A third form latin course

Oundle School Classics Department

A Third Form Latin Course

A two-tier language syllabus • Topics to be covered by Third Form Latin sets are as follows: Foundation tier, Sets 1-5 : The uses of the noun cases Noun declensions 1-5 Active verb tenses Tenses of sum Adjectives Passive verb tenses Relative pronoun hic & ille GCSE VOCAB LIST A402 Higher tier, Sets 1 & 2 : Irregular verbs: volo (malo/nolo) & eo Participles Ablative absolute Indirect statement Purpose clauses Result clauses Indirect command Indirect questions

• At the end of the Trinity Quarter, there will be two separate exam papers, one higher tier paper (which will be more or less a foundation tier GCSE paper) and one lower tier paper for those in sets 3, 4 and 5.

Background: an overview of Roman history • In addition to the language syllabuses, all sets (both higher and lower tier) will learn about some of the key figures and events of Roman History.

These include: – – – – – –

The life and reforms of Tiberius Gracchus The rise of Julius Caesar The reign of Nero and the fall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty The Jewish rebellion and the rise of the Flavian dynasty Constantine and the dawn of Christianity Alaric and the sack of Rome

• These topics will be studied using the Classics Departments own booklet, and the ‘Ancient Rome: Rise and Fall of an Empire’ series of BBC documentaries.

• The background course is designed to be completed in one period per fortnight.

Foundation Tier Course

Two schemes of work for language Higher tier • Mich: All 5 noun decs + uses of the cases including time/manner/place; all adjective declensions • Christmas: Relative clauses, hic/ille/is, participles and ablative absolute • Easter: Indirect statement, purpose, direct & indirect command, result • Trinity: Irregular verbs, indirect question + introduction to literature Foundation tier • Mich: Noun declensions & active verb tenses (present, imperfect, future) • Christmas: Active verb tenses (perfect, pluperfect) • Easter: From the verb to be up to comp. & superl. adjectives by half term and then up to end of future passives by Easter • Trinity: Perfect and pluperfect passives and deponent verbs by half term, then up to end of course by end of year.

Getting started To be able to translate Latin there are TWO IMPORTANT THINGS you need to know.

1.

WHAT THE WORDS MEAN

This is of fundamental importance when learning any language, but surprisingly often it is overlooked by people trying to get to grips with Latin. It is, however, an irrefutable truth that it’s impossible to understand a sentence of you don’t know what any of the words mean. You will have at least one prep a week to learn vocab from the GCSE word list, and you must treat these preps as seriously as you do your written preps; they are at least as important, if not more so.

2.

THAT LATIN DOES NOT WORK IN THE SAME WAY AS ENGLISH

The sooner you accept this simple fact, the sooner you will start to master Latin. It does, though, need a little bit more explanation….

Inflection versus word order • English (and lots of other modern languages) rely heavily on the order in which the words appear in a sentence to convey information about how those words relate to each other. Consider the two sentences below: The dog bit the man The man bit the dog • They contain EXACTLY the same words, but because those words are in a different order, the sentences mean something quite different.

• Latin, though, hardly relies at all on word order to convey meaning.

Instead, Latin uses word endings, where different patterns of letters attached onto a word ‘stem’ to explain how the words in a sentence relate to each other.

• Languages which work in this way are called ‘inflected’ languages, and much of the task when learning Latin is to learn the different systems of endings for different types of words.

Every sentence needs a verb The first word you are interested in finding in any Latin sentence is the VERB. For now, to keep things simple, we’ll just use the present tense‌.

Present tense verbs The present tense is formed by adding what we call the personal endings straight onto the present stem of the verb. (A ‘stem’ is the bit of a word which stays the same and to which endings are added.) The personal endings tell you WHO is doing the action of the verb. amo amas amat amamus amatis amant

I love You (s.) love He / she / it loves We love You (pl.) love They love

Exercise 1 For each verb, write down whether its subject is: I, you (s.), he/she/it, we, you (pl.) or they 1.

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conspicimus occidit dormiunt narras audetis nescio ponunt habitat lacrimamus veniunt

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mittit iubes nuntiatis punio regit monemus ducis sperant iacetis vocat

Verb conjugations Every regular verb in Latin can be put into one of four groups. These groups are called conjugations. Because there are some small but important differences between the conjugations, it is important to learn an example verb from each one. Here is the present tense for all four conjugations: 1 (a stems) am o amas amat amamus amatis amant

2 (e stems) moneo mones monet monemus monetis monent

3 4 (i stems) mitto audio mittis audis mittit audit mittimus audimus mittitis auditis mittunt audiunt

Which conjugation?

To work out what conjugation a verb is in, you need to look it up in your word list, and look at the first two parts you are given – the present tense and the infinitive: 1

amo, amare (infinitive with “a”)

2 3 4

moneo, monere (infinitive with “e”, present with “e”) mitto, mittere (infinitive with “e”, present without “e”) audio, audire (infinitive with “i”)

Exercise 2 Look up the following words on your GCSE word lists.

Which conjugation are all the following verbs in?

Do they behave like AMO, MONEO, MITTO or HABEO? 1.

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aedifico occido dormio narro audeo nescio pono habito lacrimo venio

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promitto iubeo nuntio punio rego moneo duco spero iaceo voco

Nouns everywhere Every sentence needs a verb, and the verb is the first thing you need to deal with in a Latin sentence, but there usually aren’t very many verbs in any one sentence. In fact, Latin prefers, if it all possible, just to have one.

However, sentences often have lots of nouns in them, and working out how these nouns fit together with all the other words is crucial.

Nouns and noun cases •

In English, we understand how NOUNS fit into the meaning of a sentence from the ORDER in which the words are arranged, and by the ADDITION OF OTHER LITTLE WORDS. For example, look at the sentence below: The slave killed the master with the sword of his friend.

•

We understand that the slave is the person who is doing the killing because the word ‘slave’ appears BEFORE the verb ‘killed’.

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We understand that the master is the person who is having the killing done to him because the word ‘master’ appears AFTER the verb ‘killed’.

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We understand that the sword was the thing the slave used to do the killing because of the addition of the word ‘with’.

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We understand that the friend is the person to whom the sword belonged by the addition of the word ‘of’.

•

Latin, though, DOES NOT WORK LIKE THIS.

Noun cases In Latin, nouns CHANGE THEIR ENDINGS to show how they fit into the meaning of a sentence, so a noun will not always look exactly the same each time you see it. The different forms of a noun are called cases. There are six cases in the singular and the same six cases in the plural, so any noun can exist in one of twelve forms.

An example noun: puella (=girl) SINGULAR

Nom. Voc. Acc. Gen. Dat. Abl.

puella puella puellam puellae puellae puella

PLURAL

Nom. Voc. Acc. Gen. Dat. Abl.

puellae puellae puellas puellarum puellis puellis

The basic meanings of the six noun cases – A noun in the nominative case is the subject of a verb.

– A noun in the vocative case is being addressed in direct speech.

– A noun in the accusative case is the object of a verb.

(The accusative is also used after certain prepositions.)

– The genitive case = ‘of’.

– The dative case = ‘to’ or ‘for’.

– The ablative case = ‘by’, ‘with’, ‘from’, ‘in’, ‘at’, or ‘on’.

(The ablative is also used after certain prepositions.)

Exercise 3 For the following nouns (which all behave exactly like puella) write down what CASE the noun is in, and whether it is SINGULAR or PLURAL. If there is more than one possibility, you should write them all down.

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tabernam insulas villae pecunia nautis dominarum patriae terras viis epistulae filiam silvarum

Exercise 4 In the following sentences, find all the nouns (they all behave exactly like puella) write them down in a list, and next to each write down which case each one is in.

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turba feminarum in via est. filia deae ad portam villae ambulat. ancilla dominae pecuniam in villa invenit. nautae in taberna sedent. copiae reginae pro patria pugnant.

Noun declensions Not all nouns change their endings according to the same pattern. The different patterns according to which nouns change their endings are called declensions, and all the nouns on your GCSE word list follow one or other of them. There are 5 declensions in Latin, with some variations within some of the declensions, and it is vital to learn by heart an example for each.

Noun declension endings 1

2

3

(NEUTER)

4

5

(NEUTER)

Nom. puella

servus

bellum

vox

nomen

manus

dies

Voc. puella

serve

bellum

vox

nomen

manus

dies

Acc. puellam

servum

bellum

vocem

nomen

manum

diem

SING. Gen. puellae

servi

belli

vocis

nominis

manus

diei

Dat. puellae

servo

bello

voci

nomini

manui

diei

Abl. puella

servo

bello

voce

nomine

manu

die

Nom. puellae

servi

bella

voces

nomina

manus

dies

Voc. puellae

servi

bella

voces

nomina

manus

dies

Acc. puellas

servos

bella

voces

nomina

manus

dies

servorum

bellorum

vocum

nominum

manuum

dierum

Dat. puellis

servis

bellis

vocibus

nominibus manibus

diebus

Abl. puellis

servis

bellis

vocibus

nominibus manibus

diebus

PL.

Gen. puellarum

Which declension?

When you learn a noun on your word list, it is vital that you also learn which declension it is in so you know which pattern it follows when it changes its endings. When you look up a noun, you are given the nominative singular first, and also the genitive singular (e.g. vox, vocis (f.) – voice). Because the genitive singular is different for every declension, you can use it to tell you which declension the noun is in:

Which declension?

– Genitive singular in “-ae” = Declension 1 (Like puella) – Genitive singular in “-i” = Declension 2 (Masculine like servus, neuter like bellum) – Genitive singular in “-is” = Declension 3 (Masculine/feminine like vox, neuter like nomen) – Genitive singular in “-us” = Declension 4 (Like manus) – Genitive singular in “-ei” = Declension 5 (Like dies)

Exercise 5 What declension are all the following nouns in?

Which noun specifically do they behave like?

1. amicus, amici, m.

11. vultus, vultus, m.

2. tempus, temporis, n.

12. gaudium, gaudii, n.

3. epistula, epistulae, f.

13. hortus, horti, m.

4. senex, senis, m.

14. ancilla, ancillae, f.

5. donum, doni, n.

15. urbs, urbis, f.

6. pater, patris, m.

16. spes,spei, f.

7. pecunia, pecuniae, f.

17. exercitus, exercitus, m.

8. miles, militis, m.

18. dux, ducis, m.

9. cibus, cibi, m.

19. porta, portae, f.

10. cena, cenae, f.

20. iter, itineris, n.

When you meet a noun… ….always, always, always ask yourself: • What declension is it….

• ….and therefore which example noun does it behave like…

• …and therefore what case of the noun am I looking at…

• …and therefore what does the noun mean here?

Exercise 6 1.

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pater pueros in villa docet. pueri libros legunt. cur in agros festinas, serve? nautae ad insulam navigant. cur gladios in agro celamus? nonne cibum seni datis, puellae? viri iram deae timent. dominus cum ancilla per hortum ambulat. puer amicos proper tabernam exspectat.

Romani murum in Britannia* aedificant. * = Britain

Modified from LAFA 1, 14.1

Exercise 7 1.

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pater dona pueris mittit. portas urbis conspicimus. senex pecuniam in villa celat. cum puella per silvam ambulo. nonne servos in agris vides? vir gladium in foro emit. rex hostes prope muros oppugnat. filia senatoris cenam fratribus parat. filius regis cum amicis in silvis manet. cur epistolam portas?

Modified from LAFA 1, 14.4

Exercise 8 1.

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dominus villam libertis aedificat. milites Romani hostes subito oppugnant. feminae cum ancillis pre vias ambulant. puer matri rem narrat. mercator amicum in foro diu exspectat. equus regis celeriter fugit. tempestas ianuam villae rumpit. imperator Romanus pecuniam in castris hostium invenit. dona deis senator dat. pater crudelis filiam custodit.

Exercise 9 1.

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leo liberos terret. nautae naves delent. amicus senatoris consilium habet. servi ancillaeque in hortum domini currunt. miles fratrem ducis gladio necat. cives e templo fugiunt. iuvenes ad patriam reveniunt. dux cum comitibus montes ascendit. milites principem gladiis custodiunt. hostes corpus militis Romani ad urbem trahunt.

Verb tenses • As we’ve seen, verbs change their endings to tell you WHO is doing the action of the verb, but they also change their endings to tell you WHEN the action of the verb is happening.

• There are SIX tenses of the verb in Latin, FIVE of which you need to know at GCSE: – Present tense – Future tense – 3 PAST TENSES • Perfect tense • Imperfect tense • Pluperfect tense

The imperfect tense • The imperfect tense is one of three past tenses in Latin. It is translated, for example, I was loving OR I used to love.

• The imperfect tense is formed from the same stem as the present tense. It is easily recognised by the letters ‘ba’ in the middle.

• N.B. The personal ending ‘o’ changes to ‘m’ in the first person singular.

1 2 amabam amabas amabat

3 monebam monebas monebat

4 mittebam mittebas mittebat

amabamus amabatis amabant

monebamus mittebamus audiebamus monebatis mittebatis audiebatis monebant mittebant audiebant

audiebam audiebas audiebat

Exercise 10 Translate the following imperfect tense verbs: 1.

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monebamus effugiebam festinabat audiebas sedebant ducebam habitabamus dormiebat delebatis scribebas

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parabant puniebat iacebas resistebam spectabatis sciebant iubebamus credebat vocabatis inveniebam

Exercise 11 1.

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hostes nos spectabant. in templum celeriter currebamus. saepe prope flumen cum fratre ambulabat. mater cibum mihi semper dabat. servi senem in villam portabant. ego te de periculis itineris saepe monebam. cur tu verba non audiebas, puer? rex urbem diu regebat. ad insulam ante noctem appropinquabamus. puer de equo saepe cadebat.

Modified from LAFA 2, 10.3

Exercise 12 1.

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rex servum puniebat. puellae prope flumen sedebant. liberti senatores in hortum ducebant. in urbe cum fratre diu manebam. imperator milites tacere iubebat. nuntius epistulas mihi dabat. libros saepe legebamus. nautae insulam in navibus celeriter petebant. senex pecuniam filio tradere parabat. puer alium librum legere constituebat.

Modified from LAFA 2, 10.4 & 10.8

The future tense • The future tense is formed from the same stem as the present and imperfect tenses. • The future tense is the only tense in Latin where different conjugations have significantly different endings from each other. • Note that the future tense endings of the 3rd & 4th conjugations can easily be confused with the present tense endings of the 2nd conjugation. It’s important to know which conjugation a verb is in before you translate it.

1 2 amabo amabis amabit

3 monebo monebis monebit

4 mittam mittes mittet

amabimus amabitis amabunt

monebimus mittemus monebitis mittetis monebunt mittent

audiam audies audiet audiemus audietis audient

Exercise 13 1.

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pueri mox e villa current. villam novam prope mare aedificabo. filium de periculis belli monebis. filia senis ante cenam adveniet. dominus servos cras laudabit. rex nautas de itinere rogabit. puellae pecuniam ad fratrem mittent. vos statim discedere iubebo. cras ancillam novam in foro ememus. ad urbem cum amicis ambulabitis.

Modified from LAFA 2, 11.3

Exercise 14 1.

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ego te in foro cras videbo. cibum ad filiam mittes. mox equum novum tibi dabo. servi corpus e flumine trahent. cras ad Italiam veniemus. tune mihi pecuniam mox reddes? ante noctem ad montes advenietis. cras epistulam longam ad fratrem scribam. tempestas navem ducis celeriter delebit. miles crudelis senem miserum occident.

Modified from LAFA 2, 11.8

A summary of tenses formed from the present stem There are three tenses formed from the present stem: the present tense, the future tense and the imperfect tense.

Present

Future

Imperfect

am | |o

ama|b|o

ama|ba|m

ama| |s

ama|bi|s

ama|ba|s

ama| |t

ama|bi|t

ama|ba|t

ama| |mus

ama|bi|mus

ama|ba|mus

ama| |tis

ama|bi|tis

ama|ba|tis

ama| |nt

ama|bu|nt

ama|ba|nt

= I love / I am loving

= I shall love

= I was loving / I used to love

etc.

etc.

etc.

N.B. For the 3rd & 4th conjugations, the future tense ends: –am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent

Exercise 15 1.

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amabitis amabat amat amabo amabamus amas amabant amatis amabimus

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amabit amabas amo amamus amabis amant amabatis amabunt amabam

Exercise 16 1.

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I was loving.

You (s) will warn.

I send.

You (s) were hearing.

They love.

You (p) will send.

He warns.

They will hear.

He was warning.

We were loving.

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20.

We hear.

I shall send.

You (s) were loving.

They will warn.

He was sending.

You (s) hear.

He will love.

We will warn.

They were sending.

You (p) hear.

Exercise 17 1.

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trans montes iter facietis. puer verba patris audiebat. hostes celeriter urbi appropinquant. milites Romani hostes ferociter necant. post bellum, feminae liberique fugiebant. mater in horto mox ambulabit. senator iter cum comitibus faciebat. filia regis effugere cupit. in foro turbam spectabamus. cras miles imperatorem de hostibus monebit.

Modified in part from LAFA 2 Ex 12.3 & 12.5

Exercise 18 1.

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ancillae cenam nobis parant. servi in agris laborabant. puella cibum seni dabit. iuvenes contra hostes gladiis pugnabant. exercitus ante muros urbis stat. miles sine comitibus e castris currebat. imperator equum ducis necabit. ad oppidum hostium cum amicis festinabamus. tempestas navem regis in portu delet. pueri prope templum amicos exspectant.

Modified from LAFA 2 Ex 13.4

The perfect tense When you look up a Latin verb on your GCSE word list, you are given four different forms of that verb which are known as its “principal parts�: present infinitive e.g. amo amare

perfect amavi

P.P.P. amatus

The third principal part you are given is the perfect tense.

Importantly, it uses a different stem from the tenses we have learnt so far (the present, imperfect and future). Every time you learn a new verb, you must make sure you learn its principal parts so that you know (amongst other things) its perfect stem.

The perfect tense The endings for the perfect tense are: 1 2 amavi amavisti amavit

3 monui monuisti monuit

4 misi audivi misisti audivisti misit audivit

amavimus monuimus misimus amavistis monuistis misistis amaverunt monuerunt miserunt

amavi = I loved OR I have loved

audivimus audivistis audiverunt

Exercise 19 1.

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amavistis audivimus monuit misisti aedificaverunt vidi reximus audiverunt paravi portavit

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 1.1 & 1.4

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ceperunt mansi respondit docui venistis duxi iussit delevisti traxi nevacistis

Exercise 20 1.

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hostes urbem celeriter ceperunt. nonne cenam amavistis, pueri? ubi patrem vidisti? quis navem paravit? tu verba patris audivisti. cives in forum festinaverunt. castra hostium oppugnavimus. miles equum gladio vulneravit. princeps templum in foro aedificavit. senex pecuniam in flumen iecit.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 1.3

Exercise 21 1.

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puellae cenam matri paraverunt. libertus filium senatoris docuit. in foro cum amicis mansimus. pater me Romam misit. hostes portum celeriter deleverunt. pater me de periculis belli monuit. senex servum pecuniam invenire iussit. servi cibum et aquam portaverunt. clamores civium audivimus. puellae in hortum ambulaverunt.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 1.6 & 1.7

The pluperfect tense The pluperfect tense is used to refer to past actions which happened earlier in time than other past actions. It uses the same stem as the perfect: 1 2 amaveram amaveras amaverat

3 4 monueram miseram monueras miseras monuerat miserat

audiveram audiveras audiverat

amaveramus monueramus miseramus audiveramus amaveratis monueratis miseratis audiveratis amaverant monuerant miserant audiverant

amaveram = I HAD loved

Exercise 22 1.

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audiveram rexerat laudaverant ambulaveras iusseram amaverat videramus monueram responderatis duxerant

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 2.1 & 2.5

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dederam timuerat cecideras miseramus sederant fecerant terrueras cucurreratis steteram moveras

Exercise 23 1.

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dux copias iam paraverat. cives de ea re non audiverant. puer patrem in foro non viderat. exercitus oppidum deleverat.

Romani castra hostium celeriter oppugnaverant. omnes milites fortiter pugnaverant. pueri verba matris non audiverant. dominus servos laborare iusserat. hostes multam pecuniam abstulerant. senatores cibum civibus dederant.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 2.3

Exercise 24 1.

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pueri domum non venerant. cives pecuniam senibus dederant. in agris multos dies laboraveram. puella cum cane in hortum cucurrerat. cur servus dominum necaverat?

Romam decem diebus iter feceramus. consul exercitum ad flumen duxerat. cur puer de arbore ceciderat? epistolam ad reginam miseras.

Romani auxilum comitibus dederant.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 2.7

A summary of the tenses formed from the perfect stem There are three tenses are formed from the perfect stem, two of which you need to know for GCSE: the perfect tense and the pluperfect tense.

Pluperfect

Perfect amav|i

I loved / I have loved

amav|eram I had loved

amav|isti You loved / you have loved

amav|eras You had loved

amav|it etc.

amav|erat

amav|imus

amav|eramus

amav|istis

amav|eratis

amav|erunt

amav|erant

etc.

• Hand out 5 declensions and 5 tenses sheet

Exercise 25 You have now met all five tenses of the verb that you need for GCSE: present, future, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect.

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clamat iubebis paraverat audivi cognoscit audiebamus surgam dixisti ceciderant salutavimus

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tacebant sedent traxerunt miseratis curris dormiebas invenient effugistis constituerant manebitis

Exercise 26 1.

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pueri epistolas ad amicos mittunt. milites gladiis pugnabant. senex ante templum stetit. cur cibum e villa portabas? forum novum in urbe aedificabamus. iuvenis donum matri dabit. femina pecuniam in terra celaverat. cur me in hortum vocavisti? totam rem mox audietis. servos in agro iam videram.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 2.9

Exercise 27 1.

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milites montes ascenderunt. frater meus ex urbe prima hora discesserat. librum libenter legisti. mox epistulam ad fratrem mittam. cur cibum non paravistis, servi? rex hostium pacem petivit. regina comitem hostibus tradidit.

Romani multa templa in foro aedificabant. amici auxilium nobis mox dabunt. senatores inimicos vehementer puniverant.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 3.7

Exercise 28 1.

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pueri patrem in foro vident. puellae in horto sedebant. miles epistolam ad matrem miserat. servi in agris diligenter laborabunt. senex cenam sibi parabat. senator ante noctem domum rediit. hostes urbem vehementer oppugnaverunt. nonne ad templum mecum [= cum me] venies? exercitus hostium contra Romanos diu pugnaverat. inimicus regis multam pecuniam reginae dedit.

Modified from LAFA 3 Ex 3.9

The verb ‘to be’: present, future, imperfect As in lots of modern languages, the verb ‘to be’ in Latin is irregular and its tenses need to be learned separately in addition to the regular verb conjugations. There are things which will feel familiar about it, though: notice how similar the present tense is to the equivalent French, and that the personal endings –o/-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt are still used.

Future

Imperfect

ero I shall be

eram

eris You will be

eras You were

erit He will be

erat

sumus We are (sommes)

erimus We shall be

eramus

We were

estis

You are (êtes)

eritis

You will be

eratis

You were

sunt

They are(sont)

erunt

They will be

erant

They were

Present sum

(French) I am(suis)

es You are (es) est

He is

(est)

I was

He was

Exercise 29 Translate into Latin: 1.

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They are You (s.) were We shall be He is I shall be You (pl.) are He was They were You (s.) will be We are

Exercise 30 1.

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canis in horto erat. pater meus miles est.

Tarquinius erat rex Romae. novum templum pulchrum erit. villae senatorum prope forum sunt. in magno periculo sumus.

Achilles filius deae erat. nunc iuvenes estis, sed mox viri eritis. mater tristis erat quod nullam pecuniam habebat. olim amicus erat, sed nunc inimicus est.

The verb ‘to be’: tenses formed from the perfect stem The perfect stem for the verb to be is ‘fu’ and it forms its perfect and pluperfect in the regular way, by adding the perfect or pluperfect endings to the perfect stem.

Perfect

Pluperfect

fu|i I was

fu|eram

I had been

fu|isti

You were

fu|eras

You had been

fu|it

He was

fu|erat

He had been

fu|imus We were

fu|eramus We had been

fu|istis

fu|eratis

You had been

fu|erant

They had been

You were

fu|erunt They were

Exercise 31 1.

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filius senatoris es. senes mox in templo erunt. hostes prope muros urbis sunt. puer hodie stultus fuit. cibus adhuc in taberna est. multae feminae heri in foro erant. amicus patris civis Romanus est. perterriti sumus quod pater est iratus. hic miles imperator legionis erit. priusquam frater Romam advenit, miles fuerat.

Adjectives • Adjectives are words which describe nouns in terms of their qualities.

Words like ‘big’, ‘scary’, ‘red’, ‘fat’ are adjectives.

• When an adjective describes a noun in English, it is placed immediately before it in the sentence.

• Often (but by no means always) an adjective is placed immediately after the noun it describes in Latin.

• Far more importantly, when an adjective describes a noun in Latin, it AGREES with it. This means it changes its ending so that it has the same GENDER, NUMBER and CASE as the noun.

• Adjectives, therefore, have to have enough different endings to enable them to agree with any noun of any gender in any case, singular or plural.

• In Latin, there are two main types of adjectives: Adjectives which behave like 1st & 2nd declension nouns Adjectives which behave like 3rd declension nouns

Adjectives which behave like 1st/2nd declension nouns

S

P

Adjectives like bonus, -a, -um (= good) behave like servus when they are describing masculine nouns, puella when they are describing feminine nouns, and bellum when they are describing neuter nouns.

Masc Fem Neut Nom bonus bona bonum Voc bone bona bonum Acc bonum bonam bonum Gen boni bonae boni Dat bono bonae bono Abl bono bona bono Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

boni bonae bona boni bonae bona bonos bonas bona bonorum bonarum bonorum bonis bonis bonis bonis bonis bonis

Exercise 32 1.

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dominus iratus servum miserum puniverat. puella perterrita multos hostes vidit. magna turba civium Romanorum in foro erat. puer parvus canem saevum timet. miles fortis urbem validam solus oppugnavit. regina pulchra imperatorem Romanum amabat. nonnulli senatores in templum sacrum festinaverunt. multi milites iter longum fecerunt. iuvenes laeti feminam claram salutaverunt. senex stultus multam pecuniam amico malo dedit.

Adjectives which behave like 3rd declension nouns Adjectives like tristis, -e (= sad) behave almost exactly like vox when they are describing masculine and feminine nouns, although the ablative singular ends in –i, not -e. When they describe neuter nouns, the usual rule for the neuter applies, that Nom. Voc. & Acc. are all the same, and Nom. Voc. & Acc. Plural end in –a.

S

P

Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

Masc tristis tristis tristem tristis tristi tristi

Nom Voc Acc Gen Dat Abl

tristes tristes tristes tristium tristibus tristibus

Fem Neut tristis triste tristis triste tristem triste tristis tristis tristi tristi tristi tristi tristes tristes tristes tristium tristibus tristibus

tristia tristia tristia tristium tristibus tristibus

Exercise 33 1.

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filius regis iuvenis audax est. servus fidelis dominum servavit. milites fortes per viam difficilem festinabant. verba crudelia patris pueros terruerunt. non facile est trans montes ambulare. omnes cives consulem in foro exspectabant. servi donum grave ad templum portabant. rex crudelis iuvenes ex urbe pepulit. puer tristis est quod canem fidelem invenire non potest.. difficile erit nobis ad urbem ante noctem iter facere.

Modified from LAFA 2 Ex 8.3 & 8.5

Exercise 34 1.

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miles parvus equum magnum habet. hostes feroces contra Romanos pugnabant. civis canem saevum timet. labor mihi brevis erit. dux Romanorum oppidum validum oppugnat. dominus novus ancillam tristem emit. femina pulchra in villa nova habitabat. senex miser nullum cibum habebat. miles fortis epistolam longam principi dedit. imperator audax hostes saevos nocte oppugnavit.

Modified from LAFA 2 Ex. 8.5, 8.1, 8.2

Comparative and superlative adjectives

BIG

BIGGER (COMPARATIVE )

BIGGEST (SUPERLATIVE)

Forming comparative and superlative adjectives The comparative • Usually formed by adding –ior to the stem of the adjective e.g. longus → long-ior.

• Endings follow the pattern of the third declension • N.B. Neuter singular nom. and acc. end in –ius e.g longius The superlative • Usually formed by adding –issim to the stem of the adjective e.g. longus → long-issimus.

• Endings follow the pattern of bonus, a, um • N.B. Adjectives ending in –er have a superlative ending in –errimus e.g tener → tenerrimus • N.B. Adjectives ending in –ilis have a superlative ending in –illimus e.g facilis → facillimus

Two ways of saying ‘than’ After a comparative adjective there are two ways of saying ‘than’: • Using the word ‘quam’, e.g. filius fortior est quam pater The son is braver than the father • Using an ablative of comparison, e.g. filius fortior est patre The son is braver than the father

Exercise 35 1.

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montes altissimi erant. puellae laetissimae sunt. servus fortior quam dominus est. pater est vir sapientissimus. via trans montes longior erit.

Caesar omnium Romanorum clarissimus est. uxor senatoris pulcherrima erat. dux hostium patre saevior erat. mare altius est quam flumen. haec verba facillima sunt.

Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives Some very common adjectives form very irregular comparative and superlatives, and these need to be learned separately:

bonus (good) malus (bad) parvus (small) multus (much) magnus (big)

melior peior minor plus maior

optimus pessimus minimus plurimus maximus

Exercise 36 1.

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vinum optimum erat. plus vini volebam. equus minimus celerrimus erat. domina ancillam pessimam vendidit. villa senatoris maior quam templum deae est. plurimi servi dominum miserum oppugnabant. imperator Romanus minor duce hostium erat. tempestas maxima plurimas domus in urbe delevit. ancilla dominum meliorem volebat. plures milites in urbe erant quam in castris.

Exercise 37 1.

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servus peior quam ancilla erat. canem maiorem numquam vidi. feminae plurimae heri in foro erant. milites optimi vulnera plurima acceperunt. pater pessimus filium miserum punivit. villa principis omnium in urbe maxima est . imperator maximus non semper optimus est. uxor minor sed fortior quam vir erat. servi boni meliorem cibum hodie quam heri emerunt.

Romani regem ex urbe pepulerunt quod vir pessimus erat.

Passive verbs Typically, in a sentence where the verb is active, you have a subject doing the action of the verb to an object: The slave

kills

the master

(NOM)

(ACTIVE VERB)

(ACC)

Typically, in a sentence where the verb is passive, you have a subject which is having the action of the verb done to it by someone, or with something in the ablative: The master

is killed

(NOM)

(PASSIVE VERB)

by the slave / with the sword (ABL. OF AGENT) /

(ABL. OF INSTRUMENT)

Formation of the passive tenses formed from the present stem

o/m s t mus tis nt

or / r ris tur mur mini ntur

For the present, imperfect and future tenses (in almost every instance) the passive can be formed by taking the equivalent active tense and replacing the active personal endings with the passive ones as above.

The present passive • Using this formula, the present passive of all four regular conjugations is as follows: 1 2 3 amor = I am being loved amaris =You are being loved amatur =He is being loved

4 moneor moneris monetur

amamur =We are being loved amamini =You are being loved amantur =They are being loved

monemur mittimur audimur monemini mittimini audimini monentur mittuntur audiuntur

mittor mitteris * mittitur

audior audiris auditur

* You would expect this word to be ‘mittiris’, but the vowel changes to an ‘e’.

Exercise 38 1.

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aedificatur laudor invitamur oppugnantur rogor salutatur delemini tenentur persuaderis spectamur

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moneris mittitur vocamini capiuntur videor superamur terreris liberatur credimini pelluntur

Exercise 39 1.

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servus cenam parat; cena a servo paratur. pater filios monet; filii a patre monentur. femina vocem audit; vox a femina auditur. amicus sentorem salutat; senator ab amico salutatur. vir uxorem amat; uxor a viro amatur.

Romani templum aedificant; templum a Romanis aedificatur. senex pecuniam invenit; pecunia a sene invenitur. dominus ancillam laudat; ancilla a domino laudatur. miles hostes necat; hostes a milite necantur. consul epistulam mittit; epistula a consule mittitur.

Exercise 40 1.

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a matre doceor. servus a domino punitur. verba a pueris scribuntur. templum pulchrum prope forum aedificatur. ab hostibus ferocibus oppugnamur. villa a sene venditur. pecunia a patre filio traditur. vox senatoris a civibus in foro auditur. vir scelestus ex urbe pellitur. multae naves in porto ab hostibus incenduntur.

Exercise 41 1.

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vinum a senibus bibitur. consules a civibus salutantur. urbs hostium a militibus Romanis superatur. a cane feroci terreor. puella pulchra a multis pueris amatur. liberi parvi a matribus portantur. corpus imperatoris a militibus e proelio trahitur. servus diligens a domino benigno laudatur. pecunia in via a puero felici invenitur. multa dona a domina ancillis fidelibus emuntur.

The imperfect passive • Using the same formula as the present tense for passive endings, the imperfect passive of all four regular conjugations is as follows: 1 2 3 amabar = I was being loved amabaris=You were being loved amabatur=He was being loved

4 monebar mittebar audiebar monebaris mittebaris audiebaris monebatur mittebatur audiebatur

amabamur=We were being loved monebamur mittebamur audiebamur amabamini =You were being loved monebamini mittebamini audiebamini amabantur =They were being loved monebantur mittebantur audiebantur

Exercise 42 1.

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terrebatur spectabar superabamur parabantur movebar delebatur salutabamini iubebantur celabaris docebamur

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amabaris oppugnabatur defendebamini puniebantur aedificabatur capiebamur vocabaris regebatur mittebamini vincebantur

Exercise 43 1.

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liber a puellis legebatur. equi ad flumen ducebantur. milites ab hostibus vulnerabantur. dominus a servo quaerebatur. cives a rege bono regebantur. heri bene docebamini, pueri. dona dei e templo trahebantur. villa maxima prope mare aedificabatur. hodie punimur, sed heri laudabamur. iter longius a nautis quam a militibus faciebatur.

Exercise 44 1.

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filiae a matribus monebantur. puer a canibus ferocibus terrebatur. verba uxoris a viro non intellegebantur.

Romani in castris oppugnabantur. servus scelestus e villa a domino pellebatur. portae urbis ab hostibus saevis incendebantur. urbs a militibus fortissimis defendebatur. multa a senatoribus civibus promittebantur. cibus ab amicis senatoris edebatur. copiae hostium a Romanis opprimebantur.

The future passive • Using the same formula as the present and imperfect tenses for passive endings, the future passive of all four regular conjugations is as follows.

(N.B that, just as in the active, the future tense follows two different patterns – one for the 1st and 2nd conjugations, and one for the 3rd and 4th conjugations.) : 1 2 3 amabor = I shall be loved amaberis=You will be loved * amabitur=He will be loved

4 monebor mittar moneberis * mitteris monebitur mittetur

amabimur=We shall be loved amabimini =You will be loved amabuntur =They will be loved

monebimur mittemur audiemur monebimini mittemini audiemini monebuntur mittentur audientur

audiar audieris audietur

* You would expect these words to be ‘amabiris’ and ‘monebiris’ but the vowel changes to an ‘e’.

Exercise 45 1.

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celabuntur docebimur movebitur vincentur amabuntur oppugnabitur superabuntur puniar aedificabuntur parabitur

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iubeberis capientur vocabimur regetur defendemur spectabitur delebor salutabimini mittetur terrebimini

Exercise 46 1.

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oppidum non oppugnabitur. pecunia in terra celabitur. cras trans montes ducemur. multa dona tibi mox mittentur. cena optima ab ancillis parabitur. a senatoribus in foro cras salutaberis. milites ex urbe discedere iubebuntur. servus diligenter laborare a domino cogetur. consul ab inimico mox necabitur. ancillae pulcherrimae ab amicis domini laudabuntur.

Exercise 47 1.

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ad cenam mox invitabimur. in villam a matre vocabimini. urbs prima luce ab hostibus capietur. servus scelestus a domina videbitur. arma hostium in templo dei ponentur. captivi miserrimi a militibus Romanis liberabuntur. cibus optimus in tabernis ab ancillis cras emetur. pueri stultissimi a patribus punientur. multi cives perterriti a leone feroci vulnerabuntur. labor diligentius a puellis quam a pueris facietur.

Formation of the perfect and pluperfect tenses of the passive The passive is not formed in the same way for the perfect and pluperfect as it is for the other tenses. Instead of adding an ending to a stem, like all the other verbs you have met, they are formed from the fourth principal part (the fourth bit of the verb you are given when you look it up, which is called the P.P.P.) together with a tense of the verb ‘to be’ as a separate word.

It is important to note that the P.P.P. changes its ending to agree with the subject of the verb.

paratus/ -a/ -um

parati/ -ae/-a

Perfect passive sum es est sumus estis sunt

Pluperfect passive eram eras erat eramus eratis erant

The perfect passive • The full table for all the four conjugations of the perfect passive, therefore, is as follows: 1 amatus/-a/-um amatus/-a/-um amatus/-a/-um amati/-ae/-a amati/-ae/-a amati/-ae/-a

3 missus/-a/-um missus/-a/-um missus/-a/-um missi/-ae/-a missi/-ae/-a missi/-ae/-a

2 sum = I was loved monitus/-a/-um sum = I was warned es = You were loved monitus/-a/-um es = You were warned est = He /she/ it was loved monitus/-a/-um est = He /she/ it was warned sumus = We were loved moniti/-ae/-a sumus = We were warned estis = You were loved moniti/-ae/-a estis = You were warned sunt = They were loved moniti/-ae/-a sunt = They were warned

4 sum = I was sent es = You were sent est = He /she/ it was sent sumus = We were sent estis = You were sent sunt = They were sent

auditus/-a/-um sum = I was heard auditus/-a/-um es = You were heard auditus/-a/-um est = He /she/ it was heard auditi/-ae/-a sumus = We were heard auditi/-ae/-a estis = You were heard auditi/-ae/-a sunt = They were heard

Exercise 48 1.

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7.

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deletum est salutatus es iussi sunt territus sum visae sumus necatus est parati estis vocatus sum missae sunt victus est

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defensi sumus punitus es aedificata sunt celata est doctus sum capti sumus laudatus est superati estis dictum est oppugnati sunt

Exercise 49 1.

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pecunia inventa est. iter factum est. ancillae in foro venditae sunt. libenter salutati sumus. senator a consulibus laudatus est. urbs hostium celeriter capta est. cena optima ab ancillis parata est. servi scelesti a domino puniti sunt. templum prope flumen aedificatum est. milites fortissimi ab hostibus necati sunt.

Exercise 50 1.

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templum a principe scelesto incensum est. propter virtutem missus es. exercitus hostium procul visus est. servi a domino benigno libenter liberati sunt. puella felix a patre forti servata est. a senibus vehementer de periculis belli moniti sumus. femina misera a viro crudeli vulnerata est. verba regis civibus nuntiata sunt. captivi in urbem prima hora ducti sunt. pueri cibum pessimum edere coacti sunt.

The pluperfect passive • The full table for all the four conjugations of the pluperfect passive is as follows: 1 amatus/-a/-um amatus/-a/-um amatus/-a/-um amati/-ae/-a amati/-ae/-a amati/-ae/-a

3 missus/-a/-um missus/-a/-um missus/-a/-um missi/-ae/-a missi/-ae/-a missi/-ae/-a

2 eram = I had been loved monitus/-a/-um eram = I had been warned eras = You had been loved monitus/-a/-um eras = You had been warned erat = He /she/ it had been loved monitus/-a/-um erat = He /she/ it had been warned eramus = We had been loved moniti/-ae/-a eramus = We had been warned eratis = You had been loved moniti/-ae/-a eratis = You had been warned erant = They had been loved moniti/-ae/-a erant = They had been warned

4 eram = I had been sent eras = You had been sent erat = He /she/ it had been sent eramus = We had been sent eratis = You had been sent erant = They had been sent

auditus/-a/-um eram = I had been heard auditus/-a/-um eras = You had been heard auditus/-a/-um erat = He /she/ it had been heard auditi/-ae/-a eramus = We had been heard auditi/-ae/-a eratis = You had been heard auditi/-ae/-a erant = They had been heard

Exercise 51 1.

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6.

7.

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pulsum erat motus eras tracti erant punitus eram victae eramus necatus erat parati eratis invitatus eram aedificata erant ruptus erat

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portati eramus salutatus eras aedificata erant celatae erant doctus eram traditi eramus laudatus erat superati eratis positum erat missi erant

Exercise 52 1.

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leo necatus erat. a patre missus eram. domus senis incensa erat. servi a mercatore empti erant. oppidum fortiter defensum erat. mater senatoris a filio vocata erat. hostes ante lucem a Romanis non visi erant. iter longissimum multis feminis factum erat. milites Romani repulsi erant sed urbs non capta erat. auxilum nobis ab amicis relatum erat.

Exercise 53 1.

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captivi ferociter puniti erant. legio ab imperatore in castra remissa erat. muri altissimi a Romanis aedificati erant. cibus optimus amicis a consule datum erat. castra media nocte ab hostibus oppugnata erant. verba principis a nuntio civibus nuntiata erant. naves mercatoris a tempestate maxima deletae erant. tantum scelus antea non factum erat. pecunia in silva prope viam tandem inventa erat. multa dicta, multa facta erant.

Overview of meanings of passive tenses Meanings of the passive tenses Present

(e.g. paror)

I am being prepared

Imperfect

(e.g. parabar)

I was being prepared

Future

(e.g. parabor)

I shall be prepared

Perfect

(e.g. paratus sum)

I was prepared OR I have been prepared

Pluperfect

(e.g. paratus eram)

I had been prepared

Exercise 54 1.

2.

signa a militibus Romanis portabantur. ‘mox liberabor!’ inquit servus scelestus.

Exercise 55 1.

Passive verbs all tenses

Deponent verbs There is a small group of verbs in Latin whose endings are always passive, but whose meanings are always active. They are called deponent verbs. When you look up a deponent verb, you are given 3 principal parts: present, infinitive and perfect, e.g. conor, conari, conatus sum = try. Importantly, it is impossible to use a deponent verb with a passive meaning; you cannot, for example, use sequor to say: ‘They were followed’.

The only way you can identify deponent verbs and distinguish them from ordinary passive verbs is to learn them. The following are all the deponent verbs on the GCSE word list:

Deponent verbs conor

conari, conatus sum

try

egredior

egredi, egressus sum

go out

hortor

hortari, hortatus sum

encourage, urge

ingredior

ingredi, ingressus sum

enter

loquor

loqui, locutus sum

speak

miror

mirari, miratus sum

wonder at, admire

morior

mori, mortuus sum

die

patior

pati, passus sum

suffer, endure

precor

precari, precatus sum

pray (to), beg

proficiscor

proficisci, profectus sum

set out

progredior

progredi, progressus sum

advance

regredior

regredi, regressus sum

go back, return

sequor

sequi, secutus sum

follow

videor

videri, visus sum

seem, appear

Exercise 56 1.

Deponent verbs all tenses

Exercise 57 1.

Deponent verbs all tenses

hic and ille hic and ille can each be used in one of two ways: 1.

As adjectives, agreeing with a noun hic = ‘this’ (or ‘these’ in the plural) ille = ‘that’ (or ‘those’ in the plural)

e.g.

hic puer fortis est = this boy is brave ille puer fortis est = that boy is brave hae feminae laudatae erant = these woman had been praised illae feminae laudatae erant = those woman had been praised

hic and ille hic and ille can each be used in one of two ways: 2.

As pronouns in place of nouns, hic and ille can both be used to mean he, she, it, they, etc.

e.g.hic fortis est = he is brave ille fortis est = he is brave hae necatae erant = they (f.) had been killed illae necatae erant = they (f.) had been killed

Table for hic haec hoc Masc

Fem

Neut

Nom

hic

haec

hoc

Acc

hunc

hanc

hoc

Gen

huius

huius

huius

Dat

huic

huic

huic

Abl

hoc

hac

hoc

Nom

hi

hae

haec

Acc

hos

has

haec

Gen

horum

harum

horum

Dat

his

his

his

Abl

his

his

his

Table for ille illa illud Masc

Fem

Neut

Nom

ille

illa

illud

Acc

illum

illam

illud

Gen

illius

illius

illius

Dat

illi

illi

illi

Abl

illo

illa

illo

Nom

illi

illae

illa

Acc

illos

illas

illa

Gen

illorum

illarum

illorum

Dat

illis

illis

illis

Abl

illis

illis

illis

Exercise 58 1.

hic and ille sentences all tenses

Exercise 59 1.

hic and ille sentences all tenses

The relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod The word for ‘who’ or ‘which’ in Latin is qui quae quod.

It is called the relative pronoun because it relates to a noun which has already been mentioned.

The relative pronoun qui, quae, quod will always be the same gender and number as the noun to which it refers, but it can be in any case depending on what grammatical job it is doing within its own clause.

Table for qui quae quod Masc

Fem

Neut

Nom

qui

quae

quod

Acc

quem

quam

quod

Gen

cuius

cuius

cuius

Dat

cui

cui

cui

Abl

quo

qua

quo

Nom

qui

quae

quae

Acc

quos

quas

quae

Gen

quorum

quarum

quorum

Dat

quibus

quibus

quibus

Abl

quibus

quibus

quibus

Dealing with relative clauses: qui, quae, quod When you meet part of the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod you should do the following: 1. Put a bracket in front of the part of qui, quae, quod (or, if it is immediately preceded by a preposition, in front of that preposition) 2. Put a bracket after the next main verb you get to. By doing this, you will (usually!) have isolated the relative clause, which you can then deal with separately from the main sentence.

3. Translate cases of qui, quae, quod as follows: Nom = who, which (if it refers to a thing) Acc = whom, which Gen = of whom, of which (or often ‘whose’) Dat = to/for whom, to/for which Abl = by/with/from whom, by/with/from which

Exercise 60 1.

Qui quae quod sentences all tenses

Exercise 61 1.

Qui quae quod sentences all tenses