Sem - IX Sir J. J. College of architecture
1763 - Daksh Shah
LITERATURE REVIEW Book 1 - The new transit town - Gloria Ohland INTRODUCTION The new transit town seeks to explore the development to be observed and planned in various forms of transits ranging from bus to train, around areas which has already witnessed significant infrastructure development in terms of commercial and industrial growth in the said region. CONTENT Through the case studies in the book we can take inferences from existing examples and understand how to device good transit oriented development in present and future of upcoming areas. KEY TAKE AWAYS FROM NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN THEAORY BY AUTHOR LOCATION EFFICIENCY - The development should be in context of the region. Placing of homes efficiently to reduce travel time and also not cause too much congestion. RICH MIX OF CHOICES - Designing a neighbourhood that has mixed varieties of commercials, residential settlements that offer variety of services at a walking distance. VALUE CAPTURE - Capturing value, accrued either to the household or the community, should be a key objective of TOD, thus allowing individuals to lead affordable lifestyles and letting communities reinvest the profits derived from their good work. PLACE MAKING - attention has to be paid to making them attractive and pedestrian-friendly places. Trips to the store, to visit neighbors, to the park, or to sit in a coffee shop and watch the world go by should be both negotiable on foot and a delight to those walking. If transit is inserted into a healthy pedestrian environment.
LITERATURE REVIEW Book 2 - Urban Street design guidelines for Pune - by Pune Municipal Corporation Introduction When it comes to smart cities in India, Pune stands in the leading position. That is because Pune seeks to implement policies and is more inclined towards making its streets and public spaces more pedestrian friendly. This document is prepared to ensure that appropriate street types and street design elements are implemented to create better streets to support transportation objectives for the city considering the present and future needs.
Content The book suggests ideas that can be implemented to solve major street issues like - traffic congestion, better aesthetics, accommodation of more services, accommodate various modes of transits and make the streets safe and pedestrian friendly.
Learnings from the book Detailed study of :1. Street elements that should be taken into account - footpath, cycle track, bus stop , bus stops, BRT lanes, carriage ways, shoulders and parking. 2. Safety elements - pedestrian crossing, traffic calming measures like signals, signages, railings, bollards, street furniture, speed breakers 3. Multi-utility elements - plantation, storm water management, garbage collection, public toilet.
LITERATURE REVIEW Book 3 - DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS - JOHN J. FRUIN Introduction to the book Walking is the primary means of internal movement within cities. It is the only means of attaining the necessary face-to-face interaction involved in all the commercial and cultural activities that comprise the urban milieu. With the exception of cycling, walking is the only means of human movement by which we can dramatically experience the sensory gradients of sight, sound, and smell that define a place. This book explores the know and how of designing pathways catering to the needs and convenience of pedestrians.
Content The human aspects and behavioral aspects :Natural un-interrupted walking requires a uniform, nonslip walking surface and sufficient space both laterally and longitudinally to avoid conflict with others. The width of the human body plus allowance for body sway determine lateral spacing, and individual pacing distance combined with perception and reaction times, the longitudinal spacing. Various behavioral aspects :1.Walking cycle - The moment of body, swaying forward and backward, the pace of the person. 2.Moment on stairs - The speed and fatigue happens based on the rise and width or riser and tread 3.Ramps - Ramps up to a slope of approximately 3% are perceived to be almostlevel by most pedestrians, and slopes of up to 10% for short distances are considered acceptable. 4.Personal preferences - Does the person like to interact with people passing by? Does he like to observe and hear while walking? 5.Space for walking - How much space does the person need to walk in his personal space - this varies usually from 30 - 40 inches
GENERAL INFO • • • •
• • •
Charni road forms an important part of the whole Girgaon-chowpatty area. The area holds 2 integral stations stations of western railway line 2 more metro stations are being developed parellel to the existing stations The area lies between 3 major arterial roads that form the primary connection between the colaba-churchgate area and the Opera house junction. This patch also holds about 39% population of the the whole Girgaon-Chowpaty area. It has highest concentration of jewellery shops in the whole of Maharastra. The Chira bazar road becomes the primary road for the passage of Ganpati idols from all over south bombay during the most widely celebrated festival of Ganpati Visarjan.
GENERAL INFO Location - Charni Road, Mumbai The area lies between 2 of the busiest roads in the vicinity - The 1. kalbadevi road and the 2. chira bazar road in between. 3. charni road station road with the 0 Upcoming Project at Chira bazar - Metro Rail Area - 0.66 km² Population (2020) - 39500 Socio-Economic background - Majority of the people living here come from middle class families. Most of whom have small businesses or shops in this area itself. It is common to find joint as well as nuclear families in this area. Architecture - The structures here are 5-6 storeys made during the late 50s, most of the buildings here are in dilapitated condition hence the area is witnessing massive amounts of redevelopement projects with towers having as high as 4 fsi.
0 M (MSL) 3M 6M 9M
Metro-rail Redevelopement •
The metro-railway project extending from colaba to bandra would have 2 stations located in the Girgaon - Kalbadevi belt.
•
The railway will pass at a depth of 15 - 20 m under the main road.
•
The Project affected people whose property had been taken over by MMRDA for the construction of the project would receive an in-situ rehibilitation with appendages.
•
Residences with area 205sq.ft will receive area upto 404 sq.ft
•
Above 444 sq.ft will receive existing area + 35% increase.
•
3 mixed use 33 storey towers at Kalbadevi and 3 at Thakur dwar junction will be constructed to accomodate the residences.
Street views Road connecting chira bazar to charni road
Road connecting chira bazar to Kalbadevi
9 - 18m 9 - 18m 18m
21m 15m Chira bazar
Charni Road
Kalbadevi Road
Climatological data
•
The rainfall stats clearly indicate that july witnessing heavist rainfall in the whole year.
•
The hottest month of the year is May.
Climatological data
•
April recieves the highest Sun Hours during the whole year with September receiving the lowest sun hours.
heavy concentration buildings
Structural Plan 1. Majority of the built mass is concentrated close to the station road. The unbuilt spaces increase as one moves away from the stations. 2. The entire area has a serious lack of open spaces. The only open spaces available for use are next to the station.
1.
3. It can also be observed that the size of the structures reduce as the distance from the station increases suggesting that major commercial buildings and the redeveloped residential towers are all located close to the station road. 4. Due to the height restrictions by the railway authority the residential towers are built along the next closest road to the station - the chira bazar road.
Low height buildings
Loosely Spaced buildings
Landuse Plan • There are more than • 30 - governemnt commercial buildings • 4 - Hospitals • 20 - Well known restaurants • 18 - Religious Places • 8 - Commercial banks • 4 - Parks • 9 - Schools • 1 - library • 1 - cinema hall • 2 - Cremetoriums • 2 - Local Stations + 2 metro stations (under development) • 1 - Gas Station
Circulation Plan The station road and kalbadevi road are both 2-way arterial roads 18 and 15m wide respectiely. The chira bazar road is one-way road due to the construction of the metro line. These 3 roads provide connectivity between the opera house - chowpatty patch and the churchgate-colaba patch. The kalbadevi road and chira bazar road are well connected whereas there are no internal roads connecting them to the station road. Accoring to TDR policy expansion of the width of the chira bazar road is possible upto 21m.
- Arterial road - Local road
Landmarks
VINAY HOTEL
GIRGAON STATION
CHANDRPABHU JAIN SURTI HOTEL TEMPLE
The Chandrapabhu Jain Derasar and Dwarkadish temple are the 2 oldest temples in the locality. Vinay hotel carries a legacy through many years serving the most authentic maharastrian food in whole of kalbadevi area. Long ques can be seen on weekend mornings in front of the restaurant.
CHARNIROAD STATION
DWARKADISH TEMPLE
SHREE BANQUET HALL
The Charni road station and Marines lines station have always been immportant landmarks and largest nodes in the vicinity. The Girgaon and Kalbadevi station nodes were busiest nodes even before the project was proposed, the traffic and pedestrian concentration is expected to increase exponentially post the construction. Parsi Dairy is one of the oldest dairy in the area, this happened to be the first brand that opened in mumbai.
- Pedestrians (5 person per dot) - Hawkers
MARINE LINES STATION
KALBADEVI STATION
PARSI DAIRY
Seams and Nodes The 3 roads act as 3 boundaries in this urban settlemet. This is the first boundary that seperates Charni east with Charni road west. This acts as a boundary between area witnessing high residential redevelopement projects (chira bazar) and area having a heavy concentration of 3 types of markets - the metal market, the clothing market and the electronics market. This acts as the boundary between Bhuleshwar which is very renowned for it sarees and jewellery stores.
- Clothing Stores - Card Stores - Electronic Stores - Jewellery Stores
- Pedestrians (5 person per dot) - Hawkers
- Pause points
Imageability of the area (Grains and texture) Majority of the structures here are 3-5 storeyed detached structures. There is a small concetration of residential courtyard structures which increase as we move northwards towards the Parsi-wada area. There are only a handfull of structures planned and built with offset from all sides and compound walls. The offset buildings are either temples, commercial buildings or institution buildings (eg- library and schools). The detached buildings are all residential buildings with mixed us developement. There are very few courtyard structures which are either residential or wadis within residential settlements which are used for celebrations.
- Detached Builings - Offset from all sides - Courtyard structures
Street Sections 1. This has residential mixed use low rise buildings on both the sides. 2. This road has residential high rise and mixed use low rise buildings on both the sides
1. Section through Kalbadevi road
3. This has station on one side and open spaces like garden and cemetory on the other side Both kalbadevi and chira bazar road have industrial shops like metal traders, utensil traders who require truck unloading/loading throughout the day hence causing traffic jams.
2. Section through Chirabazar road - Industrial shops requiring constant loading/unloading (steel / metal traders) - Commercial shops (stationery store / pharmacy)
Park
Station
3. Section through Charni road
Chira bazar road divisions
1.
1. Metro station
2.
2. Food Joints
3.
4. 3. Card Stores
4. Jewellery stores
IDENTIFIED ISSUES
1. Dilapitated Buildings 2. Traffic congestion
3. Lack of open spaces 4. Lack of greenery
5. Lack of inter-road connectivity 6. Poor hygiene
7. Poor infrastructure and services 8. No loading unloading area 9. Lack of parking Space 10. Irregular footpaths
TRAFFIC SURVEY DURING VARIOUS TIME PERIODS
(10 am - 2 pm)
(2pm - 6pm)
(6pm - 10pm)
• scooters - 20
• scooters - 14
• scooters - 22
• cars - 13
• cycles - 1.5 • trucks - 2 • buses - 2
• cars - 9
• cycles - 1
• trucks - 1
• buses - 0.6
• cars - 15
• cycles - 0 • trucks - 1
• buses - 2
EXISTING POLICIES Increase in fsi - Thanks to the construction of the metro railway, the fsi of streets through which the railway shall pass has been increased to 4.
Existing Fsi - for the kalbadevi street is 3. Whereas the building heights are restricted for residential buildings charniroad onwards.
In-situ rehabilitation - Most of the buildings on this road are very old and protected under the rent control act. According to the impact assessment report made for the metro railway line, in-situ rehabilitation arrangements will be made by the state government for people owning private homes along the road. A total of 30 buildings have been targetted which will be redeveloped to accomodate road widening and metro-line.
Private owned lands - The lands required for underground structures like parts of U/G stations, entry exits, structures associated with ancillary works are considered as permanently required. However private land owner continues to own them and can put them to on ground activities like parking landscapng etc. It was decided to use them by offering one time compensation of 50% of market value determined by competatnt authority.
3 FSI
Increase 4 FSI to
In-situ rehabilitation with 25% more area Old Buildi ngs
New towers
Overground private land used for parking Underground used for ancillary structures
Service room
PHASE - 1 Renewal of Street signages :Inspite of being among the fastest developing areas in Mumbai and facing high concentration of all modes of transport the street signages are not well maintained. Standardised sign boards with uniform designs are needed here. On the left side is an example of the signages done by MCGM in the western suburbs, these need to be implemmented here as well. Old Dilapitated Signages Updated signages by MCGM Updating Traffic Lights :The traffic lights for this particular section of the road are malfunctioning hence there is a need of a traffic police to regulate the traffic at all times. On the left side are the newly erected traffic lights running from marine drive to bandra sea face. Updated traffic signals
Old Signals
PHASE - 1 Renewal of footpaths :The pedestrians prefer walking on the roads instead of footpaths because they are not well maintained and have uneven widths. At a few points the footpath is completely encroached by the building or shop. The footpaths need to be well aligned and safe for pedestrians to use. In the right image we have an example of renewed roads in colaba with planters placed at the edge for beautification and introducing more greenery to these public spaces.
Broken footpaths
Renewed footpaths in colaba
Phase 1 - Mapped • • • •
This picture illustrates provision of street seatings at major pause points like bridges and temples. Provision of planters for beautification of the main roads. Renewed Footpaths Installation of way-finding boards at internal junctions where navigation is difficult.
- Planters along the side walks - Renewal of footpaths - Way-finding Signages - Kerbside Seating
PHASE - 1 - Illustration • • • •
This picture illustrates provision of street seatings at major pause points like bridges and temples. Provision of planters for beautification of the main roads. Renewed Footpaths Installation of way-finding boards at internal junctions where navigation is difficult.
Marine Lines station road
PHASE - 2
Identified open spaces Dp plan marks the following spaces as green open spaces and community spaces. Most of these open spaces are covered in construction debris, used for dumping waste or are ill-maintained. Allot of buildings are governement buildings which are unused and abandoned. These spaces can be redeveloped into children’s parks, community centres and gardens in an area which lacks open spaces greatly. The chira bazar and charni road lack connectivity. Roads passing through gardens could create good pedestrians walkways. Several small streets in kalbadevi start and abruptly end next to small buildings, these streets can be extended to improve connecctivity or broken down to accomodate more buildings or redeveloped residential towers. - Proposed gardens
- Proposed Community centres
- Proposed Demolition of roads
- Proposed Construction of new streets
PHASE - 2 Pedestrian pathways passing through gardens create good, green, free from noise of traffic, spaces for people who would prefer walking from the station to chira bazar road. The green patch was once a popular children’s park, which now lays barren with no activity happening in the space. Image 2 shows Garden walkways made under the bridge at matunga flyover have made these spaces more lively and public friendly. Similarly pedestrian friendly green walkways could be made to pass through the garden.
Image 1
Image 2
PHASE 2 - Executed Illustration The picture below shows an abandoned dilapitated building with a non fuctioning petrol pump. The dp marks the area as an open garden space. This can be redeveloped into a park.
Marine Lines station road Illustration of the proposed redeveloped park
PHASE - 3
Identified buildings needing redevelopement The old dilapitated buildings can be redeveloped into high rise residential towers to accomodate the dense population. Bridge connecting the charni road station (western line station) with girgaon station (metro line station) could be introduced for the ease of passengers who would like to switch stations.
- Skywalk connecting charni road and girgaon station - Old dilapitated buildings needing redevelopement
PHASE - 3 On the right side of the thakurdwar road there are little to no residential structures. Most of the property has been taken over by MCGM for the developemet of the new metro station and 35 storey mixed use tower. The footpath here can be widened to accomadate a skywalk connecting the charni road station to the girgaon metro station. The picture illustrates :•
Bridge connecting girgaon metro station with charni road station.
•
Wayfinding boards at important junctions.
•
New and upgraded street lights.
•
Redeveloped residential towers replacing the ramshakled building of the region.
•
The tallest tower of girgaon being develped by MMRDA over the girgaon metro station.
Road connecting charni road and chira bazar
Proposed Skywalk connecting charni road station and girgaon station
Image 2
PHASE - 4 - Issues to be addressed 1. Due to being a commercial industrial and residential hub the region attracts more and more residences.in an already densely populated area. 2. Several metal traders hold their offices and carry out loading and unloading directly on the streets blocking the passing traffic.
it h w d oa walks r e wid side e m 15 wid 3m
3. Alongside are several food, clothing and electronic stores. (kalbadevi being a cloth market, chira bazar being a jewellery market). 4. The 3 main roads receive intense vehicular and pedestrian traffic throughout the day, traffic is further expected to increase post the completion of the 2 metro stations. 5. The footpaths are too narrow to accomodate the pedestrians hence risking the safety of pedestrians who are forced to walk on the roads. 6. The roads lack greenery. 7. By 2040 more than most of the buildings will become old and will need redevelopement.
Dp allows road widening from 21m(including side walk) to 29m (including sidewalks)
Section (of the proposed developement) Proposal for redeveloped towers by 2040 1. Incentives can be given to residences (eg:- increased carpet area) who are willing to get their buildings redeveloped before 2040, post which penalties could be charged if the buildings are below the standard set by authority. 2. The ground floor could be used by shops or traders requiring loading unloading area. 3. Stores could be clubbed together to from shopping marts in selective towers. (according to by-laws the fsi for a 20+ storey structure increases if it is used as mixed use hence benefitting the builder as well) 4. To accomodate the traffic, post completion of metro line the chira bazar road can be widened from 15m to 21m. TDR allows the buidings in chira bazar road to have an fsi of 4. Hence redevelopement of properties even after giving land for road widening works in the favour of developers and residents.
This is a typical section of the proposed Kalba devi, Chira bazar road.
Streetscape (of the proposed developement) The illustration here shows the change in streetscape from 2000 to 2040 (post the proposed developement). The form of the region is clearly changing from low rise high density to high rise high density. One of the biggest issues with the buidlings currently is that the low rise buildings are very closely spaced allowing little to no cross ventilation and natural light from side facades of the building. This issue is inexistent in high rise buildings which are spaced apart from each other (h/4+h/4) according to the Rera norms to allow sufficient natural light and ventilation. The streetscape also shows the pedestrian skywalks and shopping complexes on the lower floors of the tower.
Pedestrian Skywalk
Part-Streetscape of Chira bazar road in 2040
Part-Streetscape of Chira bazar road in 2000
Shopping Marts
7. This could be particularly beneficial for cloth and jewellery merchants having their stores clubbed in a single market. 8. With wider roads and footpaths, planters and seating spaces can be introduced alongside the footpaths. 9. With the commerical/industrial zone on the ground floor, shops on upper floors and residential spaces extended further ahead, safer streets for pedestrians and safer vehicular roads can be established.
m 4m 1 2 m 4
Mart
6. The pedestrian skywalks passing over the main roads could directly link to these market spaces located on the lower floors of these towers.
metro Girgaon station d harni roa c g in t c e conn Skywalk on and girga
m 4m 4m 15
5. With a wider road pedestrian bridge can be introduced that extend from girgaon station to kalbadevi station. The bridges could directly connect to shopping marts.
Mart
PHASE - 4
Relocation of Stores
Clothing Market
The area is known for its 2 markets - Jewellery market (on the chira bazar street) and clothing market (at kalbadevi). Jewellers and clothing merchants that have owned stores
Structure of street in 2021
for several years may not agree to have their shops relocated anywhere else.
Structure of street in 2040
The newly proposed residential towers have an increased fsi by TOD regulations. The fsi further increases by making them mixed use. The marts on the lower floors could be made to accomodate the jewellery stores and clothing
Jewellery Market
stores in the process of in-situ rehabilitation. Structure of street in 2021
Structure of street in 2040
PHASE - 4 The picture illustrates :1. All buildings redeveloped into well equiped residential towers with more amenities and fsi 2. A pedestrian bridge extending across the 2 metro stations connecting to the shopping marts. 3. Way finding signages at important junctions.
Chira bazar road
Provision of footover pedestrian bridge extending across 2 metro stations on the chira bazar road.
Image 2
Urban Design Elements 1. Led traffic signals
5. Additional concrete planters
2. Solar powered Street lights
made out of contruction waste
3. Colour coded wayfinding signages
from sites
4. Sleek kerbside seating with planters to add to the beautification of
6. Colour coded, taxi stands, bus
sidewalks
stops, loading unloading areas
Developement of Girgaon
Year - 2020
Year - 2000
Year - 2040
Developement Towards 2040 Gardens
Charni Road Station
Girgaon Metro Station
Interconnecting roads Cemetary Residential towers Marine lines Station
Footover pedestrian bridge Shopping Marts
- Proposed - Existing
Kalbadevi Metro station
Thank you
1763 - Daksh Shah Sem - 9 Sir J. J. College of Architecture