Urban Renewal Manchester, 1967 by Martin Dodge

Urban Renewal Manchester

Urban Renewal Manchester 1967 This report has been digitised by Martin Dodge from the Department of Geography, University of Manchester. The digitisation was supported by the Manchester Statistical Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Campion Fund.

Permission to digitise and release the report under Creative Commons license was kindly granted by Manchester Libraries, Information and Archives, Manchester City Council. (Email: archiveslocalstudies@manchester.gov.uk) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 4 August 2014.

Contents

Foreword City Region

2 3

Scale of Problem

4/ 5

Land Use Strategy

6/7

Renewal Precepts

8/9 10/11 12/13

Renewal Components Renewal Substructure Renewal Superstructure Spur Form Barrier Form Route and Cluster Form Ramp Form Shopping Centre Form Realisation of Superstructure Renewal Implementation Gibson Street, Longsight Wellington Street, Beswick Turkey Lane, Harpurhey Credits

14 15 16/17 18/19 20 21 22 23 24/27 28/31 32/ 35 36

Foreword

The primary urban design task is to establish a vocabu lary of precepts capable of effecting meaningful enviro nment in the renewal of extremely large entities of the city. The precepts and resultant architectural techn iqu es which are here described have been evolved by the Housing Development Group of the Housing Department with the Manchester Slum Clearance and Rehousing programme in mind but within the planning framework for the City for which the City Planning officer is responsible. However, the problems involved are not considered to differ from those of urban renewal elsewhere, and the solutions advanced may be applicable, in a similar context, throughout the country. In addition it is also hoped that the methods outlined will have further appli cation in respect of urban plan ning and design generally. The objective has been to evolve a renewal strategy which will be primarily flexible and not tie down successive architects or planners implementing subsequent stages of redevelopment. The scale of activity in physical extent as well as in quantity is very considerable-at the beginning of 1967 there were 40,000 unfit dwellings still to be cleared and the re development schemes will cover hundreds of acres. More specifically the opportunity of realising new design techni qu es has been generated by the gro up ing of individual clearance areas into larger entities-strategically defined by the City Planni ng Officer as areas of com prehensive redevelopment . The importance of this g roupi ng from the point of view both of advance planning and realisation as a construction process, cannot be too much stressed . The most immedi ately striking chara cteristic of the overall problem which has governed the design approach from the beginning is the scale of operation. Even omitting the parts of areas ~f c?mprehens ive redevelopment, hot .m:i~ediately to be re plac ed, t e 1r1 1t 1al clearance sites contiguous within any one Area cover about 2/300 acres. This is'

ill ustrated in the sections here on the city region, scale of problem and land use strategy. Within this context the operational procedures may now be summarised. First, to define some objective values called renewal precepts and to analyse the set of parts called renewal components. The precepts and components in combination form the renewal substructure. Secondly, to formulate a vocabulary of dwelling types of both low and high rise and their grouping on the basis of the locational context, and particularly the function they have to fulfil within the total environment. The housing forms of all types and the renewal substructure in turn combine to form the renewal superstructure. Thirdly, to realise that the production of an effective superstructure will demand the application of a complementary technology. Finally, renewal implementation is illustrated by the inclusion of details of three schemes which are representative of medium/high rise development, and the net densities stated must be regarded in the context of the comprehensive plan for the whole of the areas concerned. Housing redevelopment in central areas of Manchester is being carried out in the context of an overall average density policy of about 100 habitabl e rooms per acre, a figure selected with the object of combining good family living conditions and economy in housing. Within t he overall figure there is room for considerable flexibility, and the use of medium/high rise build ings, such as those illustrated, in strategic locations, permits of the use of a greater proportion of low rise housing in other parts of the areas concerned.

OPENSHAW

This map is intended to illustrate in broad outline only, the general background against which the proposals for the redevelopment of residential areas have been evolved. It is not intended as a land use map and should not, therefore, be used for detailed reference to particular sites.

Rene w al Prec e pts

MA PRECEPT S FOR RENEWA L CITY LIVING IS DESIRABLE • CITY PEOPLE PREFER TO LIVE IN C!TJES • CITY COMPOSED OF ONE ECONOMIC GROUP IS UNDESIRABLE • CITY ENVIRONMENT IS UNLIKE RURAL AND SUBURBAN @

ENVIRONMENTS • CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS CONCENTRATION • CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS EXTENSIVE GROUND COVER • MULTI-LEVEL LIVING IS NOW NECESSARY IN THE CITY ~ UPPER-LEVEL LIVING SHOULD BE AS ATTRACTIVE AS GROUND LEVEL LIVING • CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS DIVERSE ACTIVITIES o RIGID ZONING OF THE CITY IS UNDESIRABLE

• RESfDENTIAL AREAS NEEO INSULATING FROM MOTORWAYS AND RAILWAYS RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEED TO BE COMPREHENSIBLE • RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEED USEABLE PARKS NOT UNUSEABLE GRASS • CONTINUITY OF OPEN SPACE MUST BE OBTAl~EO • RESIDENTIAL TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION SHOULD BE RATIONAL -

ISED AND GRADED • TRAFFIC AND DELIVERY ROUTES SHOULD BE SIMPLE

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DIRECT • PEDESTRIAN ROUTES CAN MEANDER • HOUSES SCHOOLS SHOPS PUBS NURSERIES SURGERIES ARE PART OF ONE CONTINUOUS URBAN FABRIC

PRECEPT S: CWELLIN GS • THE SUBURBAN SEMI IS INADEQUATE FOR URBAN LIVING • URBAN LIVING DEMANDS SPECfAL DWELLING TYPES • DWELLING TYPES MUST BE DESIGNED FOR LOCATIONS • EVERY DWELLING AT EVERY LEVEL MUST HAVE A PRIVATE OPEN SPACE OF ROOM SIZE • GARDENS IN THE CITY SHOULD BE BEHIND WALLS • DWELLINGS MUST NOT BE PUT INTO 'OFFICE-BLOCK ' ARRANGEMENTS • INDIVIDUAL DWELLING IDENTITY IS ESSENTIAL • ROOM FLEXIBILITY SHOULD BE POSSIBLE •'GRID' DfSCIPLINED LAYOUTS ARE DESIRABLE • THE GRID MUST RELATE TO PREDETERMINED ELEMENTS OF THE CITY

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CETERMINANTS SOCIAL FORM • POPULATION • ECONOMY

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• ORIENTATION I'

Renewal Compon ents

Base function. The existing and projected circumstantial conditions of the location, exposed as determinants of form .

Space function. Housing, together with ancillary uses, forming as continuous a network as possible, constitutes the dominant and concentrated la use element within the redevelopment fabric; contrasting, in form and spatial terms, the subordinate land use elements and influences of larg e scale linked public and school open space, trans portation co rridors, district nodes, paths and landmarks.

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Mass function . Density of hab itation is a resultant; accordingly it may be manipulated to express nod es of social press ure; reflect the influence of physical feat ures ; afford the determination of housing form and scale in response to location need ; and reinforce economy of land utilisation .

Order function . The renewal of large residential areas of the city presents problems in establishing an adequate system of ordering th e area because of the large time span involved. It is impracticable t o formulate a finite plan of an architectural nature for an area where renewal will take place over a period of ten to fifteen years . The aim initially should be to evolve an order system , unrelated t o architectural imagery, which establishes guide lines that will accommodate possible changes in building techniques and criteria for dwel ling types . In searching for a means of establishing an order system fo r res idential areas a study has been made of the geometrical elements of the city, and the function they ful fil in indentifying, unifying, and making comprehensible the total urban fabric. The form of the city is manifested through two geometric elements. First the structu r e: This is formed by t he primary paths of movement within the city and has proved to have the most persistent geometric configuration , for even today new road proposals are generally quantitative expansions of old paths . Secon dly, the grain : This is the ordering of space between the structural elements of the city formed by the major paths. There are two aspects which determine the nature and ch aracter of grain. The pitch or gauge of the grain resul t ing from t he intensity of use, and the directional quality of the g rain g enerated from the shape of an area and the elements of city struct ure (major roads etc.) bou nd ing or passing through it. Inva ri ably during the redevelopment of the residential area s of cities th e exist ing grain is being d estroyed. While at the same ti me the geometrica l imp liccitions of the structural el ements of the urban pa ttern are being intensified by th e creation of a hierarchical

road network which tends to compartmentalise the city. The grain of the city can be re-established by the use of orthogonal grids generated directionally from the stru ctural elements of the urban pattern which impinge on an area. By this method the edges are positive determinants for the way in which an area is ordered , ensuring not only that adjacent areas across an element of city structure are ordered in a com plementary manner, but also that t he feathered spaces generally occurring at the periphery, now occur inside the area where they can be employed as the pedestrian routes or bled into the open space provision of the development. The orthogonal grid provides a geometry at once read il y understood; and the changing configuration of the generating structure results in a particular mosaic of grains for an area, offering a discipline which articulates extremely large areas into comprehensible segments ; within this discipline a system of paths, spaces and places can be readily established and architect ural variety is intrinsic, d ue to the differing orientations of the grain mosaic and the dete rmi nation of dwelling type s by locati on al context.

.II

Form. The renewal substructu re represents the sum of the components and precepts expressed in such a manner so as to evoke a constant state of change : Only w hen combin ed with the appropriate superstructure, complementary technology and effective socia l administration , is it capable of yiel ding a meaningful collective environme nt.

Renewal Superstructure

Housing Form Function . When considering mass housing the locational context into which dwellings must fit has been almost completely ignored during the process of formulating a vocabulary of dwelling types and their grouping. The question of locational context becomes even more critical when industrialised building techniques are considered, as there are strong pressures to produce a universal solution, unrelated to the role a particular building can play in the environment. T here can be no universal solution but certain repetitive situations can be predicted in the urban environment and this should be the starting point in the development of type plans, their group arrangement and the method by which they are made. Examples of some of the more critical locations determining dwelling type form can be predicted as:Adjacent to MotorwaysBarrier buildings functioning as a shield to the interior of the site from traffic noise. Two formations of barrier building will be necessary. One for the South, East and West side of motorways. The other for the North side. Ground level housing associated with high rise housing- Problems of privacy in the dwelling and the open space associated with it occurs with most traditional forms of two storey house when adjacent to high building . Cul-de-sac buildings-In a vehicular/pedestrian segregated environment the maximisation of traffic routes is essential and special building formations result from this realisation . Other locations determining form to some degree are listed alon gside. According ly the diverse locations obtainin g in any given segment of redevel opment will readily confer variety in hou sing form as an inherent by-product of the application of the design precepts. Henceforth route, spur, gatew~y and ramp formations etc., will undoubtedly contribute tow~rds the compre hensible configuration of the environment.

TYPE: LOCATION

•MOTORWAY • DISTRIBUTOR RD • CUL-DE-SAC-SPUR • GATEWAYS • BARRIERS • PARKLAND • SHOPPING • SCHOOL • CHURCH • PLAY • PUB • LEVELS • SOCIAL GROUPING • RAMPS TYPE: FORMS

• RECTANGULAR • T SHAPE • L SHAPE • NARROW FRONTAGE • WIDE FRONTAGE • DECK ACCESS ·STAIRCASE ACCESS • SINGLE ASPECT • DUAL ASPECT • FLAT • MAISONETTE • HOUSE •TERRACED • SEMI-DETACHED • DETACHED • INTERLOCKED • THROUGHWAYS • CULS-DE-SAC • STREETS • SQUARES HOME : DETERMINANTS

• ROOM USE • PRIVATE OPEN SPACE • ENTRANCE • CIRCULATION •STORAGE • FIXTURES • SAFETY • REFUSE DISPOSAL • BUILDING REGS AND Fl RE INSULATION • LAUNDRY • DELIVERY •ORIENTATION

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Technology function . Technology is concerned withhow-the manner of execution. In order to realise the appropriate superstructure and integrated environment, the role of technology must be to synthesise with-what- the renewal substructure and superstructure forms demand.

OPENSHAW

Longsight

Gibson Str ee t

The Gibson Street Clearance Area is the first stage in the impleme ntation of propoal s for the Longsi ght C .R .A. (430 acres) and introduc es the first example of a particula r housing formatio n determi ned by the interact ion of the social and form determi nants listed. Social Determ inants (a) Private open room size space for every dwelling (b) Rationa l integrat io n of all sizes and types of accomm odation ; ( c) Alternat ive choice of directio n and movem ent at every level ; (d) Individu al dwelling identity ; (e) Dwellin g group identity ; (f) Play areas on upper leve ls ; (g) A range of deck situation s (cul-de- sac deck, through way decks etc.) ; Form Determ inants (a) Location of the site adjacen t to an urban transpo rtation corridor ; (b) Proximi ty of propose d neighbo urhood centre; ( c) Position of existing school and open space; ( d) Orienta tion generat ed by northern edge of site; (e) Stipulat ed use for majority of dwelling s of deck access maisone tte types already available, within the framew ork of a propriet ary system . Solutio n. The scheme consists of a continu ous arrange ment of six storey maisone tte groups located so as to insulate the remaind er of the site from traffic noise. Result: Continu ity of upper level horizont al commu nication withi n the barrier buildin g which is extende d by similar building s forming routes to nearby centres of attractio nneig hbou rhood centre to the South West and the propose d Town Park to the South East. Con sideratio n is then given to the vertical connect ions of the ground t o the higher levels. Escape stairs must be provide d approxi mately at 180 ft. centres and this requi rement is utilised to define the sm allest unit of the subsequent. hierarch y- a group of 10 dwelling s. Li fts in pairs ar~ pl~ced every 360 ft. and are coincide ntal with the junction of

three of the basic groups; thus each pair of lifts serves 30 dwelling s per landing . These threewa y group junction s are of two types-( a) one cul-de-s ac group plus two through way groups and (b) three through way groups ; the latter being the major juncti on and always associated with a local distribu tor road at ground level. Each junction is visually articulat ed accordi ng to its significa nce; in plan by off-setti ng the basic group, and verticall y by develop ing towers over junction s which have lifts, the highest towers occurrin g over the major junction s and have the most direct connec tion to ground level commun ications . Within the primary network of six storey route building s, ground access low rise dwelling s are placed in tight cluster s connect ed by ramps to the upper level system . The environ ment produce d by the integrat ion of ground and deck access dwelling s will be complet ely hard-su rfaced and distinct ly urban. In contras t the linked broad, soft, open spaces will be clearly articulat ed and containe d within the definitiv e urban environ ment. The pedestrian system is a multi-di rectiona l, multi - level network with major routes defined and determi ned by shoppin g centres, recreatio nal facilities and adjacen t segmen ts of develop ment. Along these routes will be placed local shoppin g, pubs, surgeries etc . The traffic system is reduced to culs-de -sac off a main distribu tor road ; garagin g is integral with the dwelling s and casual parking is arranged in a series of parking compou nds located in suitable areas conveni ent to lifts and staircases. Rehous ing and demolit ion is now complet e and civil enginee ring works will commen ce in 1967. Outline approval granted April/M ay 1966 and negotia tions with Concret e Norther n Ltd began in May 1966. Accomm odation provide d :573 dwelling s on a nett housing area of 15·5 acres giving a nett density in persons per acre of 143·6 with car parking provisio n for 800 cars. Addi t ional facil ities provide d- one welfare home, two public houses and two corner shops.

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Wellington Street

The Wellington Street Clearance Area is the first stage in the implementation of proposals for the Beswick C. R.A. (300 acres) and contains further examples of particular housing formations determined by the interaction of the social and form determinants listed. Social Determinants (a) Private open room size space for every dwelling; (b) Rational integration of all sizes and types of accommodation ; ( c) Alternative choice of direction and movement at every level ; (d) Upper living levels to be provided with amenity and play space and range of social facilities at that level ; (e) Individual dwelling identity; (f) Dwelling group identity ; (g) Further integration of the motor car; Form Determinants (a) Location of site at junction of urban transportation corridors; (b) Location within site of neighbourhood centre requiring integration of housing and other uses ; ( c) Orientation generated by the southern and easterly edges of the site; ( d) Position of new school; (e) Stipulated use for majority of dwellings of deck access maisonette types already available within the framework of a proprietary system. Solution. The scheme consists of a mixed development of six and four storey deck access maisonettes and clusters of low rise ground access housing. The types of dwelling used have been developed for their locations and also to fulfil particular functions within the environment. The deck access maisonettes are arranged in a continuous manner to provide continuity of segregated pedestrian movement around the site, as well as max imisation of mecha nica l means of vertical mov~me nt. The form taken by this continuou s route el ement on the site i~ primaril y determi ned by the locations of th e neighbourhood centre to the east, town park to t~e west and the position of ve~icular culs-de -sac off the penr:'eter distributor road, and provides for pedestri an connection

at each living level to these nodal points. Articulation of the maisonette blocks arises from the following: (a) Expressing the individual living unit. (b) Respecting the requirement for fire escape stairs at every 180 ft. expressing a grouping of 10 dwellings. (c) Expressing and maximising the strategic location of lifts by developing a hierarchy of towers rising above the basic six storey route element. (d) Developing a spur build ing formation in association with vehicular culs-de-sac to canalise traffic and facilitate pedestrian/vehicular separation by decki ng across the road to an extent that is economically feasible at this stage. The presence of a projected urban motorway to the south of the site results in the need for development of a barrier building formation in order to insulate the general area from traffic noise. Since the blocks are located on the north side of the motorway, the individual dwellings will have to be developed in a manner so as to facilitate the introduction of sunlight from east and west. Within the skeletal framework of six and four storey buildings, ground access dwellings are planned in tight clusters to be connected by ramps to the upper level system. The environment produced by integration of ground and deck access dwellings will be completely hard surfaced and distinctly urban, contrasting with the broad grassed spaces of linked school and public open space which are envisaged for the comprehensive entity. Rehousing and demolition is almost complete, and civil engineering works will commence in 1967. Outline approvals granted May/ J une 1966 and negotiation wi th a 'system ' sponsor ha s co mmenced. Accommodation provided-844 dwellings on a nett housing area of 22.6 acres g iv ing a nett density in persons per acre of 157, w ith car parking provision for 1, 1 50 cars. Additional facilities provided-school, aged person 's home, day nursery, assembly hall, churches, libra ry, four pubs and thirty shops .

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Tur key Lane

The Turkey Lane Clearance Area is the first stage in the implemen tation of proposals for the Harpurh ey C.R.A. (1,000 acres) and contains additiona l examples of particula r housing formation s determin ed by the interactio n of the social and form determin ants listed.

Social Determi nants (a) Private open room size space for every dwel Ii ng ; (b) Rational integratio n of all sizes and types of accomm odation; ( c) Alternativ e choice of direction and moveme nt at every level; (d) Individua l dwelling identity; (e) Dwelling group identity; (f) Play areas at upper levels ; (g) Further integratio n of the motor-ca r. Form Determi nants (a) Location of site at the junction of urban transport ation corridors ; (b) Location of site in the path of desired large scale open space strategy link; (c) Location along one edge of site of a monorail route; ( d) Orientati on generate d by two adjacent segments of future developm ent; ( e) Location of a large ravine and railway cutting; (f) Influentia l topograp hical and geologica l features including liability to mining subsiden ce. (g) Stipulate d use for majority of the dwellings of deck access maisonet te types within the framewo rk of a proprieta ry system. Solution . The scheme consists mainly of linked six storey deck access maisonet tes providing thereby the desired large scale open space link extending over the least structura lly inviting section of the site whilst simultane ously afford ing the programm ed density. Result: the developm ent is envi saged as forming physical exten sions and edges of adjacent segments of developm ent, to the north and south east. The blocks of maisonet tes are planned to foll ow the line of an improved existi ng distributo r road located along the north east ~ounda~y of th~ site. At ppropnat e ma1or ju nctions where

lifts and stairs will be located, cul-de-s ac blocks will be coupled on to form quadrang ular salients cascadin g southwar ds into the parkland. Beneath these quadrang les will be located additiona l garaging facilities. To the south, but linked across the Maston Brook by a viaduct housing formation , is planned a similar grouping of dwellings which will follow the line of an east-wes t spur service road off the main loop distributo r. Consider able variety in form will be obtained , by off-settin g dwelling -groups in plan, and vertically by developin g towers over those junctions which have lifts; furthermo re the overall character, form and identity will be considera bly influence d and diversifie d through the integral manipula tion of the site contours , and the interpene tration of the open landscap e adjacent. In addition the site will feature the first examples of ramp formation s on the north side of the distributo r road in the vicinity of the school as well as the introduct ion of 'one deck' split level maisonet tes. The traffic system is reduced to culs-de-s ac off the main distributo r road and garaging is integral beneath the dwellings or under-gr ound. Car parking for visitors is arranged in a series of parking compoun ds located in suitable areas convenie nt to stairs and lifts. Separatio n of vehicular and pedestria n circulatio n is implemen ted through use of the upper level circulatio n system and adjacent parkways , connecti ng with routes leading to the proposed district centre to the north, local shops, and schools linked into the overall open space strategy. Rehousin g and demolitio n is proceedin g. Civil engineer ing works will commen ce in 1967. Outline approvals granted August/S eptembe r 1966 and negotiati on with a 'system' sponsor has commenc ed. Accomm odation provided - 7 45 dwellings on a nett housing area of 15路5 acres giving a nett density in persons per acre of 198, with car parking provision for 1,000 cars. Other facilities to be provided -school, church, rectory, aged persons' home and club, three public houses, social club, eight shops, and monorail station .

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Credits

The renewal theories and proposals outlined in this brochure have been developed by the Housing Development Group of the Housing Department, Manchester. Director of Housing J. Austen Bent, Dip.T.P., A.R.l.B.A., A.M.T.P.I. In the development of the schemes illustrated assistance was received from other departments of the Corporation involved with Slum Clearance and Rehousing Progress, and their co-operation is acknowledged.

Housing Development Group Robert Stones Wolf Pearlman Terry Kennedy David Millard Charles Zadziuk

Brochure prepared and designed by the Housing Development Group. Photographs by: John Mills Ltd. Hunting Surveys Ltd., Manchester Corporation City Engineer and Surveyor's Department, Photographic Section. Maps based on Ordnance Survey maps with the sanction of the Controller of H.M .S.O . Crown copyright reserved. Drawing on Page 22 reproduced by kind permission of Dennis Crompton, copyright 1964. Printed for Manchester Corporation Stationery Department by The William Morris Press Ltd ., Wythenshawe, M anc hester 22. Published by Manchester Corporation Housing Committee, Town Hall, Manchester 2. 1967. Price 12/6 including Postage.