NEWS Researchers treatmentpsychedelics'investigatepainpotential P. 6 OPINION Will psilocybin legalization become another corporate bonanza? P. 4-5 ARTS & CULTURE After years of repression, Oregon frontrunner in changing drug attitudes P. 7 VOLUME 77 • ISSUE 9 • AUGUST 24, 2022
STAFF EDITORIAL EDITOR IN CHIEF Tanner MANAGINGTod EDITOR Karisa Yuasa NEWS EDITOR Aiden MULTIMEDIATuan NEWS EDITOR Eric ARTSShelby&CULTURE EDITOR Kat JustinOPINIONLeonEDITORCory PHOTO EDITOR Alberto Alonso Pujazon Bogani ONLINE IsabelAnalisaCONTRIBUTORSTannerDISTRIBUTIONNovaCOPYOliviaMULTIMEDIAChristopherEDITORWardEDITORLeeCHIEFJohnsonMANAGERToddLanderosZerr PRODUCTION & DESIGN CREATIVE DIRECTOR Whitney ZahiraLeoDESIGNERSMcPhieClarkZuvuya TECHNOLOGY & WEBSITE TECHNOLOGY ASSISTANTS Rae TannerSaraGeorgeFickleOlsonRayTodd ADVISING & ACCOUNTING COORDINATOR OF STUDENT MEDIA Reaz STUDENTMahmoodMEDIA ACCOUNTANT Maria VanguardToRaeADVISORSTUDENTDominguezMEDIATECHNOLOGYFicklecontactPortlandStateemaileditor@psuvanguard.com MISSION STATEMENT Vanguard’s mission is to serve the Portland State community with timely, accurate, comprehensive and critical content while upholding high journalistic standards. In the process, we aim to enrich our staff with quality, hands-on journalism education and a number of skills highly valued in today’s job market. ABOUT Vanguard established in 1946, is published weekly as an independent student newspaper governed by the PSU Student Media Board. Views and editorial content expressed herein are those of the staff, contributors and readers and do not necessarily represent the PSU student body, faculty, staff or administration. Find us in print Wednesdays and online 24/7 at Followpsuvanguard.com.usonFacebook, Twitter and Instagram @psuvanguard for multimedia content and breaking news. CONTENTS COVER DESIGN BY WHITNEY MCPHIE CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS SEND US YOUR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR P. 3 OPINION CASHING IN ON THE MAGIC P. 4-5 NEWS: PSYCHEDELICS SHOW MEDICAL PROMISE P. 6 ARTS & CULTURE IS US CULTURE CHANGING ITS MIND ABOUT PSYCHOACTIVES? P. 7 EVENTS CALENDAR P. 8 OPEN OPINION PLATFORM COLUMN FOR ALL AT PSU • STATE NAME AND AFFILIATION W/PSU • SUBMISSIONS ARE UNPAID, NOT GUARANTEED AND CHOSEN BY THE EDITOR • SEND THOUGHTS, STORIES AND OPINIONS TO EDITOR@PSUVANGUARD.COM
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After a month-long hiatus from publishing, the Portland State Vanguard is back—with an update! We will be reviving our “Letters to the Editor,” a recurring Opinion feature that publishes and spotlights voices from around PSU, as well as the larger community of Portland, Oregon. This is a section devoted to spotlighting the opinions and feelings of our readsers, rather than the writers and contributors in our newsroom, and we welcome submissions from anyone. We’re particularly interested in perspectives related to current Portland events and community issues, as well as circumstances that impact the Pacific Northwest overall. We’d also love to hear your thoughts on stories we’ve covered—if you have a strong opinion about something we’ve reported, write us! We’ll happily read your submissions. share your letters for publishing consideration, email your thoughts to opinion@psuvanguard. com with the heading LETTER TO THE EDITOR, followed by your subject line. look forward to hearing from you soon.
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One thing notably different about these Dutch companies and their Oregon antecedents is the price tag. Some of these companies—like the Synthesis Institute—charge as much as $20,000 for the facilitator training and $1,000 a day for their three-day psychedelic retreats. One of its co-founders, Myles Katz, also moved to Oregon in 2020 to cash in on the new industry here. He has already started several Limited Liability Companies (LLCs), influenced the legislation as it moves forward and purchased a large property in Ashland to build out his psychedelic retreat center. According to the Willamette Week, another company with big plans is Field Trip Health from Canada, which boasts a $46 million valuation and plans to open at least one psilocybin therapy center here. It charges as much as $2,000 for a single seven-hour session and offers various expensive add-ons for the experience at its various other locations.
Starting in 2023, the new law allows anyone age 21 or older to access the mushrooms in services for “personal development,” however, it will not have the same legal status as cannabis. So we will not be able to—at least under this current phase of legalization—just stroll into a retail outlet and buy a few grams of magic mushrooms like we currently do with cannabis. Rather, potential users will need to submit to a screening process and then seek the services of a licensed clinic that will offer the psilocybin as an “experience.”
This all seems to be setting up quite a robust boom for those with the capital and the accrued expertise to administer these experiences. Personally, I am completely in favor of psychedelic exploration and have seen benefits from exploring these substances in various ways—from microdosing for anxiety and depression all the way to taking a larger dose and really confronting some inner turmoil head-on through the unique reframing of introspection and perception.
Michael Pollan has gone into greater depth on the beneficial aspects of psychedelics with his recent book How to Change Your Mind and his eponymous Netflix special. That said, I cringe and recoil at the horror of seeing another beautiful and useful therapeutic substance becoming a heavily regulated and prohibitively expensive treatment. Once again, the profit motive of greedy entrepreneurs corrupts the potential of this long-maligned experience—one that is also the right of all human beings to enjoy as it is a humble fungus that can be grown just about anywhere warm, dark and damp. The recreational marijuana market is illustrative of just how corrupt our marketplaces are. According to a report by the American Civil Liberties Union, “a Black person is 3.64 times more likely to be arrested for marijuana possession than a white person, even though Black and white people use marijuana at similar rates.” This is in the era of marijuana reform and legalization.
Melissa Pandika writes that, according to a recent Marijuana Business Daily survey, 81% of cannabis business owners were white, with a mere 5.7% being Latinx and only 4.3% of these business owners being Black. This kind of inequity is systemic. Incarceration is heavily skewed against people of color, particularly Black people, while the industry and its profitability are skewed in favor of white people. Decriminalization has also largely ignored those imprisoned for drug offenses—a complete slap in the face as white business owners rake in profits for doing exactly what so many Black people were imprisoned for. Systemic white supremacy goes much deeper than this issue, but the
CASHING IN ON THE MAGIC WILL THE LEGALIZATION OF PSYCHEDELIC MUSHROOMS JUST BE ANOTHER CORPORATE GOLD RUSH? JUSTIN CORY
While potential psychonauts—explorers of altered states of consciousness—will not need a doctor’s prescription for the services, Oregon’s newly minted Psilocybin Advisory Board has been modeling the fledgling industry after those in one of the only other places psilocybin use is legal: the Netherlands. Dutch companies provide a complete set and setting, making it a total experience, as well as a licensed facilitator to guide the user and a curated place for the experience to unfold. This concept was originally developed in the 1960s by Harvard scientists Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, who would become infamous in the counter-cultural milieu of the 1960s for their experiments with psilocybin and LSD until their termination from Harvard. They modeled their experiments largely after the Mexican Indigenous healer María Sabina who had cultivated them ceremonially in the Aztec, Huicholes and Mazateca traditions.
A renaissance for psychedelic drugs seems to be on the horizon, and we are ahead of the curve here in Oregon as voters approved the legalization of psychedelic psilocybin mushrooms with Measure 109 in 2020.
PSU Vanguard • AUGUST 24, 2022 • psuvanguard.com4 OPINION
LEO CLARK
PSU Vanguard • AUGUST 24, 2022 • psuvanguard.com OPINION 5 fear is that these dynamics will doubtlessly also manifest in the psychedelic mushroom industry here in Oregon. Further, these treatments are unlikely to be covered under insurance plans. Studies are ongoing, but one of the major benefits that seems to be emerging from psilocybin mushroom treatment is among cancer patients. According to the Washington Post, experiences with these mushrooms can ease anxiety, depression and the fear of death. It seems completely criminal and inhumane to allow a natural fungus with such transformative properties to be accessible only to the wealthy and privileged. According to The Stranger, “Another factor driving up the cost for potential clients is tax liability. A federal statute bars companies that deal in Schedule I and II drugs from claiming major tax deductions, an issue also faced by the state’s cannabis retailers.” An obvious fix to this would be President Joe Biden’s administration or the Democratic majority in Congress ending the halfcentury-long disastrous War on Drugs —a policy that has always targeted people of color, further criminalized poverty, failed to curb use of the prohibited substances in the first place and helped create the black market, which led to the rise of cartel violence that has devastated Mexico, South America and Central America. So far, any progress in that direction seems at a standstill in spite of an ACLU poll showing over 65% of voters in favor of ending the criminalization at the heart of the War on Drugs. It is clear that there is great potential for material, spiritual, mental and physiological good to come out of the psychedelic renaissance we Oregonians are embarking upon. In order for that to happen, we must be mindful of the ways that the racial hierarchy of white supremacy infects the so-called justice system and the growth of markets in our local economy. We must also confront how the profit motive of greed can and will prohibit those most in need from accessing these benefits. We can avoid these pitfalls by demanding that mushrooms not be controlled by these companies or the government administrators catering to them. Otherwise, a great opportunity will once again be squandered and DIYers will just have to continue cultivating spores in their closets for the black market and living in fear of draconian reprisals from the legal system.
“Everything in human experience is processed through the brain and the central nervous system, which is the underlying factor,” he said.
AFTER
“For example, back in the sixties and seventies, a lot of studies were done. LSD and psilocybin were demonstrated to be very powerful for addictions. These new studies are going back and saying, okay, those studies work, let’s do some better studies and those are ongoing. And the results are still very good. For impact, nothing comes close to psilocybin and being able to help people leave smoking behind.”
As Dr. Carson outlined, evidence for the benefits of psilocybin has been around for decades, and even though progress has started and halted several times over the years, testing has been renewed through more recent trials and authorization. In his research, Dr. Carson is also looking into mindful yoga and meditation combined with psilocybin assistance.
PSYCHEDELICS SHOW
Almost two years ago, Oregonians over whelmingly voted to decriminalize possession of most “hard” drugs. Ballot Measure 110 re classified penalties for possession of various specified drugs such as oxycodone, metham phetamine, PCP, LSD and heroin, to name but a few. But looking beyond politics and the past, we come to the scope of psychedelics and pain management, which is one of the topics at the forefront of research about the properties of psychedelic usage with medical benefits. One of the types of pain that psychedelics have been looked into for treating is chronic pain Dr. James Carson, a clinical health psychologist at Oregon Health & Science University, put their non-recreational use into perspective. “Research shows that there’s sort of a reset in the brain and it’s very well known now, scientifically, and maybe not so well known by medical providers,” he said. “[Essentially], chronic pain conditions are basically a rewiring of the brain, [as it] echoes the pain condition through the nervous system in a way that makes it very difficult to treat and alter. Chronic pain is a maladaptive neuroplastic change. Maladaptive means it didn’t help and made things worse. Neuroplastic means there was a change in the brain from the constant bombardment of pain signals altering the brain.”
“It’s also the case that we know things like meditation and gentle yoga and other soothing practices decrease pain,” Dr. Carson said.
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MEDICAL PROMISE WHITNEY MCPHIE
OREGON RESEARCHERS
“They’re altering the nervous system in a beneficial way. We know that these practices are effective through multiple trials across different conditions so we’re proposing to combine psilocybin to mindful yoga. In that case, we know we’re testing something that is effective, and then we compare the results [of psilocybin-assisted mindful yoga] to see if the combination is more effective than just the mindful yoga [alone].”
PSU Vanguard • AUGUST 24, 2022 • psuvanguard.com6 NEWS
Many experts are hopeful that through renewed scientific research on psilocybin and psychedelics, we can learn a lot about pain and how these substances treat it. Despite some positive news about the connection between the two, more research and trials need to be done. LEGISLATIVE CHANGE, ARE ON A TRIP OF
In addition to neural rewiring, other changes happen to the body and mind over the presence of chronic pain. Dr. Jason Luoma elaborated on the difficulty of chronic pain. “Part of what makes chronic pain so difficult is that people develop a lot of fear and anxiety around it,” he said. “They can get depressed as well when they, for example, see their life shrinking, as they restrict activities in order to avoid the pain… [sometimes they become] focused on the pain and start to really close down their life because of all the anxiety and fear, which can really make chronic pain turn into something much worse. However, I think at this point, there’s not a whole lot of evidence that psychedelics are helpful for chronic pain. I think the only thing I would say is that there’s, there’s not a lot of evidence at this point that psychedelics are effective treatment for chronic forms of pain, [only] anecdotal reports.” But pain can be physical or psychological, or in many cases, both. “There’s a lot of studies that show that emotional pain and physical pain are [activated in] the same parts of the brain,” said Dr. Chris Stauffer, an assistant professor of psychiatry at OHSU. Despite a lot of research in regards to pain and neurology, Dr. Stauffer said that there’s not much research looking at MDMA’s relationship with physical pain, but there are psilocybin trials observing pain management with those substances. However, there’s more to potential psilocybin uses than just treatments for pain. When asked about whether there were characteristics of certain diseases that would make them a good candidate for psilocybin-assisted treatment (PAT), Dr. Carson brought it back to the organ that is the main catalyst for everything associated with psilocybin’s effects—the brain.
IS US CULTURE CHANGING ITS MIND ABOUT PSYCHOACTIVES? OREGON IS A FRONTRUNNER IN LEGALIZING MEDICAL PSYCHEDELICS KAT LEON ZAHIRA ZUVUYA
Nigel McCourry, MDMA clinical trial patient who participated in a study for his PTSD, seemed to agree. “I don’t see psychedelics as being therapeutic necessarily by themselves,” McCourry said. “You do need that structured environment and the trained individuals in order to be able to really get the most out of the experience and have the support that you need.”
Nearly 400 years after the church brutally crushed the Mazatec Indigenous peoples for using psilocybin, the United States began the War on Drugs. The government spent decades propping up the War on Drugs as an excuse for the mass incarceration of people of color, which disproportionately affected Black men. This resulted in psilocybin and other psychedelic drugs with similar healing properties being crushed under the system’s boot once again.
Now, with authorization for clinical trials becoming more commonplace, the question is this: will U.S. culture turn off its war mindset towards psychedelics?
PSU Vanguard • AUGUST 24, 2022 • psuvanguard.com ARTS & CULTURE 7
Dr. Chris Stauffer, assistant professor of psychiatry at Oregon Health & Science University, has worked on phases two and three of clinical trials for MDMAassisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). “MDMA doesn’t necessarily have a cultural history outside of our current culture,” Dr. Stauffer said. “So we’re not appropriating other cultures by using it as a medicine.
McCourry was diagnosed with severe PTSD from being in Iraq in 2004. He said he tried everything for treatment, from therapy to medication, but nothing worked and some of the medication side effects were “just as challenging in a sense to deal with as some of the PTSD symptoms.”
Given its history, the use of psilocybin can be complicated, especially as a white person. As Dr. Jason Luoma, psychologist and researcher assisting with MDMA clinical trials, said, “Psilocybin is… complicated because it’s everywhere, but there are these cultural traditions that it’s nested in that are growing out of Indigenous cultures… considering those factors is an important element of being involved in the use of those plants or fungi.” However, psilocybin is far from the only psychedelic that exists. Western scientists synthesized LSD and MDMA, yet their similar properties and healing applications make Indigenous cultures important in considering the use of these as medicines.
When McCourry was 18, he said he tried half of an ecstasy pill while out with friends. “The way that I thought about things was very interesting,” he said. “Watching people dancing and being really interested in how… you have a person who’s a body, but then it occurred to me like inside of this person, you have individual cells. And each one of those cells is almost like its own individual body. And it was just fascinating to me how, you know, billions or trillions of cells all come together in this coordination to create dancing?”
In his Netflix docuseries How to Change Your Mind, celebrity author Michael Pollan argues that the use of psychoactive fungi is no exception. “When the Spaniards colonized the Indigenous peoples of Mexico… they talked about people using mushrooms and entering these transcendent states, using mushrooms in their worship,” Pollan said in the documentary. “The Mazatec Indians called the mushrooms Flesh of the Gods... this was terrifying to the Catholic Church. And so they crushed it brutally.” After the Catholic Church attempted to suppress its use, these mushrooms, now known as psilocybin, went underground and Indigenous cultures continued to use them despite pushback from their colonizers. Centuries later, two authors and amateur mycologists, R. Gordan Wasson and his wife, Dr. Valentina Pavlovna Wasson, made several trips to Mexico in search of the rumored psychoactive mushrooms. They eventually found the sacred mushroom in 1955 and convinced María Sabina, the local village curandero (healer), to allow them to try it. After their experience, they went home and wrote about it and soon everyone knew about the magical mushroom. However, this came with disastrous results. While Sabina is considered the grandmother of psychedelics, and her legacy lives on to this day, Pollan reported that “María Sabina came to regret having introduced Wasson to the mushrooms because it had a profound effect on her town… [The] town turned against her, her house was burned down, her family was subjected to violence, and ultimately she died destitute. She suffered tremendously as a result of introducing the world to the magic mushroom.”
Although I think there are aspects of Indigenous wisdom and using entheogenic practices within this psychotherapy modality. I think Indigenous reciprocity and really honoring the cultures and the history of, of holding this type of treatment for so long, in our history needs to really be honored and respected.”
While MDMA is the closest of the psychedelics to receive FDA approval, it is still in the process, making this treatment unavailable to many who could use it and so desperately need it. As McCourry said, “When the veterans go to war, they teach the soldiers how to turn it on [a war mindset], but then when they come back to civilian life, they never teach them how to turn it off… I think MDMA actually is a way to turn that war mindset off.”
According to McCourry, this experience likely planted the seed for him to become a scientist and led him to recognize the possibility of MDMA as a healing tool in the McCourryfuture.said that, after taking the MDMA in the clinical trial, he felt he could connect with the therapist more profoundly as the medicine broke down his distrust. He reported that the sessions were challenging, but the treatment allowed him to stick with it when he usually would not want to engage with the trauma. The rest of his healing happened over time.
Time and time again, one can witness how some individu als in positions of power have abused that power to the detri ment of others. Historically and repeatedly, we have seen sys tems of power restrict marginalized groups, often destroying culture and healing practices in the process.
“Essentially, [the war on drugs] was a political move to be able to demonize certain substances... largely for political ends, not for the practical purpose of the actual safety of people or people’s health,” Dr. Luoma said. After the schedule, it took years to get the FDA to approve clinical studies and even longer to conduct those studies. Sergeant Jonathan Lubecky, Well, good drugs lead to an opioid epidemic, and bad drugs heal PTSD. So I think our definitions of those need to change.” It’s important to note that the drug is just as important as the setting, as many people take psychedelics without it helping their mental health. Regarding the highly successful MDMA trials for PTSD, Dr. Stauffer said, “I think it’s important that it’s called MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, because I think the psychotherapy is a big piece of it, and the MDMA just kind of facilitates that, that arc.”
“This point comes a year after the MDMA therapy, where I just feel free from that,” McCourry said in regards to his trauma.
“I feel like those experiences are for the first time, all actually in the past, and I’m not connected to them anymore, and that was really a huge shift in my quality of life.”
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