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When you donate gently used clothes and household items to Goodwill, you help create jobs and job training services for those with barriers to employment. Plus, your donations are tax deductible.

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For more information visit Donate.

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ew people would disagree that when it comes to sex, no means no, and that if someone fails to respect this, then he or she has committed the despicable crime of sexual assault. As a result of the long overdue cultural shift on this front which is taking hold across the nation, colleges are increasingly revising their sexual misconduct policies and rewriting the rules of consent; indeed, the California senate recently approved SB 967, which requires â&#x20AC;&#x153;affirmative consentâ&#x20AC;? every step of the way.

However, the dangerously ambiguous nature of the language used in the bill, its dramatic lowering of the standard of proof for student misconduct investigations and its misguided assumptions regarding the overall nature of human sexuality should guide Governor Jerry Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decision to veto this well-intentioned but overzealous bill.

Sexual assault on American college campuses is epidemic; the 2007 Campus Sexual Assault Study commissioned by the U.S. Department of Justice indicated that almost one in five women were sexually assaulted on college campuses nationwide, according to Time Magazine. There are severe methodological limitations here, since the study only sampled two major universities with a response rate of 42 percent; a previously administered study released in 2005 by the Bureau

of Justice Statistics had double the well-cited definition of the rule of response rate and found that this law, in which he posited that, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The +817(5 3$8/ figure was closer to one in forty government in all actions is bound by 2SLQLRQV (GLWRU women. It is important to note that rules fixed and announced beforethis study utilized handâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;rules which figures that were make it possible at least 12 years to foresee with old. fair certainty how Regardless the authority will dĹ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ç Ä&#x17E;ůůͲĹ?ĹśĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x;ŽŜÄ&#x17E;Ä&#x161;Í&#x2022; Ç&#x2021;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ĺ˝Ć&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x;Ä&#x201A;ĹŻĹŻÇ&#x2021; Ä&#x161;Ĺ?Ć?Ä&#x201A;Ć?Ć&#x161;Ć&#x152;ŽƾĆ?Í&#x2022; of the actual use its coercive ĹśÄ&#x201A;Ć&#x161;ĆľĆ&#x152;Ä&#x17E; ŽĨ Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ĺ?Ć? Ä?Ĺ?ĹŻĹŻ Ć&#x152;Ä&#x17E;ĹľĹ?ĹśÄ&#x161;Ć? ĹľÄ&#x17E; ŽĨ Ä&#x201A;Ĺś Ä&#x201A;Ĺ?Ä&#x17E;ͲŽůÄ&#x161; Ć&#x2030;Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;Ć&#x152;Ä?Í&#x2014; number, any powers in given Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E; Ć&#x152;Ĺ˝Ä&#x201A;Ä&#x161; Ć&#x161;Ĺ˝ Ĺ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹŻĹŻ Ĺ?Ć? Ć&#x2030;Ä&#x201A;Ç&#x20AC;Ä&#x17E;Ä&#x161; Ç Ĺ?Ć&#x161;Ĺ&#x161; Ĺ?ŽŽÄ&#x161; Ĺ?ĹśĆ&#x161;Ä&#x17E;ĹśĆ&#x;ŽŜĆ?Í&#x2DC; reasonable circumstances regulations that and to plan oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s help to chip away individual affairs at these statistics on the basis of is prescribing the steps that must should be gladly this knowledge.â&#x20AC;? occur prior to sexual intercourse, and welcomed and speedily passed By this definition, SB 967 clearly possibly during the act itself. into law. Although the current SB undermines the rule of law.

Noticeably absent from the 967 bill seeks this end, its current Additionally, SB 967 critically bill is how the participants must formulation is entirely unreasonable threatens the rights of the accused provide consent. Does non-verbal and unenforceable; furthermore, by its reduction in the standard of communication (such as a head nod) the unintended consequences proof required for determining if satisfy the requirements of SB 967? that are likely to occur from its the accused violated the Student If a woman passionately draws her implementation will pose a threat to Conduct Code. Instead of relying partner in closer during an embrace, all sexually active college students on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;beyond a reasonable doubtâ&#x20AC;? does this suffice? The current language standard, which is used in criminal within the state of California. of the bill fails to provide us with any First, the language is completely proceedings, the bill lowers it to answers, and as such, it leaves the ambiguous: it stipulates that â&#x20AC;&#x153;Consent â&#x20AC;&#x153;preponderance of the evidence,â&#x20AC;? interpretation of this ambiguous text must be ongoing throughout a sexual which simply asks whether it is â&#x20AC;&#x153;more to the courts. encounter and can be revoked at any likely than notâ&#x20AC;? that the student For me, that is unacceptable. I time.â&#x20AC;? At what stages of intercourse breached the Student Conduct Code. expect my lawmakers to fashion laws should consent be expressed? How In practice, this burdens the that clearly delineate what is, and often should it be expressed? Your accused with a de facto presumption what is not, law-abiding behavior. guess is as good as mine. Looking at of guilt, and shifts the burden of proof However, as the bill currently stands, the plain text of the bill, â&#x20AC;&#x153;ongoingâ&#x20AC;? onto the accused. In these tribunals, might indeed require that both parties Californians cannot be reasonable there is no mandatory discovery expected to know whether their express consent during the actual (exchanging of evidence). It removes actions conform to the law. commission of intercourse; as such, legal protections such as restrictions The Austrian philosopher Friedrich this requirement is entirely illogical. upon the introduction of hearsay Hayek famously constructed a In effect, the California legislature evidence and prior bad act evidence

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(introducing evidence of prior crimes to illustrate the accusedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s criminal nature). It subjects the accused to lifechanging sanctions, such as expulsion from college, based upon little more than the fact that one sideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s testimony was slightly more believable than the otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Call me crazy, but I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exactly trust non-judges to apply legal standards correctly.

Finally, the law brazenly tramples all over normal patterns of human sexuality. Traditionally, the buildup to sex almost invariably involves intricate non-verbal communication; yes, there may be some talking, but there is an enormous difference between whispering something sweet in your partnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ear and executing a legally mandated, verbal contract.

This requirement takes sexiness out of sex.

The ambiguous text of SB 967 undermines the rule of law by providing more questions than answers, and students cannot reasonably be expected to know whether their sexual behavior conforms to its mandates.

Additionally, it dangerously removes many of the legal protections that the criminal and civil legal system afford to the accused.

Lastly, it is premised upon illogical conceptions of human sexuality; expecting humans, and especially college students, to comply with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;ongoing consentâ&#x20AC;? requirement is optimistic and dubious at best.

Business Office

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General Manager Beverly Munson (562) 985-5736

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1250 Bellflower Blvd., SSPA 010B Long Beach, CA 90840-4601

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