SHENZHEN LAB 2019
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SHENZHEN LAB 2019
Studio Report 2019-2020 KU Leuven Faculty of Architecture, Campus Sint-Lucas Brussels, Paleizenstraat, 65-67, 1030 Brussels https://arch.kuleuven.be/english First year Master Architecture Studio - maib14 Engagement: Urban Cultures Shenzhen: Urban Villages - Shenzhen Lab 2019 Studio mentor Martine de Maeseneer Collaboration partner Chris Lai D-OFFICE Students Dana Al Sayegh Leen Claessens Adwait Jadhav Ema Jovanovic Natacha de Kuijper
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This report is based on the studio Shenzhen Urban Villages that took place from september 2019 to january 2020. It sums up the work of 5 international students. Fist part of the booklet gathers the common material that was discovered in analysis phase. In the second part, the project is shown in detail.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
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CHRONOLOGY
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MAPPING SHEZNHEN
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URBAN VILLAGE
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LANGXIA VILLAGE
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PROJECT: URBAN PIXELS
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NAME OF THE CHAPTER
PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION
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PEARL DELTA RIVER October 19 1979
PEARL DELTA RIVER January 10 2003
INTRODUCTION
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Studio programme The studio Shenzhen ‘Urban Villages’ will focus on the rapidly changing urban fabric in Shenzhen, the fascinating New Town in the south of China. Shenzhen officially exists only since 1979, is located in the Pearl River Delta opposite Hong Kong and was long considered the factory of the world. The city is rapidly transforming from a factory town to a technology hub that is often dubbed as the next Silicon Valley.
Since the end of the 19th century, the beginning of the 20th century the idea has gradually grown that forms -no longer- come forth out of a ‘mental back-up’ which is inherited since immemorial times, which was thought to be vital for us – enabling us to speak, to see and to produce. The scenario that has come in its place is where these ‘forms’ have fled along our body, into the open space, into thin air.
During the timespan of the studio, the participants will focus on the phenomenon of the urban villages that are currently taking new shape in the still growing urban fabric. The traditional urban villages came about through the so-called Hukou system that distinguishes the urban and the rural population. Only the urban population has rights to all services from the city and therefor the rural population created and managed their own resources.
As a result one can also understand how the western fascination for pure geometry descended over projective geometry to topology, fluidums, networks. In philosophy one calls that the downpour of platonic solids. It’s a movement that one can witness, happening in the last century. It’s a movement wherefrom generations of modern architects could not escape.
The basic preparation for the Shenzhen Studio was done by a group of international students during the KU Leuven summer school from Sept714, 2019 in collaboration with the Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, the Design Society Shenzhen and Tongji Needs Lab Shenzhen. The dio
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Performative Architecture stustudio strategy & framework
But nevertheless the picture still stands of this carrier space, a canvas, an envelope, a kind of background noise at the very least that works further behind or below the visible and reality. Sui Generi ‘diagrams’, which is the word which was very much in vogue in the second half of the nineties, work at the same time more autonomous and more generalizing. For the architect/student it is paramount to chase these forms down, to get grip of them if one wants to know in which direction architecture is moving, as well as on a transpatial or spatial local level.
INTRODUCTION
The studio focused on a continuously search for a broader field of ‘patterns’, ‘motives’, ‘logos’, ‘plots’ and ‘timbres’. — Words with an architectural resonance – which are an expression of a social, cultural an political involvement and expertise at large. This kind of (in)directness works. This kind of architecture will demonstrate itself to us as it will jump from the classical adagio of likelihood (‘to like or not’ …) to an architecture where behaviour stands central (‘to behave or not’ …). Think then in the given context about the iteration ‘to click or not’ …, whereby texts, words, characters become functions in a sort of digital acrostics: just, avoid to stick them together with images in a glossy picturesque of branding of a city. Timing
and
organization
of
the
studio
The Shenzhen maib14 studio will run in parallel with the Karachi, Serei Sophon and Buenos Aires studio, 4 hyper transformation cities, and will mostly be organized as joint studios in order to become aware of the different conditions for this 4 locations. Students will need to be prepared to work and meet on Tuesday on the Brussels campus each week.
The studio places a high emphasis on using drawings and models not as illustrative methods but as design and research tools that test, evolve and resolve ideas in a rigorous manner. The studio demands a very high engagement from each student to challenge their established working methods and to embrace, often unfamiliar ways of working. The study of key theoretical texts, precedents and theories as well as research into cross-disciplinary fields forms the basis for critical reflection and is key for the formation of a coherent theoretical framework and contextualised position. Research will accompany the city project throughout (not just at “the start”). Process driven work and enquiry will form an integral part of the city project. The intellectual decision-making process as well as the investigative design development will be on-going throughout the project.
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CHRONOLOGY
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SHENZHEN LAB 2019
FROM THE FISHERMEN VILLAGE TO 1989 RIOTS The Pearl River Delta (Zhujiang River) One of the few area of the Chinese Empire in which foreign traders were allowed to make business: Hong Kong (English) Macau (Portuguese) Guangzhou (French, Dutch...)
In XIX century the Opium Wars forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the Inequal Treaties. Hong Kong island was ceded to British Empire in 1842 (Treaty of Nanjing) Qing and British officials established the Shenzhen River as the border between the then so called Xin’an Region (from 1914 Bao’an) and Hong Kong
CHRONOLOGY
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Cultural Revolution 1966-1976 Mao dies in 1976, from the 1978 Deng Xiaoping is the new leader of PRC Special Economic Zones were proposed in the late 70s. They were supposed to have a double purpose: soul/ civilization/planning and economic/wealthy) SEZ were discussed during the last period of Mao leadership. They are not exclusive of China (Kaoshiung in Taiwan 1966 and Masan in South Korea in 1974) The Four modernizations of China
Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, December 1978: Main idea: “one center and two basic points”, in other words economic construction and the subordinate tasks of adhering to the Four Basic Principles and implementing the Reform and Opening policy A -The principle of upholding the socialist path -The principle of upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship -The principle of upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) -The principle of upholding Mao Zedong Thought and Marxism–Leninism
CHRONOLOGY
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TARGET: MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT AS THE 4 ASIAN TIGERS A new city starts from a new name Bao’an became Shenzhen in 1979, taking its name from the nearby river First idea by Deng Xiaoping, approved in 1979 (4 SEZ including Shenzhen) located outside the cities. Applied in may 1980 “In 1978, Deng Xiaoping thus implemented the Reform and Opening policy. Bao’an County was selected to be the “window” for China’s first post-Mao experiments in opening to the outside, bringing in Hong Kong capital, technology, and management know-how.“ In the following years opening to FDI of 14 port cities (by 1984) 1988: Hainan is added to SEZ 1990:Pudong become SEZ Other 15 SEZ in the 90s
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July 1979: Shekou Industrial Park is established under the direction of the China Merchants Bureau, a state-owned enterprise of the national Ministry of Transportation. “A window and laboratory for China� First workers arrived in Shenzhen and Shekou in 1979 Forms of transportation: walking roads for truck transport. Kowloon-Canton (Guangzhou) Reinforced the boundary division with Hong Kong (between 1949 and 1974 560000 liberty swimmer left China for HKG) Concrete wall+fence by the early 80s Railway (KCR), station at Luohu Commercial area in Dongmen. At the end of 1979, hukou-holders in the SEZ were about 312.600.
CHRONOLOGY
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THE PIONEER SPIRIT OF SHENZHEN On January 1, 1980: first foreigner investors (from Hong Kong) in Shenzhen,. Agreement with PRC for the first commercial residential estate, Donghu Liyuan. Shenzhen Municipality would receive the 85 percent of profits August 1980: Shenzhen SEZ is established (327.5 km2), consisting of Shenzhen Market, Shatoujiao Market, and four communes—Fucheng, Futian, Nantou, and Shekou. In the same month was proposed a first urban plan for Shenzhen. Too small! In those years Liang Xiang, officer of CCP, became the first mayor of Shenzhen. He was behind the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Outline Plan for Social Economic Development, permitting foreign direct investment and provided post facto legal protection for at least three years of development projects and plans.
The three Shenzhen Heroes Liang Xiang: worked to reform the Chinese state apparatus Yuan Geng: challenged that system via its ministerial apparatus Luo Zhengqi: advocated a new model of intellectual citizen.
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October 1981: Bao’an County incorporated in Shenzhen Municipality. Renamed New Bao’an County (1,625 km2). It comprises seventeen communes. Shenzhen university was founded in 1983 following Deng Xiaoping will. No campus at the time, the students built up their own university! This was the pioneering Shenzhen Spirit. First students graduated in 1988 in a university very different from the traditional ones (western style campus) “In his opening address for the 1987/88 academic year, for example, Shenzhen University President Luo Zhengqi provided a definition of the “Shenzhen Spirit” that glossed participation in the construction of buildings as the expression of self-sacrifice, patriotism, and the highest form of intellectual life: “Students, where have you come? This is a Special Zone...” By 1985 the population of Shenzhen was about 200000 people The only city in the cantonese speaking Guangdong with a majority of mandarin-speakers
CHRONOLOGY
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Riots in Shekou 1988: pre-events of the 1989 movements In 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall. Progressive dissolution of the Soviet Sphere The debate moved to Tiananmen Square in Beijing on April 5, 1989, when students gathered to mourn the passing of Hu Yaobang, who had supported all three Shenzhen heroes in their reforms of key areas of the Maoist system. They asked for the Fifth Modernization
On May 20, 1989, party authorities declared martial law and deployed more than 300,000 troops into Beijing. Protest was suppressed by June 4 1989 The general attitude by the Central Government was of denial
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TOWARDS THE NEW MILLENNIUM In january 1992 Deng Xiapoing take the South China Tour. He visited Shenzhen’s Guomao Building “which he declared had gone up in “Shenzhen Speed” . A skyscraper built every three days Shenzhen motto: dare tho be the best in the world In 1984 Deng pointed the University as the model for Shenzhen Speed. In 1992 this model was the Guomao building, a real estate speculation area “...the difference between the government during the 1980s and the government after Deng’s 1992 Southern Tour could be described as the difference between “heroes” and party secretaries.” 94’ a city where only hard work leads to success
(Only several years later, the Special Zone heroes and their accomplishments reappeared in national politics)
94’ flexible dynamic city
government driven
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1995
97’ Luxurious city where dreams come true
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90’ Successful workers’ city
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1980
84’ Place to earn money for bear survival
succes driven
CHRONOLOGY
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MAPPING SHENZEN
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SHENZHEN LAB 2019
MAPPING SHENZHEN
Urban Comprehensive Plan tracks polycentric pattern. Urban structure: Develop the central city as a foundation and to build up three axes (west, center and east parts) and two stripes. This orienntation of urban plan aims to build two centers and seek a balanced development through five sub-centers (feasable for Shznhen’s current situation). Challenges of Urban Planning Main charasterstic compact city: high density, multiple land use and efficient public transport system. Constraints: 1 lack of land resources: The size of the central Shenzhen is around 412 km2. The density of asrea ia as high as 8,028/km2. Shenzhen’s scale of construction land increased form 3km2 (1979.) to 717.7 km2 (2008.). But according to the Master Plan 2007.-2020., urban construction land should be controlled within 900 km2. - > no ore construcion land left Urban regeneration: key mean to solve the land shortage problem and break the excessive exploatation of virgin island. 2 - Unbalanced Development: Current situation is characterized by more developed city center and lagging behind peropheral area - URBAN VILLAGES (poor infrastracture and environment)
The comprehensive plan of Shenzhen (2007-2020.)
3 - car -orienterd transportation: High - middle class relying on private cars. While public transportation development is crucial but targets middle-class and poor people.
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SHENZHEN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION INTO 10 COUNTIES
population :
12.53 million citizens Bao’nan has the most inhabitants: about
5 million
MAPPING SHENZHEN
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SHENZHEN ROAD MAP
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METRO
More than
20 lines by 2030 38%
of the public traffic of Shenzhen
Number of stations:
205
System lenght
292.6
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MAPPING SHENZHEN
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LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE
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DENSITY
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MAPPING SHENZHEN
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VEGETATION COVERAGE
THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF URBAN VILLAGES
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urban villages 1992: legally no villages in Shenzhen – use rights 2001: pay penalty to become a legal building 2005: China´s top 10 civilized cities
growth of urban built-up area in Shenzhen 1978–2005 (source: SUPB)
URBAN VILLAGES
urban villages in Shenzhen - government plan
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Although there is no urban villages ‘legally’, in 2015 they made half of the city.
87’ lost priviledges of collective farms
92’ legally no villages in Shenzhen - use rights China’s top 10 civilized cities
86’ unauthorized building ran out of control
01’ pay penalty to become a legal building
government driven
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1995
1990
90s 80% building were over the limit
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1980
82’ each household got a plot of land
succes driven
URBAN VILLAGES
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urban villages in Shenzhen - the network
URBAN VILLAGES
LANGXIA
zoom in into Langxia and surrounding villages
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LANGXIA VILLAGE
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TO GUANGZHOU To Guangzhou
SongFu Blvd
BaoAn Blvd
BeijingHKMacau Highway
TO HONG To HK KONG
LANGXIA VILLAGE
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subway
Bitou
Line 11
Site
Songgang
line6ҁunder construction҂
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handshake tower blocks (doffice competition winning project) market building (doffice competition winning project)
villagers’ villas villagers’ villas factories
ancient temple village houses with historical value 80’s village houses handshake tower blocks
central pond
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Langxia village
streets park strip Entrance plaza (commercial)
parking mini plazas central pond
alleys central village plaza north entrance plaza
central village plaza parking
high - rise buildings
STRENGHTS Strong Community Road network is well connected Very good connection to public transport lines Closeness to work places Mixed-Use efficient functions Unique identity and lifestyle
alleys
village houses with historical value
WEAKNESSES Unplanned Fabric Very dense fabric No planning hierarchy Handshake towers don’t have Light and Ventilation Far from hospitals & schools Intense Climatic Factors Services and Utilities in poor state � Water Supply shortage Not enough free time Social gap between migrants and urban population Socio-spatial segregation among neighborhoods 80-s village houses
OPPORTUNITIES Empowerment of bottom-up activities for migrant workers Well connected streets allow permeability of pedestrians Existing structures can be adapted and reused Open spaces can be transformed Factories can be rebuilt Provide affordable housing and working units Meet the changing demands of young migrant workers and villagers Reshaping the urban form ancient temple
handshake towers
THREATS Unstable Buildings Difficulty for Emergency Evacuation â—? Government Policies Gentrification Losing the urban village identity
factories
PROJECT SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
RECONSTRUCTION MODELS 1 Overall reconstruction re-planning old house sites that have no retainable value after removal adjusting the land use function reconstructing houses or other buildings or facilities completely improving the quality of the building environment and optimizing land usage This type has the largest project volume and highest cost and is suitable for ‘villages’ located on important streets. 2 Cycling reconstruction ‘extract density’ method is used to solve problems such as exorbiant density, poor sunlight and ventilation, potential fire disaster by removing partial houses and temporary bulidngs that are poor in quality. Roadways are expanded, green land is increased, piblic auxiliary facilities improved, and the building density is lowered.
PROTOTYPE a- Tackling the issue of Urban Villages across Shenzhen b- Multifunctional self suffiecient village c- Mixed-Use Prototype d- Applying COmpact City Concept in a form of PROTOTYPE! e- Producing an ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTO!
UNITS = PIXELS - S, M, X & XL SHIFTING + STACKING
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shifting and stacking pixels process
SHENZHEN LAB 2019
SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
density comparison between Sheznehn and Brussels which is suprisingly similar Conclusion: we can achive density on our site with low - rise buildings as well
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The project is planned to be gradually implemented thorugh 3 phases. PHASE 1 development on the empty plot
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SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
PHASE 2 continuing the development diagonally towards north of the site
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PHASE 3 gradually implementing the concept into urban village
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detailed plan
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Future impressions of the Learning Villages, Section through the Village of Technology
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LOW INCOME / MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTIAL TYPOLOGIES
SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
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LOW INCOME / MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTIAL TYPOLOGIES
SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
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SHENZHEN - URBAN PIXELS
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KU Leuven Faculty of Architecture Brussel