Caribbean
Textile factories produce 90% of Haitian exports
Real wages in Haiti declined
GLOBALIZATION:
HAITI
Between 1980 and 1990
Over 50%
(ayiti)
Unemployment in crowded urban cities such as Port-auPrince was as high as
50 Percent
Hope I & Hope II Trade bills require yearly certification that Caribbean countries are complying with World Bank Policies
70-80%
Of the $1billion Haitian budget is derived of foreign aid
Structural adjustment programs implemented in the
1980s
in an effort to open up Haiti’s economy further to foreign investment
haiti is considered the poorest country
FD
Nixon administration agrees to provide political support for the ruling dictatorship in return for the implementation of incentives to attract U.S. investors.
byline Esther
1971
The U.S. begins to mold Haiti into a low-wage, export-friendly economy by using its political influence and development assistance programs
1960s
in the western hemisphere
Structural adjustment programs included the privatization of utilities and the removal of all state subsidies Structural adjustment program shifted focus from producing food for domestic market to producing for export Elimination of tariffs led to the importation of cheap goods, such as rice which led to the elimination of domestically grown rice Haiti’s wealth is usually distributed amongst Haitian elites who are mostly white, mulattoes and descendants of Immigrants
Haiti
ipsum dolor 3
Maecenas tempus enim eget libero fermentum. Donec sagittis pretium urna.
In purus dolor, aliquet id,
Sed quis mi. Etiam ultricies nonummy lectus. Nulla lacinia elit in dolor. Integer
aliquam at, consequat sed,
laoreet consectetuer augue. Nullam nibh mi, congue at, aliquam ac,
mauris. Morbi ligula risus, tempor non, euismod ut, faucibus eget, massa. Nulla et nibh. Vivamus id lectus.
euismod non, nulla. Fusce sollicitudin, elit eu euismod congue, tortor ligula convallis ipsum, ac placerat odio purus nec lectus. Donec id orci. Proin hendrerit, quam sit amet porta tempor, est tortor accumsan lorem, at sagittis felis nunc at arcu. Integer auctor purus eget nunc. Fusce sollicitudin.
5
Pellentesque viverra. Morbi
Aenean justo. Donec velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci
orci elit, ultrices ut, vestibulum
luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
id, ullamcorper vel, massa.
magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Vestibulum dignissim
Pellentesque ac sem. Sed risus justo, scelerisque ut, ultrices a, auctor et, lacus. Duis a orci.
2
sollicitudin est. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nulla cursus. Aliquam et diam. Nunc pretium ante ac risus. Vestibulum convallis ullamcorper nunc. Nulla posuere.
lorem ipsum :: [Date]
Economy byline Nyehla Irshied
Short-term stabilization measures including: • Tariffs reduced, import controls issued • Government spending on health and education cut wage restraints into effect
“Real wages in Haiti declined 50% between 1980 and 1990.”
Haiti is considered the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. Economic policy serves interests of U.S investors and exporters. U.S has used its political influence to mold Haiti into a low wage, export friendly economy. Structural adjustment programs implemented in the 1980s in an effort to open up Haiti’s economy further to foreign investment.
Structural adjustment programs included the privatization of utilities and the removal of fall state subsidies. Textile factories produced 90% of Haitian exports. Hope and trade bills require yearly certification that Caribbean countries are complying with World Bank Policies. Structural adjustment program shifted focus from producing food for domestic market to producing for export. •
Elimination of tariffs led to the Importation of cheap goods, such as rice
Unemployment in crowded urban cities such as Portau-Prince was as high as 70%-80% before the earthquake in 2010. In recent years, over 50% of the $1billion Haitian budget is derived of foreign aid.
3
lorem ipsum :: [Date]
Politics byline Nyehla Irsheid 1791 a group of former slaves led in part by Toussaint Louverture organized a full-fledged uprising that toppled the colony—the first successful slave revolt in history. While the initial uprising was finally quelled, the events set in motion what would become the Haitian Revolution. Haiti became the first free black republic in the world, the first independent state in the Caribbean and the second independent state in the Western Hemisphere after the United Sates. Francois Duvalier came to power through elections in 1957, he lost all credibility because of a fraudulent reelection in 1961, a rigged referendum in 1964 that confirmed him as Haiti’s president for life, and the severe and unrelenting repression he dealt out, primarily through the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Securite Nationale—VSN) or tonton mascoutes (bogeymen).
In 1804, the country declared it’s independence and itself Haiti, which means “mountainous,” with The Haitian Constitution also provides for political decentralization through the election of mayors and administrative bodies responsible for local government.
Duvalier (“Papa Doc”) extended his illegitimate rule beyond his death by naming his son Jean Claude (“Baby Doc”) as his successor. In march 1987, a constitution was ratified that provides for an elected bicameral, parliament; an elected president that serves as head of state; and prime minister, cabinets, and Supreme Court appointed by the President with parliament’s consent. (continued)
4
lorem ipsum :: [Date]
1 2 3
Culture byline Raynald Jean-Gilles
•
LANGUAGE
Official language is
Creole (kreyol). It is composed of 18th century French with influences of Portuguese, Aramaic, Spanish, Taino, and West African. About 1 to 5% of the population speaks French (mostly elites), which is highly esteemed. RELIGION
•
(females). Both are seen as having the same level or spiritual power Unlike Catholicism and Protestant religion, Voodoo believes in an afterlife free of conquer of reward and punishment. Voodoo is social taboo, but secretly explored by every class for wishes of health, protection and fortune.
•
Women •
SOCIAL CLASSES/CASTES Elites: Whites, Mulattoesdescendents of immigrants Middle Class: Growing working class of blacks
Catholic (Elites)
Rural: Impoverished blacks
•
GENDER ROLES/SEXUALITY
Official State religion, due to Protestant missionary work reduced from 90% in 1960 to less than 70% in 2000.
•
Men •
Dominate most sectors of
prominent employment doctors, teachers, lawyers, and politicians All church pastors are male In domestic fields men are mostly responsible for livestock and produce gardens
•
•
Making advancement in elite positions, ex: Stephanie Villedrouin current Deputy minister of tourism Grouping representation in the education field as teachers are dominating nursing industry. Rural women run the Haiti produce market and play as a viable role in household income
Same gender loving relationships and cross dressing although legal are not tolerated due to strong Christian values of
Evangelical Protestant (Levanjil) • Growing religious sector Voodoo (Vodun) • Mixture of African and Catholic beliefs and rituals centered in serving the “Lwa” (Spirits, Angeles). Mystified as Black magic by media • Voodoo practitioners are called Houngan (males) and Mambo 5
VOODOO FESTIVAL CELEBRATED IN HAITI DURING EASTER: Haitians participate in a ritual, during the Voodoo Festival, at Sourvenance village. lorem ipsum :: [Date]
1 2
Marriage is expected
education level if affordable. The ones who don’t, become farm hands and as early as the age of 7 yrs. old.
The provision of a house to the woman and a child solidifies the union and makes it respected by the community.
‘Restavek’ is a fosterage system where a rural child is sent to live in servitude in the home of other individuals or family members and in return that child’s educational expenses will be footed.
MARRIAGE & FAMILY
between elite and middle class, but not so much non-elites.
by Patrice Piard
the country. Therefore are not apparent in everyday life. Voodoo however does not discriminate against people who identify as LGBT. Homosexuality was taken off the list of mental illness in Haiti in 1992. July 2013 1000 people marched in the capital in demand of same-sex marriage. Demand but still not addressed. (Side Note): Often misunderstood by outsiders, heterosexual men and mostly women hold hands to signify a deep friendship.
Husband is owner of the home. Wife is the Manager of household and financial decision maker. Household can contain members of the nuclear family, adopted children of relatives, elderly widows and widowers. Men and women inherit estate equally form both parents. EDUCATION Literacy race: 72% (15-24 yrs. of age). 49% (24yrs+) Elites and middle class send their children to French Catholic private schools. Most rural class parents try to send their children to primary school at the least, the ones that show the most promise will continue to a higher
In the past 30 years, a growing number of youth from rural communities are reaching access to engineering and medical schools. Some even pursue higher education oversees. ART, MUSIC, LITERATURE, AND NATIONAL CELEBRATIONS
Art and music are used
to express national pride, voodoo culture, and sentiments on political matters and rural life. Traditional sound of Haiti is Kompa, but the youth has adopted Hip Hop culture, which is frowned upon by the older generation. Literature is written mostly in French, therefore produced by elites and mostly enjoyed by elites.