation is an option of the local districts. (z) Other column: 1 fine, practical or performing arts; 1/2 career exploration. 92 credit hours are required for graduation. The state does not use standard Carnegie units. State does not use graduating class as the base for changes but uses the terminology of the students entering ninth grade class. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (aa) In 6/84 the state board approved requiring all students to achieve computer literacy prior to graduation. In 1989 the legislature approved a bill allowing languages other than English to satisfy the communications skills requirement which emphasizes the areas of writing and speaking. Students preparing for college have an advanced curriculum. A state level minimum competency test is available and the districts have the option of usage. If a student passes the test, a special proficiency endorsement is included on their diploma. (bb) Electives vary for the local (regular) and the Regents’ (college-bound) diploma. Other column: 1 art and/or music for local; 3 to 5 from a sequence

368 The Book of the States 1996-97

of specific courses must be chosen by Regents’ diploma students and is an additional requirement for local. The local diploma notes 1/2 for health only, 2 noncredit units of physical education beyond the total are required. For all students, comprehensive tests are required. By 1991, areas covered needed to include reading, writing, math, American History and Government, and science/global studies. For a Regents’ diploma comprehensive exams are required in most subjects. Minimum competency test passage is a graduation requirement for all students. (cc) One science class must include lab. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (dd) One unit of higher level foreign language may be substituted for the 4th unit of English; 1 unit of math may be business math. Although 17 units are required, the local education agencies are urged to establish requirements at a minimum of 20 units. As of 7/1/94 social studies must include 1 unit of world history, 1 of U.S. history each with a strong geography component. (ee) Passage of a minimum competency test is a graduation requirement. (ff) Other column: For college preparation diploma, choice of foreign language, computer science, economics, English, geography, government, math, history, sociology, science, speech and psychology. There are slight variations between 2- and 4-year and junior colleges. If foreign language is elected, student must take 2 years of same language. Although total hour requirement is less for college prep. path, curriculum is more rigorous and restrictive. (gg) Other column: 1/2 career development, 1 applied arts, fine arts or foreign language. Minimum competency test passage required for graduation. Honors Degree diplomas are available for students who maintain at least a 3.5 GPA. Recipients have an honors seal on the diploma. (hh) Computer science can be option instead of arts and humanities. State has prescribed learning objectives and curriculum guidelines for 12 goals of quality education. (ii) College-bound students are required to complete 2 units of foreign language, 1/2 arts and 1/2 computer literacy and have a total unit requirement of 18. (jj) If approved by the state department of education, students may count one unit of computer science for a math requirement. Students who earn 1 unit in science and 6 or more in a specific occupational service area will fulfill the science requirements. State allows students in the junior and senior classes to receive dual credits for college coursework. Students must pass an exit exam of minimum competency. (kk) Beginning in 1990 the requirements were raised to 3 in science and the electives dropped to 7. (ll) Minimum competency test passage is a requirement for graduation. Students may meet the economics requirement by: 1 semester in economics, out-of-school experiences through Junior Achievement, or marketing education. (mm) Other column: For college preparation: 1/2 economics/free enterprise, 2 foreign language, 1 computer science, 1 fine arts. 1 1/2 units of physical education and 1/2 of health are required for either regular or college prep. program. Junior and senior students are allowed to receive dual credit for college courses. Minimum competency test passage is a requirement for college. (nn) Other column: 1 1/2 arts, 1 vocational education. The state board makes specific course recommendations for college entry, vocational, etc. If computer literacy isn’t obtained in related coursework, 1/2 of the electives may be devoted to computer science. (oo) To allow more flexibility to both vocational education students and smaller or more rural districts, the previous math and science requirement of 3 units in each was modified to a combination of 5 units which may be 2 of one and 3 of the other. (pp) Additional math or science requirement included in the Other column may be fulfilled by an appropriate vocational education class or ROTC. Grade average of B or better earns a SBE seal on the diploma. Students in junior and senior classes are allowed to receive dual credits for college coursework. Minimum competency test passage is required for graduation. (qq) 1985 legislature passed addition of a credit for students graduating in 1991. This may be in fine, visual or performing arts or any of the subject areas currently required. (rr) Other column: 1 of student’s electives must be for choice of applied arts, fine or performing arts or a foreign language. State has approved, and policies reflect, an advanced studies certificate, or Certificate of Academic Excellence, which has not yet been implemented. (ss) Electives are the option of the local school district. The state recommends that districts require a total of 22 units. State recommendations emphasize vocational education, foreign language and fine arts to make up the difference between the 13 mandated and 22 recommended units. State requires that all students in Grades 7-12 be participating in class or a board approved activity each period of the day. Local districts have the option of using minimum competency test passage as a requirement for graduation. (tt) Requirements in effect a number of years. Accreditation standards indicate 4 units of English/language arts, 3 of social studies and 2 each of math and science. Local boards determine remaining credits. (uu) Electives must include life skills seminar or students may pass a test in lieu of the seminar. District of Columbia requires 100 hours of community service without credit.

HIGHER EDUCATION

Table 8.5 NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND BRANCHES, BY TYPE, CONTROL OF INSTITUTION AND STATE: 1994-95 All institutions State or other jurisdiction

Universities

All other 4-year institutions

2-year institutions

Total

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

United States ..................

3,688

1,641

2,047

511

1,548

1,036

437

80 9 43 35 336

53 4 22 22 138

27 5 21 13 198

2 1 2 1 2

0 0 0 0 4

16 2 2 9 29

17 3 17 10 155

35 1 18 12 107

10 2 4 3 39

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

61 43 9 111 119

29 19 5 38 72

32 24 4 73 47

2 1 1 2 1

1 1 0 1 1

12 6 1 7 18

21 18 4 55 35

15 12 3 29 53

10 5 0 17 11

16 11 167 78 60

10 6 61 28 20

6 5 106 50 40

1 1 3 4 2

0 0 4 1 1

2 3 9 10 1

6 3 88 39 35

7 2 49 14 17

0 2 14 10 4

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

52 62 35 33 57

29 22 20 14 33

23 40 15 19 24

3 2 1 1 1

0 0 2 0 1

5 6 13 7 12

21 28 10 13 20

21 14 6 6 20

2 12 3 6 3

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

118 109 109 46 102

32 45 64 31 30

86 64 45 15 72

1 3 1 2 1

7 1 0 0 2

13 12 10 7 12

66 55 37 12 55

18 30 53 22 17

13 8 8 3 15

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

21 35 10 30 61

15 18 6 12 33

6 17 4 18 28

2 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 2

4 6 1 4 13

4 14 3 14 19

9 11 4 7 19

2 2 1 4 7

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

35 314 123 20 157

24 89 75 15 61

11 225 48 5 96

2 2 2 2 8

0 12 2 0 1

4 40 15 4 16

9 160 38 4 67

18 47 58 9 37

2 53 8 1 28

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

46 44 218 13 59

29 21 65 3 33

17 23 153 10 26

2 2 3 1 2

1 0 4 0 0

12 6 42 1 10

11 22 97 9 22

15 13 20 1 21

5 1 52 1 4

21 78 178 16 22

9 25 105 9 6

12 53 73 7 16

2 1 6 2 1

0 1 4 1 0

6 9 34 3 4

10 40 53 3 14

1 15 65 4 1

2 12 16 3 2

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

93 62 28 65 9

39 36 16 30 8

54 26 12 35 1

3 2 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 0

12 6 12 12 0

39 23 10 28 0

24 28 3 17 7

15 3 2 6 1

U.S. Service Schools ..........

Dist. of Columbia ............... American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Islands .......... Republic of Palau .............. Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

19 1 2 1 1 60 2

2 1 2 1 1 14 2

17 0 0 0 0 46 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 1 0 0 9 2

12 0 0 0 0 36 0

0 1 1 1 1 14 0

0 0 0 0 0 10 0

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).

Private

Note: Because of revised survey procedures, data are not entirely comparable with figures for earlier years. The number of branch campuses reporting separately has increased.

The Council of State Governments

369

HIGHER EDUCATION

Table 8.6 AVERAGE SALARY OF FULL-TIME INSTRUCTIONAL FACULTY IN INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION, BY TYPE AND CONTROL OF INSTITUTION AND STATE: 1993-94 (a) Public institutions

Private institutions

4-year institutions State or other jurisdiction

Total

University

Other 4-year institutions

4-year institutions 2-year institutions

Total

University

Other 4-year institutions

2-year institutions

United States ..................

$45,920

$51,493

$45,877

$41,040

$47,880

$60,962

$42,028

$28,435

39,268 48,589 47,076 37,720 53,999

44,780 48,470 51,258 44,127 65,132

38,941 48,613 40,646 38,066 55,493

34,037 51,052 43,395 29,506 50,368

34,129 37,705 41,724 35,241 56,089

... ... ... ... 68,310

34,129 37,706 41,724 36,241 48,937

28,181 ... 24,121 13,109 30,608

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

43,590 55,243 49,780 41,543 40,707

52,388 62,965 54,289 49,280 47,035

42,183 53,374 36,012 43,619 41,272

31,598 46,813 40,011 35,795 32,096

47,060 56,572 50,219 43,204 41,687

50,592 71,857 ... 52,248 61,822

43,466 50,236 50,219 40,176 35,941

... 26,857 ... 29,530 27,568

49,958 38,813 47,435 44,921 43,491

56,327 43,464 49,697 48,205 54,011

46,341 37,993 42,769 41,216 44,717

42,967 33,977 45,283 34,211 34,329

43,631 34,194 50,700 44,870 38,326

... ... 66,146 63,709 47,950

43,631 34,194 40,698 39,546 36,907

... 39,034 29,700 29,172 30,160

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

38,481 39,393 39,304 41,232 46,212

44,837 49,500 46,409 45,096 52,906

38,309 40,181 36,586 40,753 44,639

33,478 31,339 30,464 32,514 42,617

28,687 33,766 46,497 43,663 48,225

... ... 53,436 ... 65,478

28,687 33,756 34,892 43,663 40,466

22,054 25,846 ... 24,047 25,839

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

54,233 49,123 44,617 35,214 41,786

80,961 66,910 57,010 43,214 49,124

49,893 47,692 44,766 37,213 42,027

39,721 48,882 41,376 30,636 37,318

57,561 39,293 41,211 33,570 42,306

64,905 42,240 ... ... 55,217

49,318 38,941 41,221 33,570 34,796

31,709 26,828 32,702 21,406 28,468

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

36,549 41,663 45,505 45,173 55,629

39,587 52,303 50,984 48,114 67,727

35,662 41,371 44,966 41,276 55,379

27,701 30,879 40,736 33,682 48,185

30,417 37,079 37,401 43,338 56,713

... 43,672 ... ... 68,492

30,417 33,629 37,401 48,338 45,964

23,373 ... 21,233 22,760 17,098

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

40,008 52,493 42,202 34,379 45,830

45,297 59,195 52,389 37,926 51,080

37,461 54,560 42,183 33,880 45,484

30,270 48,027 27,454 29,874 38,902

38,308 52,819 41,403 30,261 42,590

... 61,520 59,302 ... 59,605

38,308 47,194 33,633 30,261 40,681

... 22,617 28,460 20,426 19,744

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

39,255 42,161 50,390 49,560 37,101

44,922 48,806 56,677 54,472 47,035

37,472 42,473 50,378 46,257 37,019

32,769 38,321 45,218 40,398 28,085

41,668 43,796 49,629 50,429 34,640

51,340 ... 64,430 ... ...

36,420 43,796 44,656 50,429 34,640

22,867 ... 27,109 ... 29,494

34,877 41,382 43,158 42,111 40,842

36,310 49,563 50,632 46,380 45,743

35,347 42,688 40,248 36,177 35,972

24,780 32,662 37,760 31,244 33,087

31,243 41,014 46,294 46,664 39,953

... 62,247 54,490 47,568 ...

31,243 33,234 40,155 35,403 39,953

28,500 24,810 22,681 33,209 19,700

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

44,226 43,782 36,486 45,306 37,422

52,696 52,351 43,704 58,260 44,923

45,345 43,953 34,959 44,231 ...

35,503 37,607 28,378 43,548 30,162

41,257 41,930 32,173 40,524 ...

... ... ... 51,882 ...

41,257 41,930 32,173 36,766 ...

26,573 ... ... ... ...

U.S. Service Schools ..........

56,786

...

56,789

...

52,586 37,530 46,374 30,005 36,380 21,222 43,801

... ... ... ... ... 29,952 ...

49,114 ... 50,001 ... ... 27,489 43,801

... 37,530 41,877 30,005 36,360 33,783 ...

53,046 ... ... ... ... 9,062 ...

54,640 ... ... ... ... ... ...

40,297 ... ... ... ... 9,062 ...

... ... ... ... ... 6,413 ...

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Note: Data include imputations for nonrespondent institution.

370 The Book of the States 1996-97

Key: . . . — Data not reported or not applicable. (a) — Preliminary data.

HIGHER EDUCATION

Table 8.7 ESTIMATED UNDERGRADUATE TUITION AND FEES AND ROOM AND BOARD RATES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, BY CONTROL OF INSTITUTION AND STATE: 1994-95 Public 4-year institutions State or other jurisdiction

Private 4-year institutions

Total

Tuition (in state)

Room

Board

Total

Tuition

Room

Board

United States ..................

$6,674

$2,689

$2,021

$1,964

$16,645

$11,522

$2,604

$2,520

5,432 6,156 5,829 4,926 7,922

2,106 2,045 1,894 1,955 2,703

1,674 2,227 1,956 1,684 2,881

1,652 1,884 1,979 1,387 2,338

11,321 12,448 10,179 9,577 18,631

7,404 7,950 6,076 6,162 12,748

1,699 1,835 1,990 1,419 2,980

2,219 2,662 2,113 1,997 2,903

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

6,523 8,505 8,131 6,192 5,381

2,377 3,746 3,817 1,786 1,965

1,887 2,526 2,290 2,112 1,690

2,259 2,234 2,023 2,294 1,826

16,908 21,923 11,356 14,480 14,369

11,710 15,704 7,187 9,941 9,571

2,590 3,461 2,710 2,316 2,522

2,608 2,757 1,458 2,223 2,276

... 5,205 7,482 6,921 5,699

1,508 1,583 3,197 2,864 2,462

... 1,507 1,972 1,757 1,613

... 2,115 2,312 2,300 1,623

11,000 14,583 15,986 15,923 15,274

5,951 11,246 11,070 11,848 11,430

2,920 1,330 2,609 1,879 1,789

2,129 2,007 2,307 2,195 2,054

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

5,442 5,324 5,275 7,794 8,297

2,019 2,056 2,214 3,319 3,318

1,656 1,465 1,470 2,247 2,631

1,767 1,802 1,591 2,229 2,348

11,736 10,665 16,764 20,853 20,053

8,079 7,038 11,769 15,383 13,762

1,517 1,680 2,601 2,679 3,342

2,140 1,948 2,394 2,791 2,949

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

8,536 7,949 6,182 5,248 6,326

4,131 3,729 2,919 2,448 2,767

2,331 2,041 1,818 1,350 1,908

2,073 2,178 1,445 1,451 1,632

22,322 12,815 16,348 9,179 14,069

15,685 8,739 12,233 6,289 9,607

3,526 1,926 1,975 1,458 2,165

3,112 2,150 2,141 1,433 2,297

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

5,996 5,186 6,908 8,145 8,714

2,110 2,058 1,601 4,003 3,773

1,745 1,340 3,009 2,478 2,945

2,141 1,788 2,298 1,665 1,997

10,406 12,573 ... 17,162 18,983

6,993 8,897 7,494 12,143 12,951

1,315 1,709 3,050 2,530 3,124

2,098 1,966 ... 2,490 2,909

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

5,373 7,952 4,858 5,513 7,733

1,836 2,957 1,503 2,245 3,405

1,631 2,780 1,686 967 2,262

1,906 2,215 1,670 2,301 2,066

16,004 19,481 14,544 9,505 16,334

11,549 12,892 10,406 6,653 11,782

2,226 3,484 1,963 1,229 2,253

2,228 3,106 2,176 1,623 2,299

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

4,205 6,929 8,665 9,080 6,758

1,675 3,063 4,512 3,718 3,021

964 1,557 2,152 2,849 1,904

1,566 2,309 2,000 2,513 1,833

11,859 17,577 19,035 20,799 12,709

8,078 12,969 13,457 14,445 9,122

1,731 2,028 2,823 3,417 1,741

2,049 2,580 2,755 2,937 1,847

5,319 5,130 5,175 5,349 10,401

2,557 1,897 1,608 1,960 5,752

1,123 1,553 1,838 1,390 2,998

1,639 1,680 1,729 2,000 1,652

12,385 13,176 12,417 7,112 20,675

8,574 9,210 8,410 2,814 15,032

1,482 2,036 1,860 1,340 3,172

2,329 1,930 2,147 2,959 2,471

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

7,951 7,070 5,912 5,615 5,237

3,769 2,686 1,963 2,470 1,908

2,221 1,930 1,908 1,681 1,462

1,961 2,454 2,042 1,464 1,867

14,519 16,996 13,835 14,766 ...

10,309 12,412 9,889 10,835 ...

2,018 2,483 1,681 1,668 ...

2,192 2,101 2,265 2,263 ...

Dist. of Columbia ...............

...

1,046

...

19,637

13,367

3,706

2,565

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Note: Data are for the entire academic year and are average charges for 4year institutions. Tuition and fees were weighted by the number of full-timeequivalent undergraduates but are not adjusted to reflect student residency. Room and board are based on full-time students. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Data not reported or not applicable.

The Council of State Governments

371

Intergovernmental

From own sources

From state State or other jurisdiction

Total (a)

Total

Directly from federal government

Federal aid distributed by state

HIGHER EDUCATION

372 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 8.8 GENERAL REVENUE OF PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS, BY SOURCE: 1992-93 (In thousands of dollars) Current charges

Other

From other local governments

Total

Taxes

Parent government contributions

School lunch

Other

$3,674,121 $2,621,980

Other

United States ..............

$240,802,841

$131,603,788

$881,247

$14,373,932

$112,679,908

$3,668,701

$109,199,053

$75,497,043

$20,019,898

$7,386,011

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

2,818,862 1,181,347 3,403,256 1,332,365 27,770,645

2,364,794 941,928 1,878,237 900,536 20,148,419

6,172 113,929 85,336 5,812 124,872

320,344 52,170 229,004 122,384 1,934,762

1,729,295 775,829 1,415,407 771,079 17,064,146

308,983 0 148,490 1,261 1,024,639

454,068 239,419 1,525,019 431,829 7,622,226

293,940 0 1,289,631 348,670 5,496,033

0 187,715 0 0 306,442

80,328 8,746 54,893 24,820 324,620

9,554 20,107 34,211 36,782 100,971

70,246 22,851 146,284 21,557 1,394,160

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

3,023,576 4,030,118 667,991 11,312,455 4,678,550

1,380,227 1,732,342 487,747 6,412,301 2,592,041

5,055 80 6,608 54,028 3,580

132,143 141,112 37,889 837,380 280,045

1,242,337 1,433,539 443,250 5,520,893 2,243,580

692 157,611 0 0 64,836

1,643,349 2,297,776 180,244 4,900,154 2,086,509

1,343,253 0 147,864 4,143,167 1,765,513

0 2,242,945 0 0 0

46,295 47,703 10,157 180,236 89,763

74,615 3,076 40 282,195 17,587

179,186 4,052 22,183 294,556 213,646

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

1,059,895 887,616 10,435,212 5,679,326 2,659,068

1,036,491 617,984 4,070,639 3,335,073 1,427,988

23,290 5,196 13,621 2,845 363

50,313 65,328 581,182 266,428 126,415

962,375 547,454 3,467,071 3,011,151 1,299,055

513 6 8,765 54,649 2,155

23,404 269,632 6,364,573 2,344,253 1,231,080

0 238,956 5,836,252 1,918,056 1,018,562

0 0 0 0 0

11,034 16,173 148,663 123,993 59,913

6,255 1,589 92,410 77,612 108,660

6,115 12,914 287,248 224,592 43,945

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

2,370,077 2,366,843 3,421,705 1,318,287 4,898,657

1,428,821 1,733,272 2,271,391 729,604 2,177,311

13,979 1,185 7,524 10,772 10,835

109,103 202,761 374,634 66,668 225,763

1,165,178 1,529,326 1,876,967 652,164 1,940,713

140,561 0 12,266 0 0

941,256 633,571 1,150,314 588,683 2,721,346

785,245 545,157 996,490 216,225 0

0 0 0 335,193 2,527,866

50,251 49,525 38,956 11,884 70,068

16,548 3,034 17,152 4,577 84,180

89,212 35,855 97,716 20,804 39,232

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

6,102,484 10,829,486 4,730,807 1,162,399 4,163,767

2,602,232 4,094,481 2,641,656 782,356 2,319,535

13,701 8,258 8,139 3,228 6,301

291,412 555,126 197,524 165,463 264,383

1,924,321 3,326,748 2,284,106 612,301 1,939,230

372,798 204,349 151,887 1,364 109,621

3,500,252 6,735,005 2,089,151 380,043 1,844,232

0 6,165,764 1,688,966 306,574 1,559,848

3,236,000 0 0 2,034 0

97,481 135,262 95,950 22,200 84,719

124,293 126,185 85,095 21,005 104,020

42,478 307,794 219,140 28,230 95,645

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

807,002 1,585,707 1,142,615 1,058,141 6,636,976

594,060 673,469 803,531 116,733 3,436,521

25,785 21,615 4,330 2 9,943

44,908 72,693 45,921 31,888 321,981

445,532 509,432 753,277 84,342 3,104,597

77,835 69,729 3 501 0

212,942 912,238 339,084 941,408 3,200,455

164,532 787,546 292,036 716,723 2,293,097

0 0 0 191,253 705,483

11,365 30,970 16,641 21,195 61,314

3,190 58,220 530 3,754 7,459

33,855 35,502 29,877 8,483 133,102

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,215,606 22,491,470 5,564,651 547,618 11,270,543

1,050,155 10,300,174 3,807,527 304,285 4,677,229

43,542 18,928 12,284 9,313 0

108,888 1,257,434 406,777 43,509 509,488

897,725 8,848,470 3,388,466 243,783 4,156,070

0 175,342 0 7,680 11,671

165,451 12,191,296 1,757,124 243,333 6,593,314

103,921 7,702,044 0 191,540 4,580,843

0 3,862,918 1,436,721 0 0

17,362 192,356 145,197 13,081 198,467

12,174 44,150 22,041 17,197 331,991

31,994 389,828 153,165 21,515 1,482,013

GENERAL REVENUE OF PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS, BY SOURCE: 1992-93 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Intergovernmental

From own sources

From state Directly from federal government

Federal aid distributed by state

Current charges From other local governments

Parent government contributions

State or other jurisdiction

Total (a)

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,425,641 3,127,509 11,950,214 909,146 3,021,993

933,394 1,421,675 5,468,867 420,777 1,777,078

12,263 4,961 4,824 3,657 7,306

87,546 189,997 669,307 38,885 268,748

802,783 1,180,698 4,781,408 351,512 1,419,961

30,802 46,019 13,328 26,723 81,063

492,247 1,705,834 6,481,347 488,369 1,244,915

385,294 1,522,016 6,025,864 0 1,043,807

0 0 0 482,389 0

26,626 39,610 199,111 0 51,369

41,965 53,020 54,747 1,317 85,150

38,362 91,188 201,625 4,663 64,589

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

460,623 3,238,378 20,232,232 1,634,989 649,608

178,514 2,141,484 11,131,001 1,044,154 249,809

18,448 3,728 42,406 7,874 211

31,175 320,590 1,169,034 106,547 32,515

120,851 1,535,027 9,919,561 928,596 216,778

8,040 282,139 0 1,137 305

282,109 1,096,894 9,101,231 590,835 399,799

260,206 0 8,252,705 448,908 375,410

0 969,551 0 0 0

11,188 81,437 339,006 33,049 9,083

2,708 11,172 246,094 14,578 3,088

8,007 34,734 263,426 94,300 12,218

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

5,841,598 5,226,925 1,826,990 5,308,207 612,888

2,724,312 3,975,234 1,363,634 2,448,928 390,329

43,382 31,098 3 11,281 7,829

322,219 223,286 136,465 214,953 27,459

2,358,711 3,720,223 1,220,263 2,205,644 308,683

0 627 6,903 17,050 46,358

3,117,286 1,251,691 463,356 2,859,279 222,559

0 978,427 391,087 2,675,714 201,157

2,896,084 0 0 0 0

114,559 67,186 21,481 77,500 9,566

25,683 93,815 6,105 27,579 603

80,960 112,263 44,683 78,486 11,233

Dist. of Columbia ...........

710,777

63,508

1,525

61,983

647,269

637,304

1,769

1,897

6,299

Total

Other

Total

Taxes

School lunch

Other

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Revenue from state sources for state dependent school systems is included as intergovernmental revenue from state rather than as parent government contributions. Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) To avoid duplication, interschool system transactions are excluded.

373

HIGHER EDUCATION

The Council of State Governments

Elementary and secondary

Higher education

Capital outlay State United States ..............

Total (a)

Total

$94,929,974 $2,333,945

Other education

Capital outlay

Current operation

Total

Construction

Total

Current operation

Total

$69,275,871 $7,886,220

Construction $4,681,773

Capital outlay Total

Current operation

$15,433,938 $8,094,934

Total

Assistance Construction & subsidies

$1,952,273

$381,672

$293,804

$77,162,091

$360,319

$171,741

$6,978,685

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

2,101,540 595,247 1,360,606 1,005,284 9,443,777

10,797 232,438 0 0 119,383

10,797 215,387 0 0 119,383

0 17,051 0 0 0

0 10,769 0 0 0

1,708,694 300,497 1,178,278 733,181 7,592,722

1,546,647 287,144 1,085,988 637,757 6,910,055

162,047 13,353 92,290 95,424 682,667

56,988 68 22,139 61,455 444,383

382,049 62,312 182,328 272,103 1,731,672

290,765 55,982 94,179 204,109 768,701

7,265 858 1,053 9,290 3,119

43 2 42 2,109 0

84,019 5,472 87,096 58,704 959,852

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

1,706,882 1,035,842 499,028 2,866,494 2,455,888

0 0 0 0 0

1,583,855 830,563 413,066 2,293,542 1,986,528

1,438,070 803,879 409,722 1,850,017 1,716,588

145,785 26,684 3,344 443,525 269,940

83,470 5,054 1,150 335,131 161,729

123,027 205,279 85,962 572,952 469,360

53,099 132,461 58,713 320,147 295,381

1,709 8,810 385 17,419 55,086

161 4,395 6 6,320 28,693

68,219 64,008 26,864 235,386 118,893

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

1,495,992 455,493 3,447,499 2,759,812 1,337,152

887,181 0 5,041 0 0

772,713 0 0 0 0

114,468 0 5,041 0 0

86,107 0 5,041 0 0

589,399 394,973 2,588,707 2,448,380 1,150,380

500,938 335,820 2,237,042 2,204,872 1,052,635

88,461 59,153 351,665 243,508 97,745

60,043 37,415 241,123 118,311 40,590

19,412 60,520 853,751 311,432 186,772

12,790 45,397 407,071 137,448 68,097

1,585 2,120 14,978 1,914 2,724

1,127 1,229 12,456 45 0

5,037 13,003 431,702 172,070 115,951

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,008,038 1,667,368 1,651,497 450,074 1,859,733

0 0 29,530 8,291 0

0 0 29,530 8,149 0

0 0 0 142 0

0 0 0 33 0

872,122 1,281,176 1,350,585 371,021 1,500,168

788,099 1,110,231 1,276,292 340,167 1,367,537

84,023 170,945 74,293 30,854 132,631

41,415 116,812 12,535 14,279 80,908

135,916 386,192 271,382 70,762 359,565

80,264 278,488 192,015 47,354 185,727

1,056 20,225 3,843 69 37,377

65 10,394 858 0 34,278

54,596 87,479 75,524 23,339 136,461

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

1,711,960 4,042,657 2,039,124 921,152 1,354,563

0 0 0 0 0

1,356,297 3,667,691 1,699,424 749,653 1,131,053

1,307,002 3,179,057 1,564,288 646,793 1,089,391

49,295 488,634 135,136 102,860 41,662

19,013 330,995 73,976 31,198 16,104

355,663 374,966 339,700 171,499 223,510

226,357 75,434 133,512 112,872 129,833

1,325 3,182 13,010 3,900 3,582

0 1,585 11,643 0 409

127,981 296,350 193,178 54,727 90,095

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

370,309 674,861 448,819 379,702 2,768,928

0 0 0 6 435,998

0 0 0 6 423,576

0 0 0 0 12,422

0 0 0 0 0

283,490 600,480 408,367 333,468 1,969,293

259,869 557,826 369,960 311,713 1,706,311

23,621 42,654 38,407 21,755 262,982

10,864 12,837 29,098 9,968 198,969

86,819 74,381 40,452 46,228 363,637

62,255 45,295 29,128 14,949 116,820

1,245 1,005 368 1,545 981

105 227 101 118 466

23,319 28,081 10,956 29,734 245,836

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

850,948 5,628,581 2,781,130 441,261 4,047,165

0 0 96,274 0 0

0 0 57,300 0 0

0 0 38,974 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

743,414 4,362,630 2,320,456 385,998 3,421,659

686,271 3,861,658 2,107,333 350,335 2,959,912

57,143 500,972 213,123 35,663 461,747

19,376 394,199 104,030 22,521 258,211

107,534 1,265,951 364,400 55,263 625,506

62,595 387,642 223,121 40,987 180,434

1,915 15,900 7,604 261 21,679

312 13,468 1,904 0 19,287

43,024 862,409 133,675 14,015 423,393

EDUCATION REVENUE/EXPENDITURE

374 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 8.9 SUMMARY OF STATE GOVERNMENT DIRECT EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION, BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars)

SUMMARY OF STATE GOVERNMENT DIRECT EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION, BY STATE: 1994 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Elementary and secondary

Higher education

Capital outlay State

Total (a)

Total

Current operation

Total

Other education

Capital outlay

Construction

Total

Current operation

Total

Construction

Capital outlay Total

Current operation

Total

Assistance Construction & subsidies

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

1,287,754 1,056,684 4,367,890 426,807 1,609,548

14,263 0 15,828 23,153 69,529

14,263 0 0 23,153 67,809

0 0 15,828 0 1,720

0 0 15,828 0 0

1,119,539 877,881 3,198,039 307,890 1,340,571

1,040,684 796,330 2,867,693 294,560 1,207,597

78,855 81,551 330,346 13,330 132,974

38,045 37,567 208,383 6,408 79,036

153,952 178,803 1,154,023 95,764 199,448

88,209 115,259 733,377 67,986 133,579

2,044 1,583 15,437 948 10,231

24 94 4,502 662 2,558

63,699 61,961 405,209 26,830 55,638

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

287,864 1,907,833 6,001,754 1,141,172 334,795

0 0 210,177 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

237,265 1,695,112 5,192,332 1,027,622 279,039

208,455 1,459,494 4,844,540 886,967 262,862

28,810 235,618 347,792 140,655 16,177

18,762 173,095 165,250 79,534 6,790

50,599 212,721 599,245 113,550 55,756

41,398 141,384 326,279 76,960 24,947

2,060 7,136 12,847 4,668 446

90 2,534 337 23 0

7,141 64,201 260,119 31,922 30,363

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

2,800,486 2,987,570 746,566 2,091,720 217,125

0 176,026 0 0 30

0 0 0 0 30

0 176,026 0 0 0

2,369,140 2,341,236 602,105 1,794,830 178,280

2,156,454 2,045,781 565,015 1,631,146 151,074

212,686 295,455 37,090 163,684 27,206

99,376 214,150 6,951 61,822 20,247

431,346 470,308 144,461 296,890 38,815

252,681 250,567 109,411 142,245 21,230

8,152 17,914 5,894 2,050 522

941 7,790 0 338 0

170,513 201,827 29,156 152,595 17,063

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) To avoid duplication, interschool school system transactions are excluded.

375

EDUCATION REVENUE/EXPENDITURE

The Council of State Governments

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

Table 8.10 TRENDS IN STATE PRISON POPULATION, 1993-94 Population by maximum length of sentence Total population State or other jurisdiction

1994 (a)

1993

More than a year

Percentage change 1993-94

1994 (a)

1993

Percentage change 1993-94

Year or less and unsentenced Incarceration rate 1994 (b)

1993 (a)

1992

Percentage change

United States ..............

1,053,738

970,444

8.6

1,012,463

932,266

8.6

387

36,866

36,223

1.8

Alabama .......................... Alaska (c) ........................ Arizona (d) ...................... Arkansas ......................... California (d) ..................

19,573 3,292 19,746 8,836 125,605

18,624 3,068 17,811 8,625 119,951

5.1 7.3 10.9 2.4 4.7

19,074 1,934 19,005 8,711 121,084

18,169 1,954 17,160 7,984 115,573

5.0 -1.0 10.8 9.1 4.8

450 317 459 353 384

455 N.D. 651 641 4,378

515 921 627 90 4,029

-11.7 N.D. 3.8 612.2 8.7

Colorado ......................... Connecticut (c) ............... Delaware (c) .................... Florida (d) ....................... Georgia (d) ......................

10,717 14,380 4,411 57,139 33,425

9,462 13,691 4,210 53,048 27,783

13.3 5.0 4.8 7.7 20.3

10,717 10,500 2,788 57,129 32,523

9,462 10,508 2,781 52,883 27,079

13.3 -.1 .3 8.0 20.1

289 321 393 406 456

N.D. 3,183 1,429 165 704

N.D. 2,609 1,357 17 442

N.D. 22.0 5.3 N.D. 59.3

Hawaii (c) ........................ Idaho ................................ Illinois (d) ........................ Indiana ............................ Iowa (d) ...........................

3,333 2,964 36,531 15,014 5,437

3,129 2,606 34,495 14,470 4,898

6.5 13.7 5.9 3.8 11.0

2,392 2,964 36,531 14,925 5,437

2,330 2,606 34,495 14,364 4,898

2.7 13.7 5.9 3.9 11.0

202 258 310 258 192

799 ... 0 106 ...

704 ... 0 154 ...

13.5 N.D. N.D. -31.2 N.D.

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

6,373 11,066 24,092 1,537 20,998

5,727 10,440 22,468 1,469 20,264

11.3 6.0 7.2 4.6 3.6

6,373 11,066 22,956 1,464 19,854

5,727 10,440 22,468 1,446 19,121

11.3 6.0 2.2 1.2 3.8

249 288 530 118 395

... ... ... 23 1,143

... ... 84 27 1,169

N.D. N.D. N.D. -14.8 -2.2

Massachusetts ................. Michigan (d) ................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

11,282 40,775 4,572 11,274 17,898

11,100 39,318 4,200 10,078 16,178

1.6 3.7 8.9 11.9 10.6

10,340 40,775 4,572 10,950 17,898

10,145 39,318 4,200 9,769 16,178

1.9 3.7 8.9 12.1 10.6

171 428 100 408 338

760 0 ... 306 0

388 0 ... 187 8

95.9 N.D. N.D. 63.6 N.D.

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

1,680 2,633 7,122 2,021 24,632

1,541 2,518 6,138 1,775 23,831

9.0 4.6 16.0 13.9 3.4

1,680 2,590 6,877 2,021 24,544

1,541 2,467 6,138 1,775 23,831

9.0 5.0 12.0 13.9 3.0

194 159 460 177 310

0 51 ... ... 1

0 79 ... ... 0

N.D. -35.4 N.D. N.D. N.D.

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

3,866 66,750 23,639 536 41,913

3,498 64,569 21,892 498 40,641

10.5 3.4 8.0 7.6 3.1

3,679 66,750 22,983 501 41,913

3,373 64,569 21,367 446 40,641

9.1 3.4 7.6 12.3 3.1

220 367 322 78 377

125 ... 525 52 1

117 ... 489 49 1

6.8 N.D. 7.4 6.1 N.D.

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island (c) ............. South Carolina ...............

16,631 6,936 28,302 2,919 18,999

16,409 6,557 26,060 2,783 18,704

1.4 5.8 8.6 4.9 1.6

16,631 5,458 28,301 1,853 18,168

16,409 5,111 26,055 1,719 17,896

1.4 6.8 8.6 7.8 1.5

508 175 235 186 494

1 1,446 5 1,064 808

1 1,347 8 1,065 1,031

N.D. 7.3 N.D. -0.1 -21.6

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont (c) .....................

1,734 14,474 118,195 3,016 1,301

1,553 12,824 92,013 2,888 1,223

11.7 12.9 28.5 4.4 6.4

1,734 14,474 118,094 2,997 981

1,553 12,824 92,013 2,871 893

11.7 12.9 28.3 4.4 9.9

240 277 636 155 168

0 1 1 17 330

0 1 0 12 389

N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. -15.2

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia (d) ............ Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

26,192 10,833 1,930 10,020 1,217

22,850 10,419 1,805 8,781 1,129

14.6 4.0 6.9 14.1 7.8

26,016 10,833 1,930 9,519 1,217

22,635 10,419 1,805 8,422 1,128

14.9 4.0 6.9 13.0 7.9

395 201 106 187 254

215 ... 0 359 1

210 ... 0 199 ...

2.4 N.D. N.D. 80.4 N.D.

Dist. of Columbia (c) ......

10,943

10,845

8,962

8,908

1,583

1,937

3,347

-42.1

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1994 (August 1995). Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable. N.D. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not defined. (a) Advance count of prisoners is conducted immediately after calendar year ends.

376 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) The number of prisoners with sentences of more than one year per 100,000 resident populations. (c) Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system. (d) Population figures are based on custody counts.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

Table 8.11 ADULTS ADMITTED TO STATE PRISONS, 1993 Number of sentenced prisoners admitted during 1993 State or other jurisdiction

Prisoner population (1/1/93)

Total

New court commitments

Parole or other conditional release violators returned

Escapees and AWOLs returned

Returns from appeal or bond

Transfers from other jurisdictions

Other admissions

United States ..............

846,063

518,562

341,722

147,712

12,872

653

5,355

10,248

Alabama .......................... Alaska (a,b) ..................... Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

16,938 1,944 15,850 8,195 105,467

8,740 2,613 8,171 3,836 99,189

6,491 1,068 6,606 2,737 43,149

1,784 433 1,444 992 55,011

238 4 79 12 624

128 10 0 32 ...

48 198 42 6 405

51 900 0 57 0

Colorado (c) .................... Connecticut (a,b) ........... Delaware (a,c) ................ Florida ............................. Georgia (b) ......................

8,997 8,794 2,705 48,302 24,616

4,510 7,538 1,327 32,269 15,264

3,131 3,007 975 25,296 10,905

984 3,698 119 6,470 4,161

372 827 112 253 107

12 5 0 ... 9

11 1 47 23 77

0 0 74 227 5

Hawaii (a,d) .................... Idaho (d) .......................... Illinois (c) ........................ Indiana (b) ...................... Iowa .................................

2,222 2,256 31,640 13,791 4,518

1,823 1,770 21,717 6,830 3,611

1,010 1,327 16,796 6,217 2,144

805 416 4,095 581 889

8 13 764 12 384

0 2 26 ... 36

0 12 ... 20 107

0 0 36 0 51

Kansas (b) ....................... Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland (b,d) ...............

6,028 10,364 20,896 1,492 18,808

3,853 5,825 11,977 757 8,800

2,055 4,163 8,326 484 7,123

1,747 1,503 3,316 260 1,546

25 123 71 8 127

... ... 54 0 ...

0 0 23 0 4

26 36 187 5 0

Massachusetts (d) .......... Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi (b) ................ Missouri ..........................

9,665 39,113 3,822 8,718 16,187

4,862 12,590 3,035 4,768 9,812

2,429 7,564 2,191 4,476 6,914

1,097 3,619 844 115 2,270

74 1,177 ... 41 600

... 125 ... ... 19

1,262 105 ... 0 7

0 0 0 136 2

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada (c) ....................... New Hampshire (b) ....... New Jersey (b) ................

1,548 2,435 6,049 1,777 22,653

680 1,468 3,202 957 12,679

304 1,122 2,573 720 8,563

115 335 561 221 3,478

... 11 68 16 155

... ... ... ... ...

4 0 0 0 ...

257 0 0 0 483

New Mexico .................... New York (b) ................... North Carolina (c) ......... North Dakota (b) ........... Ohio (c) ...........................

3,154 61,736 19,965 428 38,378

2,334 35,802 25,577 352 22,583

1,263 24,897 20,688 275 18,492

997 6,355 4,665 75 3,906

48 3,749 205 2 9

3 113 0 0 10

23 631 0 0 166

0 57 19 0 0

Oklahoma (b,c) .............. Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island (a,c) .......... South Carolina (b) .........

14,821 5,236 24,966 1,710 17,612

7,049 3,599 9,893 875 8,189

6,285 1,649 5,953 596 6,120

340 1,831 418 215 1,946

424 75 8 51 116

0 13 22 5 7

0 ... 228 7 ...

0 31 3,264 1 0

South Dakota .................. Tennessee (c) ................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont (a) .....................

1,487 11,849 60,467 2,687 865

820 6,695 29,916 1,924 497

642 3,969 15,524 907 322

153 2,609 13,455 1,008 114

16 89 ... 5 11

2 ... ... 4 ...

7 28 ... 0 50

0 0 937 0 0

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming (b) ...................

20,989 9,959 1,674 7,992 1,064

12,489 5,425 882 5,814 513

9,971 4,699 753 4,130 417

1,964 533 89 987 52

20 144 19 ... 16

... 14 0 ... 2

... 0 21 0 6

534 35 0 697 20

Dist. of Columbia (a,c) ...

7,528

7,459

651

1,745

1,560

...

1,619

1,884

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, 1993 (October 1995). Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not available. (a) Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.

(b) New court commitments may include a small number of other admissions. (c) Counts of inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect. (d) Hawaii, Idaho, Maryland and Massachusetts estimated the numbers in the admissions categories.

The Council of State Governments

377

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS Table 8.12 STATE PRISON CAPACITIES, 1994 Population as a percent of capacity: (a) State or other jurisdiction

Rated capacity

Operational capacity

Alabama (b) ........................ Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas (b) ....................... California ............................

16,508 3,044 ... 8,044 ...

16,508 ... 19,651 8,044 ...

Colorado (b) ....................... Connecticut ......................... Delaware (b) ....................... Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

... 13,363 ... ... 32,918

Hawaii ................................. Idaho (b) .............................. Illinois .................................. Indiana (b) .......................... Iowa .....................................

Highest capacity

Lowest capacity

16,508 ... ... 8,044 68,366

109 108 100 103 184

8,051 14,699 4,206 57,364 32,918

6,848 ... 3,192 43,536 32,918

114 98 105 100 102

134 108 138 131 102

... 2,222 26,385 12,539 3,265

2,608 2,519 26,385 14,711 3,265

1,694 2,222 22,641 ... 3,265

128 105 138 96 167

197 119 161 113 167

Kansas ................................. Kentucky (b) ....................... Louisiana (b) ...................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

6,655 10,156 15,884 1,353 ...

... 9,483 15,675 1,353 20,952

... ... ... 1,353 12,392

96 103 97 114 100

96 110 97 114 169

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota (b) ..................... Mississippi (b) .................... Missouri ..............................

... 27,966 4,095 9,678 ...

... ... 4,095 9,678 18,162

6,904 ... 4,095 9,678 ...

148 146 110 100 99

148 146 110 98 99

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey (b) ....................

... ... 6,457 1,358 ...

1,344 ... 6,739 1,873 ...

850 2,013 5,316 1,716 13,869

125 131 106 108 142

198 131 134 149 142

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina (b) ............. North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

4,054 64,280 21,004 600 ...

4,061 61,195 23,500 600 ...

4,074 51,049 ... 600 24,526

95 104 96 89 171

95 131 107 89 171

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina (b) .............

9,775 ... 20,455 3,438 16,310

13,642 6,517 20,455 3,438 16,310

... ... 20,455 3,438 12,673

122 106 138 85 114

170 106 138 85 147

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee (b) ...................... Texas (b) .............................. Utah (b) ............................... Vermont (b) .........................

1,477 12,919 98,844 3,384 919

1,418 12,654 98,844 3,213 1,020

1,477 ... 100,744 ... 947

117 98 97 84 98

122 100 99 89 108

Virginia (b) ......................... Washington (b) ................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin (b) ...................... Wyoming .............................

14,940 6,967 1,900 7,230 977

14,940 9,588 1,900 7,230 1,126

14,940 9,588 1,900 7,230 1,035

145 103 102 133 108

145 142 102 133 125

Dist. of Columbia ...............

7,251

11,099

9,419

151

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1994 (August 1995). Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not available.

378 The Book of the States 1996-97

Design capacity

(a) Excludes inmates sentenced to State prison but in local jails because of crowded State facilities. (b) Excludes prisoners housed in contract facilities or local jails.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

Table 8.13 ADULTS ON PROBATION, 1994 Probation population (a)

Exits

Probation population 12/31/94

Percent change in probation population during 1994

DK 644 11,147 4,708 137,595

36,024 3,173 36,916 18,598 285,105

14.5 -1.3 3.9 9.9 -5.8

500 35 3,187 ... DK

150 ... DK ... DK

24,665 35,983 7,473 130,112 66,300

23,830 33,434 7,537 125,247 70,663

36,430 53,453 15,507 239,108 140,684

3.8 5.0 -.4 1.4 -3.1

930 954 2,209 20,457 4,796

179 50 ... 1,220 0

11,053 4,749 78,464 82,804 15,376

6,745 2,783 60,911 DK 11,287

5,283 1,315 59,909 DK 11,161

12,515 5,153 79,466 82,804 15,502

13.2 8.5 1.3 DK .8

112 126 976 DK DK

10 37 DK DK 25

Kansas (c) ........................... Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

24,255 11,689 32,434 8,712 80,208

11,427 5,380 11,649 DK 35,434

11,564 5,652 10,479 DK 38,702

24,102 11,417 33,604 8,669 76,940

-.6 -2.3 3.6 -.5 -4.1

... 218 ... 25 796

... ... ... 10 ...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan (c) ....................... Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri (c) .........................

47,164 139,753 75,961 9,219 36,000

36,036 57,673 58,839 3,684 18,867

36,518 53,061 52,828 3,862 17,982

46,672 143,178 81,972 9,041 36,295

-1.0 2.5 7.9 -1.9 .8

DK 2,190 ... 0 595

... 2,227 ... 0 103

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

5,572 15,483 8,826 4,126 109,576

1,727 15,303 5,246 2,646 42,915

1,658 13,232 4,662 2,448 45,570

5,641 17,554 9,410 4,323 106,921

1.2 13.4 6.6 4.8 -2.4

... 322 416 43 914

DK 125 181 2 228

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio (g) ...............................

8,367 155,932 86,212 1,989 103,377

6,233 48,054 43,826 1,229 61,408

5,930 39,417 40,149 1,212 59,054

8,670 164,569 89,889 2,006 105,953

3.6 5.5 4.3 .9 2.5

241 2,751 3,568 12 4,308

35 DK 756 15 1,595

Oklahoma (c) ...................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania (h) ................ Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

25,738 37,902 88,180 16,186 38,658

13,263 12,415 37,749 8,968 15,656

12,650 12,231 26,405 6,975 13,858

26,484 38,086 99,524 18,179 40,456

2.9 .5 12.9 12.3 4.7

639 2,106 8,691 ... 1,899

DK 371 DK 65 169

South Dakota (i) ................. Tennessee ............................. Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

3,637 35,293 378,531 7,348 6,058

4,137 19,641 173,284 3,675 2,665

4,364 19,107 157,237 3,385 2,047

3,410 35,727 394,578 7,638 6,676

-6.2 1.2 4.2 3.9 10.2

89 1,837 15,249 247 ...

... 401 1,194 33 ...

Virginia ............................... Washington (c,j) ................. West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin (c) ...................... Wyoming .............................

23,619 103,615 5,720 43,125 3,236

18,981 47,947 1,911 19,752 2,065

18,511 37,325 1,681 17,421 1,919

24,089 111,450 5,950 45,901 3,382

2.0 7.6 4.0 6.4 4.5

454 1,463 0 703 11

4 13 0 150 11

Dist. of Columbia ...............

8,264

6,677

6,616

8,325

117

State or other jurisdiction

Probation population 1/1/94

Entries

Alabama (b,c) ..................... Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

31,460 3,214 35,534 16,928 302,645

DK 603 12,529 6,378 120,055

Colorado (c,d) .................... Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida (c) ........................... Georgia (c) ..........................

35,111 50,904 15,671 235,805 145,230

Hawaii (b) ........................... Idaho (c) .............................. Illinois .................................. Indiana (e) ........................... Iowa (f) ................................

1994

Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Probation and Parole 1994 (August 1995), Correctional Populations in the United States 1993 (October 1995). Key: . . . — Not applicable. DK — Number not known. (a) Estimated number. Counts of persons under intensive supervision reported by some states include persons under electronic monitoring. Some states were unable to provide separate counts of probation and parole populations under intensive supervision (see also Table 8.14, “Adults on Parole”). (b) The number under intensive supervision includes those under electronic monitoring. (c) Because of nonresponse, or lack of data, the population on 1/1/94 plus

Under intensive supervision 1/1/93

Under electronic monitoring 1/1/93

entries, minus exits, does not equal the population on 12/31/94. (d) State data are for fiscal year 7/1/93 to 6/30/94. (e) Data are for 12/31/93. (f) Intensive supervision is used as a prison diversion along with probation to relieve prison crowding. Electronic monitoring is a component of the intensive supervision program. (g) Defined as persons received for probation directly from court. (h) Electronic monitoring is a component of the intensive supervision program. (i) Data are for fiscal year 7/1/93 to 6/30/94. (j) The numbers under intensive supervision and electronic monitoring include both probationers and parolees.

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379

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

Table 8.14 ADULTS ON PAROLE, 1994 Parole population (a) Under intensive supervision 1/1/93

Under electronic monitoring 1/1/93

.5 -1.0 8.3 21.8 5.2

DK 35 238 250 DK

DK ... 238 ... DK

2,463 1,200 1,029 19,089 17,505

-9.8 20.0 12.6 8.7 -15.8

370 DK 110 10 350

... DK ... 0 77

596 DK 18,595 2,609 1,632

1,663 862 26,695 3,296 2,972

7.9 3.0 10.4 14.0 27.1

... 172 764 DK 0

... ... 262 DK 75

4,161 4,185 9,805 3 10,429

5,011 3,980 7,153 1 9,492

6,291 4,380 17,112 40 14,795

-11.9 5.6 18.3 5.3 6.8

... 480 192 ... 1,347

... ... ... ... 97

4,370 14,015 1,834 1,730 12,264

3,872 9,009 2,090 911 5,692

3,709 10,102 2,020 1,208 5,364

4,533 12,922 1,904 1,517 12,592

3.7 -7.8 3.8 -12.3 2.7

70 DK DK DK ...

... DK DK DK 147

Montana (e) ........................ Nebraska ............................. Nevada (b) ........................... New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

704 815 3,398 777 35,775

390 865 1,823 529 16,365

458 909 1,510 471 9,320

636 771 3,529 835 41,820

-9.7 -5.4 3.9 7.5 16.9

80 140 265 89 308

80 ... 84 7 ...

New Mexico (b) .................. New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,281 52,186 17,284 90 6,997

871 25,493 16,269 179 6,012

878 23,847 12,526 176 5,829

1,505 53,832 21,027 93 7,180

17.5 3.2 21.7 3.3 2.6

115 ... 412 DK ...

17 59 52 DK ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon (f) ........................... Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

2,503 13,687 72,100 536 5,790

939 5,175 28,052 482 1,891

838 4,598 29,797 490 1,652

2,604 14,264 70,355 528 6,029

4.0 4.2 -2.4 -1.5 4.1

34 2,106 6,233 ... 284

... 371 DK 48 184

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee (b) ...................... Texas (c) .............................. Utah (b) ............................... Vermont ...............................

674 11,279 116,637 2,185 555

568 2,726 24,088 1,651 319

581 3,473 32,162 1,401 282

661 10,260 108,563 2,438 592

-1.9 -9.0 -6.9 11.6 6.7

70 ... 3,105 312 0

... ... 419 65 0

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin (b,f) ................... Wyoming .............................

11,504 3,720 1,379 6,615 368

9,021 193 657 3,944 216

10,876 2,263 777 3,296 222

9,649 1,650 1,259 7,065 362

-16.1 -55.6 -8.7 6.8 -1.6

863 ... ... 703 10

60 ... ... 150 10

Dist. of Columbia ...............

6,591

3,336

3,353

6,574

-.3

...

State or other jurisdiction

Parole population 1/1/94

Entries

Exits

Parole population 12/31/94

Alabama .............................. Alaska (b) ............................ Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

6,729 685 4,017 4,036 80,845

7,292 638 5,817 4,470 110,307

7,283 645 5,483 3,591 106,068

6,760 678 4,351 4,915 85,084

Colorado (c) ........................ Connecticut (b) .................. Delaware ............................. Florida (b) ........................... Georgia (b) ..........................

2,731 1,000 914 17,567 20,790

2,057 1,470 409 14,202 8,025

2,325 270 294 11,452 13,315

Hawaii (d) ........................... Idaho (b) .............................. Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa .....................................

1,541 837 24,177 2,891 2,339

718 DK 21,113 3,005 2,265

Kansas ................................. Kentucky (b) ....................... Louisiana (b) ...................... Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

7,141 4,148 14,463 38 13,858

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi (b) .................... Missouri ..............................

1994

Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Probation and Parole 1994 (August 1995), Correctional Populations in the United States 1993 (October 1995). Key: . . . — Not applicable. DK — Number not known. (a) Estimated number. Counts of persons under intensive supervision reported by some states include persons under electronic monitoring. Some states were unable to provide separate counts of parole and probation populations under intensive supervision (see also Table 8.13, “Adults on Probation”).

380 The Book of the States 1996-97

Percent change in probation population during 1994

(b) Because of nonresponse, the population on 1/1/94 plus entries, minus exits, does not equal the population on 12/31/94. (c) The number under intensive supervision includes those under electronic monitoring. (d) Data are for fiscal year 7/1/93 to 6/30/94. (e) Intensive supervision and electronic monitoring are components of the same program. (f) Intensive supervision and electronic monitoring program counts include both parole and probation cases.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

Table 8.15 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT (As of December 1994) State or other jurisdiction

Capital offenses

Minimum age

Alabama ..............................

Murder during kidnapping, robbery, rape, sodomy, burglary, 16 sexual assault, or arson; murder of peace officer, correctional officer, or public official; murder while under a life sentence; murder for pecuniary gain or contract; aircraft piracy; murder by a defendant with a previous murder conviction; murder of a witness to a crime; murder when a victim is subpoenaed in a criminal proceeding, when the murder is related to the role of the victim as a witness; murder when a victim is less than 14 years old; murder in which a victim is killed while in a dwelling by a deadly weapon fired or otherwise used from outside the dwelling; murder in which a victim is killed while in a motor vehicle by a deadly weapon; murder in which a victim is killed by a deadly weapon fired or otherwise used in or from a motor vehicle.

Alaska ..................................

...

Arizona ................................ ...............................................

First-degree murder accompanied by at least one of 10 aggravating factors.

Arkansas .............................

Prisoners under sentence of death

Method of execution

135

Electrocution

None

121

Lethal gas or lethal injection (a)

Capital murder as defined by Arkansas statute. Felony murder; arson causing death; intentional murder of a law enforcement officer, teacher or school employee; murder of prison, jail, court or other correctional personnel, or military personnel acting in line of duty; multiple murders; intentional murder of public officeholder or candidate; intentional murder while under life sentence; contract murder.

Lethal injection or electrocution (b)

California ............................

Treason; homicide by a prisoner serving a life term; first-degree murder with special circumstances; train wrecking; perjury causing execution.

381

Lethal gas or lethal injection

Colorado .............................

First-degree murder; felony murder; intentionally killing a peace 18 officer, firefighter, judge, referee, elected state, county or municipal official, federal law enforcement officer or agent; person kidnapped or being held hostage by the defendant or an associate of the defendant; being party to an agreement to kill another person; murder committed while lying in wait, from ambush, or by use of an explosive or incendiary device; murder for pecuniary gain; murder in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner; murder for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or prosecution or effecting an escape from custody, including the intentional killing of a witness to a criminal offense; killing two or more persons during the same incident and murder of a child less than 12 years old; treason. Capital sentencing excludes persons determined to be mentally retarded.

Lethal injection

Connecticut .........................

Murder of a public safety or correctional officer; murder for pecuniary gain; murder in the course of a felony; murder by a defendant with a previous conviction for intentional murder; murder while under a life sentence; murder during a kidnapping; illegal sale of cocaine, methadone, or heroin to a person who dies from using these drugs; murder during first-degree sexual assault; multiple murders; the defendant committed the offense(s) with an assault weapon.

Electrocution

Delaware .............................

First-degree murder with aggravating circumstances, including murder of a child victim 14 years of age or younger by an individual who was at least 4 years older than the victim; killing of a nongovernmental informant who provides an investigative, law enforcement or police agency with information concerning criminal activity; and premeditated murder resulting from substantial planning.

Florida .................................

Felony murder; first-degree murder; sexual battery on a child under age 12; destructive devices (unlawful use resulting in death). Capital drug trafficking.

342

Electrocution

Georgia ................................

Murder; kidnapping with bodily injury when the victim dies; aircraft hijacking; treason; kidnapping for ransom when the victim dies.

Electrocution

Hawaii .................................

...

Idaho ....................................

First-degree murder; aggravated kidnapping.

None

Lethal injection

Lethal injection or hanging (c)

See footnotes at end of table.

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CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State or other jurisdiction

Capital offenses

Minimum age

Prisoners under sentence of death

Method of execution

Illinois ..................................

First-degree murder accompanied by at least one of 14 aggravating factors.

155

Lethal injection

Indiana ................................

Murder with 14 aggravating circumstances.

Electrocution

Iowa .....................................

...

Kansas .................................

Capital murder, including intentional and premeditated killing of any person in the commission of kidnapping; contract murder; intentional and premeditated killing by a jail or prison inmate; intentional and premeditated killing in the commission of rape or sodomy; intentional and premeditated killing of a law enforcement officer; intentional and premeditated killing of a child under the age of 14 in the commission of kidnapping; killing two or more persons during the same incident.

None

Kentucky .............................

Murder with aggravating factor; kidnapping with aggravating factor.

Louisiana .............................

First-degree murder; treason.

Maine ...................................

...

Maryland ............................

First-degree murder, either premeditated or during the commission of a felony, provided that certain death eligibility requirements are satisfied.

Massachusetts .....................

...

Michigan .............................

...

Minnesota ...........................

...

Mississippi ..........................

Lethal injection

Electrocution

None

Lethal injection

Lethal gas or lethal injection (d)

Capital murder includes murder of a peace officer or correctional (e) 16 (e) officer, murder while under a life sentence, murder by bomb or explosive, contract murder, murder committed during specific felonies (rape, burglary, kidnapping, arson, robbery, sexual battery, unnatural intercourse with a child, nonconsensual unnatural intercourse), and murder of an elected official. Capital rape is the forcible rape of a child under 14 years by a person 18 years or older. Aircraft piracy.

Lethal gas or lethal injection (f)

Missouri .............................. ...............................................

First-degree murder.

Lethal injection or lethal gas

Montana ..............................

Deliberate homicide; aggravated kidnapping when victim or rescuer dies; attempted deliberate kidnapping by a state prison inmate who has a prior conviction for deliberate homicide or who has been previously declared a persistent felony offender.

Nebraska .............................

First-degree murder.

Electrocution

Nevada .................................

First-degree murder with nine aggravating circumstances.

Lethal injection

New Hampshire ..................

Capital murder, including contract murder; murder of a law enforcement officer; murder of a kidnap victim; killing another after being sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.

New Jersey ..........................

Purposeful or knowing murder; contract murder.

Lethal injection

New Mexico ........................

First-degree murder; felony murder with aggravating circumstances. 18

Lethal injection

New York (h) .......................

...

North Carolina ................... ...............................................

First-degree murder.

North Dakota ......................

...

Ohio .....................................

16 None

Lethal injection or hanging

Lethal injection or hanging (g)

111

Lethal injection or lethal gas

Aggravated murder, including assassination; contract murder; 18 murder during escape; murder while in a correctional facility; murder after conviction for a prior purposeful killing or prior attempted murder; murder of a peace officer; murder arising from specified felonies (rape, kidnapping, arson, robbery, burglary); murder of a witness to prevent testimony in a criminal proceeding or in retaliation.

140

Electrocution or lethal injection

Oklahoma ...........................

First-degree murder, including murder with malice aforethought; 16 murder arising from specified felonies (forcible rape, robbery with a dangerous weapon, kidnapping, escape from lawful custody, first-degree burglary, arson); murder when the victim is a child who has been injured, tortured or maimed.

129

Lethal injection

Oregon .................................

Aggravated murder.

Lethal injection

382 The Book of the States 1996-97

(i) 17 (i)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CORRECTIONS

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT — Continued State or other jurisdiction

Capital offenses

Minimum age

Prisoners under sentence of death

None

182

None

(j)

Method of execution

Pennsylvania .......................

First-degree murder.

Rhode Island .......................

...

South Carolina ...................

Murder with statutory aggravating circumstances.

South Dakota ...................... ...............................................

First-degree murder; kidnapping with gross permanent physical injury inflicted on the victim; felony murder.

Tennessee .............................

First-degree murder.

100

Electrocution

Texas ....................................

Murder of a public safety officer, fireman, or correctional employee; murder during the commission of specified felonies (kidnapping, burglary, robbery, aggravated rape, arson); murder for remuneration; multiple murders; murder during prison escape; murder of a correctional officer; murder by a state prison inmate who is serving a life sentence for any of five offenses; murder of an individual under 6 years of age.

394

Lethal injection

Utah ..................................... ...............................................

Aggravated murder. Aggravated assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence if serious bodily injury is intentionally caused.

None

Lethal injection or firing squad

Vermont ...............................

...

Virginia ...............................

Murder during the commission or attempts to commit specified 15 felonies (abduction, armed robbery, rape, forcible sodomy); contract murder; murder by a prisoner while in custody; murder of a law enforcement officer; multiple murders; murder of a child under 12 years during an abduction; murder arising from drug violations.

Electrocution

Washington .........................

Aggravated first-degree premeditated murder.

Lethal injection or hanging

West Virginia ......................

...

Wisconsin ............................

...

Wyoming .............................

Premeditated murder; felony murder in the perpetration (or attempts) of sexual assault, arson, robbery, burglary escape, resisting arrest; kidnapping, or abuse of a child under 16 years of age.

Dist. of Columbia ...............

...

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment 1994 (February 1996). Key: . . . — No capital punishment statute. (a) State authorizes lethal injection for persons whose capital sentence was received after 11/15/92; for those sentenced before that date, the condemned may select lethal injection or lethal gas. (b) State authorizes lethal injection for those whose capital offense occurred after 7/4/83; for those whose offense occurred before that date, the condemned prisoner may select lethal injection or electrocution. (c) State authorizes lethal injection for those whose capital offense occurred after 6/13/86; for those whose offense occurred before that date, the condemned may select lethal injection or hanging. (d) State authorizes lethal injection for those whose capital offense occur-

Lethal injection

Electrocution Lethal injection

Lethal injection or lethal gas (k)

red after 3/25/94 and also for those whose offense occurred before that date, unless within 60 days from that date, the condemned selected lethal gas. (e) Minimum age defined by statute is 13, but effective age is 16, based on state attorney general’s interpretation of U.S. Supreme Court decisions. (f) State authorizes lethal injection for those convicted after 7/1/84 and lethal gas for those convicted prior to that date. (g) State authorizes hanging only if lethal injection cannot be given. (h) Death penalty enacted September 1, 1995. (i) Age required is 17 unless the murderer was incarcerated for murder when a subsequent murder occurred; then the age may be 14. (j) Juveniles may be transferred to adult court. Age may be a mitigating circumstance. No one under age 10 can commit a crime. (k) State authorizes lethal gas if lethal injection is ever held to be unconstitutional.

The Council of State Governments

383

Fiscal year 1995

State

Agency

Federal

EAST ............................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... ........................................... Maine ............................... Massachusetts ................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ...................... New York ......................... Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... Vermont ...........................

Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Environmental Services Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Environmental Conservation Dept. of Environmental Protection Dept. of Environmental Management Environmental Conservation Department

$ 18,692,900 15,366,000

MIDWEST Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa ................................. Kansas ............................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Nebraska ......................... North Dakota (a) ............ Ohio ................................. South Dakota .................. Wisconsin ........................ SOUTH Alabama .......................... Arkansas ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................ Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maryland ........................ Mississippi ...................... Missouri .......................... North Carolina ............... Oklahoma ....................... South Carolina ............... Tennessee (a) ................... Texas ................................ Virginia ........................... West Virginia ..................

State general fund

Special revenue

$ 28,351,912 $ 46,898,734 27,745,000 27,347,000

Fiscal year 1996

Total

Federal

$ 93,943,546 $ 19,231,800 70,458,000 13,676,000

State general fund

Special revenue

% Change FY 95/96 total

Total

$ 34,811,249 29,362,000

$40,207,000 25,004,000

$ 94,250,049 68,042,200

0.3 -3.4

12,154,204 19,691,338 32,736,000 29,400,000 65,128,000 116,383,000 16,864,362 7,700,515

4,382,883 13,623,210 26,907,000 48,900,000 93,369,000 237,490,000 13,578,024 8,620,485

29,882,515 36,053,416 17,741,000 143,900,000 142,103,000 274,999,000 21,029,085 28,517,759

46,419,602 69,367,964 77,384,000 222,200,000 300,600,000 628,872,000 51,471,471 44,838,759

12,579,927 18,696,893 33,819,000 30,000,000 68,420,000 106,282,000 17,873,356 6,418,929

5,438,517 15,551,802 27,386,000 114,300,000 87,983,500 169,377,000 25,352,455 8,499,441

31,959,390 32,210,498 19,292,000 48,600,000 138,396,600 125,916,000 6,269,944 28,803,967

49,977,834 66,459,193 80,497,000 192,900,000 294,800,100 401,575,000 49,495,755 43,722,337

7.7 -4.2 4.0 -13.2 -1.9 -36.1 -3.8 -2.5

Environmental Protection Agency Dept. of Environmental Management Dept. of Natural Resources Division of the Environment Dept. of Natural Resources Pollution Control Agency Dept. of Environmental Quality Environmental Health Section Environmental Protection Agency Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources Environmental Quality Division

62,815,900 14,675,530 10,825,056 10,456,467 52,053,300 30,454,000 17,935,160 5,536,731 37,299,141 6,734,002 15,030,700

16,411,100 27,605,798 12,382,320 3,759,685 30,168,100 9,195,000 2,427,757 3,022,248 18,768,142 5,320,662 21,927,600

112,113,401 31,545,402 37,087,910 31,300,111 196,501,700 53,192,000 25,852,421 1,724,201 80,420,740 2,494,080 32,905,500

191,340,402 73,826,730 60,295,286 45,516,263 278,723,101 92,841,000 46,215,338 10,283,180 136,488,021 14,548,744 69,863,800

60,880,300 20,226,641 12,219,305 11,733,058 44,045,500 25,743,000 21,511,076 5,203,137 35,655,340 4,321,637 14,902,000

17,177,800 29,664,411 12,272,239 4,207,828 30,803,900 11,572,000 2,135,954 2,328,438 19,338,026 5,052,771 19,083,600

142,655,100 41,757,325 38,639,680 34,158,470 109,149,700 62,650,000 26,356,821 2,938,251 82,455,279 2,586,795 32,210,500

220,713,200 91,648,377 63,131,224 50,099,356 183,999,100 99,965,000 50,003,851 10,469,826 37,448,645 11,961,203 66,196,100

15.4 24.1 4.7 10.1 -34.0 7.7 8.2 1.8 0.7 -17.8 -5.2

Dept. of Environmental Management Dept. of Pollution Control & Ecology Dept. of Environmental Protection Division of Environmental Protection Division for Environmental Protection Dept. of Environmental Quality Dept. of the Environment Dept. of Environmental Quality Division of Environmental Quality Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources Dept. of Environmental Quality Dept. of Health & Environmental Control Dept. of Environment and Conservation Natural Resource Conservation Commission Dept. of Environmental Quality Division of Environmental Protection

15,095,622 27,488,358 30,000,000 3,635,465 11,722,600 17,455,696 20,523,851 7,087,671 10,253,555 26,861,085 8,901,917 22,231,172 58,352,900 83,126,303 87,900,000 107,042,542

4,479,054 2,971,571 56,300,000 15,874,667 18,758,300 1,390,743 21,619,589 9,771,890 5,290,403 30,863,766 7,548,430 17,689,829 108,828,901 12,197,126 32,800,000 6,373,286

12,496,704 23,528,579 429,469,000 20,241,943 15,013,500 67,268,289 17,722,268 22,891,649 15,533,077 22,755,303 17,256,948 32,997,223 58,907,400 299,823,334 42,300,000 100,439,165

32,071,380 53,988,508 515,769,000 39,752,075 45,494,400 86,114,728 59,865,708 39,751,210 31,077,035 80,480,154 33,707,295 72,918,224 226,089,201 395,146,763 163,000,000 213,854,993

13,826,997 22,308,982 24,000,000 3,356,599 11,452,100 18,699,093 19,963,290 38,543,017 10,374,362 18,170,471 8,821,605 23,268,287 57,239,800 44,976,998 64,900,000 113,000,000

3,990,105 3,056,829 54,560,422 17,266,926 19,448,500 0 22,299,336 10,299,393 5,489,654 30,025,803 6,660,577 15,800,242 109,317,700 12,422,024 27,400,000 6,383,000

12,709,295 23,946,374 421,173,853 23,110,163 14,903,400 68,752,709 19,149,094 42,356,778 17,460,306 18,664,601 19,468,168 30,427,289 58,024,200 329,124,357 28,400,000 105,537,000

30,526,397 49,312,185 499,734,275 43,733,688 45,804,000 87,451,802 61,411,720 91,199,188 33,324,322 66,860,875 34,950,350 69,495,818 224,581,700 386,523,379 120,700,000 224,920,000

-4.8 -8.7 -3.1 10.0 0.7 1.6 2.6 129.4 7.2 -16.9 3.7 -4.7 -0.7 -2.2 -26.0 5.2

ENVIRONMENT

384 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 8.16 STATE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY BUDGETS: BY REGION Fiscal Year 1995 to Fiscal Year 1996

STATE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY BUDGETS: BY REGION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Fiscal year 1995

State WEST Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ California ........................ Colorado ......................... Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Montana .......................... Nevada ............................. New Mexico .................... Oregon (a) ....................... Utah ................................. Washington ..................... Wyoming (a,b) ................

Agency Dept. of Environmental Conservation Dept. of Environmental Quality Environmental Protection Agency Office of the Environment Environmental Health Administration Division of Environmental Quality Dept. of Environmental Quality Division of Environmental Protection Dept. of Environment Dept. of Environmental Quality Dept. of Environmental Quality Dept. of Ecology Dept. of Environmental Quality

Federal

State general fund

9,937,800 12,648,800 78,740,000 19,548,541 6,051,139 9,159,200 12,240,987 7,902,099 10,733,700 8,747,343 45,419,600 22,586,000 25,191,039

15,371,400 12,377,400 44,874,000 3,237,325 4,591,145 1,151,300 659,016 335,589 12,041,200 9,432,043 11,570,200 22,868,000 2,832,448

Special revenue 22,411,300 37,729,000 534,457,000 16,211,448 2,653,491 23,732,000 19,691,160 11,169,309 24,888,500 100,033,420 9,357,300 69,480,000 2,049,247

Fiscal year 1996

Total 47,720,500 62,755,200 658,071,000 38,997,314 13,295,775 34,042,500 32,591,163 19,406,997 47,663,400 110,916,353 66,347,100 114,934,000 30,072,733

Federal

State general fund

Special revenue

11,298,200 15,562,000 77,504,000 19,519,470 6,442,784 8,747,400 7,361,322 5,929,360 12,768,000 9,067,666 50,761,500 21,056,000 25,191,039

13,925,300 13,973,200 43,975,000 2,738,606 3,834,132 1,149,200 514,937 327,322 12,704,500 8,036,212 8,532,700 21,323,000 2,832,448

21,657,900 34,913,800 531,983,000 15,520,530 7,492,748 26,036,000 15,806,866 9,982,604 27,375,500 100,033,422 9,524,300 74,388,000 2,049,247

Total 46,881,400 64,449,000 653,462,000 37,778,606 17,769,664 35,932,600 23,683,125 16,239,286 52,848,000 117,137,300 68,818,500 116,767,000 30,072,733

% Change FY 95/96 total -1.8 2.7 -0.7 -3.1 33.6 5.6 -27.3 -16.3 10.9 6.7 3.7 1.6 0.0

Source: The Council of State Governments, ecos Magazine, September/October 1995. Key: (a) Biennial budget. (b) Biennial figures divided in half.

385

ENVIRONMENT

The Council of State Governments

Negative Change 39

-8.7 -0.7 -3.1 -3.4 -3.1

-4.2 -34.0

-27.3 -16.3 -13.2 -1.9 -16.9

-36.1 -3.8 -4.7 -17.8 -0.7 -2.2 -2.5 -26.0

-5.2 0.0

Source: The Council of State Governments, ecos Magazine, September/October 1995.

AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

-4.8 -1.8

Negative Change 39

Positive Change

+2.7

+0.3

+10 +33.6 +5.6 +15.4 +24.1 +4.7 +10.1 +0.7 +1.6 +7.7 +2.6

+7.7 +129.4 +7.2 +8.2 +4.0 +10.9

+1.8 +0.7 +3.7 +6.7

+3.7

+1.6 +1.6 0.0

+ 9

ENVIRONMENT

386 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 8.17 PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE IN STATE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY BUDGETS

LABOR

Table 8.18 MAXIMUM BENEFITS FOR TEMPORARY TOTAL DISABILITY PROVIDED BY WORKERS’ COMPENSATION STATUTES (As of January 1996) Maximum period State or other jurisdiction United States .................. FECA (a) .................... LS/HWCA (a) .............

Maximum percentage of wages 66-2/3 (b) 66-2/3

Number of weeks

Total maximum stated in law

Maximum payment per week Amount

Based on

Duration of disability

$1,299.38 782.44

(b) 200% of NAWW

★ ★

... ...

Alabama .............................. Alaska .................................. ............................................... Arizona ................................ Arkansas ............................. California ............................

66-2/3 80 of worker’s spendable earnings 66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3

443.00 700.00 (c)

100% of SAWW ...

★ (d) ★ (d)

... ...

323.10 (e) 337.00 448.00

... 85% of SAWW ...

★ ... ★

... 450 ...

... ... ...

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... ............................................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

66-2/3 75 of worker’s spendable earnings 66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3

451.22 (f) 660.00 (c)

91% of SAWW 100% of SAWW

★ ★

... ...

359.19 465.00 (g) 275.00 (h)

66-2/3% of SAWW 100% of SAWW ...

★ ... ...

... 104 400

... ... ...

66-2/3 67 66-2/3 66-2/3 80 of worker’s spendable earnings

496.00 373.50 760.51 428.00 846.00

100% of SAWW 90% of SAWW 133-1/3% of SAWW ... 200% of SAWW

★ ... ★ ... ★

... (i) 52 (i) ... 500 ...

... ... ... $214,000 ...

66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3 80 of worker’s after tax earnings 66-2/3

326.00 (g) 415.94 330.00 (j) 441.00 (k)

75% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 75% of SAWW 90% of SAWW

★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ...

100,000 ... ... ...

540.00

100% of SAWW

★

...

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. ............................................... Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

60 80 of worker’s spendable earnings 66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3

604.03 (l) 524.00 (m)

100% of SAWW 90% of SAWW

... ★

156 ...

... ...

615.60 (n) 264.55 491.19

... 66-2/3% of SAWW 105% of SAWW

... ... ...

(o) 104 (o) 450 400

... 119,047 ...

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3 60 70

380.00 (c) 409.00 473.69 730.50 480.00

100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 150% of SAWW 75% of SAWW

★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... 400

... ... ... ... ...

66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3 66-2/3 72 for first 12 weeks; 66-2/3 thereafter

353.33 400.00 492.00 376.00 (p) 511.00 (q)

85% of SAWW ... 110% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ...

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... ............................................... South Carolina ...................

70 66-2/3 66-2/3 75 or worker’s spendable earnings 66-2/3

307.00 494.44 527.00 485.00 (r)

75% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW

... ★ ★ ★

300 ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

437.79

100% of SAWW

...

500

...

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. Texas ....................................

66-2/3 66-2/3 70 of worker’s earnings over $8.50 per hour; 75 for all others 66-2/3 66-2/3

362.00 415.87 480.00

100% of SAWW ... 100% of SAWW

★ ... ...

... 400 (s) 104 (s)

... 116,348 ...

429.00 (t) 655.00 (u)

100% of SAWW 150% of SAWW

... ★

312 ...

... ...

Utah ..................................... Vermont ............................... See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments

387

LABOR

MAXIMUM BENEFITS — Continued

Number of weeks

Total maximum stated in law

Maximum period State or other jurisdiction

Maximum percentage of wages

Maximum payment per week Based on

Duration of disability

66-2/3 60-75 70 66-2/3 66-2/3 of actual monthly earnings

480.00 580.75 (c) 434.09 494.00 (c) 430.00

100% of SAWW 110% of SAMW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAWW 100% of SAMW

... ★ ... ★ ★

500 ... 208 ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Dist. of Columbia ...............

66-2/3 or 80 of worker’s spendable earnings; whichever is less 66-2/3 66-2/3

723.34

100% of SAWW

★

...

65.00 287.00

... 66-2/3% of SAWW

... ★

312 ...

... ...

Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

Amount

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Branch of Planning, Policy and Review, Division of Planning, Policy and Standards, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — Not applicable. SAWW — State’s average weekly wage. SAMW — State’s average monthly wage. NAWW — National average weekly wage. (a) Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) and the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (LS/HWCA). LS/HWCA benefits are for private-sector maritime employees (not seamen) who work on navigable waters of the U.S., including dry docks. (b) Benefits under FECA are computed at a maximum of 75 percent of the pay of a specific grade level in the federal civil service. (c) Benefits are subject to Social Security benefit offsets. (d) Benefits payable for duration of disability or until date of medical stability is reached. (e) Additional $25 monthly added to benefits of dependents residing in the U.S. (f) Benefits are subject to Social Security benefit offsets and to reduction by benefits under an employer pension or disability plan. (g) Benefits are subject to Social Security and Unemployment Insurance benefit offsets. (h) Maximum weekly benefit in catastrophic cases shall be paid until such time as employee undergoes a change in condition for the better. (i) After 52 weeks, benefits are 67 percent of SAWW for duration of disability.

388 The Book of the States 1996-97

(j) Payments are subject to Unemployment Insurance benefit offsets. (k) Benefits subject to Unemployment Insurance offsets, except if benefits started prior to date of injury, or if benefits are a spouse’s entitlement. (l) Additional $6 will be added per dependent if weekly benefits are below $150. (m) Benefits subject to reduction by Unemployment Insurance and Social Security benefits, and those under an employer disability, retirement or pension plan. (n) Compensation stops if employee withdraws from labor market, is released to work without any physical restrictions, or refuses offer to work that is consistent with a rehabilitation plan. (o) Payments made for 104 weeks, or 90 days after maximum medical improvement. (p) Additional $10 per week payable for each dependent child, not to exceed worker’s net wage. Benefits are reduced by 50 percent of Social Security benefits. (q) Benefits are subject to offset and if concurrent and/or duplicate with those under employer non-occupational benefits plan. (r) An additional $9 for each dependent, including a non-working spouse; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of the worker’s average weekly wage. (s) Maximum is 104 weeks, or upon reaching maximum medical improvements, whichever is sooner. (t) Additional $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4, under age 18, but not to exceed 100 percent of the state average weekly wage. (u) Additional $10 is paid for each dependent under 21 years of age.

Table 8.19 SELECTED STATE CHILD LABOR STANDARDS AFFECTING MINORS UNDER 18 IN NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT (As of January 1996) (Occupational coverage, exemptions and deviations usually omitted) Maximum daily and weekly hours and days per week for minors (a) State or other jurisdiction

Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

Nightwork prohibited for minors (a) Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

389

8-40, non-schoolday period Schoolday/week: 3-18 (b)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

Alabama .......................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18

7 p.m. (9 p.m. during summer vacation) to 7 a.m.

Alaska .............................. ...........................................

6 day week Schoolday/week: 9 (c)-23

Arizona ............................ ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

Arkansas .........................

8-48-6

10-54-6

California ........................ ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18

8-48-6 7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m. Schoolday/week: 4-28 (d) except before non-schoolday

Colorado ......................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday: 6

8-40

Connecticut ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

9-48 8-48-6 in stores and in agriculture (overtime permitted in certain industries)

9-48 10 p.m. (midnight before non-schooldays in 8-48-6 in stores (overtime supermarkets) to 6 a.m. permitted in certain industries)

10 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday in supermarkets) to 6 a.m. 11 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday or if not attending school) to 6 a.m. in restaurants or as ushers in non-profit theater

Delaware ......................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 4-18 (d)

12 (c)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

8 hours of non-work, non-school time required in each 24hour day

Florida ............................. ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday: 3 when followed by schoolday, except if enrolled in vocational program Schoolweek: 15

8-30-6 during schoolyear

7 p.m. before schoolday to 7 a.m. on schoolday (9 p.m. during holidays and summer vacations to 7 a.m.)

11 p.m. to 6:30 a.m., before schoolday

Georgia ............................ ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday: 4

9 p.m. to 6 a.m.

Hawaii ............................. ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday: 10 (c)

7 p.m. to 7 a.m. (9 p.m. to 6 a.m. June 1 through day before Labor Day)

Idaho ................................

9-54

9 p.m. to 6 a.m.

Illinois .............................. ...........................................

8-48-6 Schoolday/week: 3[8 (c)] (e)-23 (d)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

See footnotes at end of table.

6-day week

10 p.m. before schoolday to 5 a.m., if enrolled in school

9 p.m. to 5 a.m. 9:30 p.m. (11 p.m. before non-schoolday) to 6 a.m. 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. in door-to-door sales or deliveries 7 p.m. (9 p.m. before non-schooldays) to 6 a.m.

11 p.m. before schoolday to 6 a.m. 10 p.m. (12:30 a.m. before non-schoolday) to 5 a.m.

9:30 p.m. to 5 a.m. before schoolday

LABOR

The Council of State Governments

Federal (FLSA) .......... ...........................................

LABOR

390 The Book of the States 1996-97

SELECTED STATE CHILD LABOR STANDARDS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Maximum daily and weekly hours and days per week for minors (a) State or other jurisdiction

Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age 8-40-6, except if not enrolled in school; 9-48 during summer vacation with written parental permission, minors enrolled in school

Nightwork prohibited for minors (a) Under 16 years of age 7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

16 and 17 years of age

Indiana ............................ ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

10 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday with written parental permission) to 6 a.m., minors of 16 enrolled in school 11:30 p.m. to 6 a.m. before schoolday, minors of 17 enrolled in grades 9 through 12 (later with permission up to 2 non-consecutive nights per week)

Iowa ................................. ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 4-28

Kansas .............................

8-40

Kentucky ......................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

Louisiana ......................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18

Maine ............................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18

10-50-6 if enrolled in school; schoolday/week: 4-20, except 8 before nonschoolday, if enrolled in school (28 hours in a week with multiple days of school closure)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. during summer school vacation) to 7 a.m.

10 p.m. (12 a.m. before non-schoolday) to 7 a.m., if enrolled in school 5 a.m. before non-schoolday

Maryland ........................ ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 4-23 (d)

12 (c)

8 p.m. (9 p.m. Memorial Day thorough Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

8 hours of non-work, non-schoolday time required in each 24-hour day

Massachusetts ................. ...........................................

8-48-6 4-24 in farm work, under 14

9-48-6

7 p.m. (9 p.m. July 1 through Labor Day) to 6:30 a.m.

10 p.m. (midnight in restaurants on Friday, Saturday and vacation) to 6 a.m.

Michigan ......................... ...........................................

10-48-6 Schoolweek: 48 (c)

9 p.m. to 7 a.m.

10:30 p.m. to 6 a.m., if attending school 11:30 p.m. to 6 a.m., if not attending school

Minnesota ....................... ........................................... Mississippi ...................... ...........................................

8-40

9 p.m. to 7 a.m.

11 p.m. to 5 a.m. before schoolday (11:30 p.m. to 4:30 a.m. with written parental permission)

8-44 in factory, mill, cannery or workshop

7 p.m. to 6 a.m. in factory, mill, cannery or workshop

Missouri .......................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday: 3

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

Montana .......................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18 (b)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. during periods outside the school year (June 1 through Labor Day, depending on local standards)) to 7 a.m.

Nebraska ......................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-48

8 p.m. to 6 a.m., under 14 10 p.m. (beyond 10 p.m. before non-schooday with special permit) to 6 a.m., 14 and 15

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m. 10 p.m. before schoolday to 7 a.m. 6 (8 Saturday and Sunday) 40, if attending school

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

11:30 p.m. (1 a.m. Friday and Saturday) to 6 a.m. when school is in session

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

SELECTED STATE CHILD LABOR STANDARDS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Maximum daily and weekly hours and days per week for minors (a) State or other jurisdiction

Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

Nightwork prohibited for minors (a) Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

391

8-48

New Hampshire .............. ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8 on non-schoolday, 48-hour week during vacation, if enrolled in school Schoolday/week: 3-23 if enrolled in school

48-hour week, 6-day week, during vacation if enrolled in school 30-hour week, 6-day week, if enrolled in school

9 p.m. to 7 a.m.

New Jersey ...................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 10-hour day, 6-day week in agriculture Schoolday/week: 3-18

8-40-6

7 p.m. (9 p.m. during summer vacation with parental permission) to 7 a.m.

New Mexico ....................

8-44 (48 in special cases), under 14

New York ......................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18 (b)

North Carolina ............... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18 (b)

North Dakota .................. ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3-18 if not exempted from school attendance

Ohio ................................. ........................................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 to Sept. 1 and during school holidays of 5 schooldays or more) to 7 a.m., 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. in door-to-door sales

Oklahoma ....................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18 8 hours on schooldays before nonschooldays if employer not covered by FLSA

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m. 9 p.m. before non-schooldays if employer not covered by FLSA

Oregon ............................. ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18 (b)

44-hour week: (emergency overtime with permit)

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

Pennsylvania ................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-44-6 Schoolday/week: 4-26 (d)

8-44-6 28 in schoolweek; if enrolled in regular day school

7 p.m. (10 p.m. during vacation from June to Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

11 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday) to 6 a.m., if enrolled in regular day school

Rhode Island ................... ...........................................

8-40

9-48, during school year

7 p.m. (9 p.m. during school vacation) to 6 a.m.

11:30 p.m. (1:30 a.m. before non-schoolday) to 6 a.m., if regularly attending school

South Carolina ............... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

See footnotes at end of table.

11 p.m. to 6 a.m. during school term, with specified variations

9 p.m. to 7 a.m., under 14 8-48-6 7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 21 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m. Schoolday/week: 4 before schoolday, 8 Friday, Saturday, Sunday or holiday-28, if enrolled in school 7 p.m. (9 p.m. during summer vacation) to 7 a.m.

8-48-6

10 p.m. (midnight before schooldays with written permission from both parent and school and before non-schoolday with written parental consent) to 6 a.m., while school is in session; midnight to 6 a.m. while school is not in session 11 p.m. to 5 a.m. before schoolday while school is in session. Not applicable with written permission from both parent and school

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

11 p.m. before schoolday to 7 a.m. on schoolday (6 a.m. if not employed after 8 p.m. previous night) if required to attend school. 8 p.m. to 7 a.m. in door-to-door sales

LABOR

The Council of State Governments

Nevada .............................

LABOR

392 The Book of the States 1996-97

SELECTED STATE CHILD LABOR STANDARDS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Maximum daily and weekly hours and days per week for minors (a) State or other jurisdiction

Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

Nightwork prohibited for minors (a) Under 16 years of age

16 and 17 years of age

South Dakota .................. ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 4-20

After 10 p.m. before schoolday

Tennessee ......................... ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday/week: 3-18

7 p.m. to 7 a.m. (9 p.m. to 6 a.m. before non-schooldays)

Texas ................................ ...........................................

8-48

10 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday or in summer if not enrolled in summer school) to 5 a.m.

Utah ................................. ...........................................

8-40 Schoolday: 4

9:30 p.m. to 5 a.m. before schoolday

Vermont ...........................

8-48-6

Virginia ........................... ...........................................

8-40, non-school period Schoolday/week: 3-18

Washington ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 3 (8 Friday, Saturday and Sunday)-16

West Virginia ..................

8-40-6

Wisconsin ........................ ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday/week: 4 (8 Friday and non-schoolday)-18 (d)

Wyoming ......................... ...........................................

8-56

Dist. of Columbia ...........

8-48-6

7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

10 p.m. to 6 a.m.

Guam ............................... ........................................... Puerto Rico ..................... ...........................................

8-40-6 Schoolday: 9 (c) 8-40-6 Schoolday: 8 (c)

8-40-6 Schoolday: 9 (c) 8-40-6

After 10 p.m. on schoolday

6 p.m. to 8 a.m.

10 p.m. to 6 a.m.

9-50

10 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Sunday-Thursday before schooldays) (midnight, with parental permission, up to 3 nights a week)

7 p.m. to 6 a.m. 7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day) to 7 a.m.

8-48-6 7 p.m. (9 p.m. Friday and Saturday when school Schoolday/week: 4 (8 Friday, is not in session) to 7 a.m. Saturday and Sunday)-20 6-28 with special variance agreed to by parent, employer, student, and school

10 p.m. Sunday-Thursday (midnight Friday and Saturday and when school is not in session) to 7 a.m. (5 a.m. when school is not in session). 9 p.m. to 7 a.m. in door-todoor sales

8 p.m. to 5 a.m. (f)-50-6 Schoolday/week: 5 (8 last schoolday of week and non-schoolday)-26 (d)

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Division of External Affairs, Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration. (a) State hours limitations on a schoolday and in a schoolweek usually apply only to those enrolled in school. Several states exempt high school graduates from the hours and/or nightwork or other provisions, or have less restrictive provisions for minors participating in various school-work programs. Separate nightwork standards in messenger service and street trades are common, but are not displayed in table. (b) Students of 14 and 15 enrolled in approved Work Experience and Career Exploration programs may work during school hours up to 3 hours on a schoolday and 23 hours in a schoolweek.

8 p.m. (11 p.m. before non-schoolday) to 7 a.m.

11 p.m. (12:30 a.m. before non-schoolday) to 7 a.m. (5 a.m. on non-schoolday) during school week (f)

10 p.m. (midnight before non-schoolday and for minors not enrolled in school) to 5 a.m.

Midnight to 5 a.m., females

(c) Combined hours of work and school. (d) More hours are permitted when school is in session less than 5 days. (e) Eight hours are permitted on both Saturday and Sunday if minor does not work outside school hours more than 6 consecutive days in a week and total hours worked outside school does not exceed 24. (f) Wisconsin has no limit during non-school week on daily hours or nightwork for 16-and 17-year-olds. However, they must be paid time and one-half for work in excess of 10 hours per day or 40 hours per week, whichever is greater. Also, 8 hours rest is required between end of work and start of work the next day, and any work between 12:30 a.m. and 5 a.m. must be directly supervised by an adult.

Table 8.20 CHANGES IN BASIC MINIMUM WAGES IN NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT UNDER STATE LAW: SELECTED YEARS 1968 TO 1996 State or other jurisdiction Federal (FLSA) .......

1968 (a) $1.15 & $1.60

1970 (a)

1972

$1.30 & $1.60 $1.60

1976 (a)

1979

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

$2.20 & $2.30

$2.90

$3.10

1980

$3.35

1981

$3.35

1988

$3.80

$4.25

393

... 2.10 18.72-26.40/ wk. (b) 1.25/day (b) 1.65 (b)

... 2.10 18.72-26.40/ wk. (b) 1.10 1.65 (b)

... 2.10 18.72-26.40/ wk. (b) 1.20 1.65 (b)

... 2.80 ...

... 3.40 ...

... 3.60 ...

... 3.85 ...

... 4.30 ...

... 4.75 ...

1.90 2.00

2.30 2.90

2.55 2.90

2.70 3.35

3.25 3.35

3.35 4.25

3.65 4.25

4.00 4.25

4.25 4.25

4.25 (c) 4.25

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

1.00-1.25 (b) 1.40 1.25 ... ...

1.00-1.25 (b) 1.60 1.25 ... ...

1.00-1.25 (b) 1.85 1.60 ... 1.25

1.00-1.25 (b) 2.21 & 2.31 2.00 ... 1.25

1.90 2.91 2.00 ... 1.25

1.90 3.12 2.00 ... 1.25

1.90 3.37 2.00 ... 1.25

3.00 3.75 3.35 ... 3.25

3.00 4.25 3.80 ... 3.25

3.00 4.27 4.25 ... 3.25

3.00 4.27 4.25 ... 3.25 (d)

3.00 4.27 4.65 ... 3.25 (d)

Hawaii ......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

1.25 1.15 ... 1.15 ...

1.60 1.25 ... 1.25 ...

1.60 1.40 1.40 1.25 ...

2.40 1.60 2.10 1.25 ...

2.65 2.30 2.30 2.00 ...

2.90 2.30 2.30 2.00 ...

3.10 2.30 2.30 2.00 ...

3.85 2.30 3.35 2.00 ...

3.85 3.80 3.80 3.35 4.25

3.85 4.25 4.25 3.35 4.65

5.25 4.25 4.25 3.35 4.65

5.25 4.25 4.25 (c) 3.35 (e) 4.65

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

... .65-.75 (b) ... 1.40 1.00 & 1.15

... .65-.75 (b) ... 1.60 1.30

... .65-.75 (b) ... 1.40-1.80 1.60

... 1.60 ... 2.30 2.20 & 2.30

1.60 2.00 ... 2.90 2.90

1.60 2.15 ... 3.10 3.10

1.60 2.15 ... 3.35 3.35

1.60 3.35 ... 3.65 3.35

2.65 3.80 ... 3.85 3.80

2.65 4.25 ... 4.25 4.25

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

1.60 1.25 .70-1.15 (b) ... ...

1.75 1.60 .75-1.60 ... ...

2.10 2.20 1.80 ... ...

2.90 2.90 2.30 ... ...

3.10 3.10 2.90 ... ...

3.35 3.35 3.10 ... ...

3.65 3.35 3.55 & 3.50 (f) ... ...

3.75 3.35 4.25 (g) ... 3.80

4.25 3.35 4.25 (g) ... 4.25

4.25 3.35 (e) 4.25 (g) ... 4.25 (g)

4.75 3.35 (e) 4.25 (g) ... 4.25

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

... 1.00 1.25 1.40 1.40

... 1.00 1.30 1.45 & 1.60 1.50

1.60 1.00 1.60 1.60 1.50

1.80 1.60 2.20 & 2.30 2.20-2.30 2.20

2.00 1.60 2.75 2.90 2.50

2.00 1.60 2.75 3.10 3.10

2.00 1.60 2.75 3.35 3.35

3.35 3.35 3.35 3.55 3.35

3.80 3.35 3.80 3.85 3.80

4.25 (g) 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25

4.25 (g) 4.25 4.25 4.25 5.05

4.25 (g) 4.25 (c) 4.25 4.25 5.05

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

1.15-1.40 1.60 1.00 1.00-1.25 .75-1.25 (b)

1.30-1.60 1.60 1.25 1.00-1.45 .75-1.25 (b)

1.30-1.60 1.85 1.45 1.00-1.45 .75-1.25 (b)

2.00 2.30 2.00 2.00-2.20 1.60

2.30 2.90 2.50 2.10-2.30 2.30

2.65 3.10 2.75 2.60-3.10 2.30

2.90 3.35 2.90 2.80-3.10 2.30

3.35 3.35 3.35 2.80-3.10 2.30

3.35 3.80 3.35 3.40 3.80 (g)

3.35 4.25 3.80 4.25 4.25 (g)

3.35 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 (g)

4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 (g)

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

1.00 1.25 1.15 1.40 ...

1.00 1.25 1.30 1.60 ...

1.40 1.25 1.60 1.60 ...

1.80 2.30 2.20 2.30 ...

2.00 2.30 2.90 2.30 ...

2.00 2.90 3.10 2.65 ...

3.10 3.10 3.35 2.90 ...

3.35 3.35 3.35 3.65 ...

3.80 (g) 4.75 3.80 4.25 ...

4.25 (g) 4.75 4.25 4.45 ...

See footnotes at end of table.

LABOR

The Council of State Governments

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ ........................................... Arkansas ..................... California ....................

State or other jurisdiction

1968 (a)

1970 (a)

1972

LABOR

394 The Book of the States 1996-97

CHANGES IN BASIC MINIMUM WAGES — Continued

1976 (a)

1979

1980

1981

1988

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

17.00-20.00/wk. 1.00 ... ... ... ... 1.00-1.15 (b) 1.00-1.15 (b) 1.40 1.60

1.00 ... 1.40 1.20-1.35 (b) 1.60

2.00 ... 1.40 1.55-1.70 (b) 2.30

2.30 ... 1.40 2.20-2.45 (b) 2.90

2.30 2.30 ... ... 1.40 1.40 2.35-2.60 (b) 2.50-2.75 (b) 3.10 3.35

2.80 ... 3.35 2.50-2.75 (b) 3.55

3.80 ... 3.35 3.80 3.85

4.25 ... 3.35 4.25 4.25

4.25 ... 3.35 4.25 4.75 (e)

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

... 1.60 1.00 1.25 (b) 1.20

... 1.60 1.00 1.30 (b) 1.30

... 1.60 1.20 1.45 (b) 1.50

2.00 2.20-2.30 2.00 2.10 1.60

2.35 2.30 2.20 2.80 1.60

2.35 2.30 2.20 3.00 1.60

2.65 2.30 2.75 3.25 1.60

2.65 2.30 3.35 3.35 1.60

2.65 4.25 3.35 3.80 1.60

3.65 4.25 3.80 3.80 1.60

4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 1.60

4.25 (c) 4.90 4.25 (d) 4.25 1.60

Dist. of Columbia ....... Guam ........................... Puerto Rico ................. U.S. Virgin Islands .....

1.25-1.40 1.25 .43-1.60 N.A.

1.60-2.00 1.60 .43-1.60 N.A.

1.60-2.25 1.90 .65-1.60 N.A.

2.25-2.75 2.30 .76-2.50 N.A.

2.46-3.00 2.90 1.20-2.50 2.90

2.50-3.50 3.10 1.20-2.50 3.10

2.50-3.75 3.35 1.20-3.10 3.35

3.50-4.85 3.35 1.20-3.35 3.35

3.70-4.85 3.80 1.20-4.25 (h) 4.65 (g,j)

3.90-5.45 4.25 1.20-4.25 (h) 4.65 (g,j)

4.25 (h) 4.25 1.20-4.25 (i) 4.65 (g,j)

5.25 (h) 4.25 1.20-4.25 (i) 4.65 (g)

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Division of State Standards Programs, Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration. Note: Rates are for January 1 of each year, except 1968 and 1972, which show rates as of February. A range of rates, as in Puerto Rico, reflects rates which differ by industry, occupation or other factors, as established under a wage-board type law. Key: . . . — Not applicable. N.A. — Not available. (a) Under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), the two rates shown in 1968, 1970 and 1976 reflect the former multiple-track minimum wage system in effect from 1961 to 1978. The lower rate applied to newly covered persons brought under the act by amendments, whose rates were gradually phased in. A similar dualtrack system was also in effect in certain years under the laws in Connecticut, Maryland and Nevada. (b) For the years indicated, the laws in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Utah and Wisconsin applied only to women and minors. (c) Applicable to employers of four or more. (d) Applicable to employers of six or more. In West Virginia, applicable to employers of six or more in one location. (e) Applicable to employers of two or more.

(f) For the years 1988-1990, Minnesota had a two-tier wage schedule with the higher rate applicable to employers covered by the FLSA and the lower rate to employers not covered by the FLSA. (g) Minnesota sets a lower rate for enterprises with annual receipts of less than $362,500 ($4.00, January 1, 1991 - January 1, 1996); Montana sets a lower rate for businesses with gross annual sales of $110,000 or less ($4.00, January 1, 1992 - January 1, 1996); Ohio sets a lower rate for employers with gross annual sales from $150,000 to $500,000 ($3.35, January 1, 1991 - January 1, 1996) and for employers with gross annual sales under $150,000 ($2.50, January 1, 1991 and $2.80 January 1, 1992 - January 1, 1996); Oklahoma sets a lower rate for employers of less than 10 full-time employees at any one location and for those with annual gross sales of less than $100,000 ($2.00, January 1, 1991 - January 1, 1996); and the U.S. Virgin Islands sets a lower rate for businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 ($4.30, January 1, 1991 - January 1, 1996). (h) In the District of Columbia wage orders were replaced by a statutory minimum wage on October 1, 1993. A $5.45 minimum rate remained in effect for the laundry and dry cleaning industry as the result of the grandfather clause. (i) In Puerto Rico, separate minimum rates are in effect for almost 350 non-farm occupations by industry Mandatory Decrees. Rates higher than those in the range listed are in effect in a few specific occupations. (j) In the U.S. Virgin Islands, implementation of an indexed rate, which was to have started January 1, 1991, has been delayed.

LABOR

Table 8.21 STATUS OF APPROVED STATE PLANS DEVELOPED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FEDERAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (As of January 1996) Status of state plan State or other jurisdiction

Operational status agreement (a)

Different standards (b)

7(c)(1) On-site consultation agreement (c)

On-shore maritime coverage

Date of initial approval

Alaska .................................. Arizona ................................ California ............................ Connecticut (f) ................... Hawaii .................................

... ... ★ ... ...

★ ... ★ ... ★

★ ... ★ ★ ★

... ... ★ ... ...

07/31/73 10/29/74 04/24/73 10/02/73 12/28/73

09/09/77 09/18/81 08/12/77 08/19/86 04/26/78

09/28/84 06/20/85 ... ... 04/30/84

Indiana ................................ Iowa ..................................... Kentucky ............................. Maryland ............................ Michigan .............................

... ... ... ... ★

... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ...

02/25/74 07/20/73 07/23/73 06/28/73 09/24/73

09/24/81 09/14/76 02/08/80 02/15/80 01/16/81

09/26/86 07/02/85 06/13/85 07/18/85 ...

Minnesota ........................... Nevada ................................. New Mexico ........................ New York (f) ....................... North Carolina ...................

... ★ ★ ... ★

... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ...

05/29/73 12/04/73 12/04/75 06/01/84 01/26/73

09/28/76 08/13/81 12/04/84 ... 09/29/76

07/30/85 ... ... ... ...

Oregon ................................. South Carolina ................... Tennessee ............................. Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

★ ... ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ... ... ... ★

12/22/72 11/30/72 06/28/73 01/04/73 10/01/73

09/15/82 07/28/76 05/03/78 11/11/76 03/04/77

... 12/15/87 07/22/85 07/16/85 ...

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... Wyoming .............................

... ★ ...

★ ... ★

... ★ ...

09/23/76 01/19/73 04/25/74

08/15/84 01/26/82 12/18/80

11/30/88 ... 06/27/85

Puerto Rico ......................... U.S. Virgin Islands .............

★ ...

... ...

08/15/77 08/31/73

09/07/82 09/22/81

... 04/17/84

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Directorate of Federal-State Operations, Office of State Programs, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No (a) Concurrent federal jurisdiction suspended.

Date certified (d)

Date of 18(e) final approval (e)

(b) Standards frequently not identical to the federal. (c) On-site consultation is available in all states either through a 7(c)(1) Agreement or under a State Plan. (d) Developmental steps satisfactorily completed. (e) Concurrent federal jurisdiction relinquished (supersedes Operational Status Agreement). (f) Plan covers only state and local government employees.

The Council of State Governments

395

HEALTH

396 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 8.22 PERSONAL HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES, BY STATE: 1993 Personal health care (PHC) expenditures ($ millions) (a)

Drugs (b)

Vision products (c)

Total

Medicare PHC expenditures

United States ..................

$323,919

$171,226

$37,383

$51,220

$22,982

$74,956

$12,636

$66,201

$17,988

$778,510

$150,374

$112,776

5,301 701 3,999 2,723 34,827

2,631 301 2,799 1,244 28,981

456 124 551 242 5,664

641 127 821 332 6,859

602 5 317 145 1,640

1,247 165 1,124 684 9,017

155 26 227 56 1,522

703 56 567 558 4,103

323 68 230 127 1,565

12,060 1,573 10,635 6,111 94,178

2,625 101 2,276 1,422 17,347

1,276 273 1,270 1,007 11,330

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

3,932 4,380 937 17,131 8,704

2,452 2,587 466 10,498 4,543

605 685 104 2,029 898

751 769 156 3,505 1,226

195 391 51 2,323 729

919 996 214 4,450 2,117

226 192 35 872 331

661 1,749 217 3,089 1,038

327 467 79 912 516

10,066 12,216 2,260 44,811 20,104

1,556 2,134 377 12,484 3,549

967 1,998 249 4,697 2,753

1,460 900 15,621 6,998 3,111

771 486 6,970 3,263 1,376

235 163 1,588 692 341

222 126 2,063 993 431

32 49 853 308 137

416 265 3,263 1,594 743

64 35 604 270 148

181 197 3,148 2,018 927

104 55 636 264 127

3,485 2,277 34,747 16,401 7,341

496 384 6,404 3,126 1,447

354 290 4,609 2,777 960

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

2,868 4,515 5,956 1,376 5,926

1,425 2,038 2,537 601 3,704

325 369 432 157 749

470 691 736 210 942

152 357 410 104 314

695 1,196 1,269 333 1,749

107 141 160 46 272

721 850 1,186 453 1,185

140 228 328 153 312

6,903 10,384 13,014 3,433 15,154

1,326 2,143 2,730 605 2,692

769 1,683 2,664 722 1,924

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

10,034 11,711 4,796 2,897 7,652

4,442 5,562 3,617 1,107 2,958

1,022 1,531 741 214 602

1,524 1,844 933 288 1,013

835 714 414 300 347

1,961 2,937 1,146 720 1,420

269 457 277 60 244

2,737 1,849 1,884 460 1,368

597 532 386 141 346

23,421 27,136 14,194 6,187 15,949

4,712 5,405 2,164 1,367 3,439

3,689 3,865 2,229 1,043 1,648

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

894 2,003 1,362 1,388 10,312

392 825 1,029 780 5,776

103 191 215 177 1,460

166 225 307 269 1,870

50 74 120 71 718

209 421 408 319 2,452

36 80 76 43 457

178 482 164 268 2,128

74 99 67 136 570

2,103 4,400 3,747 3,452 25,741

391 746 732 473 4,838

322 561 344 446 3,857

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,848 28,001 7,801 903 14,305

716 12,003 3,717 445 7,118

175 2,837 810 78 1,398

254 3,717 1,102 93 1,969

62 3,562 541 16 649

409 5,081 2,027 160 3,218

69 1,090 268 28 531

215 9,106 1,562 246 3,758

131 1,635 413 52 511

3,878 67,033 18,241 2,021 33,456

565 11,872 3,553 374 6,177

577 18,041 2,564 269 4,665

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

3,329 2,966 19,540 1,314 4,221

1,640 1,904 7,460 575 1,685

356 578 1,634 150 387

504 530 3,005 239 472

273 122 796 103 216

874 762 3,519 310 978

121 91 617 33 115

748 656 4,153 485 638

196 391 798 219 317

8,041 7,999 41,521 3,428 9,029

1,665 1,521 10,056 664 1,541

1,013 955 5,116 793 1,324

State or other jurisdiction

Hospital care

Physician services

Dental services

Other professional services

Home health care

Nursing home care

Other personal health care

Medicaid PHC expenditures

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES, BY STATE: 1993 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Personal health care (PHC) expenditures ($ millions) (a) Dental services

Other professional services

Home health care

Medicaid PHC expenditures

Physician services

920 7,208 21,592 1,743 562

342 3,137 10,526 864 265

87 609 2,081 276 84

117 1,166 3,591 220 122

16 899 1,583 100 52

163 1,635 5,131 439 161

30 228 883 117 24

216 1,085 3,104 260 148

63 235 1,325 99 82

1,953 16,203 49,816 4,118 1,499

364 3,549 8,765 624 241

264 2,183 5,914 477 232

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

7,031 5,305 2,346 5,537 417

3,769 3,720 988 3,362 160

863 1,189 182 765 57

970 1,102 326 875 68

368 380 150 265 29

2,015 1,474 574 1,290 113

295 242 74 240 17

976 1,291 365 1,752 83

395 425 192 415 55

16,682 15,129 5,197 14,502 998

2,736 2,360 1,106 2,397 150

1,621 2,161 1,075 2,138 137

Dist. of Columbia ...............

2,612

672

119

267

175

231

130

4,285

603

678

Source: U.S. Health Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary. Estimates prepared by the Office of National Health Statistics. Key: (a) Data represents spending for services produced by each stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health care providers, as opposed to those consumed by state residents or supplied by state employers.

Nursing home care

Medicare PHC expenditures

Hospital care

Drugs (b)

Vision products (c)

Other personal health care

State or other jurisdiction

Total

(b) Includes other medical nondurables. (c) Includes other medical durables.

397

HEALTH

The Council of State Governments

HIGHWAYS

Table 8.23 TOTAL ROAD AND STREET MILEAGE: 1994 (Classified by jurisdiction) Rural mileage State or other jurisdiction

Under state Under local control (a) control

Urban mileage

Under federal control (b)

Total rural roads

Under state control (a)

Total rural Under local Under federal Total urban and urban control control (b) mileage mileage

United States ..........

690,385

2,228,951

173,617

3,092,953

109,970

702,139

1,482

813,591

3,906,544

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

9,108 5,450 5,479 15,021 14,703

62,918 4,392 18,782 52,892 55,424

937 2,701 13,907 1,626 17,803

72,963 12,543 38,168 69,539 87,930

1,882 485 649 1,217 3,841

18,179 1,295 15,518 6,460 77,268

8 2 45 ... 8

20,069 1,782 16,212 7,677 81,117

93,032 14,325 54,380 77,216 169,047

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

8,227 2,140 3,442 6,995 14,914

54,216 6,685 240 56,780 68,877

8,428 4 3 1,309 1,065

70,871 8,829 3,685 65,084 84,856

1,029 1,836 1,488 4,926 2,976

12,295 9,719 419 43,468 23,383

... ... ... ... 37

13,324 11,555 1,907 48,394 26,396

84,195 20,384 5,592 113,478 111,252

Hawaii (c) .................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

836 4,853 12,438 9,565 9,156

1,386 27,422 89,143 63,596 94,202

71 24,160 256 ... 116

2,293 56,435 101,837 73,161 103,474

352 271 4,789 1,775 998

1,424 3,179 30,498 17,540 8,316

37 12 25 ... 5

1,813 3,462 35,312 19,315 9,319

4,106 59,897 137,149 92,476 112,793

Kansas ......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

10,011 25,047 14,648 7,759 3,751

113,673 37,320 30,803 12,028 11,925

... 303 621 169 40

123,684 62,670 46,072 19,956 15,716

672 2,431 2,001 810 1,659

8,924 7,688 11,948 1,791 11,704

... 192 ... 4 395

9,596 10,311 13,949 2,605 13,758

133,280 72,981 60,021 22,561 29,474

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

1,647 7,630 12,125 9,681 30,658

9,119 81,872 101,437 54,475 74,316

88 22 1,620 841 838

10,854 89,524 115,182 64,997 105,812

2,003 1,962 1,202 836 1,400

17,714 26,185 13,814 7,055 15,099

28 ... ... 22 ...

19,745 28,147 15,016 7,913 16,499

30,599 117,671 130,198 72,910 122,311

Montana ...................... Nebraska (d) ............... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

7,999 9,910 4,745 3,614 1,473

44,744 77,597 22,985 8,373 9,749

14,218 140 13,832 136 22

66,961 87,647 41,562 12,123 11,244

169 345 530 409 1,846

2,216 4,738 4,060 2,490 22,324

... ... ... ... 18

2,385 5,083 4,590 2,899 24,188

69,346 92,730 46,152 15,022 35,432

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

10,905 11,570 68,926 7,195 16,418

34,906 60,378 3,866 76,891 64,932

9,329 149 1,788 826 29

55,140 72,097 74,580 84,912 81,379

596 4,699 9,247 205 4,093

5,485 35,162 12,404 1,614 28,989

... 46 248 ... 3

6,081 39,907 21,899 1,819 33,085

61,221 112,004 96,479 86,731 114,464

Oklahoma (c) .............. Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

12,099 10,428 36,215 336 34,791

87,555 33,576 48,030 1,015 18,342

19 29,877 967 9 602

99,673 73,881 85,212 1,360 53,735

1,008 857 8,094 835 6,897

11,784 9,257 25,139 3,778 3,621

2 34 ... ... ...

12,794 10,148 33,233 4,613 10,518

112,467 84,029 118,445 5,973 64,253

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

7,685 11,616 67,598 5,048 2,662

71,754 56,507 145,065 22,715 10,114

1,971 578 925 6,878 71

81,410 68,701 213,588 34,641 12,847

189 2,403 9,260 762 176

1,717 14,423 71,615 5,430 1,148

1 ... 28 9 9

1,907 16,826 80,903 6,201 1,333

83,317 85,527 294,491 40,842 14,180

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

48,349 17,764 30,380 10,927 6,448

582 37,548 658 83,282 23,864

1,816 6,986 633 989 3,899

50,747 62,298 31,671 95,198 34,211

8,417 1,163 1,346 1,488 394

9,568 16,338 1,805 14,237 1,914

211 ... ... ... 1

18,196 17,501 3,151 15,725 2,309

68,943 79,799 34,822 110,923 36,520

Dist. of Columbia .......

...

1,052

...

1,104

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Compiled for calendar year ending December 31, 1994, from reports of state authorities. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable. (a) Includes state highway agency, state park, state toll and other state agency roadways.

398 The Book of the States 1996-97

(b) Mileage in federal parks, forests and reservations that are not part of the state and local highway systems. (c) 1993 data used (1994 base data not available). (d) 1993 base data were factored to 1994 levels by FHWA.

HIGHWAYS

Table 8.24 STATE RECEIPTS FOR HIGHWAYS: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

State highway user tax revenues (a)

Road and crossing tolls (b)

Other state imposts, general fund revenues (c)

Federal Transfers Miscellaneous highway from local income administration governments

Bond proceeds (d)

Total receipts

United States ..................

34,410,131

3,299,340

3,099,124

1,933,086

18,275,799

1,380,815

4,180,139

66,578,434

534,731 44,111 645,016 411,627 3,416,757

... 15,647 ... ... 134,209

2,810 134,246 106,556 34,547 ...

4,097 23,310 36,574 7,937 97,455

314,648 218,397 265,320 220,942 1,876,295

... ... 158,955 3,012 390,943

9,400 ... 88,633 ... 1,345

865,686 435,711 1,301,054 678,065 5,917,004

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

522,297 453,380 127,500 1,359,705 478,348

... 219 91,746 315,123 14,972

36,425 8 21,920 124,616 126,188

61,763 61,249 14,969 113,187 43,203

225,074 376,094 85,606 783,480 425,220

126,986 190 ... 80,991 12,381

... 322,908 81,207 83,422 197,570

1,002,545 1,214,048 422,948 2,860,524 1,297,882

Hawaii (e) ............................ Idaho .................................... Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Iowa .....................................

115,814 216,507 1,620,296 761,091 602,954

... ... 280,460 65,293 ...

14,125 ... 89,451 1,300 148,882

10,124 ... 37,464 74,393 13,097

222,645 126,885 671,495 365,342 221,947

... 4,325 28,146 25,502 3,060

... ... 101,370 ... ...

362,708 347,717 2,828,682 1,292,921 989,940

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

375,785 786,260 607,244 192,582 758,812

47,284 10,428 31,000 40,576 122,123

181,605 177,119 177,377 952 41,288

37,657 83,264 38,214 5,579 45,325

225,864 253,883 297,548 86,080 281,963

23,977 60 ... ... 15,356

267,635 ... 31,525 93,136 40,062

1,159,807 1,311,014 1,182,908 418,905 1,304,929

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

665,464 1,105,552 919,936 412,111 709,183

154,488 17,490 ... ... ...

... 107,939 13,614 32,069 149,468

57,603 86,174 53,919 15,726 8,114

877,605 410,872 240,178 212,668 457,190

165 28,049 17,990 4,241 4,865

356,210 150,498 8,149 ... ...

2,111,535 1,906,574 1,253,786 676,815 1,265,360

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

184,463 283,193 272,742 144,155 453,679

... ... ... 46,901 526,008

4,943 115,716 311 ... ...

3,635 3,146 17,166 9,115 228,053

162,101 151,851 145,960 84,648 584,863

787 12,824 5,207 4,337 3,102

... ... 90,053 104,553 265,896

338,613 617,754 445,317 354,303 2,312,424

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

332,598 1,646,923 1,135,322 120,357 1,777,446

... 617,593 1,426 ... 95,356

58,488 294,371 150,574 4,196 ...

12,271 150,141 104,537 1,014 31,950

191,653 741,793 503,860 128,019 739,695

760 ... 17,626 13,523 16,660

49,569 1,178,308 278 ... 225,370

534,180 4,728,171 1,778,324 264,357 2,603,889

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

416,711 573,277 1,854,079 151,055 382,679

98,353 ... 312,622 9,322 ...

26,115 29,457 ... 25,213 ...

1,856 7,815 64,256 590 2,613

231,742 276,883 850,585 131,450 248,623

10,370 11,975 13,516 ... 1,010

... ... 135,620 30,425 ...

759,865 906,618 3,213,715 347,955 631,834

113,658 742,554 2,305,527 234,150 107,347

... 68 54,974 300 ...

35,901 41,516 20,857 35,567 1,198

2,955 7,615 59,725 2,766 5,212

130,679 290,258 1,091,505 100,828 49,821

4,815 11,614 218,261 2,153 335

... ... ... ... 1,936

297,479 1,143,734 3,553,031 397,090 186,884

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

956,777 1,041,640 463,018 763,197 75,137

76,500 76,222 42,637 ... ...

500,565 815 8,587 140 22,089

51,915 20,580 14,108 33,136 6,225

349,117 453,681 296,921 324,450 170,704

32,675 33,586 238 35,023 1,224

42,762 84,431 ... 99,844 ...

2,019,422 1,654,885 775,724 1,262,094 287,669

Dist. of Columbia ...............

35,384

...

60,294

70,868

...

38,024

204,570

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 1994. Compiled from reports of state authorities. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable. (a) Amounts shown represent only those highway-user revenues that were expanded on state or local roads. Amounts expended on non-highway purposes are excluded.

(b) Toll receipts allocated for non-highway purposes are excluded. (c) Amounts shown represent gross general fund appropriations for highways reduced by the amount of highway-user revenues placed in the state general fund. (d) Bonds issued for and redeemed by refunding are excluded. (e) 1994 state highway finance data not reported. Estimated by FHWA.

The Council of State Governments

399

HIGHWAYS

Table 8.25 STATE DISBURSEMENTS FOR HIGHWAYS: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Capital outlay Federal-aid highways

State or other jurisdiction

Interim national highway system (a)

United States .......... 21,272,248

Other federal Other roads aid systems & streets 6,539,512

Total

Maintenance Administration Grants-in-aid & traffic & highway Bond to local Bond Total services police interest governments retirement (b) disbursements

3,099,940 32,058,326 10,136,228

2,181,163

64,113,231

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ..................... California ....................

247,812 98,060 355,855 200,395 2,122,725

91,109 109,522 67,643 105,142 262,830

87,367 426,288 32,835 240,417 82,653 506,151 75,541 381,078 115,710 2,501,265

179,326 125,495 71,724 104,751 601,460

124,897 48,270 122,708 56,446 1,342,130

4,263 1,065 137,703 ... 8,856

84,487 15,087 366,119 115,429 614,284

15,195 5,377 50,468 ... 4,720

834,456 435,711 1,254,873 657,704 5,072,715

Colorado ..................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ..................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

347,827 504,917 151,796 1,464,254 522,186

59,057 100,050 24,117 307,993 201,161

33,123 440,007 26,569 631,536 47,353 223,266 41,735 1,813,982 6,581 729,928

130,436 82,518 69,078 375,355 229,059

159,520 107,717 51,613 339,226 164,653

... 174,506 44,126 150,063 51,881

248,625 19,919 3,000 178,150 3,855

... 85,199 24,486 35,715 56,150

978,588 1,101,395 419,569 2,892,491 1,235,526

Hawaii (c) .................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ........................ Iowa .............................

... 103,998 617,374 400,056 282,749

... 47,260 381,918 193,513 130,707

... 303,746 18,011 169,269 303,971 1,303,263 47,241 640,810 ... 413,456

19,983 59,035 332,178 198,168 100,227

25,929 34,277 309,960 83,833 114,843

11,758 ... 126,574 35,856 ...

22,942 85,573 439,619 323,330 370,598

15,419 ... 90,419 15,370 ...

399,777 348,154 2,602,013 1,297,367 999,124

Kansas (d) ................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland ....................

... 303,063 328,933 92,649 306,486

... 187,190 212,476 38,457 91,423

... 246,279 53,509 23,007 10,336

570,710 736,532 594,918 154,113 408,245

94,798 184,911 150,064 106,377 195,572

74,385 95,856 121,825 41,977 251,703

51,232 81,629 96,093 9,529 26,322

124,738 103,769 46,316 19,266 265,466

3,110 100,570 96,862 17,695 115,625

918,973 1,303,267 1,106,078 348,957 1,262,933

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota ................... Mississippi .................. Missouri ......................

1,144,145 573,773 343,357 211,717 466,759

117,454 34,056 65,207 114,939 152,958

63,726 1,325,325 13,397 621,226 126,798 535,362 50,840 377,496 41,673 661,390

159,507 196,613 150,321 65,312 275,994

302,371 261,237 101,666 85,781 164,600

142,807 26,427 7,650 8,978 ...

124,201 690,282 376,702 77,929 163,376

53,496 8,605 29,926 29,079 ...

2,107,707 1,804,390 1,201,627 644,575 1,265,360

Montana ...................... Nebraska ..................... Nevada (d) ................... New Hampshire .......... New Jersey ..................

95,398 140,463 ... 74,843 826,169

80,414 77,255 ... 11,781 57,466

20,604 120,720 ... 41,152 77,752

196,416 338,438 272,170 127,776 961,387

61,176 56,782 64,330 89,028 322,665

40,067 36,826 49,943 60,816 508,102

6,973 ... 2,327 19,397 267,729

30,826 185,708 43,827 19,557 59,381

3,155 ... 12,720 37,729 193,160

338,613 617,754 445,317 354,303 2,312,424

New Mexico ................ New York ..................... North Carolina ........... North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

178,504 1,864,795 603,928 95,486 634,389

44,740 340,985 168,312 46,684 201,024

71,837 295,081 42,232 2,248,012 168,004 940,244 8,302 150,472 128,129 963,542

115,306 820,040 436,718 38,616 372,777

71,735 653,361 272,189 28,233 413,640

1,590 234,022 4,022 ... 30,090

46,198 418,448 92,166 47,036 739,575

4,270 354,288 32,985 ... 84,265

534,180 4,728,171 1,778,324 264,357 2,603,889

Oklahoma ................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ...........

141,057 250,342 982,777 200,485 212,619

68,800 77,876 417,676 43,739 106,430

128,234 338,091 23,944 352,162 162,318 1,562,771 570 244,794 93,855 412,904

113,458 103,730 813,511 57,114 137,044

105,485 118,849 350,169 18,115 73,478

40,871 2,838 140,457 13,774 ...

157,560 318,104 136,902 ... 8,408

4,400 10,935 209,905 14,158 ...

759,865 906,618 3,213,715 347,955 631,834

South Dakota .............. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah ............................. Vermont .......................

92,387 285,994 1,299,494 152,387 28,472

75,850 278,123 552,036 59,207 28,391

32,908 201,145 27,441 591,558 56,481 1,908,011 3,706 215,300 9,440 66,303

41,209 180,825 657,718 68,400 43,585

30,377 125,241 625,967 48,605 50,489

... 1,310 25,649 ... 1,883

24,748 240,610 154,031 64,785 21,590

... 4,190 181,655 ... 3,034

297,479 1,143,734 3,553,031 397,090 186,884

Virginia ....................... Washington ................. West Virginia .............. Wisconsin .................... Wyoming .....................

428,679 617,360 282,754 428,645 97,446

225,345 83,834 129,073 196,162 51,316

160,029 1 67,513 34,203 32,055

814,053 701,195 479,340 659,010 180,817

686,415 202,590 175,210 133,650 63,451

275,111 266,417 57,292 136,891 32,139

39,937 45,560 20,602 30,099 ...

185,371 378,657 ... 276,979 11,262

18,535 60,466 43,280 25,465 ...

2,019,422 1,654,885 775,724 1,262,094 287,669

Dist. of Columbia .......

66,489

20,811

40,255

127,555

22,618

19,238

10,077

...

25,082

204,570

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 1994. Compiled from reports of state authorities. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable. (a) The Intermodual Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991,

400 The Book of the States 1996-97

9,056,198 2,136,525 8,544,791

established the entire Principal Arterial system as the Interim National Highway System (NHS) until the U.S. Congress approves an official NHS. (b) Bonds issued for and redeemed by funding are excluded. (c) 1994 state highway finance data not reported. (d) Segregation by federal aid systems not identified by state.

HIGHWAYS

Table 8.26 APPORTIONMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY FUNDS: FISCAL YEAR 1995 (In thousands of dollars) Interstate construction, (Fiscal 1996)

National highway system

Surface transportation program

Interstate maintenance

Bridge program

Highway safety (a)

United States (c) .............

1,329,620

3,310,336

3,869,451

2,775,289

2,549,114

182,186

14,015,996

11,584 ... ... ... 121,757

63,969 51,852 43,976 38,315 290,528

82,169 113,004 56,111 46,839 351,174

52,603 21,262 59,239 30,485 278,920

40,501 8,500 6,343 27,903 166,119

3,175 917 2,558 2,112 17,649

254,001 195,535 168,227 145,654 1,226,147

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

... 10,215 ... ... 18,258

51,524 55,790 16,737 131,271 96,287

67,085 100,324 25,980 209,425 122,297

50,671 35,016 13,883 104,524 99,251

24,630 50,579 6,407 46,100 42,891

2,628 1,969 917 8,112 4,674

196,538 253,893 63,924 499,432 383,658

... ... ... ... ...

17,065 25,598 127,333 71,543 51,524

63,666 38,361 164,583 101,528 64,815

13,883 25,589 95,715 62,002 38,495

19,416 6,768 92,221 34,397 38,966

917 1,194 7,589 3,971 2,737

114,947 97,510 487,441 273,441 196,537

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

... ... ... ... 108,849

46,929 54,149 55,307 20,675 52,308

50,982 68,871 42,336 26,001 60,671

39,437 48,046 49,675 13,883 45,783

39,256 33,011 59,283 17,192 37,203

2,809 2,767 2,904 917 2,860

179,413 206,844 209,505 78,668 307,674

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

481,250 ... ... ... ...

62,354 93,289 57,103 41,647 81,295

15,269 96,642 79,213 43,992 63,762

46,912 90,188 53,047 33,131 74,387

111,439 68,680 25,488 36,881 85,114

3,527 6,242 3,776 2,181 4,077

720,751 355,041 218,627 157,832 308,635

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

... ... ... ... 79,380

36,099 35,650 25,654 20,019 86,958

45,359 49,185 39,603 28,519 76,468

43,206 22,428 24,446 13,883 30,181

11,282 26,031 6,343 12,980 132,170

1,207 1,878 1,150 917 4,485

137,153 135,172 97,196 76,318 409,642

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

... ... 18,123 ... 20,204

35,115 181,913 84,293 24,613 118,800

44,584 142,664 104,928 40,400 123,186

44,612 100,649 58,200 21,204 105,312

7,951 253,721 67,687 6,343 100,861

1,485 10,777 4,586 1,131 7,025

133,747 689,724 337,817 93,691 475,388

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

... 25,035 307,146 ... ...

50,211 40,980 136,935 17,065 48,570

61,150 33,284 46,488 21,353 58,001

37,727 42,023 73,298 13,883 47,430

39,786 36,867 256,284 16,455 28,817

2,708 2,584 7,603 917 2,566

191,582 180,773 827,754 69,673 185,384

... 1,844 26,222 ... ...

27,239 73,298 227,225 31,177 18,050

40,151 79,276 309,039 29,145 22,198

25,577 68,375 208,795 46,340 13,883

9,511 53,653 105,143 10,888 13,906

1,305 3,537 12,295 1,367 917

103,783 279,983 888,719 118,917 68,954

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

80,545 ... ... ... ...

72,965 58,639 40,980 55,134 27,239

74,628 40,111 37,028 84,343 34,880

77,326 60,032 22,325 37,622 34,128

48,434 60,290 53,194 30,168 6,343

4,046 3,469 1,343 3,835 917

357,944 222,541 154,870 211,102 103,507

19,209 ... ... ... ... ...

17,658 ... ... ... 19,491 ...

20,404 ... ... ... 27,976 ...

13,883 ... ... ... 12,495 ...

14,209 ... ... ... 14,508 459

917 459 459 459 2,022 459

86,280 459 459 459 76,492 459

State or other jurisdiction

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 1994. Note: Apportioned pursuant to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Does not include funds from the Mass Transit or the National Recreational Trails accounts of the Highway Trust Fund. (a) Includes $19.7 million administered by the Federal Highway Administration and $162.5 million administered by the National Highway Traffic

Total (b)

Safety Administration. (b) Does not include funds from the following programs: Emergency Relief, Federal Lands Highway Programs, mandated projects, National Magnetic Levitation Development, High-Speed Ground Transportation Development, and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System, among others. These funds are allocated from the Highway Trust Fund. (c) Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

The Council of State Governments

401

HIGHWAYS

402 The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter Nine

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS State-federal and state-local relations in an era of federalism reform â&#x20AC;&#x201D; includes information on state intergovernmental revenue from and expenditures to the federal government and local governments and data on state intergovernmental expenditures per capita.

FEDERAL AID

Table 9.1 TOTAL FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BY STATE: 1985-1994 (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

Total .............................

$214,239

1994

$195,201

$178,000

$153,350

$134,457

$121,079

$114,610

$107,962

$112,596

$105,478

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

3,209 1,063 2,996 1,966 26,219

3,081 948 2,640 1,855 21,635

2,795 837 2,235 1,691 19,738

2,347 738 1,810 1,439 16,885

2,101 717 1,620 1,250 13,932

1,802 663 1,305 1,106 11,936

1,721 593 1,177 1,011 11,676

1,559 624 1,188 1,009 11,006

1,759 664 1,206 1,123 11,291

1,719 640 1,122 1,014 10,589

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,102 3,028 472 8,018 5,028

2,109 2,691 455 7,579 4,408

1,905 2,593 425 6,187 4,028

1,707 2,393 386 5,209 3,553

1,429 1,973 313 4,576 3,136

1,359 1,771 313 4,095 3,089

1,241 1,542 319 3,419 2,964

1,152 1,489 301 3,155 2,512

1,220 1,501 314 3,244 2,732

1,166 1,377 318 3,122 2,371

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

1,088 778 8,506 3,553 2,015

984 712 7,845 3,732 1,737

839 694 6,937 3,242 1,660

739 590 5,954 2,767 1,475

598 569 5,280 2,423 1,289

528 501 4,989 2,115 1,183

477 477 4,670 1,960 1,199

460 392 4,468 1,982 1,090

473 435 5,010 2,000 1,158

436 445 4,688 1,825 1,164

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,666 3,096 5,233 1,269 3,637

1,608 3,041 4,817 1,166 3,310

1,376 2,951 4,417 1,047 2,940

1,165 2,493 3,249 926 2,557

1,021 2,044 2,658 762 2,350

912 1,853 2,304 688 2,156

880 1,766 2,135 665 2,004

848 1,702 1,919 689 2,002

884 1,784 2,039 672 1,959

856 1,764 1,785 659 1,812

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

6,261 7,117 3,515 2,507 3,971

5,520 6,654 3,297 2,285 3,566

5,218 6,004 2,894 2,193 3,498

4,709 5,426 2,559 1,822 2,827

3,857 4,751 2,366 1,595 2,177

3,688 4,553 2,269 1,366 2,031

3,328 4,243 2,120 1,324 1,942

2,983 4,199 2,037 1,274 1,926

3,082 4,353 2,110 1,344 1,982

2,842 3,961 1,983 1,188 1,935

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

906 1,114 797 956 6,163

831 1,108 767 652 6,189

765 997 669 935 5,217

687 868 544 540 4,517

591 779 442 427 3,977

559 709 389 411 3,570

546 712 336 398 3,328

540 607 394 389 3,327

592 661 418 404 3,354

584 675 387 420 2,945

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,714 22,445 4,862 702 8,366

1,534 21,166 4,498 640 7,716

1,379 19,305 3,971 603 7,064

1,118 17,226 3,447 533 6,220

959 15,761 2,942 471 5,388

907 13,700 2,498 431 4,965

831 12,494 2,299 462 4,693

779 11,932 2,171 419 4,382

857 12,380 2,281 433 4,764

891 11,093 2,134 452 4,158

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,359 2,355 9,705 1,100 2,726

2,111 2,099 8,517 1,107 2,521

2,066 2,050 8,293 986 2,393

1,788 1,694 6,870 908 2,078

1,568 1,708 6,125 773 1,892

1,508 1,426 6,390 684 1,455

1,406 1,322 5,793 644 1,354

1,317 1,243 5,271 550 1,280

1,400 1,340 5,718 570 1,322

1,236 1,449 4,964 573 1,324

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

724 3,940 12,669 1,209 546

654 3,925 11,035 1,173 557

601 3,658 9,645 1,042 503

539 3,129 7,837 839 409

511 2,717 6,889 838 377

464 2,353 5,974 822 356

443 2,225 5,168 725 324

440 2,018 4,853 784 314

457 2,128 5,225 807 334

480 2,049 4,477 759 336

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,180 3,924 2,166 3,450 714

2,945 3,722 1,884 3,397 645

2,773 3,374 1,668 3,127 593

2,432 2,832 1,284 2,799 597

2,237 2,568 1,009 2,538 568

2,119 2,294 952 2,312 484

1,961 2,170 1,056 2,228 448

1,905 1,978 1,028 2,155 449

1,995 1,905 1,063 2,310 471

1,817 1,826 904 2,112 503

Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... Trust Territory ............... U.S. Virgin Islands .........

2,222 67 154 52 3,388 ... 191

1,961 59 161 47 3,132 ... 181

1,951 107 139 65 3,084 ... 158

1,847 51 116 75 2,916 ... 175

1,718 79 100 62 3,082 ... 273

1,523 75 116 60 2,515 ... 116

1,615 48 106 52 2,390 ... 121

1,515 51 103 46 2,307 ... 119

1,423 46 127 49 2,296 124 141

1,498 43 95 47 2,348 129 132

Adjustments or undistributed to states ............................

1,059

592

475

711

302

366

2,058

1,331

859

1,856

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable.

The Council of State Governments

405

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.2 SUMMARY OF STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS: 1944 TO 1994 (In thousands, except per capita) To local governments Total

Fiscal year 1944 .................. 1946 .................. 1948 .................. 1950 .................. 1952 .................. 1953 .................. 1954 .................. 1955 .................. 1956 .................. 1957 .................. 1958 .................. 1959 .................. 1960 .................. 1962 .................. 1963 .................. 1964 .................. 1965 .................. 1966 .................. 1967 .................. 1968 .................. 1969 .................. 1970 .................. 1971 .................. 1972 .................. 1973 .................. 1974 .................. 1975 .................. 1976 .................. 1977 .................. 1978 .................. 1979 .................. 1980 .................. 1981 .................. 1982 .................. 1983 .................. 1984 .................. 1985 .................. 1986 .................. 1987 .................. 1988 .................. 1989 .................. 1990 .................. 1991 .................. 1992 .................. 1993 .................. 1994 ..................

Amount $

1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,941,111 51,978,324 57,858,242 62,459,903 67,287,260 75,962,980 84,504,451 93,179,549 98,742,976 100,886,902 108,373,188 121,571,151 131,966,258 141,278,672 151,661,866 165,415,415 175,027,632 186,398,234 201,313,434 214,094,882 225,610,354

For specified purposes

Per capita

To federal government (a)

$ 13.95 15.03 22.60 28.13 32.57 34.20 35.41 36.61 39.26 43.87 46.65 49.26 52.88 58.97 63.34 68.15 73.57 86.94 96.94 110.56 123.56 142.64 158.39 176.27 193.81 216.07 242.03 266.79 285.10 303.88 339.25 374.07 406.89 426.78 431.77 459.49 510.56 548.76 581.88 618.55 667.98 705.46 740.91 791.04 832.00 868.50

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $ 341,194 974,780 1,179,580 1,386,237 1,472,378 1,493,215 1,746,301 1,872,980 1,793,284 1,764,821 1,722,115 1,963,468 2,105,831 2,455,362 2,652,981 2,929,622 3,243,634 3,464,364 3,608,911 3,625,051 3,603,447

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Key: . . . — Not available.

406 The Book of the States 1996-97

Total $

1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,599,917 51,003,544 56,678,662 61,073,666 65,814,882 74,469,765 82,758,150 91,306,569 96,949,692 99,122,081 106,651,073 119,607,683 129,860,427 138,823,310 149,008,885 162,485,793 171,783,998 182,933,870 197,704,523 210,469,831 222,006,907

For general local government support Education $

Public welfare

274,000 $ 861,000 $ 368,000 357,000 953,000 376,000 428,000 1,554,000 648,000 482,000 2,054,000 792,000 549,000 2,523,000 976,000 592,000 2,737,000 981,000 600,000 2,930,000 1,004,000 591,000 3,150,000 1,046,000 631,000 3,541,000 1,069,000 668,000 4,212,000 1,136,000 687,000 4,598,000 1,247,000 725,000 4,957,000 1,409,000 806,000 5,461,000 1,483,000 839,000 6,474,000 1,777,000 1,012,000 6,993,000 1,919,000 1,053,000 7,664,000 2,108,000 1,102,000 8,351,000 2,436,000 1,361,000 10,177,000 2,882,000 1,585,000 11,845,000 2,897,000 1,993,000 13,321,000 3,527,000 2,135,000 14,858,000 4,402,000 2,958,000 17,085,000 5,003,000 3,258,000 19,292,000 5,760,000 3,752,327 21,195,345 6,943,634 4,279,646 23,315,651 7,531,738 4,803,875 27,106,812 7,028,750 5,129,333 31,110,237 7,136,104 5,673,843 34,083,711 8,307,411 6,372,543 36,964,306 8,756,717 6,819,438 40,125,488 8,585,558 8,224,338 46,195,698 8,675,473 8,643,789 52,688,101 9,241,551 9,570,248 57,257,373 11,025,445 10,044,372 60,683,583 11,965,123 10,364,144 63,118,351 10,919,847 10,744,740 67,484,926 11,923,430 12,319,623 74,936,970 12,673,123 13,383,912 81,929,467 14,214,613 14,245,089 88,253,298 14,753,727 14,896,991 95,390,536 15,032,315 15,749,681 104,601,291 16,697,915 16,565,106 109,438,131 18,403,149 16,977,032 116,179,860 20,903,400 16,368,139 124,919,686 25,942,234 17,690,986 131,179,517 31,339,777 18,044,015 135,861,024 34,189,235

Highways

All other

$ 298,000 $ 41,000 339,000 67,000 507,000 146,000 610,000 279,000 728,000 268,000 803,000 271,000 871,000 274,000 911,000 288,000 984,000 313,000 1,082,000 342,000 1,167,000 390,000 1,207,000 391,000 1,247,000 446,000 1,327,000 489,000 1,416,000 545,000 1,524,000 619,000 1,630,000 655,000 1,725,000 783,000 1,861,000 868,000 2,029,000 1,080,000 2,109,000 1,275,000 2,439,000 1,407,000 2,507,000 1,823,000 2,633,417 2,234,523 2,953,424 2,741,676 3,211,455 3,449,025 3,224,861 4,403,009 3,240,806 5,372,891 3,631,108 5,348,992 3,821,135 6,463,263 4,148,573 7,225,683 4,382,716 7,801,993 4,751,449 8,702,054 5,028,072 9,228,542 5,277,447 9,442,292 5,686,834 10,811,143 6,019,069 13,658,898 6,470,049 13,862,386 6,784,699 14,786,497 6,949,190 16,739,853 7,376,173 18,060,733 7,784,316 19,593,296 8,126,477 20,747,101 8,480,871 21,993,593 9,298,624 20,960,927 9,622,849 24,289,784

(a) Represents primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program. This column also duplicates some funds listed under “Public welfare” and “All other” columns.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.3 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY STATE: 1988-1994 (Amounts are in thousands of dollars and per capitas are in whole dollars) Amount (in thousands) State

1994

United States ........... $225,610,354

1992

1990

Percentage change in per capita amounts

Per capita amounts 1988

$201,313,434 $175,027,632 $151,661,866

1994

1992

1990

1988

1992 to 1990 to 1988 to 1994 1992 1990

$ 868.50

$ 791.20 $ 705.44

$ 618.55

9.8

12.2

14.0

Alabama ...................... Alaska .......................... Arizona ........................ Arkansas ...................... California ....................

2,349,153 1,246,725 3,577,730 1,547,294 44,546,355

2,143,312 1,048,860 2,996,879 1,465,060 39,402,316

2,015,484 909,183 2,432,564 1,176,535 35,173,773

1,772,140 794,294 2,014,460 1,053,029 29,754,786

556.80 2,057.30 877.97 630.78 1,417.27

518.84 498.88 1,786.81 1,653.06 781.45 663.73 611.72 500.44 1,274.78 1,181.99

432.02 1,515.83 577.37 439.68 1,050.89

7.3 15.1 12.4 3.1 11.2

4.0 8.1 17.7 22.2 7.9

15.5 9.1 15.0 13.8 12.5

Colorado ...................... Connecticut ................. Delaware ...................... Florida ......................... Georgia ........................

2,553,610 2,256,866 419,704 10,236,796 4,473,816

1,969,365 2,090,932 390,542 8,405,800 3,723,502

1,816,163 1,857,595 358,518 7,204,813 3,667,040

1,601,393 1,477,198 317,800 6,500,752 2,928,597

698.47 689.12 594.48 733.66 634.13

568.69 637.67 566.00 622.19 550.41

551.35 565.13 538.32 556.87 566.08

485.12 456.91 481.52 527.02 461.78

22.8 8.1 5.0 17.9 15.2

3.1 12.8 5.1 11.7 -2.8

13.7 23.7 11.8 5.7 22.6

Hawaii .......................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ..............................

142,404 858,750 7,412,264 4,594,808 2,461,697

127,640 780,742 6,706,663 3,677,893 2,160,539

113,673 584,926 5,856,022 3,385,370 1,946,027

49,776 489,765 5,274,272 2,995,457 1,802,094

120.78 757.94 630.72 798.82 870.17

110.70 732.40 577.66 650.72 769.42

102.59 580.86 512.29 610.64 700.77

45.33 488.30 454.13 539.14 635.88

9.1 3.5 9.2 22.8 13.1

7.9 26.1 12.8 6.6 9.8

126.3 19.0 12.8 13.3 10.2

Kansas .......................... Kentucky ..................... Louisiana ..................... Maine ........................... Maryland .....................

2,114,401 2,581,409 2,844,099 738,961 2,804,841

1,440,836 2,392,289 2,634,974 711,798 2,558,591

1,311,740 1,913,433 2,330,717 663,588 2,288,000

1,073,214 1,741,531 1,865,441 544,712 2,233,494

827.88 674.53 659.12 595.94 560.30

572.21 637.43 616.66 575.42 520.67

529.35 518.97 552.30 540.38 478.56

430.15 467.27 423.19 452.04 483.23

44.7 5.8 6.9 3.6 7.6

8.1 22.8 11.7 6.5 8.8

23.1 11.1 30.5 19.5 -1.0

Massachusetts ............. Michigan ...................... Minnesota .................... Mississippi ................... Missouri .......................

4,451,132 8,864,360 5,378,559 2,070,637 3,250,024

4,047,945 6,970,998 4,733,385 1,765,089 2,773,013

4,649,241 6,313,931 4,277,456 1,691,111 2,561,392

4,127,655 5,813,874 3,621,482 1,391,664 2,303,781

736.82 933.48 1,177.70 775.81 615.77

674.77 739.79 1,057.98 675.50 533.99

772.81 679.28 977.48 656.74 500.57

699.72 629.21 840.84 531.17 448.12

9.2 26.2 11.3 14.8 15.3

-12.7 8.9 8.2 2.9 6.7

10.4 8.0 16.3 23.6 11.7

Montana ...................... Nebraska ...................... Nevada ......................... New Hampshire ........... New Jersey ...................

675,772 1,087,419 1,277,353 368,587 8,269,624

610,277 1,047,544 1,107,607 293,668 7,859,234

419,878 771,891 949,281 220,209 6,005,632

308,044 552,488 725,283 204,898 5,462,250

789.45 670.01 876.70 324.18 1,046.26

741.53 653.08 832.16 263.62 1,005.92

525.50 489.16 789.75 198.57 776.93

382.66 344.87 688.12 188.85 707.45

6.5 2.6 5.4 23.0 4.0

41.1 33.5 5.4 32.8 29.5

37.3 41.8 14.8 5.1 9.8

New Mexico ................. New York ..................... North Carolina ............ North Dakota .............. Ohio .............................

1,821,635 24,641,493 6,589,994 422,452 8,531,560

1,619,075 24,711,442 5,523,219 402,727 7,999,399

1,463,158 19,443,872 5,084,636 369,588 7,386,283

1,244,887 16,767,678 4,066,203 365,329 6,315,346

1,101.35 1,356.24 932.11 662.15 768.47

1,024.08 965.78 1,365.65 1,080.76 807.72 766.68 634.22 578.38 726.89 680.95

826.07 936.27 626.63 547.72 581.79

7.5 -0.7 15.4 4.4 5.7

6.0 26.4 5.4 9.7 6.7

16.9 15.4 22.4 5.6 17.0

Oklahoma .................... Oregon ......................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island ............... South Carolina ............

2,388,001 2,261,202 8,683,499 444,141 2,203,683

2,166,336 1,613,334 8,616,122 500,667 2,031,830

1,636,573 1,479,025 6,921,300 488,214 1,885,288

1,447,844 1,201,765 6,119,723 374,269 1,574,229

732.97 732.73 720.50 445.48 601.44

675.71 542.30 718.61 499.67 565.18

520.21 520.42 582.45 486.75 540.82

446.59 8.5 434.32 35.1 509.93 0.3 376.91 -10.8 453.67 6.4

29.9 4.2 23.4 2.7 4.5

16.5 19.8 14.2 29.1 19.2

South Dakota ............... Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................ Utah .............................. Vermont .......................

300,224 2,998,831 11,091,281 1,302,964 301,624

280,445 2,288,949 9,365,415 1,140,214 303,258

241,962 2,210,631 7,342,620 980,782 265,368

221,219 1,685,450 6,625,955 842,039 213,223

416.40 579.48 603.51 682.90 520.04

395.55 455.88 530.11 629.60 531.10

347.65 453.28 432.27 569.23 471.35

310.27 344.32 393.44 498.25 382.81

5.3 27.1 13.8 8.5 -2.1

13.8 0.6 22.6 10.6 12.7

12.0 31.6 9.9 14.2 23.1

Virginia ........................ Washington .................. West Virginia ............... Wisconsin ..................... Wyoming .....................

3,861,915 5,049,189 1,249,440 5,327,881 684,195

3,489,912 4,578,587 1,149,496 4,845,330 650,384

3,471,957 3,632,019 959,756 4,315,552 583,862

3,038,790 3,485,095 870,197 3,855,521 551,480

589.43 945.01 685.75 1,048.38 1,437.38

546.24 889.74 636.14 969.65 1,401.69

560.99 746.25 535.28 882.17 1,286.04

505.20 749.81 463.86 794.13 1,151.32

7.9 6.2 7.8 8.1 2.5

-2.6 19.2 18.8 9.9 9.0

11.0 -0.5 15.4 11.1 11.7

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Includes payments to the federal government, primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program.

The Council of State Governments

407

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.4 PER CAPITA STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1993 State

Specified functions

Total

General local government support

Education

Public welfare

Highways

Health

Miscellaneous and combined

United States ................

$ 832.00

$ 68.75

$ 509.78

$121.79

$ 36.14

$ 33.43

$ 62.11

Alabama ............................ Alaska ................................ Arizona .............................. Arkansas ........................... California ..........................

528.20 1,813.60 817.98 621.14 1,415.42

26.02 135.20 164.90 19.45 77.15

416.22 1,105.11 441.54 482.63 687.44

2.41 182.71 65.82 0.30 455.26

40.53 59.41 85.90 53.76 44.13

3.95 116.52 25.95 26.24 84.79

39.06 214.65 33.86 38.77 66.66

Colorado ........................... Connecticut ....................... Delaware ........................... Florida ............................... Georgia ..............................

666.90 644.51 585.97 680.12 595.72

7.25 37.93 0.00 119.20 0.00

437.01 474.42 474.85 492.70 534.64

111.21 69.56 1.10 14.64 0.00

54.91 9.16 11.89 12.51 1.04

8.61 3.45 16.42 9.12 41.24

47.91 49.99 81.71 31.95 18.81

113.11 733.75 610.35 767.68 812.89

68.67 68.26 70.49 144.85 47.70

0.00 567.12 374.96 452.15 573.40

9.47 0.03 42.46 56.61 22.17

0.00 72.07 39.60 82.75 102.13

15.95 5.78 5.80 7.52 25.30

19.03 20.49 77.04 23.80 42.18

Kansas ............................... Kentucky ........................... Louisiana ........................... Maine ................................. Maryland ..........................

659.96 665.41 653.34 623.56 545.24

35.99 0.00 35.84 51.84 10.12

524.82 565.26 524.97 485.53 367.83

3.07 2.29 14.14 14.38 0.01

47.21 24.81 10.00 40.71 63.67

23.82 26.98 0.18 5.54 56.08

25.04 46.06 68.21 25.58 47.54

Massachusetts ................... Michigan ........................... Minnesota ......................... Mississippi ........................ Missouri ............................

713.05 811.73 1,063.48 736.36 555.83

138.22 110.67 162.02 111.23 1.62

310.68 441.95 589.61 499.14 463.28

51.41 34.67 110.87 39.31 3.35

19.26 85.71 95.94 41.61 34.91

0.00 80.60 31.42 11.53 1.73

193.47 58.12 73.62 33.55 50.94

Montana ............................ Nebraska ........................... Nevada ............................... New Hampshire ................ New Jersey ........................

786.19 640.83 839.22 267.81 1,027.93

50.10 70.42 261.69 28.15 133.83

618.59 402.53 525.03 135.34 574.87

8.09 4.88 8.17 49.66 175.71

16.71 69.66 30.35 18.22 0.49

18.39 57.64 1.60 0.66 10.70

74.31 35.71 12.39 35.78 132.34

New Mexico ...................... New York ........................... North Carolina ................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ...................................

1,031.16 1,310.55 780.29 647.67 749.68

264.07 69.25 68.56 83.63 104.14

737.20 613.68 547.77 426.46 446.63

0.00 456.96 60.05 1.60 72.64

9.11 3.28 20.34 70.18 63.47

0.63 33.70 52.09 32.44 36.56

20.15 133.68 31.48 33.36 26.24

Oklahoma ......................... Oregon ............................... Pennsylvania ..................... Rhode Island ..................... South Carolina .................

697.87 744.80 695.39 483.82 576.14

9.56 35.05 13.03 19.10 79.62

558.53 496.72 383.60 412.59 449.00

21.95 0.00 112.15 44.18 2.98

66.68 111.19 29.86 0.00 0.38

21.91 64.52 71.93 0.00 6.37

19.24 37.32 84.83 7.95 37.80

South Dakota .................... Tennessee ........................... Texas .................................. Utah ................................... Vermont .............................

418.63 544.07 575.31 652.54 525.51

33.49 47.29 2.85 0.00 16.88

315.62 357.45 502.98 560.98 408.21

0.88 45.40 13.33 1.75 19.67

22.84 48.37 0.60 28.30 39.51

1.41 0.21 22.23 29.44 0.00

44.39 45.34 33.32 32.07 41.24

Virginia ............................. Washington ....................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin .......................... Wyoming ...........................

577.61 900.10 673.83 993.62 1,358.88

3.61 17.49 8.67 244.39 283.04

410.98 724.99 637.33 462.99 840.87

44.88 5.76 0.00 76.08 6.42

24.18 54.76 0.00 72.28 57.49

2.30 10.88 4.73 64.76 46.05

91.67 86.22 23.10 73.12 125.02

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Includes payments to the federal government, primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program (under “public welfare”).

408 The Book of the States 1996-97

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.5 PER CAPITA STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State

Specified functions

Total

General local government support

Education

Public welfare

Highways

Health

Miscellaneous and combined

United States ...............

$ 868.50

$ 69.46

$ 523.00

$131.61

$ 37.04

$ 37.84

$ 69.53

Alabama ............................ Alaska ................................ Arizona .............................. Arkansas ........................... California ..........................

556.80 2,057.30 877.97 630.78 1,417.27

25.52 194.24 169.65 21.27 80.54

442.70 1,126.76 477.58 493.95 594.02

2.36 176.78 69.41 0.22 501.24

40.88 53.72 96.70 47.79 42.96

3.81 120.52 26.43 30.98 106.06

41.53 385.29 38.19 36.56 92.46

Colorado ........................... Connecticut ....................... Delaware ........................... Florida ............................... Georgia ..............................

698.47 689.12 594.48 733.66 634.13

5.23 38.09 0.00 127.24 0.00

451.55 497.42 466.34 527.82 570.80

113.73 63.02 1.38 14.63 0.00

59.60 6.96 8.79 13.36 1.23

9.56 4.85 18.32 8.98 41.53

58.80 78.77 99.64 41.64 20.57

120.78 757.94 630.72 798.82 870.17

65.71 80.01 70.03 150.00 47.39

0.00 579.18 384.63 467.59 597.77

9.79 0.00 47.21 63.77 25.53

0.00 73.15 40.09 86.96 101.08

16.29 6.42 5.50 8.19 27.04

28.99 19.18 83.27 22.31 71.35

Kansas ............................... Kentucky ........................... Louisiana ........................... Maine ................................. Maryland ..........................

827.88 674.53 659.12 595.94 560.30

35.84 0.00 38.88 58.73 10.89

675.66 569.18 536.87 476.57 379.34

3.73 2.58 13.11 12.15 0.10

49.90 25.67 11.92 16.99 63.86

25.04 30.07 0.69 4.71 49.71

37.70 47.02 57.66 26.78 56.49

Massachusetts ................... Michigan ........................... Minnesota ......................... Mississippi ........................ Missouri ............................

736.82 933.48 1,177.70 775.81 615.77

147.02 118.20 168.47 118.77 2.27

331.76 494.75 698.92 510.96 490.36

46.26 36.67 114.31 56.62 3.41

18.26 90.29 83.82 38.25 37.37

0.00 122.61 27.81 12.87 2.11

193.51 70.96 84.37 38.35 80.26

Montana ............................ Nebraska ........................... Nevada ............................... New Hampshire ................ New Jersey ........................

789.45 670.01 876.70 324.18 1,046.26

47.31 51.50 282.68 27.91 128.36

614.01 418.20 543.04 136.80 613.02

13.81 4.60 9.65 51.35 164.97

19.61 78.67 30.08 19.29 3.24

21.58 58.82 2.05 44.12 9.26

73.13 58.21 9.20 44.71 127.40

New Mexico ...................... New York ........................... North Carolina ................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ...................................

1,101.35 1,356.24 932.11 662.15 768.47

281.92 44.95 67.09 78.31 113.46

790.51 640.76 691.53 440.59 434.16

0.00 501.82 63.32 0.65 71.28

9.32 3.99 22.15 71.68 72.48

0.03 35.22 56.62 34.85 43.32

19.57 129.49 31.39 36.08 33.76

Oklahoma ......................... Oregon ............................... Pennsylvania ..................... Rhode Island ..................... South Carolina .................

732.97 732.73 720.50 445.48 601.44

7.56 32.65 12.36 25.43 85.53

591.77 505.67 398.46 389.23 466.51

19.48 0.00 119.81 24.59 3.38

64.82 104.43 31.44 0.00 0.39

20.61 59.70 62.20 0.00 7.52

28.73 30.28 96.24 6.23 38.11

South Dakota .................... Tennessee ........................... Texas .................................. Utah ................................... Vermont .............................

416.40 579.48 603.51 682.90 520.04

33.71 50.26 2.85 0.00 13.85

317.49 383.17 517.13 581.80 404.20

0.90 48.32 28.42 0.47 18.64

25.41 50.78 0.85 29.40 42.88

0.96 0.47 23.09 30.32 0.09

37.93 46.48 31.17 40.90 40.38

Virginia ............................. Washington ....................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin .......................... Wyoming ...........................

589.43 945.01 685.75 1,048.38 1,437.38

3.62 23.31 6.74 245.57 262.43

421.91 754.33 649.16 505.37 918.90

43.45 6.71 0.00 75.91 7.91

25.48 58.20 0.00 74.06 62.87

2.84 12.13 3.86 67.60 47.53

92.13 90.34 25.99 79.88 137.75

The Council of State Governments

409

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.6 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars) State

Total

General local government support

Function Education

Public welfare

Highways

Health

Miscellaneous and combined

United States ..............

$214,094,882

$17,690,986

$131,179,517

$31,339,777

$9,298,624

$8,603,028

$15,982,950

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

2,211,563 1,086,346 3,219,572 1,505,645 44,176,628

108,958 80,983 649,050 47,139 2,407,852

1,742,700 661,961 1,737,906 1,169,883 21,455,627

10,106 109,446 259,086 731 14,209,130

169,690 35,587 338,090 130,315 1,377,200

16,555 69,795 102,157 63,605 2,646,360

163,554 128,574 133,283 93,972 2,080,459

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,378,157 2,112,048 410,182 9,303,312 4,120,627

25,837 124,305 0 1,630,579 0

1,558,374 1,554,658 332,397 6,739,624 3,698,127

396,578 227,945 772 200,237 0

195,812 30,016 8,323 171,117 7,184

30,693 11,321 11,496 124,718 285,241

170,863 163,803 57,194 437,037 130,075

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

132,570 806,396 7,139,225 4,385,769 2,287,463

80,476 75,020 824,576 827,531 134,241

0 623,270 4,385,935 2,583,144 1,613,556

11,098 32 496,613 323,396 62,382

0 79,202 463,155 472,733 287,402

18,691 6,352 67,831 42,984 71,198

22,305 22,520 901,115 135,981 118,684

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

1,670,354 2,521,244 2,806,110 772,595 2,707,134

91,089 0 153,932 64,225 50,242

1,328,326 2,141,787 2,254,763 601,567 1,826,269

7,771 8,685 60,739 17,820 36

119,482 94,016 42,945 50,435 316,137

60,301 102,239 785 6,860 278,438

63,385 174,517 292,946 31,688 236,012

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

4,286,839 7,693,539 4,803,732 1,946,210 2,909,208

830,949 1,048,953 731,843 293,990 8,477

1,867,835 4,188,819 2,663,271 1,319,224 2,424,813

309,094 328,594 500,782 103,889 17,508

115,792 812,395 433,380 109,969 182,733

0 763,946 141,935 30,464 9,066

1,163,169 550,832 332,521 88,674 266,611

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

659,613 1,029,811 1,165,679 301,281 8,099,029

42,038 113,164 363,486 31,667 1,054,411

518,994 646,864 729,271 152,261 4,529,388

6,787 7,846 11,346 55,864 1,384,398

14,021 111,936 42,151 20,494 3,882

15,430 92,622 2,221 744 84,277

62,343 57,379 17,204 40,251 1,042,673

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,666,350 23,848,129 5,419,109 411,268 8,314,711

426,737 1,260,124 476,148 53,102 1,154,965

1,191,314 11,167,130 3,804,284 270,803 4,953,589

0 8,315,294 417,017 1,017 805,598

14,722 59,747 141,296 44,563 703,982

1,011 613,324 361,764 20,599 405,501

32,566 2,432,510 218,600 21,184 291,076

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,254,815 2,258,239 8,378,102 483,816 2,098,883

30,880 106,281 156,970 19,100 290,061

1,804,620 1,506,068 4,621,572 412,586 1,635,693

70,922 0 1,351,190 44,183 10,864

215,428 337,113 359,763 0 1,375

70,795 195,624 866,580 0 23,190

62,170 113,153 1,022,027 7,947 137,700

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

299,323 2,774,218 10,373,354 1,213,729 302,695

23,946 241,148 51,378 0 9,725

225,669 1,822,646 9,069,179 1,043,418 235,131

631 231,513 240,423 3,262 11,331

16,329 246,627 10,797 52,645 22,755

1,008 1,087 400,833 54,760 0

31,740 231,197 600,744 59,644 23,753

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,749,296 4,730,035 1,226,379 5,005,878 638,672

23,425 91,919 15,781 1,231,255 133,028

2,667,644 3,809,848 1,159,935 2,332,567 395,207

291,284 30,243 0 383,277 3,017

156,935 287,776 0 364,157 27,020

14,953 57,161 8,613 326,258 21,642

595,055 453,088 42,050 368,364 58,758

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

410 The Book of the States 1996-97

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.7 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY FUNCTION AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) State

Total

General local government support

Function Education

Public welfare

Highways

Health

Miscellaneous and combined

United States ..............

$225,610,354

$18,044,015

$135,861,024

$34,189,235

$9,622,849

$9,830,754

$18,062,477

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

2,349,153 1,246,725 3,577,730 1,547,294 44,546,355

107,679 117,710 691,331 52,173 2,531,565

1,867,737 682,818 1,946,153 1,211,656 18,670,739

9,968 107,126 282,845 549 15,754,443

172,485 32,552 394,064 117,237 1,350,121

16,084 73,035 107,710 75,991 3,333,519

175,200 233,484 155,627 89,688 2,905,968

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

2,553,610 2,256,866 419,704 10,236,796 4,473,816

19,111 124,748 0 1,775,378 0

1,650,878 1,629,061 329,239 7,364,614 4,027,000

415,806 206,385 975 204,155 0

217,897 22,797 6,209 186,351 8,658

34,943 15,888 12,933 125,351 293,010

214,975 257,987 70,348 580,947 145,148

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

142,404 858,750 7,412,264 4,594,808 2,461,697

77,476 90,653 822,985 862,816 134,071

0 656,212 4,520,124 2,689,576 1,691,094

11,542 0 554,792 366,807 72,228

0 82,884 471,185 500,166 285,968

19,207 7,275 64,584 47,115 76,492

34,179 21,726 978,594 128,328 201,844

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

2,114,401 2,581,409 2,844,099 738,961 2,804,841

91,526 0 167,768 72,830 54,527

1,725,640 2,178,258 2,316,600 590,945 1,898,973

9,538 9,866 56,553 15,062 29

127,451 98,235 51,438 21,072 319,669

63,959 115,091 2,957 5,842 248,859

96,287 179,959 248,783 33,210 282,784

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

4,451,132 8,864,360 5,378,559 2,070,637 3,250,024

888,177 1,122,470 769,401 316,989 11,978

2,004,190 4,698,172 3,191,961 1,363,741 2,588,094

279,455 348,176 522,063 151,124 17,973

110,302 857,434 382,803 102,094 197,213

0 1,164,267 126,991 34,341 11,153

1,169,008 673,841 385,340 102,348 423,613

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

675,772 1,087,419 1,277,353 368,587 8,269,624

40,500 83,592 411,865 31,735 1,014,573

525,596 678,732 791,216 155,542 4,845,313

11,821 7,461 14,054 58,380 1,303,945

16,787 127,686 43,830 21,935 25,617

18,470 95,469 2,983 50,164 73,199

62,598 94,479 13,405 50,831 1,006,977

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

1,821,635 24,641,493 6,589,994 422,452 8,531,560

466,288 816,773 474,357 49,961 1,259,646

1,307,504 11,641,994 4,889,120 281,094 4,820,077

0 9,117,622 447,674 413 791,378

15,421 72,475 156,634 45,732 804,680

50 639,932 400,300 22,232 480,955

32,372 2,352,697 221,909 23,020 374,824

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

2,388,001 2,261,202 8,683,499 444,141 2,203,683

24,636 100,771 148,921 25,352 313,383

1,927,974 1,560,502 4,802,254 388,062 1,709,282

63,452 0 1,443,986 24,515 12,374

211,196 322,264 378,890 0 1,439

67,146 184,219 749,592 0 27,566

93,597 93,446 1,159,856 6,212 139,639

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

300,224 2,998,831 11,091,281 1,302,964 301,624

24,306 260,111 52,410 0 8,035

228,909 1,982,914 9,503,732 1,110,074 234,435

648 250,032 522,273 899 10,812

18,322 262,796 15,686 56,096 24,869

695 2,455 424,273 57,851 50

27,344 240,523 572,907 78,044 23,423

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming .........................

3,861,915 5,049,189 1,249,440 5,327,881 684,195

23,716 124,542 12,278 1,247,986 124,916

2,764,375 4,030,382 1,182,776 2,568,294 437,396

284,669 35,828 0 385,772 3,767

166,951 310,973 0 376,361 29,924

18,577 64,798 7,032 343,525 22,624

603,627 482,666 47,354 405,943 65,568

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

The Council of State Governments

411

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.8 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY TYPE OF RECEIVING GOVERNMENT AND BY STATE: 1993 (In thousands of dollars) Type of receiving government

State

Total intergovernmental expenditure

Federal

School districts

Counties, municipalities, and townships

Special districts

Combined and unallocable

United States ..................

$214,094,882

$3,625,051

$108,533,464

$92,435,356

$2,417,743

$7,083,268

2,211,563 1,086,346 3,219,572 1,505,645 44,176,628

0 109,446 0 675 2,298,903

1,742,700 0 1,737,906 1,169,114 20,331,158

466,335 894,679 1,397,827 265,990 20,692,774

0 0 0 15,593 573,424

2,528 82,221 83,839 54,273 280,369

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2,378,157 2,112,048 410,182 9,303,312 4,120,627

6,070 0 760 1,296 0

1,556,585 20,080 331,920 6,739,624 3,698,127

782,889 1,935,294 77,502 2,478,159 366,417

32,489 0 0 84,233 11,257

124 156,674 0 0 44,826

132,570 806,396 7,139,225 4,385,769 2,287,463

11,098 448 2,313 17,470 26,549

0 623,270 4,385,935 2,583,144 1,613,556

103,212 110,734 2,031,936 1,138,499 516,971

0 1,703 392,436 4,125 0

18,260 70,241 326,605 642,531 130,387

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

1,670,354 2,521,244 2,806,110 772,595 2,707,134

221 0 0 7,872 36

1,328,326 2,141,509 2,254,513 0 0

283,497 348,266 475,117 19,968 2,671,522

4,525 0 300 0 0

53,785 31,469 76,180 744,755 35,576

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

4,286,839 7,693,539 4,803,732 1,946,210 2,909,208

164,577 57,985 0 0 0

267,818 4,188,819 2,651,045 1,314,974 2,424,813

3,048,769 3,187,437 2,015,876 628,337 285,939

626,521 1,903 27,130 0 6,714

179,154 257,395 109,681 2,899 191,742

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

659,613 1,029,811 1,165,679 301,281 8,099,029

0 5,937 4,203 0 96,687

518,994 641,583 729,271 20,857 3,410,406

119,236 139,429 428,255 142,747 4,494,074

0 18,033 1,948 1,058 0

21,383 224,829 2,002 136,619 97,862

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,666,350 23,848,129 5,419,109 411,268 8,314,711

0 468,472 0 0 351

1,191,314 6,011,033 0 270,634 4,798,098

465,856 17,272,729 5,411,076 133,775 2,054,281

0 19,181 0 6,442 17,377

9,180 76,714 8,033 417 1,444,604

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

2,254,815 2,258,239 8,378,102 483,816 2,098,883

49,370 0 103,111 15,990 0

1,804,253 1,506,068 4,600,987 29,935 1,635,693

325,639 707,096 3,151,139 435,613 458,545

4,674 43,108 340,223 0 891

70,879 1,967 182,642 2,278 3,754

299,323 2,774,218 10,373,354 1,213,729 302,695

12 0 0 1,280 11,226

225,669 10,922 9,067,525 1,043,418 235,131

63,245 2,740,340 636,075 162,043 56,338

0 13,726 3,404 0 0

10,397 9,230 666,350 6,988 0

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3,749,296 4,730,035 1,226,379 5,005,878 638,672

0 26,056 0 136,053 584

0 3,800,481 1,159,935 2,322,858 393,463

3,739,940 743,718 54,762 2,048,281 227,178

9,356 146,357 398 0 9,214

0 13,423 11,284 498,686 8,233

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

412 The Book of the States 1996-97

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

Table 9.9 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE, BY TYPE OF RECEIVING GOVERNMENT AND BY STATE: 1994 (In thousands of dollars) Type of receiving government

State

Total intergovernmental expenditure

Federal

School districts

Counties, municipalities, and townships

Special districts

Combined and unallocable

United States ..................

$225,610,354

$3,603,447

$111,556,970

$99,541,968

$2,171,512

$8,736,457

2,349,153 1,246,725 3,577,730 1,547,294 44,546,355

0 107,126 0 1,737 2,084,075

1,867,737 0 1,946,153 1,210,623 17,566,046

478,816 962,917 1,538,868 272,737 23,800,428

0 0 0 4,249 371,559

2,600 176,682 92,709 57,948 724,247

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2,553,610 2,256,866 419,704 10,236,796 4,473,816

9,549 0 808 1,969 0

1,650,186 19,965 328,168 7,364,614 4,027,000

854,730 2,053,770 90,728 2,870,213 392,484

39,145 0 0 0 10,116

0 183,131 0 0 44,216

142,404 858,750 7,412,264 4,594,808 2,461,697

11,542 820 2,194 14,232 29,843

0 656,212 4,503,788 2,689,576 1,691,094

112,882 125,263 2,072,612 1,212,803 519,491

0 2,329 445,003 3,972 0

17,980 74,126 388,667 674,225 221,269

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

2,114,401 2,581,409 2,844,099 738,961 2,804,841

197 0 0 7,470 29

1,725,640 2,177,844 2,316,182 0 0

295,264 363,981 435,411 24,514 2,770,910

4,117 0 0 0 0

89,183 39,584 92,506 706,977 33,902

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

4,451,132 8,864,360 5,378,559 2,070,637 3,250,024

170,610 61,765 0 0 0

370,725 4,698,172 3,177,053 1,356,879 2,588,094

3,169,500 3,803,532 2,044,281 701,960 329,778

650,841 1,798 32,792 0 7,567

89,456 299,093 124,433 11,798 324,585

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

675,772 1,087,419 1,277,353 368,587 8,269,624

0 7,271 5,265 0 55,627

525,596 673,840 791,216 20,630 3,787,573

128,855 159,478 479,577 155,891 4,380,448

0 18,931 0 1,026 0

21,321 227,899 1,295 191,040 45,976

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,821,635 24,641,493 6,589,994 422,452 8,531,560

0 656,296 0 0 2,128

1,307,504 6,352,449 0 280,913 4,652,875

503,278 17,561,056 6,585,493 137,787 2,175,288

0 14,391 0 3,370 17,918

10,853 57,301 4,501 382 1,683,351

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

2,388,001 2,261,202 8,683,499 444,141 2,203,683

40,428 0 129,535 17,048 0

1,925,136 1,560,502 4,730,644 28,627 1,708,147

350,058 689,091 3,298,251 396,622 490,620

4,810 10,035 336,078 0 1,162

67,569 1,574 188,991 1,844 3,754

300,224 2,998,831 11,091,281 1,302,964 301,624

14 0 10,751 657 10,812

228,909 11,881 9,499,862 1,110,074 234,435

65,275 2,962,884 630,081 183,958 56,377

0 14,106 4,871 0 0

6,026 9,960 945,716 8,275 0

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3,861,915 5,049,189 1,249,440 5,327,881 684,195

2,774 30,847 0 128,615 1,413

0 4,026,261 1,182,776 2,549,824 435,545

3,847,630 826,368 56,626 1,889,026 234,077

11,511 151,457 399 0 7,959

0 14,256 9,639 760,416 5,201

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

The Council of State Governments

413

From federal government Total intergovernmental revenue

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

United States ..................

$188,559,917

$177,576,639

$28,163,780

$101,765,362

2,965,310 904,620 2,425,897 1,832,046 25,478,358

2,925,893 891,738 2,140,957 1,826,057 23,599,346

650,571 160,676 441,223 260,540 3,784,751

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2,136,402 2,385,135 445,215 7,233,647 4,392,661

2,100,736 2,380,439 437,316 6,996,405 4,357,800

1,011,419 687,606 6,460,059 3,823,145 1,888,764

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

From local government

Highways

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

Health & hospitals

Highways

$8,073,628

$16,475,308

$10,983,278

$823,222

$6,448,866

$469,835

$730,898

1,500,246 276,618 1,269,295 1,102,955 12,430,187

80,811 25,374 108,511 56,004 940,367

330,849 222,782 127,889 219,578 1,875,081

39,417 12,882 284,940 5,989 1,879,012

10,073 3,095 6,401 906 71,077

1,030 0 157,373 0 1,418,032

388 189 41,261 654 4,296

7,653 0 45,326 2,518 272,091

458,890 237,327 71,887 1,253,155 796,236

1,068,425 1,377,442 173,592 3,534,200 2,396,532

135,836 149,782 33,030 352,677 217,337

232,442 355,976 78,051 640,552 513,882

35,666 4,696 7,899 237,242 34,861

6,685 556 4,829 5,155 13,873

6,039 0 0 123,925 0

431 0 0 52,532 0

9,455 0 0 8,138 2,659

1,005,820 676,398 6,187,574 3,707,051 1,806,221

172,322 110,027 1,180,355 558,751 349,760

405,353 279,940 3,333,022 2,282,569 807,587

45,460 52,072 355,063 127,608 173,100

213,715 97,470 547,672 407,199 265,210

5,599 11,208 272,485 116,094 82,543

601 19 15,723 6,329 159

0 133 199,468 69,839 35,911

0 8,719 0 5,829 41,970

0 1,195 41,995 17,082 3,760

1,648,886 2,828,192 4,329,914 1,045,864 2,794,369

1,630,548 2,814,309 4,305,785 1,042,268 2,706,935

289,095 435,938 489,740 126,835 559,667

796,644 1,750,541 3,145,574 687,099 1,344,507

82,305 113,382 183,263 31,135 150,432

169,663 226,700 56,760 83,273 280,310

18,338 13,883 24,129 3,596 87,434

3,713 7,150 2,414 264 19,827

0 0 0 0 6,671

0 0 5,333 30 221

14,625 204 29 2,030 18,388

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

5,066,717 6,621,344 3,247,265 2,296,460 3,220,673

4,644,784 6,403,922 2,977,456 2,208,574 3,198,297

462,676 1,133,107 513,036 419,058 425,441

2,386,589 3,879,478 1,648,893 1,225,790 1,928,986

404,964 254,514 112,322 84,609 193,257

793,510 480,251 345,721 228,640 359,636

421,933 217,422 269,809 87,886 22,376

4,321 11,788 2,884 5,518 713

24,113 6,567 229,314 76,704 16

3,541 133,135 12,566 403 292

171 36,631 20,008 1,569 16,560

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

769,582 967,907 636,669 850,168 5,917,526

752,315 946,074 595,531 779,731 5,681,788

81,326 168,555 111,218 95,546 645,241

340,161 485,319 270,725 432,900 3,416,728

42,011 48,336 29,760 12,349 232,954

150,953 133,768 89,530 78,344 504,167

17,267 21,833 41,138 70,437 235,738

1,037 3,857 4,780 3,169 154,027

15,017 3,413 14,337 57,190 2,556

0 1,935 450 0 856

667 11,012 15,382 2,798 1,718

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,256,712 23,604,891 4,685,579 646,128 7,142,038

1,207,955 18,841,019 4,290,222 619,623 6,932,439

284,127 1,844,318 813,395 129,983 908,806

578,014 13,912,092 2,323,677 274,176 4,487,944

79,822 442,425 193,913 21,209 295,551

182,250 797,373 516,330 94,043 514,567

48,757 4,763,872 395,357 26,505 209,599

17,983 147,196 5,328 261 23,772

191 3,402,065 345,039 11,299 10,073

30,245 0 3,042 0 53,044

0 0 15,528 11,594 16,895

State

Health & hospitals

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

414 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 9.10 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUE FROM FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: 1993 (In thousands of dollars)

STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUE FROM FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: 1993 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued From federal government

State

Total intergovernmental revenue

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

From local government

Health & hospitals

Highways

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

Health & hospitals

Highways

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

1,861,921 2,339,167 8,076,161 973,528 2,563,112

1,816,973 2,298,783 7,878,880 921,209 2,458,467

337,217 387,093 1,023,407 108,940 437,190

1,085,034 900,594 5,004,875 505,465 1,453,217

68,650 245,772 395,852 47,577 118,220

164,446 183,800 665,510 135,163 211,525

44,948 40,384 197,281 52,319 104,645

15,099 8,721 50,284 81 22,746

0 21,162 130,688 0 47,842

411 0 0 0 7,183

5,185 5,936 8,303 216 674

585,113 3,626,942 10,825,621 1,255,283 563,180

575,954 3,584,936 10,747,361 1,218,499 560,744

82,234 512,699 2,127,657 319,321 77,645

248,458 2,190,520 6,090,291 526,484 254,647

36,020 127,582 457,747 57,565 39,923

105,187 269,920 1,067,400 142,250 89,104

9,159 42,006 78,260 36,784 2,436

225 12,751 39,337 25,719 831

0 119 29,304 3,436 0

5,118 3,946 4,125 12 18

3,508 14,536 1,488 0 1,587

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

2,883,041 3,526,159 1,787,178 3,349,001 697,342

2,728,820 3,453,226 1,774,440 3,261,048 677,973

719,763 719,630 231,099 598,959 57,347

1,299,376 1,676,411 1,071,885 1,768,923 135,382

124,417 321,374 56,014 101,485 13,885

208,557 348,355 233,517 328,991 107,446

154,221 72,933 12,738 87,953 19,369

14,419 43,110 1,392 8,064 14,960

0 0 0 0 0

46,448 0 0 247 965

56,148 1,030 0 32,407 2,199

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Total includes revenue for other activities not shown separately in this table.

415

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

The Council of State Governments

From federal government Total intergovernmental revenue

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

United States ..................

$204,896,745

$191,829,450

$30,185,894

$110,522,036

3,077,084 919,487 2,829,890 1,917,370 29,698,401

3,024,323 913,798 2,467,093 1,911,254 27,009,015

649,466 153,145 518,715 298,565 4,074,148

Colorado ............................. Connecticut ......................... Delaware ............................. Florida ................................. Georgia ................................

2,183,970 2,628,354 495,521 7,406,684 4,614,047

2,163,972 2,623,437 487,073 7,084,441 4,564,972

1,096,421 706,960 7,175,426 4,238,375 2,038,830

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

From local government

Highways

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

Health & hospitals

Highways

$9,007,670

$17,767,271

$13,067,295

$883,991

$8,049,733

$545,914

$945,140

1,589,384 313,566 1,352,157 1,118,175 14,729,358

77,089 31,035 94,854 59,927 1,154,396

312,481 205,280 265,048 217,750 1,869,536

52,761 5,689 362,797 6,116 2,689,386

11,974 3,116 6,922 1,163 78,254

1,221 0 231,432 0 2,086,180

492 144 59,127 834 3,981

18,046 0 26,170 1,688 400,502

561,750 231,928 74,003 1,322,014 826,583

946,834 1,519,248 198,187 3,675,104 2,700,366

151,251 161,209 40,830 437,235 242,184

278,773 432,016 79,352 796,264 378,194

19,998 4,917 8,448 322,243 49,075

1,864 634 4,822 3,932 15,267

0 0 0 204,155 0

9 0 0 51,982 0

17,162 0 0 13,173 13,229

1,092,880 699,251 6,857,353 4,113,144 1,957,593

184,225 118,844 1,303,945 569,443 396,075

447,755 299,912 3,734,828 2,703,833 854,453

60,097 44,139 349,353 122,503 178,791

213,587 97,975 680,604 396,400 219,592

3,541 7,709 318,073 125,231 81,237

805 2 19,536 3,361 964

0 166 235,396 71,104 36,853

0 4,265 0 5,802 39,185

0 2,355 46,080 23,352 3,345

1,714,555 2,860,061 4,702,918 1,098,979 2,966,060

1,689,564 2,843,451 4,674,760 1,094,141 2,855,692

311,994 500,756 441,689 117,731 619,915

768,569 1,672,469 3,686,297 731,092 1,381,516

95,898 120,789 160,864 30,000 204,430

203,021 252,733 65,229 93,700 278,175

24,991 16,610 28,158 4,838 110,368

3,652 7,817 2,822 248 18,473

0 0 0 0 10,043

0 0 4,967 0 27,725

21,339 2,306 6 4,025 16,774

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

5,442,566 7,139,231 3,472,473 2,494,417 3,718,513

5,021,638 6,865,747 3,198,847 2,394,280 3,684,482

448,126 1,171,470 541,055 432,679 509,844

2,457,601 4,224,978 1,821,736 1,415,639 2,109,591

512,122 286,744 114,968 87,473 213,140

866,595 500,010 272,230 208,751 435,790

420,928 273,484 273,626 100,137 34,031

5,893 17,136 4,591 5,418 759

3,085 6,451 221,403 86,052 17

3,742 160,154 13,056 415 320

151 51,202 29,293 3,734 19,595

Montana .............................. Nebraska ............................. Nevada ................................. New Hampshire .................. New Jersey ..........................

839,586 1,078,254 719,125 1,027,308 5,246,012

823,815 1,053,987 674,538 900,857 4,981,495

106,077 181,207 117,439 98,200 657,503

377,220 529,320 287,948 520,545 2,765,722

40,788 49,753 31,859 10,783 240,177

150,815 143,804 136,822 86,286 426,901

15,771 24,267 44,587 126,451 264,517

1,478 5,475 6,204 3,499 164,876

12,839 3,277 18,505 111,061 3,577

0 1,270 822 0 444

1,129 12,528 13,779 4,651 18,485

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

1,331,968 25,725,554 5,298,351 657,988 8,217,789

1,291,331 20,486,075 4,867,134 630,291 7,931,533

324,702 1,956,430 846,660 125,891 993,443

585,648 15,394,659 2,610,858 257,486 5,240,585

89,441 533,756 201,360 20,417 269,834

186,866 839,124 665,216 119,175 637,398

40,637 5,239,479 431,217 27,697 286,256

10,476 159,736 4,955 352 24,554

0 3,863,806 384,890 10,556 77,638

29,731 0 1,018 0 54,897

0 0 10,872 12,962 22,046

State

Health & hospitals

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

416 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 9.11 STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUE FROM FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: 1994 (In thousands of dollars)

STATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUE FROM FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: 1994 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued From federal government

State

Total intergovernmental revenue

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

From local government

Health & hospitals

Highways

Total (a)

Education

Public welfare

Health & hospitals

Highways

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

1,978,006 2,625,971 8,363,935 1,032,301 2,830,146

1,918,922 2,567,835 8,292,833 986,482 2,723,040

379,881 425,172 1,209,303 110,100 483,700

1,075,083 1,067,806 4,971,827 562,223 1,587,970

74,015 290,899 450,894 58,269 141,486

220,268 174,133 822,144 131,732 243,988

59,084 58,136 71,102 45,819 107,106

15,958 10,038 46,448 48 24,336

829 38,130 0 0 47,051

437 0 0 0 7,491

11,815 5,397 7,841 150 321

662,285 3,717,569 11,737,018 1,355,119 619,218

652,647 3,678,741 11,388,556 1,314,257 617,377

89,053 545,542 2,253,926 335,033 79,962

281,747 2,176,899 6,429,735 579,045 296,456

35,433 146,676 539,140 86,249 39,419

134,034 297,236 1,160,707 116,234 84,218

9,638 38,828 348,462 40,862 1,841

1,429 14,591 59,806 26,946 1,625

0 2 279,906 3,745 0

3,312 3,658 4,884 11 0

4,528 11,025 1,005 0 216

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

3,091,748 3,673,043 1,927,209 3,699,608 805,041

2,926,225 3,595,497 1,916,440 3,525,422 791,919

754,910 775,971 244,252 647,682 65,747

1,417,278 1,794,465 1,127,835 1,977,897 153,131

130,910 303,164 55,603 120,814 15,210

238,014 366,461 309,628 355,690 101,291

165,523 77,546 10,769 174,186 13,122

16,833 48,583 1,465 5,861 8,994

0 0 0 363 0

49,728 0 0 10,685 1,326

49,744 1,292 0 40,865 962

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. (a) Total includes revenue for other activities not shown separately in this table.

417

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

The Council of State Governments

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PAYMENTS

418 The Book of the States 1996-97

Chapter Ten

STATE PAGES Everything you always wanted to know about the states â&#x20AC;&#x201D; including capitals, population, land areas, historical data, elected executive branch officials, legislative leaders, judges of high courts, state mottos, flowers, songs, birds and other items unique to the states and other U.S. jurisdictions. Also includes information on state gaming laws.

STATE PAGES

Table 10.1 OFFICIAL NAMES OF STATES AND JURISDICTIONS, CAPITALS, ZIP CODES AND CENTRAL SWITCHBOARDS State or other jurisdiction

Name of state capitol (a)

Capital

Zip code

Area code

Central switchboard

Alabama, State of ............................................... Alaska, State of ................................................... Arizona, State of ................................................. Arkansas, State of .............................................. California, State of .............................................

State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol

Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento

36130 99801 85007 72201 95814

334 907 602 501 916

242-8000 465-3500 542-4900 682-3000 322-9900

Colorado, State of .............................................. Connecticut, State of .......................................... Delaware, State of .............................................. Florida, State of .................................................. Georgia, State of .................................................

State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol

Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta

80203 06106 19903 32399 30334

303 860 302 904 404

866-5000 566-2211 739-4000 488-1234 656-2000

Hawaii, State of .................................................. Idaho, State of ..................................................... Illinois, State of ................................................... Indiana, State of ................................................. Iowa, State of ......................................................

State Capitol Statehouse State House State House State Capitol

Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines

96813 83720 62706 46204 50319

808 208 217 317 515

548-2211 334-2411 782-2000 232-3140 281-5011

Kansas, State of .................................................. Kentucky, Commonwealth of ............................ Louisiana, State of .............................................. Maine, State of .................................................... Maryland, State of .............................................

State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House

Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis

66612 40601 70804 04333 21401

913 502 504 207 410

296-0111 564-3130 342-6600 582-9500 841-3000

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of .................... Michigan, State of .............................................. Minnesota, State of ............................................ Mississippi, State of ........................................... Missouri, State of ...............................................

State House State Capitol State Capitol New Capitol State Capitol

Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City

02133 48909 55515 39215 65101

617 517 612 601 314

727-2121 373-1837 296-6013 359-1000 751-2000

Montana, State of ............................................... Nebraska, State of .............................................. Nevada, State of .................................................. New Hampshire, State of ................................... New Jersey, State of ...........................................

State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House

Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton

59620 68509 89710 03301 08625

406 402 702 603 609

444-2511 471-2311 687-5000 271-1110 292-2121

New Mexico, State of ......................................... New York, State of .............................................. North Carolina, State of .................................... North Dakota, State of ....................................... Ohio, State of ......................................................

State Capitol State Capitol State Legislative Building State Capitol State House

Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus

87503 12224 27601 58505 43266

505 518 919 701 614

827-4011 474-2121 733-1110 328-2000 466-2000

Oklahoma, State of ............................................ Oregon, State of .................................................. Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of ..................... Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, State of .......................................... South Carolina, State of ....................................

State Capitol State Capitol Main Capitol Building

Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg

73105 97310 17120

405 503 717

521-2011 378-3131 787-2121

State House State House

Providence Columbia

02903 29211

401 803

277-2000 734-1000

South Dakota, State of ....................................... Tennessee, State of .............................................. Texas, State of ..................................................... Utah, State of ...................................................... Vermont, State of ................................................

State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House

Pierre Nashville Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier

57501 37243 78711 84114 05609

605 615 512 801 802

773-3011 741-3011 463-4630 538-3000 828-1110

Virginia, Commonwealth of .............................. Washington, State of .......................................... West Virginia, State of ....................................... Wisconsin, State of ............................................. Wyoming, State of ..............................................

State Capitol Legislative Building State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol

Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne

23219 98504 25305 53702 82002

804 360 304 608 307

786-0000 753-5000 558-3456 266-2211 777-7220

District of Columbia .......................................... American Samoa, Territory of .......................... Guam, Territory of .............................................. No. Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of ......... Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of ........................ U.S. Virgin Islands, Territory of ....................... ...............................................................................

District Building Maota Fono Congress Building Civic Center Building The Capitol Capitol Building

... Pago Pago Agana Saipan San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

20004 96799 96910 96950 00901 00801

202 684 671 ... 809 809

727-1000 633-5231 472-3461 NCS 721-6040 774-0880

NCS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; No central switchboard. (a) In some instances the name is not official.

The Council of State Governments

421

STATE PAGES

Table 10.2 HISTORICAL DATA ON THE STATES State or other jurisdiction

Date organized as territory

Source of state lands

Date admitted to Union

Chronological order of admission to Union

Mississippi Territory, 1798 (a) Purchased from Russia, 1867 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Ceded by Mexico, 1848

March 3, 1817 Aug. 24, 1912 Feb. 24, 1863 March 2, 1819 (c)

Dec. 14, 1819 Jan. 3, 1959 Feb. 14, 1912 June 15, 1836 Sept. 9, 1850

22 49 48 25 31

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) Fundamental Orders, Jan. 14, 1638; Royal charter, April 23, 1662 (e) Swedish charter, 1638; English charter, 1638 (e) Ceded by Spain, 1819 Charter, 1732, from George II to Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia (e)

Feb. 28, 1861 ...

Aug. 1, 1876 Jan. 9, 1788 (f)

38 5

... March 30, 1822 ...

Dec. 7, 1787 (f) March 3, 1845 Jan. 2, 1788 (f)

1 27 4

Annexed, 1898 Treaty with Britain, 1846 Northwest Territory, 1787 Northwest Territory, 1787 Louisiana Purchase, 1803

June 14, 1900 March 4, 1863 Feb. 3, 1809 May 7, 1800 June 12, 1838

Aug. 21, 1959 July 3, 1890 Dec. 3, 1818 Dec. 11, 1816 Dec. 28, 1846

50 43 21 19 29

Kansas ................................. Kentucky ............................. Louisiana ............................. Maine ................................... Maryland ............................

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) Part of Virginia until admitted as state Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (g) Part of Massachusetts until admitted as state Charter, 1632, from Charles I to Calvert (e)

May 30, 1854 (c) March 26, 1804 (c) ...

Jan. 29, 1861 June 1, 1792 April 30, 1812 March 15, 1820 April 28, 1788 (f)

34 15 18 23 7

Massachusetts ..................... Michigan ............................. Minnesota ........................... Mississippi .......................... Missouri ..............................

Charter to Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629 (e) Northwest Territory, 1787 Northwest Territory, 1787 (h) Mississippi Territory (i) Louisiana Purchase, 1803

... Jan. 11, 1805 March 3, 1849 April 7, 1798 June 4, 1812

Feb. 6, 1788 (f) Jan. 26, 1837 May 11, 1858 Dec. 10, 1817 Aug. 10, 1821

6 26 32 20 24

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (j) Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 Grants from Council for New England, 1622 and 1629; made Royal province, 1679 (e) Dutch settlement, 1618; English charter, 1664 (e)

May 26, 1864 May 30, 1854 March 2, 1861 ...

Nov. 8, 1889 March 1, 1867 Oct. 31, 1864 June 21, 1788 (f)

41 37 36 9

...

Dec. 18, 1787 (f)

New Mexico ........................ New York ............................. North Carolina ................... North Dakota ...................... Ohio .....................................

Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Dutch settlement, 1623; English control, 1664 (e) Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (k) Northwest Territory, 1787

Sept. 9, 1850 ... ... March 2, 1861 May 7, 1800

Jan. 6, 1912 July 26, 1788 (f) Nov. 21, 1789 (f) Nov. 2, 1889 March 1, 1803

47 11 12 39 17

Oklahoma ........................... Oregon ................................. Pennsylvania ....................... Rhode Island ....................... South Carolina ...................

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Settlement and treaty with Britain, 1846 Grant from Charles II to William Penn, 1681 (e) Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e)

May 2, 1890 Aug. 14, 1848 ... ... ...

Nov. 16, 1907 Feb. 14, 1859 Dec. 12, 1787 (f) May 29, 1790 (f) May 23, 1788 (f)

46 33 2 13 8

South Dakota ...................... Tennessee ............................. ............................................... Texas .................................... Utah ..................................... Vermont ...............................

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Part of North Carolina until land ceded to U.S. in 1789 Republic of Texas, 1845 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 From lands of New Hampshire and New York

March 2, 1861 June 8, 1790 (l)

Nov. 2, 1889 June 1, 1796

40 16

Dec. 29, 1845 Jan. 4, 1896 March 4, 1791

28 45 14

Virginia ............................... Washington ......................... West Virginia ...................... Wisconsin ............................ Wyoming .............................

Charter, 1609, from James I to London Company (e) Oregon Territory, 1848 Part of Virginia until admitted as state Northwest Territory, 1787 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d,j)

... March 2, 1853 (c) April 20, 1836 July 25, 1868

June 25, 1788 (f) Nov. 11, 1889 June 20, 1863 May 29, 1848 July 10, 1890

10 42 35 30 44

Dist. of Columbia ............... American Samoa ................ Guam ................................... No. Mariana Is. .................. Puerto Rico ......................... Republic of Palau .............. U.S. Virgin Islands .............

Maryland (m) ... ... ... --------------------------------------------------------Became a territory, 1900-------------------------------------------------------Ceded by Spain, 1898 Aug. 1, 1950 ... ... ... March 24, 1976 ... ... Ceded by Spain, 1898 ... July 25, 1952 (n) ... ... Jan. 1, 1981 ... ... ---------------------------------------------Purchased from Denmark, March 31, 1917---------------------------------------------

422 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PAGES

HISTORICAL DATA — Continued (a) By the Treaty of Paris, 1783, England gave up claim to the 13 original Colonies, and to all land within an area extending along the present Canadian border to the Lake of the Woods, down the Mississippi River to the 31st parallel, east to the Chattahoochee, down that river to the mouth of the Flint, east to the source of the St. Mary’s down that river to the ocean. The major part of Alabama was acquired by the Treaty of Paris, and the lower portion from Spain in 1813. (b) Portion of land obtained by Gadsden Purchase, 1853. (c) No territorial status before admission to Union. (d) Portion of land ceded by Mexico, 1848. (e) One of the original 13 Colonies. (f) Date of ratification of U.S. Constitution. (g) West Feliciana District (Baton Rouge) acquired from Spain, 1810; added to Louisiana, 1812.

(h) Portion of land obtained by Louisiana Purchase, 1803. (i) See footnote (a). The lower portion of Mississippi also was acquired from Spain in 1813. (j) Portion of land obtained from Oregon Territory, 1848. (k) The northern portion of the Red River Valley was acquired by treaty with Great Britain in 1818. (l) Date Southwest Territory (identical boundary as Tennessee’s) was created. (m) Area was originally 100 square miles, taken from Virginia and Maryland. Virginia’s portion south of the Potomac was given back to that state in 1846. Site chosen in 1790, city incorporated 1802. (n) On this date, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth by compact approved by the U.S. Congress and the voters of Puerto Rico as provided in U.S. Public Law 600 of 1950.

The Council of State Governments

423

Land area State or other jurisdiction

In square miles

Alabama .......................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................ Arkansas ......................... California ........................

50,750 570,374 113,642 52,075 155,973

Colorado ......................... Connecticut ..................... Delaware ......................... Florida ............................. Georgia ............................

Population

Rank in nation

Percentage change 1980 to 1990

Density per square mile

No. of Representatives in Congress

Size

Rank in nation

28 1 6 27 3

4,040,587 550,043 3,665,228 2,350,725 29,760,021

22 49 24 33 1

3.8 36.9 34.9 2.8 25.7

79.62 0.96 32.25 45.14 190.80

7 1 6 4 52

103,729 4,845 1,955 53,997 57,919

8 48 49 26 21

3,294,394 3,287,116 666,168 12,937,926 6,478,216

26 27 46 4 11

14.0 5.8 12.1 32.7 18.6

31.76 678.40 340.82 239.60 111.85

Hawaii ............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois .............................. Indiana ............................ Iowa .................................

6,423 82,751 55,593 35,870 55,875

47 11 24 38 23

1,108,229 1,006,749 11,430,602 5,544,159 2,776,755

41 42 6 14 30

14.9 6.6 0.0 1.0 -4.7

Kansas ............................. Kentucky ......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ............................... Maryland ........................

81,823 39,732 43,566 30,865 9,775

13 36 33 39 42

2,477,574 3,685,296 4,219,973 1,227,928 4,781,468

32 23 21 38 19

Massachusetts ................. Michigan ......................... Minnesota ....................... Mississippi ...................... Missouri ..........................

7,838 56,809 79,617 46,914 68,898

45 22 14 31 18

6,016,425 9,295,297 4,375,099 2,573,216 5,117,073

Montana .......................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire .............. New Jersey ......................

145,556 76,878 109,806 8,969 7,419

4 15 7 44 46

New Mexico .................... New York ......................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota .................. Ohio .................................

121,364 47,224 48,718 68,994 40,953

Oklahoma ....................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ................... South Carolina ...............

68,679 96,002 44,820 1,045 30,111

STATE PAGES

424 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 10.3 STATE STATISTICS

Population

Rank in state

Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento

187,106 26,751 983,403 175,795 369,365

3 3 1 1 7

Birmingham Anchorage Phoenix Little Rock Los Angeles

265,968 226,338 983,403 175,795 3,485,398

6 6 1 23 11

Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta

467,610 139,739 27,630 124,773 394,017

1 2 2 8 1

Denver Bridgeport Wilmington Jacksonville Atlanta

467,610 141,686 71,529 635,230 394,017

172.53 12.17 205.61 154.56 49.70

2 2 20 10 5

Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines

365,272 125,738 105,227 731,327 193,187

1 1 4 1 1

Honolulu Boise Chicago Indianapolis Des Moines

365,272 125,738 2,783,726 731,327 193,187

4.8 0.7 0.3 9.1 13.4

30.28 92.75 96.86 39.78 489.17

4 6 7 2 8

Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis

119,883 25,968 219,531 21,325 33,187

3 8 2 6 22

Wichita Louisville New Orleans Portland Baltimore

304,011 269,063 496,938 64,358 736,014

13 8 20 31 15

4.9 0.4 7.3 2.1 4.1

767.60 163.62 54.95 54.85 74.27

10 16 8 5 9

Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City

574,283 127,321 272,235 196,637 35,481

1 5 2 1 15

Boston Detroit Minneapolis Jackson Kansas City

574,283 1,027,974 368,383 196,637 435,146

799,065 1,578,385 1,201,833 1,109,252 7,730,188

44 36 39 40 9

1.6 0.5 50.1 20.5 5.0

5.49 20.53 10.95 123.67 1,041.97

1 3 2 2 13

Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton

24,569 191,972 40,443 36,006 88,675

5 2 9 3 6

Billings Omaha Las Vegas Manchester Newark

5 30 29 17 35

1,515,069 17,990,455 6,628,637 638,800 10,847,115

37 2 10 47 7

16.2 2.5 12.7 -2.1 0.5

12.48 380.96 136.06 9.26 264.87

3 31 12 1 19

Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus

55,859 101,082 207,951 49,256 632,910

3 6 2 3 1

Albuquerque New York City Charlotte Fargo Columbus

384,736 7,322,564 395,934 74,111 632,910

19 10 32 50 40

3,145,585 2,842,321 11,881,643 1,003,464 3,486,703

28 29 5 43 25

4.0 7.9 0.1 5.9 11.7

45.80 29.61 265.10 960.27 115.79

6 5 21 2 6

Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg Providence Columbia

444,719 107,786 52,376 160,728 98,052

1 3 10 1 1

Oklahoma City Portland Philadelphia Providence Columbia

444,719 437,319 1,585,577 160,728 98,052

Capital

Largest city

Population

81,151 335,795 258,295 99,567 275,221

STATE STATISTICS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued Land area State or other jurisdiction

In square miles

South Dakota .................. Tennessee ......................... Texas ................................ Utah ................................. Vermont ...........................

75,896 41,219 261,914 82,168 9,249

Virginia ........................... Washington ..................... West Virginia .................. Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming ......................... Dist. of Columbia ........... American Samoa ............ Guam ............................... No. Mariana Islands ...... Puerto Rico ..................... Republic of Palau .......... U.S. Virgin Islands ......... ...........................................

Population

Rank in nation

Percentage change 1980 to 1990

Density per square mile

Size

Rank in nation

16 34 2 12 43

696,004 4,877,185 16,986,510 1,722,850 562,758

45 17 3 35 48

0.8 6.2 19.4 17.9 10.0

9.17 118.32 64.86 20.97 60.84

39,598 66,581 24,087 54,314 97,105

37 20 41 25 9

6,187,358 4,866,692 1,793,477 4,891,769 453,588

12 18 34 16 50

15.7 17.8 -8.0 4.0 -3.4

156.26 73.09 74.46 90.07 4.67

61 77 210 179 3,427 177 134

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

606,900 46,773 133,152 43,345 3,522,037 15,122 101,809

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

-4.9 44.8 25.6 158.8 10.2 24.8 5.4

9,884.40 607.44 634.06 242.15 1,027.90 85.44 760.90

No. of Representatives in Congress

Capital

Population

Rank in state

Largest city

Population

1 9 30 3 1

Pierre Nashville Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier

12,906 488,374 465,622 159,936 8,247

7 2 5 1 8

Sioux Falls Memphis Houston Salt Lake City Burlington

100,814 610,337 1,630,553 159,936 39,127

11 9 3 9 1

Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne

203,056 33,840 57,287 191,262 50,008

3 18 1 2 1

Virginia Beach Seattle Charleston Milwaukee Cheyenne

393,069 516,259 57,287 628,088 50,008

... Pago Pago Agana Saipan San Juan Koror Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

... 3,519 1,139 38,896 426,832 9,000 12,331

... 3 18 1 1 1 1

... Tafuna Dededo Saipan San Juan Koror Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

... 5,174 31,728 38,896 426,832 9,000 12,331

(a) 1 (a) (a) 1 (a) (a) 1 (a) ... (a) 1 (a) ... (a) 1 (a)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. (As of 1990 Census.) Key: . . . â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable (a) Delegate with privileges to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole.

425

STATE PAGES

The Council of State Governments

Lottery Games State or other jurisdiction

Parimutuel Wagering

Video Instant Charitable Charitable Card Gaming Sports lottery (& pull tab) bingo games rooms Casinos devices wagering terminals Keno games Lotto Numbers Passives

Alabama .................. Alaska ...................... Arizona .................... Arkansas ................. California ................

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

Colorado ................. Connecticut ............. Delaware ................. Florida ..................... Georgia ....................

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣

Hawaii ..................... Idaho ........................ Illinois ...................... Indiana .................... Iowa .........................

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

Kansas ..................... Kentucky ................. Louisiana ................. Maine ....................... Maryland ................

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

Massachusetts ......... Michigan ................. Minnesota ............... Mississippi .............. Missouri ..................

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

Montana .................. Nebraska ................. Nevada ..................... New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ..............

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

New Mexico ............ New York ................. North Carolina ....... North Dakota .......... Ohio .........................

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

Oklahoma ............... Oregon ..................... Pennsylvania ........... Rhode Island ........... South Carolina .......

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

Interstate Jai Quarter inter-track Greyhound Alai Harness horse Thoroughbred wagering ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♠ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♦

♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♦

♣ ♠ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♠ ♣

♣ ♣ ♥ ♣

♣ ♣ ♠ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♦ ♦

♣

♦

♣

♣ ♠

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♠ ♣

♣

♦

♣

♣ ♣

♣

♠

♣ ♠ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

♦

♣ ♣

♠

♣

♣ ♣

♣

♦

♣ ♣ ♣

♦ ♦

♣ ♥

♦ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♦ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♦ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣

♣

♦

♠

♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♣ ♦

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♠ ♣

♣ ♠

♠

♣ ♣ ♦

♣ ♣ ♣ ♦

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♦ ♣

♦

♣ ♣

♣

♦ ♣ ♣

♣ ♦

♣

♣ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

♠ ♣ ♣

♣ ♥ ♣

♣

Intrastate Off inter-track track Telephone wagering betting betting

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♠

♠

♣

♣ ♣

♣

STATE PAGES

426 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table 10.4 STATE GAMING

STATE GAMING — Continued Lottery Games State or other jurisdiction

Parimutuel Wagering

Video Instant Charitable Charitable Card Gaming Sports lottery (& pull tab) bingo games rooms Casinos devices wagering terminals Keno games Lotto Numbers Passives

South Dakota .......... Tennessee ................. Texas ........................ Utah ......................... Vermont ...................

♣

♣ ♣

Virginia ................... Washington ............. West Virginia .......... Wisconsin ................ Wyoming ................. Dist. of Columbia .... Puerto Rico ............. U.S. Virgin Islands ..

♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♣

♣ ♣

♣

Interstate Jai Quarter inter-track Greyhound Alai Harness horse Thoroughbred wagering ♦ ♣

♦

♣ ♣

♦

♣ ♣

♠

♣ ♠ ♣ ■

♣ ♠ ♣

♠ ♣ ♣ ♠ ♣

♦ ♣ ♣ ♠ ♣ ♣ ♣

♣ ♣

♣ ♠ ♦ ♠ ♠ ♠

Intrastate Off inter-track track Telephone wagering betting betting

♣ ♠ ♣

♣

♦

♠

♠ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣

♠ ♣

♠ ♠

♣ ♣

Source: International Gaming & Wagering Business, September 1, 1995. Key: ♣ = Legal and operative. ♥ = Implemented since June 1994. ♠ = Authorized but not yet implemented. ♦ = Permitted by law and previously operative. ■ = Operative but no parimutuel wagering.

427

STATE PAGES

The Council of State Governments

STATE PAGES

Alabama

Alaska

Nickname ........................................... The Heart of Dixie Motto ............................ Aldemus Jura Nostra Defendere ........................................... (We Dare Defend Our Rights) Horse ......................................................... Racking Horse Flower ................................................................ Camellia Bird ........................................................... Yellowhammer Tree .......................................... Southern (Longleaf) Pine Song .................................................................... Alabama Insect ................................................... Monarch butterfly Rock ...................................................................... Marble Entered the Union ............................. December 14, 1819 Capital .......................................................... Montgomery

Motto ................................................. North to the Future Flower ...................................................... Forget-Me-Not Marine Mammal .................................... Bowhead Whale Bird ...................................................... Willow Ptarmigan Tree ............................................................... Sitka Spruce Song ............................................................. Alaskaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Flag Fish .............................................................. King Salmon Fossil ................................................... Woolly Mammoth Sport ............................................................ Dog Mushing Gem ............................................................................ Jade Mineral ...................................................................... Gold Purchased from Russia by the United States ....................................... March 30, 1867 Entered the Union ................................... January 3, 1959 Capital .................................................................... Juneau

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .......................................................... Fob James Lieutenant Governor ................................ Don Siegelman Secretary of State .......................................... Jim Bennett Attorney General ......................................... Jeff Sessions Treasurer ...................................................... Lucy Baxley Auditor ........................................................... Pat Duncan Commr. of Agriculture & Industries ...... Jack Thompson

SUPREME COURT Perry Hooper Sr., Chief Justice Hugh Maddox Reneau P. Almon Janie L. Shores Gorman Houston Mark Kennedy Kenneth F. Ingram Ralph D. Cook Terry Butts

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................... Tony Knowles Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Fran Ulmer

SUPREME COURT Daniel Moore Jr., Chief Justice Jay A. Rabinowitz Robert L. Eastaugh Warren W. Matthews Allen Compton

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................. Drue Pearce Secretary of the Senate .............................. Nancy Quinto Speaker of the House ................................... Gail Phillips Chief Clerk of the House .............................. Suzi Lowell

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ..... Lt. Governor Don Siegelman President Pro Tem of the Senate ........... Michael Figures Secretary of the Seante ............... Charles McDowell Lee Speaker of the House .................................... James Clark Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................. Seth Hammett Clerk of the Hosue ..................................... Gregg Pappas

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 50,750 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 28th Population ......................................................... 4,040,587 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 22nd Density per square mile ....................................... 79.62 Number of Representative in Congress ......................... 7 Capital City .................................................. Montgomery Population ........................................................ 187,106 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .................................................. Birmingham Population ........................................................ 265,968 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 50

428 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 570,374 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 1st Population ............................................................ 550,043 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 49th Density per square mile ......................................... 0.96 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ............................................................ Juneau Population .......................................................... 26,751 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City ..................................................... Anchorage Population ........................................................ 226,338 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................... 4

STATE PAGES

Arizona

Arkansas

Nickname ................................. The Grand Canyon State Motto ..................................... Ditat Deus (God Enriches) Flower ............................ Blossom of the Saguaro Cactus Bird ............................................................... Cactus Wren Tree .................................................................. Palo Verde Songs .......................... Arizona March Song and Arizona Gemstone ........................................................... Turquoise Official Neckwear ............................................... Bola Tie Entered the Union ............................... February 14, 1912 Capital .................................................................. Phoenix

Nickname ............................................. The Natural State Motto ........................ Regnat Populus (The People Rule) Flower ...................................................... Apple Blossom Bird ............................................................... Mockingbird Tree ............................................................................. Pine Song .................................................................... Arkansas Gem .................................................................... Diamond Entered the Union ...................................... June 15, 1836 Capital ............................................................ Little Rock

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ............................................ Fife Symington III Secretary of State ....................................... Jane Dee Hull Attorney General ......................................... Grant Woods Treasurer .......................................................... Tony West Supt. of Public Instruction ........................... Lisa Graham Mine Inspector ........................................ M. Jean Hassell

SUPREME COURT Stanley G. Feldman, Chief Justice James Moeler, Vice Chief Justice Robert J. Corcoran Thomas A. Zlaker Frederick J. Martone

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................. John Greene President Pro Tem of the Senate ................. John Wettaw Secretary of the Senate ..................... Shirley L. Wheaton Speaker of the House ............................. Mark W. Killian Speaker Pro Tem of the House ................... Don Aldridge Chief Clerk of the House ......................... Norman Moore

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 113,642 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 6th Population ......................................................... 3,665,228 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 24th Density per square mile ....................................... 32.25 Number of Representative in Congress ......................... 6 Capital City .......................................................... Phoenix Population ........................................................ 983,403 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City .......................................................... Phoenix Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 28

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................. Jim Guy Tucker Lieutenant Governor ............................... Mike Huckabee Secretary of State ........................................ Sharon Priest Attorney General .................................... Winston Bryant Treasurer ............................................ Jimmie Lou Fisher Auditor ...................................................... Gus Wingfield Land Commr. .......................................... Charlie Daniels

SUPREME COURT Bradley Jesson, Chief Justice Robert H. Dudley David Newbern Tom Glaze Donald L. Corbin Robert L. Brown Andree Roaf

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ............. Lt. Gov. Mike Huckabee President Pro Tem of the Senate ................. Stanley Russ Secretary of the Senate .............................. Ann Cornwell Speaker of the House ................................. Bobby Hogue Speaker Pro Tem of the House ................ Wayne Wagner Chief Clerk of the House .............................. Jo Renshaw

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 52,075 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 27th Population ......................................................... 2,350,725 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 33rd Density per square mile ....................................... 45.14 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 4 Capital City .................................................... Little Rock Population ........................................................ 175,795 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City .................................................... Little Rock Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 27

The Council of State Governments

429

STATE PAGES

California

Colorado

Nickname ............................................. The Golden State Motto ........................................ Eureka (I Have Found It) Animal .......................................................... Grizzly Bear Flower ........................................................ Golden Poppy Bird .............................................. California Valley Quail Tree ................................................... California Redwood Song ............................................... I Love You, California Fossil .................................................. Saber-Toothed Cat Marine Mammal .......................... California Gray Whale Entered the Union .............................. September 9, 1850 Capital ............................................................ Sacramento

Nickname ........................................ The Centennial State Motto ...................................................... Nil Sine Numine (Nothing Without Providence) Flower ............................................................. Columbine Bird .............................................................. Lark Bunting Tree ................................................................ Blue Spruce Song .................................... Where the Columbines Grow Fossil ............................................................. Stegosaurus Gemstone ....................................................... Aquamarine Animal ....................................................... Bighorn Sheep Entered the Union .................................... August 1, 1876 Capital City ........................................................... Denver

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ....................................................... Pete Wilson Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Gray Davis Secretary of State .............................................. Bill Jones Attorney General ................................ Daniel E. Lungren Treasurer .............................................. Matthew K. Fong Controller ............................................. Kathleen Connett Insurance Commissioner ......... Charles W. Quackenbush Supt. of Public Instruction ........................ Delaine Eastin

SUPREME COURT Malcolm M. Lucas, Chief Justice Stanley Mosk Joyce Kennard Armand Arabian Marcin Baxter Ronald M. George Katherine Mickle Werdegar

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate .................................. Gray Davis President Pro Tem of the Senate ................. Bill Lockyer Secretary of the Senate ................................ John Rovane Speaker of the Assembly .............................. Curt Pringle Speaker Pro Tem of the Assembly ............... Fred Aguiar Chief Clerk of the Assembly ............... E. Dotson Wilson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 155,973 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 3rd Population ....................................................... 29,760,021 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 1st Density per square mile ..................................... 190.80 Number of Representative in Congress ....................... 52 Capital City .................................................... Sacramento Population ........................................................ 369,365 Rank in State ............................................................ 7th Largest City ................................................... Los Angeles Population ..................................................... 3,485,398 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 383

430 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................................ Roy Romer Lieutenant Governor ............................ Gail S. Schoettler Secretary of State ...................................... Vikki Buckley Attorney General .......................................... Gale Norton Treasurer ......................................................... Bill Owens

SUPREME COURT Anthony F. Vollack, Chief Justice William H. Erickson George E. Lohr Howard M. Kirshbaum Mary J. Mullarkey Gregory K. Scott

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ................................. Tom Norton President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ Tilman M. Bishop Secretary of the Senate ................................ Joan M. Albi Speaker of the House ................................. Charles Berry Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............... Tony Grampsas Chief Clerk of the House ........................ Judith Rodrigue

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 103,729 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 8th Population ......................................................... 3,294,394 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 26th Density per square mile ....................................... 31.76 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 6 Capital City ........................................................... Denver Population ........................................................ 467,610 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ........................................................... Denver Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 39

STATE PAGES

Connecticut

Delaware

Nickname ..................................... The Constitution State Motto ............................................ Qui Transtulit Sustinet (He Who Transplanted Still Sustains) Animal ......................................................... Sperm Whale Flower ................................................... Mountain Laurel Bird ......................................................... American Robin Tree .................................................................. White Oak Song ........................................................... Yankee Doodle Mineral ................................................................... Garnet Insect .................................... European “Praying” Mantis Entered the Union ................................... January 9, 1788 Capital ................................................................. Hartford

Nickname .................................................. The First State Motto ...................................... Liberty and Independence Flower ...................................................... Peach Blossom Bird ...................................................... Blue Hen Chicken Tree .......................................................... American Holly Song ............................................................ Our Delaware Fish .................................................................... Sea Trout Entered the Union ............................... December 7, 1787 Capital ..................................................................... Dover

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .................................................... John Rowland Lieutenant Governor ..................................... M. Jodi Rell Secretary of State ................................ Miles S. Rapoport Attorney General ............................. Richard Blumenthal Treasurer ................................... Christopher B. Burnham Comptroller ............................................... Nancy Wyman

SUPREME COURT Ellen Ash Peters, Chief Justice Robert J. Callahan David M. Borden Robert I. Berdon Flemming L. Norcott Jr. Joette Katz Richard N. Palmer

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate .................. Lt. Gov. M. Jodi Rell President Pro Tem of the Senate .............. M. Adela Eads Clerk of the Senate .................................... Alden A. Ives Speaker of the House ........................... Thomas D. Ritter Deputy Speakers of the House ........ Joan V. Hartley, Wade A. Hyslop Jr. Clerk of the House .................................... Gary Coleman

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 4,845 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 48th Population ......................................................... 3,287,116 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 27th Density per square mile ..................................... 678.40 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 6 Capital City ......................................................... Hartford Population ........................................................ 139,739 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ..................................................... Bridgeport Population ........................................................ 141,686 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 37

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................................Tom Carper Lieutenant Governor ............................ Ruth Ann Minner Attorney General ...................................... M. Jane Brady Treasurer ........................................... Janet C. Rzewnicki Auditor .......................................... R. Thomas Wagner Jr. Insurance Commr. ........................... Donna Lee Williams

SUPREME COURT E. Norman Veasey, Chief Justice Joseph T. Walsh Randy J. Holland Maurice A. Hartnett III Carolyn Berger

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate .......... Lt. Gov. Ruth Ann Minner President Pro Tem of the Senate ...... Richard S. Cordrey Secretary of the Senate ......................... Bernard J. Brady Speaker of the House .............................. Terry R. Spence Chief Clerk of the House ......................... JoAnn Hedrick

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 1,955 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 49th Population ............................................................ 666,168 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 46th Density per square mile ..................................... 340.82 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ............................................................. Dover Population .......................................................... 27,630 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ................................................... Wilmington Population .......................................................... 71,529 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................... 5

The Council of State Governments

431

STATE PAGES

Florida

Georgia

Nickname .......................................... The Sunshine State Motto ...................................................... In God We Trust Animal ...................................................... Florida Panther Flower .................................................... Orange Blossom Bird ............................................................... Mockingbird Tree .................................................. Sabal Palmetto Palm Song ................ The Swannee River (Old Folks at Home) Marine Mammal ................................................. Manatee Saltwater Mammal .............................................. Porpoise Gem ................................................................. Moonstone Shell .............................................................. Horse Conch Entered the Union ..................................... March 3, 1845 Capital ............................................................ Tallahassee

Nickname* ...................... The Empire State of the South Motto ........................... Wisdom, Justice and Moderation Flower ...................................................... Cherokee Rose Bird ......................................................... Brown Thrasher Tree ..................................................................... Live Oak Song ................................................. Georgia on My Mind Butterfly ............................................... Tiger Swallowtail Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Fish ....................................................... Largemouth Bass Entered the Union ................................... January 2, 1788 Capital ................................................................... Atlanta *Unofficial

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................... Lawton Chiles Lieutenant Governor ............................... Buddy MacKay Secretary of State .................. Sandra Barringer Mortham Attorney General .............................. Robert Butterworth Treasurer/Insurance Commr. ......................... Bill Nelson Comptroller ......................................... Robert F. Milligan Commr. of Education ............................. Frank T. Brogan Commr. of Agriculture ............................... Bob Crawford

SUPREME COURT Stephen H. Grimes, Chief Justice Ben F. Overton Leander J. Shaw Jr. Gerald Kogan Major B. Harding Charles T. Wells Harry Lee Anstead

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate .................................. James Scott President Pro Tem of the Senate ............. Malcolm Beard Secretary of the Senate .................................. Joe Brown Speaker of the House ........................ Peter Rudy Wallace Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................... Jack Ascherl Clerk of the House .................................... John B. Phelps

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 53,997 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 26th Population ....................................................... 12,937,926 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 4th Density per square mile ..................................... 239.60 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 23 Capital City .................................................... Tallahassee Population ........................................................ 124,773 Rank in State ............................................................ 8th Largest City ................................................... Jacksonville Population ........................................................ 635,230 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 216

432 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ......................................................... Zell Miller Lieutenant Governor ................................. Pierre Howard Secretary of State ......................................... Max Cleland Attorney General ............................... Michael J. Bowers Commr. of Insurance ............................... John Oxendine Superintendent of Schools ...................... Linda Schrenko Commr. of Agriculture ............................ Thomas T. Irvin Commr. of Labor .................................... David Poythress

SUPREME COURT Robert Benham, Chief Justice Norman Fletcher Leah J. Sears Carol W. Hunstein George H. Carley Hugh Thompson

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ............... Lt. Gov. Pierre Howard President Pro Tem of the Senate .................... Walter Ray Secretary of the Senate ........................ Frank Eldridge Jr. Speaker of the House ........................ Thomas B. Murphy Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................... Jack Connell Clerk of the House ................................ Robert Rivers Jr.

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 57,919 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 21st Population ......................................................... 6,478,216 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 11th Density per square mile ..................................... 111.85 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 11 Capital City ........................................................... Atlanta Population ........................................................ 394,017 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ........................................................... Atlanta Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 66

STATE PAGES

Hawaii

Idaho

Nickname ................................................ The Aloha State Motto .................... Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono (The Life of the Land Is Perpetuated in Righteousness) Flower ................................................................. Hibiscus Bird ......................................................... Hawaiian Goose Tree ............................................. Kukui Tree (Candlenut) Song ............................................................ Hawaii Ponoi Entered the Union .................................. August 21, 1959 Capital ................................................................ Honolulu

Nickname .................................................. The Gem State Motto ....................... Esto Perpetua (Let It Be Perpetual) Flower .................................................................. Syringa Bird ..................................................... Mountain Bluebird Tree ................................................... Western White Pine Song ................................................. Here We Have Idaho Horse ................................................................ Appaloosa Gemstone ............................................. Idaho Start Garnet Entered the Union ......................................... July 3, 1890 Capital ...................................................................... Boise

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................ Ben J. Cayetano Lieutenant Governor ............................. Mazie K. Hirono

SUPREME COURT Ronald Moon, Chief Justice Robert G. Klein Steven H. Levinson Paula Nakayama Mario Ramil

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ..................... Norman Mizuguchi Vice President of the Senate ................. Mike McCartney Clerk of the Senate ................................ T. David Woo Jr. Speaker of the House ............................. Joseph M. Souki Vice Speaker of the House ....................... Paul T. Oshiro Chief Clerk of the House .............. Patricia Mau Shimizu

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 6,423 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 47th Population ......................................................... 1,108,229 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 41st Density per square mile ..................................... 172.53 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City ........................................................ Honolulu Population ........................................................ 365,272 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ........................................................ Honolulu Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 17

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................................... Phil Bratt Lieutenant Governor ........................................ C.L. Otter Secretary of State ................................. Pete T. Cenarrusa Attorney General ...................................... Alan G. Lance Treasurer ............................................... Lydia J. Edwards Auditor ........................................................ J.D. Williams Supt. of Public Instruction ........................... Anne C. Fox

SUPREME COURT Chas F. McDevitt, Chief Justice Byron Johnson Linda C. Trout Cathy R. Silak Gerald Schroeder

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ...................... Lt. Gov. C.L. Otter President Pro Tem of the Senate ................. Jerry Twiggs Secretary of the Senate ............................ Jeannine Wood Speaker of the House ........................... Michael Simpson Chief Clerk of the House .......................... Phyllis Watson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 82,751 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 11th Population ......................................................... 1,006,749 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 42nd Density per square mile ....................................... 12.17 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City .............................................................. Boise Population ........................................................ 125,738 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City .............................................................. Boise Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 10

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STATE PAGES

Illinois

Indiana

Nickname ................................................ The Prarie State Great Seal ................... State Sovereignty-National Union Animal .................................................. White-tailed Deer Flower ......................................................... Native Violet Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree .................................................................. White Oak Song ....................................................................... Illinois Mineral ................................................................. Fluorite Fish ....................................................................... Bluegill Entered the Union ............................... December 3, 1818 Capital ............................................................. Springfield

Nickname ............................................ The Hoosier State Motto ............................................ Crossroads of America Flower ..................................................................... Peony Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree ................................................................ Tulip Poplar Song ................... On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away Poem .................................... Indiana by Franklin Maples Stone ................................................................. Limestone Entered the Union ............................. December 11, 1816 Capital ........................................................... Indianapolis

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .......................................................... Jim Edgar Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Bob Kustra Secretary of State ......................................... George Ryan Attorney General ............................................... Jim Ryan Treasurer ............................................ Judy Baar Topinka Comptroller ..................................... Loleta A. Didrickson

SUPREME COURT Michael A. Bilandic, Chief Justice Ben Miller James D. Heiple Charles E. Freeman Moses W. Harrison II Mary Ann G. McMorrow John L. Nickels

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ................................ James Philip Secretary of the Senate ..................................... Jim Harry Speaker of the House ................................ Lee A. Daniels Chief Clerk of the House ..................... Terry McLennand

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .................................................... Evan Bayh III Lieutenant Governor ......................... Frank L. O’Bannon Secretary of State .................................... Sue Ann Gilroy Attorney General ........................ Pamela Fanning Carter Treasurer ................................................ Joyce Brinkman Auditor .................................................... Morris Wooden Supt. of Public Instruction .......................... Suellen Reed

SUPREME COURT Randall T. Shepard, Chief Justice Richard M. Givan Roger O. DeBruler Brent E. Dickson Frank Sullivan

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ...... Lt. Gov. Frank L. O’Bannon President Pro Tem of the Senate .......... Robert D. Garton Principal Secretary of the Senate ......... Carolyn J. Tinkle Speaker of the House ........................ Paul S. Mannweiler Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............. Jeffrey K. Espich Principal Clerk of the House ....................... Lynn Dennis

STATISTICS

Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 55,593 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 24th Population ....................................................... 11,430,602 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 6th Density per square mile ..................................... 205.61 Number of representatives in Congress ....................... 20 Capital City .....................................................Springfield Population ........................................................ 105,227 Rank in State ............................................................ 4th Largest City ......................................................... Chicago Population ..................................................... 2,783,726 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 180

Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 35,870 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 38th Population ......................................................... 5,544,159 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 14th Density per square mile ..................................... 154.56 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 10 Capital City ................................................... Indianapolis Population ........................................................ 731,327 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ................................................... Indianapolis Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 64

434 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PAGES

Iowa

Kansas

Nickname .......................................... The Hawkeye State Motto .................................... Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We will Maintain Flower .............................................................. Wild Rose Bird ...................................................... Eastern Goldfinch Tree ............................................................................. Oak Song ...................................................... The Song of Iowa Stone ....................................................................... Geode Entered the Union ............................. December 28, 1846 Capital ........................................................... Des Moines

Nickname ........................................ The Sunflower State Motto ................................................ Ad Astra per Aspera (To the Stars through Difficulties) Animal ................................................. American Buffalo Flower ......................................... Wild Native Sunflower Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree ................................................................ Cottonwood Song ................................................... Home on the Range Reptile ................................................. Ornate Box Turtle Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Entered the Union ................................. January 29, 1861 Capital ................................................................... Topeka

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .............................................. Terry E. Branstad Lieutenant Governor ................................ Joy C. Corning Secretary of State ................................... Paul Denny Pate Attorney General ...................................... Tom H. Miller Treasurer ....................................... Michael L. Fitzgerald Auditor .............................................. Richard D. Johnson Commr. of Agriculture ............................... Dale Cochran

SUPREME COURT Arthur A. McGiverin, Chief Justice David K. Harris Jerry L. Larson James H. Carter Louis A. Lavorato Linda K. Neuman Bruce M. Snell Jr. James Andreasen Marsha Ternus

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate .................... Leonard L. Boswell President Pro Tem of the Senate ............ Tony Bisignano Secretary of the Senate ............................. John F. Dwyer Speaker of the House .................................... Ron Corbett Speaker Pro Tem of the House ........ Harold Van Maanen Chief Clerk of the House ............................. Liz Isaacson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 55,875 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 23rd Population ......................................................... 2,776,755 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 30th Density per square mile ....................................... 49.70 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 5 Capital City ................................................... Des Moines Population ........................................................ 193,187 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ................................................... Des Moines Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 30

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................................ Bill Graves Lieutenant Governor ................................... Sheila Frahm Secretary of State ................................... Ron Thornburgh Attorney General ..................................... Carla J. Stovall Treasurer ................................................ Sally Thompson Commr. of Insurance .......................... Kathleen Sebelius

SUPREME COURT Kay McFarland, Chief Justice Tyler C. Lockett Donald L. Allegrucci Frederick N. Six Bob Abbot Robert E. Davis

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................... Paul Burke Vice President of the Senate ........ Alicia Laing Salisbury Secretary of the Senate ................................... Pat Saville Speaker of the House ......................... Tim Shallenburger Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................... Susan Wagle Chief Clerk of the House ........................... Janet E. Jones

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 81,823 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 13th Population ......................................................... 2,477,574 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 32nd Density per square mile ....................................... 30.28 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 4 Capital City ........................................................... Topeka Population ........................................................ 119,883 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .......................................................... Wichita Population ........................................................ 304,001 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 34

The Council of State Governments

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STATE PAGES

Kentucky

Louisiana

Nickname ......................................... The Bluegrass State Motto ......................... United We Stand, Divided We Fall Animal ......................................................... Gray Squirrel Flower .............................................................. Goldenrod Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree ................................................................ Tulip Poplar Song ............................................ My Old Kentucky Home Fossil .............................................................. Brachiopod Fish ........................................................... Kentucky Bass Entered the Union ........................................ June 1, 1792 Capital ................................................................ Frankfort

Nickname ............................................. The Pelican State Motto ............................... Union, Justice and Confidence Flower ............................................................... Magnolia Bird ............................................... Eastern Brown Pelican Tree .............................................................. Bald Cypress Songs ........................................... Give Me Louisiana and You Are My Sunshine Crustacean .......................................................... Crawfish Dog ..................................................... Catahoula Leopard Entered the Union ..................................... April 30, 1812 Capital .......................................................... Baton Rouge

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor .................................................... Paul E. Patton Lieutenant Governor ..................................... Steve Henry Secretary of State ...................................... John Y. Brown Attorney General ....................................... Ben Chandler Treasurer ................................... John Kennedy Hamilton Auditor of Public Accounts ........................... Ed Hatchett Commr. of Agriculture ........................... Billy Ray Smith

Governor .......................................... Murphy J. Foster Jr. Lieutenant Governor ......................... Kathleen B. Blanco Secretary of State ............................... W. Fox McKeithen Attorney General ................................ Richard Ieyoub Jr. Treasurer ................................................ Kenneth Duncan Commr. of Agriculture .................................... Bob Odum Commr. of Insurance ...................................... Jim Brown Commr. of Elections ............................... Jerry M. Fowler

SUPREME COURT Robert F. Stephens, Chief Justice John Williams Graves Charles H. Reynolds Joseph E. Lambert Donald C. Winterheimer Janet L. Stumbo

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ............................... John A. Rose President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ Charles W. Berger Chief Clerk of the Senate ......................... Julie Haviland Speaker of the House ................................. Jody Richards Speaker Pro Tem of the House ...................... Larry Clark Chief Clerk of the House ........................ Evelyn Marston

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 39,732 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 36th Population ......................................................... 3,685,296 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 23rd Density per square mile ....................................... 92.75 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 6 Capital City ........................................................Frankfort Population .......................................................... 25,968 Rank in State ............................................................ 8th Largest City ...................................................... Louisville Population ........................................................ 269,063 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 39

436 The Book of the States 1996-97

SUPREME COURT Pascal F. Calogero Jr., Chief Justice Walter F. Marcus Jr. Jack Crozier Watson Harry T. Lemmon Jeffrey P. Victory Catherine D. Kimball Burnette Joshua Johnson Vacant seat

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............................... Randy Ewing President Pro Tem of the Senate ........... Dennis Bagneris Secretary of the Senate ..................... Michael S. Baer III Speaker of the House .................................. H.B. Downer Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............ C. Emile Bruneau Clerk of the House .................................. Alfred W. Speer

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 43,566 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 33rd Population ......................................................... 4,219,973 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 21st Density per square mile ....................................... 96.86 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 7 Capital City .................................................. Baton Rouge Population ........................................................ 219,531 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City .................................................. New Orleans Population ........................................................ 496,938 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 45

STATE PAGES

Maine

Maryland

Nickname .......................................... The Pine Tree State Motto ......................................Dirigo (I Direct or I Lead) Animal .................................................................... Moose Flower ................................. White Pine Cone and Tassel Bird ................................................................... Chickadee Tree .................................................................. White Pine Song .................................................. State of Maine Song Fish ................................................... Landlocked Salmon Mineral ........................................................... Tourmaline Entered the Union ................................... March 15, 1820 Capital ................................................................. Augusta

Nicknames ................. The Old Line State and Free State Motto ................................ Fatti Maschii, Parole Femine (Manly Deeds, Womanly Words) Flower .................................................. Black-eyed Susan Bird ........................................................ Baltimore Oriole Tree .................................................................. White Oak Song .......................................... Maryland, My Maryland Dog ......................................... Chesapeake Bay Retriever Boat ............................................................. The Skipjack Fish ............................................................... Striped Bass Entered the Union ..................................... April 28, 1788 Capital .............................................................. Annapolis

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .............................................. Angus S. King Jr.

SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Daniel E. Wathen, Chief Justice David G. Roberts Caroline D. Glassman Robert W. Clifford Paul L. Rudman Howard H. Dana Jr. Kermit V. Lipez

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............................ Jeffrey Butland Secretary of the Senate ............................... May M. Ross Speaker of the House ............................... Dan Gwadosky Clerk of the House ................................. Joseph W. Mayo

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 30,865 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 39th Population ......................................................... 1,227,928 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 38th Density per square mile ....................................... 39.78 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City ......................................................... Augusta Population .......................................................... 21,325 Rank in State ............................................................ 6th Largest City ......................................................... Portland Population .......................................................... 64,358 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 13

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................ Parris M. Glendening Lieutenant Governor ......... Kathleen Kennedy Townsend Attorney General .............................. J. Joseph Curran Jr. Comptroller & Treasury .................... Louis L. Goldstein

COURT OF APPEALS Robert C. Murphy, Chief Judge John C. Eldridge Lawrence F. Rodowsky Howard S. Chasanow Robert L. Karwacki Robert M. Bell Irma S. Raker

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate .......... Thomas V. Mike Miller Jr. President Pro Tem of the Senate ..... Norman R. Stone Jr. Secretary of the Senate ................................. Oden Bowie Speaker of the House ............................ Casper R. Taylor Speaker Pro Tem of the House ........ Elijah E. Cummings Chief Clerk of the House ......................... Mary Monahan

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 9,775 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 42nd Population ......................................................... 4,781,468 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 19th Density per square mile ..................................... 489.17 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 8 Capital City ...................................................... Annapolis Population .......................................................... 33,187 Rank in State ......................................................... 22nd Largest City ....................................................... Baltimore Population ........................................................ 736,014 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 99

The Council of State Governments

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STATE PAGES

Massachusetts

Michigan

Nickname ................................................... The Bay State Motto ......... Ense Petit Placidam Sub Libertate Quietem (By the Sword We Seek Peace, but Peace Only under Liberty) Animal ....................................................... Morgan Horse Flower ............................................................. Mayflower Bird ................................................................... Chickadee Tree ............................................................ American Elm Song ......................................... All Hail to Massachusetts Fish ............................................................................. Cod Marine Mammal .......................................... Right Whale Insect ................................................................... Ladybug Dog ............................................................ Boston Terrier Beverage .................................................. Cranberry Juice Gem .................................................................. Rhodenite Mineral ......................................................... Babingtonite Entered the Union ................................. February 6, 1788 Capital ................................................................... Boston

Nickname ......................................... The Wolverine State Motto ..... Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice (If You Seek a Pleasant Peninsula, Look About You) Flower ...................................................... Apple Blossom Bird .......................................................................... Robin Tree .................................................................. White Pine Stone ......................................................... Petoskey Stone Gem ............................................................ Chlorastrolite Fish ................................................................ Brook Trout Reptile ........................................................ Painted Turtle Entered the Union ................................. January 26, 1837 Capital .................................................................. Lansing

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................ William F. Weld Lieutenant Governor ................................... Paul Cellucci Secretary of the Commonwealth ......... William F. Galvin Attorney General ............................ L. Scott Harshbarger Treasurer & Receiver General ................. Joseph Malone Auditor of the Commonwealth ......... A. Joseph DeNucci

SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Paul J. Liacos, Chief Justice Herbert P. Wilkins Ruth I. Abrams Neil L. Lynch Francis P. O’Connor John M. Creaney Charles Fried

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ....................................................... John Engler Lieutenant Governor .............................. Connie Binsfeld Secretary of State ..................................... Candice Miller Attorney General ..................................... Frank J. Kelley

SUPREME COURT James H. Brickley, Chief Justice Michael Cavanagh Patricia J. Boyle Dorothy Comstock Riley Conrad L. Malett Jr. Elizabeth A. Weaver Charles Levin

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ........... Lt. Gov. Connie Binsfield President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ John J.H. Schwarz Secretary of the Senate ............................... Carol Viventi Speaker of the House .............................. Paul Hillegonds Speaker Pro Tem of the House .............. Frank Fitzgerald Clerk of the House ............................... Melvin DeStigter

GENERAL COURT President of the Senate .............. Thomas F. Birmingham Clerk of the Senate ............................ Edward B. O’Neill Speaker of the House ......................... Charles F. Flaherty Clerk of the House ......................... Robert E. MacQueen

Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 7,838 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 45th Population ......................................................... 6,016,425 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 13th Density per square mile ..................................... 767.60 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 9 Capital City ........................................................... Boston Population ........................................................ 574,283 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ........................................................... Boston Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 83

438 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 56,809 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 22nd Population ......................................................... 9,295,297 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 8th Density per square mile ..................................... 163.62 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 16 Capital City .......................................................... Lansing Population ........................................................ 127,321 Rank in State ............................................................ 5th Largest City ........................................................... Detroit Population ..................................................... 1,027,974 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 110

STATE PAGES

Minnesota

Mississippi

Nickname ........................................ The North Star State Motto ......................... Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Etoile du Nord (The North Star) Flower ............................... Pink and White Lady-Slipper Bird ........................................................... Common Loon Tree ..................................................................... Red Pine Song ........................................................ Hail! Minnesota Fish ....................................................................... Walleye Grain .................................................................. Wild Rice Mushroom ............................................................... Morel Entered the Union ...................................... May 11, 1858 Capital .................................................................. St. Paul

Nickname .......................................... The Magnolia State Motto .................... Virtute et Armis (By Valor and Arms) Animal .................................................. White-tailed deer Flower ............................................................... Magnolia Bird ............................................................... Mockingbird Water Mammal ................................ Bottlenosed Dolphin Tree .................................................................... Magnolia Song .......................................................... Go, Mississippi Fish .................................................................. Black Bass Beverage .................................................................... Milk Entered the Union ............................. December 10, 1817 Capital .................................................................. Jackson

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ..................................................... Arne Carlson Lieutenant Governor ............................ Joanne E. Benson Secretary of State .......................... Joan Anderson Growe Attorney General ...................... Hubert H. Humphrey III Treasurer ......................................... Michael A. McGrath Auditor ................................................. Judith H. Dutcher

SUPREME COURT Alexander M. Keith, Chief Justice Esther M. Tomljanovich Sandra S. Gardebering Alan C. Page Paul Anderson Edward Stringer M. Jeanne Coyne

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............................. Allan H. Spear Secretary of the Senate ..................... Patrick E. Flahaven Speaker of the House ................................... Irv Anderson Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................... Phyllis Kahn Chief Clerk of the House .................. Edward A. Burdick

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 79,617 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 14th Population ......................................................... 4,375,099 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 20th Density per square mile ....................................... 54.95 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 8 Capital City .......................................................... St. Paul Population ........................................................ 272,235 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ................................................... Minneapolis Population ........................................................ 368,383 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 73

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ...................................................... Kirk Fordice Lieutenant Governor ............................ Ronnie Musgrove Secretary of State ............................................. Eric Clark Attorney General .......................................... Mike Moore Treasurer ............................................... Marshall Bennett State Auditor ............................................. Steve Paterson Commr. of Agriculture .................................. Lester Spell Commr. of Insurance ................................... George Dale

SUPREME COURT Armis E. Hawkins, Chief Justice Dan M. Lee Lenore L. Prather Michael Sullivan Ed Pittman Fred Banks Jr. Chuck McRae James L. Roberts Jr. James W. Smith Jr.

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ......... Lt. Gov. Ronnie Musgrove President Pro Tem of the Senate ... Thomas Arlin Gollott Secretary of the Senate .................................... Amy Tuck Speaker of the House ......................................... Tim Ford Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................... Robert Clark Clerk of the House .................................. Charles Jackson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 46,914 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 31st Population ......................................................... 2,573,216 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 31st Density per square mile ....................................... 54.85 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 5 Capital City .......................................................... Jackson Population ........................................................ 196,637 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City .......................................................... Jackson Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 34

The Council of State Governments

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STATE PAGES

Missouri

Montana

Nickname .......................................... The Show Me State Motto .............................. Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto (The Welfare of the People Shall Be the Supreme Law) Flower .................................................... White Hawthorn Bird ...................................................................... Bluebird Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Tree .................................................. Flowering Dogwood Song ........................................................... Missouri Waltz Rock ................................................................. Mozarkite Mineral .................................................................. Galena Fossil .....................................................................Crinoid Entered the Union .................................. August 10, 1821 Capital ........................................................ Jefferson City

Nickname ........................................... The Treasure State Motto ................................ Oro y Plata (Gold and Silver) Animal .......................................................... Grizzly Bear Flower ............................................................... Bitterroot Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree ........................................................... Ponderosa Pine Song .................................................................... Montana State Ballad ........................................... Montana Melody Gem Stones ....................................... Sapphire and Agate State Fossil .................................... Duck-billed Dinosaur Entered the Union ............................... November 8, 1889 Capital ................................................................... Helena

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .................................................... Mel Carnahan Lieutenant Governor .................................. Roger Wilson Secretary of State ...................................... Rebecca Cook Attorney General ............................... Jeremiah W. Nixon Treasurer ....................................................... Bob Holden Auditor ................................................ Margaret B. Kelly

SUPREME COURT John C. Holstein, Chief Justice Duane Benton Elwood L. Thomas William Ray Price Jr. Stephen N. Limbaugh Jr. Edward D. Robertson Jr.

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ..................................................... Marc Racicot Lieutenant Governor ............................... Dennis Rehberg Secretary of State ........................................ Mike Cooney Attorney General ................................ Joseph P. Mazurek Auditor ...................................................... Mark Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Keefe Supt. of Public Instruction ........................ Nancy Keenan

SUPREME COURT J.A. Turnage, Chief Justice Karla M. Gray William E. Hunt Sr. Terry Trieweiler Fred J. Wever James C. Nelson W. William Leaphart

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

LEGISLATURE

President of the Senate ................ Lt. Gov. Roger Wilson President Pro Tem of the Senate ... James L. Mathewson Secretary of the Senate ........................... Terry L. Spieler Speaker of the House ...................................... Steve Gaw Speaker Pro Tem of the House .............. Fletcher Daniels Chief Clerk of the House .................. Douglas W. Burnett

President of the Senate .............................. Robert Brown President Pro Tem of the Senate ............... Gary Aklestad Secretary of the Senate ........................... Rosana Skelton Speaker of the House ................................... John Mercer Speaker Pro Tem of the House ................ Marian Hanson Chief Clerk of the House .......................... Marilyn Miller

STATISTICS

Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 68,898 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 18th Population ......................................................... 5,117,073 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 15th Density per square mile ....................................... 74.27 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 9 Capital City ................................................ Jefferson City Population .......................................................... 35,481 Rank in State .......................................................... 15th Largest City ................................................... Kansas City Population ........................................................ 435,146 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 64

Land Area (square miles) .................................... 145,556 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 4th Population ............................................................ 799,065 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 44th Density per square mile ......................................... 5.49 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ........................................................... Helena Population .......................................................... 24,569 Rank in State ............................................................ 5th Largest City .......................................................... Billings Population .......................................................... 81,151 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 10

440 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PAGES

Nebraska

Nevada

Nickname ...................................... The Cornhusker State Motto ......................................... Equality Before the Law Mammal ............................................... White-tailed Deer Flower .............................................................. Goldenrod Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree .................................................. Western Cottonwood Song ................................................... Beautiful Nebraska Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Gemstone ......................................................... Blue Agate Entered the Union ..................................... March 1, 1867 Capital .................................................................. Lincoln

Nickname ................................................ The Silver State Motto ................................................ All for Our Country Animal ........................................... Desert Bighorn Sheep Flower .............................................................. Sagebrush Bird ..................................................... Mountain Bluebird Tree .................... Bristlecone Pine and Single-leaf Pinon Song ................................................ Home Means Nevada Fish ........................................... Lahontan Citthroat Trout Fossil ................................................................ Ichtyosaur Entered the Union ................................. October 31, 1864 Capital ........................................................... Carson City

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor .......................................... E. Benjamin Nelson Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Kim Robak Secretary of State .......................................... Scott Moore Attorney General .............................. Donald B. Stenberg Treasurer ........................................... David E. Heineman Auditor of Public Accounts ..................... John Brewslow

Governor ................................................. Robert J. Miller Lieutenant Governor ....................... Lonnie Hammargren Secretary of State .......................................... Dean Heller Attorney General .......................... Frankie Sue Del Papa Treasurer ................................................. Robert L. Seale Controller .............................................. Darrel R. Daines

SUPREME COURT C. Thomas White, Chief Justice D. Nick Caporale Dale E. Fahrnbruch David J. Lanphier John F. Wright William Connolly John Gerrard

UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE President of the Legislature ............. Lt. Gov. Kim Robak Speaker of the Legislature ........................... Ron Withem Chairman of Executive Board, Legislative Council .......................... George Coordsen Vice Chairman of Executive Board, Legislative Council ................................. Floyd Vrtiska Clerk of the Legislature .................. Patrick J. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Donnell

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 76,878 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 15th Population ......................................................... 1,578,385 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 36th Density per square mile ....................................... 20.53 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 3 Capital City .......................................................... Lincoln Population ........................................................ 191,972 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ........................................................... Omaha Population ........................................................ 335,795 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 14

SUPREME COURT Thomas Steffan, Chief Justice Robert E. Rose Charles E. Springer C. Cliff Young Miriam Shearing

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate .... Lt. Gov. Lonnie Hammargren President Pro Tem of the Senate .. Lawrence E. Jacobsen Secretary of the Senate ........................ Janice L. Thomas Speakers of the Assembly ............. Joseph E. Dini Jr., Lynn C. Hettrick Speakers Pro Tem of the Assembly ................. Jan Evans, Sandra Tiffany Chief Clerk of the Assembly ................... Linda B. Alden

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 109,806 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 7th Population ......................................................... 1,201,833 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 39th Density per square mile ....................................... 10.95 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City ................................................... Carson City Population .......................................................... 40,443 Rank in State ............................................................ 9th Largest City ....................................................... Las Vegas Population ........................................................ 258,295 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 14

The Council of State Governments

441

STATE PAGES

New Hampshire

New Jersey

Nickname ............................................. The Granite State Motto ...................................................... Live Free or Die Animal .................................................. White-tailed Deer Flower ........................................................... Purple Lilac Bird ............................................................... Purple Finch Tree ................................................................ White Birch Song .................................................. Old New Hampshire Insect ................................................................... Ladybug Gem ........................................................... Smoky Quartz Entered the Union ...................................... June 21, 1788 Capital ................................................................. Concord

Nickname ............................................. The Garden State Motto ............................................ Liberty and Prosperity Animal ..................................................................... Horse Flower ..................................................................... Violet Bird ...................................................... Eastern Goldfinch Tree ...................................................................... Red Oak Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Entered the Union ............................. December 18, 1787 Capital .................................................................. Trenton

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIAL

Governor ................................... Christine Todd Whitman

Governor ..................................................... Steve Merrill

SUPREME COURT

SUPREME COURT David A. Brock, Chief Justice John T. Broderick Jr. William R. Johnson W. Stephen Thayer III Sherman D. Horton Jr.

GENERAL COURT President of the Senate ........................ Joseph Delahunty Clerk of the Senate ............................ Gloria M. Randlett Speaker of the House ............................ Harold W. Burns Deputy Speaker of the House ....................... Stacey Cole Clerk of the House .......................... Karen O. Wadsworth

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIAL

Robert N. Wilentz, Chief Justice Alan B. Handler Stewart G. Pollock Daniel J. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Hern Marie L. Garibaldi Gary S. Stein

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............... Donald T. DiFrancesco President Pro Tem of the Senate ................ Joseph Palaia Secretary of the Senate ........................... Dolores A. Kirk Speaker of the Assembly .............................. Jack Collins Speaker Pro Tem of the Assembly ..... Nicholas R. Felice Clerk of the Assembly .............................. Linda Metzger

STATISTICS

Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 8,969 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 44th Population ......................................................... 1,109,252 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 40th Density per square mile ..................................... 123.67 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City ......................................................... Concord Population .......................................................... 36,006 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .................................................... Manchester Population .......................................................... 99,567 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 14

Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 7,419 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 46th Population ......................................................... 7,730,188 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 9th Density per square mile .................................. 1,041.97 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 13 Capital City .......................................................... Trenton Population .......................................................... 88,675 Rank in State ............................................................ 6th Largest City .......................................................... Newark Population ........................................................ 275,221 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 162

442 The Book of the States 1996-97

STATE PAGES

New Mexico

New York

Nickname ............................... The Land of Enchantment Motto ..................... Crescit Eundo (It Grows As It Goes) Flower ................................. Yucca (Our Lordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Candles) Bird ............................................................ Chaparral Bird Tree ........................................................................... Pinon Songs ........................................ Asi es Nuevo Mexico and O, Fair New Mexico Gem ................................................................... Turquoise Fossil ............................................. Coelophysis Dinosaur Animal ............................................................. Black Bear Entered the Union ................................... January 6, 1912 Capital ................................................................. Santa Fe

Nickname ............................................. The Empire State Motto ........................................ Excelsior (Ever Upward) Animal .................................................. American Beaver Fish ................................................................ Brook Trout Flower ....................................................................... Rose Bird ...................................................................... Bluebird Tree ............................................................... Sugar Maple Song* ...................................................... I Love New York Gem ........................................................................ Garnet Fossil ................................................. Eurypterus remipes Entered the Union ....................................... July 26, 1788 Capital ................................................................... Albany *unofficial

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................ Gary E. Johnson Lieutenant Governor ................................ Walter Bradley Secretary of State .............................. Stephanie Gonzales Attorney General ............................................. Tom Udall Treasurer ......................................... Michael A. Montoya Auditor ..................................................... Robert E. Vigil Commr. of Public Land ............................ Ray B. Powell

SUPREME COURT Joseph E. Baca, Chief Justice Richard E. Ransom Gene E. Franchini Stanley F. Frost Pamela Minzner

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ............................................... George E. Pataki Lieutenant Governor ..................... Elizabeth McCaughey Attorney General ................................... Dennis C. Vacco Comptroller .............................................. H. Carl McCall

COURT OF APPEALS Judith S. Kaye, Chief Judge Richard D. Simons Vito J. Titone Joseph W. Bellacosa George Bundy Smith Howard A. Levine Carmen Beaucamp Ciparick

LEGISLATURE

President of the Senate .............. Lt. Gov. Walter Bradley President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ Manny M. Aragon Chief Clerk of the Senate ................ Margaret Larragoite Speaker of the House ..................... Raymond G. Sanchez Chief Clerk of the House ...................... Stephen R. Arias

President of the Senate ........ Lt. Gov. Betsy McCaughey President Pro Tem of the Senate ........... Joseph L. Bruno Secretary of the Senate .............................. Stephen Sloan Speaker of the Assembly .......................... Sheldon Silver Speaker Pro Tem of the Assembly .... Elizabeth Connelly Clerk of the Assembly ...................... Francine M. Misasi

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) .................................... 121,365 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 5th Population ......................................................... 1,515,069 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 37th Density per square mile ....................................... 12.48 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 3 Capital City ......................................................... Santa Fe Population .......................................................... 55,859 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .................................................. Albuquerque Population ........................................................ 384,736 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 19

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 47,224 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 30th Population ....................................................... 17,990,455 Rank in Nation ........................................................ 2nd Density per square mile ..................................... 380.96 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 31 Capital City ........................................................... Albany Population ........................................................ 101,082 Rank in State ............................................................ 6th Largest City ............................................... New York City Population ..................................................... 7,322,564 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 180

The Council of State Governments

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STATE PAGES

North Carolina

North Dakota

Nicknames ........ The Tar Heel State and Old North State Motto .................................................... Esse Quam Videri (To Be Rather Than to Seem) Flower ............................................................... Dogwood Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree ........................................................... Long Leaf Pine Song .................................................. The Old North State Mammal ...................................................... Grey Squirrel Dog ................................................................ Plott Hound Beverage .................................................................... Milk Vegetable ...................................................... Sweet Potato Entered the Union ............................ November 21, 1789 Capital .................................................................. Raleigh

Nickname .......................................... Peace Garden State Motto .................... Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable Flower .................................................. Wild Prairie Rose Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree ............................................................ American Elm Song .................................................. North Dakota Hymn March ................................................... Spirit of the Land Fossil ............................................ Teredo Petrified Wood Fish ............................................................. Northern Pike Entered the Union ............................... November 2, 1889 Capital ............................................................... Bismarck

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .............................................. James B. Hunt Jr. Lieutenant Governor ............................ Dennis A. Wicker Secretary of State ............................... Rufus L. Edmisten Attorney General ................................. Michael F. Easley Treasurer ............................................... Harlan E. Boyles Auditor ................................................... Ralph Campbell Supt. of Public Instruction ........................ Bob Etheridge Commr. of Agriculture ......................... James A. Graham Commr. of Labor ................................. Harry E. Payne Jr. Commr. of Insurance ................................ James E. Long

SUPREME COURT Burley B. Mitchell Jr., Chief Justice Robert F. Orr Henry E. Frye I. Beverly Lake Jr. John Webb Willis P. Whichard Sarah Parker

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ......... Lt. Gov. Dennis A. Wicker President Pro Tem of the Senate .............. Marc Basnight Principal Clerk of the Senate ................... Sylvia M. Fink Speaker of the House ......................... Harold J. Brubaker Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............... Carolyn Russell Principal Clerk of the House ................ Denise G. Weeks

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 48,718 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 29th Population ......................................................... 6,628,637 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 10th Density per square mile ..................................... 136.06 Number of Representative in Congress ....................... 12 Capital City .......................................................... Raleigh Population ........................................................ 207,951 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ........................................................ Charlotte Population ........................................................ 395,934 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 52

444 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................. Edward Schafer Lieutenant Governor .......................... Rosemarie Myrdal Secretary of State .................................... Alvin A. Jaeger Attorney General .................................... Heidi Heitkamp Treasurer ................................................... Kathi Gilmore Auditor .................................................... Robert Peterson Supt. of Public Instruction ..................... Wayne Sanstead Commr. of Agriculture .................................. Sarah Vogel Commr. of Labor .......................................... Craig Hagen Commr. of Insurance .............................. Glenn Pomoroy Tax Commissioner ............................... Robert E. Hanson

SUPREME COURT Gerald W. VandeWalle, Chief Justice Herbert L. Meschke Beryl J. Levine William A. Neumann Dale V. Sandstrom

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ........ Lt. Gov. Rosemarie Myrdal President Pro Tem of the Senate ............... Jens Tennefos Secretary of the Senate ............................... Carol Siegert Speaker of the House ............................. Clarence Martin Chief Clerk of the House ........................... Roy Gilbreath

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 68,994 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 17th Population ............................................................ 638,800 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 47th Density per square mile ......................................... 9.26 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ....................................................... Bismarck Population .......................................................... 49,256 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .............................................................. Fargo Population .......................................................... 74,111 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................... 9

STATE PAGES

Ohio

Oklahoma

Nickname ........................................... The Buckeye State Motto ......................... With God, All Things Are Possible Animal .................................................. White-tailed Deer Flower .................................................. Scarlet Carnation Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree ...................................................................... Buckeye Song ........................................................... Beautiful Ohio Stone ................................................................. Ohio Flint Insect ................................................................... Ladybug Entered the Union ..................................... March 1, 1803 Capital .............................................................. Columbus

Nickname .............................................. The Sooner State Motto ... Labor Omnia Vincit (Labor Conquers All Things) Animal ................................................. American Buffalo Flower ................................................................ Mistletoe Bird ........................................... Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tree ....................................................................... Redbud Song .................................................................. Oklahoma Rock ......................................... Barite Rose (Rose Rock) Grass ............................................................... Indiangrass Entered the Union ............................ November 16, 1907 Capital ...................................................... Oklahoma City

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor ............................................. George Voinovich Lieutenant Governor ........................... Nancy P. Hollister Secretary of State ................................................ Bob Taft Attorney General .......................... Betty D. Montgomery Treasurer ........................................ J. Kenneth Blackwell Auditor .......................................................... James Petro

Governor .................................................... Frank Keating Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Mary Fallin Attorney General ................................ Drew Edmondson Treasurer .................................................... Robert Butkin Auditor and Inspector ............................. Clifton H. Scott Supt. of Public Instruction ......................... Sandy Garrett Commr. of Labor ...................................... Brenda Reneau Insurance Commr. ................................. John P. Crawford

SUPREME COURT Thomas J. Moyer, Chief Justice Andrew Douglas Craig Wright Alice Robie Resnick Francis E. Sweeney Paul E. Pfeifer Deborah Cook

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ....................... Stanley J. Aronoff President Pro Tem of the Senate .......... Richard H. Finan Clerk of the Senate ............................... Martha L. Butler Speaker of the House ............................ Jo Ann Davidson Speaker Pro Tem of the House ......... William Batchelder Legislative Clerk of the House ......... Fredericke E. Mills

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 40,953 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 35th Population ....................................................... 10,847,115 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 7th Density per square mile ..................................... 264.87 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 19 Capital City ...................................................... Columbus Population ........................................................ 632,910 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ...................................................... Columbus Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 164

SUPREME COURT Alma Wilson, Chief Justice Robert D. Simms Rudolph Hargrave Marian Opala Yvonne Kauger

Hardy Summers Joseph P. Watt Ralph B. Hodges Robert E. Lavender

COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS Charles A. Johnson, Presiding Judge Gary Lumpkin Charles S. Chapel James F. Lane Reta M. Strubhar

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................... Lt. Gov. Mary Fallin President Pro Tem of the Senate ............. Stratton Taylor Secretary of the Senate ................................. Lance Ward Speaker of the House ............................. Glen D. Johnson Speaker Pro Tem of the House ....................... Jim Glover Chief Clerk/Administrator of the House ... Larry Warden

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 68,679 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 19th Population ......................................................... 3,145,585 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 28th Density per square mile ....................................... 45.80 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 6 Capital City .............................................. Oklahoma City Population ........................................................ 444,719 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City .............................................. Oklahoma City Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 39

The Council of State Governments

445

STATE PAGES

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Nickname .............................................. The Beaver State Motto ............................... She Flies with Her Own Wings Animal .................................................. American Beaver Flower ........................................................ Oregon Grape Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree ................................................................. Douglas Fir Song .................................................. Oregon, My Oregon Gemstone ............................................................ Sunstone Insect ................................ Oregon Swallowtail Butterfly Entered the Union ............................... February 14, 1859 Capital ..................................................................... Salem

Nickname .......................................... The Keystone State Motto .......................... Virtue, Liberty and Independence Animal .................................................. White-tailed Deer Flower ................................................... Mountain Laurel Game Bird ................................................. Ruffed Grouse Tree ..................................................................... Hemlock Insect ...................................................................... Firefly Fossil ........................................................... Phacops rana Entered the Union ............................. December 12, 1787 Capital ............................................................. Harrisburg

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .................................................. John Kitzhaber Secretary of State ........................................ Phil Keisling Attorney General .......................... Theodore Kulongoski Treasurer .............................................................. Jim Hill Supt. of Public Instruction ......................... Norma Paulus Labor Commr. .............................................. Jack Roberts

SUPREME COURT Wallace P. Carson Jr., Chief Justice W. Michael Gillette George A. Van Hoomissen Edward N. Fadeley Richard L. Unis Susan Graber Robert D. Durham

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY President of the Senate .............................. Gordon Smith President Pro Tem of the Senate ................ Lenn Hannon Secretary of the Senate ..................................... Judy Hall Speaker of the House ............................... Beverly Clarno Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................. Bill Markham Chief Clerk of the House ....................... Ramona Kenady

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 96,003 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 10th Population ......................................................... 2,842,321 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 29th Density per square mile ....................................... 29.61 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 5 Capital City ............................................................. Salem Population ........................................................ 107,786 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City ......................................................... Portland Population ........................................................ 437,319 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 43

446 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ............................................... Thomas J. Ridge Lieutenant Governor .......................... Mark S. Schweiker Attorney General ......................... Thomas W. Corbett Jr. Treasurer ...................................... Catherine Baker Knoll Auditor ....................................................... Barbara Hafer

SUPREME COURT Robert N.C. Nix Jr., Chief Justice John P. Flaherty Stephen A. Zappala Ralph Cappy Ronald D. Castile Sandra Schultz Newman Russell Nigro

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ....... Lt. Gov. Mark S. Schweiker President Pro Tem of the Senate ....... Robert C. Jubelirer Secretary of the Senate ........................ Mark R. Corrigan Speaker of the House ............................ Matthew J. Ryan Chief Clerk of the House ................................ Ted Mazia

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 44,820 Rank in Nation ...................................................... 32nd Population ....................................................... 11,881,643 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 5th Density per square mile ..................................... 265.10 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 21 Capital City ..................................................... Harrisburg Population .......................................................... 52,376 Rank in State .......................................................... 10th Largest City ................................................... Philadelphia Population ..................................................... 1,585,577 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 102

STATE PAGES

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Nicknames ......................... Little Rhody and Ocean State Motto ........................................................................ Hope Animal ................................................................ Quahaug Flower ..................................................................... Violet Bird ....................................................... Rhode Island Red Tree .................................................................. Red Maple Song ............................................................. Rhode Island Rock .......................................................... Cumberlandite Mineral .............................................................. Bowenite Entered the Union ...................................... May 29, 1790 Capital ............................................................. Providence

Nickname ........................................... The Palmetto State Mottos ..................................... Animis Opibusque Parati (Prepared in Mind and Resources) and Dum Spiro Spero (While I breathe, I Hope) Animal .................................................. White-tailed Deer Flower .................................................. Yellow Jessamine Bird ............................................................ Carolina Wren Tree ..................................................................... Palmetto Songs ............ Carolina and South Carolina on My Mind Stone ............................................................. Blue Granite Fish ............................................................... Striped Bass Entered the Union ...................................... May 23, 1788 Capital ............................................................... Columbia

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ........................................... Lincoln C. Almond Lieutenant Governor ......................... Robert A. Weygand Secretary of State ............................... James R. Langevin Attorney General ...................................... Jeffrey B. Pine Treasurer ..................................................... Nancy Mayer

SUPREME COURT Joseph R. Weisberger, Chief Justice Florence K. Murray Donald F. Shea Victoria Lederberg John Bourcier

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ...... Lt. Gov. Robert A. Weygand President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ Charles J. Fogarty Clerk of the Senate ................................. Raymond Hojas Speaker of the House ........................... John B. Harwood Speaker Pro Tem of the House .............. Mabel Anderson Clerk of the House ............................... Louis Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Antuono

STATISTICS Land Area (square mile) .......................................... 1,045 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 50th Population ......................................................... 1,003,464 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 43rd Density per square mile ..................................... 960.27 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 2 Capital City ..................................................... Providence Population ........................................................ 160,728 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ..................................................... Providence Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 15

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ............................................. David M. Beasley Lieutenant Governor ....................................... Bob Peeler Secretary of State .............................................. Jim Miles Attorney General .............................. Charles M. Condon Treasurer ............................................. Richard Eckstrom Comptroller General ........................... Earle E. Morris Jr. Supt. of Education .................................. Barbara Nielsen Commr. of Agriculture ........................... D. Leslie Tindal Adjutant General ............................................ Stan Spears

SUPREME COURT Earnest A. Finney Jr., Chief Justice Jean H. Toal James E. Moore John H. Waller Jr. E.C. Burnett III

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ................ Lt. Gov. Robert Peeler President Pro Tem of the Senate ........... John Drummond Clerk of the Senate ............................ Frank B. Caggiano Speaker of the House ................................ David Wilkins Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............. Terry E. Haskins Clerk of the House ......................... Sandra K. McKinney

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 30,111 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 40th Population ......................................................... 3,486,703 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 25th Density per square mile ..................................... 115.79 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 6 Capital City ....................................................... Columbia Population .......................................................... 98,052 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ....................................................... Columbia Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 39

The Council of State Governments

447

STATE PAGES

South Dakota

Tennessee

Nicknames ..... The Coyote State and The Sunshine State Motto .................................... Under God the People Rule Animal ................................................................... Coyote Flower .................................................. American Pasque Bird ................................................. Ringnecked Pheasant Tree ..................................................... Black Hills Spruce Song ................................................... Hail, South Dakota Mineral .......................................................... Rose Quartz Fish ....................................................................... Walleye Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Grass ............................................... Western Wheat Grass Entered the Union ............................... November 2, 1889 Capital ..................................................................... Pierre

Nickname .......................................... The Volunteer State Motto ..................................... Agriculture and Commerce Animal ................................................................. Raccoon Flower ..........................................................................Iris Bird ............................................................... Mockingbird Tree ................................................................ Tulip Poplar Wildflower ............................................... Passion Flower Songs ........................... When Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Iris Time in Tennessee; The Tennessee Waltz; My Homeland, Tennessee; My Tennessee; and Rocky Top Insects ......................................... Lady Beetle and Firefly Gem ....................................................... Freshwater Pearl Rocks .............................................. Limestone and Agate Entered the Union ........................................ June 1, 1796 Capital ............................................................... Nashville

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ...................................................... Bill Janklow Lieutenant Governor ................................. Carole Hillard Secretary of State .................................... Joyce Hazeltine Attorney General ........................................ Mark Barnett Treasurer ................................................... Richard Butler Auditor ................................................. Vernon L. Larson Commr. of School and Public Lands ....... Curtis Johnson

SUPREME COURT Robert A. Miller, Chief Justice Richard Sabers Robert A. Amundson John K. Konenkamp David F. Gilberton

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............... Lt. Gov. Carole Hillard President Pro Tem of the Senate ......... Harold Halverson Secretary of the Senate ............................... Fee Jacobsen Speaker of the House ............. Harvey C. Krautschum Jr. Speaker Pro Tem of the House .................. Rexford Hagg Chief Clerk of the House ........................... Karen Gerdes

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 75,896 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 16th Population ............................................................ 696,004 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 45th Density per square mile ......................................... 9.17 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ............................................................. Pierre Population .......................................................... 12,906 Rank in State ............................................................ 7th Largest City .................................................... Sioux Falls Population ........................................................ 100,814 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 10

448 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................... Don Sundquist

SUPREME COURT E. Riley Anderson, Chief Justice Frank F. Drowota III Lyle Reid Penny White A.A. Birch Jr.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY Speaker of the Senate ................ Lt. Gov. John S. Wilder Speaker Pro Tem of the Senate .............. Robert Rochelle Chief Clerk of the Senate ............ Clyde W. McCullough Speaker of the House .................................. James Naifeh Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............. Lois M. DeBerry Chief Clerk of the House ................... Burney T. Durham

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 41,220 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 34th Population ......................................................... 4,877,185 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 17th Density per square mile ..................................... 118.32 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 9 Capital City ....................................................... Nashville Population ........................................................ 488,374 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ........................................................ Memphis Population ........................................................ 610,337 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 44

STATE PAGES

Texas

Utah

Nickname ......................................... The Lone Star State Motto ............................................................... Friendship Flower ......... Bluebonnet (Buffalo Clover, Wolf Flower) Bird ............................................................... Mockingbird Tree .......................................................................... Pecan Song ....................................................... Texas, Our Texas Stone ................................................. Petrified Palmwood Gem ...................................................... Texas Blue Topaz Grass ...................................................... Side Oats Grama Dish ........................................................................... Chili Seashell ................................................. Lightning Whelk Fish .......................................................... Quadalape Bass Entered the Union ............................. December 29, 1845 Capital .................................................................... Austin

Nickname ............................................ The Beehive State Motto ................................................................... Industry Flower ............................................................... Sego Lily Animal ............................................. Rocky Mountain Elk Bird ...................................................... California Seagull Tree ................................................................ Blue Spruce Fish ........................................................... Rainbow Trout Song .................................................. Utah, We Love Thee Gem ......................................................................... Topaz Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Entered the Union ................................... January 4, 1896 Capital ....................................................... Salt Lake City

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor ...................................................... Mike Leavitt Lieutenant Governor .............................. Olene S. Walker Attorney General .......................................... Jan Graham Treasurer ................................................. Edward T. Alter Auditor ........................................................ Tom L. Allen

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ................................................ George W. Bush Lieutenant Governor .................................... Bob Bullock Attorney General ........................................... Tony Garza Treasurer ............................................. Martha Whitehead Comptroller of Public Accounts ..................... John Sharp Commr. of Agriculture .................................... Rick Perry Commr. of General Land Office ................. Garry Mauro

SUPREME COURT Thomas R. Phillips, Chief Justice Raul A. Gonzalez Robert A. Gammage Jack Hightower Craig Enoch Rose Spector Nathan L. Hecht John Cornyn Priscilla Owen

COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS Michael J. McCormick, Presiding Judge Sam Houston Clinton Morris Overstreet Sharon Keller Frank Maloney Bill White Lawrence Meyers Charles Baird Steve Mansfield

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate .................. Lt. Gov. Bob Bullock President Pro Tem of the Senate ............ Ken Armbrister Secretary of the Senate ................................... Betty King Speaker of the House ................................... James Laney Speaker Pro Tem of the House ........................ D.R. Uher Chief Clerk of the House ....................................... Vacant

STATISTICS

SUPREME COURT Michael D. Zimmerman, Chief Justice I. Daniel Stewart Richard C. Howe Christine M. Durham Leonard H. Russon

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................ Lane Beattie Secretary of the Senate ....................... Annette B. Moore Speaker of the House ........................... Melvin R. Brown Chief Clerk of the House ................... Carole E. Peterson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 82,168 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 12th Population ......................................................... 1,722,850 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 35th Density per square mile ....................................... 20.97 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 3 Capital City ............................................... Salt Lake City Population ........................................................ 159,936 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ............................................... Salt Lake City Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 39

Land Area (square miles) .................................... 261,914 Rank in Nation ........................................................ 2nd Population ....................................................... 16,986,510 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 3rd Density per square mile ....................................... 64.86 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 30 Capital City ............................................................ Austin Population ........................................................ 465,622 Rank in State ............................................................ 5th Largest City ......................................................... Houston Population ..................................................... 1,630,553 Number of Places over 10,000 Population ................ 182

The Council of State Governments

449

STATE PAGES

Vermont

Virginia

Nickname .............................. The Green Mountain State Motto ................................................. Freedom and Unity Animal ....................................................... Morgan Horse Flower ............................................................ Red Clover Bird ............................................................ Hermit Thrush Tree ............................................................... Sugar Maple Song ........................................................... Hail, Vermont! Insect ................................................................. Honeybee Beverage .................................................................... Milk Entered the Union ..................................... March 4, 1791 Capital ............................................................. Montpelier

Nickname ........................................... The Old Dominion Motto ..... Sic Semper Tyrannis (Thus Always to Tyrants) Animal ............................................................... Foxhound Flower ............................................................... Dogwood Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree .................................................................... Dogwood Song ................................ Carry Me Back to Old Virginia Shell ........................................................................ Oyster Entered the Union ...................................... June 25, 1788 Capital .............................................................. Richmond

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .................................................... Howard Dean Lieutenant Governor ........................ Barbara W. Snelling Secretary of State ......................................... James Milne Attorney General ............................... Jeffrey L. Amestoy Treasurer ............................................. James H. Douglas Auditor of Accounts ......................... Edward S. Flanagan

SUPREME COURT Frederic W. Allen, Chief Justice Ernest W. Gibson III John A. Dooley James L. Morse Denise Johnson

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ........... Lt. Gov. Barbara Snelling President Pro Tem of the Senate ........... Stephen Webster Secretary of the Senate ........................ Robert H. Gibson Speaker of the House ..................... Michael Obuchowski Clerk of the House ................................ Donald O. Milne

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 9,249 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 43rd Population ............................................................ 562,758 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 48th Density per square mile ....................................... 60.84 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ..................................................... Montpelier Population ............................................................ 8,247 Rank in State ............................................................ 8th Largest City ..................................................... Burlington Population .......................................................... 39,127 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................... 3

450 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ..................................................... George Allen Lieutenant Governor ............................. Donald Beyer Jr. Attorney General ............................ James S. Gilmore III

SUPREME COURT Harry Lee Carrico, Chief Justice A. Christian Compton Richard Poff Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr. Elizabeth B. Lacy Leroy Rountree Hassell Barbara Milano Keenan Lawrence L. Koontz Jr.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ....... Lt. Gov. Donald S. Beyer Jr. President Pro Tem of the Senate ........ Stanley C. Walker Clerk of the Senate ......................... Susan Clarke Schaar Speaker of the House ............................ Thomas Moss Jr. Clerk of the House .............................. Bruce F. Jamerson

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 39,598 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 37th Population ......................................................... 6,187,358 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 12th Density per square mile ..................................... 156.26 Number of Representatives in Congress ...................... 11 Capital City ...................................................... Richmond Population ........................................................ 203,056 Rank in State ............................................................ 3rd Largest City .............................................. Virginia Beach Population ........................................................ 393,069 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 76

STATE PAGES

Washington

West Virginia

Nickname ......................................... The Evergreen State Motto .. Alki (Chinook Indian word meaning By and By) Flower ............................................ Coast Rhododendron Bird ...................................................... Willow Goldfinch Tree ....................................................... Western Hemlock Song .............................................. Washington, My Home Dance .......................................................... Square Dance Gem .......................................................... Petrified Wood Entered the Union ............................. November 11, 1889 Capital ................................................................. Olympia

Nickname .......................................... The Mountain State Motto ........................................... Montani Semper Liberi (Mountaineers Are Always Free) Animal ............................................................. Black Bear Flower ............................................................. Big Laurel Bird ...................................................................... Cardinal Tree ............................................................... Sugar Maple Songs ................... West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home; The West Virginia Hills; and This is My West Virginia Fruit ......................................................................... Apple Fish ................................................................ Brook Trout Entered the Union ...................................... June 20, 1863 Capital ............................................................. Charleston

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ....................................................... Mike Lowry Lieutenant Governor .................................. Joel Pritchard Secretary of State ........................................ Ralph Munro Attorney General ............................... Christine Gregoire Comptroller ................................................... Dan Grimm Auditor ....................................................... Brian Sonntag Supt. of Public Instruction ........................ Judith Billings Insurance Commr. ...................................... Deborah Senn Commr. of Public Lands ........................ Jennifer Belcher

SUPREME COURT Barbara Durham, Chief Justice Richard B. Sanders James M. Dolliver Charles Z. Smith Richard P. Guy Charles W. Johnson Barbara A. Madsen Gerry Alexander Philip A. Talmadge

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................ Lt. Gov. Joel Pritchard President Pro Tem of the Senate ...... R. Lorraine Wojahn Secretary of the Senate ............................... Marty Brown Speaker of the House ................................. Clyde Ballard Speaker Pro Tem of the House .......................... Jim Horn Chief Clerk of the House ................... Timothy A. Martin

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 66,681 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 20th Population ......................................................... 4,866,692 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 18th Density per square mile ....................................... 73.09 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 9 Capital City ......................................................... Olympia Population .......................................................... 33,840 Rank in State .......................................................... 18th Largest City ............................................................ Seattle Population ........................................................ 516,259 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 82

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ..................................... W. Gaston Caperton III Secretary of State ......................................... Ken Hechler Attorney General .............................. Darrell McGraw Jr. Treasurer ..................................................... Larrie Bailey Auditor ................................................ Glen B. Gainer III Commr. of Agriculture ........................... Gus R. Douglass

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS Thomas E. McHugh, Chief Justice Arthur M. Recht Margaret L. Workman Franklin D. Cleckley Joseph P. Albright

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ...................... Earle Ray Tomblin President Pro Tem of the Senate ... William R. Sharpe Jr. Clerk of the Senate ............................. Darrell E. Holmes Speaker of the House ........................... Robert Chambers Speaker Pro Tem of the House ............. Jerry Mezzatesta Clerk of the House ..................................... Gregory Gray

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 24,087 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 41st Population ......................................................... 1,793,477 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 34th Density per square mile ....................................... 74.46 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 3 Capital City ..................................................... Charleston Population .......................................................... 57,287 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ..................................................... Charleston Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 16

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STATE PAGES

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Nickname* ............................................ The Badger State Motto ................................................................... Forward Animal ................................................................... Badger Flower ........................................................... Wood Violet Bird .......................................................................... Robin Tree ............................................................... Sugar Maple Song .......................................................... On, Wisconsin! Fish ............................................................... Muskellunge Mineral .................................................................. Galena Entered the Union ...................................... May 29, 1848 Capital ................................................................. Madison *unofficial

Nicknames .... The Equality State and The Cowboy State Motto ............................................................ Equal Rights Animal ...................................................................... Bison Flower .................................................. Indian Paintbrush Bird ................................................. Western Meadowlark Tree ................................................................ Cottonwood Song .................................................................... Wyoming Gem ............................................................................ Jade Entered the Union ....................................... July 10, 1890 Capital ............................................................... Cheyenne

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor ...................................................... Jim Geringer Secretary of State .................................... Diana J. Ohman Treasurer ......................................................... Stan Smith Auditor ......................................................... Dave Ferrari Supt. of Public Instruction ....................... Judy Catchpole

Governor ....................................... Tommy G. Thompson Lieutenant Governor .............................. Scott McCallum Secretary of State .......................... Douglas J. La Follette Attorney General ......................................... James Doyle Treasurer ................................................... Jack C. Voight Supt. of Public Instruction ........................... John Benson

SUPREME COURT Nathan S. Heffernan, Chief Justice Ronald B. Day Shirley S. Abrahamson Donald W. Steinmetz William A. Bablitch Jon P. Wilcox Janine P. Geske Ann Walsh Bradley

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ............................. Brian D. Rude Chief Clerk of the Senate ................ Donald J. Schneider Speaker of the Assembly .................. David T. Prosser Jr. Speaker Pro Tem of the Assembly ...... Stephen J. Freese Chief Clerk of the Assembly ............. Charles R. Sanders

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 54,314 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 25th Population ......................................................... 4,891,769 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 16th Density per square mile ....................................... 90.07 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 9 Capital City ......................................................... Madison Population ........................................................ 191,262 Rank in State ........................................................... 2nd Largest City ..................................................... Milwaukee Population ........................................................ 628,088 Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................. 61

452 The Book of the States 1996-97

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

SUPREME COURT Michael Golden, Chief Justice Richard V. Thomas Richard J. Macy Larry L. Lehman William A. Taylor

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................ Boyd Eddins Vice President of the Senate ......................... Jim Twiford Chief Clerk of the Senate ................................ Liv Hanes Speaker of the House ............................... John P. Marton Speaker Pro Tem of the House ....................... Peg Shreve Chief Clerk of the House ........................... Paul Galeotos

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ...................................... 97,105 Rank in Nation ......................................................... 9th Population ............................................................ 453,588 Rank in Nation ....................................................... 50th Density per square mile ......................................... 4.67 Number of Representatives in Congress ........................ 1 Capital City ....................................................... Cheyenne Population .......................................................... 50,008 Rank in State ............................................................ 1st Largest City ....................................................... Cheyenne Number of Places over 10,000 Population .................... 8

STATE PAGES

District of Columbia

American Samoa

Motto ............................ Justitia Omnibus (Justice to All) Flower ......................................... American Beauty Rose Bird .............................................................. Wood Thrush Tree ................................................................. Scarlet Oak Became U.S. Capital ........................... December 1, 1800

Motto ..... Samoa-Maumua le Atua (Samoa, God Is First) Flower .................................................... Paogo (Ula-fala) Plant ............................................................................. Ava Song ......................................................... Amerika Samoa Became a Territory of the United States .................. 1900 Capital .............................................................. Pago Pago

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIAL Mayor .......................................................... Marion Berry

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS Annice M. Wagner, Chief Justice John M. Ferren John A. Terry John M. Steadman Frank E. Schwelb Michael W. Farrell Warren R. King Vanessa Riuz Vacancy

COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Chairman ................................................ David A. Clarke Chairman Pro Tem ............................................. John Ray

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor ......................................................... A.P. Lutali Lieutenant Governor ................................ Tauese P. Sunia

HIGH COURT F. Michael Kruse, Chief Justice Roy J.D. Hall Lyle Richmond

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ................................. Letuli Toloa President Pro Tem of the Senate ..... Lutu T.S. Fuimaono Secretary of the Senate ............................. Leo’o V. Ma’o Speaker of the House ..................... Savali Talavou S. Ale Vice Speaker of the House .......................... Moananu Va Clerk of the House ........................................... Wally Utu

STATISTICS

Land Area (square miles) ............................................. 61 Population ............................................................ 606,900 Density per square mile .................................. 9,884.40 Delegate to Congress* .................................................... 1 __________

Land Area (square miles) ............................................. 77 Population .............................................................. 46,773 Density per square mile ..................................... 607.74 Delegate to Congress* .................................................... 1 Capital City ...................................................... Pago Pago Population ............................................................ 3,519 Rank in Territory ...................................................... 3rd Largest City ............................................................ Tafuna Population ................................................................ 5,174 __________

*Committee voting privileges only.

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STATE PAGES

Guam

Northern Mariana Islands

Nickname ............................................ Hub of the Pacific Flower .............................. Puti Tai Nobio (Bougainvilla) Bird ...................................................... Totot (Fruit Dove) Tree ........................................................ Ifit (Intsiabijuga) Song ............................................... Stand Ye Guamanians Stone .......................................................................... Latte Animal .................................................................... Iguana Ceded to the United States by Spain .......................................... December 10,1898 Became a Territory ................................... August 1, 1950 Request to become a Commonwealth Plebiscite .................. November 1987 Capital .................................................................... Agana

Flower ................................................................ Plumeria Bird .................................................. Marianas Fruit Dove Tree .................................................................. Flame Tree Song .............................................. Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi Administered by the United States a trusteeship for the United Nations ...... July 18, 1947 Voters approved a proposed constitution ........ June 1975 U.S. president signed covenant agreeing to commonwealth status for the islands ............................................ March 24, 1976 Became a self-governing Commonwealth ................................... January 9, 1978 Capital .................................................................... Saipan

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS

Governor ................................................... Carl Gutierrez Lieutenant Governor .......................... Madeline Bordallo

Governor ............................................. Froilan C. Tenorio Lieutenant Governor ...................................... Jesus Borja

SUPERIOR COURT Alberto C. Lamorena III, Presiding Judge Joaquin V.E. Manibusan Janet Healy Weeks Ramon V. Diaz Peter B. Siguenza Jr. Benjamin J.F. Cruz Katherine A. Maraman Frances Tydingco-Gatewood

LEGISLATURE Speaker ................................................ W. Don Parkinson Vice Speaker .................................................. Ted Nelson Legislative Secretary ...................... Judith WonPat-Borja

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................... 210 Population ............................................................ 133,152 Density per square mile ..................................... 634.06 Delegate to Congress* .................................................... 1 Capital .................................................................... Agana Population ............................................................ 1,139 Rank in Territory .................................................... 18th Largest City .......................................................... Dededo Population .............................................................. 31,728 __________ *Committee voting privileges only.

454 The Book of the States 1996-97

COMMONWEALTH SUPREME COURT Marty W.K. Taylor, Chief Judge Ramon G. Villagomez Pedro M. Atalig

LEGISLATURE President of the Senate ........................... Jesus R. Sablan Vice President of the Senate ............... Paul A. Manglona Clerk of Senate ..................................... Nicolasa B. Borja Speaker of the House ........................ Diego T. Benavente Vice Speaker of the House ........................ Jesus T. Attao Chief Clerk of the House ........................ Evelyn Fleming

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................... 179 Population .............................................................. 43,345 Density per square mile ..................................... 242.15 Capital City ............................................................ Saipan Population .......................................................... 38,896 Largest City ............................................................ Saipan

STATE PAGES

Puerto Rico

U.S. Virgin Islands

Nickname ..................................... Island of Enchantment Motto .........................................Joannes Est Nomen Ejus (John is Thy Name) Flower ...................................................................... Maga Bird ........................................................................ Reinita Tree ........................................................................... Ceiba Song .......................................................... La Borinquena Became a Territory of the United States ................................. December 10, 1898 Became a self-governing Commonwealth ....................................... July 25, 1952 Capital ................................................................ San Juan

Nickname ........................................... American Paradise Flower ........................... Yellow Elder or Ginger Thomas Bird ................................... Yellow Breast or Banana Quit Song ................................................ Virgin Islands March Purchased from Denmark ....................... March 31, 1917 Capital .............................. Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS Governor .............................................. Roy L. Schneider Lieutenant Governor ................................. Kenneth Mapp

FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT ELECTED EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIAL Governor ............................................... Pedro J. Rossello

SUPREME COURT Jose Antonio Andreu-Garcia, Chief Justice Antonio Negron-Garcia Francisco Rebollo-Lopez Miriam Naveira de Rodon Federico Hernandez-Denton Balastar Corrada del Kio Jaime B. Fuster-Berlingeri

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY President of the Senate ............. Roberto Rexach-Benitez Vice President of the Senate ................ Luisa Lebron VDA. de Rivera Secretary of the Senate ....... Ciorah J. Montes-Gilormini Speaker of the House ................ Zaida Hernandez-Torres Vice Speaker of the House ...... Edison Misla-Aldarondo Secretary of the House .............. Hiram R. Morales-Lugo

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles) ........................................ 3,427 Population ......................................................... 3,522,037 Density per square mile .................................. 1,027.90 Delegate to Congress* .................................................... 1 Capital City ........................................................ San Juan Population ........................................................ 426,832 Largest City ........................................................ San Juan Number of places over 10,000 Population ................... 30 __________

Thomas K. Moore, Chief Judge Raymond Finch Geoffrey W. Barnard

LEGISLATURE President ................................................. Almando Liburd Vice President ...................... Lilliana Belardo de Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neal Legislative Secretary ....................... Allie-Allison Petrus

STATISTICS Land Area (square miles)* ......................................... 134 St. Croix (square miles) ............................................ 83 St. John (square miles) ............................................. 20 St. Thomas (square miles) ........................................ 31 Population ............................................................ 101,809 St. Croix ............................................................. 50,139 St. John ................................................................. 3,504 St. Thomas ......................................................... 48,166 Density per square mile ..................................... 760.90 Delegate to Congress** .................................................. 1 Capital City ...................... Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas Population .......................................................... 12,331 Largest City ...................... Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas __________ *The U.S. Virgin Islands is comprised of three large islands (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas) and 50 smaller islands and cays. **Committee voting privileges only.

*Committee voting privileges only.

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STATE PAGES

456 The Book of the States 1996-97

State Government in Review

ESSAYS Critical examinations of trends in corrections and criminal justice, environmental management, ethics and public integrity, federalism, health care, international affairs, and state government finances. Also includes a discussion of innovative state practices recognized by CSGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Innovations Awards program.

CORRECTIONS

State Trends in Corrections: Managing Growth and Promoting Accountability On any given day in 1995, five million people in the United States were under the supervision of the criminal justice system. by Betsy Fulton It is a rare occasion when an article on crime and justice can begin on a positive note. But here we have it — the “Uniform Crime Report” issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported a 5 percent decline in national rates of violent crime during 1994. While this reduction in crime rates cannot be attributed to any one particular policy, it certainly is welcome news. Other major correctional trends can be summarized in one word — growth. The past two years have seen an increase in the number of offenders under correctional supervision, an increase in the number of prisons, an increase in the number and type of community corrections programs, and an increase in correctional expenditures. Along with this growth has come a demand for accountability for offenders and for criminal justice systems at the state and local levels. This article will first provide a brief summary of correctional statistics and then examine the ways in which some states are facing the challenges of correctional growth and the demand for public accountability.

Correctional Populations and Costs On any given day in 1995, five million people in the United States were under the supervision of the criminal justice system, with 1. 5 million in prisons and jails and the rest on probation or parole.1 The Department of Justice reports an 8.8 percent increase in the number of prisoners nationwide from July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995, the largest one year increase ever recorded. Texas and North Carolina re_______________ Betsy Fulton is a research associate with the Center for Law and Justice at The Council of State Governments.

ported the largest increase in prison populations at 27 and 18 percent, respectively. Only Alaska, Figure 1 STATE INCARCERATION RATES PER 100,000 ON 6/30/95

Source: U.S. Department of Justice (1995)

Arkansas and South Carolina reported declines in their prison populations.2 (See Figure1). The probation and parole populations have also grown at an alarming rate. The latest statistics available from the Department of Justice estimate that by year end 1994, 2,962,200 people were on probation and 690,200 were on parole, representing increases over 1993 populations of 5.7 percent and 10 percent, respectively.3 For regular supervision, probation caseloads per officer ranged from 60 in Arizona to 400 in California with a national average of 117. The Council of State Governments

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For regular supervision, parole caseloads per officer ranged from nine in Vermont to 135 in North Carolina with a national average of 84.4 As one might guess from these statistics, state budgets are being gouged by correctional costs. Corrections is the fastest growing area of state appropriations.5 According to the latest available data, state correctional expenditures increased 340.4 percent from 1980 to 1992.6 California, for example, plans to spend more on corrections than on its renowned system of higher education, according to its 1996 budget.7 Most correctional resources are funneled into prisons and jails to manage the exorbitant inmate populations. State budgets, however, have not kept pace with the growing probation and parole populations. During a recent examination of correctional programs and resources, Joan Petersilia found that despite the fact that threefourths of the correctional population is under probation and parole supervision, only about one-tenth of the correctional budget is allocated to probation and parole agencies.8 Petersilia calls for a “reinvestment in community corrections” stating that “until we curb the criminal activities of the three-fourths of criminals who reside in the community, real reductions in crime or prison commitments are unlikely. ”

What Does the Public Think? Public opinion studies seem to support an investment in community corrections. The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation has conducted numerous public opinion studies over the past decade.9 The results of these studies consistently reveal that policymakers overestimate the punitive nature of American citizens. The results also show that when informed about the purpose and design of correctional options there is a high level of public support for alternatives to incarceration and preventive measures. Two recent public opinion studies in Oregon and Vermont suggest that this support is relatively stable, despite the continued movement toward tough crime policies. A statewide survey of Oregon residents conducted in 1995 by Doble Research Associates found that: 460 The Book of the States 1996-97

• 92 percent of Oregonians favored alternative punishments for nonviolent offenders knowing that these punishments are less restrictive than incarceration and that many offenders are living in their communities. • 88 percent of Oregonians favored mandatory treatment for offenders with alcohol or drug problems. • 96 percent of Oregonians favored restitution, boot camps and community service for nonviolent offenders.10 A Vermont Department of Corrections public opinion study in the spring of 1994 found that: • Vermonters overwhelmingly endorse the idea of making property offenders pay back the victims of their crime. • Vermonters overwhelmingly favor using community work service instead of jail for drunk drivers, drug users, shoplifters, bad check writers and young offenders in general. • Vermonters overwhelmingly favor the use of citizen boards to oversee the sentencing of nonviolent offenders. • Vermonters, after learning about citizen boards, strongly favor the use of communitybased sentences, rather than incarceration, for a wide variety of nonviolent offenders, and even repeat offenders. • Vermonters do not favor using community sentences for violent offenders, even on the first offense.11 While favoring community-based outcomes for nonviolent offenders, Oregonians and Vermonters are in no way relieving these offenders of the need to be accountable for their behavior. Instead, Oregon and Vermont citizens are in favor of these low-level offenders being directly accountable to the victims and communities they harmed.

Longer Sentences for Violent and Repeat Offenders While citizens show support for communitybased sentences for nonviolent offenders, they also want violent and repeat offenders to be held accountable through more and longer prison terms. The past two years have been rife with

CORRECTIONS

the introduction of truth-in-sentencing, parole abolishment and “three strikes” legislation. Taking advantage of the federal government’s promise of aid for prison construction as set forth in the 1994 crime bill, many states are adopting truth-in-sentencing reforms. These reforms are designed to: enhance credibility with the public; increase the predictability of the time to be served in prison; and exact retribution on serious and violent offenders. In 1995, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, North Dakota, South Carolina and Tennessee all passed legislation requiring 85 percent of a sentence to be served, and Arkansas passed legislation requiring 70 percent of the sentence to be served.12 This constitutes a marked increase from serving only 48 percent of a sentence, the average in 1992. 13 A movement toward abolishing parole has come hand in hand with truth-in-sentencing reforms. In fall of 1994, the Virginia Legislature implemented truth-in-sentencing that required all offenders to serve 85 percent of the sentences imposed and abolished discretionary parole release for offenders convicted of crimes committed after January 1, 1995.14 Parole boards are responsible for the discretionary release of offenders based on information about an offender’s background and performance in prison, and the offense committed. As of 1995, California, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, New Mexico, Minnesota, North Carolina, Virginia and Washington had all abolished discretionary parole release.15 The elimination of discretionary release does not translate into offenders serving 100 percent of their sentences; all prison systems in the nation include some mechanism for early release. The difference lies in the review process which triggers the release. In states that have abolished this discretionary parole release, an offender’s release is often automatic, based on a predetermined calculation and “good time” credits. With discretionary parole, release is a privilege which must be earned by demonstrating readiness through positive behavior in prison. Offenders may in fact serve less time under a nonparole system than under a parole system. For example, following parole’s abol-

ishment in Connecticut in 1981, the average time served by offenders fell to 13 percent of their sentences. After parole was reinstated in Connecticut, the average time served was 60 percent of a sentence. By the end of 1994, 14 states had adopted some form of “three strikes” law,16 and nine additional states threw their hat into the ring in 1995.17 (See Figure 2). Most of these new laws call for lengthy, mandatory sentences for threetime, felony offenders, some including sentences of life without parole. The “three strikes” legislation is creating serious problems for the state and local criminal justice systems in California according to a report prepared by the nonpartisan Legislative Figure 2 STATES WITH “THREE STRIKES” LAWS

Key: = Yes

= No

Source: National Committee on Community Corrections

Analyst’s Office (LAO). The report was prepared to advise legislators on the progress of the law’s implementation.18 It found that prior to the law’s implementation, 94 percent of all felony cases in California resulted in a guilty plea. Approximately one year later, plea bargaining occurred at low rates of 14 percent for offenders being charged with a second strike and six percent for offenders being charged with a third strike. Furthermore, there is some evidence that first-time offenders whose conviction would constitute a first strike are even less likely to plead guilty. This insistence on jury trials is creating backlogs in the state’s courts which they are attempting to address by diverting resources from civil trials. Due to the pretrial detention of these offenders, jails are The Council of State Governments

461

CORRECTIONS

crowded and forced to release convicted offenders early. At the time of the report, officials from the Los Angeles County jail reported housing more than 1,000 three strikes defendants awaiting trial. The impact on the prison system has not yet been realized, but the LAO projects that by 1999 the prison population will increase by 70 percent, requiring the construction of 15 new prisons at the cost of billions of dollars to California taxpayers. While the California legislation was initially aimed at violent and career criminals, during the first eight months of the law’s implementation, in 70 percent of the cases the third strike involved a nonviolent offense. Despite these systemic problems created by the legislation, California lawmakers cite a 6.5 percent decline in the state’s crime rate as an indication of the law’s success. The impact of “three strikes” laws seem to be a function of the offenses to which they apply. In Washington, for instance, only 33 offenders had been processed under the “three strikes” legislation during the first two years

of implementation, while in California, more than 700 offenders are in prison under the legislation after only one year of implementation.19 The Washington legislation applies to approximately 20 serious felonies.20 According to the California LAO, the third strike can be one of 500 felonies.

Capacity-Based Sentencing Guidelines As of the end of 1994, 17 states had implemented sentencing guidelines to structure the sentencing discretion of judges, and five states had appointed commissions to study the approach.21 Many of these guidelines are voluntary or advisory in nature, while others are presumptive, or prescriptive, systems of sentencing that calculate an appropriate sentencing range within which judges are obligated to sentence.22 Sentencing guidelines are typically designed to bring rationality into the sentencing process by eliminating unfair sentencing practices and increasing deterrent effects of sentencing. Increasingly, however, guidelines are

Table 1 CURRENT STATUS OF STATE SENTENCING GUIDELINES SYSTEMS24 State

Effective date

Utah

1979

Alaska Minnesota Pennsylvania

1-1-80 5-1-80 7-22-82

Florida Maryland Michigan Washington

12-1-83 1983 1-17-84 7-1-84

Wisconsin Delaware

11-1-85 10-10-87

Oregon

11-1-89

Tennessee Virginia

11-1-89 1-1-91

Louisiana Kansas Arkansas North Carolina

1-1-92 7-1-93 1-1-94 10-1-94

Scope and distincitive features Voluntary; retains parole board; no permanent sentencing commission until 1983; linked to correctional resources since 1993. No permanent sentencing commission; statutory guidelines’ scope expanded by case law. Designed not to exceed 95 percent of prison capacity; extensive database and research. Also covers misdemeanors; broad ranges and departure standards; retains parole board; encourages nonprison sanctions since 1994. Formerly voluntary. Voluntary; retains parole board. Voluntary; retains parole board. Includes upper limits on nonprison sanctions, some defined exchange rates, and vague, voluntary charging standards; resource-impact assessment required. Voluntary; descriptive (modelled on existing practices); retains parole board. Voluntary; narrative (not grid) format; also covers misdemeanors and some nonprison sanctions; linked to resources; parole board retained until July 1990. Grid includes upper limits on custodial nonprison sanctions, with some defined exchange rates; linked to resources; many new mandatory minimums added in 1994. Also covers misdemeanors; retains parole board; sentences linked to resources. Voluntary; judicially controlled, and parole board retained, until 1995; resource impact assessments required since 1995. Includes intermediate sanction guidelines and exchange rates; linked to resources. Sentences linked to resources. Voluntary; detailed enabling statute; resource impact assessment required. Also covers most misdemeanors; sentences linked to resources. Reprinted from Frase 1995

462 The Book of the States 1996-97

CORRECTIONS

also being used to gain control over limited correctional resources.23 The Minnesota Sentencing Commission took the lead in matching sentencing guidelines with correctional resources in 1980 as part of their initial guidelines. The enabling statute for the Minnesota Sentencing Commission directed the commission to give “substantial consideration” to correctional resources. Hence, a primary goal of the commission was never to exceed 95 percent of available prison capacity. Since guideline implementation, increases in the rates of Minnesota’s prison population are much lower than other states, and the state has been able to avoid court intervention due to crowding. In October 1994, North Carolina implemented sentencing guidelines that matched sentences to the number of prison beds, probation slots and other correctional resources. North Carolina’s system of “capacity-based sentencing” was developed based on projections of future crime and sentencing patterns. The guidelines incorporate shorter and communitybased sentences for nonviolent, first time offenders and longer sentences for violent and career offenders. The North Carolina Legislature has decided that a fiscal impact statement must accompany any revisions to the current guidelines. Arkansas, Delaware, Kansas, Louisiana, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and Washington have included mechanisms within their sentencing guidelines for linking sentences with state resources. These capacity-based guidelines represent one of the most salient efforts to interject accountability into the criminal justice system.

Shifting Accountability from State to Local Level To accommodate the tough sentencing schemes for violent and repeat offenders, states continue to develop community-based intermediate sanctions for lower risk offenders. As of January 1994, 25 states had passed community corrections acts designed to divert offenders from prison.25 (See Figure 3). Still, prison popu-

lations continue to exceed rated capacities. New bills enacted in Ohio and Oregon provide examples of measures being taken to shift the burden of housing offenders from state-level systems to local criminal justice systems, to encourage the expansion of sentencing options available to judges, and to promote accountability in sentencing practices. The structure of corrections in Ohio is complex. The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections operates 28 state prisons and a statewide division of parole. While this state agency provides probation services in some counties, probation, by and large, is a county or municipal function. Felony and misdemeanor probation generally fall under the jurisdiction of the Common Pleas and Municipal Courts, respectively. Figure 3 STATES WITH COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS LEGISLATION JANUARY 1994

Key: = Yes

= No

Source: National Committee on Community Corrections

As part of the Ohio Community Corrections Act established in 1979, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections began awarding counties with funds to implement Intensive Supervision Programs as a means of diverting low-risk offenders from prison. Still, by 1995, the prison population was 70 percent beyond its rated capacity. In 1995, the Ohio General Assembly enacted Senate Bill 2 as a means to shift the burden of criminal sanctions for low level offenders from the state to the county level. Other primary objectives of Senate Bill 2 are truth-in-sentencing and the reservation of prison space for violent and serious felony offenders. The Council of State Governments

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CORRECTIONS

Senate Bill 2 creates a fifth level of felony and downgrades some offenses previously classified as felonies to misdemeanors. The intention is to sentence these new low-level felony and misdemeanor offenders to community-based sanctions rather than prison. To assist counties in bearing this burden, Senate Bill 2 extends the 1979 Community Corrections Act by providing additional funding to local criminal justice systems for the creation of a broader range of alternatives to prison. To be eligible for this funding, counties must create a Community Corrections Planning Board and develop a comprehensive plan for community corrections that coordinates all correctional services in the county and its residing municipalities and reduces the number of people committed to state prisons or local jails. Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Senate Bill 1145 is designed to give local communities more resources, responsibility and control for local corrections activities. The law states that counties will provide sanctions for a specified group of less serious felony offenders while the state will incarcerate violent or more serious felony offenders. The legislation requires that sentences of less than one year be served in the county having jurisdiction over the case. The state will no longer operate any community corrections offices directly, with this responsibility being transferred to counties. County-based sanctions for low-level felony offenders will include jail and other communitybased options such as work centers, electronic monitoring, and intensive supervision. State assistance will be provided to local governments for jails and the development of alternative sanctions.

Expanding Correctional Options In order to accommodate the longer sentences being sought for violent and repeat adult offenders, state and local jurisdictions continue to develop correctional options designed to divert low level offenders from prison. Two of the most popular options being implemented across the nation are boot camps and day reporting centers. 464 The Book of the States 1996-97

Boot Camps A 1996 research report released by the National Institute of Justice identified 52 boot camp programs across the nation for young adult offenders;26 34 of these programs are run by state correctional agencies. Boot camps typically have three distinguishing characteristics:1) they are designed for young, non-violent offenders; 2) they are highly structured and adhere to a military model of discipline; and 3) program duration ranges from three to six months. Table 2 provides an overview of program characteristics for programs in South Carolina and Wisconsin. Day Reporting Centers According to a report by Abt Associates, day reporting centers (DRCs) are one of the fastest growing intermediate sanction programs. 28In 1990, only 13 DRCs existed nationally. By the end of 1994, 114 DRCs were operating in 22 states. Although day reporting programs differ in structure and purpose, the most common model requires offenders to report daily to a central location for treatment and support services. Additionally, many DRCs perform a surveillance function by drug testing, conducting field contacts and monitoring offender progress. The first known day reporting center was implemented in Massachusetts in 1986.29 Six day reporting centers are currently operating across Massachusetts. Five of the six programs are operated by local sheriffsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; departments with the sixth being operated by the Crime and Justice Foundation, a private, nonprofit entity located in Boston. The programs are designed as an early release valve for offenders who are within two to six months of release from prison, jail or an inpatient alcohol treatment facility. The Hampden DRC also accepts pretrial detainees. To be eligible for DRC, offenders cannot have any recent disciplinary reports on file. The primary focus differs for each program, but they all include an intensive level of contacts with participants, with one program reporting up to 10 contacts per day. Offenders in each of the DRCs are subject to curfews and drug testing. Most are required to participate in some

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Table 2 BOOT CAMP PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS27 Program Characteristice

South Carolina Shock Incarceration Program

Wisconsin Challenge Incarceration Program

Date Established

1986

1991

Host Agency

Department of Corrections

Program goals

Reduce prison crowding and costs.

Provide a safe, secure environment for the public, staff, and offenders.

Improve self-esteem, self-control, and ability to cope. Provide punishment.

Reduce prison overcrowding. Provide an alternative to revocation for probation and parole. Provide productive inmate programs and work

Provide opportunities for self-discipline, hard work, education, counseling, and training.

Produce a success rate equal to, or greater than, traditional parole.

Program duration

3 months (extendable to 4 months).

6 months.

Program capacity

192 males. 24 females.

75 males.

Eligibility criteria

17-29 years old.

18-30 years old.

Eligible for parole in 2 years or less.

Nonviolent offenders.

Nonviolent offenders with no previous incarceration.

Voluntary entry.

Voluntary entry. Services provided

Military drill and discipline.

7 hours/day work detail.

Inmates work 30 hours/week and are paid $2/day.

3 hours/day of education, life skills, substance abuse counseling.

Participation in individual and group therapy 25 hours/week 8 hours/week devoted to drug and alcohol treatment. 15 hours/week are spent in adult basic education.

Authority for release

Shock Incarceration Program

Challenge Incarceration Program

Aftercare requirements

Placed on regular parole supervision.

80% released to halfway house for 3-6 months. Six months intensive supervision and weekly attendance at AA/NA meetings.

Available outcome data

Program completion rate - 90 percent of males and 82 percent of females.

Program completion rate - 40 percent.

Estimated cost savings - $2. 6 million over two year period.

10 percent of boot camp graduates were returned to prison within the first three years.

The Council of State Governments

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form of alcohol or drug treatment. Other services include employment assistance, substance abuse treatment, counseling and education. Additional supervision activities involve offender itineraries, telephone calls and electronic monitoring. The length of stay across Massachusettsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; DRCs ranges from 42 to 85 days. A review of program data indicates that approximately 79 percent of the DRC participants successfully complete the program, with only five percent failing due to the commission of a new offense.

Citizen Involvement and Collaboration With the emphasis on community-based correctional options such as the boot camps and day reporting centers described above, criminal justice agencies are increasingly recognizing the importance of a comprehensive, unified approach to crime prevention and crime control. State and local corrections agencies have developed many mechanisms for increasing citizen awareness and involvement and for collaborating with other local service providers. A common approach to involving citizens is through the use of community advisory boards. The State Advisory Board in New Jersey is one of the most active boards in the nation. The role of the 21-member board is to advise the Supreme Court on matters related to probation. Primarily, the board assists in the administration and performance of probation services and serves as a liaison between the probation department and the community. Recent advisory board projects have included the development of performance measures, a public education campaign and the development of county-based probation advisory boards. Minnesota and Vermont have instituted programs that involve citizen volunteers in the sentencing of offenders. These programs are based on a restorative justice philosophy by requiring offenders to make restitution to victims and communities for any damage caused by their behavior. Table 3 highlights their primary program characteristics.30 Equally important to involving lay citizens in the criminal justice system is collaborating 466 The Book of the States 1996-97

with other local service providers. Such collaboration promotes system accountability by making more efficient and effective use of state and local resources and is a key strategy within a comprehensive, community-based approach to crime control. Many local service providers share common clients. To avoid a duplication of services or working at cross purposes, coalitions form around many substantive areas including family violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and educational programming. For example, in 1993, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections in Enid, Oklahoma joined forces with several other community agencies to develop a Family Center designed to strengthen families and neighborhoods by connecting them with activities and services that meet their needs. Services provided at the Family Center include family support, information and referrals, child health care, child care assistance, neighborhood organization, adult literacy and parent education. These services are convenient, easy to access and user friendly for all local citizens, including offenders. This collaboration has been so successful that legislation was introduced in 1994 requiring the secretary of health and human services, the secretary of safety and security, and the secretary of education to submit a plan to the governor for the development of family service centers throughout the state. As a result, the Creating the Family-Centered and Community Designed Services Act (House Bill 2231 and Senate Bill 1237) was passed, requiring the heads of the Department of Human Services, the Department of Health, the Department of Rehabilitation, the Department of Corrections, the Department of Education, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse and the Office of Juvenile Affairs to form a Commission on Children and Families responsible for coordinating the statewide delivery of services to children and their families.

Issues in Prison Management Inmate health care costs have increased from $4.68 per day in 1990 to $6.07 per day in 1994.31 These rising costs are attributed to an increase

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Table 3 CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT IN SENTENCING Program Characteristics

Vermont’s Reparative Probation

Minnesota’s Community Response to Crime Program

Date established

Piloted 1994, Statewide 1995.

Piloted May 1995.

Oversight organization

Department of Corrections.

Probation Department.

General nature of community involvement

Citizens voluntarily participate on a Reparative Board which determines reparative activities to be completed by offenders, reviews offender progress, and recommends successful discharge or violation of probation.

Volunteers serve on a Community Intervention Team which communicates to offenders the impact of their behavior on the local community, sets special conditions of probation, provides support to offenders and periodically reviews offender progress.

Volunteer selection procedures

The Commissioner of Corrections selects and appoints board members from a list of volunteers recruited by the program staff and nominated by local community leaders.

Team members are selected by interventionists or the program coordinator from a pool of volunteers.

Group size

Average 5.

8-12.

Decision-making mechanism

Variable - Local boards create their own bylaws.

Consensus.

Victim participation

Victim input is sought for consideration by boards. State is moving toward the inclusion of victim representatives on the boards.

Victim input is sought for consideration by team. Victim-offender mediation is used as a condition of release where appropriate.

Gatekeeper

Sentencing judge.

Offenders targeted

Nonviolent misdemeanor or felony offenders.

Nonviolent offenders and chronic property offenders.

of older inmates and more prisoners with AIDS and tuberculosis. Nine states including Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Nevada, Oklahoma and Oregon are charging inmates a nominal fee for requested health care services.32 As of January 1, 1995, 5,472 inmates were confirmed as HIV positive, and 806 inmates were being treated for tuberculosis.33 New York alone accounted for 1,567 of the HIV cases. A 1994 Los Angeles Times article reported that 25 percent of California inmates were tuberculosis carriers.34 According to a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, all states have specific criteria for HIV testing.35 Forty-five states test inmates with HIV-related symptoms or upon an inmate’s request. Seventeen states test all incoming inmates. Hawaii and New York test inmates selected at random. Alabama, Missouri and Nevada have begun to test inmates upon their release.

Jonathan Turley of the Project for Older Prisoners at George Washington University reports that by the year 2000, there will be 125,000 geriatric prisoners. The annual medical and maintenance costs of an inmate over the age of 60 is $69,000 which is three times the cost of health care for younger inmates.36 Some states have implemented policies to consider older inmates for release.

Juvenile Justice Gets Tougher The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) reports that juvenile arrests increased 57 percent between 1983 and 1992.37 Furthermore, OJJDP reports on projections of demographic experts who predict that juvenile arrests for violent crimes will more than double by the year 2010.38 Responding to these disheartening trends in juvenile crime, most changes in the juvenile The Council of State Governments

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justice system and legislation revolve around treating juvenile offenders more like adult offenders. Twenty-one states have some type of legislation allowing the waiver of juveniles to adult courts.39 Crimes for which juveniles can be transferred to adult court generally include murder, attempted murder, specified forcible sex crimes and kidnapping. According to a State Legislative Report prepared by the National Conference of State Legislatures, in 1995: Alaska, Delaware, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, and West Virginia expanded the crimes for which juveniles may be prosecuted as adults; Iowa and Ohio passed legislation that requires that once a juvenile has been transferred to criminal court, any subsequent cases will also be handled in criminal court; Hawaii, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Dakota and Ohio passed legislation authorizing the opening of juvenile criminal records; Pennsylvania passed legislation allowing fingerprints and photographs of juveniles who allegedly commit misdemeanor or felony crimes; and Arizona, California and Maine passed laws granting additional rights to victims of juvenile crimes similar to those granted to victims of adult crimes, including notification of case status, the right to address the court and the requirement that courts must obtain victim input on juvenile cases.40 Indiana passed a legislative package mandating tougher treatment of juveniles in 1994.41 Changes in the state juvenile code include opening courtrooms and juvenile records to the public and stricter determinant sentences for juveniles, ages 13-15, who commit murder, kidnapping, rape, criminal deviate conduct or armed robbery resulting in serious bodily injury. Youths aged 16 and 17 are tried and punished as adults for these crimes. Also included in the legislative package are mandated expulsions from school for anyone bringing a firearm or other deadly weapon onto school property and the authority to revoke or prevent the issuance of driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s licenses to youths who have been suspended or expelled from school. Utah passed an equally tough package of juvenile legislation in 1993.42 SB 4 and SB 8 468 The Book of the States 1996-97

address waivers to adult court for juveniles age 16 or older for specific violent offenses. HB 12 requires that a child age 14 or older who is arrested for an alleged offense that would be a felony if the child were an adult must be fingerprinted, and the records sent to the State Bureau of Criminal Identification. The fingerprints may also be distributed to other law enforcement agencies. HB 1 requires that in all cases when a child is required to appear in court, the parents, guardians or other legal custodians must appear with the child unless they are otherwise excused by the judge. Another move toward the tougher treatment of juveniles includes the implementation of juvenile boot camps similar to those operating in the adult system. 1993 legislation in Colorado (HB 93S-1005) authorized the development of a three-phase, regimented training program for juvenile offenders.43 The Colorado Division of Youth Services, the prime contractor for the boot camp, contracted with New Pride, Inc., a private, nonprofit corporation, for the design, staffing and operation of the program.44 Males, ages 14-18, adjudicated delinquent for a nonviolent offense are eligible for the program. Youth can be referred to the boot camp before or after sentencing or when they violate conditions of probation. The program operates under the philosophy that a highly structured military experience in conjunction with positive role models promotes positive behavioral changes in youths. Of those entering the program during the first year, 25 percent were removed for new arrests. Preliminary data suggest that youths improved their educational performance, physical fitness and behavior during boot camp. Not all juvenile legislation being introduced is for tougher sanctions. It is, however, designed to promote accountability on the part of juvenile offenders and the juvenile justice system. Pending legislation in California (Senate Bill 1188) is designed to incorporate victimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs into the adjudication of delinquents and hold juveniles accountable to their victims and their communities for harm caused by their behavior.45 Senate Bill 1188 earmarks $600,000 for a three-county pilot program in which victim-

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offender reconciliation and community service would be the focus of sentencing for low-level juvenile offenders convicted of nonviolent offenses. Holding Local Juvenile Justice Systems Accountable A new program in Ohio is designed to promote accountability for juvenile court sentencing practices.46 RECLAIM Ohio, which stands for Reasoned and Equitable Community and Local Alternatives to Incarceration of Minors, discourages juvenile courts from over-reliance on state training schools and encourages the creation of community-based options. The state allots each juvenile court a specified amount of money that may be used to buy treatment services for delinquent youths. However, when judges send youths to state-run institutions, the local treatment fund is charged approximately $75 per youth per day for the cost of treatment by the state. RECLAIM Ohio was first piloted in nine counties and resulted in a 43 percent reduction in commitments to the Department of Youth Services. Furthermore, the counties were able to keep approximately $3 million in RECLAIM funds and provide communitybased treatment to nearly 1,000 adjudicated offenders. The program was expanded to all Ohio counties on January 1, 1995.

Performance-Based Measurement Perhaps the ultimate attempt to introduce accountability into corrections is the development and implementation of performancebased measurements. Previously, recidivism has been the sole measurement of a correctional agency’s success. As an all-or-nothing measure, recidivism poses many problems. First, many definitions are applied to the term “recidivism” and different definitions can produce radically different figures from the same data. Second, there is tremendous variance in the amount of time involved in recidivism studies. Third, recidivism rates are influenced by many internal and external factors such as increased or decreased law enforcement activities or a change in judicial philosophy. Lastly, recidivism mea-

sures provide little insight for policy modifications because they overlook the very activities that define the corrections profession. Probation, parole and correctional officers provide treatment and services, conduct surveillance and enforce court, parole board and prison regulations. By measuring immediate and intermediate outcomes in addition to recidivism, agencies can begin to disentangle program activities and components and determine what it is that leads to ultimate outcomes of behavioral change and reduced recidivism. Examples of immediate outcomes include: the number of offenders participating in a GED program; the number of offenders diverted from prison; and the number of offenders referred to the local mental health agency. Examples of intermediate outcomes include:the number of offenders obtaining their GED; the average number of drug-free days per offender;the number of offenders successfully completing a drug treatment program; the percentage of restitution paid; the number of community service hours performed per month; and the number of offenders employed. Additionally, by implementing alternative outcome measures, correctional agencies can better communicate to citizens and other interested stakeholders what it is they do and demonstrate their value to the state or local community. This is critical to an agency’s survival. The public is demanding more accountability from tax supported programs, and legislators faced with the challenge of appropriating state funds are beginning to question the effectiveness of these public agencies. The following excerpt from a 1994 letter to all state funded agencies in Kansas demonstrates this new approach: “The House Appropriations and Senate Ways & Means Committees are committed to pursuing an innovative performance-based budgeting system that will bring your agency’s mission, program priorities, anticipated results, strategies for achieving the desired results and budget into one document. This would aid the Legislature in allocating and managing our limited financial resources based upon established public policy priorities The Council of State Governments

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and allow for resource adjustments based upon agreed to performance measures. The concept is straightforward. Agencies will be held accountable for accomplishments through the use of performance measurements and not on how much will be spent buying paper clips. ” Since that time, the Kansas Department of Corrections has developed a comprehensive system of performance-based measurements. Figure 4 provides sample measurements for the community corrections division. The American

Probation and Parole Association recently developed a model for implementing performancebased measures in community corrections agencies.47 Arizona, Minnesota and Texas are in the initial stages of implementing performancebased measures within their jurisdictions.

Conclusion The past several years have delivered many challenges to policymakers and corrections professionals. Keeping pace with the growing cor-

Table 4 SAMPLE PERFORMANCE-BASED MEASURES — KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, DIVISION OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS Objective #1: Provide control over offenders assigned to community supervision which prevents reoffending and satisfies community safety concerns. Strategies for Objective #1: 1. Provide staff, resources and a classification system that ensures appropriate correctional supervision. 2. Increase field contacts to enhance monitoring of offender behavior in the community. Output measures: 1. Number of community corrections offenders under supervision in Kansas. 2. Number of community corrections offenders with new felony sentences committed to Kansas prisons. 3. Number of Kansas community corrections offenders who have absconded supervision. 4. Number of community corrections offenders revoked for conditions violations. Outcome measures: 1. Absconders as percent of community corrections offenders assigned. 2. Percent of positive drug/alcohol test results. Objective #2: Provide services and programs in the community which assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens. Strategies for Objective #2: 1. Provide or coordinate access to community services consistent with the criminogenic needs of offenders’ drug/alcohol counseling and treatment, mental health services, education. 2. Coordinate with SRS the provision of aftercare services for juvenile offenders released from state youth centers. Output measures: 1. Number of offenders employed. 2. Number of offenders who complete vocational and education programs. 3. Number of offenders successfully discharged from community corrections. Outcome measures: 1. Percent of community corrections offenders employed. Objective #3: Expand activities directed toward victim and community restoration. Strategies for objective 3: 1. Increase by 5 percent the amount of court ordered restitution and fees collected from offenders. 2. Increase by 5 percent the number of hours of community service work performed by offenders. Output/Outcome Measures: 1. Restitution paid by offenders. 2. Court costs and fines paid. 3. Community service hours completed.

470 The Book of the States 1996-97

CORRECTIONS

rectional populations and managing constant change is no easy task. Citizen involvement and collaboration, the development of capacitybased guidelines, and the implementation of performance-based measurements suggest a sincere effort to interject rationality and accountability into the system. As for the new tough sentencing policies, all that can be said at this point is that they seem to fulfill an expressive purpose — they are emotionally pleasing. Only time and comprehensive evaluation efforts will tell how effective they are in controlling crime.

Endnotes 1 J.P. O’Connell, “Throwing Away The Key (and State Money),” Spectrum, Winter 1995, pg. 28. 2 U.S. Department of Justice, “State and Federal Prisons Report Record Growth During last 12 Months,” Press Release, December 3, 1995. 3 Ibid. 4 C.G. Camp & G. M. Camp, The Corrections Yearbook: Probation and Parole, (New York: Criminal Justice Institute, Inc.), 1995. 5 William M. DiMascio, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in America, (New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation), 1995. 6 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics-1994, (Washington, D.C.:Office of Justice Programs, 1995). 7 DiMascio, 1995. 8 J. Petersilia, “A Crime Control Rationale for Reinvesting in Community Corrections,” Spectrum, Summer 1995, pgs. 16-27. 9 DiMascio, 1995. 10 Ibid. 11 M. Dooley, “Reparative Probation Boards,” Restoring Hope Through Community Partnerships: The Real Deal in Crime Control, (Lexington, Ky.: American Probation and Parole Association, 1995). 12 D. Lyons, & A. Yee, “Crime and Sentencing State Enactments 1995,” State Legislative Report, 20(16), November 1995. 13 Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Prison Sentences and Time Served for Violence,” NCJ153858, April 1995.

P.B. Burke, Abolishing Parole: Why the Emperor Has no Clothes, (Lexington, Ky.: American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities, International, 1995). 15 Ibid. 16 A. Karpelowitz & D. Hunzeker, “`Three Strikes’ Legislation Update,” NCSL Legisbrief, April 1995. 17 Lyons & Yee, 1995 . 18 California Legislative Analyst’s Office, “The ‘Three Strikes and You’re Out Law’: A Preliminary Assessment,” (unpublished report), January 1995. 19 Associated Press, “States ‘Three Strikes’ Laws Result in few Criminals being Called Out,” Washington Times, September 24, 1995 p. 12. 20 D. Hunzeker, “‘Three Strikes’ Legislation,” NCSL Legisbrief, August 1994. 21 R. S. Frase, “State Sentencing Guidelines: Still Going Strong,” Judicature, 78(4), 1995, pgs. 173-179. 22 D. Hunzeker, “State Sentencing Systems and ‘Truth in Sentencing’,” State Legislative Report, April 1995. 23 Frase, 1995. 24 Ibid. 25 Dimascio, 1995. 26 B.B. Bourque, M. Han & S.M. Hill, An Inventory of Aftercare Provisions for 52 Boot Camp Programs (Washington D.C.: Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1996). 27 Ibid. 28 Abt Associates, Day Reporting Centers, NCJ-155060, 1995. 29 J. McDevitt & R. Miliano, “Day Reporting Centers: An Innovative Concept in Intermediate Sanctions. ” In Byrne, Lurigio and Petersilia (eds.), Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions, (California: Sage Publications, 1992) pgs. 152-165. 30 K. Praniss, “Community Involvement in Offender Sentencing,” [Minnesota Department of Corrections (unpublished paper), November 1995]. 31 C.G. Camp & G.M. Camp, The Corrections Yearbook: Adult Corrections, (New York: The Council of State Governments

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Criminal Justice Institute, Inc. 1995). 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid. 34 D. Morain, “California’s Prison Budget: Why is it so Voracious?” Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1994. 35 Bureau of Justice Statistics, HIV in prisons 1994, NCJ-158020, March 1996. 36 Dimascio, 1995. 37 Office of Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention, “Juveniles and Violence: Juvenile Offending and Victimization,” OJJDP Fact Sheet 19, November 1994. 38 Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Combating Violence and Delinquency: The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan, (Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, March 1996). 39 K.S. Olsson, “The Juvenile Justice Dilemma” Corrections Today, February 1996, pgs. 48-51. 40 D. Lyons, “Juvenile Crime and Justice State Enactments 1995,” State Legislative Report, 20 (17), November 1995. 41 Staff, “Indiana Opens Courtrooms and

472 The Book of the States 1996-97

Records in Juvenile Felony Cases,” Criminal Justice Newsletter, Volume 26 No. 10, May 1995. 42 The Council of State Governments, Juvenile Justice legislation, (note) Suggested State Legislation, Volume 59, (Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments, 1995) pgs. 2-3. 43 Ibid. 44 B.B. Bourque, et al. , Boot Camps for Juvenile Offenders: An Implementation Evaluation of Three Demonstration Programs, (Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1996). 45 Staff, “Juvenile Offenders in California: Paddling or Accountability?,” Justice Report, Winter 1996, p. 5. 46 Staff, “Ohio Program Gives Judges Money to Create Treatment Options,” Criminal Justice Newsletter, 26 (15), August 1995. 47 H.B. Boone & B. F. Fulton, Results-Driven Management: Implementing Performance-Based Measures in Community Corrections, (Lexington, Ky.: The American Probation and Parole Association 1995).

ENVIRONMENT

Developing Models for Environmental Management Environmental management in the U.S. is beginning to decentralize from EPA’s command-and-control strategy to other management models in which the state governments, the public and private business take the lead. by R. Steven Brown In the most recent Book of the States (19941995) this author reviewed some examples of environmental management strategies being planned or practiced by state governments. 1 These included sustainable development, environmental indicators, environmental mandates, pollution prevention, comparative risk, ecosystem management and wise-use. Two of the features these systems share are that they do not rely on traditional command-and-control management techniques, and they are inherently decentralized. This article presents some examples of these models being implemented in the states during the past two years. The first 25 years of significant federal environmental law in the United States, the period 1968 – present, is characterized by the so-called “command-and-control” strategy. During this period, most significant decisions were made by Congress, interpreted and augmented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and implemented by the 50 states. States passed these “top-down” requirements on to the regulated community, that is, to industry and cities. Flexibility was not a goal; instead compliance with the national standard was the goal. Federal policy administrators saw flexibility in implementation of federal laws as a thinly veiled excuse for not complying with federal law. This approach gradually became known as “command and control.” Because of these policies and attitudes, several things happened. First, environmental quality did improve. No one can say that the _______________ R. Steven Brown is the director of CSG’s Centers for Environment and Safety.

command-and-control strategy failed, when discussing improvements in environmental quality. But as conditions improved, the problems with command and control became more obvious. It became harder and harder to achieve environmental improvements, because more cases surfaced where the rigid approaches of command and control did not make sense, or even made the problem worse. During the 1990s, a movement began among the state governments to reduce the amount of command-and-control decision-making from the federal level. States, being “laboratories of democracy,” were better positioned to know their own problems and how best to solve them. The era where state governments might look the other way and ignore environmental problems was over, in part because of a public sensitized to environmental problems. Secondly, states had developed their own bureaucracies of staff who were not inclined to tolerate significant lessening of commitments to environmental protection. Lastly, we began to see real innovative solutions from the state governments for environmental problems. These innovations lent credence to the proposition that decentralization is a viable alternative. Now for some of the examples of alternatives to command and control. The first example is from Pennsylvania, characterized by a mixture of heavy industry, agriculture and mining industries. Environmental management in Pennsylvania was reorganized last year, with the natural resources management functions being split off into a separate agency. The new Department of Environmental Protection is responsible for the traditional environmental venues of air, water and waste management. The Council of State Governments

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ENVIRONMENT

This agency retains its permitting functions. However, the agency’s new leadership is keen on changing the confrontational nature of the agency’s relationship with the permittees. One of these initiatives is centered on the ISO14000 process. ISO14000 is a voluntary environmental management standard for industry to follow, and is being organized by the International Standards Organization, the same organization that produced ISO 9000 (the Total Quality Management standard). Please note that it is not an environmental quality standard it is a management standard. This means that companies complying with the standard have established procedures to seek out environmental problems and correct them, regardless of governmental supervision. In theory, at least, a company complying with ISO14000 will comply with the environmental quality standards of the nation where the company is located, whether or not the host nation makes any effort to enforce environmental law. ISO has a rigid qualifications and inspection process, and any company failing to meet the standards will lose its ISO14000 standing. The final standards for ISO14000 are expected in mid-1996. Pennsylvania is considering what compliance with ISO14000 might mean for its permitting and inspection responsibilities. For example, if ISO14000 certifies that a company meets its standard, will it continue to be necessary to schedule monthly compliance inspections on significant industries, or will an annual inspection be enough? Will the agency continue to permit each pollution point in the industry, or will a much shorter permit application be possible because of ISO14000 compliance? According to Secretary Jim Sife, of the agency, ISO14000 might mean all these things. Sife says ISO14000 is “potentially many times more effective in achieving significant environmental improvements than traditional . . . regulatory methods.”2 Sife notes that Pennsylvania has already sponsored workshops on the use of ISO14000, including: (a) inspection and permitting policy changes; (b) how small companies might be included; (c) how to deal with perceptions about reduced enforcement; and (d) which laws and regulations might need 474 The Book of the States 1996-97

changing to accommodate ISO14000. The state has already proposed a policy to encourage the use of voluntary measures. Under this proposal, companies that conduct compliance audits (ecoaudits) or that follow ISO14000 standards will not be subject to fines or penalties for violations the company uncovers, if the violations are reported and promptly corrected. Pennsylvania expects this policy, and others that may follow, to reduce the time and resources committed to environmental protection by the state, while resulting in environmental improvements. Companies are expected to benefit as well, both environmentally and competitively. The second example is also related to enforcement and penalties. The state of Mississippi is working with the small companies that face difficulties in following all the complex environmental laws affecting them. In the United States, large facilities usually have environmental personnel dedicated to assuring compliance with environmental law. However, medium and small companies may not have such a staff person, or this person may be responsible for many other things as well, such as worker safety issues. These companies may violate environmental laws without realizing they are doing so. In the past, these violations usually resulted in penalties (fines), as well as the cost of altering equipment to prevent future violations. Companies often felt they were beset with an impossible task. Realizing that this situation has created an atmosphere of confrontation, not cooperation, the Mississippi environmental agency has begun a new system based on training. In this system, a first-time offender of the state’s law on leaking gasoline storage tanks can elect to receive environmental compliance training from the agency instead of paying a penalty. (The company still has to fix the problem, of course, and serious violations are not included.) The people taking the course are tested, and must achieve a passing score or pay the penalty. Agency leadership believes that this training will result in several benefits. First, the agency expects a heightened awareness of environmental laws among small businesses and industries.

ENVIRONMENT

Second, it expects a reduction of future violations because of the training. Third, it expects fewer complaints from businesses and therefore a better relationship between the agency and the regulated community. Finally, and most importantly, it expects an improvement in environmental quality because of fewer violations. States are beginning to investigate how to reduce environmental rules, the third example of decentralization. These states are simply removing environmental regulations off the books if they are never or seldom used, and they are changing the language to reduce the volume. During 1995, Florida held a series of public and internal meetings to determine what rules might be suitable for deletion. By the end of 1995, 1,232 of the agency rules, or 54 percent, had been repealed, were scheduled for repeal, or if necessary were identified to the governor’s office as requiring statutory change to allow repeal.3 Many of the rules eliminated were “process” rules — the agency refrained from deleting standards. For example, the agency deleted the rule that required repair of leaking automobile air conditioner systems, originally enacted to help preserve the ozone layer. With the ban of freon production, and the realization that all freon already in existence will eventually leak, the agency decided to delete the rule. Only repair shops protested the rule change. A fourth example of decentralization is the use of ecosystem management principles in which geographic areas are managed by environmental quality considerations rather than by stagnant standards. This management approach is being conducted in several states, notably Florida and Washington. In Washington, the department of ecology is taking a “watershed management” approach. This management scheme is holistic, integrated and decentralized. It is holistic because it includes consideration of disciplines not usually dealt with by environmental agencies, but which are affected by environmental management schemes: fish and wildlife, agriculture and transportation. Watershed management is integrated because it in-

cludes decision-making across several agencies, levels of government and the public. Finally, it is decentralized because much of the goal-setting and decision-making is done within the watershed. Washington’s environmental agency has reassigned staff from both its central and regional offices into local watershed offices to help facilitate this transfer of decision-making. In return, the agency expects to see improved water quality, especially from nonpoint sources such as agriculture. The last example of decentralization is the revised approach states are taking on environmental permits. Environmental permits have been the backbone of command and control: authority to issue them is delegated from EPA to the states, and then the states issue the stipulations under which the recipients (usually industry or municipal water treatment plants) may emit pollutants. Traditionally, environmental permits have been very proscriptive, requiring use of Best Available Control Technologies, or imposing a battery of proofs on technologies not commonly used to solve pollutant problems. Not only do these permit systems impose a burden on the regulated entities, they impose a burden on the regulator as well. Many states have experienced massive permit application backlogs, sometimes numbering in the thousands. These applicants are allowed to continue operation until their permit is reviewed, which sometimes takes years. Obviously, the permit system had begun to break down. However, most observers credit the permit system for the reduction in regulated emissions that the nation has experienced over the last 25 years. Environmental professionals searched for a way to reconcile these two observations. States have been interested in permit reforms for years and have taken many different steps to improve the process. Massachusetts, for example, undertook a major permit revision process in 1989 designed to eliminate a backlog like the one described above. More recently, EPA has initiated a process intended to address the permits issue.4 This process, called the Permits Improvement Team, has two chief recommendations: that permits emphasize performance (over technical specifications), and that The Council of State Governments

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the public be provided with information that will assist it in monitoring the performance of the permittee. EPA and the states are already cooperating on some revised permit processes that explore these new operational parameters. Oregon and Minnesota, for example, have issued “flexible” air permits, which, among other things, allow the regulated entities to make process and operational changes that they believe will result in fewer emissions, without triggering another permit review cycle (which had been the case anytime a change was made). The EPA process is also investigating alternatives to individual permits, such as general permitting (a process in which requirements are based on a prototype facility), and permits-byrule (in which a permit issued under one statute applies to another as well). Finally, the agency also wants to emphasize the use of pollution prevention, which may reduce the complexity of a permit, or even eliminate it altogether. However, whether EPA’s process will gather much attention in the states remains in doubt. It is a very federally driven document, with nearly all of the perspective given from an EPA point of view. States issue most permits, not EPA. Nevertheless, EPA’s effort is a step in the right direction, and should lead to some decentralization. Finally, there is the question of what obstacles exist for decentralization. There are many. First, there is the tradition of 25 years of command-and-control legislation. It will not be easy to change these laws. Second, there is dis-

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trust among some of the environmental community (but not all) about the change. Third, there is distrust among the bureaucracies themselves, some of whom simply do not want change because it is difficult and disrupts schedules. Fourth, even some businesses are suspicious of changes in environmental laws, fearing disguised attempts at creating more legal burdens. Finally, there is the fear, not of failure, but of the risk of failure: granting local governments new authority means they might make bad decisions. In spite of these obstacles, the likelihood for decentralization and reduction efforts in the United States seems high for the foreseeable future.

References 1

R. Steven Brown, “Emerging Models for Environmental Management,” The Book of the States, 1994-1995, pp. 539-543. 2 James M. Seif, “ISO14000 — Privatizing Environmental Regulation: A Idea Without Borders,” ecos, 3:3, p. 1. 3 Virginia Wetherell, “Florida Cuts its Environmental Regulations by over 50%: State strategy offers potential model for how to trim the fat in state regulations while maintaining environmental protection,” ecos, 3:4, p. 1. 4 United States Environmental Protection Agency, final draft of a concept paper on Environmental Permitting and Task Force Recommendations, draft manuscript, April 1996, contact Lance Miller at (909) 321-6782 for copies.

ETHICS

Reforming Public Integrity Laws in an Era of Declining Trust Lawmakers may judge the ethical climate of state government by their own best intentions, but the public sees it differently. In the midst of that perception gap, it usually takes a full-blown scandal to prompt major reforms. by David Ensign Public office is a public trust. That sentiment — and often those words — are enshrined in most state laws governing public integrity. Whether ethics codes, lobbying laws or campaign finance regulations, “public integrity” laws exist to articulate the basic principles of political ethics — independence, fairness and accountability1 — and ensure that those principles are upheld. Gauging “reform” in this area requires examining the number, nature, and ultimately, the reasons behind state actions to enact or change public integrity laws over time. The Watergate era saw a surge of state activity — 39 new commissions, agencies or committees were created between 1973-1978. This was followed by a 10-year period (1979-1988) during which states created eight new ethics commissions, agencies or committees. From 1989-1993 — as FBI investigations in Arizona, Kentucky and South Carolina became public — states created a dozen such bodies. In the past five years, more than 15 states made significant reforms to their campaign finance, lobbying or ethics statutes. Last year, 33 states made at least minor changes to their laws governing lobbying, campaign finance or ethics (Bowman, 1996). The changes ranged from _______________ David Ensign is Senior Policy Manager with the Policy and Program Development unit of CSG. He is managing editor of Public Integrity Annual. This essay expands on two articles he wrote for the April 1996 issue of State Government News. See David Ensign, 1996. “Tests of Strength” and “Dear Abby: Is It Ethical?” State Government News. Vol. 39, No. 4 (April), pp. 20-22 and 23-25.

slight adjustments of reporting requirements in several states to major overhauls of the campaign finance law in Ohio and the ethics code in Alabama. Clearly, from 1973 to the present, lawmakers paid a significant amount of attention to public integrity. However, the mere fact that states take legislative and administrative actions tells only part of the story. Equally important is the strength of such actions. For example, informal polls of lawmakers and lobbyists at CSG meetings usually rank Wisconsin as home of the nation’s strictest ethics laws. Similarly, state ethics administrators cite Wisconsin’s law (Bullock, 1994). Those rankings are based on the opinions of state officials, but a formal comparative study of legislative ethics laws produced some surprising results: Wisconsin’s ethics code is relatively weak and the strongest ethics laws are in Hawaii, Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia (Goodman, et.al., 1996). The study identified 16 categories of ethics legislation and 61 distinct restrictions that lawmakers impose upon themselves in the 43 states that provided ethics laws for the researchers’ review. The principle items within the broad categories include restrictions on the following activities in relation to legislators or close economic associates: • The use of office for economic gain, contracts, employment and privileges. • Legislative participation in floor or committee action if a matter concerns legislators or close economic associates. The Council of State Governments

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• The use of public resources for private concerns. • The acceptance of gifts, services and favoritism. • Representation of clients before the legislature and government agencies. The content analysis of ethics codes covered only legislative ethics: “the internal guidelines that the lawmakers have developed to govern their behavior” (Goodman, et.al., p. 53). Only 12 states received moderately high to high rankings in passing comprehensive ethics legislation (see Table 1). This discrepancy between informed state officials and academics can be explained in part by looking at the process of reform and the reasons states undertake reform. Minor changes in state public integrity laws can be brought about by a number of factors, as a brief look at legislative action in Connecticut last year demonstrates. Last year the U.S. Supreme Court, in McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, struck down an Ohio law relating to the integrity and financing of political cam-

paigns. Ohio’s political campaign regulations required that literature supporting or opposing a ballot measure include information identifying the sponsor of the literature. According to a dissent by Justice Scalia, every state except California had a statute similar to the one struck down by the court. The majority cited the longstanding tradition of anonymous political literature in ruling the statute unconstitutional. Connecticut was perhaps the first state to respond legislatively, when the General Assembly revised the state’s campaign finance law to delete the attribution requirements for campaign literature paid for by individuals acting independently of campaign organizations. A state’s own ethics procedures also influence the legislative agenda. For example, advisory opinions from state ethics agencies can lead to statutory changes. In Connecticut, the General Assembly amended the state’s postgovernment employment statutes twice in response to opinions by the state’s ethics commission. In July 1994, the commission advised a former state prosecutor not to negotiate with

Table 1 STRENGTH OF STATES’ ETHICS LEGISLATION* Low (N=16)

Moderate (N=15)

Moderately High (N=8)

High (N=4)

Arizona (9) Arkansas (2) California (9) Delaware (0) Georgia (0) Idaho (7) Illinois (7) Indiana (0) Mississippi (8) Montana (7) New Hampshire (0) Nevada (9) North Carolina (2) North Dakota (4) Oregon (9) South Dakota (0)

Alabama (13) Alaska (16) Colorado (14) Kansas (16) Louisiana (14) Maine (17) Nebraska (11) New Mexico (11) Ohio (16) Oklahoma (15) Texas (13) Utah (18) Virginia (11) Washington (12) Wisconsin (14)

Connecticut (30) Florida (21) Iowa (24) Maryland (21) Massachusetts (24) Nevada (21) Pennsylvania (23) Rhode Island (22)

Hawaii (34) Kentucky (34) Tennessee (40) West Virginia (33)

The number in parentheses represents the state’s total score regarding the comprehensiveness of its ethics legislation * No data were received from Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, South Carolina, Vermont, Wyoming. Source: Public Integrity Annual , The Council of State Governments

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any representative of the Division of Criminal Justice, a ruling that severely limited the former prosecutor’s ability to practice criminal law. The General Assembly responded by crafting, over the course of two sessions, an exemption for former prosecutors in private practices. Ethics reform also involves state-to-state communication and education. States draw on existing statutes, and perhaps on model legislation2 from other states when reforming their own. That process leads to an accumulation of restrictions that cast a broader net. For example, Wisconsin set the early standard for restrictions on lobbyists’ gifts to lawmakers when it imposed the so-called “no cup of coffee” gift ban more than 25 years ago [Chartock and Berking, (under Wisconsin’s lobbying law as cited by Chartock and Berking in 1970, registered lobbyists are not allowed to furnish “any food, meal, lodging, beverage, transportation, money, campaign contributions or any other thing of pecuniary value” to any legislator or official or employee of the state), p. 235]. The Wisconsin ethics law received its relatively low ranking in the Goodman study because, while it restricts gifts from lobbyists as tightly as any state, lawmakers, lobbyists and staff in Madison face fewer restrictions in other areas than their counterparts in the dozen states ranked moderate to high. Inconsistent coverage of areas such as gifts, economic gain, outside employment, financial disclosures, conflicts of interest, representative activities, use of public office and so on raises questions both about the relative importance of restrictions in certain areas and the difficulty of addressing certain issues in statutes. Gift bans usually receive a disproportionate amount of press coverage during a reform process, perhaps because they are easy to convey and understand. Gifts are also easy to regulate because bill drafters can draw distinct lines based on dollar amounts to limit what lobbyists can give to members or staff. On the other hand, few observers of the legislature believe that a cup of coffee or a meal influences the legislative process.

“In my mind, a cup of coffee is not important in the grand scheme of things. That’s obvious,” says Earl S. Mackey, executive director of Kentucky’s Legislative Ethics Commission (Mackey, 1996). “What is important is that the public has a sense of the amount of money that’s being spent to lobby a particular issue, who’s spending it and who it is being spent on.” Mackey adds that the public, if asked, would probably prefer that legislators not receive food, beverages and entertainment at lobbyists’ expense. Perhaps with that question of appearances in mind, at least a dozen states have followed Wisconsin’s lead by either banning or severely restricting gifts and wining and dining of lawmakers by lobbyists, and all but two states (Georgia and South Dakota) place some type of restriction on the receipt of gifts by some categories of public officials (Bowman, 1996). While it is impossible to be more restrictive on such expenditures than Wisconsin’s zerotolerance, there is more to public integrity laws than gift bans, and other states have moved beyond Wisconsin in many of the other areas of restriction. Major changes to state public integrity laws follow a pattern: scandal and media pressure (Goodman, 1996). Recent experiences in Alabama and Kentucky illustrate this. Both states suffered major state government ethics scandals and the legislature responded in each case by significantly strengthening ethics laws. In Alabama, scandals left a former governor under indictment and much of his administration under suspicion. While the Alabama law was not included in Goodman’s study because it did not pass until the end of the 1995 legislative session, the comprehensive overhaul clamped down on numerous loopholes in a law that the researchers had rated as only moderately strong. “I’d rather have my law than any other ethics law in the country,” says E.J. “Mac” McArthur, director of the Alabama Ethics Commission (McArthur, 1995). McArthur notes that the Legislature strengthened the code in more than a dozen substantive areas, including: The Council of State Governments

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• Requiring state officials to wait two years after leaving their state position before working as a lobbyist. • Limiting the period in which public officials can solicit or accept campaign contributions to the 12 months prior to an election. • Barring elected officials from using campaign funds for personal use or living expenses. • Providing strong whistle-blower protection. • Increasing the statute of limitations under the law and doubling the maximum penalty for felony violations, up to 20 years in prison. Giving the Alabama Ethics Commission the power to initiate its own investigations of possible wrong-doing. In Kentucky, the federal BOPTROT investigation led to the extortion and racketeering convictions of former Kentucky House Speaker Don Blandford three years ago and left the entire legislature under a cloud with several lawmakers and lobbyists in prison. In response, lawmakers reformed the state’s lobbying regulations and created an independent legislative ethics commission to administer the law. The reform act, passed in 1993, allows lobbyists to spend up to $100 per legislator per year for meals and drinks. But the law requires complete disclosure and that has dampened the enthusiasm for wining and dining in Frankfort. When the legislature convened its 1996 session in January, legislators were the beneficiaries of a grand total of $26 in lobbyist spending for food and drink for the month. Lobbyists are also barred from contributing to legislative campaigns and from serving as fund raisers or treasurers of campaign committees. In addition, lawmakers face a two-year revolving door restriction on lobbying the legislature after they leave it. “Substantive, comprehensive and innovative” are the words Earl Mackey uses to describe the Kentucky reforms. He sees the reforms as the latest step in the evolution of state legislatures over the past three decades. Mackey, who once served as executive director of the National Conference of State Legislatures, argues that “legislatures, over the past 480 The Book of the States 1996-97

20 to 25 years, have probably undergone more reform and more institutional change than almost any other public institution in our country. These institutions have a very remarkable record in terms of how they’ve changed.” He notes that the institutional reforms have brought increased focus on legislatures and their members and, as a result, increased attention to institutional failures (Mackey, 1996). In both Alabama and Kentucky, the state government scandals were major news stories for months. The states’ media outlets kept the legislative deliberations of reform under intense scrutiny and editorialized at length in support of strong reforms. That fits Goodman’s description of the process. “Ethics legislation is a function of an ethics scandal process. In state after state (e.g., Ohio, California, South Carolina, Kentucky and New York), we witness ethics legislation being passed after intense media coverage of a scandal” (Goodman, p. 55). The campaign finance reform measure passed in Ohio last year fits that pattern, but not perfectly. While Goodman’s study focuses exclusively on legislative ethics codes, campaign finance clearly touches the field of public integrity because of the crucial role that money from interest groups and lobbyists (in some states) plays in the campaign process. Given public perceptions about the propriety of that money, it is not surprising to see campaign contributions or funds at the root of many well-publicized scandals. Nor should it be surprising to see campaign finance reform become the focus of media attention in the wake of scandals. What may be surprising, however, is the role citizen pressure is playing in campaign finance reform absent specific scandals. Columbus was not so much rocked by scandal as plagued by a widespread perception of a “pay-to-play” atmosphere. In a state with powerful newspapers in Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati as well as Dayton, Toledo and Youngstown, editorial writers repeated that phrase so often that it became almost a first name to the General Assembly. When Secre-

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tary of State Bob Taft appeared before the House Ethics and Elections Committee to support a reform proposal, he compared Ohio to “the Wild West before law and order” (Ensign, 1995). Facing intense pressure from a citizen coalition that included leaders from the successful term-limits drive and Common Cause/ Ohio (which opposed term limits), lawmakers passed a measure that limits contributions from individuals and political action committees or other campaign committees to $2,500 for candidates for the House, Senate or statewide offices. The coalition had threatened to petition for a ballot measure that would have put a $1,000 limit on donations to political campaigns from individuals or PACs. Such citizen pressure may alter the public integrity reform process. During the past two years, voters in Oregon, Montana and Missouri have passed citizen-initiated campaign finance reform measures and lawmakers in Massachusetts rewrote that state’s campaign finance system to preempt a citizen initiative. Prior to 1995, Oregon had no statutory restriction on the amount or source of campaign contributions or expenditures (Bowman, 1996, p. 271). Voters attempted a radical change by passing a constitutional amendment that would, among other things, require: candidates for any nonfederal office in the state to “use or direct” campaign contributions only from individuals who reside — at the time of their contribution — in the district in which the candidate is running. The measure expressly prohibits qualified donors (individuals residing in the appropriate district at the time of their contributions) from passing through money from unqualified donors (committees, organizations, out-of-district individuals and other entities that are not individuals residing in the district). A candidate who wins election but has more than 10 percent of his or her “total campaign funding” from non-qualifying sources cannot hold the office sought or any other subsequent elected public office for a period equal to twice the tenure of the office sought. A candidate who loses and violates the 10-percent rule is barred from hold-

ing any subsequent elected public office for a period equal to twice the tenure of the office sought (Bowman, pp. 271-272). In July 1995, the U.S. District Court in Portland ruled Measure 6 unconstitutional. While the court’s ruling means the voters’ decision carries no legal weight, their voice is likely to carry substantial political weight. Citizen efforts to reform the campaign process may be the logical next wave following the term limits movement that swept through all 21 of the states with ballot initiative provisions.3 Term limits were not driven by specific state government scandals but rather by the “trust gap” that plagues American politics in general at this point. While the term limits movement — clearly a visceral response to the trust gap — appears to have played itself out, the citizeninitiated campaign finance reforms could indicate that other public integrity reforms are gaining a place on the initiative agenda. If so, scandal may become less important as the ignition for ethics reform. Under the scandal-driven theory of ethics reform, Wisconsin’s law may be relatively weak because the state has not suffered a significant scandal. To a degree, Wisconsin is an example of “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” But states such as Wisconsin, that have escaped major scandal thus far, may still see significant ethics reform if Mackey is correct. He believes that, while scandal-driven, Kentucky’s reforms are part of a wave of ethics reform that will touch many states before it plays itself out. Meanwhile, Mackey appreciates the research finding Kentucky’s ethics law among the nation’s strongest. Broad measures such as those employed by Goodman will likely be the yardstick by which future public integrity reforms are measured. What does this all mean? Generally, while states have acted on welfare, health care and education reform, they have reacted on ethics reform. Perhaps, as Goodman says, when it comes to policing themselves “suddenly legislators lose their taste for innovation” (Goodman, 1996a).On the other hand, public officials The Council of State Governments

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suffer from the same kind of “ethical myopia” that blinds most people to their own shortcomings and leaves their self-perception at odds with public perception. As Josephson puts it, we judge ourselves by our highest aspirations and best acts, but others judge us by our last, worst act (Josephson, 1992a). In other words, on welfare, health care and education, lawmakers clearly perceive a need for reform, but when it comes to questions of public integrity they judge the ethical climate of state government by their own good intentions and thus see no need for change. Active or reactive, researchers and practitioners such as Mackey agree that the measure of an ethics code is not whether it restricts the cup of coffee, but how clearly and comprehensively it covers the variety of ethical decisions facing state officials and private interests in the course of daily life in state government. Down the road, however, the most important measure of public integrity laws taken as a whole may be whether or not they improve public trust in government.4 Unfortunately, despite considerable activity by lawmakers and regulatory agencies at the state level, public trust in government remains remarkably low. For example, a Los Angeles Times survey in 1990 (cited in Greider, 1992, p. 176) found that more than half (53 percent) of Californians believe state lawmakers take bribes from special interests. On a broader scale, a 1995 Business Week poll found that only 9 percent of the public expressed a great deal of confidence in state government (Business Week, 1995). That figure was actually an increase over the 5 percent of the public that expressed a great deal of confidence in state government in a 1992 poll conducted by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR, 1992). The landmark Kettering Foundation report, “Citizens and Politics,” gives voice to the broad section of the American public who believe that “the present political system [is] impervious to public direction, . . . run by a professional political class and controlled by money, not votes” (Kettering, 1991, 482 The Book of the States 1996-97

p. iv). These findings, along with a 10-year comparison of opinions of legislatures in several states (State Legislatures, 1995), indicate that overall, trust in state government has declined during a period of ethics reform.5 It is too late for state lawmakers to do anything but react to that gap and the deep divisions it represents. But it remains possible for lawmakers in most states to act before scandals in their own governments further widen the gap. Such action on the part of legislators will require the same type of innovative thinking that has marked state action on so many of the nation’s most pressing issues over the past 15 years.6 Indeed, the increased strictness of state ethics codes — the stronger laws generally have been passed more recently than the weaker ones — seems to suggest that lawmakers are learning from their experience.

Endnotes 1

Thompson provides a concise description of these principles in relation specifically to legislative ethics in the opening chapter of Ethics in Congress (Thompson, 1995). Josephson identifies five principles of public service ethics: public interest, objective judgment, accountability, democratic leadership, respectability (Josephson, 1992). 2 In addition to using state statutes as models, reformers can look to model bills drafted by Common Cause (1989), the Council on Governmental Ethics Law (1991) or the Josephson Institute (1992) for guidance. 3 From 1990 to 1994 21 states (Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming) passed either state or congressional term-limit measures. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down the congressional limits. In Illinois, which has an extremely limited form of initiative, a term-limit measure was struck from the 1994 ballot by the state Supreme Court “on grounds that would seem to preclude the matter ever getting on the ballot

ETHICS

in that state” (Barcellona and Grose, 1994, addendum, p. 2). 4 Some statutes actually address this concern quite directly. For example, Alabama’s ethics code opens with the declaration that “It is essential to the proper operation of democratic government that public officials be independent and impartial. . . . It is important that there be public confidence in the integrity of government” (Alabama, §36-25-2). Hawaii’s campaign finance law, enacted in 1995, notes in its first section that “The purpose of this Act is to amend the campaign spending laws to encourage citizen participation in the electoral process, prevent the actuality or appearance of corruption . . . ” (Hawaii, Act 10, section 1). And Maryland’s Public Ethics Law states as its first provision: “The General Assembly of Maryland, recognizing that our system of representative government is dependent upon the people maintaining the highest trust in their government officials and employees, finds and declares that the people have a right to be assured that the impartiality and independent judgment of those officials and employees be maintained” (Maryland, §15-101-1a). 5 Congress has also stepped up its activity in this area by passing the Congressional Accountability Act (January 1995) and the Lobbyist Disclosure Act (November 1995). At both the state and federal levels the pace of reform has increased along with the number of scandals while public confidence in governmental institutions at all levels has declined. Interestingly enough, many commentators argue that legislators themselves — both state and federal — are less corrupt and more capable today than they have ever been. Of Congress, Thompson writes, “most informed observers of the institution believe that the legislators’ integrity and competence are greater than in the past” (Thompson, 1995, p. 3). State legislatures are both more democratic and professional today than they were 30 years ago, and behavior that was commonplace in prior generations is illegal today (Jones, 1994). 6 Innovative thinking about public integrity

— rather than merely passing tougher rules — is the most pressing need. Indeed, the Kettering research found that “initiatives such as campaign finance reform, new ethics codes, drives for easier voter registration, or limiting the terms of legislative members will provide only marginal benefit in reconnecting citizens and politics” (Kettering, p. 2). While constructing clear rules and holding public officials accountable is important, closing the trust gap will require something more like the “constructive and dynamic relationships among and between citizens, public officials, the media, and the sundry special interests that make up politics” called for in the Kettering report (Kettering, p. 2).

References ACIR (Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations), 1992. Changing Public Attitudes on Government and Taxes. Washington, D.C.: Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, p. 17. Barcellona, Miriam M. and Andrew P. Grose, 1994. Term Limits: A Political Dilemma. San Francisco: The Council of State Governments. Bowman, James S. ed., 1996. Public Integrity Annual. Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments. Bullock, Joyce, 1994. “In Search of the Toughest State Ethics Law,” State Government News. Vol. 37, No. 5 (May), pp. 34-37. Business Week, 1995. “Portrait of an Anxious Public,” (March 13), p. 80. Chartock, Alan S. and Max Berking, 1970. Strengthening the Wisconsin Legislature. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers. Ensign, David, 1995. “Initiating Campaign Finance Reform: The View From Ohio,” Stateline Midwest. April, pp. 1,3. Goodman, Marshall R., Timothy J. Holp and Karen M. Ludwig, 1996. “Understanding State Legislative Ethics Reform: The Importance of Political and Institutional Culture,” in James S. Bowman, ed., Public Integrity Annual. Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments, pp. 51-57. Goodman, Marshall, 1996a. Phone interview The Council of State Governments

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with the author, January 1996. Greider, William, 1992. Who Will Tell the People. New York: Simon & Schuster. Jones, Rich, 1994. “State Legislatures,” in Robert A. Silvanik, ed., The Book of the States 1994-95. Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments, pp. 98-107. Josephson Institute, 1992. “Principles of Public Service Ethics,” ethics awareness seminar conference papers. Marina del Rey: Josephson Institute, p. 44. Josephson, Michael, 1992a. Remarks during Josephson Institute ethics training program, December. Kettering Foundation, 1991. Citizens and Politics: A View from Main Street America.

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Washington, D.C.: Kettering Foundation. Mackey, Earl S., 1996. Interview with the author, February 1996. McArthur, E.J. “Mac,” 1996. Phone interview with the author, November 1995. NCSL (National Conference of State Legislatures), 1995. “Poor Public Attitude Toward the Legislature,” State Legislatures. Vol. 21, No. 4 (April), p. 5. Schwarz, Christopher, 1994. “Ethics: Passing Judgment or Passing the Buck?” State Government News. Vol. 37, No. 2 (February), pp. 11-13. Thompson, Dennis, 1995. Ethics in Congress. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.

FEDERALISM

Judicial and Legislative Enforcement of Federalism A summary of recent efforts by the Supreme Court and proposals introduced in Congress to enforce principles of federalism through the courts. by Richard Cordray Deep concerns about federalism resurfaced in 1995. This renewed attention to an age-old problem was led by the Supreme Court, which invalidated a federal statute for the first time since the New Deal on the ground that it exceeded the permissible boundaries of congressional powers. Congress also embraced these issues by taking up several proposals designed to make it easier to block the federal government from encroaching upon the realm of the state governments. Wherever this new ferment may lead, it promises to rekindle long standing debates about how best to establish and enforce the proper balance between federal and state authority.

Historical Background of Federalism in the Courts Issues of federalism are, of course, issues about the allocation of political power rather than traditional legal issues. As a consequence, the Supreme Court has typically been a reluctant and relatively ineffective umpire in this area. On those occasions when the court has determined to interpose itself to decide controversies between federal and state power, it has largely tended to favor the federal government of which it is itself an arm. A brief survey of the Supreme Court’s most important federalism decisions suffices to make these points. One of the court’s first noteworthy decisions was its shocking ruling in 1793 that a state could be held subject to suit in the federal courts upon a debt owed to a citizen, _______________ Richard Cordray, formerly the Ohio State Solicitor, is an Adjunct Professor at The Ohio State University College of Law.

even though this position had been squarely rejected by Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist papers.1 A majority of the fledgling court explicitly rested this decision on the view that the states possessed only limited sovereignty in the new national democracy, an ominous position that was swiftly repudiated by adoption of the Eleventh Amendment. A decade later, the Court brought down its historic decision in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), which held that the Supreme Court is authorized to review the constitutionality of government actions, and to invalidate those actions judged to be unconstitutional. Over the years, the Supreme Court has used this principle to invalidate much more state legislation than federal legislation, and has much more frequently enjoined actions by state officials than by federal officials. Finally, the court’s formative decisions about the scope of federal powers weighed heavily in favor of the federal government. In McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), the court construed the “necessary and proper” clause in Article I to give Congress wide latitude in determining how best to implement the enumerated powers vested in it under the Constitution, and specified the reasoning by which state laws inconsistent with federal authority would be held invalid on preemption grounds. Equally if not more important, in Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1(1824), the court laid the groundwork for an expansive interpretation of congressional authority to enact legislation regulating interstate commerce, which has been the most significant basis of general residual authority for the Congress to enact federal laws on practically any subject that it chooses to address. Although the actual breadth of this power was not finally established and confirmed until the New Deal The Council of State Governments

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era, ultimately the court held that Congress could extend this power to economic regulation of intrastate activities as well. The judicial groundwork laid by the Supreme Court in its first few decades was cemented into place by the Civil War and adoption of the postwar amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment, in particular, represents the most significant modification of the Constitution that bolstered federal authority to the detriment of the states, though the court’s subsequent decisions have taken its provisions much further to make deep inroads into state authority. First, by developing the notion of “substantive due process” around the turn of the century, the Supreme Court invalidated numerous state and federal laws that sought to address urgent issues of economic regulation and social welfare reform.2 Although the court eventually retreated and began upholding key New Deal measures, the Court continues to take a freer hand in invalidating state and local laws under this branch of its jurisprudence.3 Second, the Court gradually adopted the view that the Due Process Clause “incorporated” most of the Bill of Rights as direct constitutional limitations upon state governments. This development, combined with judicial review, has allowed the federal courts to strike down a multitude of state laws in the past few decades. Third, the court has devised intricate theories to enjoin state actions seen as inconsistent with federal law. An obvious barrier to bringing such suits is the Eleventh Amendment, which bars citizens from suing a state in the federal courts. In a 1908 case, however, the court deliberately skirted this barrier by erecting an acknowledged legal fiction that cases seeking injunctive relief can be brought against state officials in their personal capacity, and will be allowed to proceed.4 In the last 30 years, the federal courts have used structural injunctions to take over the administration of state programs, state facilities, and sometimes portions of state budgets, for years at a time in order to enforce compliance with their views of the requirements of federal constitutional law.5 This brief overview thus counsels caution in relying on the Supreme Court to enforce prin486 The Book of the States 1996-97

ciples of federalism in a manner that protects state authority and state interests. The fundamental issues here are political issues about the allocation of powers, and the Court inevitably tends to approach them from its initial vantage point as a federal institution. Although in different eras the court has been influenced by these facts to greater or lesser degrees, the overall direction of its jurisprudence in the area of federalism has not been promising for the states — a point that bears emphasis in assessing the significance of any more limited trends in the Court’s recent decisions.

Recent Supreme Court Decisions on Federalism The most important of the Supreme Court’s federalism decisions in the last decade concern the Tenth Amendment. This final provision in the Bill of Rights reiterates that “powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” In 1976, the court decided National League of Cities v.Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), an apparent watershed case which recognized the continuing existence of state sovereignty and established the Tenth Amendment as a limit on congressional power. The court held that a federal law would be ruled invalid if it regulated the states in such a manner as to impair state sovereignty, particularly by infringing upon state operations in areas of their traditional functions. The constitutional issues posed are vital, because the basic question is whether and to what extent the federal government can impose mandates (whether funded or unfunded) upon state governments. Over the span of a decade, however, the court found itself unable to formulate a satisfactory definition of the realm of “traditional state functions,” and thus, several Tenth Amendment challenges to federal laws were unsuccessful.6 Finally, in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985), a divided court expressly overruled the National League of Cities decision, holding that “the Constitution does not carve out express ele-

FEDERALISM

ments of state sovereignty that Congress may not employ its delegated powers to displace.”7 The court thus appeared to abandon its previous efforts to refine judicially enforceable principles of federalism out of the text of the Tenth Amendment. In essence, the court suggested that rather than seeking to resolve such complaints in the federal courts, the states instead would have to exert their influence on the federal legislative process, and must look to Congress for any reconsideration of the current balance of power between the states and the federal government. Despite these setbacks, the states doggedly continued to pursue such cases before the Supreme Court. Finally, in 1992, they were successful once again in securing the invalidation of a federal law on Tenth Amendment grounds. The rejected federal law, which governed disposal of radioactive waste, was ruled invalid because it achieved its objectives in part by ordering the state legislatures to adopt specific state legislation in accordance with federal guidelines.8 The case has been read in very different ways: either as narrowly standing for the principle that the federal government cannot dictate the passage of legislation by the states, or as a broader revival of theTenth Amendment and perhaps a return to the National League of Cities doctrine, even though the court expressly refrained from addressing the issue of whether to overrule Garcia. The long-term importance of the New York decision is therefore unsettled at the present, and continues to be fought out in the lower courts. The most obvious issue the court must eventually decide in explaining this precedent is the extent to which Congress may require state officials to assist in implementing federal legislative policies. The court had recently suggested that the federal government could require some such assistance from state officials in adjudicating disputes under federal law and in performing certain executive duties.9 On the latter point, indeed, the court had expressly overruled one of its Civil War-era federalism precedents, which it criticized as taking too narrow a view of federal power, particularly in light of the modern exercise of federal judicial

power to enjoin unconstitutional actions by state officials.10 This issue (aside from the new Lopez decision, discussed on page 488) poses the most fundamental of the current judicial challenges to federal power. In contrast to the more modest debate over unfunded mandates, the Tenth Amendment claim is that the federal government cannot impose mandates upon the states at all, regardless of whether they are funded or unfunded. The continuing importance of this issue, as well as the strength of conviction that it arouses, is underscored by the fact that all of the Supreme Court’s major decisions in this area have been rendered on 5-4 votes. In other respects, the Supreme Court has made incremental progress toward reinvigorating state authority. On congressional waivers of state sovereign immunity from suit, the court has cleaned up some of the looseness of prior doctrine and has imposed upon the Congress a procedural “plain statement” rule that strongly disfavors such waivers unless the statute is emphatically explicit that Congress has enacted such a waiver.11 In a similar vein, but potentially of greater significance, the court also imposed a “plain statement” rule in a case where the issue was whether federal law (the Age Discrimination in Employment Act) would preempt state laws and constitutional provisions that place a mandatory retirement age upon state judges. The rule was imposed, and was found not to be met, in part because of express concerns about the significant constitutional questions raised by such an application of federal law to interfere with the structural mechanics of state governments. Thus, the court again seemed to indicate, as it would do again in the New York case just a year later, that the issues it had addressed from opposing poles in National League of Cities and Garcia may now again be very much in play.12 Another area in which the Supreme Court has recently made some incremental progress toward protecting state authority and state interests concerns structural injunctions. As noted earlier, the modern practice of using structural injunctions as a means by which judges can take over the administration and oversight of state The Council of State Governments

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FEDERALISM

facilities and state programs, often for extended periods, has made serious inroads on the constitutional authority of the states. Yet in several recent decisions, the court has eased the conditions for lifting structural injunctions, either in whole or in part.13 The court has also now ruled that any significant change in either the facts or the governing law will provide sufficient grounds for granting appropriate modifications to consent decrees that have been entered in institutional reform litigation.14 The upshot of these rulings will be to give the states somewhat more leeway in avoiding the tight and surprisingly durable constraints imposed by the federal judiciary through the tools of structural injunctions and consent decrees.

1995 Federalism Decisions by the Supreme Court Just last term, the Supreme Court issued a significant and surprising decision in favor of the proponents of federalism. In United States v. Lopez, 115 S. Ct. 1624 (1995), the court invalidated the Gun-Free School Zones Act because Congress was judged to lack the proper authority to enact the law under the Commerce Clause. The decision was the first in more than 50 years to invalidate a federal statute on this basis. Much has been said about the future prospects for this ruling. The estimates range from hopes that it will lead a revival of the older doctrine that limits Congress to acting only within its enumerated powers to surmises that congressional authority has only been jarred by the ruling, but not severely circumscribed. Indeed, the court itself offers two possibly distinct lines of analysis to justify its ruling. The first, more expansive rationale is that the court could not reasonably find that the criminalization of much conduct under federal law (including the conduct at issue in the case, which was possession of a gun within 1,000 feet of a school) “substantially affects” interstate commerce. Absent such a connection to interstate commerce, the law is simply not within Congress’ power to enact.15 Side-by-side with this analysis is a narrower ground for the court’s holding, which is that in 488 The Book of the States 1996-97

the unusual instance confronted in Lopez, Congress had made no legislative findings — either in the statute itself or in the committee materials that accompanied its passage — to draw the connection between this measure and its potential effects on interstate commerce. The court acknowledges that the existence of such findings would be an important consideration in its decisionmaking about the validity of the statute, but does not indicate whether it would afford them the customary deference that they often receive.16 What remains to be seen about Lopez, therefore, is whether it will come to stand for rigorous judicial second-guessing of congressional determinations about where and why it derives the authority to legislate in a particular area, or whether instead it will come to represent only a minor procedural hurdle that Congress can easily surmount if it legislates carefully. This question will play out initially in the lower federal courts, with predictably diverse results. Indeed, battles are already being waged over such measures as federal child-support enforcement and a hodge-podge of other federal criminal statutes. Eventually, however, the Supreme Court will probably have to revisit the issue and make a definitive decision about whether to extend Lopez more dramatically or instead to leave it simply as a modest warning shot to remind Congress that its apparent omnipotence can be tempered on occasion by the overarching processes of judicial review. In May 1995, the Supreme Court struck down state-imposed term limits on federal legislators, ruling that they are inconsistent with the exclusive list of qualifications for such officeholders set out in Article I of the Constitution.17 This ruling will stand as one of the most important decisions concerning federalism in the last decade, at least from a practical standpoint if not from a doctrinal standpoint. The great practical significance of this ruling is twofold. First, it sweeps aside a mechanism that had promised to reduce the distance between the Congress and the public,with potential benefits for the relationship between the states and the federal government. Second, it reinforces the unavoidable conclusion that the process of

FEDERALISM

amending the Constitutionis a profoundly “inside” process, with all proposals having to be initiated by the Congress, unless their partisans are willing to pursue the unattractive route of starting in the states, achieving a super majority of support there, and then proceeding by means of a constitutional convention, the last stage of which is regarded by many as a frightening prospect. Unlike many state constitutions, therefore, the U.S. Constitution contains no workable mechanism for bringing pressure to bear on the Congress to become engaged in the amendment process.18 In the end, the termlimits case serves as a useful reminder that the Supreme Court is, after all, a federal institution, and historically its role in enforcing federalism usually tends to reflect that outlook.

The Tenth Amendment and Other Federalism Issues in the Lower Courts In 1995, the lower federal courts considered two particular controversies that raise issues about the meaning and scope of the Tenth Amendment. A number of constitutional challenges have been brought against the Brady Act, contending that it violates the Tenth Amendment by requiring state and local law enforcement officials to perform background checks on potential handgun purchasers. The duties imposed on state and local officials are temporary, and will terminate when instantaneous computer checks become available, which is mandated to occur by 1998. A number of federal district courts have held that the Brady Act violates the Tenth Amendment,19 at least one district court has held that it does not,20 and those decisions have been appealed. The first decision by a federal appeals court on this issue recently rejected the former claim, essentially holding that the Brady Act is a regulatory program aimed at individuals and not the states, and that it represents only minimal interference with state functions that do not implicate central sovereign processes,21 but other such cases are pending and the question may ultimately be decided by the Supreme Court. Similarly, the constitutionality of the federal “Motor Voter” law has been questioned in sev-

eral lawsuits brought by state officials who assert that the Congress may not require such actions to be undertaken by state officials. The Tenth Amendment issue in these cases is clouded, however, by the apparent applicability of the distinct and explicit authority that the Constitution confers upon the Congress to regulate federal election processes under Article I, Section 4. Thus far, the federal courts have rejected the constitutional challenges to this measure, resting heavily on the distinct and explicit authority conferred by this provision, and the Supreme Court recently declined to review one such ruling.22 Further cases challenging other federal measures may also be pending, but have not yet attracted significant attention. It seems clear enough, however, that the states will be pressing to extend the contours of the New York decision in the coming years, though the current crop of challenges may not be especially appealing in this regard. In addition, the lower courts continue to wrestle with difficult questions about the extent to which the Congress may exercise power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states from suit in the federal courts, an immunity that is expressly preserved in the Eleventh Amendment. A number of cases involving the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act have raised these issues in a particularly difficult context, and by the end of last term the Supreme Court had granted review to consider the questions presented in one of those cases.23 Most directly at issue is whether the Supreme Court will continue to adhere to its fragmented ruling in Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., 491 U.S. 1 (1989), in which a plurality of the court concluded that Congress could exercise its powers under the Commerce Clause to override the protections for state officials that were adopted in the Eleventh Amendment.

Congressional Proposals for Enforcing Principles of Federalism At the same time that the courts have been considering new issues about the judicial enforcement of federalism, the Congress has stirred itself to consider new proposals that The Council of State Governments

489

FEDERALISM

would confer broader authority upon the courts to act in the role of umpire in disputes over state and federal authority. In this regard, the principal enactment thus far has been the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. This statute uses innovative procedural methods to make it much more difficult for Congress to impose unfunded mandates upon state and local governments. In particular, when any legislative proposal is reported out of a congressional committee, it must now be accompanied by an identification and description of any federal mandates that it contains, along with an assessment of the magnitude of the costs and benefits of any such mandate imposed on either the public or private sectors. Any such proposal that imposes a substantial unfunded mandate is subject to a “point of order” objection made by any member that would block its consideration by the full body. Similar informational and procedural constraints are imposed on federal agencies before they issue new regulations, and the federal courts are given new authority, fairly limited in scope, to enforce these requirements against any agency that fails to comply. In addition, the Unfunded Mandates Act contains provisions that require more explicit notice to be given, again at the committee stage, about the predicted effects that any congressional proposal will have in preempting state legislation. A further important congressional proposal, which has not been enacted as yet, has been dubbed the “Federalism Act of 1995.” The central purpose of this measure is to impose further procedural constraints upon the Congress where it seeks to act in ways that would limit state authority, not limited to the issue of unfunded mandates. In one version of the measure, it would force Congress to do a number of new things every time it considers a bill: (1) identify and justify its authority to address specific matters rather than leaving those matters to the states; (2) consider whether the same goals could be achieved through alternatives that intrude less upon state authority; and (3) identify state laws that might be pre-empted by the bill and notify state officials that the issue is under consideration. In addition, the bill would limit the federal bureaucracy’s power to 490 The Book of the States 1996-97

pre-empt state laws without express congressional authority and would direct the courts to construe all federal laws so as to limit their intrusions upon state authority. The most significant object of these proposals is that they give the states greater ability to control the direction of the federal legislative process. By confining Congress within more rigid procedural constraints, it is thought that the states will be enabled to exert greater influence by having notice and an opportunity to be heard before legislation is passed. At the same time, another important object is to assure that intrusions upon state authority will not occur without conscious consideration. Similarly, these measures seek to limit the opportunities for federal administrators to impose new mandates and pre-empt state laws, and would give the courts the necessary authority to enforce these constraints. For now, however, it remains to be seen how far Congress will move in this direction of creating new procedural protections for principles of federalism.

Constitutional and Other Proposals Developed by a Consortium of State Officials One final development occurred in 1995 that is of uncertain but potentially vast importance. In conjunction with the holding of an unprecedented “States’ Federalism Summit,” a consortium of groups of state and local officials — which includes both The Council of State Governments and the National Conference of State Legislatures — developed a set of bold proposals intended to improve the institutional mechanisms for enforcing the balance between federal and state authority. In the end, four of those proposals were expressly endorsed by the participants at the Federalism Summit, including a statement of support for passage of the Federalism Act of 1995, as just described in the previous section. Another of these proposals deals with federal mandates upon the states. Although Congress has now enacted substantial procedural obstacles to the imposition of unfunded mandates, state officials remain concerned that nothing has been done to limit mandates that are im-

FEDERALISM

posed as conditions upon the receipt of federal funds. A decade ago, the Supreme Court held that Congress was free to impose such mandates, and that states are free either to accept or reject them. In many instances, however, mandates are framed as conditions that have little to do with the true purpose of the federal funding — funding that, as a practical matter, the states may not be able to do without. (In the Supreme Court case, for example, Congress required states to raise the drinking age as a condition for receiving federal highway funds, which effectively forced states to submit to the congressional mandate.) A constitutional amendment is thus proposed that would allow Congress to impose only those conditions that are tied directly to the purposes for which the federal funds are to be spent. Any further conditional mandates would be prohibited. It is not clear how Congress will react to this proposal, which would curb one of its most significant powers and go a long way to protect the states from being transformed into mere field offices of the federal government. The Federalism Summit also presented an intriguing proposal to alter the current process for amending the Constitution. The fundamental nature of this measure cuts strongly against the grain of American constitutional conservatism, yet it has much to recommend it. Under Article V of the Constitution, Congress alone can propose an individual amendment for ratification; the states can only prompt the calling of a constitutional convention. Almost nobody wishes to risk the possible turmoil of a constitutional convention, for most scholars agree that it could not be limited to a single subject, and therefore could result in massive revisions to the Constitution. The result is that Congress has become, in practice, the sole gatekeeper for proposed constitutional amendments. The states believe, however, that they are entitled to an equal role in this process. They thus suggest a simple reformulation of Article V, whereby either Congress can propose individual amendments for ratification by the states or the states can propose individual amendments for ratification by Congress. This would preserve an integral place for Congress in the amending

process, while restoring the states to parity and giving them more opportunity to press for congressional action on specific measures. A further virtue of this change is that the disturbing prospect of a runaway Constitutional Convention could then be dropped altogether. The most controversial of the four proposals is a suggested constitutional amendment for “national reconsideration” of federal laws or regulations. Under the mechanism suggested, whenever two-thirds of the states take formal action within a five-year period to express their disapproval of particular federal laws or regulations, those measures would be repealed unless reinstated by Congress. This proposal would be the most far-reaching if adopted, for it poses a direct challenge to the accepted principle of federal supremacy laid down by the original framers of the Constitution. Yet it seems extremely unlikely that Congress would agree to submit any such measure for ratification by the states. The formulation and endorsement of these four proposals reflects the view of many state and local officials that they cannot simply rely on the Supreme Court to protect their sphere of sovereign authority. Instead, they need to work through the political process to restore a more appropriate balance of powers between the federal government and the states. Whatever the result of these initiatives may ultimately be, the pursit of such measures is certain to reinvigorate an important debate that needs to be taken seriously by Congress and the American people.

Conclusions The arena of federalism is likely to be the scene of intensified debate and bold new proposals over the next several years. Proponents of state power have many new opportunities to press their case both in the courts and in the Congress. The most thought-provoking of these new proposals — the set of constitutional and other measures recently presented by a consortium of state officials — is likely to spark the most reaction, regardless of whether any or all of them are ultimately adopted. But with the The Council of State Governments

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Supreme Court and the Congress now interested in taking a fresh look at fundamental issues of federalism, it is impossible to predict just how much the established landscape may change over the next several years.

Endnotes 1 Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1973); see also The Federalist No. 81. 2 See, e.g., Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905); Adkins v. Children’s Hosp., 261 U.S. 525(1923). 3 See, e.g., Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986). 4 Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908). 5 See e.g., Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678 (1978) (unconstitutional conditions in Arkansas’ prison system); Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S. 267 (1977) (Michigan required to bear costs of education programs under desegregation orders). 6 Various versions of this test were not actually crystallized in National League of Cities itself, but were developed in more detail in the later cases that involved unsuccessful constitutional challenges. See, e.g., FERC v. Mississippi, 456 U.S. 742, 763-64 n.28 (1982) and Hodel v.Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass’n, 452 U.S. 264, 288 n.29 (1981). 7 Id. at 550; see also South Carolina v. Baker, 485 U.S. 505 (1988). 8 New York v. United States, 112 S. Ct. 2408 (1992). 9 See, e.g., FERC v. Mississippi, 456 U.S. 742 (1982) (adjudicate disputes) and Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219 (1987) (perform executive duties). 10 On this point, Branstad cites the court’s longstanding doctrine of giving injunctive relief in the federal courts against state officials under the legal fiction established in Ex parte Young, 483U.S. at 227-28.

492 The Book of the States 1996-97

Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234 (1985). 12 See, Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452 (1991). 13 See, e.g., Board of Education v. Dowell, 498 U.S. 237 (1991) (in whole) and Freeman v. Pitts, 503 U.S. 467 (1992) (in part). 14 Rufo v. Inmates of the Suffolk County Jail, 502 U.S. 367 (1992). 15 On this aspect of the court’s rationale, see, for example, 115 S. Ct. at 1628-30. 16 Id at 1631-32. 17 U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 115 S. Ct. 1842 (1995). 18 Although the precedential effects of the decision are likely to be limited by its peculiar context, Justice Thomas suggests in dissent that the case may come to stand for a broader proposition rejecting the principle that “where the Constitution is silent, it raises no bar to action by the States or the people.” Thornton, 115 S. Ct. at 1875 (Thomas, J., dissenting). If this suggestion were to be borne out by future decisions, then obviously to that extent the decision would become of much greater precedential concern to the states. 19 See, e.g., Mack v. United States, 856 F. Supp. 1372 (D. Ariz. 1994), rev’d, 66 F.3d 1025 (9th Cir. 1995); Printz v. United States, 854 F. Supp. 1503 (D. Mont. 1994), rev’d, 66 F.3d 1025 (9th Cir. 1995); McGee v. United States, 863 F. Supp. 321 (S.D. Miss. 1994) and Frank v. United States, 860 F. Supp. 1030 (D. Vt. 1994). 20 Koog v. United States, 852 F. Supp. 1376 (W.D. Tex. 1994). 21 See Mack v. United States, 1995 WL 527616 (9th Cir. Sept. 8, 1995). 22 See Voting Rights Coalition v. Wilson, 60 F.3d 1411 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S.Ct. 815 (1996). 23 See Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 11 F.3d 1016 (11th Cir. 1995), cert. granted, 115 S.Ct. (1995).

FINANCES

State Government Finances, 1994 State governments’ fiscal health is better now than at the start of this decade. Factors such as devolution, downsizing and privatization will likely help determine whether the trend continues into the next. by Henry S. Wulf Introduction When discussing state government finances, it is useful to keep in mind just how significant states are as economic entities. In a study comparing state government financial activity with Fortune magazine’s ranking of the 500 largest industrial corporations, California would rank fourth between Ford and IBM while New York would be eighth between General Electric and Philip Morris. South Dakota, with the least amount of financial activity among the states, would rank 343rd, ahead of corporations such as American Greeting and E. W. Scribbs.1 State governments play three major public finance roles. First, they create and finance local government services. Many states, for example, have programs for funding various types of social services and every state (except Hawaii) has some mechanism for funding local government education programs. Second, states serve as a conduit and redistributor of federal funds for programs such as Community Services Block Grants, Low Income Home Energy Assistance and Food Stamps. Finally, the states provide some important services directly such as postsecondary education, hospitals, highways and corrections. These varied activities give state governments a pivotal role in intergovernmental finance. What was originally a division of power between the national government and the states is now a tripartite system, with federal, state and local components. Their relationships are continuously in flux, and perhaps at a watershed _______________ Henry S. Wulf is chief, Census of Governments Branch, Governments Division, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.

because of the debate about devolution. Devolution means transferring powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government. Whatever the argument, the most contentious decisions states face are financial.2

Overview of State Finances The finances of state governments, as with most large business corporations, are tied closely to prevailing economic conditions.3 The recession of the early 1990s buffeted all levels of government. However, states suffered reduced revenue capability and an increased demand for services while dealing with appeals from local governments for more financial aid and a federal government that was reluctant to assume any more financial burden than absolutely necessary. The federal government’s reluctance is due in part to the significant build up of the national debt during the prior decade. Reports indicate that the states’ budgetary condition in the mid-1990s is quite good.4 One major issue is what tack the states will take from this positive financial position. Various states are discussing tax cuts, increasing infrastructure funding and positioning themselves for major federal funding reductions. Two important factors loom ahead. First is the general state of the economy. Will the economic climate remain positive? Second is the extreme uncertainty about federal programs and funding. Neither factor, taken independently, seems likely to create major problems for the states given their current fiscal situation. If, however, they should become unfavorable simultaneously, we might see effects similar to the difficulties of the early 1990s.5 The Council of State Governments

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State Government Revenue State government revenues totaled $845 billion in 1994, an increase of 4.9 percent over 1993. In the past five years, the year-to-year percentage increases in total revenues have varied markedly. The growth has ranged from about 5 percent to more than 12 percent: 1990 to 1991, +4.5 percent; 1991 to 1992, +12.2 percent; 1992 to 1993, +8.5 percent; and 1993 to 1994, +4.9 percent. Four major revenue sources accounted for 92 percent of the total: taxes (44.2 percent), revenue from the federal government (22.7 percent), insurance trust revenue (17.2 percent) and current charges (7.2 percent). These percentages have not changed much in the past two years. When compared with 1990, however, they show the percentage from taxes decreasing noticeably, with federal monies increasing about the same percentage as the taxes dropped and insurance trust and current charges remaining about the same. The 1990 totals were: taxes, 47.5 percent; revenue from the federal government, 18.7 percent; insurance trust revenue; 17.1 percent; and current charges, 6.8 percent. Table A shows that there was some variation in the year-to-year changes among the various state revenue sources from 1993 to 1994. Wide fluctuations in the smaller sources often reflect particular situations in a few states. The four major sources show quite different growth patterns compared with 1993. The average change for all revenues was +4.9 percent. Revenues from the federal government (+8 percent) were considerably above the average. Current charges (+6.3 percent) and taxes (+5.7 percent) were a moderate percentage above the average. Insurance trust revenues had no change and were 5 percent below the average for all revenues. These varying growth rates can have a considerable effect on the existence and extent of programs states offer. Insurance trust revenue, for example, is typically dedicated and largely untouchable for use in other activities. Federal monies, too, generally are not available for a wide variety of uses because they are directed to specific programs. The key for most states in covering their major expenses is what is hap494 The Book of the States 1996-97

Table A PERCENT CHANGE IN STATE REVENUE BY TYPE OF REVENUE Type of revenue

Percent change, Percent of 1993 to 1994 total, 1994

Intergovernmental revenue from local governments

19.0

1.6

Intergovernmental revenue from federal government

8.0

22.7

Current charges

6.3

7.2

Taxes

5.7

44.2

Total revenue

4.9

100.0

Liquor store and utility revenue

1.3

0.8

Insurance trust revenue

0.0

17.2

Miscellaneous general revenue

-1.2

6.3

pening with their taxes and, to some extent, charges and miscellaneous revenues.

State Taxes and Charges Economic conditions improved in 1994 and the tax receipts of the states reflected some of that strength. Overall tax receipts grew 5.7 percent over 1993 and, as seen in Table B, the major categories of taxes clustered tightly around the average growth. Of the major taxes, general sales taxes (one of the taxes most quickly affected by economic activity levels) showed the most robust increase. It rose 7.3 percent over 1993 and provided 33 percent of all state taxes. Forty-five states levy a general sales tax. Eleven states, primarily in the West and South, had increases of 10 percent or more. Two large states, California (+1.2 percent) and New York (+1.3 percent) showed anemic rises, reflecting the generally slower economic rebound there.6 Michigan produced the highest year-to-year increase, up nearly 31 percent. Though this was due somewhat to economic growth, it largely reflected a shift in how the state funds education. Individual income taxes, with 31.5 percent of the total, were the second largest tax source for states. However, seven states do not use this

FINANCES

tax at all and two others use it only in a limited way. The growth of personal income taxes of 4.9 percent from 1993 to 1994 continues the pattern since 1990 in which the year-to-year increases have been within a few points of 5 percent. The nature of the administration of individual income taxes creates a slight lag, therefore personal income tax receipts are not as indicative of economic conditions in the short run as sales taxes. In addition, the individual income tax has often been a focal point when states decide to reduce tax burdens. In general, the Midwestern and Southern states showed the highest year-to-year changes in individual income tax collections and those in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast the lowest. Looking at the individual states, the changes in individual income tax collections from 1993 to 1994 ranged from highs of +14.8 percent (Kansas) and +13.6 percent (Michigan) to a low of -3.2 percent (Montana). The Kansas change was influenced, in part, by rate increases in upper income brackets. An interesting change that has taken place recently in state taxes is a reduced reliance on severance taxes in the oil and gas producing states. Nationally, severance taxes were 1.4 percent of all state taxes in 1970. In 1982 it hit a high of 4.8 percent. By 1987 it had decreased Table B STATE TAXES BY TYPE OF TAX (Dollar amounts in billions) Type of tax

1994

Miscellaneous taxes— property, death & gift, severance and others

Percent change, 1993 1993 to 1994

$20.5 $19.1

7.6

Sales and gross receipts taxes—general and selective 185.9 174.7

6.4

Total taxes

373.8 353.5

5.7

Income taxes— personal and corporate

143.2 136.4

5.0

License taxes

24.2

23.2

4.1

to 1.6 percent and in 1994 constituted just 1.1 percent. This change, by and large a result of lower oil prices and decreasing production, affected the tax revenue in three states especially: Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas. For example, in 1982 severance taxes ranged from 26 to 31 percent of all tax collections in these states. The comparable figures for 1994 were: Louisiana, 8.4 percent; Oklahoma, 8.7 percent; and Texas, 4.7 percent. Alaska still remains heavily dependent on severance taxes (66.7 percent of the total in 1994) but, even there, the state is looking toward considerably reduced severance tax revenues within the foreseeable future and, possibly, the reintroduction of a personal income tax.7 The growth rate of general current charges has slowed considerably from the pace of the early 1990s. From 1989 to 1992 they were rising at an average annual rate of more than 11 percent, a pace that would have doubled the amount in about six years. The change from 1992 to 1993 was 8.4 percent and from 1993 to 1994, 6.3 percent. Current charges will be affected by the debate in government about instituting more payfor-service and the desire to lower tax burdens. State government current charges are concentrated in education — primarily tuition from public postsecondary education institutions and state hospitals.8 Almost four out of every five dollars received by states in current charges derives from these two sources. The direction of current charges likely will continue upward. The primary question, given the sharply diminished increases in 1993 and 1994, is how fast. States increased tuition considerably in the early 1990s when faced with lower levels of general state support for higher education. There is increasing pressure in some states to hold the line on these increases. Virginia, for example, has frozen higher education tuition rates for two years starting in the fall of 1996. Hospital charges are heavily influenced by federal reimbursements and general costs for medical care, two highly volatile areas where it is extremely difficult to determine what will occur in the near future. The Council of State Governments

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State Government Expenditures State government expenditures were $780 billion in 1994.9 The steady and strong upward growth of state government expenditures in the late 1980s and early 1990s slowed in 1993 and 1994. This followed the pattern of revenues. The first part of the 1990s showed consistently strong expenditure increases: 1989 to 1990, 9 percent; 1990 to 1991, 9.9 percent; and 1991 to 1992, 11.5 percent. This changed rather dramatically from 1992 to 1993 with only a 6.1 percent rise. This trend continued from 1993 to 1994 with a 4.9 percent increase. Education and public welfare outlays together comprised more than one-half (53 percent) of all state functional expenditures. Education accounted for 29.6 percent and welfare 23.7 percent. A comparison with 1990 data (education, 32.3 percent and welfare, 18.3 percent) shows that the percentage of state expenditures devoted to education has been dropping while the percentage of state expenditures devoted to welfare is increasing. For years the data have shown a slight trend in this direction, but this sharper shift toward welfare is a recent phenomenon. This is illustrated by looking at data from 1980 when education accounted for 34.1 percent and welfare 17.2 percent of state expenditures. Only a few other major expenditure categories besides education and welfare stand out. Insurance trust expenditures were 10.7 percent, followed by highways (6.9 percent), health (3.7 percent), hospitals (3.6 percent), interest on general debt (3 percent) and corrections (3 percent). This leaves only 16 cents out of every state expenditure dollar for all other activities. Table C shows data about the state expenditures in terms of their accounting character. The muted increases from 1993 to 1994 occurred in most major areas of expenditures. The range was fairly closely grouped; for six out of every seven dollars states spent, the increases were in a moderately small band of less than 5 percent. They ranged from 4 percent (salaries and wages) to 8.8 percent (current operations other than salaries and wages). This contrasts with the average year-to-year increases from 1990 496 The Book of the States 1996-97

to 1994 for these same expenditure categories, which ranged from 3.8 to 12.3 percent. Insurance benefits and repayments decreased about 4 percent. This change was due primarily to a drop in unemployment compensation outlays. Removing the influence of the more than 19 percent drop in unemployment compensation outlays would make the insurance benefits and repayments category increase 6.2 percent, right in line with the other expenditure categories. The improved performance of the economy had an obvious influence on the decline in unemployment compensation expenditures. Salaries and wages are another key component of state expenditures. Table C shows steady growth in salaries and wages from 1990 to 1994, with an average increase of 4.4 percent. The change from 1993 to 1994 is 4 percent. From a longer range perspective, however, it appears that 1992 marked a considerable change in the growth pattern of this category. In 1992, the percentage change for salaries and wages from the prior year was 4.7 percent, the lowest year-to-year increase in the past four decades. From 1992 to 1993 the increase was even lower, 2.3 percent, and from 1993 to 1994 it was up 4 percent. Comparing the average increases for the last few decades demonstrates how major this change has been. In the decade of the 1970s, the average rise was 10.5 percent. The low was 7 percent and the high 15 percent. The increases in the 1980s averaged 7.8 percent. The low was 6.6 percent and the high 11.5 percent. Since 1990, the average has been 4.4 percent with a low of 2.3 and a high of 6.7 percent. The reasons for this shift are complex. Part of the increases in the 1970s was driven by high inflation. In contrast, low inflation during the 1990s certainly contributed to a lower rate of increases. Other factors include the growth of state services that rely more heavily on salaries and wages (e.g., higher education), downsizing and privatization of state services. Downsizing and privatization have longterm implications for state governments relating to current versus future costs. There is speculation that some states may not be fully funding their retirement systems. Depending on the extent to which this is true, a shift toward

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Table C PERCENT CHANGE IN STATE EXPENDITURE BY CHARACTER AND OBJECT

Type of expenditure

Percent change, 1993 to 1994

Percent of total 1994

Average annual percent change 1990 to 1994

Current operations other than salaries and wages

8.8

32.1

12.3

Capital outlay

5.5

6.8

3.8

Intergovernmental expenditure

5.4

28.9

6.6

Assistance and subsidies

5.1

3.0

8.1

Salaries and wages

4.0

15.4

4.4

Interest on debt

-1.2

3.1

2.3

Insurance benefits and repayments

-4.0

10.7

11.3

Total expenditure

4.9

100.0

8.1

privatization will force them to fund services now. Otherwise, they will be able to put off part of these costs to retirement system payments well into the future. Another pattern evident from the data in Table C is the continuation of the growth in current operations other than salaries, meaning those non-salary services the state pays for directly. This growth continues to crowd the two other major expenditure categories of payments to local governments and employee salaries. The most significant pieces of the direct payment category are public welfare expenditures for vendor services and cash assistance. In 1994, these expenditures amounted to 52 percent of current operations other than salaries and wages. This was about the same ratio as for 1992, but as recently as 1990, the figure was 44 percent. State governments are not investing in infrastructure anywhere near the extent they were in the 1980s. Capital outlays can fluctuate considerably, depending on factors such as interest rate levels and growing populations. In the 1980s, the average year-to-year increase was 7.1 percent. The high was a rise of 20 percent and the low a decrease of more than 3 percent. The changes from 1990 to 1994 averaged 3.8 percent. The trend in capital expenditures could be significant. Factors include the relationship

between economic growth and an adequate supply of publicly provided infrastructure. For state governments, this relates predominantly to highway construction, since in 1994 about 57 percent of all state capital spending was for highways. The opportunity for financing capital expenditures in the 1990s has been very good. Bonds are the normal source of funding this activity and interest rates were at their lowest point since the 1970s. It did not occur, however. The intensifying competition for state dollars from current non-capital spending especially education, welfare and other social services together with pressure to hold the line or reduce taxes probably were significant factors. As the results of the current debate about the future of the American federal system become known, this competition in the states could become heated. There is a major push to give states responsibility for social services. In the political arenas of the states, such new responsibilities might be competing with business and industry interested in sufficient public infrastructure to spur growth.10

State Aid to Local Governments State aid to local governments is one of the most significant activities in which states engage. If viewed as one state program, it would The Council of State Governments

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be the largest by far. However, state aid is funneled into a variety of programs for highways, education, health and the like. The very size of the aid programs, relative to other outlays of the states, attests to the considerable responsibility states have assumed for their subordinate governments. If the federal government were to share revenue with the state governments in a proportionate manner, the resulting federal payments to the states would amount to approximately one-half the current total state outlays.11 State aid, viewed broadly, would include both direct financial assistance to local governments as well as myriad programs that provide indirect financial assistance. This analysis describes, for the most part, only the direct financial assistance. A complete analysis of state aid would also consider the wide-ranging, and often substantial, indirect programs. A partial list of the latter might include: subsidization of municipal debt by exempting bond interest from state income taxes; state loan programs; bond banks; local government investment pools; and on-behalf payments for local employees in state retirement systems.12 State aid in fiscal year 1994 amounted to $222 billion, or 28 percent of all state expenditures. The increase from 1993 to 1994 was 5.5 percent. Although this was the lowest increase since 1983, it was in line with increases since 1989. Four of the five increases fell within a range of about 1 percent, from 5.5 to 6.6 percent. Since 1970, the aid portion of total state expenditure has ranged from about 34 percent at the beginning of the period to about 28 percent in 1994. The percentages fall into three distinct periods: 1970 to 1982, 1983 to 1990, and post1990. In the earliest period, aid averaged 32.7 percent of the statesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; budgets and the range spanned 3.3 percentage points, from 31.2 to 34.5 percent. In the second period starting in 1983, the average dropped to 30.4 percent and ranged from 29.8 to 31 percent. At least part of the drop in 1983 was due to a change in the federal General Revenue Sharing program that eliminated states after federal fiscal year 1982. States had passed through a portion of that federal money to local governments. The data show another change in 1991, when 498 The Book of the States 1996-97

the state aid total dropped to 29.1 percent, nearly a full point below the prior year. The same thing occurred in 1992, the percent dropping about another point to 28.2 percent, the lowest it had been in 40 years. It has stayed in this range for 1993 (28.3 percent) and 1994 (28.5 percent). The most obvious explanation of this phenomenon is the relative growth of various other expenditures, especially welfare. The effect is to sharpen the competition for remaining state funds. The activity this will likely have the most significant effect upon in state aid is the largest portion, education. Aid for education is the single largest piece of the state intergovernmental aid. More than three out of every five dollars in 1994 was for education (61.2 percent). The second largest function, public welfare, accounted for 13.8 percent, followed by general local government support (8.1 percent), and highways (4.3 percent). Total state aid for education in 1994 amounted to $136 billion. The increase from 1993 was 3.6 percent. Normally these data remain fairly comparable from year-to-year in each state. The California data, however, contain a good example of the discontinuities that sometimes occur in public finances, as well as the interrelatedness. Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1994 total for aid to education was down 13 percent from 1993. To show the relative impact this had, taking California out of the calculation for all states would have meant a rise of 6.8 percent. Yet the change in California was due to an extra $2.5 billion state intergovernmental payment in 1993 for financing elementary and secondary education capital expenditures. The source of this money was state-issued general obligation bonds. California makes this type of payment periodically, creating data fluctuations that make overall trends difficult to discern without sufficient disaggregation of the information. Future state aid to education will likely be shaped by legislation and lawsuits to equalize education spending across all school districts within a given state. State aid has always been the primary method for achieving some balance. At least 16 states have been involved in litigation related to equal funding for school districts: Alaska, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana,

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Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont and West Virginia.13 In 1994, Michigan made a change in school funding that other states might be considering. Looking for a way to reduce school system reliance on local property taxes, Michigan increased the rate of the state general sales tax and imposed a new state property tax. The state dedicated the increased revenues to support local education. Michigan’s action, however, is one of an extremely broad spectrum of responses among the states to fund local education services. Excluding Hawaii, where the state has elected to run the elementary and secondary school system, the two extremes are represented by New Mexico and New Hampshire. The New Mexico education state aid program funds about 75 percent of the local education program. New Hampshire makes the funding and administration of elementary and secondary education almost entirely a local government function. About nine out of every ten dollars for that service comes from local sources. State funding for education will remain a volatile matter for a number of years. If nothing else, the legal disputes will keep this issue simmering. Moreover, the sheer size of this program for the states will continue to put it in competition with other major state programs such as corrections and social services. Further confusing the matter will be the influence of the many proposed changes in federal funding.14 Public welfare programs at the local government level received the next most aid from the states in 1994, $30.6 billion. Unlike education, where state aid programs exist in every state except Hawaii, there is more variety in public welfare. For example, 15 states provide no welfare aid or less than $1 million, primarily because they have chosen to administer public welfare programs directly instead of through their local governments. California and New York remain the major states where the funding is primarily state and the administration local. California predominates in this type of aid, accounting for about 45 percent of the na-

tional total. New York comprises another 28 percent.

State Direct Expenditures for Services Direct spending constitutes about seven of every ten dollars of state outlays. In 1994, it totaled $554 billion. The largest amounts were for: public welfare ($151 billion); insurance trust expenditures ($83 billion); higher education ($77 billion); highways ($44 billion); hospitals ($28 billion); interest on debt ($24 billion); corrections ($21 billion); and health ($19 billion). State direct public welfare programs comprised 19.4 percent of all state expenditures in 1994, the highest ever. Welfare programs have been claiming an increasing share of state government resources for at least two decades. In the 1990s, however, the pace of this change has accelerated considerably. The 1970s saw this percent grow from 9.6 to 12.8 percent. In the 1980s, the rise was a modest 1 percent, from 12.9 to 13.9 percent. The 1990s, however, have seen this ratio jump almost 5 percent, from 14.5 to 19.4. What wrought this change was primarily Medicaid, especially changes in the Federal handling of so-called “disproportionate share” payments. These payments to state governments were reimbursements for the states’ subsidization of low-income hospital patients. This was controversial because, as one analyst noted, there were, “manipulations by state governments of the Medicaid open-ended entitlement system to generate what was essentially general revenue sharing for states.”15 A change in federal law is now curbing this program, which exists in about half the states. The effect through 1994 in certain states, however, was dramatic. Louisiana, for example, quadrupled its Medicaid payments between 1988 and 1994. In New Hampshire, the special Medicaid Assessment Program Tax became the biggest tax source, about twice as large as any other single tax.16 It will be interesting to watch the budgetary effect both in public welfare programs and overall as the federal restrictions take effect over the next few years. States also are experimentThe Council of State Governments

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ing with various forms of welfare programs to try to reduce costs. But the major catalyst will be the shape of federal reforms that rewrite the rules, responsibilities and relationships in welfare federalism.17 Insurance trust expenditures, although the second largest category of state direct expenditures, receive different emphasis in the overall state government funding picture. The reason is that the source of these payments is restricted money used for fixed, agreed upon formula-driven payments. Of the $83 billion total, $44 billion went for state and local government employee retirement programs, $28 billion for unemployment compensation and $9 billion for workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; compensation. The $77 billion outlay in 1994 for higher education expenditures amounted to 14 percent of direct spending and 10 percent of total state spending. When the individual states are arrayed comparing the direct expenditures for higher education to the total direct expenditure for that state, an interesting geographic pattern emerges as can be seen in Table D. The ten states with the highest percent, led by Utah with 26.8 percent, were all in the West, Midwest or South. Of the ten states with the lowest ratios, ranging from Maine with 11.7 percent to Alaska with 6.7 percent, seven of the ten were New England or Middle Atlantic states. Two exceptions in this latter group were Alaska and Hawaii, states with geographic, population and governmental characteristics that often make them statistical outliers in such analyses. Florida might be included in the lower group because of that stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographics. There are many reasons that such a pattern exists. Since this is a longstanding pattern, however, at least part of the basis for this configuration probably has some deep historical roots. For example, it could relate to the extent that states rely on private universities to provide higher education to their populations. One activity of states that has received considerable publicity recently is corrections. Corrections had been one of the most rapidly growing activities of state governments. In the 1970s, corrections spending grew 240 percent, while total state expenditures rose 164 percent. The 1980s saw corrections expenditures increase 500 The Book of the States 1996-97

another 228 percent, out pacing the total expenditure increase of 104 percent. The changes since 1990, however, have been mixed. Corrections expenditures from 1990 to 1994 rose 34 percent compared to the 36 percent increase in total expenditures. But the corrections increases varied considerably: 1990 to 1991, 12 percent; 1991 to 1992, 3.5 percent; 1992 to 1993, 3.6 percent; and 1993 to 1994, 11.4 percent. Before the 3.5 percent change in 1992, the lowest year-to-year increases since 1970 were 9.3 and 9.6 percent.

Table D STATE RANKING OF HIGHER EDUCATION EXPENDITURES AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL DIRECT EXPENDITURES Rank

Percent of total State direct expenditure

Utah

26.8

Colorado

25.0

Indiana

23.4

North Dakota

23.2

Nebraska

20.7

Iowa

20.4

Virginia

20.3

Alabama

20.2

Kansas

19.2

Tennessee

19.0

10 U. S. Average

13.9

Maine

11.7

Pennsylvania

11.0

Hawaii

10.4

Florida

10.4

Rhode Island

9.5

New Jersey

9.2

New York

8.4

Connecticut

7.8

Massachusetts

7.5

Alaska

6.7

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There are many different factors influencing state spending on corrections. For example, a number of states have passed legislation designed to target career criminals. This has taken the form of so-called “three strike” statutes and laws limiting or abolishing parole. They illustrate the complex relationship between social policy and state finance. Connecticut, for example, abolished parole in 1981. However, rising corrections costs caused it to start this program again in 1990. North Carolina had to rewrite sentencing laws after its prisons also became overcrowded.18 As the “three strike” laws and the like take hold, the prison population could age, and then, prison health care costs will increase. One study found that, in California, the costs for maintaining prisoners less than 30 years old averaged $21,000 per year, but rose to $69,000 for those 60 and older.19 To reduce costs, some states are experimenting with alternative sentencing. Vermont has instituted such a program for low-risk inmates and coupled it with programs designed to reintegrate exconvicts into the community.20

Indebtedness and Assets Debt is traditionally less important in state government finances than revenues, expenditures and assets. This can be demonstrated by comparing state debt with federal and local government debt. The state amount of $411 billion at the end of 1994 was only about 60 percent of the debt of all local governments and less than 10 percent of the federal amount. The $411 billion total was up 6.2 percent over the prior year. The three factors that influence the direction of state indebtedness are interest rates, general financial conditions and the role the states assign to debt in financing infrastructure, particularly highways. Interest rates, which had been at their lowest point in the past two decades in the early 1990s, have remained generally favorable. Yet, year-to-year increases in debt since 1987 have been fairly steady. In that seven-year period, the average increase was 6.6 percent and ranged between 4.2 and 8.6 percent. Reports continue to cite unmet needs in infra-

structure. The moderate rate of bonding activity under relatively favorable circumstances would seem to indicate that other financial requirements are creating impediments for the states. One federal initiative seeking to promote greater activity among the states is a U.S. Department of Transportation pilot program that will establish infrastructure banks in ten test states. The objective is to stimulate more bond activity by allowing alternatives to standard bond practices. This might include, for example, more public-private partnerships and greater use of taxable financing.21 States held almost $1.3 trillion in cash and investments at the end of 1994. This included: $792 billion in employee retirement trust funds; $205 billion in funds held as offsets to longterm debt; and $260 billion in miscellaneous insurance trust funds, bond funds, “rainy day” funds and others. States dedicate about 87 percent of this money for specific purposes. The two most common examples are redemption of long-term debt and insurance trust obligations like employee retirement programs. States held the single largest portion of their assets, $792 billion, in state employee retirement trust systems. This accumulation of assets places the state employee retirement systems among the major investors in capital markets. The amounts held in long-term debt offsets ($205 billion), reduced the net long-term debt to slightly more than $200 billion. The high percentage of assets reserved for these limited purposes leaves $168 billion or 13 percent of total assets available for financing general government activities. This is a relatively small amount. It is misleading, however, to imply that even the $168 billion is available for any purpose. Often, state constitutions or laws place considerable restrictions on access and use of these monies. The Texas Permanent School Fund and the Alaska Permanent Fund are two of the largest and best examples of these specially restricted funds. There is an interesting trend concerning reserve funds or the so-called “rainy day” funds. The primary purpose of these monies is to help states weather fiscal downturns. Some states are trying to add more discipline to the fundThe Council of State Governments

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ing system and greater regulation of their use. There is some movement toward a formuladriven system for maintaining these funds instead of the hit-or-miss practice of relying on appropriations or year-end surpluses. In Arizona, Indiana, Michigan, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington, for example, the funding formula is now keyed to revenue growth. Several states are changing their constitutions to limit using these funds for fiscal emergencies instead of current spending.22 In the next few years, however, the greatest use for these funds and the greatest strain on the budgetary health of the states might not be to counter the effects of an economic downturn, but rather, to cope with the alteration of the federal intergovernmental financial landscape.

State Finance in the Era of Devolution Throughout American history, we have seen a number of shifts in the balance of government power and responsibility among the federal, state and local governments.23 That we are now witnessing a significant change in our federal system of government seems certain. Officials at all levels of government and in both major political parties have voiced broad support for: fewer federal programs; less funding and control of those federal programs that remain; elimination or reduction of unfunded mandates; and a general relaxation of federal rules governing state and local government activity. The states, in their central position between the federal and local governments, are concerned that this devolution process shifts more than just the funding responsibility. They have also expressed a need for concomitant power.24 From the states’ perspective, two financial issues stand out — a switch from categorical to block grants and potential relief from mandates. Block grants promise financial relief for the federal government, especially from openended categorical entitlement programs. The prime benefit for state governments is increased flexibility that could reduce administrative costs and allow more efficient local solutions. Since it seems certain that the states will re502 The Book of the States 1996-97

ceive less federal money with block grants, the competition for the reduced pot will probably affect all state programs. Most of the discussion about block grants relates to social service programs. This might mean that the true financial test will not occur until the next recession. Block grants will effectively cap federal participation and this will leave the states with choices such as putting in more resources, reducing benefits or devolving responsibilities further to their local governments.25 An additional matter to consider is the development of block grant formulas. This could be an interstate battle pitting high population growth states against low growth states and historically high-benefit states against lowbenefit states. The rallying cry for both sides might well be “fair share.”26 The federal Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 marked a key change in federal-statelocal government relationships. It does not necessarily end federal mandates. It does, however, make it harder for the federal government to require that state and local governments perform certain tasks that require financial outlays. How this will play out financially for the state governments is far from clear. There is hope that mandate reform will ease the financial burdens of state and local governments. The financial effects of mandate relief will not be immediate and future changes probably will be intertwined with other details of devolution discussions. States should be very cautious about depending on mandate reform for any type of short-term financial windfall.27

Endnotes 1

Robert D. Behn, “The Fortune 500 and the 50 States: A Combined Ranking,” Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs, Duke University (February, 1993). 2 This analysis uses information primarily from the U.S. Bureau of the Census surveys of state and local government finances. The reference point for the state information is fiscal year 1994, noted in this discussion as 1994. For all states except four, this is the period from July 1, 1993 to June 30, 1994. The four with a

FINANCES

different reference period are (reference period end date in parentheses): Alabama and Michigan (September 30, 1994); New York (March 31, 1994); and Texas (August 31, 1994). 3 For example, as private business and personal incomes change, so do the revenues that states derive from income taxes. As sales rise and fall, so does the income that states derive from general or selective sales taxes. In good times, there are fewer persons that need social service and income maintenance programs. If economic conditions turn sour, there is an upsurge in the demand for these activities. As consumers of goods and services, state governments’ negotiating positions shift when land and construction prices fluctuate. 4 See, for example, the results of the budgetary survey of legislative officers made by the National Conference of State Legislatures. Their newsletter reported that in FY 1995 and 1996 fiscal conditions were better than they had been for years and that the year-end balances — generally considered an important fiscal health index — reached a record amount in FY 1995. “Strong fiscal conditions make budgeting easier for FY 1996,” The Fiscal Letter, National Conference of State Legislatures (November/December 1995). 5 See, The Fiscal Crisis of the States: Lessons for the Future by Steven D. Gold (Washington D.C., 1995) for a discussion about the states response to the 1990-91 recession. It notes that the states coped with this in part by using accounting manipulations, devolution to their own local governments, often without concomitant funding, and program cuts in social services. 6 California tax receipts, especially from its general sales tax, likely will improve considerably if its economy picks up as predicted. See, for example, “UCLA Report Forecasts Lots of Sunshine for California Economy Over Next Few Years,” The Bond Buyer, December 14, 1995. New York, as with most of the other northeastern states, still appears to be suffering residual effects from the early 1990s recession and its tax receipts will be affected accordingly. See, also, the 1995 Development Report Card for the States, issued by the Corporation

for Economic Development, for a good summary of economic performance in the states. 7 “Alaska’s Budget Prepares for the PostPetroleum Era,” The Bond Buyer, December 19, 1995. 8 The National Center for Education Statistics provides an indispensable statistical source each year to help frame discussions about tuition rates at state postsecondary institutions. The latest is Basic Student Charges at Postsecondary Institutions: Academic year 199495 (November 1995). 9 The Census Bureau data are a statistical compilation, not an accounting balance sheet. The practical application of this is that total revenues nearly always exceed total expenditures, but this cannot be equated with a budget or accounting “surplus” or “deficit.” The reasons for this are manifold, but has to do with varying treatments of items such as debt, capital expenditures, accruals and insurance trust system transactions. 10 See, Is There a Shortfall in Public Capital Investment?, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (June, 1990). This is a general discussion of this issue by some of the leading authorities in the field. 11 This calculation is intended only to demonstrate the magnitude of the states’ financial commitment. The comparison is flawed because of the unique responsibilities borne by the Federal government. 12 For a discussion of state aid generally and a listing of other state programs that might be included in a total analysis, see the annual report of the National Association of State Budget Officers, State Aid to Local Government. 13 “School Finance Litigation Affects 16 States.” The Fiscal Letter, National Conference of State Legislatures (May/June 1995). 14 See, “The Outlook for School Revenue in the Next Five Years,” Steven D. Gold, Research Report-034, Consortium for Policy Research in Education (1995). This report examines the environment for education funding and concludes that the state governments, for a number of reasons, are unlikely to increase their effort in the near future. Two good illustrations of the competition aspect of this issue are proThe Council of State Governments

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posals in New Jersey and New York to cut overall state spending or provide tax relief from funds that might otherwise be used for education. See, “Cut Government Spending at Expense of Schools?” New York Times, Nov. 23, 1995 and, “Pataki Seeking School Money to Trim Taxes,” New York Times, Dec. 14, 1995. 15 “Small Provisions Turn into a Golden Goose,” Washington Post, January 31, 1994. See, also, “Louisiana Took, ‘Every Federal Dollar We Could Get Our Hands On,’ ” Washington Post, January 31, 1994. 16 See, “The End of the Hospital Tax Charade,” Governing (November 1995), pp. 59-61. The “disproportionate share” tax procedure worked approximately as follows: (1) states would levy a tax on hospitals to qualify for the federal matching grants; (2) they would then obtain the federal grants, which were available on a more than 1:1 ratio; (3) from the federal money, they would reimburse the hospitals for the “tax” they had paid; and (4) they would retain the balance, which could be used for other outlays. 17 See, “States Are Already Providing Glimpse at Welfare’s Future,” New York Times, September 21, 1995. 18 See, “Rise in Inmate Population Forces Out of State Transfers,” in What’s Working in State and Local Government (July 15, 1995). 19 “Senior Class; Inside Prison, Too, a Population is Aging,” New York Times, January 18, 1996 and “Health care behind bars,” Fiscal Notes (Texas), January 1996. 20 “Vermont,” The Bond Buyer, October 23, 1995. 21 “Transportation Agency to Seek RFPs on

504 The Book of the States 1996-97

Pilot State Banks,” The Bond Buyer, December 11, 1995. 22 “Patching the Fiscal Umbrella,” Governing (December 1995). 23 For an interesting historical view of fiscal federalism, see, “The Crisis and Anticrisis Dynamic: Rebalancing the American Federal System,” by James Kee and John Shannon, Public Administration Review (July/August 1992). 24 “The Challenge of Flexibility,” by Hal Hovey, State Legislatures, Vol. 22, No.1 (January 1996). 25 See, “The ABCs of Block Grants,” by Steven Gold in State Fiscal Briefs (March 1995) for a brief discussion about block grants. Some of the perspectives of local governments can be found in, “Cities Discover Federalism,” Wall Street Journal, December 8, 1995. 26 For a succinct description of the arguments states are likely to make see, “Funding Debate Goes On,” Fiscal Notes (Texas), April 1995. 27 Two articles with discussions of the federal mandate legislation are “Federal Mandates: Getting Beyond the Rhetoric,” by Mary Kay Falconer and Francis Berry, Spectrum: the Journal of State Government, Vol. 68, No. 2, and “Deregulating Federalism: The Politics of Mandate Reform in the 104th Congress,” by Timothy Conlan, James Riggle and Donna Schwartz, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 25, No. 3. The U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations has released two reports on this subject: Federal Mandate Relief for State, Local, and Tribal Governments (January 1995) and The Role of Federal Mandates in Intergovernmental Relations (Preliminary Report) (January 1996).

STATE HEALTH CAPACITY

State Health Care Reform Debating access, quality and cost. by Linda Demkovich and Dick Merritt If you think health care reform is dead, think again. It is true, of course, that by September of 1994, President Clinton’s Health Security Act, designed to guarantee insurance coverage for all Americans by the end of the decade, had been laid to rest after one of the most intense, sometimes downright vitriolic, lobbying campaigns the nation’s capital had seen in decades. And if there were any lingering doubts about the public’s feelings towards “big-government” solutions to social problems, the fall elections seemed to put them to rest with a resounding finality. It is also true that a number of states once considered to be on the leading edge of health care reform have rolled back recently enacted laws, again largely in response to the 1994 elections, and that others contemplating taking steps toward comprehensive change have demurred, at least until it becomes a bit clearer what Congress has in store for Medicaid. The best example of the former, perhaps, is Washington, where key provisions of the landmark 1993 reform law, including the one that mandated “universal access to health care” by 1999, were erased from the books earlier this year, before target implementation dates had rolled around. While the repeal effort was spearheaded by Republicans, who had gained control of the state House of Representatives in the November elections, the law in fact had already been doomed by Congress’ failure to give states the ability to experiment in the absence of national reform. An example of the latter is Montana, where the now defunct Health Care Authority, in deference to a public mood it per_______________ Linda Demkovich is Director of Communications for the Intergovernmental Health Policy Project at Georgetown University. Dick Merritt is Director of the Intergovernmental Health Policy Project.

ceived as anti-tax and antigovernment, shelved recommendations for systemwide reform as too costly, pursuing instead what members called a “sequential” plan — a step-by-step overhaul that at most will change the existing structure at the margins. But there’s been a larger force at work that has conspired to change the health care system and keep the states — even the most reluctant recruits — active players in the game. In a word, that force is costs. Though it has slowed since the 1980s, for example, medical care inflation continues to outpace the increase in overall consumer prices by a ratio of nearly 2:1; health insurance rates also remain on an upward track, pricing more and more working class people out of the market. As overseers of payment for care, primarily through Medicaid, and also as front-line providers of services, state policymakers have thus had very little choice but to stay engaged in the system’s rapid evolution.

Systemwide Reform ERISA: Sorting out the Signals Since its enactment 21 years ago, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) has stood as a major impediment to the states’ efforts to expand access to health insurance, whether through mandated benefits, which require plans to cover specific services (e.g., in vitro fertilization) or specific providers (e.g., psychologists); high-risk pools, which provide a source of coverage for people with a medical condition that makes them “uninsurable”; or broader “pay-or-play” schemes, which require companies to provide their employees with insurance or pay an assessment to underwrite coverage for the uninsured. The reason is a clause in the law that gives companies that choose to self-insure — today, between 40 and 60 percent of the market — a The Council of State Governments

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‘bye’ from complying with state laws governing such initiatives. For most of those years, state officials have pressured Congress to end or at the very least modify the ERISA preemption, which they see as an unintended loophole, the ramifications of which could not have been imagined in 1974 when self-insurance was a relatively rare phenomenon. The pressure intensified last year, when a half-dozen states with aggressive reform agendas pushed for an amendment to ERISA that would have allowed them to proceed with implementation of their enabling laws. Among them were Oregon and Washington, both of which had approved employer mandate plans that were contingent on bringing self-insured firms into the fold, and Massachusetts, where an employer mandate plan enacted in 1988 remained unimplemented. Not unexpectedly, the amendment died and with it, any hope the six states harbored of being able to proceed with their reforms. In Washington, the 1993 law, including its employer mandate, was largely repealed earlier this year. In Oregon, Gov. John Kitzhaber had conceded by last spring that an exemption from ERISA to proceed with the mandate was unlikely and had begun exploring other, voluntary options for covering the working poor. As part of that effort, the legislature acted earlier this year to expand the reach of recently enacted insurance reforms beyond the small group market. Meanwhile, enrollment in the Medicaid portion of the state’s health plan, which was launched in February of 1994, has been slowed somewhat by budget shortfalls but on the whole is proceeding as planned. And finally in Massachusetts, the legislature voted last December to delay implementation of the employer mandate for a third time (the original date was 1992) and to convene a bipartisan blue ribbon commission to develop a replacement plan. Parallel with that, the state has received a federal waiver that permits it to design a program that could lead to coverage of another 400,000 residents over the next four years. Because of Congress’ reluctance to reopen the ERISA question, decisions regarding its reach have been left to the courts, which, to the 506 The Book of the States 1996-97

dismay of state officials, have been inconsistent in their interpretations. Take the issue of uncompensated care as an example. In October 1993, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit held that three separate surcharges imposed on hospital rates by New York state to finance indigent care violated ERISA’s preemption clause. Just a few months earlier, however, a 3rd Circuit Court panel reversed a lower court ruling to the same effect on a similar uncompensated care surtax imposed by New Jersey. The matter was seemingly put to rest in April of this year, when the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the 2nd Circuit decision, holding that the New York surcharge system does not run afoul of ERISA. That allowed the state to keep the system in place for the remainder of the year and in fact the legislature voted earlier this summer to extend it for another six months, through next June, while it explores alternative financing mechanisms. In New Jersey, on the other hand, legislators scrapped the surcharge at the end of 1993, before the Supreme Court had ruled, substituting dollars from the unemployment compensation fund. The Supreme Court decision appears to give a green light to states that want to raise revenues by taxing and regulating providers, and some are likely to do so in the coming year, especially in view of deep cuts looming at the federal level. But uncertainty over the legality of other types of financing plans remains. Indeed, the decision will most likely depend on court determinations of whether a particular law has a direct or indirect effect on self-insured plans. If the effect is direct, the courts are likely to declare an ERISA preemption; if it’s indirect, they are more likely to rule in favor of the state.

Managed Care Managed Care: Taking the Market by Storm At the same time, pressure from the private sector to stop the cost spiral has changed the face of the financing and delivery of medical services, as a trend loosely called “managed care” supplants the decades-old “fee-for-service” system. Pushed hard by companies that bear a

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large share of the burden of paying for health insurance for their employees, enrollment in managed care plans has surged dramatically over the last few years. A recent Group Health Association of America (GHAA) report, for example, estimated that by the year 2000, 50 million nonelderly individuals will be enrolled in private sector health maintenance organizations (HMOs), the oldest and still the most dominant form of managed care. Just 20 years ago, fewer than 5 million Americans were HMO members. While the definition of HMO includes the traditional group practice model, the most popular and rapidly growing type of plan is a spin-off on the theme: independent practice associations (IPAs), which are most often run by doctors themselves. At the same time, a host of other arrangements that offer a mix of insurance and medical services are carving out their niche in the market. The models range from the older preferred provider organizations (PPOs) to newer hybrids, like physician-hospital organizations (PHOs), management services organizations (MSOs) and integrated delivery systems (IDSs). At the core of the managed care movement are two strategies that have long been the hallmark of HMOs: prepayment, either on a perperson or per-illness basis, to lock in rates in advance of treatment as a guard against use of unnecessary services, and an emphasis on prevention, to get both physicians and patients to recognize the value of healthy lifestyles and to treat illnesses before they become more serious (and more expensive). A key to success is reliance on “gatekeepers”: physicians or other medical professionals who take responsibility for routine care and handle referrals to (more expensive) specialists. The quid pro quo for doctors to provide discounted care is a guaranteed pool of patients. In response to the managed care trend in the private sector, the states have moved to exert greater control over the market and the amalgamation of entities that have come to dominate it. As part of that process, they have had to sort out how far their regulatory control over health insurance reaches and, the corollary, when ERISA, the federal law that exempts self-

insured or self-funded firms, kicks in. (Selfinsured plans assume financial responsibility for their own risk but do not necessarily administer their own plans. Instead, many contract with benefits management firms, including commercial carriers or Blue Cross-Blue Shield plans to perform administrative functions.) Any Willing Provider Laws: Bitter Battles Between Providers and Insurers One of the first major fights that the states have been called on to referee is the one that pits managed care plans against doctors who aren’t part of them, by choice or by default. By extension, the battle also affects patients, whose choice of a physician is often limited to participating providers on the plan’s list (or “closed panel,” in HMO industry lingo). The most common vehicle for opening up choice has been so-called “any willing provider” (AWP) legislation, which requires managed care plans, including HMOs and PPOs, to contract with any provider (most often pharmacies) who accepts their terms and rates. A second strategy that’s gained in popularity this year is the American Medical Association’s (AMA) model “Patient Protection Act,” the most controversial provision of which seeks to give consumers leeway in choosing a doctor, both within and outside of the plan in which they are enrolled. (Most HMOs deny coverage to enrollees who go to an out-of-plan provider, except in emergencies or if they’re outside the service area; PPOs and some HMOs, however, do offer a “point-of-service” option that permits patients who are willing to absorb higher out-of-pocket costs to see nonparticipating providers.) The emergence of the legislation has touched off a heated debate. On one side is the managed care industry, which says that the AWP and patient protection laws undermine one of the most important cost-saving tools at its disposal: “selective contracting,” based on criteria that permit plans to examine physicians’ past practice and utilization patterns, for example, and choose those they deem to be the most costefficient, best-trained and most cooperative. Limiting the number of providers, plans say, The Council of State Governments

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also reduces their overall administrative costs and lets them negotiate lower rates by offering a higher per provider caseload. That view has the backing of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has historically supported selective contracting as a means of promoting competition. In a recent statement, the agency advised states that AWP laws “may discourage competition among providers” and limit the ability of managed care plans to reduce the cost of delivering care “without providing any substantial benefit.” The National Governors’ Association has also adopted a policy of opposition to “overly restrictive AWP laws” in order to retain the flexibility afforded states by managed care plans. On the other side of the issue are providers — specialists, in particular — who perceive the selective contracting process as a threat to their ability to practice. Increasingly dependent on managed care enrollees as a source of income, they have lobbied aggressively for laws that would obligate managed care organizations to contract with anyone who meets the terms for reimbursement and utilization review imposed on other providers who are part of the plan. Also active in the fight are community pharmacies and laboratories, which often find themselves competing against larger out-of-state firms that operate on a regional or national scale, as well as minority physicians, who see AWP legislation as a way to fight discriminatory practices by health plans and to assure that the poorer communities in which many of them practice have continued access to medical care. Organizations representing consumers, meanwhile, have been divided on the issue. Some see the flexibility for patients to choose their own physician as essential, while others see that flexibility as a threat to efforts to hold down medical costs. Arkansas’ Any Willing Provider Law: High Stakes The battle about to play out in the federal courts in Arkansas sheds light on the highstakes nature of the debate. At issue is a Patient Protection Act enacted in February, which managed care plans say has all the markings of 508 The Book of the States 1996-97

an AWP law, despite its name. Backed by a powerful coalition of health care professionals and facilities, the law bars insurers from “limiting the opportunities” of any provider who accepts the terms and conditions set forth in a managed care contract and from imposing financial terms — incentives or disincentives — that may affect a patient’s choice of a physician. In effect, it shields 21 medical specialties, from doctors, dentists and pharmacists to optometrists, chiropractors and physical therapists, from potential discrimination by managed care companies in contracting and reimbursement. On July 27, 1995, the day before the law was slated to take effect, the Prudential Insurance Company of America and two of its state subsidiaries filed suit to permanently prevent the law’s implementation on grounds that it violates, among other things, ERISA, the federal HMO Act and the commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution. Several weeks later, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Arkansas, which filed a similar action in another federal district court on June 30, sought to have its case dismissed and join in the Prudential’s. Other plaintiffs in the Prudential’s case are Tyson Foods, the state AFL-CIO and the United Paperworkers International Union; GHAA has also announced plans to file an amicus brief in support of the Prudential. The legislature doesn’t meet again until January of 1997, which will give the legal battle time to play itself out before lawmakers decide if and how to change the act. Patient Protection Acts: Variations on the Theme Currently, any willing provider laws are on the books in 32 states, though unlike the broadbased Arkansas statute, most of them narrowly apply to pharmacies. In addition, legislatures in 5 states have enacted versions of the Patient Protection Acts in the months since the AMA model first surfaced, and the concept got at least a hearing in 14 others. And in a variation on the theme, three governors — Maryland’s Parris Glendenning and Oregon’s John Kitzhaber, both Democrats, and New York’s George Pataki, a Republican—all

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signed patient protection laws that require HMOs to offer enrollees a point-of-service option. • Maryland’s Patient Access Act, signed on May 25 and called a first-of-its-kind, says that people whose only insurance plan choice is an HMO must be offered the option of seeing outof-plan doctors, as long as they are willing to pay more for the privilege. In addition, the law requires insurers to establish reasonable criteria for determining membership on their provider panel, along with review and appeals procedures. • Oregon’s measure, which became law July 18, mandates that insurers who require enrollees to designate a primary care physician permit them to change physicians up to two times a year, spell out the policyholder’s rights in writing and make available to them a point-ofservice plan. It also lays out conditions for conducting utilization reviews. • New York’s law, which Pataki hailed at the August 2 signing as a “landmark,” is aimed at an estimated one million residents who buy insurance on their own. The law, Pataki said, “combines the best aspects of managed care and fee-for-service,” by requiring HMOs to offer a “hybrid” point-of-service plan to enrollees beginning January 1, 1996. That means people can see out-of-plan providers if they are willing to pay higher out-of-pocket costs (capped at $3,000 a year for individuals, $5,000 for families). It also requires HMOs for the first time to offer a standardized plan covering inpatient, outpatient and emergency hospital services, physician services and — particularly salient, given the retreat of Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield from the individual market — prescription drugs bought from participating pharmacies. Again, out-of-pocket costs will be capped, with an annual limit on deductibles for prescription drugs of $100 for individuals and $300 for families, plus copayments. In Texas, meanwhile, Gov. George W. Bush vetoed a version of the Patient Protection Act earlier this year, arguing that it “imposed too much regulation . . . and unfairly affected some health care providers while exempting others.” Instead, Bush charged the Department of In-

surance with developing rules for HMOs and other managed care plans. In releasing the proposed rules, Insurance Commissioner Elton Bomer said they will “achieve the same overall goals” as the act but at a fraction of the cost. On the consumer side, the rules seek to require the disclosure of benefits to prospective policyholders, ensure continuity of treatment, restrict use of financial incentives that could adversely affect care, prohibit “unfair and unreasonable denial” of reimbursement for emergency care, give enrollees the right to select a network provider as their primary care physician and direct plans to submit data on quality, costs and access to the department. On the provider side, they require plans to make application information available to interested medical professionals, issue written explanations for denial or termination, offer advisory review panels and begin making payments to providers within 30 days of their selection. To keep costs down, the “point-of-service” requirement was eliminated. Managed care plans will also be permitted to withhold proprietary information on marketplace strategies from their competition. And a postscript on a related front: A handful of states this session has shown interest in barring hospitals from denying or revoking the staff privileges of physicians who may not be part of a managed care network. A newly enacted Oklahoma law, for instance, prohibits hospitals or other health facilities from denying doctors an application for staff privileges as long as they’re duly licensed; another requires them to consider providers’ medical education and board certification when issuing them credentials.

New Systems Sorting out the Market In their role as referees/regulators, states are also focusing close attention on the proliferation of new network constructs that have arisen from the market-driven restructuring of the delivery system, as well as on the widening scope of contractual arrangements among insurers, institutions and individual practitioners. The Council of State Governments

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Often, they have simply reinterpreted or expanded the laws and licensing regulations governing HMOs and other, more conventional insurer/provider arrangements to the new breed of networks and joint ventures, either by including networks in existing definitions of “health plan” or by using a broad term that encompasses all possible arrangements. Other times, they’ve started from scratch, writing laws or rules to cover entities that did not exist a few short years ago. Take the entities known as PHOs, short for physician-hospital organizations, for example. Like HMOs, PHOs — joint ventures between one or more hospitals and an individual doctor or a group practice — typically assume at least limited financial risk for patient care. Unlike HMOs, however, there are no clear emerging standards to govern their financial solvency, including capital reserves and reinsurance capacity, or the quality of care they provide. Should they fail, patients could be left holding the bag for potentially large unpaid bills; should their quality of care fall short, consumers may find there are no grievance or appeals procedures in place to address complaints. A 50-state telephone survey conducted by GHAA earlier this year, which looked at the range of PHO financial arrangements, from norisk to full-risk, found that 41 states have licensure requirements for PHOs that assume the full actuarial risk for costs incurred for groups they contract with, typically under HMO licensure laws already on the books; only 25, on the other hand, license PHOs that assume only partial risk. (No-risk arrangements escape scrutiny entirely in all but two states, according to the survey.) In an attempt to address the issue, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which seats representatives of all 50 states, has put out guidelines governing regulation of risk-bearing PHOs and is developing risk-based capital requirements for all types of health care organizations, due out next year. In general, the consensus on the part of the commissioners seems to be that PHOs and other risk-bearing entities should be regulated. Although approaches vary, the most common has been to 510 The Book of the States 1996-97

reinterpret the definition of HMO to include PHOs as well as PPOs, MSOs — or whatever name the new networks go by. In a few instances, however — Iowa, Minnesota and Tennessee — the legislatures have enacted separate statutes governing PHOs. As a measure of the interest in the evolving market, more than 1,200 bills and resolutions relating to the organization and regulation of health care delivery systems were introduced in the 49 states whose legislatures met this year. As of the end of the second quarter, more than 100 of them had been approved.

Providers Hospitals: Easing the Rules In their ongoing quest to control the cost of care and spark greater competition in the marketplace, more and more states have also become involved in a policy area that has typically been reserved for federal agencies — notably, the FTC and the Justice Department: antitrust. Beginning with Maine in 1992, 19 states have approved hospital cooperation acts (HCAs) or, as they’re more commonly called these days, Certificate of Public Advantage laws (COPAs), which apply to all types of providers and facilities and sometimes insurers. In essence, the laws grant the partners in approved cooperative ventures immunity from federal and state antitrust laws; in a handful of cases, the COPAs also extend to mergers. The laws operate under a doctrine called “state action immunity,” which holds that certain activities — for example, jointly purchasing expensive equipment — may be exempted from antitrust prosecution if the state meets a two-pronged test. First, it must make clear the reason it is reducing competition and allowing the collaboration in a specifically defined market area. Second, it must actively review and supervise the area in which the competitive forces have been removed. In addition, most of the laws use a balancing test to review proposed cooperative arrangements, such as sharing equipment or personnel or referring patients. If the parties to the agreement

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can show that the benefits of their arrangement outweigh any potential disadvantages that may result from decreased competition, they will get a COPA from the state. They’re usually required to submit annual reports on activities under the agreement as well. From the start, state attorneys general have tended to question the value of the laws, asking whether they’re necessary to carry out joint ventures and whether they provide adequate protection for less obviously beneficial activities that might trigger greater scrutiny. In Minnesota, for example, an attorney in the attorney general’s office expressed skepticism about the need for the 1992 Hospital Cooperation Act. “Almost everything can be done without it,” he said. At most, it gives hospitals some “comfort around the gray zones.” Practice may be bearing out that sentiment. For while state hospital associations have promoted the laws as useful cost containment tools and as a necessary ingredient to compete with insurer-dominated networks, they’ve seldom used them. In most instances, hospitals and other providers instead appear to have decided to enter into legitimate joint ventures, where they can avoid the costly, time-consuming paperwork requirements inherent in the process of reporting to state regulators and still not run afoul of antitrust laws. On another front, Certificate of Need (CON) programs, which are designed to discourage facilities — hospitals and nursing homes in particular — from overbuilding, overbedding and overbuying are back on the legislatures’ radar screens. By the late 1970s, all states except Louisiana had CON programs on the books, as adjuncts to the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974. Under the CON process, state reviewers weigh in on plans to build or renovate institutional facilities, add services or buy major medical equipment and can veto those proposals they think run counter to a community’s interest. In 1986, Congress repealed the planning law, and the antiregulatory, free-market mood that fed that action swept the states as well. Within the next year or two, eleven of them, mostly in the West, had suspended their CON programs

entirely. Now, for the first time in seven years, another two states have followed suit. In response to critics within the hospital industry who argue that the CON process has failed to control costs and is expensive and unduly burdensome, Ohio and Wisconsin lawmakers this year resolved long-standing battles by terminating their expenditure reviews of hospitals; the long-term care segment of the market will remain under the program. That may not signal a trend, however, because despite the deregulatory pressures that still prevail, a number of states have in fact strengthened their programs in recent years in the face of rising costs. An Alabama law enacted last year, for example, raised the threshold at which hospitals and HMOs must submit expenditure expansion plans from $500,000 to $1.5 million for major medical equipment and from $1.5 million to $3.2 million for all other capital projects. Physicians: A Watchful Eye In addition to their role as licensers, the states have demonstrated interest in recent years in regulating various aspects of physicians’ practices. One early manifestation of that interest surfaced in 1992, when the Florida legislature approved the first state-inspired law to limit doctors from referring patients to facilities in which they have an investment or ownership interest. The action, which followed a study by the state’s Health Care Cost Containment Board that attributed half a million dollars in excess health costs to so-called self-referrals, triggered a storm of protest on the part of the medical community over the objectivity of the firm that financed the study. But even in the face of the intense lobbying campaign, the bill passed overwhelmingly: 107-4 in the House, 39-0 in the Senate. (As part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Congress had already acted to bar physicians from referring Medicare patients to clinical laboratories in which they have an ownership interest, effective in 1992. In 1993, it expanded the law to ten other types of services and included Medicaid as well as Medicare in the proposed restrictions; final The Council of State Governments

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rules were expected to be issued by the end of 1995. Now, however, as part of the Medicare and Medicaid budget tightening, Congress may be on the verge of rolling back the rules.) In the years since, 32 states have approved laws restricting provider self-referrals. Some have very limited reach (e.g., a 1995 Alaska law that applies only to dentists and dental practices), while others are broadly cast (e.g., a 1993 California law that applies to physicians, surgeons, psychologists, acupuncturists, optometrists, dentists, podiatrists and chiropractors and covers specific services including laboratory testing, diagnostic nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, physical therapy and rehabilitation, psychometric testing and home infusion therapy). At the same time, a number of states have gone back to amend earlier laws, making allowances for providers in rural areas where no alternative services may be available. All told in 1995, nine bills restricting selfreferrals and imposing financial penalties for kickback arrangements became law — three of them in Washington State, where the legislature reenacted a prohibition that had fallen under the repeal of the comprehensive 1993 reform law. In an effort to control the physician side of the cost ledger, several states had included ratesetting strategies in their more comprehensive reform laws. To date, those provisions have had widely differing fates: • Minnesota’s Regulated All-Payer Option, which would have set rates for doctors outside managed care networks who continued to bill on a fee-for-service basis, was repealed earlier this session. • Florida’s 1993 rate-setting law has been upheld by a state court of appeals, but it has yet to be implemented. • Maryland’s 1993 law, which called for the development of a physician rate-setting strategy, is moving ahead, as a newly appointed committee begins the process of setting target levels for fees. Under the law, doctors whose rates fall below the targets would be exempt from the ratesetting. (Maryland is the only state that still has an “all-payer” hospital rate512 The Book of the States 1996-97

setting system, for Medicare, Medicaid and private insurers, still in place.)

Medicaid On the Home Front: Medicaid Managed Care Like their payer-counterparts in the private sector, states are also engaged in a major battle against rising health care costs. Taking a major hit from yearly insurance rate hikes for their own employees and soaring Medicaid costs, they are increasingly seeking ways to leverage their buying power in order to control costs and, wherever possible, expand coverage to the uninsured within their borders. Medicaid in particular has become a bugbear. Estimates by the Congressional Budget Office suggest that in the absence of cuts, the program’s budget would nearly double over five years, from $131 billion in the fiscal year just ended to $260 billion by 2000. For the states, which have contributed between 17 percent to 50 percent of program dollars, depending on their per capita income, Medicaid’s bite of their total operating budgets over that period was expected to jump from an average of 20 percent to 25 percent, further limiting their ability to devote resources to other public priorities such as education. In 1990, the average was 9 percent. As in the private sector, managed care has become the watchword for Medicaid officials intent on containing costs. Since March of 1993, according to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the federal agency that oversees the program, 11 states have been awarded Section 1115 waivers that permit them to experiment with statewide managed care demonstrations and another dozen or so have either filed applications for waivers or are reviewing plans to do so. In addition, almost all of the states are operating narrower Section (1915)(b) waivers that allow managed care to be implemented at a local, regional or statewide level. The pace of waiver activity, accelerated by implementation of Section 1115 plans statewide in Tennessee and Oregon in January and February of 1994 respectively, has raised the

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percentage of Medicaid recipients who get their medical care from managed care plans from 14 percent in 1993 to 23 percent, or nearly one in four, today. With the growth have come concerns that accompany any fast-paced, far-reaching trend. In the case of Medicaid, those worries encompass the quality of care that people are receiving; the adequacy of the pool of physicians in managed care organizations who are willing to accept Medicaid clients — particularly the supply of “gatekeepers” whose job is to oversee basic care and steer clients from hospital emergency rooms and other high-cost providers, as well as the supply of providers to serve socalled “special needs” populations; and the tactics some marketers may be using to sign on new enrollees. An attendant concern is that low rates and administrative hassles, which have plagued the Medicaid fee-for-service system for years, may deter some doctors from taking part in the program. One of the biggest issues raised to date has been the care of vulnerable populations. Most Medicaid managed care plans so far have applied only to recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the bulk of whom are poor women and children. While that group makes up about 75 percent of Medicaid recipients, it consumes only about 25 percent of all program dollars. Neither the states nor managed care plans have much experience providing care to the more vulnerable disabled and elderly groups that account for the lion’s share of Medicaid resources. Thus, as the states increasingly incorporate those two groups into managed care arrangements, the providers who traditionally care for them are cautioning against sudden shifts that might jeopardize essential services. Nor is managed care necessarily the “silver bullet” needed to produce large-scale savings. According to figures released over the summer by the Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid, significant savings for the overall program cannot be achieved as long as enrollment is focused only on low-income families. Even if managed care achieves savings of 5 to 15 percent over fee-for-service, the Commission said, that translates into only 1 to 2 per-

cent savings overall; that’s because the bulk of program dollars go to services for the elderly and disabled — an area where experience with managed care is limited and the potential for savings is unknown. “Safety net” providers have also sounded an alarm. In June of 1994, for instance, the National Association of Community Health Centers filed suit in federal district court seeking to halt Section 1115 programs already under way and kill others in the pipeline. Traditionally, centers in the national network have provided not only health care but an array of support services like transportation and translation for minority populations. In recognition of those varied services, centers that met federal qualifications were guaranteed cost-based reimbursement, as opposed to the capitated rates that are the keystone of managed care. Many of the waivers, however, have allowed the states to bypass that guarantee for managed care contracts. In its suit, the association raised the issue of how those special services would fare in the cost-conscious managed care environment. In the long run, officials argued, the very survival of the centers would be in jeopardy, depriving their clients of access to a major source of care. All legal papers were filed by October of 1994; a year later, the suit is still pending, with no word on a trial date. The concerns raised by the national association resurfaced this summer, at a hearing of Rhode Island’s Children’s Code Commission. According to an item in the national news service Health Line citing the Providence JournalBulletin, critics offered testimony that the state’s network of community health centers is facing “life-threatening deficits” in the wake of the August 1994 implementation of RiteCare, a statewide managed care demonstration program designed to expand coverage to greater numbers of poor pregnant women and children. With Medicaid caseloads and payment levels on the decline and the population of uninsured clients on the rise, they say that center program is “slowly withering away.” The hearing also gave rise to advocacy complaints about the lack of primary care providers and the failure to educate patients about the new program rules. The Council of State Governments

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As is the case in the reconfiguration of the private sector, state policymakers are being challenged to sort out the ever-growing cast of managed care characters and to devise safeguards to protect patients from potential abuses in the evolving system. In this case, they must also answer to skeptics who question whether the Medicaid plans will produce the savings supporters predict — savings that many states have earmarked to expand care to other lowincome working residents who don’t meet the program’s eligibility criteria. Tennessee: A Case Study Tennessee offers an interesting case study of potential problems inherent in the transformation from fee-for-service to a capitated managed care system. Facing a $740 million Medicaid budget shortfall, officials abruptly terminated the program in January of 1994 and shifted 800,000 recipients into a managed care program known as TennCare virtually overnight. This was expedited by the formation of 12 insurer groups that are known as managed care organizations (MCOs), some operating statewide, some on a regional basis. Today, TennCare officials proudly tout the program’s record: $1 billion saved over the first 18 months and 98 percent of residents covered, including the 400,000 who had no health insurance previously. TennCare critics contend that the program has “double counted” Medicaid recipients and new enrollees and that the number of uninsured continues to rise. Likewise, according to representatives of both the state’s hospital and medical associations, the system that’s now in place isn’t managed care at all, but rather is the same old fee-for-service system at a discount. Not only are fees low (doctors, for example, say they are paid an average of $14 for an office visit, compared to $45 for privately insured patients), the MCOs, which act as fiscal intermediaries in the system, aren’t funnelling the funds to providers in the manner promised. The groups also continue to express concern about the state’s lax oversight of the MCOs and about its failure to install “gatekeepers” to monitor patient care. Meanwhile, in the face of new budget con514 The Book of the States 1996-97

straints, the program has suspended open enrollment of residents who don’t receive insurance as a benefit of their employment. (Medicaid eligibles and people with preexisting medical conditions that render them “uninsurable” continue to be enrolled as planned.) And come January, officials may ask the legislature to consider a cap on enrollment, along with copayments and higher premiums for the uninsured who have incomes above 100 percent of poverty. That agenda is troublesome to the TennCare Monitoring Group, a coalition of patient advocates, providers and “concerned citizens” that keeps close tabs on program developments. Asking the poor to pay more for insurance, an official of the group warns, will simply force them back into emergency rooms, undermining the goal of assuring a regular source of care through the physician-gatekeeper system. Going Slow: Bumps in the Road While some states hold up the often-prolonged, paperwork-laden process of applying for a federal waiver as the reason they’ve not pursued one, some have hesitated even after they have a waiver in hand. In Ohio, for example, officials have opted to forego experimentation altogether pending the outcome of the Medicaid block grant debate in Congress. In pulling back on Gov. George Voinovich’s OhioCare plan, which would have moved most of the 1.4 million current clients into managed care and used the savings to finance coverage of another 375,000 working poor uninsured residents, state officials cited the possible loss of federal funds should the block grant be approved. On the other hand, the block grant debate has increased the urgency of waiver requests from some states — Illinois and Louisiana are examples — where the federal share of Medicaid dropped when new rules affecting payments to hospitals went into effect. Concerned that Congress will base the formula for distributing funds on their current Medicaid shares, these states are trying to get into a better position at the starting line. Gov. Lawton Chiles of Florida has made just that plea to his legislature, which still has not authorized implemen-

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the governor’s timetable even further. Over the summer, the two largest Medicaid HMOs in the city — Health First and MetroPlus — were forced to cease enrolling clients after concerns surfaced about their capacity to guarantee enough doctors to meet clients’ needs for care. Program officials chalked the problem up to bad scheduling, but advocates for the poor suggested that the system was simply not up to handling the caseload. In addition, advocacy groups raised questions about potential abuses in the marketing of Medicaid managed care. In response, both the state and the city have clamped down on marketing practices, prohibiting plans from directly enrolling clients and inserting the City’s Human Resources Administration as an intermediary in the process to guard against fraudulent or otherwise unethical sales techniques. In Maryland, where enrollment is on a slower track, the attorney general has also announced a crack-down on marketing managed care to the Medicaid poor. In June 1995, the attorney general’s office filed misdemeanor charges against 16 HMO marketers for “unethical practices,” including lying to clients about why they should join a plan, bribing them with money and gifts and forging their signatures on application forms. State officials who allegedly took bribes from agents for disclosing confidential information were also part of the case. Under new contracts issued to participating HMOs, plans will be barred from marketing at local social services offices and will be subject to fines of up to $10,000 for each incident of fraud. Finally, following an expose of problems in the state’s managed care industry, Florida’s Agency for Health CareAdministration (AHCA), which was created by the legislature in 1992 to oversee a broad-based reform law, has issued rules that, among other things, bar Medicaid managed care organizations from conducting door-to-door solicitations and marketing in food stamp or welfare offices. The rules, which took effect July 1, 1995, also institute quality safeguards, including a rule that says physicians, not plan employees, agents or a physician under contract, will make determinations `

tation of a waiver granted in September of 1994. Mindful of the pitfalls of the “TennCare experiment” and of their own budget limitations, other states — even those with a relatively larger concentration of managed care entities — have elected to phase in their Medicaid waiver programs. In Hawaii, for instance, state officials have moved to tighten eligibility requirements in its HealthQuest program, a Section 1115 waiver plan that pools Medicaid and general assistance clients as well as lower-income residents and participants in the State Health Insurance Program, which provided coverage to people with incomes under 300 percent of the federal poverty line. Implemented in August of 1994, HealthQuest exceeded its first-year enrollment target of 110,000 by 40,000, in part because of a worsethan-expected economy. Under the stricter rules, the income level to qualify has been ratcheted down from 300 percent of the poverty line to 200 percent, and people with higher incomes (between 100 and 133 percent of poverty) will be asked to pay a larger share of premiums. The situation has prompted complaints from patient advocacy groups, who say that poorer residents may be forced to drop their coverage. But a go-slow approach is not necessarily a prescription for trouble-free enrollment. In New York, for example, which has had a voluntary Medicaid managed care plan in effect since 1991, the legislature has been entertaining a Pataki-backed plan to phase in mandatory enrollment over the next three years, moving from 600,000 recipients now to 1.1 million by April of 1996 and 3 million by January 1998. According to the governor’s figures, the infrastructure exists to serve that many new clients. But lawmakers weren’t buying. Fearful of thrusting the poor into a situation where their needs may not be met, their initial response was to table the plan at least until January. In the interim, problems that have surfaced in New York City, which has one mandatory managed care demonstration program in place in southwest Brooklyn and has its own Section 1115 waiver in the pipeline, could well set back

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about whether an enrollee needs emergency (i.e., out-of-network) care. To advocates, part of the answer to avoiding such abuses is better education. Even if there are enough physicians willing to see them, patients — many of whom lack fluency in English and face a host of other stresses not directly related to their health — must be taught to break their old habits of turning to emergency rooms for routine care and to embrace the primary care principles built into the managed care concept. And that, they caution, could take years.

Uninsured Access I: Leveling the Playing Field Beyond expanding coverage to working poor families through Medicaid, more and more states have moved to help other uninsured residents gain a foothold in the marketplace. Their focus has been on two groups long spurned by commercial carriers as being too risky to insure: people who are self-employed and those who work for small firms that do not provide health insurance as a job-related benefit. The basic idea behind the initiatives, broadly cast under the rubric “insurance reform,” has been to “level the playing field” and thereby stabilize the market, by putting an end to a practice that’s known in industry lingo as “skimming” or “cherry picking.” Most often, the measures begin by targeting small groups (2 or 3 to 25, sometimes 50), although increasingly, they are being expanded both upward to larger groups and downward to bring in individuals. A June 1995 report from the General Accounting Office (GAO) identified 45 states that had enacted small group market reforms between 1990 and 1994. The key ingredients of the reforms are: • Guaranteed issue, which means that any insurer that sells in the small group (or other specified) market must make coverage available to any group in the state that applies, regardless of the health conditions of employees in the group. • Guaranteed renewal, which means pretty much what is says: that insurers must renew 516 The Book of the States 1996-97

policies for a company it has previously covered. • Portability, which means people can take their eligibility for insurance with them when they change jobs, in an effort to avoid a phenomenon known as “job lock.” (While the common understanding of portability is that people can carry coverage to a new job, the state laws simply require that waiting periods/underwriting requirements be reduced in proportion to their previous coverage.) • Limits on exclusions for preexisting conditions, which define the maximum period (most often 12 months) during which insurers can refuse to sell to people who had or still have an illness that presumably makes them a “bad risk.” • Rating restrictions such as community rating, which means that insurers must apply a single rate to everyone covered under the same plan, regardless of their health status or other risk factors. Systems that allow insurers to charge different rates for factors such as gender or age, thereby creating rate “bands,” are known as modified or adjusted community rating. (Many states have less stringent requirements that limit how much premiums can vary for similar groups but that still allow underwriting practices to be used.) For years, Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans were the only carriers that routinely used community rating, making them the insurer of last resort for many people in the two target groups. In the last decade or so, however, most of the Blues’ plans, in order to stay afloat financially in the increasingly competitive market, have been forced to underwrite for factors such as age, sex and health status. That has left more and more people unable to buy insurance, even if they can afford it, and has spurred the states to intervene. And now the tide seems to have turned. Since 1991, by IHPP’s count, the legislatures in 19 states have enacted full or partial community rating laws. Initially insurers — especially small to medium-sized commercial carriers who opposed being put into the pot with larger, nationally based plans — sounded warnings that they’d be forced to leave states where com-

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munity rating was in effect. For the most part, however, that hasn’t happened, and where it has, state officials have tended to say “good riddance.” An example is Vermont, which implemented the first community rating law back in July of 1992. Asked if early concerns about insurers leaving the state had come true, Gov. Howard Dean said. “Yes, thank heaven. We got rid of some of the fly-by-nights and the cherry pickers and we’ve kept the reputable ones. What we’ve done is to refine our insurance markets.” New Jersey: A Big Umbrella The experience in New Jersey, which has phased in its 1992 community rating law over three years, is an interesting example of how the market can adjust. An incentive for carriers to move into the individual market, legislators crafted a unique “play or pay” scheme that imposes an assessment on carriers unwilling to take part in the new Individual Health Coverage (IHC) program, to offset the potential losses of companies that have opted to play. Since it was implemented in August of 1993, 28 insurers have joined, and upwards of 137,000 people had enrolled as of the quarterly count released in mid-July. What’s more, 12 of the original 21 plans announced their intent to rebate “millions of dollars” to policyholders — a sign perhaps that enrollees are not the bad risk some had predicted or that they’re using fewer services than had been expected. The overall assessment for companies opting to pay instead of play amounted to $40 million last year, down from $54 million in 1993; it’s expected to be even lower this year, ending entirely in another year or two. In addition to the IHC program, the 1992 law established a Small Employer Health Benefits program for companies with between two and 49 full-time workers. In place since January of 1994, the program has 50 participating carriers and 750,000 enrollees, many of them previously uninsured. As with the IHC, enrollees are given a choice of five standardized benefit plans, from a “bare bones” model to a “Cadillac” model. Those are the only plans available to individuals and after next March, they’ll be the only

ones available to small groups as well if the legislature doesn’t again push back the effective date. (That date was set originally for March of 1994; the two-year grace period was granted in deference to complaints that the rule interferes with an employer’s right to negotiate a plan that best meets its needs.) Rounding out the reach to the uninsured, a program called Health Access New Jersey got off the ground in April. To join, enrollees must meet specific income requirements and cannot be eligible for employer-sponsored coverage or Medicare or Medicaid. So far, five insurers are taking part in the program, which offers two of the five standardized plans available to individuals and small groups. In the first three months, 5,700 people had signed up and enrollment was growing by 1,000 per week. The firstyear budget is set at $50 million, enough to cover about 30,000 residents — only a small portion of the state’s one million uninsured but a step in the right direction, program officials say. Key to success is employer behavior, said Access administrator Judy Hale. If private companies continue dropping their coverage of dependents, “all we’ll do is tread water,” she said.

Purchasing Alliances Access II: Strength in Numbers In tandem with the insurance reforms, a number of states have also launched health insurance purchasing alliances (also called cooperatives) in an effort to give smaller- to mediumsized businesses and self-employed individuals more clout in negotiating for affordable coverage. In at least one instance — Kentucky — the alliance also encompasses state and local government employees, and there has been talk in a few places of eventually folding in Medicaid recipients as well. The only common element so far among alliances serving the private small group market is that they are voluntary. Beyond that, their designs vary widely. Some of them impose limits on the size of the employee group, some do not; some define regional boundaries, some are statewide; some actively bargain on behalf of The Council of State Governments

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enrollees, some are simply a “supermarket” at which enrollees can shop, a handler of administrative tasks like collecting premiums and paying plans. But they all have a shared objective: effecting economies of scale in administration in order to enhance the group’s purchasing power. In addition, all rely on the insurance reforms enumerated above. Because they must take everyone who applies, the pools cannot shift costs and cannot achieve the efficiencies if plans outside operate under different rules. The idea is to minimize risk selection by broadening the pool of people covered. Based on recent interviews with officials in several key states, interest in the alliance concept still appears strong. Some examples: • Launched in July of 1993, the Health Insurance Plan of California, a statewide alliance for small employers known as The HIPC, continues to attract new enrollees. As of September 1, 1995, 5,000 employer groups were taking part, up from 3,700 a year ago, and total enrollment stood at 94,000, up from 67,000. (Coverage is available to firms with between 4 and 50 employees; the alliance is still most popular in the San Francisco Bay area, Los Angeles and San Diego.) One carrier has been added in the last year, boosting the total to 24, and enrollees can choose from a variety of HMO and PPO options. Next year, a point-of-service plan may be added to the mix. Although its day-to-day operations are administered by an outside consulting firm, the Managed Risk Medical Insurance Board, the state agency charged with overseeing the plan, has taken an active role in negotiating rates for its member. That strong hand appears to be paying off: in July of 1994, alliance premium rates were 6.3 percent lower than in the previous year; this year they dropped another 3.4 percent. • Operational since July 1, 1994, the Des Moines-based Independent Health Alliance of Iowa has adapted the California model to a lesspopulous rural setting, where market penetration by HMOs and other prepaid plans is much less intense. Officials remain encouraged by the response of small businesses. In the first year, the number of employer groups taking part has 518 The Book of the States 1996-97

risen from 300 to 850 (companies with one to 150 workers are eligible) and total enrollment has surged from 1,450 to nearly 6,000. Two more carriers have also joined, raising the total to seven, and there are two new plans to choose from: a point-of-service plan and an indemnity plan with a deductible ($500) set between the two other indemnity offerings ($250 and $1,000). (Indemnity plans are key in rural areas, where the concentration of capitated plans is still fairly low.) The next step, according to program director Bill Skow, will be to double the number of agents licensed to market the alliance’s products, from 2,000 to 4,000 by the beginning of 1996. “Our goal is to have an agent in every single community in the state,” he said, in order to improve market recognition. In addition, officials have targeted 5,000 additional companies, in hopes of making bids for their business. On balance, Skow pronounced alliance officials “very pleased with the market penetration” achieved so far and “very optimistic” about continued growth in coming years. • Enrollment in Florida’s 11 regional Community Health Purchasing Alliances (CHPAs), which began offering insurance to small groups and the self-employed in June of 1994, also continues at a steady pace. As of September 8, 1995, about 12,400 employer groups were participating statewide, up from 2,600 a year ago, and total enrollment of employees and dependents stood at about 56,000, up from 11,500. With 332,000 small businesses dotting the state, that’s still a drop in the bucket but nonetheless a start, agency officials say. Unlike the California model, Florida’s AHCA takes a more hands-off approach in the negotiation process. The alliances are run by people from the business community, and the policies are written by insurance agents. The state’s role, an AHCA official once explained, is limited to “referee” (to resolve conflicts), “scorekeeper” (to collect data) and “cheerleader” (to encourage enrollment). To date, 36 carriers, from national giants like Aetna and the Prudential to more homegrown firms like Neighborhood Health Partnership, Inc., have been designated as “accountable health plans,” and they offer more than 100 plans, both capitated and indemnity mod-

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els. In the one-year period ending in May of 1995, statewide rate averages fell by nearly 9 percent for HMOs but climbed by almost 7 percent for PPOs and 10.8 percent for indemnity plans. Kentucky: Expanding to the Public Sector One of the new kids on the block, the Kentucky Health Purchasing Alliance, got out of the gate galloping. During the week of July 17, its first in business, the statewide alliance took 7,000 phone calls and gave 3,200 price quotes to individuals and small companies inquiring about buying coverage from one of the13 participating insurers. Since then calls have averaged 1,000 per week. And January 1, 1996, 200,000 public employees were automatically folded in, state officials say the alliance enjoys even greater clout. “From a carrier’s perspective, the alliance can deliver a considerable market share,” executive director Helen Barakauskas said in explaining its appeal. From a consumer’s point of view, “because we will be attractive to carriers, we can negotiate favorable rates.” [Editor’s note: As of the end of March 1996, there were approximately 158,000 enrollees; 140,000 of which are public sector employees, and the remaining 18,000 are individuals or employees of small businesses.] Under the 1994 health care reform law that created the alliance, all insurers, whether they’re part of the pool or not, may offer only four standardized benefit plans. That goes not only for new customers but for existing ones as well when it’s time for them to renew. Simultaneously with the alliance, the state is implementing insurance reforms (guaranteed issue and renewal, portability, limits on exclusions for preexisting conditions and modified community rating) in an effort to make the market more hospitable to those who are locked out of it. With HMO and indemnity models and high and low options, the four plans designed by the Health Policy Board — another creation of the 1994 law — translate into 29 different options. In each of the seven designated alliance regions, a minimum of three carriers are offering plans, and program officials seem optimistic even

more will join as the open enrollment period slated for October nears. One insurer watching to see what happens is industry giant Humana Inc. Steve Russell, director of products and administration, said the company has joined similar alliances in other states, including Florida, Illinois, Texas and Wisconsin, and decided “to add Kentucky to our market experience.” The alliance concept “makes sense,” Russell said: using collective bargaining to negotiate for small groups that would otherwise face prohibitive rates and achieving administrative savings in the bargain. But in such arrangements, “price is everything.” Because plans are standardized, carriers “will go in only if they can be price competitive.” Kentucky, Russell added, could be a particularly fertile field once public employees join and expand the size of the pool. “We’ve reached no conclusions about whether it will be a success, but we’ve been selective about [the alliances] we’ve joined, and we’ll stay in this long enough to evaluate.” Other insurers continue to sound the alarm, however. Of the 3 million residents who will be affected by alliance-mandated plans, said Curtis Dickinson, an Indianapolis, Indianabased attorney who represents Golden Rule — a major carrier in the state — 180,000, including 15,000 Golden Rule policyholders, are individuals who pay premiums out of pocket. “Those people have the right to keep their insurance.” Citing early estimates by a state-paid consultant, Dickinson said that if the alliance stands, “the consequences will be draconian.” People who try to replace an existing policy [with a standardized plan] could see their rates double, he said, “and no one knows if current rates are high enough.” Last year, Golden Rule asked a federal district court judge to throw out the 1994 law on grounds that it violates the Constitution’s contracts clause. In May, it won a preliminary injunction stopping enforcement of the nonrenewal of existing contracts. In the wake of that ruling, 11 other carriers and the Health Insurance Association of America filed a similar suit in the same court. Final disposition of the Golden Rule case is expected soon. The Council of State Governments

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Major State-Legislated Strategies The following section describes activities that states have taken in the areas of access and delivery system reform. It is divided into four parts — access to care, managed care, cost containment and provider availability — with each focused on major legislated strategies. Access To Care • Comprehensive Plans for Universal Coverage — For states once considered bellwethers of reform, including Washington, Minnesota, Florida, Oregon and Massachusetts, 1995 has proved to be a disappointing year. In Washington and Minnesota, where sweeping health care reform laws were already on the books, legislators learned the hard way that enacting comprehensive reform is one thing, implementing it is another. In fact, major provisions of the reforms in both states were repealed, some of them replaced with more incremental ones. Florida legislators did not even consider the Florida Health Security Act, a major element on the state’s reform agenda. Oregon is likely to see its pay-or-play go down the drain come January unless it obtains an ERISA exemption from Congress — a highly unlikely event. Finally, in Massachusetts, where legislators pushed back one more time the implementation date of its employer mandate, things are on hold until a new commission exploring alternative strategies reports and Congress shows its hand on Medicaid. Hawaii is the only state thus far that has been able to implement a mandatory financing scheme. • Health Care Commissions — Commissions play an important role in the process of both planning and implementing reform. They help measure and develop public support for hard choices, serve as forums for building consensus among interested parties and offer platforms for investigating strategies tailored to the specific needs of each state. Indeed, the first stage in reform is often the creation of a commission to study the problem and analyze possible solutions. Commissions often continue past adoption of their proposals to become involved in the second stage — implementation 520 The Book of the States 1996-97

— although the more recent trend has been to reduce their power to an advisory capacity once they have finalized a report. Increasingly, commissions form a component of state strategies to synchronize local with federal reform as well, using their technical expertise to analyze the implications of federal proposals and articulate state-level concerns. In many cases, they are jointly responsible to the legislature and the governor, a structure that highlights the interrelationship of the processes of defining and implementing health policy. Virtually all states have studied some aspect of reform recently; at last count, 42 had set up some type of entity to study some aspect of the health care system. While earlier commissions were asked to develop comprehensive plans, the focus today is often on an explicit schedule of studies supporting incremental implementation stages and “foundation reforms” designed to reorganize the delivery system in preparation for further state or federal action. • Insurance Market Reforms — An important group of reforms are designed to make the private health insurance market function in a way that makes coverage more affordable to more workers. Collectively known as insurance market reforms, several different approaches have been tried historically, usually in this order: (1) medical high-risk pools (27 states); (2) basic benefits packages (41 states); and (3) small group insurance market reform (46 states), including guaranteed issue (37 states) and community rating (19 states). Although the reforms generally begin with small employer groups (typically three to 25 workers), many states have extended them, at least in part, to individuals and larger groups. Seventeen states, for example, have enacted individual reforms. A more recent strategy has been to experiment with health insurance purchasing alliances. In the two years since managed competition entered the public dialogue, 23 states have initiated a spectrum of experiments to test that approach, while two have launched studies of the issue. • Medical Savings Accounts/Tax Incentives — Tax incentives have been used from time to time as a tool for encouraging access.

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Three strategies are common: (1) equal tax treatment for all buyers; (2) transitional tax credits to small businesses insuring for the first time; and (3) tax-exempt individual medical savings accounts (MSAs). Twelve states offer tax incentives to increase coverage, while 17 permit MSAs to be established on behalf of individuals, employees or families, with an annual limit on the amount that may be deposited for each principal and each dependent, usually $2,000 and $1,000 respectively. • Coverage for Targeted Populations — Given limited resources, many states have created special programs for those populations least likely to have coverage and most at risk of being uninsured. Such programs devote public funds and/or encourage the private sector to expand coverage to these vulnerable populations. To date, 43 states have adopted laws to increase coverage for one or more special populations. The breakdown: children (27 states), indigents (31 states) and other uninsured groups (16 states), alone or combined. • Medicaid — Increasingly, states are turning to managed care to control costs in their Medicaid programs. To date, 43 states have implemented waiver programs under Section 1915 (b) of the Social Security Act, which allows them to bypass certain program rules governing Medicaid. Such waivers are typically used in implementing managed care when the state wants to restrict beneficiaries’ choice of provider by requiring them to enroll in certain health plans or with certain providers. The waiver is also necessary to do selective contracting for certain services. In addition, several states are using the authority under Section 1115 of the Social Security Act to implement statewide research and demonstration projects. Under Section 1115, they may waive any requirements of the Medicaid program, including health plan composition, eligibility rules and payment requirements. Five states are currently implementing a Section 1115 program; six have had waivers approved by the federal government and are expected to start the implementation process in the immediate future; four have federal approval but still need their legislature’s okay; and eight have submitted a

waiver but have not yet received final approval. In addition, five states have received a legislative green light to develop a waiver, and one is developing a proposal without specific legislative authorization. Finally, one state’s waiver was disapproved by the federal government, and another withdrew its application in anticipation of a rejection. Managed Care • Any Willing Provider — All told, 32 states have enacted any willing provider laws, which require managed care organizations to accept any provider who accepts the terms and conditions of the organizations’s contract. Most frequently, the any willing provider laws concern pharmacies (22 states). Only six states have enacted laws that apply to a broad spectrum of providers. • Freedom-of-Choice — Fourteen states have enacted freedom-of-choice laws, which require managed care organizations to permit enrollees to select the provider of their choice. Like any willing provider, the laws generally apply to pharmacies only. Ten states have such laws for pharmacies; only one has a broad statute that applies to a number of providers. • Patient Protection — Since 1994, when the first law based on the American Medical Association’s Patient Protection Act model legislation was enacted, a number of states have considered similar legislation. The Patient Protection Act requires states to develop standards for certification and provides certain protections to providers (e.g., the right to know the criteria for selection and termination) as well as consumers (e.g., point-of-service option). Only five states have enacted the model legislation so far, and not necessarily in its entirety. Two have adopted broad legislation, including a requirement that managed care organizations offer a point-of-service option to enrollees. One state limited its version of the Patient Protection Act to a point-of-service requirement, while another adopted only the Patient Protection Act provisions relating to certification standards. • HMO Acts — With Hawaii’s action in 1995, all 50 states have now passed HMO enabling legislation. The Council of State Governments

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• Accountable Health Plans — Ten states have enacted legislation authorizing the formation of Accountable Health Plans: Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Oregon. The law authorizing Accountable Health Plans was repealed in Washington in 1995. • Networks — Twenty states have dealt with the issue of provider networks, either through regulation, oversight of their development in the insurance market or both. • Regulation of Utilization Reviews — Thirty-five states regulate utilization review (UR) companies in some way or the other. Among the strategies: requiring registration, certification or licensure of UR companies or requiring certification but allowing or requiring accreditation by a private entity. In addition, some states have enacted laws that relate to utilization review but are not comprehensive and do not require certification. New York is one of few states without any requirement. • Selected Clinical Mandates — Ten states have laws on the books that require managed care organizations to cover certain treatments or procedures. More specifically, five states require the coverage of bone marrow transplants for the treatment of cancer, while four mandate the coverage of 48-hour inpatient care after normal delivery. Two other 48-hour coverage bills are pending (in California and Massachusetts). Cost Containment • Certificate of Need — Thirty-eight states have implemented certificate of need programs that regulate expenditures for the introduction or expansion of health facilities, institutional health services and/or the purchase of major medical equipment. • Facility Rate-Setting — Two states — Maryland and New York — have a facility ratesetting system in place. Maryland’s is an allpayer system, while New York’s includes all but Medicare payments. New Jersey and Massachusetts have deregulated their systems. Connecticut and Maine use a system of hospital budget review and approval. 522 The Book of the States 1996-97

• Regulation of Physician Fees — Two states — Florida and Maryland — have enacted laws providing for the regulation of physician fees, but neither program has been implemented yet. • Uniform Claims Form — Thirty-eight states require all health carriers to use standardized forms in claims for service coverage in order to facilitate the exchange of claims-based information and decrease administrative costs. • Data Collection — Forty-six states have established data collection programs or are in the process of doing so. Colorado’s program was allowed to sunset in 1995. • Clinical Practice Guidelines — Eleven states have enacted laws that require the use of guidelines that specify the appropriate course(s) of treatment for certain health conditions. A clinical practice guideline demonstration project is taking place in Utah. In Maryland, the program is still under development. • Self-Referral Restrictions — Thirty-four states have laws that restrict or prohibit providers from referring patients to a designated health service (e.g., clinical lab, diagnostic imaging, outpatient surgery) in which providers or their immediate family members have a financial interest. • Antitrust Immunity — Twenty-four states have included antitrust immunity in their statutes. Provider Availability • Scholarship and/or Loan Forgiveness/Replacement Programs — Forty-eight states have loan forgiveness programs, which provide financial assistance to medical students for tuition, loans or debts in return for a commitment to practice for a specified period of time in underserved areas or in specialties where there is a shortage of health care professionals. Montana and Hawaii are the only states without such programs. • Quota Measures — Only six states (Arizona, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin) have passed quota or outcomes-based measures requiring medical schools to graduate a certain percentage of primary care providers. • Charitable Immunity — Protection

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granted by state statute to providers who deliver free care or charity care, absent gross negligence or malicious conduct — a protection also known as charitable immunity — now exists in 22 states.

Conclusion Overall, the nature and pace of health care reform among the states are changing. But

though the quest for universal coverage has been stymied — at least for the near future — many states are continuing to experiment with ways to expand coverage to some of their most vulnerable residents as well as to the working poor. At the same time, many of them are launching new and more sophisticated cost containment strategies and are undertaking efforts to improve the efficiency and accountability of their health services delivery systems.

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State Action in a Global Framework Organizational and programmatic change follow in the wake of states’ growing awareness of and involvement in the international arena. by Dag Ryen The past hundred years have rightfully been called the American Century. Politically, economically, socially and culturally, the United States achieved an unprecedented level of global influence during the 20th century. While thriving on a robust, consumer-driven economy, our nation enjoyed technological and material advances that made it the envy of the world. From the McDonald’s outlet on Red Square to denim clothing on assembly line stitchers in Latin America to microchips in electronic labs in Asia, American ideas have spread. Baseball caps, sneakers and blue jeans have become the accepted uniform of a generation of international consumers who chew gum and listen to rock ’n’ roll while their parents in Bangkok, Sao Paulo and Almaty commute to and from work in automobiles (perhaps the ultimate symbol of the American century) and watch “evening news” on television. Clearly, American innovations and ideas have made a lasting mark on every corner of our world. But the American Century is rapidly coming to a close. Many scholars argue convincingly that the end of American dominance in international affairs is at hand. Paul Kennedy suggests in his compelling analysis, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, that the real question is how fast America’s fortunes will decline. The task before American statesmen over the next decades is “to manage affairs so that the relative erosion of the United States’ position takes place slowly and smoothly . . . ,” Kennedy writes. Others have sought to isolate the forces causing that erosion. In a recent article in Foreign _______________ Dag Ryen is director of the Center for International Affairs, The Council of State Governments. 524 The Book of the States 1996-97

Policy, Richard Halloran argues that, “the 2lst century will see the rise of the East with such strength that it will break the monopoly of the West on world power.” There is also evidence that not only the United States, but nations in general are losing potency as actors in the international arena. As Samuel P. Huntington points out in his groundbreaking article in Foreign Affairs on “The Clash of Civilizations,” nation-states are being subsumed by broader cultural and social forces. “Westerners tend to think of nation-states as the principal actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of human history have been the history of civilizations,” Huntington writes. Or, as Japanese analyst Kenichi Ohmae and others suggest, the nation may be replaced by new economic and political entities, such as city-states or regions. In The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economics, Ohmae writes that “the qualifications needed to sit at the global table and pull in global solutions . . . correspond not to the artificial political borders of countries, but to the more focused geographical units where real work gets done and real markets flourish.” Researchers for the Lincoln Institute have identified what they call new engines of economic prosperity. In a study of 12 city regions in Europe, Asia and the Americas, they concluded that “we are seeing the emergence of a new kind of human settlement, with its own distinct social and economic structures and associated physical forms.” Clearly a new regional dynamic is at work in the international arena. After centuries of dominance by nation-states, smaller subnational jurisdictions are waking up to their global

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

potential — and to their global responsibilities. Increasingly, they are forging ties with each other and with neighboring areas in other nations to take advantage of special opportunities in international commerce and in cultural and educational exchanges. The 50 American states and the American island commonwealths are very much a part of this development. Examples of the states’ growing degree of involvement in cross-border and cross-cultural activities abound. Global awareness and international understanding are rapidly becoming important components of policymaking as states move into areas once exclusively reserved for federal policy-makers. In many ways, it will be up to the states to determine whether American influence will increase or decline in the 21st century. To a great extent, it will be state strategies and state alliances across a broad range of international issues that will determine our nation’s relative success in the global marketplace of the future.

Structures for International Success The level of preparedness to deal with this new global framework varies greatly from state to state. Almost every state has established a trade promotion program, usually housed within a cabinet-level economic development or commerce department. However, in The International State, the most comprehensive analysis of state trade programs published to date, William Nothdurft and Carol Conway report that nearly half of those offices were in the process of being reorganized in 1992. This is clear evidence that state governments have not yet arrived at satisfactory administrative structures to achieve development and trade goals. The whirl of trade negotiations at the national level has added a sense of urgency to the situation. With the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and ongoing discussions to refine and perhaps expand the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), state officials increasingly will be called upon to articulate their economic development goals and refine policies in accordance with international agree-

ments. As part of this process, each state has identified a point of contact for communications with the United States Trade Representative’s (USTR) office. For the most part, these individuals head up state international trade programs or intergovernmental liaison activities in Washington, D.C. (As a curiosity, Arizona chose to “privatize” its efforts in this area by naming an attorney with expertise on international trade issues.) A report on these new channels of communication issued last year by The Council of State Governments, concludes that, “State laws and policies in economic development, banking, insurance, intellectual property rights and a host of other areas can no longer be adopted in isolation from the trade treaty obligations of the United States. State officials must continue to nurture a close working relationship with the USTR in order to achieve success in their economic development and trade agendas.” Many analysts argue that most states have a long way to go in developing the expertise and organizational structure necessary to capitalize on international opportunities for growth and cultural and educational enrichment. Conway has noted that the field of export development relies too heavily on anecdotal information, cumbersome program models and spotty research. “In stark contrast to mature fields in public policy, such as education, transportation, technology, rural development and housing, the field of export development lacks well-defined professional and performance standards, robust dialogue . . . regional alliances and a solid foundation of data, institutional memory and research . . . ,” Conway writes. Attempts to consolidate other types of international activities have met with varying success. A California Senate office of international affairs has survived that state’s recent belt-tightening, while a legislative office of federal and international affairs in Kentucky has been scaled back by a new administration. The Texas House of Representatives has established a standing committee on International and Cultural Affairs. For the most part, however, governors and legislators rely on trade and interThe Council of State Governments

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governmental relations staff for advice and assistance on international affairs. Or, they may hire private consultants to assist with protocol and public relations during sensitive negotiations on major projects. Florida’s governor can call on the services of a permanent independent public-private body, first created by legislative action in 1990, as the Florida International Affairs Commission. Another comprehensive example is provided by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, which maintains a separate State Department, including a protocol office, responsible for international affairs. The ideal organizational solution for international interaction is bound to vary from state to state. But as states explore different administrative processes, they are already seeing an explosive growth in activities that are essentially international in scope and that involve direct contact with foreign citizens and foreign jurisdictions. Global awareness and international understanding are rapidly becoming important components of state policy-making.

Key areas of state activity The primary area of state involvement in international affairs remains economic development. State leaders have always been concerned with the status of commerce and employment within their jurisdictions, but as the global marketplace blossomed during the postWorld War II years, states recognized the need to deal with a new set of forces. The numbers are staggering. Exported goods and services account for slightly more than 10 per cent of the gross national product. Officials in Texas estimate that one million jobs in that state are dependent on exports. In 1993, Michigan exported $25.1 billion worth of products to foreign markets. In 1994, Ohio exported $7.6 billion worth of products to Canada alone. California, the largest exporting state, sends more than 12 percent of its manufactured products overseas. Beginning slowly in the 1970s and growing steadily since then, state leaders, acknowledging these developments, have sought foreign markets for their goods and services and courted 526 The Book of the States 1996-97

foreign investors. The first officials to venture abroad were often criticized for taking unnecessary junkets and accused of wasting taxpayer money. Virginia officials were ridiculed by the press and political opponents when they opened the first overseas state office in Europe in 1969. Today, 39 states and Puerto Rico operate an average of four overseas offices each, including representation in such exotic places as Kuala Lumpur, Johannesburg, Budapest and Harare, Zimbabwe. The most popular locations are Tokyo, Seoul, London, Frankfurt and Mexico City. (See Fig. 1.) The advantages of foreign representation became obvious in the 1980s after a few major deals, many involving the auto industry, were concluded. Ohio lured a Honda factory to Marysville; Tennessee lured a Nissan plant to Smyrna; Kentucky lured Toyota to Georgetown. In the Kentucky example, the incentive package to the Japanese auto manufacturer totalled $147 million. But an analysis conducted by the University of Kentucky showed that the state’s annual rate of return on that investment has been 30.8 per cent. The plant directly employs 6,000 people and is credited with creating an additional 15,000 jobs statewide. The courting of car makers continues unabated, with a BMW facility now on-line in South Carolina and a Mercedes plant under construction in Alabama. (It is interesting to note that foreign investment in the United States is driven largely by the same factors that force American companies to move overseas. Among the most significant of those factors is labor costs. The United States has recaptured the automotive crown because American autoworkers are paid less than their Japanese or German counterparts. The average industrial hourly wage in Germany, for instance, is $27.37, compared to $17.10 in the U.S.) In Alabama’s successful courtship of Mercedes, officials working closely with the state’s contract trade representative in Germany endured 18 months of intense and sensitive negotiations before landing the $300 million investment. “The hard part was getting everybody to keep their mouth shut,” quipped one negotiating team member. The state’s total incentive package to the auto-

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Figure 1 OVERSEAS STATE OFFICES State Foreign Office State Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware Florida

Georgia (a)

Hawaii Idaho

Illinois

Office Location Hannover, Germany Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Taipei, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan Brussels, Belgium Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Kuala Lampur, Malaysia Frankfurt, Germany Hong Kong Jerusalem, Israel Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Johannesburg, South Africa Taipei, Taiwan London, United Kingdom Tokyo, Japan Guadalajara, Mexico London, United Kingdom Shanghai, China Tinjin, China Xiamen, China Hong Kong Guadalajara, Mexico Mexico City, Mexico Monterrey, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan None Sao Paulo, Brazil Toronto, Canada Frankfurt, Germany Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Mexico City, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan London, United Kingdom Brussels, Belgium Toronto, Canada Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Mexico City, Mexico Hsin Chu City, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Taipei, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Guadalajara, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan Brussels, Belgium Hong Kong Budapest, Hungary Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Warsaw, Poland

Number of Staff Budget $300,000 $433,100 $110,000 $452,741 $248,581 $25,000 $280,000 $300,000 $169,100

Office Type

Profs.

Admin.

Total

2 1 1 1 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 0

3 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 1

2 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

State

Contract

Other

C C C C C C C

Year Opened 1991 1980 1985 1965 1985 1993 1992 1987 1976

S S S C C C

1994

S S C S S S S S $170,000 $60,000 $27,000

$526,642 $73,000 $484,358 $45,000 $61,000 $250,000 $80,000 $28,000 $5,500 $94,000 $96,000

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 (b) 1 (b) (b) 1 (b) (b) 1 (b) 1 1

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 4 3 2 3 4 2

1995 1994 C

1987 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995

S C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C S C S C C C C C C C

1988 1994

S/C S/C S S S/C S/C S S/C

1994 1988 1968 1973 1990 1987 1989 1990

Source: NASDA 1995 State Export Program Data Base

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OVERSEAS STATE OFFICES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State Foreign Office State Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky Louisiana

Maine Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota Mississippi

Missouri

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey

New Mexico New York

Office Location

Number of Staff Budget

Profs.

Admin.

Office Type Total

State

Contract

Toronto, Canada 2 1 3 (c) C (c) Beijing, China 2 1 3 C Tokyo, Japan 2 1 3 C Seoul, Korea 1 1 2 C Mexico City, Mexico 2 1 3 C Amsterdam, Netherlands 2 1 3 C Taipei, Taiwan 1 1 2 C Frankfurt, Germany $270,000 1 1 2 S Hong Kong $65,000 1 0 1 C Tokyo, Japan $317,000 1 1 2 S Mexico City, Mexico $60,000 C Sydney, Australia 1 0 1 C Brussels, Belgium 2 0 2 C Tokyo, Japan 2 0 2 C Brussels, Belgium S Tokyo, Japan S Mexico City, Mexico $102,000 1 0 1 C Breda, Netherlands $80,000 1 1 2 C Taipei, Taiwan $134,200 1 1 2 C None Brussels, Belgium 2 2 4 C Yokohama, Japan 1 1 2 C Taipei, Taiwan 1 0 1 C Guangdong, China Berlin, Germany Jerusalem, Israel Brussels, Belgium 5 0 5 S Toronto, Canada 3 1 4 S Hong Kong 3 2 5 S Tokyo, Japan 1 1 2 S Mexico City, Mexico 2 0 2 C Harare, Zimbabwe 2 1 3 C N/A (The Minnestoa International Information Network and World Trade Centers are used to respond to this need.) Mississauga, Canada 0 2 2 Santiago, Chile 1 1 2 C Frankfurt, Germany 2 1 3 C Seoul, Korea 1 2 3 C Taipei, Taiwan 2 2 4 C Dusseldorf, Germany 3 1 4 C Tokyo, Japan 2 1 3 C Seoul, Korea 2 1 3 C Guadalajara, Mexico 2 2 4 C Taipei, Taiwan 1 1 2 C Kumamoto, Japan $62,000 1 0 1 Taipei, Taiwan $74,000 1 0 1 S None None None Raanana, Israel 1 0 1 C Tokyo, Japan 1 0 1 C London, United Kingdom 1 0 1 C Mexico City, Mexico $150,000 1 2 3 C Montreal, Canada $60,000 0 1 1 C Toronto, Canada $300,000 2 1 3 C Frankfurt, Germany $195,000 2 0 2 C Tokyo, Japan $430,000 2 1 3 C London, United Kingdom $425,000 2 1 3 C

Other

Year Opened

1993

1977 1994 1986 1994

1990 1992 1989 1986 1986 1988

(d) O (d)

1995 1995 1992 1987 1987

1991 1987

1992 1987 1976 1982 1963 1962

Source: NASDA 1995 State Export Program Data Base

528 The Book of the States 1996-97

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

OVERSEAS STATE OFFICES â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Continued State Foreign Office State North Carolina

North Dakota Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennyslvania

Rhode Island South Carolina

South Dakota Tennessee Texas

Utah

Vermont Virginia

Washington

West Virginia Wisconsin

Wyoming Total Average

Office Location Dusseldorf, Germany Hong Kong Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico None Brussels, Belgium Toronto, Canada Hong Kong Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Frankfurt, Germany Seoul, Korea Mexico City, Mexico Singapore Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Taipei, Taiwan Brussels, Belgium Toronto, Canada Frankfurt, Germany Tokyo, Japan None Frankfurt, Germany Tokyo, Japan Sawley, United Kingdom None Mexico City, Mexico Frankfurt, Germany Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan Waterloo, Belgium Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Mexico City, Mexico Taipei, Taiwan None Frankfurt, Germany Tokyo, Japan Botswana, South Africa Paris, France Tokyo, Japan Vladivostok, Russia Taipei, Taiwan Nagoya, Japan Toronto, Canada Frankfurt, Germany Hong Kong Tokyo, Japan Seoul, Korea Mexico City, Mexico None 162 3.1

Number of Staff Budget

Office Type

Profs.

Admin.

Total

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 2 2

1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

1 4 2 2 2 3 2 3

1 1 1

1 1 0

2 2 1

3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1

5 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 2

$300,000 $370,000 $100,000 $115,000

2 3 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

3 4 2 2 3

$130,000 $290,000 $150,000 $401,000 $290,800 $451,000 $131,980 $185,000

1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 3 3 3 4 3 3

$196,634

1.456

0.764

$327,000 $168,000 $246,000 $502,000 $150,000 $70,000 $138,000 $140,000 $750,000 $55,000 $140,000 $300,000 $40,000 $300,000 $280,000 $485,600 $360,000

$279,400 $162,100 $255,572 $190,546 $270,000 $105,000 $35,000 $25,000 $55,000 $80,000

Source: NASDA 1995 State Export Program Data Base. (a) Office staff is part-time. (b) Georgia will open 4 additional contract overseas offices during FY 96. (c) Shared office with Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

335 2.279

State

Contract

Other

C C C C

Year Opened

1994

S S S S S S

1976 1990 1992 1976 1991 1992 1993 1987 1984 1987 1987

C C C S S S C (e) C (e) C C S S C S/C C C C C C C C C C C

1990 1984 1987 1987 1992 1987

S S S

1969 1981 1994 1992 1982

C C C C

1988 1990 1990 1984 1986 1991 1991 1994

S (t) C (f) C C C C C 40

111

(d) Dedicated phone line with customized answering service; contractual office space for staff/clients when in area. (e) Shared office with Indiana and Wisconsin. (f) Shared office with Indiana and Pennsylvania.

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maker reached an estimated $250 million. On the other hand, the overt courting of foreign companies has some state leaders worried. Competition between states is often fierce, and for every state that wins, several others must write off staff time and other expenses to experience. Moreover, incentive packages have become so staggeringly large that critics are asking whether the jobs are worth the price. The package, for instance, offered to entice a foreign-owned steel mini-mill to locate in Gallatin, Kentucky, will cost the state approximately $380,000 per job. Among the strongest voices calling for an end to the bidding wars is Illinois Gov. Jim Edgar. In a recent address Edgar called for a new era of state cooperation, suggesting that progress could be made through innovative regional alliances beyond shared offices and joint trade missions. States need “to brainstorm how we can work together,” he said. In general, states are entering a new era of sophistication in their trade and economic development activities. They have realized that it doesn’t do the trick simply to open an office in Brussels or Hong Kong. With a decade of experience in marketing and negotiation behind them, states are getting smarter in how they approach trade and development issues. The most successful state programs today are highly focused and set realistic goals. In Oregon, the International Trade Division negotiates detailed contracts with client firms for specific and intense assistance in identifying and capitalizing on trade leads. Other states are reaching out to the academic community, federal government agencies and the private sector to build trade promotion coalitions. One strategy, pioneered in Arizona under the leadership of analysts at Arizona State University, is to build on strength by identifying industries within the state that already have the potential for significant growth. Assistance is then focused on these socalled cluster industries. Clusters can organize to share ideas, develop joint ventures, influence public policy and streamline state and federal assistance efforts. One outcome of the Arizona cluster initiative is the nurturing of trade relationships with environmental technologies in530 The Book of the States 1996-97

dustries in Taiwan. This effort is being supported by a $120,000 grant from the United States-Asia Environmental Partnership administered by The Council of State Governments. And states are getting serious about measurable results, axing programs that don’t measure up. Washington last year sunsetted its Pacific Northwest Export Assistance Project (PNEAP) when an audit showed the program costs taxpayers two dollars for every dollar generated in export sales. The same audit showed that another Washington program, the Local Trade Assistance Network, generated $8 in sales for every program dollar expended. The PNEAP failed in part because it tried to reach too broad a spectrum of industries and potential exporters.

Good Neighbors Another area of intensified state activity on the international front involves relations with neighboring Canadian provinces and Mexican states. There has been a veritable explosion of cross-border meetings and cooperation in the last few years, partially in response to opportunities and demands of NAFTA, but also in areas unrelated to trade or economic development. The acceleration of cross-border contacts is testing the limits of traditional legal standards. The Constitution of the United States says categorically that, “No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation with any foreign power.” It also says that “no state shall without the consent of Congress enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power.” On first reading, it would appear that this constitutional language places strict limitations on the ability of states to conclude formal agreements with foreign entities. But rulings by the Supreme Court have greatly expanded state options. As early as 1893, the Court ruled in Virginia vs. Tennessee that congressional consent could be implied. That is, Congress does not have to approve an agreement expressly if earlier congressional action clearly indicates that approval would be granted. The Court refined this position most recently in the 1978 decision in U.S. Steel vs. Multi-state Tax Commission, stating

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

that the congressional approval clause only applies to agreements that would increase the political power of the states or agreements that encroach on areas of federal regulation. Armed with this interpretive leeway, states have increasingly entered into formal cooperative arrangements with neighboring jurisdictions in Canada and Mexico. These agreements cover a wide variety of issues and human activities. Some address policy concerns such as water resources, disease or wildlife, which are blind to political boundaries. In recent years, for instance, American states and Canadian provinces have set up various cooperative arrangements to control the spread of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes basin or Eastern spruce budworm in Northern forests, while American and Mexican states have entered into agreements to monitor the spread of tuberculosis along the U.S.-Mexico border. Others agreements seek to streamline normal contact and commerce between neighbors. They cover transportation, taxation, hydro-electric facilities, hunting and wildlife management, educational and cultural exchanges, air and water pollution, fire protection, vehicle safety standards, waste disposal, interjudicial assistance, tourism and many other topics. The implementation of NAFTA, for example, has led to a proliferation of bilateral agreements on standards for international trucking. Most of the agreements currently in place share two important elements. They are primarily consultative in nature; that is, they create task forces, committees or other channels of communication to ensure that activities in areas of common interest are properly coordinated. And secondly, the agreements are voluntary, relying on the good will of the signatories to remain effective and with no provisions for enforcement. But the increased frequency of contacts between neighboring states and provinces and the importance of issues being discussed indicates a desire for more than casual information-sharing. Recent agreements often build on the premise that neighboring jurisdictions can accomplish more if they pool resources and work together. Neighbors across the border are identifying

and acting on common interests and common needs. The North American Clean Air Alliance, for instance, an association of several Northeastern American states and Canadian provinces, promotes the commercialization of zero-emissions vehicles as a step in resolving air pollution problems across the northern tier. And North Dakota has recently entered into agreements with Saskatchewan and Manitoba to coordinate research on mineral development issues, while Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia have joined together to promote the use of natural gas as a clean fuel alternative. These types of arrangements show that states and provinces often have similar long-term policy goals. They are not merely indicative of joint solutions to common practical or logistical problems, but are true policy alliances. Research currently being conducted by the University of Torontoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s John Kirton has identified 447 specific instances where Canadian provinces have established formal cooperative arrangements with foreign entities. These include binding agreements sanctioned by the U.S. and Canadian governments, voluntary arrangements signed by provincial and state leaders and memoranda of understanding between states and provinces or provinces and binational associations. They range from the earliest agreements on cross-border transportation to formal contracts for the sale of surplus electricity to detailed arrangements on wildlife habitat management, forest fire containment or nuclear emergency response. A number of recent Canadian-American agreements have been concluded under the auspices of the Northeast Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers organization (NEGECP). In the past few years, NEGECP has finalized agreements on regional trade cooperation, tourism marketing, government data bases and the information superhighway, and higher education student exchanges. Among the most active Canadian actors in this regard is the Quebec National Assembly, which has solidified its relations with Northeastern neighbors by joining the Eastern Regional Conference of The Council of State Governments as a dues-paying international The Council of State Governments

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associate member. Quebec, of course, has a long history of formal international activity, dating back to a series of cultural and educational agreements signed with France in the 1960s. The activity is equally vigorous along the Mexican border. In 1995, Texas and three neighboring Mexican states signed a comprehensive memorandum of understanding to promote trade, investment and policy coordination. In Arizona, a binational health and environmental task force, consisting of state and local officials as well as representatives of the general public, has been in operation for two years. The task force has recently embarked on five new projects, including monitoring of respiratory diseases and pesticide surveillance. A 1993 agreement between New Mexico and the state of Chihuahua calls upon officials from both jurisdiction, among other things, to develop a regional environmental compact that will provide solutions to common problems. Many of these activities have their inception in comprehensive environmental, health or transportation treaties between the United States and Mexico. In recent years federal agencies have come to rely heavily on state agencies to monitor the results of such national initiatives. And, in the wake of NAFTA, states have taken on a whole new set of responsibilities relating to transportation and law enforcement. Working as agents of the federal government, state officials are rapidly developing independent expertise on these issues. The result is a renewed commitment to solving cross-border issues and a new sense of bi-national activism.

International Ties and Their Consequences There are numerous other ways in which states are expanding their interaction with the world beyond national borders. The following list highlights a few of the areas where states have begun playing an important role in the formulation of policy regarding the rest of the world. • Immigration. States are demanding a greater say in immigration policy, an area previously reserved for the federal government within its foreign affairs mandate. Suits filed 532 The Book of the States 1996-97

by California, Florida and others to recoup costs incurred by states in providing services for undocumented aliens have been rejected by federal appeals courts. But the legitimate concerns raised by states are being heard with increasing sympathy by national leaders and the topic has emerged as a major issue in the 1996 presidential election campaign. • Regulation of multi-national and foreignowned enterprises. While the global economy has stimulated U.S. interest in foreign trade and export activity, we generally underestimate how much impact foreign investment at home and our taste for imported products have on our lives. Dealing with foreign owned shopping malls, manufacturing facilities and service shops has become a major function of state’s regulatory apparatus. Issues such as disclosure laws, competition policy, financial security assurances and bonding mechanisms offer special challenges for state law makers and policymakers. Trade is a two-way street and states are slowly awakening to the need for special skills and expertise in dealing with foreign partners in trade and commerce. • Technical assistance and professional exchanges. The end of the Cold War engendered federal largesse as Congress sought to buttress new democracies in Europe and Asia. Many American states and state organizations were quick to take advantage of these funding opportunities to send their own experts overseas and to receive delegations of foreign visitors hungry for answers to common public policy problems. Both granting agencies and foreign visitors often find that state decision-makers relate to counterparts in the former Soviet Union and elsewhere better than federal bureaucrats. As a result, states and state officials have been actively involved in public administration assistance, technical assistance in the environment, transportation, policing and criminal justice. Millions of dollars in grants are funneled through state universities for educational assistance and academic exchanges. And although federal grant programs are being scaled back, private foundations and foreign institutions have bought into the advantages of state and local involvement. Different terms are used in

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

different countries — decentralization, devolution, federalism or subsidiarity — but all revolve around common themes, and American familiarity with these issues has become a much sought-after commodity. At the same time, states and municipalities gain insight and experience from these exchanges that translate into better policies and programs at home. • Sister states. In the spirit of international understanding, states have identified kindred jurisdictions around the world with which to build closer cultural ties. Every state has at least one foreign sister state; some have as many as eight. The strength of these pairings varies, but the best programs involve regular consultations between political leaders, formalized and funded student exchanges and reciprocal visits by arts groups. (See Fig. 2.) • Tourism. Foreign visitors to the United States spend approximately $60 billion a year. Tourism is on its way to becoming the nation’s largest export. Recognizing the importance of this industry — international tourism is estimated to generate nearly one million jobs — most states have launched campaigns to attract visitors from overseas. The American states and island commonwealths spent more than $50 million for international promotion last year. Many have formed regional tourism alliances and target their advertising dollar toward specific groups of foreign visitors. • Finances. Alaska became the first state to try overseas financing when the Alaska Housing Finance Agency in 1984 offered bonds in the Eurobond market. Five years later Kentucky sold approximately $80 million in bonds on the Japanese market to finance economic development projects and low-interest loans to new businesses. State pension funds annually invest billions of dollars in foreign stock markets. These activities generate a demand at the state level for people with a thorough knowledge of foreign money markets and international finance in genereal. These often overlooked areas of international contact all contribute to the American states’ growing interest in and responsibility for decisions and policies in the arena of world affairs.

They form an important part of the growing internationalization of state agendas.

Conclusion: The Question of Regions We are in the midst of a sea change in international politics. As Paul Kennedy’s political analysis and Kenichi Ohmae’s economic one have pointed out, the nation-state is fading as the dominant actor in global affairs. It remains to be seen what will replace nations. Suggestions range from multi-national corporate conglomerates to aggregate trading blocs (EU or NAFTA or Asian Tigers) to religious and ethnic movements to city-states. A great deal of research indicates that, at least in the economic sphere, the basic driving force in the world today is metropolitan regions with populations of at least 50 million and high-tech communications and transportation infrastructure. Leaders in the European Community have recognized the legitimate needs of local and regional governments by creating a Committee of the Regions. Initially, there were 123 regions recognized in the European Community, but with the admission of Austria, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, the number has grown to more than 230. A similar understanding of this dynamic has not surfaced in the United States. No one has undertaken a definitive analysis of what constitutes “economic regions” in the American context. And state governments are only beginning to look at how their own policies toward cities and municipalities have an impact on competitiveness and growth in a global marketplace. (The recent creation of a nonprofit Conference of World Regions has as its primary mission to track such international developments and analyze their impact on business practices in the global economy.) While leaders in the American states make giant waves about relieving the federal government of power and programs, state decisionmaking structures can be as out-dated as those of the declining nation-state. The mobility of people, goods and ideas may be erasing state boundaries as quickly as national boundaries. And the economic forces unleashed by world trade and global information technologies are The Council of State Governments

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Figure 2 SISTER STATES AND TERRITORIES Alaska Heilongjiang Prov., China Hokkaido Pref., Japan Khabarovsk Region, Russia Alabama *Guatemala Hubei Prov., China Taiwan, China American Samoa Maui County, HI Oceanside, CA Arizona *Durango, Oaxaca, Mexico Taiwan, China Arkansas *Eastern Bolivia Taiwan, China State of Bavaria, Germany California Catalonia, Spain Taiwan, China Puglia Province, Italy (San Francisco) *Mexico (Mexico City) (Southern) *Argentina (Buenos Aires) Colorado *Minas Gerais, Brazil Hunan Prov., China Taiwan, China State of Bavaria, Germany Connecticut *Paraiba, Brazil *State of Baden Wurttenburg, Germany Shandong Prov., China Delaware *Panama District of Columbia *Brasilia, Brazil Florida *Northern and Central Colombia Georgia *Pernambuco, Brazil Kagoshima Pref., Japan Guam Cebu, Philippines Koje Island, Korea Lorraine Province, France Republic of Georgia Taipei Municipality, China Tsushima Island, Japan Hawaii Azores, Portugal Cheju Island, Korea Fukuoka Pref., Japan Ilocos Sur Province, Philippines Guangdong Prov., China Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

Idaho *Cuenca, Guayaquil, Ecuador Chungchong Bukdo Prov., Korea Taiwan, China Shanxi Prov., China Illinois *Sao Paulo, Brazil Liaoning Prov., China Indiana *Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Moscow Region, Russia Taiwan, China State of Baden Wurttenburg, Germany Zhejiang Prov., China Iowa *Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico Hebei Prov., China Stavropol Region, Russia Taiwan, China Trenggunu State, Malaysia Yamanashi Pref., Japan Kansas Henan Prov., China *Paraguay Kentucky *Quito, Ambato, Santo Domingo, Ecuador Taiwan, China Jiangxi Prov., China Louisiana *El Salvador Taiwan, China Maine *Rio Grande de Norte, Brazil Jilin, China Maryland Anhui Prov., China Jalisco, Mexico Kanagawa Pref., Japan Kyongsangnam Do, Korea Leningrad Region, Russia Lodz Province, Poland Nord Pas de Calais, France *Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Massachusetts *Antioquia, Colombia Guangdong Prov., China Hokkaido Pref., Japan Michigan *Belize *Dominican Republic Shiga Pref., Japan Sichuan Prov., China Minnesota *Uruguay Shaanxi Prov., China Taiwan, China

Mississippi *Guyana Taiwan, China Missouri *Para, Brazil Chollo Namdo, Korea Cajamarca, Peru Nagano Pref., Japan Taiwan, China Montana Kumamato Pref., Japan *Patagonia, Argentina Taiwan, China Nebraska *Piaui, Brazil Taiwan, China Nevada Taiwan, China New Hampshire *Ceara, Brazil New Jersey *Haiti Zhejiang Prov., China New Mexico *Michoacan, Chiapas, Tabasco, Mexico Taiwan, China New York Jiangsu Prov., China *Grenada *Barbados *Trinidad & Tobago *St. Kitts & Nevis *Dominica *St. Vincent *Montserrat *Antigua & Barbuda *St. Lucia *Jamaica North Carolina *Cochabamba, Bolivia Liaoning Prov., China North Dakota Taiwan, China Ohio *Parana, Brazil Hubei Prov., China Anambra, Nigeria Gyeongsang Budgo Prov., Korea Taiwan, China Oklahoma *Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Puebla, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Mexico Gansu Prov., China Kyoto Pref., Japan Taiwan, China

Oregon *Costa Rica Fujian Prov., China Taiwan, China Toyama Pref., Japan Pennsylvania *Bahia, Brazil (E. Pa.) *Maranhao, Brazil (W. Pa.) Puerto Rico Caguas (Hartford, CT) San Juan (Honolulu County, HI) Rhode Island *Sergipe, Brazil South Carolina *South West Colombia Taiwan, China South Dakota Taiwan, China Tennessee *Amazonas, Brazil Shanxi Prov., China Taiwan, China *Venezuela Texas *Peru *Nuevo Leon & Guerrero, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Mexico Taiwan, China Gyeong Gi Prov., Korea Utah *La Paz, Altiplano, Bolivia Gyeong Gi Prov., Korea Taiwan, China Jiangxi Prov., China Vermont *Honduras Karelian Republic, Russia Virginia Santa Catarina, Brazil Taiwan, China Washington *Chile Sichuan Prov., China Hyogo Pref., Japan West Virginia *Espirito Santo, Brazil Taiwan, China Wisconsin Heilongjiang Prov., China *Chiba, Japan Jilisco, Mexico Nicaragua State of Hesse, Germany State of Israel Taiwan Wyoming *Goias, Brazil Taiwan, China

* Denotes state link through Partners of the Americas. For information, contact Partners of the Americas, 1424 K St., N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20003. Reprinted by permission of Sister Cities International.

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making many traditional political divisions irrelevant. However, citizens and constituents will continue to look to political leaders for social stability and economic opportunity. Providing those basics will become perhaps the most difficult challenge of the new century. The situation is certain to present some difficult policy challenges for state decision-makers. As economies and public service structures go through the transition to 21st century systems, there will be corresponding adjustments in public attitudes and to public programs. Among the issues that state leaders are likely to face as a result are: • periodic waves of xenophobia in response to disruptions in the traditional labor market, • added stress on public education systems to prepare an internationally literate work force, • increased state-to-state diversity, and, perhaps state-to-state friction as different jurisdictions seek alternative solutions, • a growing gap between policy goals at the state and federal levels and a concommitant restructuring of communications between state and federal leaders, and • the proliferation of a new generation of nonelective, bi- and multinational bodies to deal with cross-border problems in health care and environmental protection. Tackling these issues effectively may mean the difference between prosperous stability and chaotic decline. Future success also will depend on meaningful alliances that transcend jurisdictional divisions and a recognition of and support for intrinsic natural strengths. Those who can do something better are those who will get it done. Only if states recognize the new realities of culture and commerce will they be able to move into the 21st century as meaningful players on the global stage. On the positive side, some state agencies are becoming increasingly sophisticated in how they manage international contacts and activities. Committees and task forces devoted exclusively to international issues are becoming commonplace as are regional cooperative ef-

forts. (It has been almost a decade since the creation of the Pacific Northwest Economic Region, one of the first major examples of formal cross-border cooperation.) Many states now share foreign trade promotion offices, and several Northeastern states have recently joined in a Yankee Trader Initiative to promote regional exports. These activities are not limited to border or coastal states. Kansas, for example, has entered into an agreement with Manitoba on trade development, tourism and resource conservation, even though the two jurisdictions don’t share a border. And Iowa continues to draw economic and cultural benefits from its decade-old sister state relationship with the Russian region of Stavropol. Across the nation, executive and legislative leaders recognize that, whether they want to or not, states are increasingly subject to global forces. To meet this challenge, states are forming partnerships with neighbors across national borders and around the world, not only to increase trade and promote economic development, but also to confront a host of public policy issues that transcend geopolitical boundaries. The new era of internationalization of public policy issues is here.

Selected References and Suggested Reading Barkin, David, et.al., “Global City Regions: Searching for Common Ground,” Landlines, Vol 8, No. 1, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Boston, Mass., 1996. Chi, Keon, “State Business Incentives,” State Trends and Forecasts, Vol. 3, No. 1, The Council of State Governments, Lexington, Ky., 1994. Conway, Carol and William E. Nothdurft, The International State, Aspen Institute, Washington, D.C., 1996. Falk, Richard and Saul H. Mendlovitz, eds., Regional Politics and World Order, W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, California, 1973. Huntington, Samuel P., “Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 3, 1993. Jordan, Amos A. and Jane Khanna, “EcoThe Council of State Governments

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nomic Interdependence and Challenges to the Nation-State: The Emergence of Natural Economic Territories in the Asia Pacific,” Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1995. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1990. Krause, Axel, “A Europe of Regions Becoming Reality,” Europe, April 1994. Ohmae, Kenichi, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, The Free Press, New York, 1995. Ohmae, Kenichi, The Borderless World:

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Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, Harper Perennial, New York, 1991. Ryen, Dag, “The Dilemma of Regional Reemergence,” Spectrum, Summer 1994, The Council of State Governments, Lexington, Ky., 1994. Scalapino, Robert A., Trends, Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, Singapore, 1995. Watson, Douglas J., The New Civil War: Government Competition for Economic Development, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Conn., 1995.

Trends and Innovations in State Government

Innovations in State Government States employ their best ideas to improve services. by Keon S. Chi Several years ago, one researcher, based on an extensive survey on innovations, reported to the National Science Foundation (NSF) that innovation diffusion studies might be linked to the “six blind men and the elephant approach to knowing.”1 Indeed, there are varying perspectives on innovation diffusion among individuals and organizations. Innovation diffusion in the states is no exception. Until recently, most innovation diffusion studies on the states focused on questions such as: How do innovations spread among the states? Why do some states adopt policy innovations earlier than others? And, how do we measure and rank the innovativeness of states? The debate on innovation diffusion still goes on. During the past decade or so, however, innovation researchers and practitioners appeared to have shifted their focus from the state level to individual and organizational levels. Typical questions raised in innovations research and workshops include: Who are innovators? How can we create innovative agencies? What are the roles of leaders, managers and front-line workers in making agencies more innovative? And, how can we sustain innovations? This article first raises a few issues regarding the traditional concept of innovation and proposes a broader concept of innovation in state government based on practical experiences with innovative projects. Next, the article presents a profile of individual innovators in state government and offers a review of on-going research and discussions about “innovative organizations.” Finally, the article highlights award-winning innovations selected by The Council of State Governments in 1994 and 1995. _______________ Keon S. Chi is director of the Center for State Trends and Innovations, The Council of State Governments.

Traditional Definition of Innovation For many years, innovation diffusion has been studied by practitioners and academic researchers — anthropologists, historians, geographers, sociologists and political scientists — and the literature on the subject matter is extensive. Yet, there are not many studies that deal directly with innovations in the public sector; only a few focused exclusively on state government innovations, including earlier studies by Walker (1969)2, Gray (1973)3, Eyestone (1977)4, Savage (1978)5 and Welch and Thompson (1980)6. These often-cited studies have one thing in common: the term innovation was defined from the adapter’s perspective, not from the innovator’s perspective. For example, Walker defined innovation as “a program or policy which is new to the states adopting it, no matter how old the program may be or how many other states may have adopted it (p.881).” According to Savage, “an innovation is a policy adopted by a state for the first time (p.17).” To Walker and others state innovation means “adoption of a new program, not their invention or creation (p.881).” As used by Walker and Gray, innovation is “a law which is new to the state adopting it (Gray, p.1174).” All but one of the studies measured innovativeness of the state according to the date or speed of its adoption of innovations and a number of sample laws enacted during different periods. For example, Walker ranked states according to composite scores of innovations based on 88 state laws in 11 policy areas enacted by at least 20 states between 1870 and 1966. He found that the average elapsed time of innovation diffusion decreased from 52.3 years for all adoptions (or 22.9 years for the first 20 states) in 1870-1899 to 25.6 years for all adoptions (or 18.4 years for the first 20 The Council of State Governments

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states) in 1930-1966. Gray’s innovativeness rankings are based on only 12 laws in three areas: education, welfare and civil rights. Savage used 181 laws from 15 policy areas to measure innovativeness of the states: 58 laws in the 19th century, 54 laws in the early 20th century and 69 laws in the late 20th century. And, Welch and Thompson, who studied diffusion of innovations, not innovativeness of the states, used 57 laws, including 52 from the Walker data. They found the average diffusion time to be nearly 30 years. Findings of these studies on innovative states vary. According to the Walker study, “the larger, wealthier, more industrialized states adopt new programs somewhat more rapidly than their smaller, less well-developed neighbors (p.884).” But Gray’s findings suggest states that are innovators in one law are not necessarily innovators in other laws. Unlike Walker, Gray looked at each law separately and concluded that “innovativeness is not a pervasive factor; rather, it is issue- and time-specific at best (p.1185).” On the other hand, Savage, like Walker, found “a general innovativeness trait” to be a characteristic of some states and concluded that “regional differences persist (p.218).” Eyestone discounted interaction effects in the innovation diffusion process and claimed that “only the policy itself can be assumed to be invariant over time (p.442).” Finally, Welch and Thompson found that federal financial incentives tended to speed up the rate of innovation diffusion somewhat. Regarding the traditional definition of innovations, at least two questions can be raised from practitioners’ — state policy-makers and administrators — perspectives. One concerns the traditional usage of the term innovation; the other concerns using state legislation to measure the innovativeness of the states. First, to those pioneering scholars and others, the phrase “innovative states” means those adopting other states’ policy practices, not necessarily starting brand new initiatives on their own. If this logic is acceptable, as a former NSF intergovernmental program coordinator once pointed out, “every state is an innovator” because all states borrow ideas from each other.7 538 The Book of the States 1996-97

The scholarly definition of innovation seems to be different from what is generally used among practitioners in the public sector. Unlike Walker and his students’ definition, government officials tend to define innovation in terms of new initiatives, creativity and/or novelty across the states. To state officials, the phrase “innovative states” thus means those initiating policies or program that are new not only to them but also to the rest of the country. Innovative states are “pioneering” or “bellwether” states. We know not every state adopting another state’s program is considered a pioneer or a bellwether state. The distinction seems to lie in two different ways of defining the “newness” of a policy or program. The question is, should we continue to use the traditional concept of innovation in government? The other issue has to do with the use of legislation to determine the innovativeness of states. One question is, can we measure the innovativeness of the states based solely on their adoption of laws? Probably not. Laws are certainly a major source of information on how states are doing. Using laws might be a convenient but not necessarily the most comprehensive way of measuring a state’s innovativeness. There appear to be several inherent problems when relying solely on laws in the study of innovation diffusion in state government. First of all, the date of adoption of a law does not necessarily correspond with the timing of implementation of that policy. In some states, significant policy initiatives are implemented before relevant laws are enacted. The delay in policy implementation may be attributable to several factors such as the state’s budgetary constraints, administrative rules and regulations and partisan and interest group politics. The issue here is the elapsed time between the date of adoption of legislation and the time when the policy or program is actually implemented. The gap might prove to be significant in the study of innovation diffusion. In addition, some laws are subsequently changed or repealed. So the question is, can we consider a state “innovative” even if it failed to implement a new law adopted earlier? In addition, when measuring innovativeness

Trends and Innovations in State Government

based on laws, the content of the legislative measure might need careful examination. The previous studies virtually disregarded the nature and extent of an innovation. Perhaps the researchers assumed the same or similar types or titles of laws would contain the same or similar provisions. What they needed was, it seems, a list of laws with years of adoption by the states. Although states tend to replicate laws adopted by others, more often they also tend to revise or sometimes improve such laws to fit their own situations. While the intent of laws might be the same, the procedures can be completely different. Should we pay attention only to the intent of laws and not to the methods of implementation? It is also possible to think about a situation where a laggard state can come up with more effective and efficient legislation that is more beneficial to the people as suggested by some observers.8 The issue here is the variance in the same areas of laws. More importantly, it should be pointed out, there are other types of state government innovations that have been virtually disregarded by the aforementioned innovation diffusion studies. New ideas can be diffused not only through the adoption of laws but also through executive actions. Examples of such measures include gubernatorial directives and other administrative actions. In fact, many innovative programs have been initiated by state executive branch without legislation. In regard to legislation adopted by the states, we need to be reminded that state legislative procedures vary greatly and some states have restrictions on the number of bills introduced during each legislative session. These states tend to rely more on executive initiatives in the absence of law.

Innovation Redefined In view of these issues and related problems, it seems necessary to redefine the concept of innovation used in the debate on state government innovations. The concept proposed here is a clear departure from the traditional usage of the term innovation by most innovation diffusion researchers. The proposed definition of innovation contains three elements.

First, the term innovation should be used in the same way as the terms such as “creation” or “novelty.” Thus, a state may be regarded as innovative only when that state has implemented a policy or program that is new not only to the initiating state but also to other states. According to this definition, therefore, replicating a program that was originated in another state would not make the adopting state truly innovative, and when so many states have adopted the same policy, these states should not be considered innovative. They are mere “adapters” or “borrowers.” Second, innovations should include not only legislative initiatives but also executive actions and administrative programs. It might not be as easy to collect information on such programs as it is to collect information on legislation. But we should not be preoccupied with the neatness of data or statistical analysis when measuring innovativeness of complex political organizations such as the states. And, third, for researchers and practitioners alike, innovations may be divided into two types: policy and programmatic. As Stone suggested, “government innovations take many forms. They apply to objectives and policies, character of product or services, management style and systems, internal and external relationships.”9 All of these forms can be grouped under the two types of innovations. In his study of innovations in the federal government, Polsby defined political innovation as “a policy or a set of policies that seem to have altered (or promise to alter) the lives of persons affected by them in substantial and fairly permanent ways.”10 And Bingham, in his study of innovation in local government, defined political innovation as public policy. According to Bingham, “In local government this (public) policy may originate from the executive section (mayor or manager), the legislative (the city council), or through a combination of both.”11 Thus political or policy innovations (some call these macro innovations) in state government, as in the federal and local governments, may include those initiated by enabling legislation. Programmatic innovations include creative solutions implemented without The Council of State Governments

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legislation and include technology improvement, cost control and productivity and management improvement. Is anyone using the proposed definition of innovation? The answer is “Yes, at all levels of government.” In fact, that definition has been use by The Council of State Governments’ Innovations Transfer Program for more than 20 years and the Ford Foundation-Harvard University Innovations Program for the past 10 years. Begun in 1975 with seed money from the National Science Foundation, The Council of State Governments’ (CSG) Innovations Transfer Program has given state policy-makers opportunities to share information on their new and creative programs and policies with other state officials. Each year, CSG asks state officials to participate in the Innovations Transfer Program by identifying and submitting information on new state programs that have been successfully implemented and that have the potential to be adapted by other states. Four regional panels of state officials each select two programs from the hundreds of applications that are submitted each year. Ten years ago, the Innovations Awards Program was initiated to give more public visibility to the innovative programs. At each stage of the CSG Innovations Awards selection process, the following questions are employed to determine whether the program or policy is eligible for an award: (1) “Is it a state policy or program?” (2) “Does it represent a new and creative approach to problem(s) or issue(s)?” (3) “Does the program or policy address significant problems or issues that are regional or national in scope?” (4) “Has the program been operational for at least one year?” (5) “Is the program or policy relatively unknown across the states?” (6) “Has the program or policy been effective in achieving its stated goals and purposes to this point?” (7) “Could the program or policy be easily transferred to other states?” In 1986, the Ford Foundation and the John 540 The Book of the States 1996-97

F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University began an innovations awards program (initially called “Innovations in State and Local Government,” now called “Innovations in American Government”). Since its inception, the Ford-Harvard innovations awards program has recognized more than 100 innovative programs with monetary awards. According to its 1995 application form, “These awards are intended to draw attention to exemplary achievements in government problem-solving, and to amplify the voices of public innovators in communicating their practices.” The Ford-Harvard innovations program’s selection criteria are similar to CSG’s. The four criteria are: (1) “Its novelty, judged by the degree to which it demonstrates a leap of creativity. Many innovations combine novel with more familiar elements, and profound innovations often emerge from the novel way in which familiar elements are combined;” (2) “Its effectiveness, demonstrated by evidence that the program has made substantial progress toward its intended aims;” (3) “Its significance, particularly the degree to which it successfully address an important problem of public concern;” and (4) “Its transferability, or the degree to which it shows promise of inspiring successful replication by other government units.” It seems clear that the two innovations awards programs recognize “creative governmental initiatives” that have proven to be effective in addressing significant or vital public needs. Thus, in both innovations awards programs the term innovation is defined as a new, creative program to every jurisdiction rather than a new program for an adapter whatever the jurisdiction might be. And, both awards programs recognize policy and programmatic innovations.

Individual Innovators Recently, innovation researchers paid special attention to individual innovators. Pertinent questions about individual innovators are: How are individual innovations produced?

Trends and Innovations in State Government

What are the characteristics of the processes that produce innovations? What are the conditions that can lead to the production of innovations? What motivations are mostly likely to inspire people to produce innovations? What skills or personal qualities are necessary for those who seek to be innovative? Are the conditions that are necessary for producing an individual innovation the same as the conditions necessary for creating an innovative organization? Are the motivations for producing an individual innovation the same as the motivations for creating an innovative organization?12 To address these questions, a series of innovations conferences have been held and surveys have been conducted. One such study was conducted several years ago by CSG to identify innovators in state government. Major findings of the study are highlighted here in hopes that the findings might be further tested and refined by researchers.13 According to the 1989 CSG study, innovators surveyed were very well educated with virtually one-half of the innovators possessing an advanced degree and 90 percent possessing a bachelors degree from a four-year institution. Innovators had a diverse array of academic majors with concentrations in the social sciences, business, education and public administration as the dominant educational backgrounds. Individuals with degrees in business or public administration prepared themselves for managerial positions and many of the respondents with these degrees were mid-career employees who returned to school to advance to managerial opportunities. One-half of the sample had prior experience in the private sector, mostly in non-profit organizations or in private consulting firms dealing with government programs. The average age of our sample was 44 years, and the average length of service within their state governments was 13 years. CSGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sample represents primarily mid-career state employees who were not afraid or hesitant to experiment with new ideas and approaches. Of the 117 respondents who indicated their gender, 39 (or 33 percent) were female. The female innovators generally were employed in the social service and education

policy areas (63 percent of the female respondents), were concentrated in Eastern and Midwestern regions, and possessed advanced degrees. A majority of the innovators were permanent civil service employees. Almost all of the private sector employees were employed by private non-profit organizations. The most common singular role pattern was for innovators to generate the innovations themselves as part of their day-to-day professional responsibilities. The primary groups involved in helping the innovator develop the innovation were those individuals working with the innovator on a day-to-day basis, such as his or her coworkers and supervisors. The innovators found their strongest support from those they worked with and from those groups most dependent upon their agenciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; services. In more than 80 percent of the cases, the innovation had a potential effect on the organization. The innovators in the sample were very active professionally. The majority belonged to at least one state and one national professional association. Close to a majority belonged to two or more associations at some level. Interestingly, national associations appeared to be more important to innovators than regional associations. The Eastern region had the highest level of professional activity with the Western region possessing the least. The innovators relied primarily on their immediate coworkers for professional information and secondarily on the professional associations to which they belonged. Lateral communication across states was an important element in the innovatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s professional environments. The innovators appeared to be aware of what other states were doing within their respective policy areas. One-half of the respondents said that they used innovations originated in other states as a source of information and listed programs in Massachusetts, Minnesota, California, Maryland and Washington as their models. Forty of the 50 states were considered to be innovative in at least one policy area. More than 60 percent of the states mentioned as innovative were in regions other than the innovators. These results depart from the notion that innovators look The Council of State Governments

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primarily to regional neighbors when contemplating a new venture for their agencies.

Creating Innovative Agencies Moving from the individual innovators level to the organizational level, the next question is, How can we create innovative organizations? In order to address this question, the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy at the Governors Center, Duke University, held two national conferences in 1994 and 1995. Participants in these meetings included innovation researchers, journalists and state and local government officials. Prior to the 1994 conference, a series of questions were raised by some of the participants (steering committee members), such as: “How are public agencies redesigning themselves so as to encourage and foster innovation everywhere — from top management to line workers? How are public agencies changing their organizational and managerial structures to promote innovations? How are public agencies taking advantage of the growing diversity of the workforce to rethink how they conduct their business? How are public agencies creating alternatives to those ‘stove-pipe’ hierarchies that have dominated organizational thinking and practice throughout this century? Under what circumstances will new organizational structures prove successful? What efforts at creating innovative organizational arrangements have failed? Why? What are the ethical issues raised by the creation of innovative organizations? How can we create an organizational climate that encourages everyone — even people who would be afraid think of themselves as innovators — to experiment with new ways of achieving public purposes?” 14 Obviously, the above questions warrant continuous research. But it seems clear that innovative agencies must have clearly defined agency goals and new roles for leaders, middle managers and front-line workers. A working definition is necessary to discuss such questions. “An innovative organization is one in which everyone — from those on the leadership team, to middle managers, to front-line supervisors, to front-line workers — acts on a 542 The Book of the States 1996-97

sense of responsibility for inventing, developing and implementing new ways to achieve the organization’s mission.”15 Goals are important in creating innovative organizations because goals can: set (or decide on) directions organizations want to go; set certain (specific) targets to reach; and be measured by both quality and quantity. Goals are important because they can help define outcomes in meeting the public’s expectations and demands. Innovations may not occur without the appropriate environment and opportunities created by leaders who can help articulate goals for managers and workers. Leaders in innovative organizations must have personal qualities, including “serious” (not rhetorical) personal commitment and devotion; tolerance and openness to new initiatives, suggestions and proposals; and a willingness to share power with others, including middle managers and front-line workers. Leaders in innovative organizations need to use realistic strategies developed jointly by managers, workers, union members and others. Such strategies should be developed through TQM or similar management tools. Why should middle managers be engaged in innovations? At least three reasons can be offered: through “buy-in” activities, middle managers can have a sense of ownership of innovations; middle managers can help continue and sustain innovations; and middle managers can create an environment and allocate the resources necessary to implement innovations. In sum, middle managers (however defined) can play a larger role in an organization. The 1995 Duke innovation conference also dealt with front-line workers’ roles in innovative organizations. Among the questions discussed were: “How can front-line workers be encouraged to think innovatively about the task they perform and the purposes they accomplish? How can an agency’s top leaders send the right kind of signs to front-line workers? How can the organizational structures, systems or culture be redesigned to foster innovation by front-line workers? Under what circumstances do front-line workers think not only about the mechanics of their job but also their

Trends and Innovations in State Government

mission? How can front-line workers be encouraged to take responsibility not only for their own performance but also for the performance of the entire agency?”16 These questions tend to pose new challenges to researchers who are contemplating continuous studies on individual innovators in state government.

Sustaining Innovations How can innovations be sustained and how can innovative organizations be sustained over time? While nothing can be sustained permanently in government, efforts need to be made to keep innovations alive for sometime so the benefits of innovations can be realized. Essential elements needed to sustain innovations include: an ongoing external board to maintain strategic vision, key result areas, financial/in-kind support, accountability and media visibility; buy-in by career civil servants; infrastructure, such as a recognition/reward program, human resource management, and recruitment and selection of internal training capacity; and strategic experiments to test and refine the quality management process (volunteers in different areas to report results, recommend process improvements and select key results for “roll out”). Additional strategies may include: constituency support (client groups and unions); institutionalization of the quality process through statutes, rules and regulations; depoliticizing the process; selling the quality process, not the label; courting legislatures and oversight organizations; conducting continuous training programs reflecting new culture and long-term changes in the labor force; protecting and nurturing institutional memory; and grooming candidates for succession in elective state offices and emphasizing the quality process in transition documents. It is important to keep in mind that there are numerous obstacles to sustaining innovations. One deeply-rooted barrier comes from the practice of democracy. The inherent characteristics of American democracy that hinder the creation and preservation of innovative public agencies are several. To mention just a few: election cy-

cles that inevitably result in frequent leadership and management changes, thus “voiding” or “nullifying” sustainable policy and management initiatives; public ignorance may result in “emotional” and “prudent” policy-making as a result of leadership changes rather than innovative policies, programs or processes; and group politics (partisan and interest group) might make innovations in pubic organizations more difficult to implement due to conflicting interests and demands.

Endnotes 1

John A. Agnew, ed. Innovation Research and Public Policy, Syracuse University, 1980, p. 15. 2 Jack L. Walker. “The Diffusion of Innovations Among American Studies,” American Political Science Review, 63 (September 1969), pp. 880-99. 3 Virginia Gray. “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study,” American Political Science Review, 67 (December 1973), pp. 1174-85. 4 Robert Eyestone. “Confusion, Diffusion, and Innovation,” American Political Science Review, 71 (June 1977), pp. 441-47. 5 Robert L. Savage. “Policy Innovativeness as a Trait of American States,” The Journal of Politics, 40 (February 1978), pp. 212-24. 6 Susan Welch and Kay Thompson. “The Impact of Federal Incentives on State Policy Innovations,” American Journal of Political Science, 24, 4 (November 1980), pp. 715-29. 7 Raymond W. Cox. “Organizing for Innovation,” paper presented at the annual conference of the American Society for Public Administration, March 24-27, 1985, Indianapolis, p. 2. 8 Cox, p. 13. 9 Donald C. Stone. “Innovative Organizations Require Innovative Managers, “ Public Administration Review, 41, 5 (September/October 1981), p. 508. 10 Nelson W. Polsby. Political Innovation in America: The Politics of Policy Innovations, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984, p. 8. 11 Richard D. Bingham. The Adoption of Innovation by Local Government, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976, p. 217. The Council of State Governments

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These questions were discussed at “A Working Conference: Innovative Organizations in State and Local Government,” The Governors Center at Duke University, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, September 9-11, 1994. 13 See Keon S. Chi and Dennis O. Grady. “Innovators in State Governments: Their Organizational and Professional Environment,” The Book of the States, 1990-91, Lexington, KY: The Council of State Governments, pp.

382-404. 14 These questions were discussed at the Duke Working Conference, “Creating Innovative Organizations,” The Governor Center at Duke University, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, October 13-14, 1995. 15 Robert D. Behn, “Creating Innovative Public Agencies: A Challenge for State and Local Government,” The Governor Center, Duke University, October 14, 1995. 16 Ibid.

INNOVATIVE STATE PROGRAMS This section highlights 16 innovative programs selected by regional panels of state officials during 1994 and 1995. The award-winning programs cover health care, welfare, economic development, the environment, criminal justice, and government operations, including tax and child support payment collection. Health Care Reform Programs Without national health care legislation, states continue to devise innovative health care programs. Among these are programs initiated in Arizona, California, Florida, Kansas and New York. The Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS) has succeeded not only in containing health care costs but also in attracting providers, keeping recipients happy and “mainstreaming” them into the same medical facilities used by the general public. Arizona has kept health care cost increases for the poor to less than 5 percent annually in recent years. Under the revamped AHCCCS, the state negotiates contracts with managed care providers and prepays the plans based on the number of patients enrolled. About 80 percent of the state’s doctors are participating in the program. Major features of the system for acute care include prior authorization, concurrent review and medical claims review. In addition, the system’s medical director conducts medical reviews on specific claims for each long-term care eligibility category to verify whether the service is appropriate and effective. In cooperation with the state attorney general’s office, AHCCCS also played a major role in minimizing fraud and abuse activities. In 1992, California’s Medi-Cal officials initiated the Medical Case Management Program (MCMP) that uses managed care concepts to reduce costs and increase access to health care for the state’s chronically and catastrophically ill Medicaid population. Under the program, registered nurses, who act as case managers, review and approve treatment authorization and follow the progress of patients when they leave the hospital to ensure that they receive post-discharge care. By work-

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ing closely with patients and health care providers, these case managers are able to substitute home care and alternative treatments for lengthy hospital stays for the chronically and catastrophically ill. Since its beginning, the program reduced patients’ hospital stays by an average of 11.5 days, resulting in a savings of more than $17 million. MCMP is well established in California’s urban areas and is being introduced in the rural parts of the state. Since January 1993, Florida’s Volunteer Health Care Provider Program has increased access to health care for Florida’s indigent population through the increased use of health care volunteerism. Working with local county health units, medical societies and social services programs, the Volunteer Health Care Provider Program has provided free heath care worth more than $13 million to nearly 100,000 indigent Floridians. In the past, health care providers were reluctant to volunteer to provide health care to indigents because of the fear of malpractice suits. One major component of this program is the passage of state sovereign immunity legislation for volunteer health care professionals. Since the program’s beginning, there have been no malpractice suits filed against professionals in the program. The program utilizes community volunteer services, which it relies on for such things as funding, case support and administration. Through “Operation Immunize,” Kansas immunized more than 35,000 children during several days in April 1993, October 1993 and April 1994. The first mass immunization in the nation since the 1960s, the program administered vaccinations in local health departments and retail stores. It is estimated that the program raised

Trends and Innovations in State Government the state’s immunization rate from about 50 percent to between 61 percent and 65 percent. The success of the Kansas immunization program is credited to legislative authorization allowing the purchase of the vaccines by rerouting surplus funds that were normally used to match grants received by the state Department of Health and Environment and providing liability coverage for medical volunteers who staffed the immunization clinics. The legislature passed an act allowing medical volunteers to be treated as temporary state employees during Operation Immunize. Launched with a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, New York’s Partnership for Long-Term Care Program encourages middle-income, elderly people to secure nursing-home insurance, rather than depleting or transferring their financial assets to qualify for Medicaid’s long-term care. With the help from more than 10 private insurers, the state designed the Partnership to cut New York’s Medicaid long-term care costs, which had reached $7 billion per year. Insurance policies cover either three years of nursing home care or six years of home care. The cost of a policy for a 65year old is approximately $1,400 per year. New York’s partnership insurance policies differ from other longterm care policies in that they must meet rigid state certification standards and be affordable for middle income seniors. The program also encourages participants to take responsibility for their long-term care needs.

bonuses to mothers who obtain certain health care. Since the five-year demonstration project began in July 1992, more than 90 percent of families have complied with the program’s requirements. The initiative focuses on influencing the behavior of welfare recipients over the long term. This is done through New Choices and Targeted Care Management programs. The initiative also helps welfare recipients meet its new requirements and learn better patenting skills. The Texas Department of Human Services is providing its staff with an easy-access, computerized listing of volunteer interpreters speaking 33 different languages and dialects. Texas’ Volunteer Interpreter Service program is fully implemented in 71 offices statewide. Using volunteers from the community, relatively simple telephone technology and a database that helps caseworkers match language needs with available translators within minutes, the service has helped thousands of non-English speaking DHS clients find their way through the social service maze. In 1994, for example, 200 volunteers in the service provided nearly 5,000 hours of telephone and office interpretations for approximately 2,000 different clients. Almost 90 percent of the department’s staff surveyed said their ability to communicate effectively with non-English speaking clients has been greatly improved by access to the volunteer interpreters. Cleaning Up the Environment

Welfare Reform Programs Several states have implemented welfare reform initiatives, including Illinois’ Earnfare program and Maryland’s Primary Prevention Initiative. Texas began using interpreters to expedite the cumbersome social service process. The Illinois Department of Public Aid initiated the Earnfare Program to help food stamp recipients make the transition from public aid to self-sufficiency. The program takes volunteers from the food stamp rolls and matches them with local employers. In its nearly three years of operation, more than 7,500 participants have completed six months in the program, and more than 6,000 have obtained permanent, unsubsidized employment. Unlike other workfare programs, Illinois’ Earnfare tries to facilitate the transition from welfare to work by providing participants with initial employment expenses, including a clothing allowance and transportation expenses for job interviews or job search activities. The program establishes cooperative relationships between the public sector, private employers and community-based organizations to find temporary and permanent jobs for food stamp recipients. Maryland’s “Primary Prevention Initiative” was the first welfare-reform initiative in the nation to receive a federal waiver to alter Aid to Families with Dependent Children benefits. The Primary Prevention Initiative reduces AFDC grants by $25 a month for parents who do not ensure that their school age children attend classes regularly, receive proper immunization orobtain preventive health care checkups. The program also gives

Innovations in Kansas and Massachusetts offer nontraditional ways of cleaning up the environment. As an innovative way of keeping many hazardous waste sites off the Superfund list, Kansas’ State Deferral Program allows municipalities to assume responsibility for the investigation and cleanup of contaminated areas, protecting the local economy and property tax base as well as innocent property owners. Cities accept the responsibility for the cleanup but those initially responsible for contaminating the site pay most of the cleanup costs. Since its inception in 1991, the State Deferral Program has been successful in keeping 6,500 acres of contaminated land off EPA’s Superfund list. This effort involves cooperation from all levels of government. Financial institutions assisted the program by ending the practice of redlining industrial areas. One of the main benefits of the program is that the economy of the area is not adversely affected by lengthy lawsuits related to contaminated sites. When the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection ran short of funds to protect the state from hazardous waste, it searched for a solution. The solution turned out to be a unique public-private partnership, known as the Redesigned 21E Program. Under this program, Licensed Site Professionals (LSPs) are certified and trained by the state but operate independently. In the past, DEP had to oversee all clean-ups. This was physically demanding, with a ratio of one staff person per 280 hazardous waste sites. This created a backlog of more than 6,000 sites awaiting assessment and

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Trends and Innovations in State Government cleanup. The Redesigned 21E Program avoids this type of gridlock by employing privatization techniques to obtain desired results. Since the program’s beginning in October 1993, more than 450 LSPs have assisted the state in cleaning up more than 2,000 hazardous waste sites. Dealing with Offenders How can communities more effectively deal with drug traffickers and high-profile offenders? Ohio and Washington state have implemented creative and less expensive approaches to those problems. Ohio’s “Operation Crackdown” program is responsible for the boarding up of about 100 houses in the Cleveland and 50 other areas across the state that were used for selling drugs. Operation Crackdown’s legitimacy is based on a 77-year-old law that permits law enforcement officials to close up for one year houses creating a public nuisance. Operation Crackdown, based in the attorney general’s office, assists local police departments in closing homes and apartment buildings used for selling drugs. The program has been a boon to local government, which has had difficulty kicking dealers out of neighborhoods for more than a few days. Twenty-four cities asked the attorney general’s Office for its assistance in shutting down drug houses and prosecuting cases. Providing intensive supervision to high-profile offenders who are released from prison into the community is the objective of the Mobile Intervention Supervision Team Program. Under this program, which began in 1994 by forming partnerships with local law enforcement agencies, mobile officers provide intensive supervision of offenders in their neighborhood. Using alternative work space, technology, self-directed teams and partnerships, MIST is able to create a more flexible environment that allows its members to respond more quickly to the needs of the community. The program has resulted in a lower recidivism rate and cost-savings. In addition, MIST has proven that it can provide alternative sanctions for offenders that help prevent further overcrowding of local jails and prisons. Creating Jobs What can states do to retain and create more jobs? Massachusetts and Washington state have been recognized for their new approaches. Massachusetts’ Industry Specialist Program appoints an ombudsman to each major industry in the state to listen to its concerns, help companies comply with laws and regulations and ensure that the state is aware of policies to help them grow. Initially, ombudsmen were appointed to the fields of biotechnology, telecommunications and the environment. The ombudsmen have helped to keep companies from transferring out of the state and even to attract businesses from neighboring states. But the state is careful never to use the ombudsmen as lobbyists for a particular company, but rather to help the state promote policies that make it an attractive place to do business. The program was instrumental in creating a $15 mil-

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lion Emerging Technology Fund, created by the legislature in 1993. Washington state’s electronic trade information system, known as “Marketplace,” is making a difference for businesses in the state. The system is credited with the creation of new businesses totaling $150 million. The backbone of Washington Marketplace is a data base containing 35,000 businesses that are assigned eightdigit codes to identify their products and services. As domestic and international trade opportunities surface, Marketplace staff code them according to the eight-digit system and channel them into the data base. Marketplace software electronically matches the codes of trade leads to those of companies in the data base. In addition to connecting businesses to domestic and international trade opportunities, Washington Marketplace has been used to recruit corporations to locate their factories, offices and stores within the state’s borders. The sheer volume of trade leads — about 2,000 per week — makes the trade information system a valuable resource for companies of all sizes. Improving Government Operations State agencies are looking for creative methods to manage their tax collection and child support payments. To reduce costs and the time it takes to process state income tax returns, the Massachusetts Department of Revenue implemented a computerized system, called Telefile, that allows Massachusetts residents to file their state income tax returns using a touch-tone telephone. In its first year of operation, 170,000 taxpayers used the system. The department’s evaluation of Telefile showed that the system decreased overall refund turnaround time, reduced the amount of paper coming into the department and allowed faster processing of returns than ever before. The system is easy to use and is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Telefile worksheet takes only 10 minutes to complete and filers have only 12 items to enter over the phone. Telefile also offers superior security and fraud detection compared to paper filing. Another innovative aspect of the program is the marketing strategy employed to encourage taxpayers to use the system. In 1988, South Carolina’s Department of Social Services initiated the Electronic Parent Locator Network to assist case workers in finding absent parents who owe child support payments. Under the network, case workers can get a lead on a parent’s location in seconds. The network links personal identification data from 10 southern states that child support workers can use to search for child-support scofflaws. The total cost of running the program for fiscal year 1994 was $1.2 million, which is spread among the 10 states that participate. Each state pays a fixed cost for running the network, plus a charge for storing the data it generates — between $105,000 and $140,000 a year. (The 10 states are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.)