FT A R D Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
FT A R D Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
CAMBRIDGE NATIONAL LEVEL 1 / LEVEL 2
IT
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Sarah Matthews
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Revision Guide and Workbook
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
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First published 2022
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Contents Preparing for the exam Your Revision Guide and Workbook
4
Planning your revision
5
Revision techniques
7
Getting ready for the exam
9
What to expect in the exam
10
Revision checklist
16
Unit R050: IT in the digital world
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Revision Guide Design tools
TA2:
Human Computer Interface (HCI) in everyday life
24
TA3:
Data and testing
29
TA4:
Cyber-security and legislation
42
TA5:
Digital communications
58
TA6:
Internet of Everything (IoE)
67
Workbook
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TA1:
20
Design tools
71
TA2:
Human Computer Interface (HCI) in everyday life
73
TA3:
Data and testing
78
TA4:
Cyber-security and legislation
93
TA5:
Digital communications
111
TA6:
Internet of Everything (IoE)
122
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TA1:
Glossary
Key terms
127
Command words
130
Answers Answers to ‘Practise it!’ activities
131
Answers to Workbook questions
137
Acknowledgements 151
Preparing for the exam
3
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Preparing for the exam Your Revision Guide and Workbook This Revision Guide will support you in preparing for the exam for Unit R050 IT in the digital world. This is the externally assessed unit of your course. The Revision Guide contains two types of pages as shown below: •
Content pages help you revise the content you need to know.
•
Workbook pages with practice exam-style questions help you prepare for your exam.
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Use these page references to move easily between the linked Revision Guide and Workbook pages.
What you need to know Summarises key things you need to know for the topic.
The key points you need to remember.
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Revision summary
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Activities
Activities to help you revise topics, test your knowledge and practise questions.
Workbook pages match the Revision Guide pages.
Practise short- and longanswer questions to help you prepare for the exam.
4
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Some of these answers have been started for you.
Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Planning your revision Countdown to the exam Revision checklists are a good way for you to plan and structure your revision. They also allow you to make sure you have covered everything you need to cover:
Revision planner checklist Time before Things to do the exam
•
Use the revision checklist on page 16 to work out which topics you need to cover. Look back at how well you did on past-paper questions or other assessments to help you decide what you need to work on.
•
Use the topic area headings and bullets to organise your notes and to make sure you’ve covered everything in the specification.
•
Don’t spend too much time each day revising; quality, spaced revision is better than studying all day, every day.
•
Work out which of the areas you still find difficult and plan when you’ll cover them.
•
You may be able to discuss tricky topics with your teacher or class colleagues.
•
As you feel you’ve got to grips with some of the knowledge, you can ‘tick off’ the parts that have been worrying you.
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Draw up a revision timetable so that you know how much time you have to get through everything.
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4−6 weeks
•
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6−8 weeks
Make the most of the revision sessions you’re offered in class. Don’t skip them!
1 week
•
Make a daily plan to revise those few topics you’re not happy with and look back at your revision cards (see below) if you’ve made some.
Day before
•
Try not to cram today – get some exercise and relax in the afternoon.
•
Make sure you know what time and where the exam is and put all your things out (pencils, pens, calculator, bus pass, water) ready for the next day.
•
Get a good night’s sleep!
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•
Revise it! Using the example above, create your own revision checklist. Identify areas that you are not so confident about and think of ways to tackle these.
Preparing for the exam
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Revision tips
Plan your revision
Choose the methods Make a list of all the key that work for you dates from when you start your revision up to the exam date.
For example:
Plan to space your revision out so that you don’t do everything at once!
Take breaks Plan regular breaks in your revision. Go for a short walk and get some fresh air. It will make you more focused when you do revise!
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• use highlighters for key words and phrases • make note cards • use mnemonics (the first letter of words): for example, ‘CDRIP’ stands for currency, decimal, real, integer, percentages.
Don’t cram!
Identify your strengths and weaknesses
Questions can be asked about any area of the specification.
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Complete the ‘Revision checklist’ at the end of each chapter and identify areas that you feel less confident about. Allow additional time to revise these areas.
Lear n ever ythi ng!
Stay healthy!
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Exercise, fresh air, good food and staying hydrated all help your revision.
Att end revi sion clas ses ! Don’t skip revision classes – it can really help to revise with your friends, as well as by yourself.
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It is easier to answer a question if you have revised everything.
Variety is the spice of life! Mix up your revision methods. Watch videos and listen to podcasts as well as making notes and mind maps.
Find a quiet space It can be difficult to revise in loud or busy spaces, so try to find somewhere calm to work. You could use headphones and music to block out distractions. Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Revision techniques Flash cards/revision cards These are useful for summarising content, key word definitions and important facts. Use colours to make certain things stand out – for example, you could use different colours for advantages and disadvantages or for key words. You can test yourself using the revision cards.
Mind maps
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These are a really useful visual summary of information and you can put them on the wall. They allow you to show links between ideas and concepts. You can start by adding the topic to the centre of the diagram and then add the sub-topics around that and a summary of the information.
The cloud Online storage of documents, use internet to access. Multiple users can share and edit.
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Websites Online pages that contain different media. Can be accessed globally. Need to follow Design, Patents and Copyright Act.
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DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
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VoIP Short for Voice over Internet Protocol. Global. Mainly used for calls with many people.
Email Electronic messages. Can attach files. Email providers include Microsoft’s Outlook and Google’s Gmail. Can send to many people at once. Can set up automated replies.
Instant Messaging Known as IM. Instant. Accessible on a variety of digital devices. Can include media such as image files.
Revise it! Create a mind map activity for a topic of your choice.
Preparing for the exam
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Highlighting Making notes and highlighting key areas to go back to is a good way of working out what you do and don’t know. You can then use these notes as you come to your final revision. You can use different colours to highlight different factors or different types of information. For example, when revising the different storage methods of data, you could colour-code which methods are internal and which methods are external.
Summaries On the revision pages of this book, you’ll find summaries of key ideas and themes. Use these to help you summarise the key points you’ll need to remember to answer questions on those topics. For example, you need to know what the four pillars of the IoE are and how each pillar interacts. You can make a summary of these yourself – and if you think through these points in the exam, you are more likely to remember them.
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Mnemonics A mnemonic is another useful way of remembering key facts by using the first letter of each of the parts to make up a memorable phrase. For example, ‘CDRIP’ stands for currency, decimal, real, integer, percentages. These are the different data types that numbers can be.
Quizzes
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Everyone enjoys quizzes and creating and sharing quizzes with your friends and class is a great way to remember facts and concepts. You could suggest to your teacher that in pairs you create a quiz of 10 questions and each week go through them together – swapping answers. It’s also a good way for you to check your knowledge. Make a note of the areas where you really didn’t know the answer and add these to your revision list.
Practice questions
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Doing past papers and practice exam questions is an essential part of your revision. It prepares you for answering different types of exam questions and allows you to become familiar with the wording of the questions used by OCR.
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You should also use the mark scheme. This will help you understand how to get full marks for each question. It is helpful to highlight key words in exam questions so you’re clear what the question is asking before you answer it.
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Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Getting ready for the exam Use the revision checklist and all your revision material to make sure you are as prepared as possible; practise plenty with practice questions and quick quizzes.
In the exam
Keep hydrated but don’t drink too much
Make sure you get a good night’s sleep the night before the exam. Don’t stay up late cramming as you need time to switch off and relax before going to bed.
Eat a good, healthy meal Have a good, healthy meal that you enjoy the night before the exam and a filling breakfast on the day of the exam to give you a boost ready for your exam.
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It’s important that you stay hydrated but don’t overdo it or else you’ll be running to the toilet. Exams can make you a bit nervous too which means you might need to go to the toilet a bit more frequently. Water is best.
Get plenty of sleep
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Give yourself time to complete the whole paper, and check through it for mistakes. Most importantly, try to stay calm and relaxed – remember, this is your time to show off what you know!
Getting ready for the exam
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Make sure you have all the things you need
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Get everything ready the night before – including all writing equipment, a calculator if you need one (and are allowed one), a water bottle, tissues if you have a sniff, and any identification you might need (candidate number if you have been given one).
Arrive in plenty of time Know when and where the exam is. Get there at least 15 minutes before it starts. If your exam is in an unfamiliar part of the school and away from where you normally study, you might have to leave home a bit earlier. Don’t be distracted on the way!
Preparing for the exam
Set your alarm If your exam is in the morning, set an alarm or two so you have plenty of time to get to the exam. If you’re still worried about oversleeping, ask a friend or someone in your family to make sure you’re up.
Don’t be tempted to do too much cramming Too much last-minute cramming can scramble your brain! You may find that being relaxed will help you recall the facts you need rather than attempting last-minute cramming, but you may also want to revise the key facts before setting off for the exam.
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
What to expect in the exam As part of your qualification in IT, you will be taking an exam that is worth 40% of your marks. It is important that from the beginning you start to think about the exam and the skills you’ll need to get the best possible grade. Answering exam questions is a skill. Like any other skill, it can be learnt, practised and improved. Below is an outline of what to expect in the exam, the types of questions and what the paper looks like. You need to answer all of the questions.
Types of questions to expect in the exam Exam questions can be about any area of the specification, which means that you have to learn everything! The exam paper will be made up of two sections, with different types of questions. Question type • Up to 5 multiple-choice questions, worth 1 mark each. • Short-answer questions, worth 1 or 2 marks each. These usually require a one-word answer sentence.
Section B – 55 marks
• Questions that require a mix of short, medium and long answers. • One of these questions will be worth 8 marks. You are expected to give a creative answer, such as a visual plan. • One of these questions will be worth 9 marks. You are expected to do an extended piece of writing.
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Section A – 15 marks
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Understanding the language of the exam
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The command word is the key term that tells you how to answer the question. It is essential to know what the different command words mean and what they are asking you to do. It is easy to confuse the words and provide too much information, not enough information or the wrong information. The tables below will help you understand what each command word is asking you to do.
Command words that ask you to get creative: OCR definition
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Command word
How you should approach it
Create
• Produce a visual solution to a problem (for example: a mind map, flow chart or visualisation).
Show your answer in a visual way. You might want to use a mind map, flow chart or a diagram. Think about what is the best way to show the required information.
Draw
• Produce a picture or diagram.
Create a picture/diagram to show the relevant information.
Command words that ask you to choose the correct answer: Command word
OCR definition
How you should approach it
Choose
• Select an answer from options given.
Pick the option that you think is correct.
Circle
• Select an answer from options given.
Draw a circle around the right answer.
Identify
• Select an answer from options given. • Recognise, name or provide factors or features.
Either choose the correct answer from those given or write the name, factors or features that are asked for.
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Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Command words that ask you to add to something: OCR definition
How you should approach it
Annotate
• Add information, for example to a table, diagram or graph, until it is final. • Add all the needed or appropriate parts.
Add short notes to the table/diagram/graph to say what each part is.
Complete
• Add all the needed or appropriate parts. • Add information, for example to a table, diagram or graph, until it is final.
Add the information that is missing. Often you will need to give just one word as an answer but sometimes you may need to write more. You may need to finish drawing a diagram or graph.
Fill in
• Add all the needed or appropriate parts. • Add information, for example to a table, diagram or graph, until it is final.
Add the information that is missing. Often you will need to give just one word as an answer but sometimes you may need to write more.
Label
• Add information, for example to a table, This often refers to a diagram or a picture. Add diagram or graph, until it is final. words or short phrases to say what each part • Add all the necessary or appropriate parts. is. You could add arrows next to your label that point to the right part of the diagram/graph.
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Command word
Command words that ask you to do your maths: Command word
OCR definition
Calculate
• Get a numerical answer showing how it has been worked out.
How you should approach it
Do your maths. Give the final answer but make sure you show how you got there.
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Command words that ask you to give the main points: OCR definition
How you should approach it
Outline
• Give a short account, summary or description.
Write about the main points. Don’t write lots of detailed information.
State
• Give factors or features. • Give short, factual answers.
Give a short answer that names factors or features of something. Sometimes you will be asked to give a certain number of factors/features.
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Command word
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Command words that ask you to be factual: Command word
OCR definition
How you should approach it
Describe
• Give an account including all the relevant characteristics, qualities or events. • Give a detailed account of.
This is the ‘what’. Write about what something is.
Explain
• Give reasons for and/or causes of. • Use the words ‘because’ or ‘therefore’ in answers.
This is the ‘how’ and the ‘why’. Write about how something happens or works and why it does.
Preparing for the exam
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Command words that ask you to give an opinion: OCR definition
How you should approach it
Analyse
• Separate or break down information into parts and identify its characteristics or elements. • Explain the pros and cons of a topic or argument and make reasoned comments. • Explain the impacts of actions using a logical chain of reasoning.
This term wants you to write about the details. Write about each part in turn, giving key information and saying what is good or bad about it.
Compare and contrast
• Give an account of the similarities and differences between two or more items or situations.
‘Compare’ means to say what is the same about two (or more) things. ‘Contrast’ means to say what is different about two (or more) things.
Discuss
• Present, analyse and evaluate relevant points, for example, for/against an argument.
Write about something in detail, including its strengths and weaknesses. Say what you think about each side of the argument. You don’t need to take a side.
Evaluate
• Make a reasoned qualitative judgement considering different factors and using available knowledge/experience.
Justify
• Give good reasons for offering an opinion Write what you think would be the best option or reaching a conclusion. and say why you think this. Give evidence to support your answer.
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Command word
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Practise it!
Write down the arguments for and against something. Then give your opinion about which is the stronger argument.
Now go to www.cambridge.org/go/ and complete the practice questions on understanding the exam command words.
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Common exam mistakes
Why it matters!
Solutions
Not attempting a question.
You won’t get any marks for a blank answer.
• Answer every question. • Write something – you may pick up a few marks, which can add up to make the difference between grades. • Use your general knowledge. • State the obvious.
Not answering the question that is asked.
You won’t get any marks for writing about another topic.
• Know what the command words are looking for. • RTQ – read the question. • ATQ – answer the question.
Not providing enough points to achieve the marks.
You won’t gain full marks if you haven’t expanded on your answer.
• Look at the number of marks next to the question – one mark = one point; two marks = two points, three marks = three points etc.
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Common mistakes
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Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Answering long-answer questions Planning your answer To help you organise your thoughts, it is helpful to plan your answer for 8-mark questions. You don’t need to take too long. A spider diagram, for example, will help you get your answer in the right order and it makes sure you don’t forget anything. For example:
No limit Poorly designed questions
Cheaper
Simple to analyse results
Not the intended audience
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Online survey
Go to Junk
Sent via email
Revise it!
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No access to IT
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Create a spider diagram plan like the one above for the following question: Suzanne needs to decide which HCI to use for the info terminal in her business. She has the choice of using either a keyboard or voice control.
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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using each method and make a final recommendation to Suzanne. (8 marks)
Tip: You could refer to page x of the Revision Guide to help you.
Preparing for the exam
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
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Make sure you know how long you have got.
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The exam paper
Write your first name and surname clearly in the boxes.
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Ensure that you write clear structured answers so that you can get maximum marks.
Preparing for the exam
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Highlight or underline key words in the question. Here you need to name something related to hardware that affects a Human Computer Interface.
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The question is asking for two points. Be sure to give two points in your answer to get full marks.
The number of marks indicates the number of points you need to give. In this case, one point is needed.
Preparing for the exam
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Revision checklist What you should know
Topic Area 1:
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The different design tools that can be used
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The components of each design tool
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The advantages of each design tool
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The disadvantages of each design tool
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How you can create a design using one of the design tools
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How to select an appropriate design tool for a specific task
Topic Area 2:
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Human computer interface (HCI) in everyday life
The purpose and importance of the use of HCI in banking, embedded systems, entertainment, fitness, home appliances and retail
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The advantages and disadvantages of using HCI in each application area
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The different display types and sizes that an HCI can be used on
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What the advantages and disadvantages of hardware considerations for using an HCI
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How a range of different operating systems and software applications will impact on the design of an HCI
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The range of digital platforms that an HCI can be used on and the impact the choice will have on the design of an HCI
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Design tools
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Topic Area
The range of different ways a user can interact with an HCI
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The advantages and disadvantages of each user interaction method
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What data is
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What information is
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What the relationship is between data and information
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What the different data types are that can be used
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How each data type can be used
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What we mean by validation and its purpose
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What we mean by verification and its purpose
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The role of validation
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The role of verification
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Topic Area 3:
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Data and testing
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Revision checklist
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
What the different tools are that can be used for data validation
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How validation can reduce user errors
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What the different tools are that can be used for data verification
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How verification can reduce user errors
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The different primary methods of collecting data and their advantages and disadvantages
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The different secondary methods of collecting data and their advantages and disadvantages
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The advantages and disadvantages of storing data in a logical location
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The advantages and disadvantages of storing data in a physical location
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The characteristics of each internal and external storage device and their advantages and disadvantages
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Why testing is needed and the effects of not testing and its advantages and disadvantages
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What each type of test data is and the role each plays
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The advantages and disadvantages of technical testing and of user testing
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•
Topic Area 4:
•
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Cyber-security and legislation
The definition of each of the following threats: denial of service (DoS), hacking (black/white/grey), malware, adware, botnet, ransomware, spyware, Trojan Horse, virus, worm, social engineering, baiting, phishing, pretexting, quid pro quo, scareware and shoulder surfing
Revision checklist
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Why each of the threats are used by attackers
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How each of the threats are used by attackers
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How each threat works
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How the methods of social engineering can be used to collect data and information
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How each of the threats can be prevented
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What data destruction is and the impact it can have on an individual and organisation
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
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What each physical and each logical measure of preventing a cyber attack is and how it works
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What each destruction of data method is and how it works
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The purpose of the following legislation: Computer Misuse Act, Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, Data Protection Act, Freedom of Information Act and the Health and Safety at Work Act
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What each individual/business is required to do to comply with each legislation
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The implications of each of the pieces of legislation for: data and information, individuals and organisations
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How each piece of legislation can be used to deal with issues relating to cyber-security
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The purpose of the following digital communication methods: audio, collaboration tools, leaflets, infographics, newsletters, presentations, reports, social media, video, voice over internet protocol (VoIP) and websites
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What the advantages and disadvantages are of each of the digital communication methods
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Digital communications
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What data manipulation, data modification, data theft, denial of service to users and identity theft are and the impacts they can have on an individual and organisation
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Topic Area 5:
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The characteristics of desktop publishing (DTP) to create digital communications
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The characteristics of standard office applications to create digital communications
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Software applications that can be used on PC, Mac and mobile devices
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The characteristics of a smartphone, a smart TV, a PC/laptop, a tablet and a smartboard
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The characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the following distribution channels: cloud, email, messaging, mobile apps, multimedia, VoIP and websites
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The characteristics and the advantages of each of the following connectivity methods: 4G/5G, Bluetooth technology, mobile Wi-Fi hotspots, Wi-Fi and wired
Revision checklist
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
The different elements of audience demographics: accessibility, age, gender and location
Topic Area 6:
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What the IoE is
The Internet of Everything (IoE)
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How the World Wide Web and the internet are used by the IoE
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What each of the four pillars of the IoE are and how they interact
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The advantages and disadvantages of the IoE
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What we mean by the term ‘digital interactivity’: device to device and human to device
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How a digital device can be tailored to meet the needs of its user
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How the IoE can be applied to energy management, health, manufacturing, military/emergency services, smart devices (business/home/personal) and transport
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The advantages and disadvantages of using the IoE in each of the different areas
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The overall suitability of using the IoE in each of the different areas and also the related security issues.
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Revision checklist
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Types of design tools 1
see p. 71
What you need to know •
The components of a flow chart
•
When it is best to use a flow chart.
A flow chart is a design tool that shows a clear path of how you are going to achieve the intended product. It can be created in word processing software, drawing packages or specialist flow chart software.
Flow chart This is often used to show processes, workflows and decisions. Different shapes are used to identify various points in the process. This is the Process shape and shows when something is taking place in the flow chart.
Start
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This is the Terminator shape and is at the beginning and end of every flow chart.
Step 1
Step 1
Decision
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This is the Decision shape where the user has to make a choice; there can only be two choices: Yes or No.
Answer
End
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A flow chart can have more than one End depending on how many decisions it has.
Advantages
Disadvantages
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•
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It is good at showing a clear route of how you are going to create your product. It helps with organisation as it is logical.
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All flow charts use arrows as this shows the direction you need to take.
This is the Input/Output shape and shows when something is being added or extracted from the project.
Too many options make it complicated and difficult to understand.
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a set of revision flash cards for each design tool as you revise, starting with flow charts. Include:
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Each shape on a flow chart has a specific role.
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Most common computer software can be used to create a range of design tools.
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Each tool has something it cannot be used for, e.g. a flow chart can’t be used to present an idea.
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the purpose of the design tool
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an example of the design tool
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a description of the design tool
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the advantages & disadvantages of the design tool.
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Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Types of design tools 2
see p. 72
What you need to know •
The types of mind map available
•
When it is best to use a mind map.
A mind map is a way of visually organising information that also shows the different relationships between the elements. Simple ones can be hand drawn; more detailed ones can be created with presentation software. There are three main types of mind map.
Mind map There are different ways to structure and use mind maps.
Android
FT
Presentation Used to present a specific idea or theme.
Library Used to organise different ideas or information.
Mobile device
Apple
Links to social media
Android
Top story
Contact us
Device
Main menu
Homepage page Home
Accessibility
Scrolling adverts
Apple
Amazon
Audience
Other news links
A
Privacy policy
Mobile app Ideas
Tablet
Age limits
Colour scheme
Gender
My restaurant
Staffing
Customers
R
Tunnel Useful when planning elements of a project.
Type of menu Table size
Relationships
Main menu
Reports
Customer details
D
Advantages • • •
It is concise and therefore effective at condensing down information. The layout helps you to focus on the central concept and the relationship between the ideas. It can be simple to add to.
Name Other links Logo Name Contact Date of booking
Disadvantages • •
It is limited on how much text you can include. If used for a big project it can be badly structured and hard to understand. It takes time to create.
•
Practise it!
Remember it!
Amir is interested in creating his own blog focusing on his interest in music. Select a suitable mind map and consider some ideas for Amir’s blog. (8 marks)
•
Each design tool has a specific purpose.
•
Most common computer software can be used to create a range of design tools.
•
Choose the best design tool for the task.
Revision Guide
21
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Types of design tools 3 What you need to know •
The components of a wireframe
•
When it is best to use a wireframe.
A wireframe is best used when planning a project with no timeline. Microsoft Office, image editing and specialist software can be used to create it. Annotation is important as it explains some of the thinking behind the designs.
Wireframe This is a simple plan of a wireframe for a news page on a website. It focuses on the structure of the finished product, such as layout of pages or where the links go to on a website.
Other main stories
Image related to headline
Scrolling images related to other stories
A
Social media feed
FT
Headline
Top story
R
Annotations are only needed for basic style information and navigation. For example, they might cover fonts, colour coding and how to move between pages. Advantages
Disadvantages
• •
•
D
It is clear to see what will be created. It can help you see where there might be an issue in the later creation stages. It is easy to edit, which is useful following design feedback.
•
It doesn’t focus on any technical details, so the plan might not work in practice. It is not suitable for use with a project that involves a timeline. Too much time can be spent on the small details and therefore it can become too heavily designed.
• •
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a revision mnemonic to help you remember the different design tools and their features.
•
Each design tool has a specific purpose.
•
You need to think about the size of a product, not just what the product is when selecting a design tool.
22
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Types of design tools 4 What you need to know •
The components of a visualisation diagram
•
When it is best to use a visualisation diagram.
A visualisation diagram helps plan the visual layout. To create one you can use Microsoft Office software or image editing software. It focuses on the layout of the product, such as where text and images might be placed. It is annotated to explain any additional details such as colour, font type or font size as well as some of the key design decisions such as the placement of the logo.
Visualisation diagram
Title
Small icon representing logo of the game.
Logo
A
This is the title of the app, using the same font and style as the previous screens. The title for this screen is League Table. It also flashes with a red glow.
FT
This mock-up focuses on the layout of the product, such as where text and images might be placed. Annotations explain details such as colour, font type or font size as well some design decisions.
League Table of scores
Stats
Home
R
Each button is dark purple in Arial font with a pale purple background. The font colour is white.
Contact
This is the scoreboard. You automatically appear within the top 10 players who have a similar score. For example, if your score was 1459, it might show you 4 players who have a slightly higher score and 5 that are below you. These buttons take you to different screens within the game.
Advantages
Disadvantages
•
•
D
It is simple to understand, especially with annotation. It is easy to edit, which is good for acting upon feedback. You can comment on common patterns/trends to avoid repetition.
• •
It cannot be used if the product involves a timeline. It is open to interpretation, meaning each viewer could interpret it differently. It is not always suitable for large projects.
• •
Practise it!
Remember it!
A café wants to increase its online presence with a website, for visitors to view the menu and make a booking.
•
1 2
Which design tool would be best for planning the website? Justify your choice of planning tool.
Revision Guide
Flow charts, mind maps, wireframes and visualisation diagrams are design tools. Choose the most appropriate one for the task and explain your choice.
(1 mark) (2 marks)
23
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Purpose of an HCI 1
see p. 73
What you need to know •
The purpose of a Human Computer Interface (HCI)
•
How an HCI is used in banking, embedded systems and entertainment.
An HCI focuses on how a person uses or interacts with a computer. This is so that information can be exchanged or instructions provided. Different ways to interact are provided by the operating system. Banking
Embedded systems
Description
The user has access to a menu to pay for an item or access their account. For example, a cash machine uses menus to display the choices you have for your account, such as withdraw money or check your balance.
Advantages
Using an HCI is more secure and there is less chance of mistakes being made.
Entertainment
FT
Application area
A
The HCI is part of a bigger system. It is there to allow the user to control the system it is built into. For example, you can control the central heating in your home through an HCI to set the temperature or the time that it comes on.
R
The HCI is cheap to build and it doesn’t require a lot of processing power. Some can run on batteries.
D
You are not always able to Disadvantages The bank must think about user accessibility for people update the software or fix the who have sight or hearing HCI if there is a problem. difficulties and the cost of maintenance and software updates, since the devices are constantly in use.
You can watch TV or play content on a console by selecting your choice from a menu. This might be an image rather than text. For example, streaming TV menus are updated with suggestions based on what you have watched and also allow you to set up your own choices. The HCI can be customised for the user. It enables wider choice and quick, portable access to content. There is a cost to access the content and it is dependent on a reliable internet connection.
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a revision sheet that focuses on the different ways an HCI can be used by listing the following for each application area:
•
The majority of HCIs are menu-driven in some way as this helps the users to access the software.
•
What is the purpose of the HCI in that area?
•
•
Include two or three other examples of an HCI.
The purpose of an HCI is to allow the user to interact with the computer system.
•
The HCI is reliant on the operating system.
•
Explain in your own words the advantages and disadvantages of using an HCI in each area.
24
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Purpose of an HCI 2
see p. 74
What you need to know •
The purpose of an HCI
•
How an HCI is used in fitness, home appliances and retail.
The HCI controls how people navigate and use systems to find information, make choices and select items. Fitness
Home appliances
Description
An HCI combines the use of sensors and touchscreens which can then track progress. For example, a smart watch can provide health information such as heart rate.
A
To use a range of appliances, we rely on an HCI to be able to control that device. For example, the HCI on a washing machine allows you to select what program to use and warns you if there is a problem.
R Devices can be versatile and can be used in a variety of situations. A touchscreen is easier to use than trying to press a button especially when exercising.
D
Advantages
Disadvantages There is usually a cost, especially if it’s part of a subscription service.
It allows notifications when stock needs reordering or it can automatically reorder the necessary stock. It also prevents staff from making errors when entering information.
Software cannot be easily updated and appliances need replacing regularly.
An HCI in retail can be expensive. It also takes time to set up and/or update. Mistakes can be made when setting up the software.
Remember it!
1
•
Describe two advantages of using an HCI when monitoring your fitness.
An HCI can be used by both the customer and the business. For example, in major supermarkets stock is scanned and added into the system as it enters the store and removed from stock when a purchase is made. The manager is notified when stock levels for a specific product are low and reports can be generated about weekly/monthly sales of a specific product.
An HCI makes it safer to control the appliance as well as making it easy to use and to resolve any problems.
Practise it!
2
Retail
FT
Application area
Cost and ease of use must be considered when designing any HCI.
(4 marks)
Describe the disadvantages using an HCI might have in banking. (3 marks)
Revision Guide
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Hardware considerations
see p. 75
What you need to know •
The different display types and sizes that an HCI can be used on
•
The different resources that an HCI relies on.
When thinking about an HCI, you need to consider what display size it is going to have. You also need to think about how much memory and processing power it needs.
Displaying an HCI Size is important – a computer screen might be 24” (61 cm) whereas the HCI of a card payment machine might be 2.4” (6 cm). The smaller the display, the more limited the choices or functions are for the user as you can only display a certain amount of text. The user might need more time to select their option on a small screen.
•
An HCI display is either LED or LCD, whichever is the most durable for the device it is going to be used with.
Advantages • •
FT
•
Disadvantages
•
HCI hardware can be expensive as the technology develops and updates.
A
Long-lasting and reliable. Light and thin as often portable.
Resources for an HCI Memory
The more memory an HCI has, the more tasks it can remember to do.
•
For example, a smart TV might have 8GB of memory, whereas a microwave might have 150MB.
R
•
Processing power •
D
The more processing power an HCI has, the more complex tasks it can do.
•
For example, a games console can download and install updates for a game whilst you are playing something else.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
•
The smaller the HCI, the more limitations it has.
•
More memory = more tasks.
•
More processing power = more complex tasks.
2
26
Explain the impact size has on an HCI.
(3 marks)
Explain the impact memory has on an HCI. (3 marks)
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Software considerations
see p. 76
What you need to know •
How the choice of operating system will affect the HCI
•
What the different digital platforms that an HCI can be used with are.
An operating system manages the hardware and software used. It deals with user instructions, helps with security and runs the programs and applications. The digital platform is the system that runs the software.
Icon based – user selects from menus/icons
Cannot be changed by user other than simple settings, e.g. display
Windows, Apple macOS, Apple iOS
Operating system
FT
Can run on embedded system
Linux
Open source – anyone can edit and change OS based on their needs
A
Android Ubuntu, Unix
R
Limited by data format
Chrome
Database – a collection of tables to store data
Limited by data entry and data display so limited user interactivity
Digital platforms
Spreadsheet – a collection of worksheets to store data
Limited display size
D
Mobile app
Creative design/high user interactivity
Website
Unlimited display size
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
Define the term ’operating system’. (2 marks)
•
The role of the operating system is to work between the user and the software.
2
Define the term ‘open source’. (2 marks)
•
3
Explain the role of a digital platform when used with an HCI. (3 marks)
The choice of digital platform has an impact on how much interactivity the user has with the HCI.
Revision Guide
27
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User interaction methods
see p. 77
What you need to know •
The different ways that a user can interact with an HCI
•
The advantages and disadvantages of each method of interaction.
An effective HCI can include multiple methods of interaction that users can learn to use without thinking. It should be designed to be accessible by everyone.
Interaction methods Description
Advantages
Disadvantages
Gesture
Uses a body motion such as waving at a sensor to open a door.
Feels natural.
The user might not be able to perform the gesture and it is not suitable for all audiences.
Keyboard
Manually input information through a keyboard (onscreen or attached).
User confidence, more freedom and the use of shortcuts.
It takes time and not all users can freely use a keyboard.
Mouse
A handheld device for moving a cursor on-screen.
Accuracy and a high rate of task completion.
It is reliant on a specific device.
Touch
Selecting on-screen items by touching a specific area.
Ease of use and speed of selection.
Cost, sensitivity of screen, accuracy and the size of the screen.
Spoken commands rather than manual entry.
Quicker than typing and hands-free.
Dialects might not be understood and background noise might cause interference.
A
R
D
Voice
FT
Interaction method
Practise it!
Remember it!
A toy store is thinking of installing a customer point that allows the customer to check whether a product is in stock and the location of the product.
•
The five methods of interaction are: gesture, keyboard, mouse, touch, voice.
•
The purpose of any interaction method is to enter data or instructions.
1
Which interaction method should be used at the customer point? (1 mark)
•
Designing with accessibility for everyone in mind is good practice.
2
Justify your answer to question 1. (2 marks)
28
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Information and data
see p. 78
What you need to know •
The difference between data and information
•
What the relationship is between data and information.
Data is just facts and figures that have no meaning or links. When data is processed into information, it is given a meaning.
Data Data is facts or figures that have no meaning or link.
Information Information is where data is given some meaning, so that you understand what it is about.
R
A
FT
For example, this is a list of airport codes in destinations where a travel agent has special offers. The codes are all 3 letters long. LGW is London Gatwick.
Relationship formula
To remember the relationship between data and information use this formula:
D
Information = data + [structure] + [context]
The information might need to be in a specific format, like a postcode, which is why structure is sometimes needed.
Practise it!
1
Define the term ‘information’.
2
Explain why some information has a structure, using a suitable example.
3
Remember it! (2 marks)
•
Data is a list of items that have no meaning or structure.
•
Information is where data has been given some meaning.
•
Information = data + [structure] + [context].
(3 marks)
Discuss the impact of selling information about your customers. (9 marks)
Tip: This has a link to TA4 and the different legislation.
Revision Guide
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Use of data types in different contexts
see p. 79
What you need to know •
The different data types and how they can be used
•
Which data type is suitable to use in a given context.
When data is stored, it uses a chosen data type. When applying a data type to a set of data, it is important to think about what the data is and how you are going to use it. Common data types Brief description
Example
Alphanumeric
Combination of letters and numbers.
Password1
Boolean
Only has two responses.
Yes
Date/Time
Stores a range of date and time formats.
24/12/2024
Text
Stores any possible character.
Password1P*£
Numeric
Stores a number in a variety of ways.
£20,000
FT
Name
A
Real, e.g. π
Integer, e.g. –9786
Percentages, e.g. 67%
R
Numeric Data Types
D
Decimal, e.g. 8.9856
Currency, e.g. £5.99
Practise it!
Remember it!
Jefferson is creating an ordering system for his furniture workshop. Complete the table to show which data types Jefferson should use and justify your choice.
•
Numbers can be formatted as different numeric data types.
•
Alphanumeric only contains text and numbers.
•
The Date data type also includes time.
Field
Data type
Justification
Item name Price Collection date
30
(6 marks)
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Validation and verification
see p. 80
What you need to know •
What the purpose of validation and verification is
•
What tools verification uses.
Entering data into a system is useful. Validation and verification check that the data being entered is sensible and matches the original data entered.
Validation This checks that the data entered is sensible, for example, a date is entered that is in the future rather than in the past.
FT
It also checks that it is reasonable, for example, an amount entered is £100 rather than £100 000. If the data entered does not meet either of these checks then an error message appears. It does not check that the data is correct.
Verification
A
For example, if you are trying to reserve a table in a restaurant, you are only allowed to book a table in the future rather than in the past.
D
R
This checks that the data that is entered matches the original data. It does not check that the data is correct, for example, that a road name is spelt correctly in an address. It is often completed through double entry or by manually checking what has been entered. For example, when filling in an online form you might be asked to enter your email address twice. Double entry is a more common form of verification than manual checking as a computer is less likely to make mistakes comparing entries than a user.
Practise it! 1
Explain the term ‘validation’.
2
State one validation tool.
3
Explain how double entry is used as a verification tool.
Revision Guide
Remember it! (2 marks)
•
Verification and validation tools don’t check that the data is correct.
•
Verification tools are double entry or manual checking.
(1 mark) (2 marks)
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Data validation tools
see pp. 81–82
What you need to know •
Validation tools
•
How each tool can reduce errors.
There are checks that can be made to validate data. Some of these have a specific role. Each validation tool helps reduce errors when entering data but it does not check the data is correct. Different validation tools What is it checking?
Example
Data type check
Is the data entered using the correct data type?
A Boolean data type will not accept ‘X’.
Format check
Is the data entered in the expected format?
If it is a date, does it look like dd/mm/yy?
Input mask
Is the data being entered in the expected way?
Most postcodes look like LLNN NLL. Input masks help input the data into the correct format.
Length check
Is the data the expected minimum length?
A mobile number is 11 digits long. A length check can have a set length or a minimum or maximum amount.
Limited choice
Is the data you want to enter on the list provided?
There might be a choice of drinks you can choose from.
Lookup
Is the data an accepted value?
When inputting your postcode.
Presence check
Has the data been entered?
Have you entered a date?
Range check
Is the data within a specific range?
Is the date between 11/12/2022 and 11/12/2023?
D
R
A
FT
Tool
Practise it!
Remember it!
Which validation tool would you use for:
•
There are three types of limited choice tools: drop down lists, radio buttons and tick lists.
•
Presence check is as it suggests – is the data there?
(a) Entering a password that has to be 11 characters long?
(1 mark)
(b) Entering a hotel price in $?
(1 mark)
(c) Entering a car number plate?
(1 mark)
(d) Picking a number between 1 and 10?
(1 mark)
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Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Primary data collection methods
see p. 83
What you need to know •
Each method of collecting data
•
The advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Choose from the many ways in which you can collect data and information based on what is to be collected, where it is from and how you will process and store it. Primary methods are where you collect it yourself. Method
Description
Advantages
Sending an interactive form or link to a survey. There could also be questions within the email itself.
•
No limit on the number • of people. Results collated automatically – low risk of human error. • Qualitative feedback. •
•
• •
A dialogue between two • people, asking open questions in person.
Questions answered more honestly between interviewer and interviewee. Questions can be adapted and answers clarified.
• •
No limit on the number of people. Simple to analyse. Often cheap to conduct.
• •
A
Interview
Might be sent to wrong address or put in the junk folder. Not everyone has an email address. Emails might not be checked frequently. Reliant on an internet connection. Harder to analyse.
FT
•
Disadvantages
•
•
Depends on internet access. Inaccurate results if an unintended audience respond. Results depend on welldesigned questions.
D
R
Online Specific set of open and/ • questionnaire or closed questions. and survey • •
•
Costs time and money. Inconvenient for a large number of people. Poor interview leads to poor questions.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
•
Primary data collection is where you collect the data yourself.
•
Larger responses are received if you use email or an online survey.
Define the term ‘primary data collection’.
(2 marks)
2
Describe one advantage of conducting primary research using email. (2 marks)
3
Explain one disadvantage of conducting primary research using an interview.
Revision Guide
(2 marks)
33
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Secondary data collection methods
see p. 84
What you need to know •
Each method of collecting data
•
The advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Data and information that has been already collected is known as secondary data. Method
Description
Advantages
Disadvantages
Book
Written by a specialist on a specific topic.
• •
Author knows the topic. References to the data being collected.
• •
Might be out of date. Author bias.
Government statistics
Data collected and analysed by the Government.
• •
Large sample size. Unbiased.
•
Not focused on a specific area. Age of data.
Published on a specific topic.
FT
Magazine
• •
Published online about a • specific topic. •
Author usually knowledgeable. Data and information up to date.
•
Data and information could be presented in a biased manner.
Data updated quickly and frequently. Simple and quick to search.
•
Not clear how and by whom the data was collected. Specialism of the author.
•
A
Website
•
D
R
It is important to remember that whenever you are using secondary research you need to consider the source of the information, as bias is going to be an influence. That and the location of the secondary data as this may be a global source rather than in the country you are in.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
•
The sample size is often not clear or suitable.
•
The age of the data should be considered.
Define the term ‘secondary data collection’.
(2 marks)
2
Describe one advantage of conducting secondary research using government statistics. (2 marks)
3
Explain one disadvantage of conducting secondary research using a website. (2 marks)
34
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Logical methods of storing collected data
see p. 85
What you need to know •
Description of the cloud and how it is used to store data
•
The advantages and disadvantages of using the cloud.
What is the cloud?
No limit on how much you can store.
FT
This is a general term for storage that can be remotely accessed through the internet. Location of the data is not important but rather that the data is stored on a server that is connected to the internet.
Accessed from any device with an internet connection.
Advantages
Data easily shared with other users at the same time.
A
Security is dealt with by the cloud company.
R
Reliant on an internet connection.
Disadvantages
D
Cost of increasing storage limit.
If you have access to your data from any location, then potentially so does a hacker.
Owners of the servers have access to your data.
Reliant on someone else’s security.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
•
Data is either stored logically or physically.
•
The cloud relies on an internet connection.
2
Explain why relying on the internet is a disadvantage of cloud storage. (3 marks) A law firm uses cloud storage for their client information. Give two benefits this has for the law firm. (4 marks)
Revision Guide
35
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Physical storage methods
see p. 85
What you need to know •
There are internal and external storage devices
•
The advantages and disadvantages of both locations.
Physical storage of data can occur either inside a device (internal storage) or outside of a device (external storage). Location
Description
Advantages
Disadvantages
Internal storage
Method of storing data built into a device.
•
• • •
Easily damaged when moved. Needs to be kept cool. Noisy.
FT
Method of storing data that is separate to a device.
• •
All options are portable. All options can be used as a back-up.
• •
Needs additional security. Most reliant on a power source.
R
A
External storage
•
User has main control over access. Easy to back up.
When considering using internal or external storage, there is a range of considerations to think about.
D
The main constraint will be the type of device you are using and how you use the device.
Practise it!
Remember it!
A new shop is opening in town. The owners need to plan how they will store their customers’ data.
•
Security needs to be considered for both internal and external storage.
•
The environment the storage is kept in should also be considered.
The owners plan to operate a loyalty scheme and so need to plan how they will store their customers’ data. Discuss the options and make a recommendation.
36
(9 marks)
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Internal storage devices
see p. 86
What you need to know •
The different ways data can be stored internally
•
The advantages and disadvantages of internal storage devices.
These are devices which are generally kept in the same location and are the initial storage device a user will access. Description
Primary hard drive
Storage that is built • into a device; only • the user of the device • can access the data in order to create, edit or delete files. •
Network drive
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large storage amount. Low cost. Not reliant on any external connections for access. Access to the data is limited to the users.
•
Accessible from multiple devices within the same location. Other users can access the same data. Remote access is possible. The company knows exactly where the data and information are stored.
•
• •
User responsible for security and back-ups. Limited accessibility via the device. Storage space not easily extended. If the device breaks, the data could be irreplaceable.
FT
Type of drive
Storage accessed via a series of servers within the same location as the device.
•
•
A
•
R
•
•
• • • •
Users have limited access. User responsible for security. Both setting up and security can be costly. Need to have specialist knowledge. If security is weak then hackers can still access the data and information.
D
It is a simple assumption that internal storage is within a device. However, with the use of network drives, internal storage now shifts to within the same location as the device.
Practise it!
Remember it!
Tim runs a small law office. He has a partner and a secretary.
•
Users are limited to the location of the device.
Which method of internal storage would suit Tim’s office? Justify your choice. (4 marks)
•
A network is a series of devices linked together, usually through a server.
Revision Guide
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
External storage devices
see p. 87–88
What you need to know •
The different ways data can be stored externally
•
The advantages and disadvantages of external storage devices.
These devices are much more portable and therefore can change location with ease. Some of these external storage devices are newer and are starting to become more commonplace. Type of drive
Description
Advantages
Portable external hard disk drive (HDD)
• Storage similar to a primary hard drive. It has its own casing and is • connected via USB.
Portable solid-state Storage similar to a drive (SSD) portable hard drive. It has no moving parts.
• • •
Faster accessibility. Lighter and therefore more convenient. Robust and not as noisy.
• •
Expensive. Hard to restore data if it’s deleted or the device is damaged. Not automatically secure.
Storage device connected to a network, usually in a central location for stored data.
• •
Remote access. Set user permissions for security. Easy to set up and install.
•
Small device that connects via USB port.
•
•
Can be used with many devices. User has control of security and back-up. Provides remote access when used with internet.
• •
Useful as a back-up. Battery powered.
• •
R
Portable USB flash drive
Easy to damage with a low chance of recovering data. Vulnerable to damage from natural sources such as heat, sunlight. Not automatically secure.
A
Networkattached storage (NAS) device
Increases storage of • connected device. Useful as a back-up device. • Can improve performance of the main device. •
FT
•
Disadvantages
• •
Connects via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to most mobile devices.
D
Portable wireless drive
• •
•
• •
•
Too many users can make it slow. Specialist needed if there is a problem. Stored in same location so off-site back-up needed. Limited storage space. Small in size so easy to lose. Needs additional security adding. Limited security. Small, so easy to lose.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
Explain two advantages of using an HDD to store data. (4 marks)
•
HDD and SDD devices operate in a similar way but HDD is a cheaper option.
2
Give one reason why the owner of a smartphone might use a portable wireless drive instead of a USB flash drive to back up photos. (1 mark)
•
Each device is limited by its storage size.
•
No additional security is in place on any of the devices. This is something the user has to add such as a password.
38
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Purpose of testing and test data
see p. 89–90
What you need to know •
The reasons for testing, and the advantages and disadvantages of testing
•
The types of data that can be used in a test, and why.
Products and solutions are tested to ensure that they meet the needs of the client or brief, and are fit for purpose, secure and safe. Testing is not just seeing if something works or not and should be considered during design. Purpose of testing • •
To check that it works. To check that the finished product meets the needs of the client/brief.
• • •
Saves time and money, especially if you test as you make it. Confidence in the finished product. Product will work as expected. Allows you to find and solve problems as the product is created.
Types of test data
Takes time to test. It can be costly to test a product. Length of project needs to include testing time. Testing needs to be planned. Not all problems might be found in testing.
Description
Example
Invalid/Erroneous data
Data that is incorrect and the product should reject automatically.
If you are asked to input a date in the future but you add one from last week.
Extreme data
Data that is close to being correct but isn’t and should still be rejected.
If you are asked to input a date in the future but you add today’s date.
Data that is correct and should be accepted by the product.
If you are asked to input a date in the future and you add one for next month.
R
Type
• • • • •
A
•
Disadvantages
FT
Advantages
D
Valid data
Practise it!
Remember it!
Amy has created a website for her new baking business. She doesn’t think she needs to test it as she used a pre-made template to create it.
•
Testing is good practice for any product.
•
Testing should always be planned into the life span of any project.
Give two reasons why Amy should still test her website. (2 marks)
•
When testing it is important that all three types of data are used as this will accurately test the product.
Revision Guide
39
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Technical testing
see p. 91
What you need to know •
What technical testing is
•
What happens in technical testing.
There are two ways a product can be tested: technically and by the user. Technical testing is where the product is tested to make sure there are no errors and it meets the specifications of the client brief.
Need for technical testing To check that the product works overall.
•
To check that the product meets the specifications from the client.
•
To test that each command works as expected.
Examples of technical testing include:
FT
•
Checking links and navigational elements on websites.
•
Checking that apps behave appropriately on different device formats.
•
Checking that macros in spreadsheets produce expected results.
Advantages • • •
A
•
• •
Takes time to test. Problems can delay the project.
D
R
Spots any errors early in development. Helps measure progress. Identifies any risks so a solution can be found.
Disadvantages
Practise it!
Remember it!
Babu has created a website for his new accounting business.
•
(a) Give three examples of tests Babu could use to test his homepage. (3 marks)
Technical testing only focuses on the technical elements of the project. In other words, does an element work?
(b) Explain one reason why Babu needs to have both technical and user testing for his website. (2 marks)
40
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
User testing
see p. 92
What you need to know •
What user testing is
•
What happens in user testing.
User testing is when the product is tested from the point of view of the final user. It is always important that the user tests a product.
Need for user testing To check the product from the viewpoint of the intended user.
•
To check that the product is user friendly.
•
To test that the user can complete necessary tasks.
Examples of user testing include:
FT
•
Asking users to find information within pages or sections of a website.
•
Ensuring users can navigate to specific information within a given number of clicks or swipes.
•
Asking users to rate the readability of text on small screen sizes.
Advantages
User feedback helps develop a product. No specific workspace is needed. Can check how long it takes to complete specific tasks. Can see how happy users are with the product.
•
It takes time to test with a range of users and they will need to be paid. Focus is on the quality of the product rather than the technical errors.
•
D
•
Disadvantages
R
• • •
A
•
Practise it!
Remember it!
Mia has created an app for her new enterprise. Before she launches the app, her friend has suggested that she spend some time getting it user tested.
•
More than one user is needed for user testing – you need a range of audiences.
•
User feedback has additional costs – paying for the time of the tester.
Discuss the benefits user testing would have for Mia.
Revision Guide
(4 marks)
41
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
What is cyber-security?
see p. 93
What you need to know •
Why we need cyber-security
•
What a Denial of Service Attack (DoS) is.
Cyber-security is important because we are sharing more information through our digital devices. Having secure data is important for individuals, organisations and governments.
Policies
+ =
+
Cyber attacks take place for a range of reasons:
Technology
DoS attacks
The system is flooded with more requests than it can handle
R
Attackers target a network or website
• • • • •
A
Most cyber-security attacks can be prevented by having up-to-date anti-virus software on your device
Security from internal and external threats
=
Procedures
FT
Cyber-security
Fun/amusement To steal data/information Financial gain To cause disruption To spy
The system cannot handle that many requests and therefore goes offline
D
This is best prevented using a firewall, as this can control the amount of network traffic that has access to the network/website at any given time.
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a revision mind map that covers:
•
Anti-virus software needs to be kept up to date in order to identify the latest viruses.
•
A firewall helps control the traffic going in/out of a network and therefore reduces the risk of a DoS attack.
•
What cyber-security is.
•
Why we need cyber-security including reference to a recent cyber attack on a well-known business.
•
How a DoS attack works.
42
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Hacking
see p. 94
What you need to know •
Why people hack
•
What the different types of hacking are.
Hacking is the unauthorised access to a computer system. It is a form of attack where an individual looks for weaknesses in a computer system and tries to exploit them.
White hat hacking
FT
The hacker has permission to attack the system.
Grey hat hacking
R
A
The hacker attacks the system for fun. They may wish to prove a point – that they have the skills.
Black hat hacking
D
The hacker attacks the system for illegal reasons such as industrial espionage or financial gain.
Practise it!
Remember it!
1
Define the term ‘hacking’.
(2 marks)
•
2
Give one reason for a cyber attack taking place.
White hat hacking is legal as you have the owner’s permission.
(1 mark)
•
Explain one reason why hacking might take place. (2 marks)
Grey hat and black hat hackers are operating illegally.
•
The best defence against hacking is good security including strong passwords.
3
Revision Guide
43
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
What is malware?
see p. 95
What you need to know •
What the purpose of malware is
•
The range of malware available.
Malware is a type of software that has been created to cause a security risk on a device or computer network. There are a wide variety of types that can be used, each with its own purpose. Software that shows an advert to the user.
Adware
A group of internetconnected devices which are running a bot.
Botnet
A unique piece of malware that encrypts all the files on a device. The attacker demands money for the password.
•
Software that monitors and collects information about what you are doing on the devices.
A
•
•
FT
•
Software that seems valid, but is malicious and allows another computer to take control of your device.
D
•
R
Ransomware
Trojan Horse
•
Spyware
A program which makes copies of itself by attaching itself to another program.
Virus
•
Destroying data and information.
Worm
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a series of revision flash cards about the different types of malware and explain how each one works.
•
Each type of malware is a computer program.
•
Malware programs are designed to cause specific problems.
44
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Types of malware 1
see p. 96
What you need to know •
The purpose of each threat
•
How each threat is installed.
Not all malware is malicious – some is just designed to be annoying. Malware is mostly prevented using anti-virus software and firewalls.
Forces users to see adverts on their device
FT
Adware
Each advert shown gives the creator a fee
Built into software or part| of a webpage
A
Botnet
A bot does repetitive tasks faster than a human
Part of download the user has unwittingly installed
R
Piece of software that forces a device to be part of a larger network
D
Ransomware
Piece of software that adds encryption to all your data and requires a password to unlock it or the data is deleted
The creator asks for money in return for providing the password so you can decrypt the data safely
Often a link or attachment on an email which, when clicked on, activates the malware
Revise it!
Remember it!
Create a table about malware using the following headings:
•
Not all malware is malicious.
•
Anti-virus software and firewalls are tools to prevent malware.
•
Type of malware.
•
How each type of malware works.
•
How to prevent each type of malware.
Revision Guide
45
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Types of malware 2
see p. 97
What you need to know •
The purpose of each threat
•
How each threat is installed.
Malware is often installed on a device when a user does not check that the programs they are installing are genuine or secure. Piece of software designed to monitor what you are doing on a device
Spyware will know all the passwords and usernames, plus other personal details
Trojan Horse
Part of a download the user has unwittingly installed
A
Part of a download the user has unwittingly installed
R
Piece of software that makes copies of itself, infecting the device
Virus
Can destroy data and spread to other devices on the same network
Worm
D Practise it!
2
46
Give one reason why someone might create malware.
Works in a similar way to a virus
Depending or how it has been programmed, it can destroy data or change data
Part of a download the user has unwittingly installed from an email attachment
Part of a download the user has unwittingly installed from an email attachment
1
Often the malicious software takes control of the user’s device
FT
Spyware
Piece of software that looks safe but in reality is malicious
Remember it! • (1 mark)
Petra’s computer has been infected with malware. It is asking for £3000 be transferred so that Petra can have access to all her files. Name the type of malware Petra’s computer has been infected with. (1 mark)
Nearly all malware is installed by the user of the device through downloading email attachments, clicking on suspicious links, or installing what looks like legal software.
Revision Guide
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2022. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
