Building Services Project 1 Report

SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN (SABD) BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) Project 2: Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building Services Systems

Case Study Building: e@Curve Shopping Mall

TUTOR : Mohd Adib Ramli

Group Members : Cynthia Lee Siaw Wun

0306112

Deidre Zhang Shu-Wei

0304619

Gan Sue Jing

0307957

Lee Jia Xin

0308389

Wan Nur Adriana Binti Roslan

0308109

Wong Yoke Lin

0308254

Table of Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Fire Safety System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 What is Fire?

2.2.2 Fire Protection and Prevention 2.2.3 Active Fire System 2.2.4 Passive Fire System 2.2.5 Fire Suppression Method 2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Active Fire Protection System 2.3.2.1 Fire Extinguisher 2.3.2.2 Wet Riser System 2.3.2.3 Hose Reel System 2.2.2.4 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System 2.3.2.5 Fire Alarm System 2.3.2.6 Detection System and Devices 2.3.2.7 CO2 System 2.3.2.8 Fire Hydrant 2.3.3 Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.3.1 Fire Appliances Access 2.3.3.2 Compartmentation 2.3.3.3 Fire Escape Doors 2.3.3.4 Fire Staircase 2.3.3.5 Pressurization 2.3.4 Communication with Control Room 2.3.5 Fire Resistant Cables 2.4 Conclusion and Recommendation

3.0 Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Mechanical ventilation systems 3.2.1.1 Methods of Forced Ventilation Extract Ventilation systems Supply Ventilation systems Balanced Ventilation systems 3.2.2 Air conditioning systems Centralized systems Components of centralized system 3.3 Case study 3.3.1 Introduction to the air conditioning system in E@Curve 3.3.2 Air conditioning system District cooling plant Heat exchanger Air Handling Unit (AHU) Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Split Unit 3.3.3 Mechanical Ventilation Fresh air fan Exhaust air fan Air distributors Smoke spill system Stair pressurization 3.4 Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 3.5 Conclusion

4.0 Electricity Supply 4.1

Introduction

4.2

Literature Review

4.3

Case Study 4.3.1 TNB Substation (HV Room) 4.3.2 Consumer High Voltage (HV) Room 4.3.3 Transformer Room (LV Room) 4.3.4 Bus Duct System 4.3.5 Electric Room 4.3.6 Distribution Boards, Sub Switch Boards and Meters 4.3.7 Gen-Set Room 4.3.7.1 AMF Board 4.3.7.2 Generator, Lithium Cadmium Battery, Diesel Tank 4.3.7.3 Exhaust and Air Fins 4.3.8 Safety Precautions

4.4

Analysis

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Mechanical Transportation System 5.2.2 Types of Mechanical Transportation System 5.2.2.1 Escalators 5.2.2.2 Elevators 5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Escalators

5.3.1.1 Escalator Placement 5.3.1.2 Componenents of Escalator 5.3.1.3 Operations of Escalator 5.3.2 Elevators 5.3.2.1 Elevator Placement 5.3.2.2 Components of Elevator 5.4 UBBL Requirements 5.5 Conclusion

6.0 Water Supply

6.1 Introduction 6.2Case Study 6.3 Water Supply 6.4 Pump Systems 6.5 Piping Systems 6.6 Water Storage 6.7 Maintenance

7.0 Sanitary, Sewage and Drainage System 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.3 Sanitary System 7.3.1 Water closet 7.3.2 Urinals 7.3.3 Wash Basins

7.3.4 Traps 7.3.4.1 Types of traps 7.3.5 Vent pipes 7.3.6 Gully inlets 7.3.7 Manhole 7.3.8 Septic Tank 7.4 Drainage system 7.4.1 Types of drainage system 7.5 Case Study 7.6 Methodology 7.6.1 Schematic drawing of sewage system 7.6.2 Findings and analysis 7.7 Drainage system 7.7.1 Findings and analysis 7.7.2 UBBL 7.8 Conclusion

8.0 Conclusion 9.0 References

1.0 Introduction

Figure 1.1 shows the faรงade of e@Curve Shopping Mall.

Location 2, Jalan PJU 7/3, Mutiara Damansara, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

Year of establishment 2004 Architect Arkitek MAA Sdn. Bhd.

Engineering Consultant Perunding Timur Sdn. Bhd.

E@curve, located at Mutiara Damansara is connected to the Curve. It is walking distance from a selection of world class retail establishments namely, the Curve, IKEA Home Furnishings, IPC Shopping Centre, and Tesco Hypermarket and accessible by bridges and walkways around the building. E@curve has several shops ranging from food to fashion. However, it is not a huge mall; hence it has a straight forward path where shoppers will not get lost easily. In order for shoppers to stay comfortable shopping at E@curve, electrical supply, mechanical ventilation and transportation system is provided for the convenience of the shoppers inside the building. Fire protection system is installed in the building fr safety purposes and to minimize the lost and injuries of visitors during fire. E@curve also provided an organized sewage system for visitors and staffs and they are able to prevent unwelcomed sense in entering the building.

2.0 Fire Protecting System 2.1 Introduction The main analysis of this chapter is about the active fire protection system and passive fire protection system in e@Curve Shopping Mall. A fire safety feature in a building is very important especially in a high-rise building. It is essential because it ensures the user’s safety and security.

Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied here and explained in a detail manner. They are discussed and is compared to the rules and regulations set by Bomba, referencing conformance to UBBL Fire Requirements and MS1210. This research paper had concluded the analysis. Finally, recommendations and improvements are also suggested.

2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 What is Fire Safety?

The purpose of fire safety system is to increase the safety of building occupants and emergency responders by reorganisation fire service interaction with building features and fire protection systems. The fundamental purpose of fire protection systems for both active and passive are to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage and spread of smoke and fire, from one area of the building to another, to allow for the safe escape of the building occupants. Secondly, to prevent or reduce the amount of damage to the building structure, neighbouring structures and reduces the risk of collapsing for the emergency services. Passive Fire Protection (PFP) attempts to contain fires or reduces the speed of spread, through fire resistant walls, floors and doors. Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire:

-

Fuel or combustible material Enough oxygen to sustain combustion The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature

Fuel, oxygen and heat referred to the Fire Triangle. Further clarifies the definition of combustion by adding a fourth component which is chemical chain reaction, depicting the concept of the rapid, self-sustaining oxidation reaction. The Fire Tetrahedron depicts the growth of ignition into a fire. Therefore, by removing one of these components above, fire will be extinguish. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by removing one or more components of Fire Triangle or Fire Tetrahedron.

Figure 2.2.1.1: Fire Triangle

Figure 2.2.1.2: Fire Tetrahedron 2.2.2 Fire Protection & Prevention Fire Protection include: -

Fire alarm devices Fixed firefighting equipment Having a permanent water supply Include portable firefighting equipment

Fire Prevention include: -

Indoor Storage Ignition Hazards Open Yard Storage Temporary Buildings

2.2.3 Active Fire System Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building or structure from fire with methods that use the action of moving parts. Active Fire Systems in the form of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation. The overall aim of Active Fire System is to extinguish the fire by:

  

Control the movement of smoke and fire.

Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building.

Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel.



Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire.

Fire Extinguisher A fire extinguisher shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet of the protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance shall not exceed 100 feet.

Figure: Water fire extinguisher

Fire Hose During demolition involving combustible materials, charged hose lines, supplied by hydrants, water tank trucks with pumps, or equivalent, shall be made available.

Figure: Fire hose Sprinkler If the facility being constructed includes the installation of automatic sprinkler protection, it should be installed in service as soon as applicable laws permit following of each story.

Figure: Sprinkler Fire Alarm Devices

An alarm system shall be established by the employer whereby employees on the site and the local fire department can be alerted for an emergency.

Figure: Fire alarm

2.2.4 Passive Fire System Passive Fire Protection is an integral part in fire protection. It functions to contain fires within the areas in which they start, preventing loss of life by preventing the products of combustion (smoke, hot gases and flames) from spreading throughout the building. Passive Fire Protection refers to fire-resistive construction and having it in place helps assure building occupants that there will be time to exit occupancies before gases, fire and smoke spread throughout the building. It is often used where water or other active protection media supplies are inadequate.

Firewalls are another form of passive fire protection that is used to prevent the spread of fire and the exposure of adjacent equipment to thermal radiation. An important criterion in deciding which system is most appropriate for fire exposure protection is the likely duration of the exposure to fire as Passive Fire Protection is only effective for short duration exposure (1-2 hours). The overall aim of passive systems is to contain the fire by:   

Delaying the growth of the fire.

Delaying the collapse of the building structure.

Use of fire rated partitions and doors to prevent the fire and smoke from moving from one compartment to another.

2.2.5 Fire Suppression Method Fire suppression solutions are typically matched to one or more of four fire classes: A, B, C, and D. The conventional fire suppression arsenal includes water, water

mixtures, dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, foams, and halogenated agents. Portable extinguishers, fire-fighting equipment, and systems integrated into buildings (sprinklers, foam flooding systems, etc.) typically deliver these materials. Readily available and non-toxic, water commonly serves as a fire suppression agent. Dry chemicals such as those found in portable Class B. Class A, C, and D extinguishers generally extinguish a variety of fires. Another fire suppression method is using foam as it promotes heat loss by speeding the conversion of liquid water into steam.

They are primarily used to extinguish Class A and hydrocarbon fuel fires.

2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Introduction In e@Curve Shopping Mall, both active and passive fire system are employed.

Active powder based system - portable fire extinguisher, external hydrant, hose reel, wet riser and sprinklers are used. For active non-water based CO2 system, it is particularly used in the services room (electrical, mechanical and air-conditioning rooms). Fire alarm, smoke detector, heat detector, and alarm system are also used in this building.

2.3.2 Active Fire Protection System 2.3.2.1 Fire Extinguisher There are two types of fire extinguisher used in e@Curve Shopping Mall, which are ABC or dry powder fire extinguishers and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire extinguishers.

Classes Explained Class A Class A fires involve solid materials, usually of organic matter such as wood, paper etc. They can be dealt with using water, foam or multi-purpose powder extinguishers, with water and foam considered the most suitable. Your risk assessment will help you decide how many you need.

Class B Class B fire involves liquids or liquefiable solids such as paint, oils or fats. It would be appropriate to provide extinguishers of foam (including multi-purpose aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) carbon dioxide or dry powder types. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are also suitable for a fire involving electrical equipment.

The fire extinguishers currently available for dealing with Class A or B fire should not be used on cooking oil or fat fires.

Class C Dry powder fire extinguishers may be used on Class C fires. However, you need to consider the circumstances of the use and combine this with action such as stopping the leak, to remove the risk of a subsequent explosion from the build-up of unburnt gas.

Class D None of the extinguishers referred to above will deal effectively with a Class D fire as these involve metals such as aluminum, magnesium, sodium or potassium.

Only fully trained personnel using our specialist powder fire extinguishers such as the L2 and M28 should tackle such fires.

Class F Specials fire extinguishers are available for use on cooking fats and oils, e.g. chip pan and deep fat fryers.

Figure 2.3.2.1.1: Fire extinguisher colour chart

ABC/ Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

Figure 2.3.2.1.2: Dry powder fire extinguisher in e@Curve ABC/ dry powder extinguishers utilize a specially silicon zed Sodium Bicarbonate.

It chemically insulates class B and C fires by forming a cloud and cutting off the oxygen supply, thus extinguishing the fire. It smothers and breaks the chain reaction of Class B fires and will not conduct electricity back to the operator. It is used in e@Curve shopping mall because it works well on flammable liquids, electrical equipment, solid materials and flammable gases. Where these substances can be found in the mall. However, the disadvantages of dry powder fire extinguisher are obscure vision, poor post fire security, damage respiration and leave a residue.

Features of ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguisher:    

Stored Pressure Design Dependable Drawn Steel Cylinders Durable High Gloss Powder coating Brass Valve Chrome Plated Heavy duty

Figure 2.3.2.1.3: Table above shown details of ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguisher

Location of ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguisher

Figure 2.3.2.1.3: Level 2 floor plan

Figure 2.3.2.1.4: Lower ground floor plan

Figure 2.3.2.1.4: Fire extinguisher located 800m from the ground The height limit for ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguisher installation is 800m at the weight of 9kg, it can be found in each of every floor in e@Curve Shopping Mall.

The purpose of this height is to provide easy accessibility to the users and disable users. Most of the ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguishers are located near the fire staircase as well as lift lobby. It will not be placed inside the rooms, unless there is a very specific risk identified. ABC/ Dry powder fire extinguisher will be located in corridors, on landings or in stair enclosures in such a way that it is not necessary to travel more than 30m from the site of the fire to reach an extinguisher.

Figure 2.3.2.1.5: Fire Extinguisher labelling

Fire extinguishers are required to be serviced and inspected by a Fire Protection service company. The labelling on the fire extinguisher as shown in Figure 2.3.2.1.5, indicate the type of service performed (annual inspection, recharge, new fire extinguisher) and when to service. This labelling is very important because it is to ensure the fire extinguisher is still functioning when necessary. There are two types of services:

Basic Service 

Place the extinguisher under water to check for the leakage.



Examine the body externally for corrosion or damage which could impair the safe function of the extinguisher.

Make sure the fire extinguisher is not due to extend service, a new fire extinguisher is required to purchase if exceeds ten shelf’s life.

Remove the discharge hose and check that it is free from obstruction, cracks and damage. Pass air through the discharge hose checking for blockages.

Inspect the internal bores of the head cap and spindle for corrosion and powder residue – thoroughly clean all surface. Replace a new O ring and reassembly with the spring and siphon tube into the head cap.

 



Recharge Service  Replace new powder for the extinguisher Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers are filled with non-flammable carbon dioxide gas under extreme pressure. There’s a black colour hard horn at the top of the cylinder which allowed users to recognize the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguisher. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguisher works by displacing the oxygen component of the fire triangle. The carbon dioxide is very cold as it can cools the fuel as well.

Carbon dioxide may be ineffective at extinguishing Class A fires because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Carbon dioxide is extracted from the atmosphere and stored at high pressure in the liquid state within the cylinder. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher extinguishes class B (liquid fires) and class E (electrically energized equipment). Therefore, the use of the extinguisher is ideal for fires involving electrical apparatus, which captured outside the lift lobby as shown in Figure 2.3.2.1.9 where the electrical room is located. However, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire extinguisher is not very secure, there is a possibility of the fire could reignite once the carbon dioxide gas has floated away. It is suspended lower than 1m for the purpose of easy access during fire

emergency. It must be located near the exit door to ensure the exit route will be cleared during fire escape.

Features     

BIS Approved Screwed down /Squeeze Grip Type Manganese Steel / Carbon Steel (IS 7285) Maintenance should be done as per IS 2190:2010 Carbon Dioxide, Gases Agent, Colorless, Odorless. Suitable for Class B, C Fire

Figure 2.3.2.1.7: Table above shown details of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire extinguisher

Figure 2.3.2.1.8: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher in e@Curve Shopping Mall

Figure 2.3.2.1.9: Location of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers at lower ground floor plan 2.3.2.2 Wet Riser System

UBBL 231: Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above fire appliances access level.

Wet Riser Systems are installed in e@Curve Shopping Mall for firefighting purposes by trained personnel, which are normally dry and capable of being charged with water by pumping. Wet Riser Systems are installed complete with an inlet breeching connector at ground floor with specified points on each floor.

In case of fire, the fire service will connect to the wet riser system. When the outlet valves are opened, water immediately begins moving through the pipes and shoots out to help extinguish the flames. As the stored pressurized water leaves the wet riser, the pumps activate and begin to refill the pipes with more pressurized water.

This ensures a constant, steady supply of water that allows the fire brigade to put out flames more efficiently, minimizing property damage and maximizing safety. In order for a wet riser to function properly in an emergency, it must be inspected and serviced regularly.

Figure 2.3.2.2.1: Wet Riser System diagram

The tanks are fitted with an automatic warning system to indicate a low water level.

At protracted incidents the wet rising main tank may need to be augmented and this can be achieved using conventional fire appliances and additional water supplies (Hydrant, Open water etc.). Wet rising mains are designed to supply 1500 liters per minute for 45 minutes as a minimum. Due to the height of the building and the pressures used, water pressure reduction valves are fitted to the outlets at each floor.

The wet riser / hose reel tank is compartmentalized and made from galvanized steel. It can contain 54, 500 liters of water to supply for the use of wet riser and hose reel system which shown in Figure 2.3.2.2.5. Therefore, it complies with the law and adequate amount of water is ready to be used in an event of fire.

Figure 2.3.2.2.2: Hose reel pump room in e@Curve The schematic diagram shown Figure 2.3.2.2.3 in the supply and water distribution system from the breeching inlets to the wet riser/hose reel tank and finally channels to hose reel and wet riser located in every floor through wet riser pumps.

Figure 2.3.2.2.3: Schematic diagram of wet riser and hose reel system

Figure 2.3.2.2.4: Pump sets that help maintain water pressure level in tanks These pump sets function when the water pressure is lower than certain level.

Different pumps are used to maintain the pressure in the system. They are called jockey, duty and stand-by pumps.

Figure 2.3.2.2.5: Duty pump and Jockey pump

UBBL Wet riser mains should be located within a location with smoke free lobby or protected area such that all spaces are to be within 45metres coverage from a landing valve and installed not more than 0.75 meters from the floor

e@Curve Shopping Mall has fulfilled the requirement that all the spaces are within 45m the coverage of a landing valve and the landing valve is also 0.75m above ground.

Figure 2.3.2.2.7: Location of Wet Riser and Hose Reel

2.3.2.3 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System The purpose of an automatic sprinkler system is intended to detect, control and extinguish a fire, and warn the occupants of occurrence of fire. The installation comprises fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipe work and valves. The system operates automatically without human intervention.

Each sprinkler head contains a glass bulb or a fusible link. The bulb contains a liquid and a quantity of vapour. The liquid expands under the influence of heat as do the fusible link heads. When the temperature reaches a certain level (typically at 68 Degree Centigrade), it will expand the liquid and break the bulb or fusible link, which in turn releases water directly onto the fire.

The hot gases from a fire will make the sprinkler operate. A fire creates a narrow plume of hot air and gasses that rise to the ceiling and spread out. These hot gasses activate the sprinkler head at the correct temperature.

The sprinkler system comprises of a horizontal pattern of pipes just below or within ceilings in the building, with smoke detector placed 3m apart from each other.

Along the perimeter in e@Curve Shopping Mall, there is a 4-way sprinkler breeching inlets for additional water supply.

Figure 2.3.2.3.1: Schematic of automatic fire sprinkler system

Types of sprinkler Pendent Fire Sprinkler Pendent fire sprinkler is used to protect the occupants in the building. It can be found in every floor in e@Curve Shopping Mall.

Figure 2.3.2.3.2: Pendent fire sprinkler

Figure 2.3.2.3.3: Cross section of a pendent fire sprinkler

Upright Fire Sprinkler Upright fire sprinkler head is facing upwards and discharge water in a done shaped pattern underneath the head. The purpose of an upright fire sprinkler is to protect the building structure instead of occupants. It is located at the basement which could protect against damage to the building structure that may lead to collapse.

Figure 2.3.2.3.4: Upright fire sprinkler system diagram

Figure 2.3.2.3.5: Upright fire sprinkler that found in e@Curve Shopping Mall basement

Water from the sprinkler system, which comes from SYABAS, is stored in the sprinkler water tank located in 2M Floor. Water is stored in the tank with a capacity of 160, 000 liters, which is sufficient for the 3 on-duty and 3 stand-by sprinkler pumps.

Figure 2.3.2.3.6: Sprinkler water tank

Figure 2.3.2.3.7: Dimension between the smoke detectors and sprinklers

Each sprinkler is 3m apart, the sprinkler head leads the main function of the sprinkler. Sprinklers are installed across the ceiling at a regular spacing throughout the protected building and connected to a water piping network that is constantly filled with water under pressure.

Each sprinkler is held closed by a thermal element. This is usually a small glass bulb filled with a colour coded fluid that expands when heated. When there is a fire below the fire sprinkler, the heat makes the fluid inside the glass bulb expand, just as it does in a thermometer.

At a set temperature (the rated activation temperature of the sprinkler) there is no more room for the fluid to expand and so it breaks the bulb. The water seal then falls away and the sprinkler starts to spray water onto the fire below.

Figure 2.3.2.3.8: Diagram shown how a sprinkler works Types of pump Jockey Pump If a leak exists in the sprinkler network, the jockey pump starts in order to compensate for the leak. A pressure switch starts the pump at 150psi.

Duty Pump If the pressure drops below 120psi, it means a sprinkler head have been activated in the building. The duty-pump will start to function.

Stand-by pump If for any reason the pressure continues to drop to 100psi, it means either the duty pump has not started or it is unavailable for use (under repair, etc.). The stand-by pump will then start to cover for duty pump.

Figure 2.3.2.3.9: Pressure meter

Figure 2.3.2.3.10: Detail of sprinkler system

2.3.2.4 Fire Alarm System A fire alarm system is a set of electronic devices to detect and alert occupants through visual and audio appliances in an event of fire. There are two basic types of fire alarm system that are commonly used in building which is single- stage alarm and two-stage alarm systems. e@Curve Shopping Mall is using two-stage alarm system. In a two-stage alarm system, an alert signal will first send to the control room to inform the staff. Then the staff will go check whether it is a false alarm immediately. If it is a false alarm, staff will reset the alarm system immediately. If not, the alarm signal will send to activate the whole fire alarm system in order to inform all the occupants.

The fire alarm system consists of three components, which are the fire alarm bell, fire control panel and manual control point.

Fire Control Panel Fire Control Panel is a controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire.

Figure 2.3.2.4.1: Fire control panel

Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 2.3.2.4.2: Fire alarm bell

Manual Call Point There are two types of manual call-point, square and round manual call points.

Square manual call points are used in e@Curve Shopping Mall nearby the safety exit which is just beside the lift lobby of each floor and outer wall of the electrical rooms such as consumer switch room, genset room and high tension room. It allows occupants to raise an alarm during of fire occur. Occupants can simply break the glass and pull the handle inside the manual call point to activate the alarm system. It is elevated approximately 1.2 meters from the floor level.

Figure 2.3.2.4.3: Manual call point

Figure 2.3.2.4.4: Location of alarm bell break glass at lower ground floor Automatic Processes Fire Alarm When smoke detectors and heat detectors sense a high thermal heat, an alert signal to the fire alarm control panel will be send. Thus, the fire control panel will first send a signal to the control room to inform the staff. Then the staff will determine whether it is a false or real alarm. If it is false, the staff will reset the alarm system immediately.

However, if it is a real fire, fire control panel will automatically send a signal to activate the firefighting system like CO2 discharge nozzle or trigger the fire shutters and fire curtains at the zone. At the same time, it also sends a signal to trigger the fire alarm to inform the occupants in the building.

UBBL 155. Fire mode of operation The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

e@Curve Shopping Mall does fulfilled the requirement of UBBL. It will send a signal to trigger the alarm system when the heat detector and sprinkler at certain zone is activated.

UBBL 237. Fire alarms   

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these bylaws.

Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

All premises and building with grass floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given adjoining section.

2.3.2.5 Detection Systems and Devices Smoke Detector Smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It is used to detect smoke when fire occurs. It located on the ceiling of services room such as lift lobbies, wet riser room and the other rooms located at the edge of each floor. It functions together with the fire alarm. After the smoke detector detects smoke, a signal will be send to the alarm panel, and then it will activate the alarm system.

Figure 2.3.2.5.1: Location of smoke detectors in e@Curve Shopping Mall

Figure 2.3.2.5.2: Smoke detector on the ceiling in e@Curve Shopping Mall

Heat detector mostly found in lift lobbies and electrical room such as genset room and high-tension room. In electrical room, it is mostly connected and function together with smoke detector. Both of these connect to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire extinguisher and carbon dioxide (CO2) discharge nozzle. The distance between two heat detectors is approximately 6 meters.

2.3.2.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) System Carbon Dioxide (CO2) System is an engineered system available in three application configurations which are total flooding (for unoccupied areas), local application or hand hose line. This system included detectors, a control unit, agent storage cylinder, piping and discharge nozzles. Gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) rapidly suppresses fire by a combination of cooling and oxygen displacement.

Discharge duration and agent flow rates are customized for the individual application.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) system helps in fire suppression within a room. It is used to protect special hazard or sensitive areas. Due to the inconvenient of using the fire sprinkler systems for particular area, therefore Carbon dioxide (CO2) system is used. Carbon dioxide (CO2) system is used in e@Curve Shopping Mall because it is said to be environmentally friendly as well as Carbon Dioxide is a low-cost agent.

Figure 2.3.2.6.2: Location of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire extinguisher at genset room and TNB room at lower ground floor

Figure 2.3.2.6.3: Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

2.3.2.7 Fire Hydrant Fire hydrant is a source of water that provides in a building with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist on extinguishing a fire. The water would fill the hole and be transported from the well to the fire by bucket brigades.

Figure 2.3.2.7.1: Location of the fire hydrant at lower ground floor

Water supply from JBA to fire hydrant flow into wet riser tank, hose reel tank and sprinkle tank by several types of water pipes. Fire hydrant is indicated by red dots.

And each of the hydrants is connected by 150mm pipe. The distance between two hydrants is approximately 90 meters.

Figure 2.3.2.7.2: Fire hydrant located outside TNB room and Genset room

UBBL 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5m from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

The passive fire protection of is fulfilled the requirement of UBBL 225.

2.3.3 Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.3.1 Fire Appliances Access

UBBL 140. Fire Appliances Access All building in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall about upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 meters width and accessible to fire brigade appliances.

Figure 2.3.3.1.1: The main fire truck access of e@Curve Shopping Mall

There is an approximately 4m width of access road surrounding e@Curve Shopping Mall.

2.3.3.2 Compartmentation

UBBL 137. Floor in building exceeding 30 meters In height to be constructed as compartment floor In any building which exceed 30 meters in height, any floor which is more than 9m above ground floor level which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within a marionette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed a compartment floor.

The purpose of compartmentation in a building is to subdivide a large building so that a fire starting anywhere is caged within its cell of origin. Other than that, it helps in confining fire and minimize risk of loss of occupants by segregating a space to control the spread of fire by dividing spaces in the floor area. e@Curve Shopping Mall is divided into 8 cores. There are several different methods that help in compartmentation during fire emergency. In e@Curve Shopping Mall, thickness of wall compartments the spaces and Figure 2.3.3.2.1 shown that each of the compartments in that particular floor plan is guided through the escape route.

In a better way, the cores are separated and connected with a passageway that gives a shortest route towards the nearest lobby.

Figure 2.3.3.2.1: e@Curve Shopping Mall is compartment into cores

Figure 2.3.3.2.2: Detail of showing thickness of concrete wall in one of the core Thickness and material of the wall between each cores Each of the core is separates by 300mm thickness wall. The material that is used in this building for the wall between each core is concrete wall. Concrete performs well in fire as it does not burn, it cannot be set on. The benefits of using concrete wall are:  

It is fire resistance Has slow rate of conductivity (heat transfer) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not only between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage.

Figure 2.3.3.2.3: Escape route showing the flow of occupants from retails to fire staircase

The purpose of escape route is to direct occupants to a shortest route, to a place of safety during fire event. Such as outside the building or if still within a building, a protected or isolated passageway, staircase or refuge area which leads to the outside of the building without being rescued.

Meanwhile, it also allows occupant to evacuate as fast as possible during the early stages of a fire, the smoke and gases produced by the fire are the ones that prevents the occupants from evacuating smoothly and quickly as one’s view is obscured and occupants who inhaled too much smoke or gases will faint and die.

UBBL (164(4), 166(2), 167(1), 170(b) (page129): The maximum distance limit to an alternate exit is 45 meters as water sprinklers protect the whole floor.

When a fire is detected, the power supply will be cut off, all main lighting and airconditioning will turn off and the emergency lights will turn on. The emergency lights will lead the occupants through the fire doors to the nearest protected area, to the ground floor using the fire staircase, exit out of the building safely through the exit door. Emergency exit door are labelled with a glowing light box with a green ‘Keluar’ sign to ensure occupants will use the right and nearest route to exit out of the unprotected area to the protected area and out of the building safely.

Figure 2.3.3.2.4: Exit sign image to guide occupants out of e@Curve Shopping Mall

2.3.3.3 Fire Escape Door In e@Curve Shopping Mall, the fire escape doors are connected to fire staircase at every lift lobby in every floor. All of the fire escape doors are one way door which allow occupants to exit in one direction and it has fire resistance property.

Figure 2.3.3.3.1: Fire escape doors in the fire staircase Every fire escape doors have a label attached. The escape doors in e@Curve Shopping Mall are constructed to prevent spread of flames, heat, and smoke as they are able to be self-latching and self-closing. All the escape doors are fitted with hydraulic shutter, which allows the door to close automatically to decrease the possibility of smoke passing through it. As the escape doors of e@Curve Shopping Mall utilize a hydraulic spring system, it proved that e@Curve Shopping Mall is in compliance with item number 164 of the UBBL, which is as follow:

UBBL 164 – Door Closers for fire doors:  Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating

device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.  All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring

operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

2.3.3.4 Fire Staircase There are 8 fire staircases in each floor in e@Curve Shopping Mall. A fire staircase is connected to the nearest fire exit. The exits are located at ground floor. As the fire staircases in e@Curve Shopping Mall are more than 2, it proved that the building complies with item number 168 of the UBBL, which is as follow:

UBBL 168. Staircases:  

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at least two separate staircases.

Figure 2.3.3.4.1: Fire staircase which has the width of 2.5m

The fire staircase has a thread of 270mm and riser of 175mm. This is following the rules on staircases by UBBL.

UBBL: Rules on Staircases-Risers maximum 180mm and thread minimum 255mm.

2.3.3.5 Pressurization One of the common methods for protecting stairwells from smoke intrusion during an event of fire is pressurization. This method is able to supply air fan with sufficient capacity to provide effective pressurization to prevent smoke entry when doors are open. e@Curve Shopping Mall uses pressurization as their fire protection system.

Figure 2.3.3.5: Pressurization ducts The space at the fire staircase is well ventilated with pressurization ducts.

Whenever there is fire, the pressurization fan will drive in air from outside the building to fill up the stairway with fresh air in order to prevent the spreading of smoke from the building into the space and suffocate occupants.

UBBL Standards: 198. Ventilation of staircase enclosures: All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square meter per flow.

2.3.4 Communication with Control Room Fire phone in e@Curve Shopping Mall is directly connected to the building’s control room and not to the fire station. After they receive the signal, the staffs will go determine the condition. If the condition of fire event is real, the fire station will be contacted. Fire phones can be found in the more critical area such as gen set room and fire escape landings. With the fire phones that are available in e@Curve Shopping Mall, occupants and staffs are able to communicate to the control room in an event of fire.

Figure 2.3.3.6.1: Fire phone for emergency

2.3.5 Fire Resistance Cable Fire resistance cable are found in a high voltage room in e@Curve Shopping Mall, which able to provides 3 hours of fire resistant. The materials of this fireproof cable are XLPE and PVC. The purpose of this fire resistance cable prevent the occurrence of fire from increasing and would not cause serious fire damage in the building.

Figure 2.3.3.7.1: Fire resistance cable in

2.4 Conclusion and Recommendation The overall system of the firefighting system in e@Curve Shopping Mall complies with the UBBL by-laws and is very systematic as a control panel controls the whole system. This will prevent the cause of false alarm in the building, which will disturb the occupants. Besides that, the building also has updated their appliances following the requirements of Bomba and every core of the building is filled with the fire appliances for the safety of the occupants. In conclusion, the overall system in the building has a proper appliances which used for different function of the spaces to ensure the safety of the occupants. There are no further recommendations that I could suggest for the fire because the fire safety coverage area in the building wide enough to ensure the occupant’s safety.

3.0 HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction HVAC system, also known as Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning system serves the main purpose of maintaining good indoor air quality with adequate ventilation to provide comfort and ventilation for healthy and productive environments. According to dictionary, conditioned air is defined as air that has been heated, cooled, humidified or dehumidified to maintain an interior space within the human comfort range, obtaining a specific desired temperature. Heating systems are not appropriate in Malaysia as it is a tropical country, averaging between 22째c and 32째c.

3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Mechanical Ventilation systems Mechanical ventilation systems is the process of circulating fresh air by supplying or removing air with mechanical means. Mechanical ventilation has functions such that it expels stale air that contains pollutants or odor, draw in outdoor air and to circulate outside air throughout the indoor spaces. Ventilation systems in a humid climate like Malaysia is vital as it can remove excess moisture from the air to retain relative thermal comfort.

A basic ventilation system consists of two elements: fan and makeup air supply.

Fans are commonly considered as a ventilation system as it is a mechanical system that is more commonly used and seen in a building. However, fans only circulate air within an area to reduce temperature to obtain comfort by evaporation or perspiration on the skin of the occupants; it does not introduce fresh air into the space. Thus it is not a real ventilation. On the other hand, make up air supply functions to deliver outside air around the indoor space. Exhaust fan pulls air creating suction through the space, from an inlet to an outlet.

Source: (http://www.hlk2u.com/Panasonic-R-C-Ceiling-Fan-FM14C8WT/q?pid=868&doit=order)

3.2.1.1 Methods of Forced Ventilation Extract ventilation systems Extract ventilation systems work by depressurizing the space. Air is extracted through pressurized hoods with fan. This system will cause the pressure indoor to be slightly higher than in outdoor.

Components of an extract system Source:(http://www.jomfp.in/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0973029X;year=2010;volume=14;issue=1;month=January-June)

Supply Ventilation System Supply ventilation system has a fan and a duct system that introduces fresh air into indoor by pressurizing the building. It allows outdoor air introduced into the building to be filtered and dehumidified.

Components of a Supply Ventilation System Source:(http://realhomeenergysolutions.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/supplyonly-ventilation.jpg)

Balanced Ventilation System Balanced Ventilation SYstem is combined exhaused and supply ventilation system. it uses two fans with different ducting systems, one to supply fresh are and another to remove stale air from the building. It does not affect the pressure of the indoor space.

Components of Balanced Ventilation System Source:(http://www.healthyhouseinstitute.com/objimages/balanced-heatrecovery-ventilation-hrv-schematic-large.gif)

3.2.2 Air Conditioning Systems Air conditioning system is the process of altering the humidity, ventilation and temperature of air to more comfortable conditions, to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions, especially in a country of tropical climate like malaysia.

Centralized systems Centralized systems requires central equipment space where boilers, chillers, cooling towers, pumps and other equipment are located and used to distribute the cooling medium to air handling units located throughout the building spaces. Air is cooled with secondary media - chilled water, and is transferred through air distribution ducts.

Three subsystems of centralized system are: - chilled water system - air delivery system - heat rejection system (a.k.a condenser water system)

Components of centralized system Source:(http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.p df

Components 1. Air handling unit (AHU) An air handling unit is a device used to condition, regulate and circulate air as a part of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.It usually is a large metal box containing of blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators and dampers. It also connects to ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air throughout the building and returns it to the AHU. AHU sometimes supply and return air directly to and from the spaces served without ductwork. Whereas in Malaysia, AHU only serves as a cooling device as it has a hot and humid climate and heating is unnecessary. The main functions of AHU are as such: - to draw in air from outside - to recondition and filter pollutants - to either heat air by heating coil or cooled by cooling coil - to deliver fresh air to distribution system or spaces - to extract stale air from a space

2. Plant room Plant room is where heavy machinery of the centralized system is placed.

Refrigerant is cooled here and is distributed to AHU located in different units at different zones. AHU supplies cooled and treated air to the rooms in the same zone via ducts. This system is usually installed during construction and is integrated with the spaces and structure of the building design.

3. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) The fan coil unit is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and fan.

It is part of the system that found in residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

It is typically not connected to ductwork and it functions to control temperature where it is installed or serve multiple spaces. Fan coil units are more economical to install with AHU rather than ducted or central heating system due to their simplicity. It is controlled by a manual on/off switch or by thermostat.

4. Cooling tower Cooling tower is used to dispose unwanted heat from a chiller. Water circulating inside the water loop removes heat from the condenser of the heat pumps.

Whenever heat pumps are working in the cooling mode, cooling tower is used to remove heat from water loop and dispose it to the atmosphere.

3.3 Case Study 3.3.1 Introduction to the air conditioning system in e@curve E@curve uses a centralized control system for its air conditioning system. It is a control system for its air-conditional system which will be controlled in one control room and everything will be routed back to a single device. The District cooling plant is situated at The Curve, supplying chill water to the heat exchanger, then pumping chilled water to AHU or FCU to the equipment to supply cooled air to the spaces. The system goes vice versa such that it has a constant supply of fresh air and extract of contaminated air from spaces. AHU which is bigger and more complex than FCU is used to ventilate the entire building whereas the latter will only be used in smaller and local spaces only. Neither AHU nor FCU is located at the car park as these areas do not require chilled air supply.

3.3.2 Air Conditioning System District cooling plant District cooling plant is where chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to buildings to cool the indoor air of the building within a district. Each building has specially designed units to use this water to lower the temperature of passing through the building’s air conditioning system. The output of district cooling plant is sufficient to meet the cooling-energy demand building. It can replace any type of air conditioning systems but primarily serving large buildings which consume large amount of electricity, just like in e@curve. Instead of using chiller, district cooling plant is used to save electricity bill. District cooling plant is situated at the curve, thus there is no authority access for us to district cooling plant.



 

Source: Google earth Cold water is pumped through the district cooling system from the curve, shown in picture above, to a heat exchanger in E@curve level 2.

Diagram below shows the process of District cooling: Chill water from district cooling plant > Heat exchanger > Pump > Ahu / Fcu > Equipment

Chill water supply and Chill water return piping outside cinema at level 2.

Heat Exchanger The heat exchanger is used to convert water temperature from approximately 2째C - 5째C, then transfer the cold water from the high pressure pipeline (district cooling plant) to the lower pressure internal system (AHU or FCU). After use in AHU or FCU, the warmer water returns to the heat exchanger for cooling again.

Heat exchanger room situated at level 2.

Pump of heat exchanger to pump to the equipments.

Air Handling Unit (AHU) An air handling unit is a device used to condition, regulate and circulate air as a part of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. It controls the temperature and humidity of the given space.

Table below shows the number of AHU rooms in each level. As for AHU rooms at E@Curve, each AHU room serves 4 cores. Levels 2M and 2P has more AHU rooms as it serves the Cinema at E@Curve.

There are no AHU rooms provided in both level P1 and P2 car park as it does not require to be air conditioned with cold air, but several FCUs are provided to supply cool air at the lift and escalator lobby.

Levels

Units

LG

2

G

6

1

6

2

4

2M

4

2P

7

3

2

Ducts to send cooled air to other spaces Components of AHU in E@Curve

Switchboard for AHU Switchboard is needed in every AHU room to control the AHU room. There is a “start/stop push bottom� to control the stop and start the motor of the AHU. It is also used to control the electricity for the AHU.

Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and a fan. It is used to achieve a desired temperature in a small area such as lift lobby. It can be mounted horizontally (ceiling mounted) or vertically (floor mounted). Due to their simplicity, fan coil units are more economical to install than ducted or central heating systems with air handling units. Two pipe fan coil system is usually being used when a space requires only cooling or heating. The FCUs are supplied with pre-cooled air coming from fresh air handling units located at specific areas of each floor. To further cool the supplied air the FCUs use chilled water from rooftop supplied from the curve. Therefore, in E@Curve, two pipe fan coil system is being used as entirely cooling mode and heating mode is not necessary in Malaysia climate.

Food and beverage units at level LG uses FCU widely to circulate among itself. This is to avoid mixing of smell from f&b to outside.

Levels

Units

P2

8

P1

7

LG

34

G

14

1

11

2

4

2M

7

2P

12

3

9

Typical section of a Fan Coil Unit.

Source:(http://www.feta.co.uk/associations/hevac/specialist-groups/fan-coil-unit-group)

Typical Fan Coil Unit system Source: (http://www.feta.co.uk/associations/hevac/specialist-groups/fan-coil-unit-group)

Split Unit For split air conditioning, condenser (outdoor unit) is seperated from the indoor unit. It has at least one unit that sits indoor, the compressor sits outdoor, sometimes on the ground or on brackets hung to the wall. In split air conditioning unit, the amount of cold air entering the room is controlled by thermostat or a remote control. One room can maintain a different temperature from another area or room of the same building. In E@Curve, split air conditioning units are placed at rooms such as the security room, genset room and the transformer room. This is to maintain the desired temperature to obtain human thermal comfort, and also to elongate lifetime of mechanical devices such as transformer or the genset. Alternative split unit air conditioner is used per room daily to maintain lifetime of air conditioner as it has to be left turned on 24/7.

Split unit system installed at fire control room, refuse chamber, SDF room, TEL room, genset room, transformer room (not required in ubbl) but it is provided to prolong lifespan of mechanical equipment. Some split units have been installed in some of the mechanical rooms after completion of project.

Split Unit Air Conditioner found in Transformer room.

Condensers (outdoor units) found in upper rooftop in E@Curve

Another air cool condenser found at level 2.

Table below shows the amount of split unit at each levels.

Levels

Units

LG

2

P1

2

3.3.3 Mechanical Ventilation Fresh air fan Fresh air fan is used to draw air from outdoor from upper rooftop into the indoor space to provide fresh air for occupants.

Axial fan situated at level P2.

The two levels of basement car park (P1 and P2) is provided 6 air change per hour to ensure comfortable and well ventilated space. During fire mode, the number of air change will be increased to 12 air changes per hour so that smoke can be extracted out rapidly although minimum requirement from UBBL is 10 air change per hour.

Exhaust air fan Exhaust air fan is used to draw out contaminated air from indoor to the lower rooftop.

Centralized Kitchen exhaust for destinated F&B unit, situated at the upper rooftop.

Propeller fan, wall mounted in the lift motor room to provide ventilation to the lift equipment.

Air Distributors Air distributers are used to distribute air from AHU rooms and FCU units to the spaces for the occupants.

Slot diffusers (bar grille) for air distribution

Air grilles jet diffusers that are also found throughout the complex. It is specially suitable to handle large quantity of air with long throw.

Jet diffusers that functions as side throw at e@curve. It is situated perfectly at the sides of the escalator where large supply air quantities and throw distances with low noise operation are required. It also provides a uniformity of appearance throughout the range.

Half chevron type return air grille that draws air from the within conditioned area passes through a filtering process before entering the AHU to be cooled to the desired temperature.

Smoke Spill System E@curve uses smoke spill system at particular areas of the building. It is designed to remove smoke from an occupied building enclosure to allow safe passage of the occupants to outside. It usually consists of large fans to draw smoke out from the building, dampers and vents that open in a fire to allow the smoke to exit the atrium. For E@Curve, smoke spill system is situated at the central atrium.

One of the grilles found in the central atrium.

Smoke spill ventilation at roof top

Smoke spill exhaust outlet For smoke spill system, motor classification is class H as required by authority under fire mode.

Stair Pressurization Stair pressurization is also a part of ventilation to prevent the ingress of smoke into the fire escape stairway. The system is designed to ensure occupants to exit the building safely without smoke or fire entering the stairs exit. The use of fire rated sub ducts, grilles, dampers and fans make up the system. This system is used in E@Curve not just at the Fire escape, it is also used in lift lobbies and any other internal staircases.

Diagram above shows a typical stair pressurization system.

Source: http://www.veetemp.com.au

3.4 Under UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning 1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building by laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.

3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to there By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.

4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or coridors.

3.5 Conclusion In conclusion, the provision of Air conditioning cooling system and mechanical ventilation is well designed and adequately provided to meet the requirement of the client and to provide a comfortable ambient for the occupants and usage of the floor spaces. The planning of District Cooling Plant is well taught in advance to provide an efficient cooling system not just for The Curve, but also for E@Curve and other adjacent buildings.

4.0 Electrical Supply 4.1 Introduction There are many ways to generate electricity, most commonly the burning of fossil fuels, and the more recent method in efforts to conserve fossil fuels, nuclear. In reference to this method, electricity is generated at power plants and distributed through transmission lines through multiple distribution systems before consumption.

Electricity has long played an important part in the modern world, and has been adapted to a growing number of uses. Electricity in buildings has become a fundamental system supply as it provides the power to move all appliances such as lighting, ventilation systems, heating and cooling systems, mechanical transportation and telecommunication equipment. In the absence of electrical supply, a building becomes partially functional, whereby it only runs on emergency supply for a short period of time. This shows the complete dependency of buildings on electricity for smooth and normal operation. Only through thorough analysis can one determine the demand and usage of power in a building, as well as the necessary measures in doing so.

This subtopic will cover the general study of electrical services in buildings in general, as well as in the selected case study, e@Curve. The electrical distribution and consumption in buildings will be discussed. The appropriateness of electrical services found will be studied as per requirements of the Uniform Building By-Law 2001. A detailed analysis of the electricity distribution within e@Curve will be discussed: the flow from the district power plant to the electrical utilities. The subtopic will also be discussing the functions of different rooms and appliances within the distribution system.

4.2 Literature Review General Distribution

Figure 4.2.1: Basic Electrical Distribution System Figure 1 displays the basic distribution of electricity. Electricity is generally generated at power stations by electromechanical generators, driven by heat engines fueled by fossil fuel combustion or nuclear fission, as well as by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind.

Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. Typically in conventional power stations, for example coal-fired, gas and nuclear powered plants, as well as hydroelectric dams and large-scale solar power stations often require external electricity sources to transmit power over long distances as they are centralized.

Power plants generate current at high voltage to be distributed to consumers. Electricity is passed through a series of distribution systems called the power distribution grid before consumption.

During this process, voltage will be raised and lowered according to appropriateness at various points of the system.

From the power plants, electricity will be transmitted to the transmission substation via the distribution grid. At this point, electricity will be stepped up (power will be increased) by the step up transformer within the substation. This is to overcome the resistance of the electricity when travelling long distance through the transmission lines. Next, current is passed through electrical pylons along the distribution grid system, or in more densely populated areas, underground transmission lines (which is not commonly used as it is costly), to substations in different locations.

At these substations, current is stepped down using step down transformers as the voltage is too high for domestic use.

Figure 4.2.2: Building Electrical Distribution From the substation, the current will then be transmitted to the High Tension Room, or in some cases the High Voltage Room, to be further distributed to several step down transformers to lower the voltage according to usage and consumption in buildings. From there, the current previously lowered is transferred to the Low Voltage Room.

The Low Voltage Room, also known as the Main Switchboard Room or Low Tension Room, houses the main switches of different facilities in a building. Each panel receives their respective currents from the transformers. Circuit breakers are installed in the Low Voltage Room should there be excessive power surges that may potentially harm the electrical appliances within the room.

Next, current from main switch boards are transferred to distribution boards. This transfer is aided by electrical risers located at every level of a building, using bus ducts. In each riser room, a sub switch board is installed. The function of the sub switch board is to regulate the electrical supply using meters to that particular level by the main switch board. This is to prevent power surges that may result in an electricity trip and to ensure that only the level affected will have its electricity supply cut off.

Figure 4.2.3: Electrical Distribution System.

In Malaysia, the most common electricity distribution company responsible for the provision of public electricity demands is Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), on the Peninsular Malaysia side. In East Malaysia, the companies are Sarawak Energy (SE) for Sarawak, and Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah.

4.3 Case Study e@Curve is a relatively big commercial building consisting of 6 levels, as well as two basement car parks. Commercial buildings require a much greater supply of electricity compared to residential buildings. The electrical supply is generated from the main power plant, supplied by Electric Utility Company Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). It is then delivered to the district transmission substation and further transmitted to the TNB substation located within the building.

The transmission and distribution in a smaller context, which is the building electrical distribution starting from the TNB substation will be discussed.

The electrical distribution system in e@Curve includes:         

TNB Substation Consumer Room (HV Room) Gen-Set Room Transformer Room Main Switchboards Electric Rooms Distribution Boards MDF Room Safety Precautions

Figure 4.3.1: Location of Electrical Distribution Rooms at Lower Ground Floor of e@Curve.

Figure 4.3.2: Location of TNB Substation, Consumer Room and Gen-Set Room at Lower Ground floor of e@Curve.

Figure 4.3.3: Electrical Distribution System in e@Curve.

4.3.1 TNB Substation (High Voltage Room) The TNB substation is the direct link of electricity supply from the transmission lines or underground cables to be supplied to e@Curve. Like most shopping malls or commercial buildings, it is located at the back of the building, with a relatively safe distance away from the public.

Figure 4.3.1.1: TNB substation at e@Curve.

Unlike most TNB substations, which are slightly elevated and have a slight ramp in front of the entrance to drain and prevent water from flooding into the room, e@Curve’s substation is sheltered and is not susceptible to rainwater. It is located at the Lower Ground floor, and is easily accessible by authorized personnel from TNB. From here, voltage is stepped down by transformers to be passed to the Consumer High Voltage (HV) Room that will then distribute the electricity to various parts of the building. The TNB Substation is for authorized personnel only, which means only TNB electrical engineers and the likes are allowed to access the room due to safety reaso

4.3.2 Consumer High Voltage (HV) Room

Figure 4.3.2.1: Consumer HV Room at e@Curve.

The Consumer HV Room is positioned close to the TNB substation to reduce voltage drop. This is because the further the distance travelled by the current, the higher the resistance experienced by the current in the wires, hence a reduction in current. In this room, electricity is stepped down by step down transformers installed, from 11kV to 415V, appropriate for usage and distribution to the building.

Figure 4.3.2.2: Step down transformer for landlord and tenants in the Consumer HT Room.

The transformer for the landlord supplies or distributes electricity to areas and facilities such as common areas, lifts, basement car parks, washrooms and AHUs, whereas the other transformer supplies electricity to tenants, of which will be charged separately and according to usage or consumption.

Figure 4.3.2.3: Air-conditioners placed in Consumer HV Room.

There are two air-conditioners placed in the Consumer HV Room. This is to regulate and lower the room temperature to prevent the transformers from overheating. The two air-conditioners are alternated.

4.3.3 Transformer Room (LV Room) The stepped down current from the HV Room is then transferred to the Transformer Room. At e@Curve, the LV Room houses all the Main Switch Boards with Circuit Breakers. The Main Switch Boards are the main power switches of the entire building. Circuit breakers are also found in this room to prevent damages to the appliances when there is a sudden surge of electricity.

Figure 4.3.3.1: Main Switch Boards in the Transformer Room.

Figure 4.3.3.2: Main Switch Boards in the Transformer Room with Circuit Breaker and Voltmeter.

Figure 4.3.3.3: Distribution Board in Transformer Room with Circuit Breaker, Voltmeter and Ammeter.

4.3.4 Bus Duct System This system allows the control and monitoring of the Main Switch Boards through computer, located away from the Transformer Room for safety reasons. The bus duct uses a tray system to carry current from the Transformer Room to different parts of the building, to Sub Switch Boards and Distribution Boards at each level.

Figure 4.3.4.1: Bus Duct System The Bus Duct system connects current from the Gen-Set Room to the Transformer Room and from the Transformer Room to essential facilities like lifts, exhaust fans and so on. They run along the vertical length of electrical risers at every level of the building. The cables have good heat resistance as to resist the heat that current produces when it passes through. The orange cables are especially fire resistant because it connects the exhaust fan to a low voltage switchboard.

This is so that in the event of a fire occurrence, the wire within the cables, which is made of copper, is able to hold and stay in shape for an average of an hour so that the exhaust fan can continue to function to eliminate smoke within the building.

4.3.5 Electric Room Electric Rooms are located at every level in the building, from Lower Ground to Level 3. The electric rooms are allocated at each level to provide electricity channeled from the Transformer Room for usage at each level. This is where bus ducts (refer .3.4) come into play as well. The power supply runs along the bus duct system up the electrical risers at every level and power is supplied to every electric room to the Sub Switch Boards and Distribution Boards (refer Figure .3.3.3).

Figure 4.3.5.1: Electric Room at every level.

Figure 4.3.5.2: Floor Plan showing location of Electric Room at Ground Floor at e@Curve.

Figure 4.3.5.3: Floor Plan showing location of Electric Room at Lower Ground Floor at e@Curve.

4.3.6 Distribution Boards, Sub Switch Boards and Meters Distribution Boards (refer Figure .3.3.3) transfer electricity to lower voltage appliances such as lighting and individual electrical appliances, as well as to tenant units.

Sub Switch Boards on the other hand, supply electricity to higher voltage appliances such as lifts, escalators and so on.

The number of meters varies according to the number of tenants at a particular level. As mentioned in .3.2, each tenant is to pay their electricity bill monthly according to their consumption and usage. This is monitored by the reading of the meter in the electric room.

4.3.7 Gen-Set Room In the event of an occurrence of a power supply breakdown from TNB, the Gen-Set Room is responsible to provide temporary power supply to the building until the problem is rectified and the power restored. When there is a drop in voltage throughout the building, the gen-set is triggered by a sensor in the main panel located at the Lower Ground floor. The function of this gen-set is to supply electricity to essential facilities such as emergency lighting, lifts, firefighting and CCTV.

Figure 4.3.7.1: Gen-Set Room.

4.3.7.1 AMF Board

Figure 4.3.7.1.1: AMF Board in the Gen-Set Room.

The AMF board functions to control the gen-set.

4.3.7.2 Generator, Lithium Cadmium Battery, Diesel Tank

Figure 4.3.7.2.1: Lithium Cadmium Battery (blue panels at the bottom) powered Generator.

Figure 4.3.7.2.2: Diesel fuel tank.

The generator shown in Figure 4.3.7.2.2 is powered by the Lithium Cadmium Battery. Similarly like a car, a spark of electricity is required to start or run the generator. The batteries are generally placed closed to the generator and are essential to the operation of the generator. The diesel fuel tank is connected to the engine of the generator. The diesel fuel passes through a motor and combustion occurs. The dynamo generates electric field and current, which is then brought to the Main Switch Boards in the Transformer Room, then channeled to wherever necessary.

4.3.7.3 Exhaust and Air Fins

Figure 4.3.7.3.1: Exhaust fan in Gen-Set Room.

The exhaust fan functions to extract smoke from the generator.

Figure 4.3.7.3.2: Air Fins for air ventilation within the Gen-Set Room.

4.3.8 Safety Precautions

Figure 4.3.8.1: Safety light indicator The purpose of having this light above the doors to the Electrical Distribution System rooms is to indicate whether or not it is safe to enter the rooms. Should there be a fire within the rooms, the smoke detector (Figure .3.8.2) within the rooms will trigger the fire alarm. The light above the door will turn red as an indication not to enter the room.

Figure 4.3.8.2: Smoke Detector

Figure 4.3.8.3: Pressurized CO2 tanks.

After the alarm is triggered, the transformers will automatically be shut down. Carbon dioxide will be released from the tanks into the rooms to retard or put out the spread of fire as it provides the opposite effect of oxygen, which fuels fire.

Figure 4.3.8.4: Rubber mats Rubber mats reduce the risk of conductance of current and electric shocks by humans should there be leakages of current. The rubber mats cut off the flow of electricity altogether as they do not conduct electricity.

4.4 Analysis According to the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984, there are several regulations required to be fulfilled by the building owners. The regulations are as follows: Section 240 (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

Section 241 In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

According to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.

Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.

Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.

(3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be (a) constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger; and (b)

constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.

e@Curve has fulfilled the regulations stated above by having installed the circuit breakers and safety measures in all Electric Distribution System Rooms. e@Curve has fulfilled necessary requirements in regards to electricity in accordance to UBBL 1980 and Electricity Supply Act 1997.

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System 5.1 Introduction This research discusses about the types mechanical transportation used in e@Curve shopping mall. It will include a literature review explaining about the types mechanical transportation. The examples of mechanical transportation includes elevators, escalators, and lifts. These examples will be covered in the case study section. The information regarding the mechanical transportation in e@Curve Shopping Mall gathered will be referenced conforming to the UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements.

Detailings of the respective mechanical transportation system will also be explained for further knowledge and understanding of the system in e@Curve Shopping Mall. The research then concludes with an analysis and recommendations for improvements to the mechanical transportation system at e@Curve Shopping Mall.

5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Mechanical Transportation System Mechanical transportation have been revolving around people and buildings for decades and is considered to be one of the most important aspect to satisfy the needs of the generation today. The increasing usage of computer networks, internet and digital services has greatly reduced travelling requirements. Thus, quick, efficient and costeffective transportation will always be in popular demand. These aspects of the transportation system has led to become one of the most prioritized attention at the earliest stages of a building design. Also, the mechanical transportation are to be integrated with other services such as fire protecting system and electrical system in the building, so that it would have more than one function.

5.2.2 Types of Mechanical Transportation System The different types of mechanical transportation that are available in e@Curve include: 1) Escalators 2) Elevators

5.2.2.1 Escalators An escalator is a conveyor transport designed for moving people quickly and efficiently between floors of a building. An escalator requires no waiting time and it is reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak hours. For example, during lunch hour when most of the staffs are going down to the cafeteria at the lower ground floor, the escalators can be reversed so that more people are able to descend at the same time. An escalator can normally be found in a local department store, exhibition hall, air terminal and railway station, where there are high density of human traffic on a daily basis.

There are a few different types of arrangement of escalators in a building, such as: 1) One Way Traffic - Continuous - Interrupted 2) Two way Traffic - Parallel - Criss Cross One Way Traffic (Continuous) This arrangement is used mainly in small department stores to link three levels. The advantage of this arrangement is that the direction of the escalators can be adjusted to suit the traffic flow. However, the disadvantage of this arrangement is that it requires more space as compared to the other one way traffic arrangement, which is the interrupted arrangement.

Figure 5.2.2.1a shows the arrangement of one way traffic (continuous) escalators.

One Way Traffic (Interrupted) This arrangement is widely used in shopping complexes, or a large department store. For this arrangement, it might seemed inconvenient for the users, but it is actually for the benefit of the owner of the department store or building. This is because the escalators are arranged in such a way that the users or customers are forced to walk through strategically placed merchandise displays in the building.

Figure 5.2.2.1b shows the arrangment of one way traffic (interrupted) escalators.

Two Way Traffic (Parallel) This arrangement is mostly used in department stores and public transportation buildings that have heavy density of users and heavy traffic flow. Also, this parallel arrangement can be adjusted or reversed to suit the traffic flow during peak hours.

Figure 5.2.2.1c shows the arrangment of two way traffic (parallel) escalators.

Two Way Traffic (Criss Cross) This arrangement is one of the most widely used in department stores and shopping complexes. This is because it allows users to travel quickly to the upper or lower floors without any waiting time. Another advantage for this arrangement is that the store owner can open up the view onto the shops at the upper floor to stimulate customer interest in the goods that are on display.

Figure 5.2.2.1d shows the arrangement of two way traffic (criss cross) escalators.

5.2.2.2 Elevators Elevators are also known as lifts in commonwealth countries. Ever since it has been invented, elevators has became the lifeblood for everyone when it comes to transporting people up and down between floors in high rise buidlings, or even commercial buildings.

Elevators are generally ran by electrical motors that drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, a pump hydraulic fluid to rain a cylindrical piston like a jack.

There are a few different types of elevators in a building, such as : 1) Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room 2) Hydraulic Elevators Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room These type of elevators are the most commonly used elevators in any sort of building. In a short definition, elevators use cable to lift the car and its movement depends on an electrical power, that is located in the machine room. The machine room is normally located on the rooftops of the building, as it acts as an control panel for the elevators to move up or down in the building.

Geared traction machines are either driven by AC or DC electrical motors in the machine room. It uses worm gears to control the mechanical movement of the elevators by rolling steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a highspeed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 feet per minute (3 m/s).

Gearless traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM) as they are powered by high-torque electrical motors driven by AC or DC powers. For this, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. This type of elevator can reach up to a speed of 2,000 feet per minute (10m/s) or even higher. Thus, a brake must be mounted between the motor and drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary when it reaches a destinated floor. This brake is an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically. Hence, a blackout will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from failing.

In conclusion, the main components available in the elevators are: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Motor/Machine Room Hoistway and Pit Lift Car Landing

Hydraulic Elevators Hydraulic elevator are elevators that use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise or lower the lift car. It is commonly used for building that has a maximum of seven storeys and mostly for hospitals. Hydraulic elevators are relatively cheaper as compared to geared traction elevators. Other than that, hydraulic elevators are also usually slower in speed as compared to electric elevators.

There are three major types of hydraulic elevators, such as: 1) Conventional 2) Holeless 3) Roped

Conventional Hydraulic Elevators This type of hydraulic system uses an underground cylinder, and they are commonly used for low rise buildings with 2-5 storeys. Conventional hydraulic elevators have a maximum speed up to 200 feet/minute (1m/s).

Holeless Hydraulic Elevators These hydraulic lifts were developed in the 1970s, and they use a pair of above ground cylinders. Thus it is very practical for environmentally friendly or cost effective buildings that has 2-4 storeys.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators Roped hydraulic elevators are special, as they use both above ground cylinders and a rope system, which combine the reliability of in-ground hydraulic that has flexibility of holeless hydraulic. This is commonly used for buildings up to 8-10 storeys.

In conclusion, the main components available in hydraulic elevators are: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Cylinder Hydraulic Fluid Lift Car Landing Machine Room

5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Escalators There are two types of escalators used in e@Curve, mainly: 1) One way traffic (Interrupted) 2) One way traffic (Continuous)

Figure 5.3.1a shows a pair of escalators that is interrupted in one way traffic flow. There is only one escalator going up, and the other going down.

Figure 5.3.1b shows the bottom view of an escalator that is continuous one way traffic flow.

One Way Traffic (Interrupted) As mentioned in the literature review, the function of this type of one way traffic escalator is so that the users or customers are forced to walk through the strategically placed merchandise displays in the building. Thus, the owner of e@Curve has used this type of escalator to increase the chances of the customers purchasing products as they walk through the mall to get to the other escalator. Also, the shops placed near the escalators are mostly the most convenient for purchasing, for example Subway, so that customers will be attracted to that area of the mall.

One-Way Traffic (Continuous) This arrangement is used to link the three main floors of the building, namely 1 st Floor to 3rd Floor, as there are only two escalators at each floor. This is because the escalators are to suit the traffic flow of the users in the mall, especially during peak hours. For example when the workers have finished their working hours, then all the escalators can be adjusted so that they can exit the building efficiently. The other reason why the mall uses this type of escalator is also for safety. In case of emergency, the escalators can be reversed so all customers can exit the building quickly.

5.3.1.1 Escalator Placements

Figure 5.3.1.1a shows the placement of interrupted one way traffic escalators on the Lower Ground floor.

Figure 5.3.1.1b shows the placement of all types of one way traffic escalators on the Ground Floor.

Figure 5.3.1.1c shows the placement of continuous one way traffic escalators from the 1st Floor to 3rd Floor.

5.3.1.2 Components of Escalator There are five components of a typical escalator available in e@Curve: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Landing Platforms Truss Tracks Steps Handrail

Landing Platforms There are two landing platforms in one escalator, one floor to another, holding the curved sections of the tracks as well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform of the escalator contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. Whether the escalator is goind up or down the building, the top platform and bottom platform must contain their respective mechanism inside them, or else the escalator would not work. The bottom platform also anchors the ends of the escalator truss.

Both platforms consist of two types of plates namely floor plate and combplate. The function of the floor plate is to provide a stepping space for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. The combplate is a piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. These teeth mesh with the matching cleats on the edges of the steps, to minimize the gap between the stairs and the landing. This is so that objects are prevented from getting caught in between the gap.

Figure 5.3.1.2a shows the floor plate and combplate of every landing platforms of a basic escalator.

Truss The truss is a hollow metal structure that connects the lower and upper landings of an escalator. It is composed of two different side sections that are joined together with cross braces across the bottom and below the top of the escalator. The ends of truss are joined to the top and bottom landings of the escalator via steel or concrete supports. In this case, the truss are joined to the landings via steel supports in e@Curve.

Figure 5.3.1.2b shows the steel truss support for an escalator in e@Curve.

Tracks Tracks are a system that is built into the truss to guide the step chains, and it continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform back to the top platform in an endless loop. There are two tracks in one truss; one for the front wheels of the steps and one for the back wheels of the steps. The positions of these tracks cause the steps to be a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are in a straight line. The tracks then carry the steps down to the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing.

The cycle is repeated continuously.

Steps Steps in an escalator are one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel. Yellow demarcation lines are added to indicate the edges of the steps. This is also for safety precautions, so that the passengers know where to step and would not fall off the edges of the stairs. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are connected to two wheels which will then control the orientation of the steps via the tracks.

Handrails Handrails are comfortable handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. In the escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is constructed by four different sections. At the center it is called a “slider” which is a layer of cotton or textile to allow handrail to move smoothly along its track. The other layer is called “tension member” and it consists of steel cable and it provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility. The next layer would be the inner construction components, which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating. The last layer of the handrail is the part where the passengers are able to see, that is the cover which is made of synthetic polymers and rubber. It is used to resist degradation from environmental conditions, mechanical tear and wear and human vandalism.

Figure 5.3.1.2c shows a more detailed drawing of the components in an escalator.

5.3.1.3 Operations of Escalator Escalators are often powered by constant-speed alternating current motors (AC Motors) and move at approximately 1-2 feet (0.3m-0.6m) per second. The typical inclination of an escalator to the horizontal level is around 30 degrees. It has a standard rise of about 60 feet (18m). Modern escalators have a single piece aluminium or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Figure 5.3.1.3a shows the angle of a basic escalator inclination.

For the width of the steps in an escalator, it must be chosen and designed wisely so that it is not excessively wide nor narrow. The steps has to have a balanced ratio between the spaces required and the transport capacity, and also between travel comfort and cost.

5.3.2 Elevators The type of elevator used in e@Curve is Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room.

Figure 5.3.2a shows the entrance of the geared and gearless traction elevator in e@Curve.

As mentioned in the literature review, geared and gearless traction elevators are most popular in any sort of buildings, and it is also the case for e@Curve. Although e@Curve does not have many elevators in the building, but it is very much used for two purposes. They are to transport the disable passengers from one floor to another, and also for the fire fighters during emergencies.

Other than that, loading and unloading of materials in and out of the building also use the elevators provided in e@Curve.

Whenever there is geared or gearless traction elevator present in a building, there will also be a motor room where the electric motor is placed to control the flow of the elevator.

5.3.2.1 Elevator Placement

Figure 5.3.2.1a shows the placement of elevators in all of the levels in e@Curve.

Figure 5.3.2.1b shows the placement of elevators and motor room on the rooftop.

5.3.2.2 Components of Elevator There are five main components of an elevator: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Control System Electric Motor Hoistway and Pit Lift Car Landing

Control System The function of the control system is to let passengers register their floor calls before entering the car lift. The system also let them know which car to wait for so that the time to travel is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers. The computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank. It is a good system as it is great for mass movement of passengers at once as during peak hours every passenger will have a common destination.

The control system also improves accessibility, for those disabled passengers as they can move their respective vehicles in and out of the car lift easily. The disabled passengers will not have to worry the problems on getting up and down the building.

Electric Motor The electric motor is always placed in a motor room. It is sited above the lift shaft so that it can reduce the lengths of ropes and increase efficiency of the elevators. To ensure its efficiency, the motor room has to be well ventilated and well insulated to reduce the condensation effect. The electric motor is placed on a compressed cork concrete slab for sound insulation purposes.

Inside the motor room there is also a control panel which is mounted against the wall and being contained in a sheet steel case. The function of the control panel would be to control and monitor the operation of the lift throughout the day, and also receiving signals from the users or passengers through the car operating panels.

Other than that, there is also the traction machine which consists of the electric motor, worm gear for geared lift and an electromechanical brake and traction sheave. The machine can be either Alternating Current (AC) or Direct Current (DC). It is driven by the electric motor with a large traction sheave which runs a number of wire ropes, the ends of which are connected to the car and the counterweight.

Figure 5.3.2.2a shows the elements inside the Motor Room.

Figure 5.3.2.2b shows the different types of traction motor available in a motor room.

Figure 5.3.2.2c shows the Electric Motor in the Motor Room at e@Curve.

Figure 5.3.2.2d shows the control panel in the Motor Room at e@Curve.

Hoistway and Pit Inside the hoistway and pit there is the car guide and counterweight guide, which is also known as the guard rail. The function of the hoistway and pit is to guide both the car and counterweight so that they will travel in a uniformly vertical direction and also stops the car and counterweight during emergency. The hoistway and pit is normally made of steel, that is machined channel and has a ‘T’ section secured to the car and wall respectively.

The function of the counterweight is to provide traction and to balance the weight of the car lift for about 40%-50% of the car rated load. It also functions to reduce the size of the lift motor and provide a safety measure when the counterweight land on its buffer, thus removing traction or a pulling force from the car. The counterweights are commonly made of cast iron that comes in small weights that are clamped in place into a frame with at least 2 steel tie rods so that they do not fall out.

The function of the buffer is to stop any over-travel of the car lift into the lift pit. It is located directly below the centre of gravity of the car lift and the counterweight.

Inside the hoistway and pit there is also wire ropes. They function to hoist car lifts, each strand consisting of a number of steel wires. The normal diameter for the wire ropes are 6.5-22mm. It is formed around a fibre core that is impregnated with a lubricant to reduce friction of the internal parts when in use and prevent corrosion when not in use.

There are also travelling cables inside the hoistway and pit. One end of the travelling cables is connected to a terminal box fitted underneath or on top of the car while the other end is connected to a junction box that is fixed in the hoistway or to the machine room/motor room.

Figure 5.3.2.2e shows the plan for the position of car guide and countweight guide.

Figure 5.3.2.2f shows the details of the counterweight.

Figure 5.3.2.2g shows the details of the buffer.

Lift Car The lift car consists of a lift frame. It is a steel frame that is welded or bolted in construction which provide a cradle or supported in which the car can sit. It has sufficient strength to withstand the stress applied to it when the car has accelerated. The main parts of the lift frame include a crosshead, uprights and bottom channels.

There is also a platform in the lift car, which is an isolation frame that is attached to separate passenger compartment from the vibrations. It is supported by rubber pads that are compressed under load, so it provides info on the load in the car; whether it is overweight or not.

The lift car would not have functioned properly without the door operator, as it opens and closes the door in a smooth manner so that passengers can travel from one floor to another in a comfortable and relaxed manner. This is because the opening and closing time of the lift have a significant effect on the lift efficiency and cycle time.

For a comfortable journey, door safety devices is compulsory to detect passengers’ movement in and out of the lift.

Figure 5.3.2.2h shows a typical lift car frame.

Landing In the landing component, there are landing doors present to prevent objects from entering the path of lift. It is normally made from steel. It is fire-rated to 30, 60 and 90 minutes to stop fire from landing.

There is also landing fixture to inform the passengers on what is going on in the lift and also giving instructions to the passengers to the lift control system.

Figure 5.3.2.2j shows the details on the landing doors.

5.4 UBBL Requirements 1. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

2. Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. 3. Lift door should provide a clear opening of not less than 1000mm 4. Lift sensing devices should be provided to ensure that lift car and landing doors will not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20 second 5. Where escalators are installed, lifts or ramps should be available as an alternative.

6. To alert people with visual impairment that they are approaching escalators, a strip of suitable guiding blocks of not less than 900 mm long should be laid on the floor leading to the embarking end of the escalators.

7. The treads of escalators shall be easily distinguished from the floor and landing levels by contrasting colors, brightness and texture. Their surfaces shall be slip resistant.

5.5 Conclusion Based on the analysis and information gathered on the mechanical transportation systems in e@Curve, it is proven that e@Curve has followed the UBBL requirements for both the escalator and elevator systems that are set by the governments, in terms of standard height of lift, size, level of the escalator and the safety.

6.0 Water Supply 6.1 Introduction Water is essential to the living especially to us. Freshwater is one of the most crucial resource for humans and all other living creatures on earth. Our life revolves around water, and sufficient clean water is essential for our healthy living as well as the health of the environment. Especially for places provided for the public, efficient, clean and appropriate water supply system is of paramount importance. The water supply system must be designed to achieve appropriate water pressure and flow, and to avoid contamination to potable water.

In this case study report, we are going to cover the process of the overall water system used Malaysia, and its relations to our building, E@Curve highlighting the main sources of the water supply throughout the whole building and how it flows around it. This section of the case study will also educate my group members and I better in understanding the main elements, the functionalites, and the importance in studying this system as it will also help us in designing our future designs mainly in terms of hydrology.

This section of report will cover the following topics : i) ii) iii) iv) v)

(1.2) (1.3) (1.4) (1.5) (1.6)

Water Supply Pump Systems Piping Systems Water Storage Maintenance

The topics will enable us to understand in detail the system itself in relation to its function and productivity as a shopping mall/public area

6.2 Water Supply Malaysia receives abundant rainfall averaging 3,000mm annually that contributes to an estimated annual water resource of some 900 billion cubic metres. About 97% of our raw water supply for agricultural, domestic and industrial needs are derived from surface water sources primarily rivers. Malaysia has 189 river basins - 89 in Peninsular Malaysia, 78 in Sabah and 22 in Sarawak. All the rivers originate and flow from the highlands.

Water supply system is mainly used for collection, transmission, treatment, storage, commercials establishment, industry and also for residences, educational buildings, and to forget the public needs for firefighting (fire hose by the roads) and street flushing and also cleansing. The sources of water supply are usually divided into three main sources ; rain water, ground water and the surface water.

The surface water is the main water supply in Malaysia, originated from the streams and rivers in Malaysia. It is referred to as the “soft water� with a very minimal content of mineral in it. Water treatment is needed for the surface water as it is exposed to many different contaminants, such as animal waste, pesticides, insecticides, industrial wastes and algae.

The main water supplier department in Malaysia is Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA). Through JBA, water is supplied to several other private water suppliers such as Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS). Syabas supplies treated water to over 7mil consumers in Selangor, Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur.

6.3 Pump Systems The selection of pump varies depending on the factors and the suitability of the pump to the building or space made available for the water pumps. That includes yield of the rate of a well, the daily flow needed by the users of the building, the size of pressure tank or storage used, the total operating pressure against the pump works and the total operating pressure tank used.

For E@Curve shopping mall, hydro pneumatic pump is used. The pump consists of a pressure vessel and a pressure pump. The pressure vessel contains water with a pressurized air space to provide pressure for the system. Water flows from the vessel, thus increasing the air space and decreases air pressure. It signals the pump to start whenever the pressure is low.

Diagram 6.3.1

The demand with excess volume backing up in the pressure vessel will meet the pump and when the upper level is reached, the pump will shut off. Newer pressure vessels have a neoprene bladder to separate the air space from the water.

Diagram 6.3.2

Diagram 6.3.3

The gravity makes it easier for the water pump to distribute water sources down to the lower levels since the water tank is located on the 7th floor of the building which is the top floor.

Diagram 1.3.1 shows the hydropneumatic pump system and how it functions. This diagram will explain in the detail, provided with extra information from the info inserted above with the picture (Diagram 1.3.1) A hydropneumatic tank contains pressurized air and water. It doesn’t have a bladder and air is in direct contact with the water. The compressed air acts as a cushion exerting or absorbing pressure. This type of tank comes with three main functions: i)

Delivers water within a selected pressure range so the well pump is not continuously running. ii) Prevents a pump from starting up every time there is a minor call for water from the distribution system. iii) Minimizes pressure surges (water hammer).

Functional pumps and booster pumps work with pressure tanks to maintain a stable pressure range in the system. The pressure tank maintains the pumping-cycle rate required to avoid overheating the pump motor and premature motor failure.

Hydropneumatic pump system work best with an air cushion of Ÿ to ½ the tank capacity.

This cushion decreases as water absorbs air and the tank loses its ability to pressurize the system. To keep that from happening, there must be an automatic way to replenish the air volume. Adding air manually is not the best way to ensure proper pressure-tank operation over time.

Type Cold water rise (suction tank to roof tank) Cold water rise (from pump room to respective floors) Cold water distribution (LG to Roof) Cold water distribution (LG to 1st floor public utilities)

Material Mild steel cement lining pipe (MSCL) Stainless steel pipe

Pipe Size 100

ABS PN 15 ABS PN 15

50 100

50

6.4 Piping Systems Like water pumps, the equipment for waterpiping for distibutions also varies according to its functionalitites and usage in supplying water to their respective areas/destinations.

Each and everyone of the pipe size and materials correspond to their respective distribution outlets to provide the necessary pressure for the usage of the functionalities.

In reference to the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), there are no regulations code that states there are needs in providing water services according to the by-laws. In accordance to this matter, the water services provided throughout the mall are based on the regulations set by the engineers and are in accordance to the drawing given.

6.5 Water Storage

Storage capacity required for the building is determined from pressure in mains, hours of supply and fire storage requirements.

To store water, water storage are installed and there are requirements linking to the installation and protection of water storage tanks :



    

Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platform where the location of the tank is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to its maximum capacity without unnecessary alteration taking place Metal tank was installed with a membrane of a non-corrosive insulating material between the support and the underside of the tank Tanks are supported in a manner so no load is transmitted to any of the attached pipes Tanks are located somewhere accesible for inspection, repais, maintenance and replacement Tanks are provided with a cover designed to prevent the entry of any dust, roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals or insects Tanks are placed where it is located not directly beneath any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable water

6.6 Maintainance Maintenance for the water supply is very important as it is one of the main elements into designing a building for public usage (also applies for private). Failure in the water supply system may lead to dissatisfaction and disfunctionality of the building itself. Especially on leakage problems, it will mainly affect the supply to the washrooms and restaurant’s services available in the mall. Maintenance for the water is done twice in a month also by Syabas especially for the input of chlorine in the water to kill of the bacterias from the water supply.

The chlorine water supply provided by Syabas located @ Basement 1 of E@Curve

\

7.0 Sanitary, Sewage and Drainage System 7.1 Introduction Sanitary and sewage system plays an important role in every building as every user in the building will excrete waste whether from sanitary appliance or from domestic activities.

Sanitary fittings or appliances are divided into two categories, which are: Soil fitments – to remove black water (also known as brown water) from sanitary appliances from urinals and water closet.

Waste water fitments – to remove grey water from domestic activities such as washing and preparation of food.

Wastewater is being transported into the lower part of the building using gravitational force. Hence, sewage treatment plant is usually located at the lower floor near the drainage catchment outlets where wastewater can be captured easily reducing the reliance of pumps. There are three types of underground piping which are: Service line – the piping that connects the building sewer and transport the wastewater to the mainline.

Main line – connection of wastewater and transport waste water to the treatment plant.

Access point – is connected to the wastewater service line.

There are two types of sewage system at e@Curve. One is for the black water and another for the grey water.

-Wastewater from urinal and WC → drain → pump → flow to mainline of Indah water -Wastewater from domestic activities → oil extractor → used of chemical to neutralize wastewater → being extracted by contractor every 2 weeks

7.2 Literature Review Pipes for the transportation of the wastewater should be durable and able to withstand chemicals and microbial contamination. Pipes are also needed to withstand high temperature and abrasion. Furthermore, regular maintenance should be held to make sure that the pipes are still in good condition where they are leak-tight to avoid any exfiltration.

(Polyvinyl chloride) PVC, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC), Polypropylene (PP) or Polyethylene (PE) can be found common as piping materials nowadays.

7.3 Sanitary System Primary parts that were found in e@Curve are water closet (WC), urinal and baisin and traps.

Water Closet (WC) Floor mounted WC and squatting WC. These two types of water closets are commonly used in Malaysia. They are not only economical, yet they and simple and efficient. Water closets are usually made of – Vitreous china that is non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleaned.

Glazed fireclay that is strong and resistance to impact. It is also has the properties of vitreous china which are non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleaned.

Plastic connectors are usually used to join the outlet to the soil branch pipe. The flush join pipe is usually made with a rubber cone connector which fits tightly between the WC and the pipe.

7.3.1 Water closet

Floor mounted water closet

Squatting water closet

7.3.2 Urinals Urinals are usually found in males toilet and it is only for urination. Public urinals usually have a plastic mesh guard, which may contain a deodorizing and to prevent solid objects such as cigarette butts, feces, chewing gum, or paper from being flushed and possibly causing a plumbing stoppage. Ice may be put to replace the deodorizer block to serve the same function as the deodorizer block.

Outlet ďƒ&#x;

Bowl Urinal

7.3.3 Wash Basins It is a plumbing fixture used for washing hands, dish washing and etc. The type of wash basin e@Curve usually use id the wall-mounted basin. The plumbing pipe of a wallmounted basin runs directly into the wall. Maintenance for the sink in e@Curve is easy as the sink does not touches the ground, causing the underneath of the sink to be exposed, making it easier for repairing.

Wash basin inside the washroom of e@Curve

7.3.4 Traps The function as trap to provide a water sea between the drainage piping and the outlet of the plumbing features. This water sea is to prevent building of odors, sewage gases and vermin from the sewer from entering the space. If a plumbing fixture has not been used for months, water inside the trap will evaporate and causing the gases to enter the room.

7.3.4.1 Types of traps Bottle trap

It is found under the washroom basin to prevent gases from the sewer entering the room.

When water inside the bottle trap goes into the drain, the bottle trap will be filled with new water from the wastewater. Thus the trap always remains filled with a certain amount of water and the pipe from the basin remains immersed into this water inside the bottle trap.

Trap water seal

Usually found in the kitchen and water closet. This type of trap is able to carry heavy objects that are inadvertently dropped into the sink.

Floor traps

Floor traps in toilets

floor traps in outdoor walkway

Floor trap function is to collect wastewater on the floor and transport them out from the room. The minimum depth of the water seal should be 50mm deep.

7.3.5 Vent pipes ďƒ&#x; vent pipe

Vent pipes are found at the roof level of e@Curve. Its function is to cancel out any siphon or vacuum caused by the moving water. This can prevent the interior of the building to smell bad due to the wastewater gases.

7.3.6 Gully inlets

Gully inlets are placed outside the building for water from surface of road and paved to enter the sewer system. It is bigger in size due to the heavy amount of water especially from heavy rain fall it is supposed to collect. Gullies are usually connected to the sewer by lateral pipes.

7.3.7 Manhole

Manhole acts as a tube that connects underground utilities like a sewer or cable system to the surface. It has to be large enough to fit in a size of a human in order for the utility worker to enter for some maintenance and repairing purposes. Manhole is connected to the septic tank underground for the temporary storage of the wastewater.

7.3.8 Septic Tank

Septic tank is to store the solid materials and waste produced from the building. It is constructed using concrete and it must be resistant to decay. Septic tank stores the wastewater and discharges it to a disposal field before it proceed for further treatment.

During that time, waste will discharged and form 3 layers which is sludge layer for solid and heavier sewage, scum layer for lighter solids such as fats and grease, and middle layer for partially liquid wastewater.

7.4 Drainage system Drainage system is essential for all types of building to drain off excess water from streets, sidewalk, roofs and other areas of the building. Storm water drainage is used to drain storm water and it can be called storm drains, storm sewer or drainage wells. Storm drains are separated from sewer system for sanitary purposes. Drainage system is to prevent flood, making it unsafe for human activities around the building and also human health.

7.4.1 Types of drainage system Gutter

The main function of a gutter is to collect and divert the rainwater from the roof to protect the building’s foundation. Gutter also helps in preventing leakage and reduces erosion of the building.

Rain gutters are usually made of materials such as cast iron, lead, zinc, galvanized steel, painted aluminum and PVC. Rainwater is usually being diverted from the gutter to downspout or downpipe then to the drain.

Downspout

Downspouts are drainage pipes that connect the rainwater from the roof and directly to the ground. Downspouts are usually seen at the corner of the building which where the rain water is being collected on the roof. Without downspout, rainwater might be trapped on the roof causing flood and leakage on the roof. It may also add weight to the building and weaken the building’s strength.

Perimeter drain

Perimeter drain function is to collect the rainwater from downspout and the surface of the ground and redirect the water away from the building. There are several types of drainage design, but all of them has the same function.

7.5 Case Study After studying our building, we realize that our building uses separate sewage system.

Wastewater from sanitary appliance and domestic usage are all collected and directed to the basement where the septic tank is located. However, rain water are directed to the drainage system and then out of the building where it does not meet with the wastewater.

7.6 Methodology The wastewater from the sanitary appliance and domestic waste are directed to the septic tank in a separate pipe and to different tank where they will not meet.

7.6.1 Schematic drawing of sewage system

There is one main manhole which connects the waste through UPVC pipe and then to the septic tank which locates at basement floor.

7.6.2 Findings and analysis According Law 43th noted the minimum dimension of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms.

In all buildings, the sizes of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms should be: (a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5m by 0.75m; (b) In the ease of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings,not less than 1.25 m by 0.75m; (c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 sqm with a width of not less than 0.75m; (d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2sqm with a width of not less than 0. 75m.

According Law 123th noted the requirement of pipes and service ducts: (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes,cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be: (a) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (b) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing.

(2) The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

7.7 Drainage system e@Curve uses a simple drainage system which is using the gutter to collect water and the downspout to direct the rain water to the drain and transport them out from the building.

Perimeter drain is located around the building to collect excess water such as rain water in order to keep the place clean and dry. This is also to prevent flooding around the building causing inconvenience to the public.

7.7.1 Findings and analysis Gutter e@Curve uses aluminum gutter to collect rainwater and transport it to the drainage system through downspout. Aluminum is an economical material to be used for gutter and it does not corrode. Hence, it is a popular type of gutter to be used not only at e@Curve, but also other types of buildings.

The direction of the flow of storm water from roof plan.

7.7.2 UBBL 82. (1) wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage from moisture.

83. (1) All air-wells and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitable protected against soil erosion.

(2) All ground under raised building shall be suitably finished and graded to prevent the accumulation of water or the growth of unwanted vegetation or for the breeding of vermin.

84. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of dampness and moisture into a building (2) Damp proof courses where provide shall comply with BS 743 (materials for horizontal D.P.C)

7.8 Conclusion e@Curve is categorized as a separate sewage system. This is because the storm water and the wastewater are separated by two different pipes. Even though it is at a higher cost during installation, but its efficiency is much higher due to the prevention of sewer overflowing and preventing flooding from happening. Separate sewage system also makes the maintenance easier as the pipes are separated and repairing and maintenance work will be much more convenient.

8.0 Conclusion In conclusion, services in e@Curve is well designed and has taken careful considerations to ensure the safety and comfort of occupants, complying with the requirements of Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL). Each services system functions well to suit the purpose of the building and client’s requirement. Through this project, we have gained knowledge to understand and explain the principles and systems related to water and electrical supply, sewerage, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, as well as fire protection systems. No doubt, it has definitely benefit us in our studies and experience as an architecture student.

9.0 References F. Mark. 2013. Wet Risers (Wet/ pre-pumped standpipes). High-Rise Fire Fighting.

Retrieved from http://www.highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html FP. Incontrol. 2011. Foam Water Sprinkler System. In Control Fire Protection. Retrieved from http://www.incontrolfp.com/posts/ Kwok. Alison.G., Grondzik. Ealter.T., Stein. Benjamin., Reynolds. John.S. 2010.

Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. Eleventh Edition. Wiley. J. New Jersey, Canada.

S. Ronald. R. 2011. Fire Science Basics Study Guide for McGraw-Hill’s Firefighter Exams. Education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/firefighter-exam-study-guide-fire-basics/ Unknown. 2011. Dry And Wet Riser System. Geomast Antifire Co. Limited. Retrieved from http://www.geomast.com/Default.aspx?_Page=662&_Control=CTL_Article_ArticleList&_ Content=322 Unknown. 2012. Fire Extinguisher. Supremes Equipments. Retrieved from http://www.supremexfireextinguisher.com/fireextinguisher.html Unknown.2012. Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher. London and Home Counties Fire Protection. Retrieved from http://www.lhcfp.co.uk/dry_powder_fire_extinguishers.htm Unknown. 2013. How Do We Service Your Extinguisher. OSAFE Fire Inspection.

Retrieved from http://www.osafefi.com/index.php?ws=pages&pages_id=4228 Unknown. 2014. Fire Extinguisher Chart & Guide. Online Fire Extinguisher. Retrieved from http://www.onlinefireextinguishers.co.uk/Extinguisher-Types-s/1477.htm Unknown. Active Systems & Passive fire protection division. National Firefighting Manufacturing FZCO. Retrieved from http://www.naffco.com/products.php?groups_id=225 Plumbing Vent Definitions & Distances. (n.d.). Retrieved from InspectApedia: http://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Plumbing_Vent_Definitions.htm Walliman, B. B. (2000). neufret Architects' Data. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publisher.

R. Marion, S. Max, R. Armin, (2005) Review of Residential Ventilation Technologies.

Building Science Corporation.

Retrieved from: http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/guides-and-manuals/gm-review-residentialventilation-technologies Unknown, (2014) Air Conditioning Accessories Guide. Jaicrest Air. Retrieved from: http://www.jaicrest.com.au/tipsandhints/airconditioning-accessories

A. Bhatia, (N.D.) Centralized Vs Decentralized Air Conditioning Systems. SEED. Retrieved from: http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf Unknown, (N.D.) Stair pressurization and smoke spill. Veetemp Heating, Air Conditioning and Mechanical Services. Retrieved from: http://www.veetemp.com.au/systems/stairpressurization-and-smoke-spill Unknown, (N.D.) Fan Coil Unit Group. Federation of Environmental Trade Associations.

Retrieved from: http://www.feta.co.uk/associations/hevac/specialist-groups/fan-coil-unitgroup Unknown, (N.D) Mechanical Transportation. Mechanical Transportation. Retrieved from: http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Building%20Services%20Engineering%20(5th%20Edi tion)/Chapter%2017%20Mechanical%20Transportation.pdf Dr. M. Zahurul Haq, (2011) Vertical Transportation: Elevatros & Escalators. Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Retrieved from: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME415/ME415_elevators.pdf Unknown, (N.D) Planning Guide for Escalators and Moving Walks. Schindler Escalators and Moving Walks.

Retrieved from: http://www.schindler.com/content/ph/internet/en/mobilitysolutions/products/movingwalks/schindler9500AE/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist/downloadList/32_1341905743695.download. asset.32_1341905743695/Planning%20Guide%20for%20escalators%20&%20moving% 20walks.pdf Unknown, (N.D) Specifications and Equipments standards. Retrieved http://www.jba.gov.my/index.php/bm/rujukan/spesifikasi-dan-standard

from:

Unknown, (N.D) Hydropneumatic Pump Systems. http://www.xylemindia.in/productcatalogue/lowara/Hydropneumatic_Pumping_System.pdf

from

Unknown, (2010) Hydropneumatic Device. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropneumatic_device

Retrieved

Retrieved

Unknown, (N.D) Water Supply and Sanitation in Malaysia. Retrieved http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia

from

from