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West Nile Virus hits Washington early this season : Horse owners encouraged to get their animals vaccinated — Page 3

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Northwest Farm and Ranch is published quarterly by the Lewiston Tribune and Moscow-Pullman Daily News and printed at the Tribune Publishing Co. Inc.’s printing facility at 505 Capital St. in Lewiston.

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| Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 3

West Nile Virus hits Washington early this season Horse owners encouraged to get their animals vaccinated

By Joel Mills Tribune staff writer

West Nile Virus has already been detected in mosquitoes in south central Washington, prompting the state veterinarian to push horse owners to vaccinate their animals.

“It’s the earliest they’ve ever found positive mosquitoes,” said Dr. Joe Baker with the Washington State Department of Agriculture. “I don’t know if it’s a bellwether of bad things to come, but the mosquitoes are pretty prolific in that area, and I do think we’ll see West Nile cases there again this year.”

Last year, Washington led the nation with 36 reported cases of equine West Nile Virus after a relatively calm rate of five cases in 2014. All of the cases were from counties that surround the Columbia and Yakima river valleys where the three corners of the “epidemiological triangle” come together to create ideal conditions for the

virus to spread.

“You have the causative agent, the way that it spreads, and susceptible individuals to have the disease,” Baker said, noting that birds harbor the virus. “The virus isn’t in the bird population on the west side of Washington, or I believe we’d be seeing it because we’ve got plenty of horses and plenty of mosquitoes over here.”

While mosquitoes are able to pick up and transmit the virus when they bite birds, humans and horses are considered deadend hosts, he added.

The West Nile Virus vaccine is readily available, and can even be ordered online. It may be a little more costly than other vaccines, but Baker said he keeps it affordable by ordering a “multivalent” vaccine that also covers tetanus, influenza, sleeping sickness and rhinopneumonitis. It costs $40 for each of his two horses, including shipping.

Considering that horse own-

The West Nile Virus vaccine for horses is readily available and can even be ordered online.

Courtesy photo

ers spend between $3,000 and $4,000 per year to provide routine veterinary care, feed, foot care and other things to each animal, Baker said the cost of the vaccine is a relatively small investment.

Baker said he follows up with all owners who report West Nile in their animals to track data like where the horse has been, if it’s been around other animals and other factors. He also asks whether the animal has been vaccinated. The answers tell

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among people. Side effects of the vaccine tend to be mild, like soreness at the site of injection, or a low fever. There are occasionally more severe reactions like shock, but they are a tiny fraction.

“Overall, the vaccines are really quite safe and much less threatening to the horses than the disease would be,” Baker said.

Joel Mills can be contacted at jmills@ lmtribune.com or (208) 848-2266.

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him that vaccination is working.

“The closest vaccine dose to onset of disease that I ran across in any of those cases last year was 18 months,” he said. “The majority had never been vaccinated for West Nile Virus.”

That means the vaccine is only effective if it is administered every year. And he was disappointed to hear that some people don’t vaccinate because they believe it isn’t safe, much like the “anti-vaxxer” movement

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Making sure they are standing up to the heat WSU researcher studies ways to make wheat varieties that are drought resistant

By Stacy Thacker Tribune staff writer

Wheat is one of the top three produced crops in the world and its sustainability is important in an ever-changing climate.

For areas like central and southeastern Washington, along with north-central Idaho, wheat production can be challenging with the recent drier seasons.

Megan Lewien, 28, of Wisconsin, is researching ways to create wheat varieties that are drought resistant. “If we can identify more drought-tolerant plants, the more it’ll increase the farmers’ yield in drought conditions,� she said.

The ultimate goal is to help farmers become confident in producing stable crops during a drought year, Lewien said.

Lewien is working on her doctoral degree in crop science with a focus in plant breeding and genetics at Washington State University. “Wheat is very interesting genetically,� she said, adding it’s a reason she decided to go into the field of study.

She grew up in a small Wisconsin dairy town but her love of plants grew during her undergraduate degree in hor-

ticulture at the University of WisconsinMadison.

Because wheat is a top three crop, Lewien feels like she can make a huge difference by studying it and adding her research to the success of the crop.

Lewien is working with two plant breeders, Mike Pumphrey, a spring wheat breeder, and Arron Carter, a winter wheat breeder, to help advance her research.

Both men are professors at the university and work as her advisers, she said.

By working with two different types of wheat, Lewien is able to overlap her research and see what works best for one plant and what methods can be transferable among both the spring and winter wheats during breeding.

Pumphrey, an associate professor, said the research is important in combating the current fluctuations in weather.

For the past few years he said the area has seen higher than normal temperatures with less rain fall. “Wheat is vulnerable in a climate like ours,� Pumphrey said.

Wheat likes wet conditions and when conditions aren’t right, wheat won’t grow, Pumphrey said. “It’s critical we identify the traits that

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allow it to tolerate increasing temperatures,� he said.

Wheat makes up about a quarter of the world’s food supply and it’s a key crop for farmers in the Northwest, he said. “It’s a global staple crop,� Pumphrey said. “We try our best to be locally, regionally, nationally and globally relevant to wheat production.�

That’s where the research comes in.

When Lewien goes into the field, she takes notes on the maturity of the plants and looks at the uniform and color. When she’s done she’ll do spectral reflectance measuring, which is measuring how much of the sun’s light the plants absorb. “The plant won’t absorb all of the sunlight,� she said. “It’ll reflect some of it back.�

If the plant is a dark green that means it’s absorbing a lot of sunlight. If the plant is lighter green it’s absorbing less, she said.

This type of measuring requires Lewien to be in the field at peak sunshine hours. She’ll spend about five hours in the field taking notes and measuring. “There’s a long process of going from the field to sitting at a computer looking at a correlation,� she said.

It takes about two to three years of repeated research before the data becomes solid enough to be confident in.

The first year is only an indicator, she said.

Lewien oversees 900 plots. Each plot is 5 feet by 12 feet and has a different genotype or genetic makeup that reflect certain traits. “Different genotypes respond to droughts differently,� she said.

It’s important to study an abundant amount of plants because some of those plants aren’t drought resistant and by studying them she can figure out why, Lewien said.

She measures each plot and looks at the plants color, the water status (which can help her estimate the root length), leaf size, biomass, genetic analysis and more. “Many of the measurements we associate with increased yield under drought stress,� she said.

Lewien’s research will eventually be

Lewiston Tribune

Megan Lewien came to Washington State University for its hands-on research. open to the public and will go to plant breeders who can use it in their own way to benefit their type of crop.

She is working with two other schools on creating drought-resistant wheat varieties and hopes that three colleges and three years of study produce solid results.

Lewien chose WSU because of its hands-on work offerings. Other schools that she was considering were more focused on the lab aspect, she said.

Another appeal to the university is that she knows her research will be used and she sees other students at the university focused on rust resistance and disease resistant plants. It’s exciting to her to know that their work matters. “It’s a practical and important way of going about research,� she said of being in the field.

Stacy Thacker can be contacted at sthacker@ lmtribune.com or at (208)848-2278.

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Study: Genetically engineered crops are safe UI researcher says report still won’t settle debate

By Kathy Hedberg Tribune staff writer

A careful study of the research on genetically engineered crops may persuade some people in the future that these organisms are safe for humans, a University of Idaho professor says.

Allan Caplan, who teaches genetic engineering and cell biology classes at the UI, said the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine survey that was released in mid-May looked carefully at both sides of the transgenic question.

The primary conclusion of the report is that in places in the world where biotech crops have been widely used for two decades those crops are safe and pose no apparent risks to human health.

“I think it’s nice to point out how carefully these people tried to examine the data,” Caplan said. “They have looked at the various kinds of reports on transgenic (or genetically engineered) plants … and in the end they’ve concluded they had not found reproducible evidence of any kind of harm associated with transgenic organisms” to humans.

nologies are adding new complexities to the conversation.

The academies’ report builds on Genetically engineered crops were first introduced commercially in the previous reports published between 1990s. After two decades of produc- 1987 and 2010 and takes a retrospection, some groups and individuals tive view of the positive and adverse remain critical of the technology effects of genetically engineered crops. based on their concerns about pos- The report also anticipates what new technology might hold for the future. sible adverse effects Caplan said some on human health, of the new technology the environment will allow researchand ethical considers to modify the erations. genome of an organAt the same ism without adding time, others are any new genes. concerned that the “For the moment technology is not everything we disreaching its potencuss as a GMO tial to improve (genetically modified human health and organism) is transthe environment genic, meaning they because of strinhave new genes in gent regulations them; they have and reduced public something new that Allan Caplan funding to develop was added,” Caplan products offering UI teacher of genetic engineering said. “In the future more benefits to the new technology and cell biology society. will allow us to alter While the debate things without addabout these and other questions relat- ing DNA from another or the same ed to the genetic engineering tech- species.” niques of the first 20 years goes on, People who are opposed to any emerging genetic engineering tech- form of genetic engineering probably

“

If those (efforts) do succeed at being accepted, I think people will see there are a lot of clear benefits to genetic engineering.”

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won’t be satisfied with that development, Caplan said, “but I hope they’ll be convinced that there are different levels of resistance (to the technology) in different countries.”

There are several efforts in the world now, both by national governments and humanitarian organizations, to use genetic engineering technology to boost the nutritional value of some plants to benefit human health.

“If those (efforts) do succeed at being accepted, I think people will see there are a lot of clear benefits to genetic engineering,” Caplan said.

“Not that every plant or GMO plant is good but there are some good ones that people should feel comfortable using.”

Caplan acknowledged that there will probably always be people who are opposed to the whole notion of altering the genetic makeup of plants and animals, and for those, he said, there likely always will be a market for non-altered products.

“The hope is that they will see that we can benefit from these other sources,” he said.

6 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 |

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Moscow-Pullman Daily News

Farmers ready for delay

Upcoming dam projects

Alternatives will be used to get products to market as work is done on dam system

By Elaine Williams Tribune staff writer

Ocean-going vessels frequently leave Portland with grain, which only four days earlier was in a north-central Idaho elevator.

Being that nimble can enable farmers to outdo the market price by filling gaps in unexpected circumstances, said Bill Flory, a board member of the Idaho Wheat Commission. An exporter might need more wheat to top off a barge and will pay a premium to the farmers who can respond to the need fastest and save them days hanging around the harbor.

That flexibility will evaporate temporarily for 14 weeks starting Dec. 12, as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers refurbishes locks at the eight dams along the Snake and Columbia rivers between Lewiston and Portland.

But Flory said he and his fellow wheat growers are grateful for the short-term inconvenience since it should prevent lengthy outages because of something breaking at one of the decades-old dams. “There’s an

appreciation and consideration for scheduling regular maintenance.”

It will still be possible to get wheat to Portland during the outage by rail or truck, but the cost will be more expensive, Flory said. Soft white wheat currently sells for $5.50 a bushel and growers pay 60 cents per bushel to barge it to Portland. Other forms of transportation run between 84 cents and $1.20 per bushel.

To minimize the impact, farmers are scheduling as many shipments as possible before Dec. 12 so their customers will have enough to last through the closure, Flory said.

Much of this area’s soft white wheat goes to Asia where it is made into noodles, sponge cake, cookies, crackers and bread.

The corps hopes that river users won’t be facing this challenge again any time soon, said Gina Baltrusch, a spokeswoman with the corps at Walla Walla.

The corps is packing as many projects as possible into the upcoming closure, instead of spreading them out over a number of years, Baltrusch

Regular maintenance as well as special projects will occur at each of the eight dams along the Columbia and Snake rivers between Portland, Ore., and Lewiston during an extended closure from Dec. 12 to March 20. The following is a list of upgrades starting with Lower Granite, the dam closest to Lewiston and moving west: n Lower Granite — Upstream gate wire ropes will be replaced on the locks.

Estimated cost: Not available. n Little Goose — Replacing one of two

metal arms at the top of a two-section downstream gate that opens like French doors. The arms hinge and hold each of the sections to a lock wall. The second one was replaced in 2014 after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers found cracks growing at a rate that made them worry about metal fracture if the gate was put back into operation. New pivot assemblies are being installed at the base of each gate section. Crack repairs will be completed on the framework of the gates and adjustments will be made so the weight of the gates is distributed more evenly, to extend their life and prevent water from leaking out the bottom. Estimated cost $2.18 million.* n Lower Monumental — Replacement of mechanical gear that has reached the end of its service life. It operates a downstream lock gate that was installed in 2011.

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n Ice Harbor — New operating machinery for the downstream gate. Estimated cost: $4.69 million. n McNary — Gate repairs that were delayed in order to return the lock to service on schedule during the 2015 annual maintenance outage. Estimated cost: Not available. n John Day — Crews will paint, clean and conduct safety inspections. They will check equipment and change gear box fluids as well as repair upstream and downstream guidewalls. Estimated cost: Not available. n The Dalles — The upstream gate and portions of the navigation lock controls will be replaced along with components on the upstream side that attach metal arms that hold gate sections to the lock wall. The downstream gate was replaced in 2011.

Estimated cost: $10.5 million. n Bonneville — The navigation lock controls will be replaced, installing redundant systems with safety features. Estimated cost: Not available.

*Cost estimates do not include routine maintenance.

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Northwest Farm and Ranch said. (See related information.)

That’s particularly important to river users in the LewistonClarkston Valley. If even one of the locks at the dams between Portland and Lewiston is closed, commercial vessels can’t reach Idaho.

Every year, the system is closed for roughly two weeks or more, usually in March, for regular maintenance. This will be the sixth time the corps has shut the locks for longer periods since commercial navigation between Lewiston and Portland opened in 1975.

The first was in March 1992 when the corps was testing how roads, bridges, sewer systems and other infrastructure would fare if the reservoir was lowered during a draw down. Some believed lowering the reservoir on a regular basis might help threatened salmon migrations.

Four years later, the corps replaced a lock gate at Ice Harbor Dam, just east of Pasco. Then in

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

2002, the corps filled cracks in the bottom of the gates at Lower Granite, refurbished pivoting mechanisms and re-aligned the gates, which had been dragging on the bottom of the lock.

In 2011, the corps refurbished locks at Lower Monumental, The Dalles and John Day dams, during an extended planned closure like the one that will start in December.

The cost was more than $40 million.

Then in 2014, what was supposed to be a normal maintenance outage extended from March 1 into April because of emergency repairs at Little Goose.

How long it will be before another extended outage is needed is not clear, Baltrusch said. “It will be based on the needs of the system.

We will continue to coordinate them in the future.”

Elaine Williams can be contacted at ewilliam@ lmtribune.com or (208) 848-2261.

| Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 7

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Army Corps of Engineers employees work aboard a barge near the Lower Granite Dam Juvenile. Maintenance work on eight dams along the Snake and Columbia rivers will begin Dec. 12.

WSDA: Pesticide violations taken seriously State investigates 123 potential violations from July 2014 to June 2015

By Josh Babcock Daily News staff writer

The Washington State Department of Agriculture investigated 123 potential violations of the state’s pesticide laws from July 2014 to June 2015, an 18 percent increase from the number of alleged violations from the same time period one year earlier.

Of the 123 alleged violations reported from June 2014 to July 2015, the agency took enforcement action on about 57 of the cases.

Scott Nielsen, WSDA pesticide compliance manager for eastern Washington, said the alleged violations ranged from the improper spraying of store-bought chemicals in a backyard to chemical drift from an air blaster sprayer dousing labor workers in central Washington’s orchards to someone illegally making pesticides.

Nielsen said one of the state’s most serious offenses took place in Mattawa, where staff and students

at Wahluke High School came into contact with a harmful pesticide when it made its way onto the tennis courts and sports fields after drifting from an air blast sprayer. Nielsen said some people reported symptoms and WSDA officials confirmed the pesticide contacted the school grounds.

A maximum pesticide-use fine of $7,500 and 90-day pesticide license suspension was issued by the WSDA to the applicator.

The school has since complained to the WSDA that chemicals had drifted onto the property again, but, Nielsen said, the pesticide wasn’t detected a second time.

“It was from some odors,” he said.

“We are likely not taking action because we don’t know if odors are pesticide-related.”

Another significant case was in Grant County where 65 farm workers reportedly became ill after an aerial applicator’s spray drifted onto the laborers. The offender was given the maximum $7,500 fine and a 90-day pesticide license suspension.

Nielsen said one of his top priorities is protecting humans from the toxic pesticides and in cases where there is evidence humans have come

into contact with the pesticide, that greatly increases the severity of the violation.

“People have had to see doctors,” he said. “Any time animal or human

health is in risk that raises the level of responsibility.”

Josh Babcock can be reached at (208) 883-4630, or by email to jbabcock@dnews.com.

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8 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 |

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Veterinarian: Antibiotic use rule will have little impact Regulation requires prescription for feed containing antibiotics if the drug has counterpart for humans

By Mary Stone Tribune staff writer

A Clarkston veterinarian says a new rule from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulating the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals such as beef cattle probably won’t change much for his clients.

David Rustebakke said the veterinary feed directive that goes into effect the first of the year requires a veterinarian’s prescription for feed containing antibiotics when the drug is one that has a counterpart used in humans.

The rule requires the prescribing veterinarian to have a relationship with the producer. But for local veterinarians, Rustebakke said, that’s already how such transactions usually work.

The difference will be farmers, ranchers and anyone raising market animals will need

to have the prescription before they can buy the feed.

The policy is designed to prevent overuse of such drugs in animals meant for human consumption. But the reality, Rustebakke said, is there’s much less of that than many people think.

“The public perception is that the animal industry uses way more antibiotics than it should and that it’s used indiscriminately,” he said. “That’s the public’s perception. It’s pretty well regulated already.”

The types of drugs included in the rule also limit its impact, Rustebakke said.

“We use very few antibiotics that are also used in humans,” he said.

Usually when antibiotics are used in feed, it’s when calves are being weaned from their mother’s milk to grain and are prone to illness because of the stress of the transition.

“It’s basically to prevent

Lewiston Tribune

Clarkston veterinarian David Rustebakke doesn’t expect new regulations on antibiotics for food-producing animals will be an obstacle for his clients. pneumonia or treat pneumonia,” Rustebakke said.

Butch Schwindt is the regional sales manager for CHS, which provides additives to Primeland, where many area ranchers purchase feed.

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Once the feed directive goes into effect, Schwindt said, he’ll need to see a prescription from a veterinarian before providing medicated feed.

Like Rustebakke, Schwindt doesn’t see that changing much

Mary Stone can be contacted at mstone@lmtribune.com or at (208) 848-2244. Follow her on Twitter @ MarysSchoolNews.

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about the way area veterinarians operate.

“They have relationships with most of their clients anyway,” he said. “That’s a good thing.”

Though the concerns the rule is meant to alleviate might represent circumstances that are not as common as some consumers fear, the intent — to keep animals and people healthy and safe — is shared by the people raising the animals, Schwindt said.

“We want to practice good animal husbandry,” he said.

Rustebakke said that’s the norm among the operations he has seen, too.

“In the beef industry, the vast majority of producers are very conscientious, at least in my experience,” he said.

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10 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 |

Northwest Farm and Ranch

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

Lewiston woman finds career in plant breeding Nancy Powell focuses on drought resistance crops at ProGene Plant Research

By Garrett Cabeza Daily News staff writer

Nancy Powell wanted to grow up to be a veterinarian.

When she came to realize the job would have meant dealing with humans more than animals, she determined it wasn’t the right career for her. So she turned to plants.

“A lot of people think, ‘Oh, I love animals,’ ” Powell said. “I wanted to do that, but it’s more of dealing with people than it is with animals, and it just wasn’t the right fit for me.”

Powell focuses on dry pea breeding and associated pulse research at ProGene Plant Research, a company known for its abilities to take legumes and transform them into major crops for humans and animals. The company is based in Othello, Wash., but Powell, who joined ProGene in April 2015, works out of Moscow.

Some of her projects include breeding a new generation of green and yellow peas, disease screening, nitrogen fixing differences by variety, drought studies

and root durability studies.

Powell said the drought studies speak to her heart since she is from California.

“Last year was a really good year for determining drought tolerance with the very little rain that we had and the extreme heat,” Powell said. “We actually went through some of our plots, different sites on the Palouse, and we selected individual plants that really stood out and showed some heat tolerance.

“Probably the most important thing to me is the drought tolerance and the heat tolerance and developing good, strong root systems in plants.”

She said the enhanced root systems will increase nitrogen fixation and that is a huge benefit to farmers. Powell said many farmers in the area need to add nitrogen in their soils, and legumes produce nitrogen.

“That increases the nutrients in the soil just by having the pulse crops there,” Powell said. “Theoretically, you don’t have to bring in the extra nitrogen.

Eventually, you keep rotating these crops through and it encourages healthy soils.”

Powell said legumes are definitely a plant for the 21st century, as they are excellent converters of protein and low users of water.

“They don’t require a lot of water

COLUMBUS DISCOVERED THE WORLD ISN’T FLAT 400 YEARS AGO.

Garrett Cabeza/Daily News

Nancy Powell is studying drought-tolerant crops as part of her research for ProGene.

Powell was hired to gradually replace as opposed to other crops,” she said.

“They’re very drought resistant and Mike Wood, a 12-year-veteran at the they’re nitrogen fixing so we’re really company who will stay with ProGene trying to encourage farmers to include during the next few years of transition to mentor Powell. this in their rotation.

“He’s mentoring It increases nitrogen in me and showing me their soil, which in turn, the ropes and I’ve just reduces the amount of learned an incredible nitrogen they need to amount from him,” put into it and other Powell said. types.”

Powell, who lives After a little more in Lewiston but comthan a year workmutes to Moscow for ing for ProGene Plant work, did not work for Research, Powell said 12 years before she she is continuing to was hired at ProGene. learn.

Instead, she spent that “It’s actually more time raising her chilthan what I expected,” dren.

Powell said of her job.

“I was looking for “I’m super excited about a job that would work all the research that Nancy Powell for me,” Powell said. “I ProGene is putting into ProGene researcher don’t necessarily need their program and that to work but agriculture they’ve always put in their program. There’s a lot of different is my passion. I’ve always loved it since avenues that I can take with this, but I was little.” right now, since I am learning, I need to just concentrate on really getting the Garrett Cabeza can be reached at (208) 8834631, or by email to gcabeza@dnews.com. basics down.”

“

Probably the most important thing to me is the drought tolerance and the heat tolerance and developing good, strong root systems in plants.”

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Northwest Farm and Ranch

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

| Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 11

The future may give way to amber waves of ... almonds Study projects rising temperatures may allow a wider variety of crops

By Shanon Quinn Daily News staff writer

The Northwest’s amber waves of grain may have the potential to become snowy groves of almond trees during the next half-century, if a recent study by two University of Idaho researchers proves to be correct.

Lauren Parker and John Abatzoglou have spent the past year creating a model using temperature changes since 1940 in the U.S. to project what agricultural lands could be capable of growing in the mid-21st century.

Their paper, “Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable

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overwinter ranges of perennial crops Using this information and more over the United States,” examines specific data, the researchers were climate change scenarios that could able to give farmers an idea of what lead to some of the nation’s favorite they will be able to cultivate over the foods — almonds, kiwis and oranges next several decades as temperatures — being grown in continue to rise. locations never before For instance, considered. while temperatures The United States have traditionDepartment of ally limited orange Agriculture released groves to the southits first cold hardiernmost states and ness zone map in parts of Nevada 1960 to provide inforand California, rismation to agriculing temperatures turalists as to what as projected from plants may be grown 2041-70 estimate outdoors in a given the possibility of Lauren Parker area. The maps, their growth as far University of Idaho researcher which are updated as north as Oregon needed with multiand Washington year averages, show a warming trend in the Pacific Northwest. Much is throughout the continental U.S. the same case with kiwifruit, which “We didn’t just look at how a zone may be possible to cultivate in eastmight change,” Parker said. “We ern Washington, Idaho and Colorado looked at changes in the coldest mini- within the next 50 years. mum temperatures.”

Almond trees are projected to be The coldest minimum tempera- hardy in areas of every state in the tures, or average absolute minimum continental U.S. by that time. temperatures, determine the USDA’s While the expansion of these favorzones, climate mapping, crop yield ites’ hardiness zones would allow for assessment and pest monitoring. a greater variety of crops for those in

“

As with anything having to do with climate change, it is kind of a double-edged sword.”

THANK YOU FOR FEEDING THE WORLD!

We want to express our appreciation to the regional agricultural community, the hard working people who ll our nation’s pantries. Your hard work and concern for the environment keeps our land fertile, productive and safe. It is through your hard work that has enabled our proud nation not just to feed its own, but to send food abroad and ease hunger in other parts of the world.

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what are currently colder regions, the warmer weather comes with a price.

“As with anything having to do with climate change, it is kind of a double-edged sword,” Parker said.

While warmer winters may allow heat-loving crops to survive in some of the traditionally cooler Northern states, the change is likely to bring with it heat loving pests, invasive species and problems with water availability.

The changing dynamics may also affect the way wheat is grown, Parker said, as there will be a longer time span between the last frost of spring and first of winter.

“Warmer winters and warmer winter extremes like those we looked at in the cold hardiness paper will mean the potential for more pest problems,” such as those created by cereal aphids and wheat midges, Parker said.

Another challenge could be wetter winters and springs resulting in soils too wet for planting spring wheat in March or April and an alteration of the crop calendar, as dormancy will end earlier in the year leading to earlier harvests for wheat and other grains, she said.

Shanon Quinn can be reached at (208) 883-4636, or by email to squinn@dnews.com.

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12 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 |

Northwest Farm and Ranch

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

4-H aims to grow next generation of ag scientists Study shows not enough college students available to fill high-skilled ag jobs

By Steve Karnowski Associated Press

ST. PAUL, Minn. — One team is developing GPS ear tags so cattle farmers can track herds from afar.

Another thinks drones can protect livestock from predators. Yet another is developing a rechargeable portable warmer to prevent vaccines from freezing when dairy producers inoculate their herds in the winter.

These aren’t corporate or university researchers, but teenagers in Minnesota’s 4-H Science of Agriculture Challenge, which aims to nurture the next generation of agricultural scientists for a country facing a critical shortage. A study last year by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Purdue University found that nearly 60,000 high-skilled agriculture-related jobs open up annually, but there are only

about 35,000 college graduates available to fill them.

University of Minnesota Extension is developing the challenge, which is now in its second year and already attracting interest from other 4-H programs, such as Michigan’s.

Extension specialist Josh Rice says his team will present a workshop for national 4-H officials in October, and recently gave a presentation to youth development officials in Bangladesh. “This program is going to have an extremely positive impact on getting young people to think about agricultural careers,� Rice said.

In preparation for the finals that occurred June 21-23, teams from across the state spent months with coaches and mentors. Recently, judges helped them refine their presentations.

The ear tags are property of the Meeker County Ag

Associated Press

Laura Johnson, Shea Moshier, and Ilsa Johnson, members of a 4-H team from Duluth, Minn., prepare for their presentation April 23 at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul on how drones could protect livestock from predators.

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Northwest Farm and Ranch Squad. Members Abbey and Bailee Schiefelbein, 16 and 13 respectively, said their family members were in church last year when their phones started ringing — the cows were loose. But the pasture was about a four-hour drive from their home in Kimball in central Minnesota.

So, the team of five girls and boys devised a system that farmers could use to track their livestock from far away, speaking with researchers who track moose with GPS radio collars.

While the $2,500 collars were “a little expensive for a cowboy,� they learned about a small transmitter in a $70 tracking collar for hunting dogs, and attached them to ear tags that cattle wear.

The South St. Louis County team from northeastern Minnesota wanted to find out whether drones could protect livestock from predators such as coyotes, wolves and bears. The three girls live in the transition area between farmland and forests, and they’ve all had predators threaten the animals they show for 4-H. They visited the drone program at the University

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

of North Dakota for advice, and then developed a concept using fixed-wing drones that would fly on autopilot for long periods to detect predators.

Once found, electric helicopter drones would chase the predators away. “There are some challenges we have to overcome. But we know with time and effort we can make it happen,� said Ilsa Johnson, 14, of Duluth.

The judges were excited by the commercial potential in the vaccine warmer, and urged the Hot Shots from Dakota County in southeastern Minnesota to protect their commercial rights.

Vaccines can lose effectiveness and even become toxic if they get too cold while the milk production booster rBST thickens up, the four boys from Eagan and Northfield said.

That can make shots more painful for the cow and harder for the farmer to push through the syringe, especially when giving 100 or more in quick succession.

They showed off a prototype battery-powered shoulder bag with a thermal reflective layer that keeps medications at the optimal tem-

| Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 13

Associated Press

Members of the Hot Shots from Dakota County in southeastern Minnesota tell judges April 23 at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul about the vaccine warmer they developed. perature. All the hardware is off-the-shelf for about $86, and farmers get the outer bags free from a veterinary drug company. So, they said it should be possible to produce them at a price farmers will pay.

The Science of Agriculture Challenge is the brainchild of Dorothy Freeman, Minnesota’s 4-H director, who said it helps young people identify problems and create solutions, while developing entrepreneurship, teamwork

and presentation skills. “Eventually, I believe that it will become a national program,� Freeman said. “That’s how 4-H tends to do it. They let one state drive it, work out the kinks, and then we start teaching other states.�

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14 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 |

Northwest Farm and Ranch

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

When it comes to soil tests, stick to the basics Mychel Matthews The Times-News

TWIN FALLS, IDAHO — Increasing awareness about the importance of soil health has led to a perplexing question: how do you measure soil health?

Microbes in the soil that convert plant material into nutrients that plants can utilize are often too small to be seen, let alone counted.

By some estimates, a single teaspoon — 1 gram — of rich soil can hold up to one billion bacteria, several yards of fungal filaments, several thousand protozoa, and scores of nematodes. Most of these creatures are so exceedingly small that earthworms and millipedes are giants in comparison.

Farmers are more interested in how much nitrogen will be released by the microbes and when that nitrogen will be available to the growing plant than they are in the number of bacteria or fungi. But determining the answers to those questions is nearly as difficult as counting the microbes themselves.

Scientists have studied soil fertility for over 150 years but still haven’t developed a widely accepted nitrogen mineralization test. Discovering that

University of Idaho via The Times-News

Composted manure is dumped into an Idaho field in 2014. Farmers and agronomists hope to better understand soil health through tests that measure nitrogen and phosphorus.

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method would be a giant step forward and colloborate it with crop response,” in both determining soil health and he explained. also refinining nutrient recommendaIncluding field trials to evaluate tions. crop response to soil testing could “We want to give the crop what improve nitrogen recommendations. it needs (nutritionally) and leave as Sugar content in beets, for example, little behind as possible,” said Chris can decrease if the plant ties up too Rogers, University of Idaho barley much nitrogen late in the growing agronomist. Leaving nutrients in the season. soil increases the possibility of leach“When you do a soil test you want ing, which can impact both surface to know what to do with the result,” and ground water Rogers said. quality.

Amber Moore, Traditional soil University of Idaho tests measure how Extension soil spemuch nitrogen, phoscialist, has seen the phorus, potassium benefits of using and organic matter manure and cover are available in the crops to increase soil profile at the soil organic matter, time the soil sample often considered was taken. a marker for soil Farmers and health. She recomagronomists can mends that growuse those results to Amber Moore ers do both tradidetermine how much University of Idaho soil specialist on tional soil tests plus commercial fertilmanure nutrient applying manure izer to apply to reach tests to get the best crop yield and qualpossible informaity goals. tion about nutrient availability and But when farmers are adding soil trends. manure or growing cover crops, those “We need to be conscientious,” traditional tests may not capture the she said, particularly when applying total amount of nutrients available manure. “Apply reasonable amounts because mineralization is dependent and give the field a rest.” on factors such as soil temperature and Rogers and Moore encourage farmmoisture. ers to continue to use traditional soil Rogers is evaluating several new soil tests analyzed in regional laboratories tests that claim to measure soil health. for their fertility recommendations. A Can we correlate it? Can we rep- test developed in Illinois for use in acid licate it? Can we calibrate it to crop soils will give far different results than response? These are the questions one developed for alkaline soils like Rogers asks of each soil test protocol those found in southern Idaho. he evaluates.

“We know we need better tests for He is excited about a test being predicting nitrogen release from the developed that uses direct steam distil- soil itself, from manure, from cover lation to measure nitrogen mineraliza- crops,” Moore said. But until those new tion and give farmers a better estimate and improved tests can be reviewed of when crops will be able to take up and the results correlated with crop the nitrogen in manure or decompos- response, using the traditional soil ing cover crops. tests for N, P and K is still the best Although the procedure sounds choice for crop fertility recommendapromising, many years of work and tions. field trials to correlate the soil test “I’d be wary of using these new tests with crop yields and quality is still even for soil health at this point.” needed.

“We want to give the crop what it “The usefulness of any soil test needs and leave as little behind as posdepends on whether we can correlate sible,” Rogers said

| Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 15

Farm and Ranch Brief NORTHWEST Field tours open to growers Northwest growers will be able to take an in-field look at Washington State University’s crop varieties and management practices during crop tours in June and July.

Cereal breeders, extension agronomists, plant pathologists and other scientists will guide visitors through a wide range of experimental plots, explaining strategies to improve production, solve pest problems and prepare for future challenges.

Upcoming field tours include: n Walla Walla legume tour — 10 a.m. Tuesday. Contact Wayne Thompson, (509) 240-5018. n Walla Walla cereals tour — 3:30 p.m. Tuesday. Contact Wayne Thompson, (509) 240-5018. n Dayton cereal and legume tour — 8 a.m. Wednesday. Contact Paul Carter, (509) 382-4741. n Wheat College, Wilke Farm, Davenport — 9 a.m. Wednesday.

Contact Lori Williams, (509) 6590610 n Mayview — 9 a.m. Thursday.

“

We need to be conscientious. Apply reasonable amounts and give the field a rest.”

Contact Mark Heitstuman, (509) 243-2009. n Anatone — 3:30 p.m. Thursday.

Contact Mark Heitstuman, (509) 243-2009. n University of Idaho/Limagrain — 8:30 a.m. July 6. Contact Don Thill, (208) 885-6214. n Palouse — 9 a.m. July 11.

Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 3976290. n Bickleton — 3 p.m. July 12.

Contact Ryan Higginbotham, (509) 335-1205. n Farmington — 8 a.m. July 13.

Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 3976290. n St. John — 10 a.m. July 14.

Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 3976290. n Lamont — 2:30 p.m. July 14.

Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 3976290.

For more information and location maps, go to http://variety.wsu.edu for cereal trials and http://smallgrains. wsu.edu for small grains research.

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Northwest Farm and Ranch

Moscow-Pullman Daily News

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