The village. The mansion. The revival of a place through architecture

The village. The mansion. The revival of a place through architecture

Student: Dan - Alexandru ROȘU

Coordinator: PhD. Cristina CONSTANTIN University of Architecture and Urbanism ,,Ion Mincu”, Bucharest 2016

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Author: Dan – Alexandru Roșu Coordinator: PhD Architect Cristina Constantin ________________________________________________________________________________ Graphic design: Dan – Alexandru Roșu Romanian to English translation: Cristian - Constantin Pencu Dan – Alexandru Roșu ________________________________________________________________________________ Bucharest, 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................9 1.1

Argument...................................................................................................................9

1.2

Vision, objective, purpose.........................................................................................9

1.3

Key words................................................................................................................10

2. Marghiloman estate. Knowing and presenting the place...............................................19 2.1

Marghiloman Family. Mansion construction stages................................................20

2.2

Communist period and the current situation............................................................24

3. Historical context..............................................................................................................26 3.1

The french model.....................................................................................................29

3.2

Architecture..............................................................................................................29

3.3

The agrarian reform and the economy at the beginning of the 20th century...........30

4. The community’s identity‌..............................................................................................31 4.1

Memory.....................................................................................................................31

4.2

Authenticity..............................................................................................................32

4.3

Folklore.....................................................................................................................34

4.4

School and Church....................................................................................................34

5. The seasonal noble residence............................................................................................37 5.1

Case studies...............................................................................................................38 - Brancovenian royal courts..........................................................................................39 - Mansions. Palaces. Boyar courts................................................................................42

6. Conclusions. Rebirth of a place through architecture...................................................44 6.1

Conclusions................................................................................................................43

6.2

Case studies................................................................................................................45

7. Marghiloman Estate. Recovered identity and integration through learning..............49

Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................55

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IDEAS PLAN

1. Introduction

1.1 Argument The chosen topic proposes the study of the implications of an architecture object in a place with a strong context, which has lost some of its native importance with the purpose of revival of the community where it belongs. The intervention is based on architecture as a reaction to the context, through involvement and relation to it.

1.2 Vision, objectives, purpose With the help of the purposed intervention, the small didactic farm will help with the development of agronomy research, will profesionally prepare young people to obtain performance in the domain and together with the villagers it will be ensured the basic knowledge regarding the work of the land.

1.3 Key words Space. Household. Residence. Courtyard. City. Earth. Landscape. Camouflage.

2. Marghiloman Estate. Knowing and presenting the place. A presentation of the place with emphasis on the Marghiloman mansion, seen from the outside and inside, from the hearth of the village.

2.1 Marghiloman Family. Mansion construction stages Brief presentation of the rural bourgeois family and the way in which the actual shape of the mansion from Hagiesti village settled.

2.2 Communist period and the current situation. Enuntiation of the regime changes implications from the year of 1947 concerning Hagiești village and the Marghiloman mansion.

3. Historical context 3.1 The french model. The influence of the french culture in the development of the Romanian society.

3.2 Architecture. 19th century and 20th century. The byzantine origin style found ĂŽn Romania makes room for the occidental influences, following the definitization of the national style at the beginning of the 20th century.

3.3 The agrarian reform and the economy at the beginning of the 20th century The beginning of 19th century finds a predominantly rural society in Romania, with poorly automatized agriculture and with many small land owners.

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4. The community’s identity 4.1 Memory. The colective memory helps in defining a community, being, together with the history a very good way of reference to the past.

4.2 Authenticity. The influence of the industrial revolution in the increasingly accelerated development of the urban society, brings the problem of maintaining the authenticity of the rural life.

4.3 Folklore. Represents the main source of inspiration throughout the time for the definition of the romanian nation.

4.4 School and Church. The two entities have a predominant role in the development of the community life, colaborating for its progress.

5. The seasonal noble residence 5.1 Case studies. A presentation of the evolution of the royal courts starting from the model of the peasant houses and of the brancovenian palaces.

6. Conclusions. The revival of a place through architecture.

The project will have an important contribution in the regeneration of the community, being placed in an interest zone, very accesible and which adds an important number of villagers. The project dedicated to the rehabilitation of the Marghiloman estate from the Hagiesti village will bring a research promotion in the agronomy domain, as well as a social and economic point of view of the rural community.

6.1 Examples Perieți model farm. Is the most important didactical farm of agronomy from the country during the interwar period. The research undertaken here has contributed to the creation of a type of seeds comparable with the ones from the occident, therefore helping the development of the local agriculture.

Hagianoff Mansion, Manasia. Hagianoff Estate from Manasia has a similar history with the one of Marghiloman family from Hagiesti, with the mention that in Manasia the mansion surpasses the role of the seasonal residence, gathering around itself a brick factory, the school and the village inn. Even today, after the restoration, it has become an important event center and a fine dining restaurant.

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Petru P. Carp Mansion, ČšibăneČ™ti As well as most extra-urban seasonal noble residences, this mansion is also strongly affected by the nationalisation of 1948, but at the present it is undergoing an intense restoration supported by architects and by the local community.

7. Marghiloman Estate. Recovered identity and the integration through learning The intervention will become a community core and the activities held here will imply a high number of locals.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Argument The study proposes the investigation of the effects of an architecture intervention in a place with a very strong context but which has lost a big part of its initial load with the purpose of recovering the place where it belongs. The intervention begins with the thought that architecture constitutes like a reaction to the place’s impression and it is carried out through involvement and discussion. The architecture which comes from the context it is carried out by looking at the Marghiloman estate from the inside and outside of Hagiesti village and the result could be a coagulation place based on the interpretation and harmonization of all contextual elements.

Marghiloman estate represents a landmark of the village, the mansion built on this land being visible right from the entrance to the village, even though its location it is somewhere half way of the main road into the village. Thus, the mansion’s characteristic as a landmark and its priviledged positioning inside of the village, contributes to its preservation inside people’s memory.

1.2 Vision, objective, purpose Through this study and through the architecture project, we intend to find a method of approach to the problem of rehabilitation of a place, while maintaining its identity. There it is already an old building – the mansion, whose presence can’t be ignored, which represents an important element in the realisation of the project. This is not enough to reach the purpose of the project, of reviving the community, of bringing life to the place. It brings into discussion the existent building integration to a new ensemble.

The theme’s vision it is the one of creating a small didactical farm – a series of workshops for the agronomy students. Through this farm it is desired to promote the research of the agronomy domain through professional training of the young people in order to obtain performance in discovering and inovating certain superior types of plants, vegetables, fruits and to ensure the basic knowledge regarding specific activities of working the land, both physical and automated.

The try to approach the way in which both the old and the new can be brought together it is supported by the identity ideas, tradition and integration. The mansion represents a value from an architectural point of view, built in a neoclassic style in the second half of 19th century on the remains of a smaller boyar house from the 18th century.

As far as the specifics of the place go, it is taken into account the importance of the agriculture as a lifestyle and as a work place inside the village, plants culture and animal breeding representing until the year of 1948 the largest source of community income.

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1.3 Key words In a rural household agriculture it is practiced as a lifestyle, the land working being one of the main activities where all the family takes part. The village represents the peasant’s world, the place where his life develops through a familial, material and spiritual point of view.

The space „The space is not enough to define architecture even though it represents its essence. The aesthetic quality of the architecture it is given by the aesthetic quality of the places it defines”1.,,The box can be a masterpiece but its value must not be confused with the value of the content which is the space.”2 Lucian Blaga, starting from the idea that the subconcious has its own horizons, afirms the existence in the romanian popular culture of a specific space vision which takes a decisive form of the „corrugated infinite – mioritic space”.3 Mircea Eliade has looked at the space through the point of view of the history of religion.

Therefore, for the religious man there is a sacred space – strong, significant, and other spaces unsacred, therefore lacking structure and consistence”4 Traian Herseni divides5, through a sociological point of view, the world of the Romanian peasant into two aspects of the rural life : pastoral and agrarian, each with a specific mode of report to time and space. For the pastor the space is the world in which he moves – the world wide, the big world and for the ploughman the world where he exists – stays or works. The world of the Romanian peasant it is reported by himself to his daily activities, those being either in the household or at the work of the land and it is perceived on small intervals of time and space : „On that place from the field between birches or on that mountain place”.6 Space can be thought and lived as a horizon: the place where the sky and the earth meet, the simplest perspective, having a geographic understanding as well as a symbolic one.

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Mihail Gorgoi, Antropologia spațiului în arhitectura populară, Rezumat teză de doctorat, Oradea, 2012, pg. 2 (varianta pdf) 2 Ernest Bernea, Cadre ale gândirii populare românești,Ed. Cartea Românească, București, pg.96 3 Lucian Blaga, Trilogia culturii, Bucureşti, Ed. Humanitas, 1994, pg. 17 4 Mircea Eliade, Sacrul şi profanul, Ed. Humanitas, București, 1992,pg. 21 5 Traian Herseni, Probleme de sociologie pastorală, Ed. Profile Publishing, București, 2002, pg. 180

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Ernest Bernea, op. cit. ,pg.96

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The representation of space rises to cosmic dimensions and meanings – the cosmos, who could be identified with everything that exists. The wave of his harmony it is felt in the various daily activities, of the familial cycle ceremonies or of the calendaristic one, in the style of the houses and of the interiors.7

For the Romanian peasant, the world it is constituted of three elements: the household, family and the church – the relationship with God. His own existence gravitates around them and of the mode in which they relate with those, but also the mode in which the three elements relate with each other.

A rural settlement, of the village type or hamlet type, constitutes a favorable place for gathering and introspection. Architecture constitutes a way for meetings, words, knowledge, teachings, work, discoveries, activities which gathers the people inside of a rural settlement. The field, the lawn, the hill, the earth, could hold many teachings and can reveal many mysteries.

The home implies both the idea of living and shelter, the two being distinguished in the way they report to the nature. The shelter implies a potentiation of the context’s existential natural character, which gathers attributions in defending the man with small contributions from his side.

The shelter however implies conception and creativity, can be an integral part in the natural context, implying its own rules which can be ,,distinctive from the terrain’s immanence“.8 The way the households are ordered inside a village indicates the type of terrain where they are located, the main concerns of the villagers, the shape of the family organization, the way the household it is divided to be bequeathed, the location of the household in the life of the village’s community. This dialogue of the natural humanised context – parcel, fences, with objects made by man – house, annexes, the tools for the land work, maintains the micro cosmos existence of the village’s life.

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Mihail Gorgoi, op. cit, pg. 3 Andrei Pleşu, Minima Moralia, Ed.Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1994, pg.28

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[1] Households, parcels amd fences

Rural household Ion Vlăduţiu considers that „the traditional peasant household, etnographically attested at the end of the last century and at the beginning of our century, has reached a large organisational degree, answering in the most effecient way to the householding necessities in the given areas.”9

While the village forms the community life frame, the household it is the place where the family life develops. The house and the courtyard, through their strong roots found inside the soul of the Romanian peasant, are the ones which ensures the connection with the ancestors and at the same time these allow him to practice daily activities. The house also has its own place like every thing. Inside the shelter of the house everything seems to work better. The place of the house it is a good place, it is a safe place ; everything you would seed would reap, anything you would do it is more beautiful. Comes like this from the ancestor’s spirit.10

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Ion Vlăduţiu, Etnografia românească, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,1973, p. 143 Ernest Bernea, Cadre ale gândirii populare românești , Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1985, pg.35

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Courtyard The courtyard represents an open space, which brings together the house, household annexes, garden. Marking it with a fence peripherally disposed, indicates the right of proximity, featuring the place which a person owns. Depending on the area where the village is located, the households have irregular edges –in the mountains and plateau villages.

,,The most frequent modes of organising the courtyard are the following: linear, on two edges, angled, on three edges, round in four edges, round with double courtyards.”11

Delimiting the household with wooden fences, rock, twigs, had the purpose of marking the property as well as protecting those inside from the outside world. Besides the individualisation of the lands, the fences had the role of a wall, an impenetrable wall, as well as the walls of a fortress, taking care of the family and its belongings.

The access inside the household it is made through a gate – „the first element which solicits the attention of the neighbour, next of the villagers and also of the strangers who pass through the village”.12

[2] Household

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Mihail Gorgoi, op. cit, pg. 13 Al. Dima, Drăguş. Un sat din Ţara Oltului, Institutul de Cercetări Sociale al României, Bucureşti, 1945, pg. 9

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The gate establishes a connection between the houseshold and the village world, integrating the family life into the village community. The gate symbolizes „a passage between two states, between two worlds, between known and unknown, between light and darkness, between wealth and poverty. The gate opens to mystery. (...). The gate it is an invitation to another realm.”13 In the northern Valahia, but mainly in Transilvania, the wooden gate was and it is carefully decorated at a sculptural level, the fine details and the meticulosity being an indicator of wealth level of those from the household.

[3] Household gate. Gorj

[4] Household gate Brașov

[5] Household gate Argeș

The village and the city Beyond the idealized melancholic look, of the Romanian society from the interwar period, we must remind that the life of the peasats was pretty tough. In the poorer areas, where the peasants had less land and only a few animals, the children were forced to get married during the adolescence and they were starting to work for their new families, often in improvised houses, built from adobe and trellis work and were having a maximum of two rooms.

Usually the, parental home remained to the youngest boy14, who had to take care of his parents until their death. In case of the girls, when they were getting married they were receiving the trunk with clothes, which was containing objects needed for a new home – carpets, textiles, clothes and sometimes some money, all gathered in time by the parents, especially the mother. The parents took care that at the moment of their children marriage, they had a place for a parcel of land where they will work and where they will build a house, of which construction was usually supported by the whole family. Before building the house, there was a habit of planting a tree in the middle of the household, which had the purpose of consecrating the place, making the connection between earthly world and divinity.

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Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant, Dicționar de simboluri, București, Ed. Artemis, 1994, pg. 113 http://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/viata-taranului-roman-interbelic-traia-casute-chirpici-lemn-iarna-mai-erauadapostite-animalele-1_57ee89d35ab6550cb82645d3/index.html, accesat 03.09.2016 14

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[6] Aspects of rural life

The homes from the rural environment they are of three kinds, conditioned by the type of terrain, available materials in the area where they are located thereby mountain houses, hill houses, lowland houses. The type of terrain also influences the way they are spread, in the mountain area there are mostly scattered houses, from hill to lowland –wide spread houses and at the lowland – gathered houses. This way of organising the villages implies a differentiated arrangement of the households, so that in the mountains these are extremely isolated between each other, and the house and its household annexes have the arable terrain in their immediate vicinity. In case of the households found on the hill, the distance is shorter and some of the agricultural terrains, mostly the gardens and the orchards are in the hearth of the village. In the plain the hearth it is very well defined, the households are very close to each other, sometimes cluttered, the arable terrains are compactly disposed around the hearth.

From the point of view of the construction techniques, the mountain villages, because of the construction materials diversity, the houses were made of wood or stone, sometimes plastered with shingle, or straws. An important notice is the presence of the wooden or stone under floors, made of river boulders or from wood. In the plain the construction materials being more reduced, the houses are made of adobe and trellis work, without having a groundwork being limited to treaded earth and sometimes covered with straws. The roof is made of reed or cobs and straws.

Industrial revolution and the agrarian reform at the end of the First World War bring enhancements to the construction techniques in the villages close to markets or factories, therefore the bricks and the tiles slowly take place of the adobe, trellis work, respectively the cobs and straws.

The rural community perceives the city as a hybrid, which speaks Romanian as well as French, where bankers, business men, lawyers and workers meet. In the peasant’s mentality the city is also perceived as a close community similar to the village, where all the locals know each other, thing which was actually impossible because of the cosmopolitan character of the biggest cities of that period. All new constructions who support the industrial revolution, urbanization and which bring with them new different occidental styles are seen with some hesitation, especially in the border areas, where the schools, the churches and the residential assemblies are viewed as arrogance from the leader’s side.

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From the peasant’s perspective, cities’ bustle, of its somehow misunderstood world, full of parties and with lack of morality, opposes the village world, where everything is in order and where the people are honest with faith in God.

[7] (from left to right) Scattered, dispersed, gathered villages.

The earth Symbolically,15 the earth is considered the opposite of heaven, primordial chaos, matter from which the man is shaped. In relation with the water, also present at the world’s creation, the earth differentiates through the fact that this represents the basis of the organised world, differentiated in categories, whereas the water represents the undifferentiated world. At evolutionary level, the life cycles of the aquatic world are far longer than the ones of the earth’s world.

In various cultures – Japanese, Aztec, Egyptian, Mayan – the earth and the woman are two entities which identify one with another being present in the following analogies : seeded furrows, birth/harvest, agricultural labor/procreation, reaping the benefits/ breastfeeding.

The earth it is present in different traditions as a sacred entity, considered a spiritual center, the center of its own world, Heaven’s correspondent or a primordial center. The native earth is permanently keeping its sacred character, this character remains available by permanently keeping the event alive in the memory of a person or of a community.

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Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant, op. cit. , pg. 39-41

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[8] Earth and nature

The landscape The landscape represents a defined space through a personal character, as a result of the interaction of multiple factors, anthropical or natural, according to the way it is perceived.

The geographical landscape is the visible expression of the geografic environment and it is understood and preceived accordingly: -

The image of a whole made of dynamic elements, each having its own expression and its own role in the general context;

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It is a visual projection of certain psychological relations which the man maintains with the territory where he lives.

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A territory and the action of perceiving it;

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The overall characteristics of the terrain discovered to the sight; the action of perceiving a territory or observing the features which characterizes it; the action of highlighting the territorial identity.16

The landscape has a decisive role in the settlement of a rural community, influencing the way the houses are arranged, as well as the household configuration and establishing the hearth of the village.

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http://www.editura.bioflux.com.ro/docs/CARTE_DINAMICA_TIPOLOGIA_PEISAJULUI_N-BACIU.pdf, accesat 10.07.2016

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Camouflage The humans are social beings and they feel the need to comply and integrate within the surrounding environment. We follow trends and habits. We become members of certain cultures – various social communities: religious communities, sport teams, work teams. We also have the ability to develop in an environment created by ourselves, we familiarize with it and in time we begin to consider it home. The humans have great ability to adapt, considering the mobility of the contemporary life, we are constantly obliged to do it. The need for camouflage is linked to the desire of being connected – to find a place in the world where we can feel at home. Neil Leach analyses this wish with all its connections to the architecture.17 He considers that the design helps in the humans’ process of adaption to the environment. Architecture ensures a form of communion between us and the environment where we live and contributes to the feeling of membership.

Therefore we can say that the architecture can be an efficient mode of creating a feeling of membership

and

establishing

an

identity.

Leach

interprets

the

camouflage

like

a:

,,phenomenological strategy of survival, which involves our person as well as the others”18 .A place with a strong context involves the development of a hidden architecture, which should integrate and subordinate to the current one.

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http://thefunambulist.net/2011/04/28/architectural-theories-camouflage-by-neil-leach-with-photographs-by-francescawoodman/, accesat 10.06.2016 18 ihttp://thefunambulist.net/2011/04/28/architectural-theories-camouflage-by-neil-leach-with-photographs-by-francescawoodman/, accesat 10.06.2016

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2. Marghiloman Estate. Knowing and presenting the place From Bucharest, right before entering Hagiesti village, the Marghiloman mansion makes its presence, this is guarding the town like a promontory of Mostistea river. However, as soon as you have entered inside the world of this small village, once mighty, the road suddenly turns to the right therefore a route starts of which meanders are much more cranked and crooked than the river which borders the village to the north. Around the half way, there it is! After your steps have been taken along some wheat fields, sun flower, corn, rye and wheat, after you’ve been able to see the scattered houses – some made of wood, many made of trellis work or adobe, few very old, made out of bricks and newer ones, contemporary – Iancu Marghiloman’s mansion more discreet than in the beginning, as soon as you pass by the school, town hall, and abattoir, abandoned and dilapidated, witnesses to a more pompous period of the village. The few people you have met on your way, old people, all saluted you.

The path which detaches from the road, at the end of which the mansion is located, it is passing by the church. Older than the mansion and it is still looking good. We can find people here – some people take care of the courtyard and others the graveyard. You go further and as soon as you arrive in front of the mansion, historic monument, in the shade of an old chestnut, you realise that the mansion it’s not as big as it seemed from the beginning. It has though a certain charm, with the neoclassic style from half a decade ago. You get closer and you see that many windows are broken, some empty spots no longer have windows and here and there from the facade plaster starts to fall, despide the extensive restoration works which have been made. There’s nobody here.

[9] Marghiloman mansion, the way it is seen from the entrance to the village

Marghiloman mansion is part of the series of the seasonal extra-urban noble residences built since 17h century – 18th century , of wealthy families of Bucharest, which preferred to live outside the capital city during the summer time because of the warm climate and of the dust from the long dryness.

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[10] (from left to right) Historical plans of Hagiesti village – 1806, 1864, respectively 1900 (cIMeC archive)

Hagiesti village is located on the right side of Mostistea river, in a place where living marks descend down the prehistoric. The Saint Nicholas church from Hagiesti is located on the Lilieci-Fundulea county road, in the middle of the villagei, together with the cementery. The Agiesti or Hagiesti estate, appears to be attested starting with the year of 1624. Part of the estate belonged to Radu-Vodă Monastery, and another to some boyars, Coman and Firea. At the end of XVII century, Hagiesti belonged to Radu Dudescul, a great governor of the Romanian Country during the reigns of Constantin Brâncoveanu and Ştefan Cantacuzino.

At the end of XVIII century, the estate and the Hagiesti village belonged to Mihail Sutu being given as a heritage at the beginning of XIX century by his son. In the second half of the 19th century, the Hagiesti estate has become the property of Marghiloman family which managed it until the communist regime expropriation in 1948.19

2.1 Marghiloman Family. Mansion construction stages In the 1920s20, Marghiloman estate contained not less than 338 hectares in Hagiești village, and near the mansion, on the Mostistea river, a water mill. The Marghiloman mansion they way it is today, was built in the second half of the XIX century at the request of Iancu Marghiloman – a great tenant of the Romanian Country mayor of Buzău in the 1850s – transforming an older boyar residence. Together with these expansion works of the mansion, Marghiloman family also takes care of the restauration of the nearby Saint Nicholas church built inl 170321.

Alexandru Marghiloman’s passion – the youngest son of the tenant, for hunting and agriculture, raising horses and the growing of fruit trees, more exactly quices and peaches on the Hagiesti estate, has made these agriculture elements to be taken and found in villager’s households for a long time after the nationalization of the mansion after the leave of the political man’s family.

Alexandru Marghiloman was a romanian politician, part of the Conservatory Party and Romanian 19

Presentation of the Hagiesti village history, from INP Archives, Fond DMIASI, dosar Releveu Hagiești 1992 Anuarul Socec al României Mari - 1925-1925, Ed. Socec&Co, București, pg. 443 (varianta web http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage, accesat 10.08.2016) 21 The markings above the church entry show that it was built in 1703.

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Prim Minister in 1918, originated from a very wealthy rural bourgeois family with roots in Buzau and Oltenia.

[11] Alexandru Marghiloman (center), next to his parents, Irina Isvoranu

[12] Saint Nicholas Church

(left) Iancu Marghiloman (right)

The first construction stage of the mansion dates from the beginning of the XVII century, belonging to Dudescu family. From this period dates the construction of the cellar which later on has received the barrel vaulted ground floor rooms. In the second stage, of XVIII century, the ground floor gets larger, contains the existing rooms and creating a typical boyar house style, a characteristic of the period. The third stage dates from the years 18691874, when Iancu Marghiloman orders the extension of the old mansion by following the new occidental trending styles of the era. The house gets bigger and the exterior is changed, maintaining the planimetry and the inside space.22

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http://monumenteuitate.org/ro/monument/634/Hagiesti-Marghiloman, accesat 20.06.2016

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[13] Construction stages of Marghiloman Mansion, ilustrated the way they resulted after the topography study of INP archive

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[14] Parcel forms of the old village (top) and new village (down)

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2.2 Communist period and the current situation Ages ago it was a large village, proof that it was a county until 1968, when it is added to Sinesti county, and passes, thanks to a new territorial administrative division from Ilfov County23 to Ialomița County.

During the communist regime, the village is affected by the systematization, half of the population is moved to Fundulea, Ileana, Brănești Counties and to nearby towns and then their houses are demolished. Also for the year of 199224, the communist regime was planning to demolish the remaining village houses in order to gain new terrains for agricultural work. This plan

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,

established since 1969 by the Village Centralization Commission of the Romanian Communist Party was planning to disband a third of the total number of counties from all around the country and of a half of the villages with the locals to be moved to new agro-industrial cities. These actions have left visible marks on the village, being almost completely abandoned in 1989, when the electric infrastructure was also disbanded.

However, starting with 1995-1996 many old men of the village return to their houses and those whom houses have been demolished during the communist regime, receive from the Sinesti Townhall terrain parcels of 1500-2000 square meters, creating this way a new part of the village, west of the old village, on the site of the demolished one between 1960-1970.

After the nationalization, the mansion becomes CAP26 headquarters and from 1996 enters in the administration of the Ministry of Culture. Although it has passed through many stages of restauration, the abandonment and the lack of activity as well as the interruption of the preservation works, can be visible on the facade. Currently the mansion is part of a retrocession by Irina VladucaMarghiloman, nephew of Alexandru Marghiloman.

In 1912, the village had 948 residents, the number was kept with small differences until 1956. In 1992 the village had 95 residents, and in 2012 the village consisted of 250 residents.

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Anuarul Socec al României Mari - 1925-1925, Ed. Socec&Co, București, pg. 443 (varianta web http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage, accesat 10.08.2016) 24 Discuție avută cu bunicul meu, născut în și locuitor al satului Hagiești 25 http://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/generatia-revolutiei/generatia-revolutiei-uniformizarea-romanieiplanul-faraonic-al-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-171714, accesat 18.09.2016 26 Planurile sovietice din arhiva cIMeC arată construirea unui grajd de dimensiuni importante în sudul domeniului și a unui mic teren de sport la limita de vest a acestuia.

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[15] The actual form of the village, with Marghiloman mansion on the northest place, on the largest parcel.

The Hagiesti village hasn’t managed to pass the status of rural community, where the agriculture is the main role. The geographic positioning in Baragan’s Plain, but relatively close to Bucharest, has made the town to meet flourishment from an economic and demographic point of view from the end of XIX century and to the end of the second World War, the village having in the 1920s27 two popular banks, eight innkeepers, three carpenters, five blacksmiths and an agronomy engineer.

27

Anuarul Socec al României Mari - 1925-1925, Ed. Socec&Co, București, pg. 443 (varianta web http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage, accesat 10.08.2016)

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3. Historical context

Starting with the second half of the XIX century, the local character, specific to romanian architecture, tends to diminish together with the accelerated development of the occidental european society. Elements of the occidental architecture28, present for years in Moldova’s architecture, start to be felt in the Romanian Country more precise in the administrative buildings, cultural and at the noble and royal residences. The most representative constructions of this period are from Bucharest – University Palace and National Theatre. The University Palace it is built in a neo-classic style, started during the reign of Barbu Știrbey and completed by Al. I. Cuza, in 1869, after the plans of arch. Al. Orăscu.

The National Theatre, built by the plans of the Austrian architect Anton Heft in a neo-classic style, has been started during the reign of Gheorghe Bibescu, the works have come to a stop during the Revolution of 1848, and it was completed in 1852, during the reign of Barbu Știrbey.

Together with the development of the national culture, thanks to the Union of the Principalities supported by Napoleon III, starts a trend of preservation and restoration of the historical monuments. Barbu Știrbey and Gheorghe Bibescu, having their studies completed in Paris, have promoted this trend, financially supporting the restoration of some buildings with a representative role, and of some churches.

[16] National Theatre

[17] University Palace

However, it wasn’t a restoration in the true sense of the word, if we hypotetically report to the norms provided after 100 years in the Venice Charter, but actually a reconstruction, which is often times indifferent to the spirit of the place and to the urban context. The preferred styles in this stage of restoration of the monuments are neo-gothic and neo-classic, brought together with constructors from France and Austro-Hungarian Empire.

28

Grigore Ionescu, Istoria arhitecturii românești, Tiparul Cartea Românească, București, 1937, pg.420

26

The year of 1892 marks the establishment of the Commission of Historic Monuments29, institution charged with the identification, documentation, classification and subsequently restoration of the historical monuments. During this time, we must mention the activity of restoration made by the architect André Lecomte du Nouy, which between 1875 and 1914 has restored among others, Three Hierarchs Monastery from Iași, Assumption of the Virgin Mary Monastery from Curtea de Argeș, St Dumitru Monastery from Craiova, after the restoration model of Viollet-le-Duc, removing certain elements of architecture with local specifics and adding new decorations, specific to the occident. From the point of view of the realization all his works are made with a lot of devotion and knowledge.

The local architecture somehow austere, of byzantine inspiration is ignored enough in the progress of restoration, many churches being restored in a different syle, adding them new decorative elements, somehow strange.

Because of the intensive use of occident imported styles for the restoration of some public edifices, until the beginning of the XXth century and the new Romanian noble homes, as well as of citizens with a better financial situation are initially built in the neo-gothic style, later on mostly in neo-classic and eclectic because of the tied relations with Italy, especially France.

The withdrawal of the monarchy at 30 December 1947 also brings the cancellation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, being changed with the Scientific Commission of the Museums, Historical and Artistic Monuments, renamed afterwards in 1959 to Historical Monuments Directorate part of the Ministry of Culture.

The period of the years 1960-1980 marks the documentation, preservation and restoration of countless historic monuments, mainly of spiritual order – churches, monasteries – or Roman and Dacic fortresses, therefore promoting the theory of protochronism which was strongly supported by the communist regime starting with the year of 1970. The works are of very good quality and they respect the restoration principles, stopping there where an historical certainty no longer existed and interpretation was starting.

The Romanian society’s wish of modernization, in the desired direction of the communist regime, it is partially stopped by a series of royal classification decrees of hundreds historical monuments across the country, which 20-30 years years ago, were in the way of the ,,progress”.

This classification30 has mainly taken place on 30 și 31 Decembrie 1947, workers of the Commission of Historic Monuments drafting royal decrees, mandatory documents which were confirming the quality of a historical monument, even though these were no longer holding the sign

29

Kazmer Kovacs, Timpul monumentului istoric, Ed. Paideia, București, 2003, pg. 27 Descoperire făcută de istoricul de artă dr. Oana Marinache în urma studierii Arhivei INP, în cadrul unei documentări privind Palatul Suțu din București 30

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of King Michael I. Even so, until the earthquake of March 1977, the decrees are valid and none of the monuments are affected of demolition. However on 25 November 197731 the disbandment of the Cultural Patrimony Directorate is decided and it is followed by 12 years of creation in the spirit of the communist national state, which involves many demolitions and destructions of villages, similar to those of the Second World War. The Romanian village has been the concern of the Romanian artists and writers since the end of the XIX-th century, the beginning of the XX-th century. Starting from a romantic attitude regarding the village life, which was idealizing the peasant and his world, the accent was slowly placed on his quotidian reality. From the field work to resting moments, the peasant is watched closer and closer and more thoroughly. It can be considered that, this way, the terrain was prepared for further monographic studies, which try to understand and to document an authentic lifestyle.

In most cases, the today’s Romanian village is no longer a balanced organic reality but a reality entered in a strong process of disbandment, which makes all the present forms and meanings have a different character, lacking unity.

Sometimes though, especially in the isolated regions, the Romanian village insists to live an unaltered, harmonious and balanced life, rich in traditional values, like a fresh product of the earth and of the local history. Its special expressions prove us richly in this kind of life. A community which is not seldom made of a single kind of people, with a spiritual order and with a traditional society, a strongly tied community, that’s how the archaic Romanian village is.

The idealized view of the village fades in time, because of the regime changes but it doesn’t completely disappear. Currently after it has met a demographic fall after 1989, being almost abandoned, the Romanian village starts to recover, with small steps, part of its importance.

The architectural interventions with reference to the context, integrating into the way of being of the village, can reanimate this type of rural settlement, as long as they are susceptible to the current needs of the community and to the world we live in today. The private Romanian rural environment investments from the XIX and XX centuries have helped the communities where they belonged at a cultural, spiritual level – construction of village schools, churches, war heroes monuments, as well as economically, the peasants being involved in certain stages of their construction and later on being hired within the activities of the annexes of the noble residences.

If the XX century has been marked by extensive worries at international level, which had as a result wars at an international level, in the XXI century an identity crisis shows up, which has its roots in the last century, as well as in the more recent events, like the ever increasingly globalization, which becomes almost indifferent to problems of small communities or to foreign influences, more numerous and much more present, which must not be rejected, but gained and 31

Kazmer Kovacs, op. cit, pg. 31

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integrated, where possible, in the specific of the place, without affecting the authenticity and the specific of the place.

3.1 The French model32 The Romanians concern for the French culture is extremely present in the second half of the XIX century. The annexation of Basarabia in 1812 and the Russian occupation of Bucharest between 1806-1807, during the Russian-Turkish War, are painful memories at the middle of the XIX century. Therefore to escape from an oppressive Orient, Romanians head to the Occident. Paris is the greatest supporter of Romanian’s modernization, because of the economic interests and of common Latin origins.

The Union of Romanian Principalities of 1859, followed by the recognition of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 – both supported by de Napoleon III, represents the starting point of some legislation and administration reforms by the French model. The French strategic interests for Romania become obvious in XX-th century, together with the disbandment of the Ottoman Empire and of the Russian Bolshevik Revolution, Romania becoming the greatest ally and economic partner of France from the central-east of Europe, together with Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

The French model was mainly felt at a cultural level, most of the intellectuals of that time, having studies at Paris. The French culture influence over the Romanian politics is very important – rulers (Gh. Bibescu, B. Știrbey, Al. I. Cuza), mayors Pake Protopopescu, Nicolae Filipescu have studied in Paris.

3.2 Architecture33 At administrative level, French or Romanian architects with studies at Ecole des Beaux-Arts occupy important functions and they support the construction of some important buildings, simultaneously with the creation of new boulevards or enlargement/alignment of the already existing streets. The newly constructed emblematic buildings have a representation role – banks, ministries or private investitions – hotels, coffee shops, and residential compounds, supported by the economic growth and certain laws which ensured facilities for construction of new buildings.

From an architectural style point of view, the eclecticism, neo-classic and neo-gothic are very often associated to the buildings constructed in the second half of the XIX century. In the last years of this perioad, takes place a rebirth of the local style, by returning to the old, national elements.

32 33

Bogdan-Andrei Fezi, Bucureștiul european, București, Ed. Curtea Veche, 2010, pg. 23 Idem

29

3.3 The agrarian reform and the economy at the beginning of the XX century34 At the end of the XIX century and until the beginning of the 1950s, 80-82% of the country’s population was living in villages, agriculture being the main source of income of the workers and therefore the main branch of the economy. After the First World War, at King’s Ferdinand demand, takes place an agrarian reform which purpose is to assign the peasants with land, as a gratitude for their involvement in the war and to compensate the losses during it. Although by this measure they expected to see an increase in number of the small agricultural owners, on long term this was a decrease of the cereal prices, mainly grain and corn, and the process of the agricultural cultures was very poorly automated, compared with the rest of Europe. However, Romania becomes one of the main cereal exporters of Europe, ensuring around 10% of the continental cereal production, being the fourth European grain producer.

[18] Agriculture during the interwar period

34

http://istorie-bacalaureat-manual.ro/economie-rurala-economie-urbana-in-romania-contemporana.html, 20.09.2016

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4. The community’s identity

4.1 Memory Collective memory George Bojoagă defines the types of memories, with an accent on the special character of the collective memory in the history of a community. By looking at the studies of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, we find out that: Human memory can fail completely or can be influenced by a variety of factors – as a consequence, the past can be affected. A factor group like this derives from the social arena of which certain individuals remember and belong to. That’s why he introduced the collective memory term.35 We add emphasis on the fact of how the social processes influence not only personal memories of the individuals, but also the past memories of the community they belong to. As well as the collective memory these are crucial to the identity of a group, like the families, believers or social classes.

The memory and history are two different ways of approaching the past. History starts when the social memory and tradition no longer acts and they dissolve. History is research – attributed only to a limited group, on the other hand the collective memory of the past is shared among the whole community. There’s only one history, however, there are as many collective memories as human communities. In his vision, the historians’ purpose is to write an objective and impartial history – cultural memory. The collective memories are usually limited to a recent past and to members of a particular community.36 The French sociologist defines the individual memory based on his social dimensions.

If we were to examine the modality in which we remember, we would recognize that the memories return to us when family, friends or other persons remind us of them. The man acquires his memories inside the society, he remembers, recognizes and localizes them. It’s not necessary to search for my memories, wherever are stored in my mind, or in corner of

35 36

George Bojoagă, articol, https://georgebojoaga.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/11/, 10.03.2016 idem

31

my mind where only I would have access, because they are reminded to me from the outside and that the group I am part of, continuously offers me measures of reconstructing them.37 The collective memory represents a mix of history, certain data, with the memories and the common experiences of a community. This is emphasized when the man, as an individual, relates with the society. ,,The collective memories appear from the homogenization process of the representations of the past and from the try of reducing the diversity of memories, cognitive process which it is probably developing between the individuals of a community, inside of an affective community.”38 A rural society, the type of a village or hamlet, constitutes a perfect place for gathering and introspection. The architecture constitutes a place for meetings, words, knowledge, teachings, work, discoveries, activities which gather, comprise people inside of a rural settlement. The field, meadow, cornfield, hil, earth, can all gather various teachings and relveal many mysteries.

As a conclusion, the collective memory is a type of memory which is shared by all members of a community. As I mentioned, it takes birth through the process of socialization, being possible only through the interactions among the individuals.

4.2 Authenticity The romanian society it is preocupied of the risk of losing its popular culture authenticity since the beginning of the XX century, considered by Vintila Mihailescu as being „downright our culture”39. The authenticity preoccupation first include the intelectual elite, urban society considering that the much more accelerated and dynamic development of the cities, directy influenced by the industrial revolution, keeps people away from the ancestral world of the village.

The 1848 Revolution, Union of the Principalities from 1859, and then the Great Union of 1918 represent moments from the history of the Romanian nation when the folklore was the main source of inspiration for defining Romanians as a nation. We must also remind the theories regarding the forms without substance, stated by Titu Maiorescu and M. Kogălniceanu, who criticizes the development of the Romanian society from this period, considered as being made quickly and through some sort of imitation, by taking almost the same path of external organization and civilization, very rarely correlated with the life style and preparation of the deep Romanian

37

Maurice Halbwachs, http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/classiques/Halbwachs_maurice/cadres_soc_me moire/cadres_sociaux_memoire.doc#avant_propos, 10.03.2016 38 George Bojoagă, articol, https://georgebojoaga.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/11/ 39 Vintilă Mihăilescu, Apologia pârleazului, Editura Polirom,Iași, 2015, pg 36

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society. We also must not forget the many public appearances of Queen Mary dressed in a Romanian popular costume, she being a great supporter and lover of the countries’ popular culture which adopted her and during the time of which, Romania met one of its greatest developments from many points of view – cultural, social, economic.

Authenticity constitutes the way in which a society aspect is judged through the prism of its identity report with its origin, stabilizing therefore its value. Romanian society’s tradition doesn’t represent a continuation of the past, like it happens in the japanese culture, where the temples are demolished and periodically constructed by entire generations using the same materials and principles like the original ones, they are sooner a programmed mention, with the occasion of certain holidays or festivities left more or less alive in the collective memory of the nation.

[19] (from left to right) Napoleon III, Titu Maiorescu, King Mary

Nowadays there, are few who can consider themselves guarantors of the original value of a tradition legitimacy. If, in the past, priests were considered the keepers and the successors of the traditions, having the role of family and community consecration, currently, the historians, archeologists, architects, restorers, and the art and history critics become ,,patrimony priests”40, their role in the patrimony salvation and community authenticity preservation, has an ,,almost sacred value”41.

We also don’t have to forget the phenomenon which appeared during passing years 1990 to 2000, when the first Romanians return after a few years of work in the west of Europe. The houses they build here, aren’t authentic according to our local filter but they have their own authenticity taken from the West. The houses constructed this way they look ,,like on TV”42, they’re big with an exaggerated number of rooms on multiple levels and usually the neighbours are in a competition for the greatest and biggest house.

40

Vintilă Mihăilescu, Apologia pârleazului, Editura Polirom,Iași, 2015, pg 47 Ibidem, pg 48 42 Ibidem, pg 51 41

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Having the chance of visiting some of these houses located in the areas of Maramures and Cluj, I have noticed that the family continues to live in one or two of the house`s rooms, other rooms are reserved for guests, being anyway hard to regularly maintain and heat so many rooms. However these houses also have some kind of authenticity but not a local one, specific to our country, an occidental one, being constructed like abroad.

The tradition represents the starting point in the evolution of the rural world, after all the information and experiences from which can be extracted elements which can be taken over, are gathered or on the opposite are eliminated from the past culture. At the beginning of 1990, the Communist Regime leaves a disorientated Romanian society, with the values scale up side down and with a part of history erased or rewritten. The long waited country evolution passed through a long term transition which was still marked of its past. In order to discover if anything authtentic still exists, we must look where the traditions and rituals are still kept alive and in what way these influence the living style of the communities. ,,In today’s world, we must make a bond and a negociation between the specific, the community essence and its adaption or sometimes the approach of some cultural implants.” 43

4.3 Folklore The folklore proved to be the pasoptists’ source of inspiration in their attempt to affirm themselves as a nation. Symbol of the Revolution of 1848, The Revolutionary Romania of Constantin Daniel Rosenthal, has remained a symbol of the attempts of those times of defining a national identity. This was one of the moments in which the tradition and the possesions of the romanian village have been brought in the center of the artistic preoccupations. „The culture addresses to the human existence through mistery and revelation, and the civilization answers the existence through auto-conservation and security. Therefore between them opens up a deep ontological nature difference” 44 said Lucian Blaga. Part of his philosophical system, Blaga considers the Romanian village culture like a fundamental stylistic basis which can potentiate the major culture of the Romanian nation.

4.4 School and Church The first schools built on Romanian land were those from within the Churches and Monasteries. The oldest Romanian school has been founded near Saint Nicholas Church from Brasov in 1495 The schools were preparing new priests but also teachers, copyists, and they also contained typography workshops, painting, and sculpture. Monastery schools have represented for

43 44

http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr59/satul_romanesc_intre_traditie.htm, accesat 13.06.2016 Lucian Blaga, Trilogia culturii, pg. 26

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many centuries, the main centers of education and instruction, especially during the XV-XVII centuries. Some larger Monasteries (Three Hierarchs, Hurezi) were supported by the reign, becoming large cultural centers.

It is known the fact that, on different occasions, a community gathers inside a Church or a Monastery, considered good shelter places, as they are sacred places. During the medieval period, the rulers and nobles were constructing seasonal noble residences near these spaces, knowing the spiritual role in the mentality of the community, most times taking care to restorate the Church and after that the construction of the boyar/ruler house. Surrounding this ensemble, the hearth of the town was looming, its core, the place with the most interest.

At the beginning of XX century, under the impulse of the latest economic nature, social and political changes, the culture consolidation represented a necessity in Romania and representative efforts were being made in order to make the education accessible to all social classes.

The education under its all forms – elementary school, college, superior education – has been supported by the Govern and Parliament during this period. Usually, at the end of XIX century, young people had at their disposal only the elementary courses of the Royal Academy of Bucharest.

For the children of the craftsmen or of the small traders, the education was represented by an elementary instruction around Churches like Saint George or Coltea. The Royal Academy of Bucharest, founded in the last quarter of XVIII century, it is extended and developed in the second stage of its existence, during the period of 1776-1821, assisting to a real process of education modernization.

[20] XIX century view of the Bucharest city center, with emphasis on Sf Sava Ensemble / Church.

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The first step to an educational reform it is represented by an education reconstruction according to a law from 1850, which consisted of three stages : - elementary school – with the duration of four years of studies, - college – which lasted six or eight years; - special education –high studies, today’s university studies equivalent, Primarily, the reform was taking into consideration the medium and superior levels of education by establishing a new law faculty and one of exact studies.

Another important step in the education reform it is represented by the education law concering the secondary and superior education from 1898, which had a very important role in the development of the Romanian superior education. This has accentuated the development importance of the practical-applied side creating the basis of combining the university theoretical education with the practical exercise of the workshops.45

45

Lilia Parhomenco, article Dezvoltarea învățământului în spațiul carpato-danubiano-pontic, pg. 5 a revistei Studia Universitatis Moldavie, 2013

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5. The seasonal noble residence The peasant’s house is the most frequently met construction on the country’s territory46, having as origin the shepherds’ shelter, and then evolving towards the mountain or field home, with an extremely complex evolution.

The first shape of the Romanian peasant house is the square or the rectangle, with a long, south oriented facade. Usually the house is built in the middle of a large courtyard which also gathers a stable, coops, sheds, storehouses. The most frequently used construction materials are: wood, stone, yellow ground (loess).

The residential architecture47 found in the Romanian Country and Moldova has proposed various solutions, the formal solving complexity, spatial, aesthetic and compositional being more diverse than in the case of Monastery assemblies. The constructive and compositional principles are defined in the XV century, when the noble houses aren’t solved as independent programmes but instead integrated inside of a room which contains various functions – household annexes, indispensable and always there, servants’ spaces, chapel/Church, inside walls. The noble residence as an independent architecture programme has sedimented late compared to the west of the European continent.

The boyar court development starts in the Romanian Country in XIV century. And regarding, the home itself represents an element inside the assemble which makes up the courtyard.

However, once with the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu, it can be talked about the royal house, which even though remains part of a residential assemble, adds the emphasis more and more on the representation side – it is given an increased attention to the creation of a park / honor court, the location it is almost always near a water stream, to have a loggia view through it, without neglecting the relation with the divinity – most of the time these royal courts were built nearby a place of worship, which was restored and maintained by the ruler. In the case of the royal court of this period, the defense function is considered a priority.

The majority of muntenian assemblies of this kind constitute the result of successive states of restoration, expansion, modernization supported by those who have owned them. Counting that the majority of the owners were rulers, nobles (boyars), dignitaries, political men, industrialists, the residence from outside the cities was the place where those were spending the hot summer days, which were becoming hard to bear in towns, especially in the capital.

46 47

Grigore Ionescu, Istoria arhitecturii românești, Ed. Cartea românească, București, 1937, pg. 395 Horia Moldovan, Teme de arhitectură românească, București,Ed. Universitară Ion Mincu, 2014, pg. 82

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Case studies Seasonal noble residences around Bucharest

[21] Seasonal noble residences around Bucharest during the year of 1900

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Brancovenian royal courts Because of the existent similarities on planimetrical and volumetrical level between Marghiloman estate of Hagiesti and the brancovenian residences nearby Bucharest, I’ve considered that their appearance in the Romanian Country it is worth researching from the point of view of compositional principles and historical influences during the time.

Potlogi royal residence48 The Potlogi ensemble, built in 1698, is the first construction of this type fully realized with the support of Constantin Brâncoveanu, with the purpose of leaving this representative residential ensemble as a heritage for his son Constantin. The defence function is not available, which is a specific form of the royal courts prior to this organic and somewhat spontaneous development period and according to the needs and requests which were showing up along the course, the royal court is exchanged by a rectangular court peripherally closed on three sides with the fourth opening up to the nearby stream.

Also, the royal house – the palace, is no longer part of the often times arbitrary array of the buildings which were coming with inside walls, and it is instead treated independently, becoming the main centre of attraction, representation and operation of the whole courtyard. These substantial changes – the rectangular plan, the centrally located palace, the clear fragmentation and segregation of the household annexes, compared to the loisir areas, these are new features, defined by Brâncoveanu’s request as a result of its repeated visits to Venice, from where he also brought some construction workers.

At the beginning of XVIII century, as a result of Brâncoveanu’s imprisonment together with his four sons and with their steward Ianache Vacarescu in the Edicule dungeon of Istanbul and as a result of their murder on behalf of sultan’s order, the Potlogi palace it’s robbed and very badly damaged, with most of the Brancoveanu’s family wealth confiscated by the turks. Nowadays it is restored and can be visited.

48

Horia Moldovan, Teme de arhitectură românească, București,Ed. Universitară Ion Mincu, 2014, pg. 84

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[22] Potlogi brancovenian court

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Mogoșoaia royal residence49 The royal court of Mogoșoaia respects the consecrated model of Potlogi, finished in the year of 1702, on an estate bought at the beginning of 1680, with Brâncoveanu’s thought of leaving it as a heritage to one of its sons, Stefan. Specific to the era, the first constructed element of the ensemble is the Church, finished in 1688. From a compositional point of view, the ensemble takes the Potlogi model : with an honour court – which gathers the household annexes, the centrally located palace, the garden and the stream towards which the first level loggia opens.

Also, in the case of this royal court, the violent death of its ruler brings the fast degradation of the ensemble, transformed into an inn in the second half of the 1710s. However, in the XIX century, the estate’s rebirth period, which enters in the possession of Bibescu family, disposes of large maintenance and refurbishment works, after which among other things, it is decided to remove the plastery in order for the brick drafting to be visible.

[23] Mogoșoaia brancovenian court

49

Horia Moldovan, op.cit., pg. 88

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Mansions. Palaces. Boyar courts Gigurtu Mansion The mansion from Ciorogârla, west of Bucharest, was built by the Gigurtu family, which had political influence during the interwar period, in the first part of the XIX century. After the nationalization, the mansion becomes the town’s school headquarters and later on it is transformed into a sheepfold.

Nowadays it is in danger of collapsing. Știrbei Palace The Valahia’s ruler palace between 1849-1856, the Barbu Știrbei palace of Buftea has initially been built under the form of fortified fortress to whom have been added new levels and rooms. Started in the year of 1850 and finished in 1964, Știrbei Palace has also been a refuge for Queen Mary during the First World War and afterwards 1948 it was one of Ana Aslan’s headquarters.

Prince Nicholas’ Palace In 1930, Prince Nicholas, the youngest brother of King Carol the II builds in Snagov, north of Bucharest, a summer residence, after the plans of Henriette Delavrancea. After 1965, the palace becomes the headquarters of Nicholae Ceausescu’s meetings with the government, and it is extended to correspond to the new usage.

Ghica Palace Alexandru

Dimitrie

Ghica,

ruler of the Romanian

Country between 1834 -1842, adds the foundations of this palace at the beginning of 1830. After he leaves the country, the palace is occupied by his sister’s family Pulcheria Blaremberg. After the nationalization, the palace becomes the headquarters of Ilfov county security and later on, a house of the Romanian Academy.

[24] Seasonal noble residences

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Hagi Tudorache house Hagi Tudorache was one of the biggest Romanian traders from the middle of the XIX century, who brought food from Wien and Leipzig. The house from Grădiștea has most likely been built by Costache Hagi Tudorache, the trader’s eldest son. Hagi Tudorache family has owned shops in Hanu cu Tei and in the Gabroveni Comercial Passage during the XIX century.

The house is built in an eclectic style, specific to the era but it also includes specific elements to the local architecture.

Podgoreanu mansion Ioan Dimitrie Podgoreanu, great landlord from the end of the XIX century builds on one of the properties east of Bucharest a summer residence, at Cozieni – Pasărea. After the nationalization, the mansion becomes the headquarters of the town’s school which operates until the year of 2000, when it is retroceded.

We can remark the generous portico from the

entrance area and the fallen visible bearing brick walls.

Udriște Năsturel house The boyar court of the scholar Udriște Năsturel has been built in the middle of the XVII century in the town of Herăști, in the south of Bucharest. It has a typical composition to the boyar courts of that period, with a cellar, ground floor and first floor, vaulted rooms, with its walls made entirely of stone. After 1948 it is confiscated by the communist regime and it is restored between the years 1965-1971, being heavily damaged by a fire in 1930. In 2013 it’s retroceded.

Bellu house Bellu’s family courtyard has been built in the XVII century by the treasurer Ștefan Bellu. The chancellor Alexandru Bellu, the inheritor of the estate, moves its residence to Urlati in the 1850s, followed by the abandonment of the Church, bell tower and the boyar houses.

[25] Seasonal noble residences

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6. Conclusions. The revival of a place through architecture 6.1 Conclusions

In this work we proposed to study the impact of an architecture intervention in a place with a heavy historical charge, at the present almost forgotten, having the objective of reanimating the rural community which gravitates around it.

The village world, seen through its historical route, shapes the Romanian peasant’s relation with the household, family and the Church, with the context of adding influences from the occidental culture. Therefore, the village looks with some reluctance and distrust over to the accelerated development brought from the west and considers its ancestral principles based on discipline, honesty and faith are superior to the disorderly city life, without negating the benefits brought by the urbanization to the development of the Romanian society, which becomes much more preoccupied with keeping the authenticity and traditions.

The school and the church are the most important elements regarding the rural community development, a privileged role inside the village’s hearth, also having it as a noble residence, almost always constructed near the church. Those whom were constructing certain courtyards were always making sure that all of the surrounding rural community would prosper, financing the repairs/construction of the church, construction of a new school, of a dispensary, of an inn, of some factories or of some commemorative monuments, therefore the community it’s financial, cultural and spiritual supported. I’ve presented the noble residence through its architectural composition highlighting important plan and court composition elements and also the principles which can be found in almost all these boyar houses.

All this journey had the purpose of helping us know the village world and to be able to create a rebirth scennery of the Marghiloman mansion and of the Hagiesti village. This can naturally happen by revaluing the land for agriculture and studying and also architecturally through what I have initially defined as a working principle, through the camouflage.

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6.2 Case studies Before mentioning some intervention principles and the new life scenario for the Marghiloman mansion we will move our attention towards some case studies, similar through the fact that they have a noble residence in the centre, a mansion and by connecting it by an activity who manages to keep the entire village community running. We will see the signification of the interwar period for the model farm of the Perieti village, the brick factory of the Hagianoff estate for the Manasia village, for the Carp mansion and for the rural community of Țibănești village.

Perieți model farm, Ialomița50 Between 1934 and 1949 , the biggest didactical farm for seed production was located in Perieți village, near Slobozia. The investition belongs to Aureliu Popescu, a diplomat back then, who wanted to promote the crops sowing only with seeds from the local varieties, without resorting to import seeds. During the interwar period, the majority of the seeds were imported from Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Holland and Belgium. Because a large majority of these seeds were of low quality, combined with the lack of irrigations and of the treatments against pests, during the harvest the fruits and vegetables were of an inferior quality, many times with a very low yield reported to the harvested surface.

Aureliu Popescu was born in București at the end of XIX century and has studied at the Economy School of London. At the beginning of 1930 he is appointed as an attache by the Romanian Government for our country’s Embassy of Paris. He studies the french economy and helps by signing a new economic agreement between Romania and France, with the help of which, the exchange rate value of the two countries rises ten times.

During his time in Paris, Aureliu Popescu visits agricultural farms located in the west of Europe, especially farms which produce vegetable seeds. In 1935, although he had many other public dignity positions at the Ministry of Finance and at the Ministry of Commerce, he prefers to add the foundations of its own seed farm on the estate of approx. 400 hectares of his wife from Perieti county. For the development of the farm, he colaborates with important farms from France and sustains the researches for more resistant vegetables seeds, part of the Agronomy Institute of Bucharest and of the Station for Agronomy Research from Ialomita county. He also brings lastest generation automated equipment of that period, and his wife, the plastic artist Lelia Urdărianu designs all of the new farm’s buildings.

50

http://muzeulagriculturii.ro/node/4, accessed on 10.03.2016

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Regarding the crops layout, every vegetable type, fruit and cereal, it was separated from the others by acacia curtains, fences or uncultivated land, in order to avoid the mix of the varieties.

Also, there has been installed one of the most performant irrigation systems from the east of Europe, formed out of pipes, channels, dams, powered from Ialomita. On five of the 400 hectares, they’ve constructed the administrative buildings – worker’s place, agronomy engineer’s house, Popescu’s family mansion, gardener’s houses, houses of the workers with families, workshops, warehouses, and the machinery garages.

As a result of the farm researches, there have been decided the varieties who were giving the most yield on the Baragan field, being therefore selected the peaches, quinces, cherry trees, watermelons, spinach, onion, salad, leeks and cucumbers.

In 1945, Perieți farm was covering almost half of the required seeds for Romania and was becoming the biggest pedagogic and agricultural research farm from the east of Europe. Because of the activites held at the Perieti farm, the Romanian seed price decreases on the internal market to half or even less than the seeds brought from the west of Europe, Romania becoming less and less dependent on the import of foreign seeds.

After King’s Mihai I abdication and the monarchy abolition, the communist regime comes to power and confiscates the Perieți farm in 1949, with Aureliu Popescu sent to prison and charged with foreign seeds imports, for which he is condemned to 3 years of prison. At every trial the investigators ask him the same question related to the Perieți farm

- ”Who needs it?”.The

revolution of 1989 and the yaer of 1990 bring the farm’s retrocession, who ended up as a ruin, and it is donated by its inheritors to the Agriculture Museum of Slobozia.

[26] The mansion and Perieti farm in the 1930s

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Manasia estate51 The Uluiți-Manasia estate is bought by the ruler Alexandru Ipsilanti from Cantacuzino’s family descendants,with which he was a close friend. In 1839 the estate is sold to the prince Efrem Obrenovici, brother of the King of Yugoslavia, following that, in 1842 Obrenovici family builds the Ascension of Jesus Church, on a hill of the estate. The year of 1879 marks the selling of the estate

by Ion Hagianoff, former bulgarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, time which defines the beginning of the most prosperous period of Manasia estate.

The 70 years in which the Manasia estate was the property of the Hagianoff family marked a substantial development for the rural community by constructing a new parochial church, a school, a community center, an inn and, of course, the mansion, completely financed by the family of the former minister.

The construction of the mansion in 1900 in eclectical style with local traditional elements, and Art Nouveau, is shortly followed, nearby, by the Hagianoff’s brick factory and wine cellar, built entirely with Hagianoff bricks.

In 1923 takes place the association of Hagianoff bricks factory with a similar one from Bucharest, owned by Ferdinand Koska, this way Nicolae Hagianoff, the minister’s son, his wish of, opening a selling point for the Hagianoff bricks and tiles in the Capital, becomes true. Also, starting with 1938 the association of the two factories marks the beginning of production of local ornaments specific to the peasant houses, among which the rooster, symbol of the factory.

[27] Manasia mansion and estate

51

http://domeniulmanasia.ro/istoric/, accessed on 20.06.2016

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In 1945, the brick factory Hagianoff & Koska becomes The Urziceni Bricks and Tiles Factory, and after three years it is confiscated by the communist regime, and the bricks production is completely moved to Urziceni in 1980s. Most of the bricks from the last production batch, are used for the construction of People’s House. The end of 1980s marks the demolition of the factory.

The mansion is transformed into a kindergarden and the Manasia estate becomes a place for education for the children of the county.

The investments of Obrenovici and Hagianoff families on the Manasia estate helps with the development of the nearby rural community, the village from the end of XIX century becoming a county in the interwar period and the majority of the locals were working at the factory or at the inn.

The 1990s bring the retrocession and restoration of the estate and of the mansion, which has become a big event center which also has a fine dining restaurant.

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Petru P. Carp mansion, Țibănești Carp’s family mansion from the Țibănești county, as it looks today, has been built at the beginning of the XX century, after the old boyar house extention, built at the beginning of 1820s.

During the first World War the mansion becomes the headquarters of a hospital.

First minister of foreign affairs of the Conservative Party, and afterwards Prime Minister in the 1900s, Petru P. Carp, has contributed to the standard of living progress of Țibănești rural community by mananging his own estate. The politician builds here a Church, a dispensary, a school and sends the peasants’ diligient children to superior studies and offers almost everyone land parcels from his estate, which was over one thousand hectares.

After 1947, the mansion and the estate of Țibănești are confiscated by the Romanian state and the mansion is undergoing some maintenance works which affects its initial aspect and afterwards, in the 1960s a school and a sport terrain are built inside the park. The mansion becomes C.A.P, headquarters, similar to many other buildings of this type.

Starting with 201152, here are periodically taking place workshops where traditional craftmanships like iron processing, land plastering, and woodwork are promoted and practiced with the purpose of increasing the interest in extremely useful activities for the village life. Therefore during these workshops53, with the help of the locals, there’s been created a new bus station out of wrought iron and the work for the mansion’s facade ground coating was started, excessively covered with concrete in the 1980s.

[28] Carp mansion and the iron processing workshops, Țibănești

52 53

http://www.arhiforum.ro/agenda/batem-fierul-la-conac-tibanesti-2011, accessed on 25.09.2016 http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2015/10/batem-fierul-la-conac-arta-de-a/, accesaed on 25.09.2016

49

7

Marghiloman Estate. Recovered identity and integration through learning

The current situation of the Romanian village doesn’t promise a drastic chance in the nearby future, and the state delays with its initiative. Therefore a good starting point for the village development would be a better resource management and investment into agricultural crops which are needed abroad.

Taking into account the place’s specifics and the local resources – farming (cereal crops, fruits, and grape vine), Mostiștea lake for fish exploitation, the proposal of creating a series of agronomy workshops – a small didactical farm which should reunite students and teachers of USAMV Bucharest, who will conduct here their practice, as well as villagers with the purpose of rising the living standard and for making the community stronger. The long-time gathered experience of farming and crops would make the villagers become actors in their initiative of reviving the village. This initiative will take place in the village of Hagiești, on the Marghiloman estate, where exists a tradition of cultivating plants and cereals. The agronomy school would work as a community core, gathering the villagers and in time, also developing other activities. This school’s student practice would take place during the autumn, spring and summer.

The engineers’ purpose in the development of a rural community is fairly important, taking into account their activity domain. Therefore they have attributions regarding the irrigation, seed research for each type of soil, technological innovations for working the land, sets the optimal surface for each type of soil in order to get a fast payback of the investment and for obtaining a good yield reported to the cultivated area, stabilizes the technological process for cultivation and sowing54

Achieving this type of activity it is required alongside the workshops: - a terrain of at least 2 ha, on which should be planted specific vegetables and cereals nearby a water stream (Mostiștea stream); - housing for students; - a laboratory; - greenhouses; - warehouse for tools; - warehouse for seeds; - a terrain for workshops;

54

ORDIN Nr. 902/1211 from 20 december 2005 regarding the classification of Romanian professions.

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The receipt areas, dining and socializing are provided in order to be organized inside the framework of the Marghiloman mansion, which remains the main piece of the estate, other facilities having the role of some household annexes.

The desire of this project is to be a common household for the entire village, maintained by various activities (terrain preparations, tools maintenance, taking part to the agronomy students` instruction and harvesting the crops).

They wish that, this intervention would become a community core, which would bring an increase in the standard of living of the Hagiești village. Also, through the proposed programme, they would bring back to the rural life a tradition started the beginning of the XX century, when in the county existed the most modern farm – agronomy school (from Perieți), and the activities which took place here, had a positive impact over the peasant’s life and to many of the surrounding villages.

[29] Possible hypostasis of Marghiloman mansion

Considering the location of the mansion, in a natural environment, in the plain and on a river bank, I took into consideration the advantage of the sites with opening to a water stream.55 : The surrounding buildings are enhancing the space quality Usually, the public and semi-public buildings who are built on the bank of a water, are becoming attractions for people and they animate the environment. Ideally, there should be a functional diversity which should allow the interaction of the interior space with the exterior. There shouldn’t exist buildings which do not offer ground floor access to the public.

[30] Marghiloman mansion, seen from the left bank of the Mostiștea river 55

http://www.pps.org/reference/qualities_of_a_great_waterfront/, accessed on 10.07.2016

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Encouraging socialization The buildings constructed on the waterside usually involve a high human mobility, through the public spaces they propose. These spaces are ideal for trade markets, festivals, markets and other activities which gather people. That’s why it is recommended to construct buildings on the waterside which allow the development of public and semi-public activities on the ground floor.

Organization of events throughout the year The presence of a water stream inside of a town has economic and social benefits for the community. The weather changes shouldn’t be an obstacle in the way of the activities, as long as these are programmed in a way to foresee the weather. People also enjoy the waterfront during the night if this is illuminated accordingly and if the events organized there make them feel welcomed and safe.

Flexible design involves adaptation56 The success of some buildings constructed on the waterside also depends on its adaptation capacity of the passing time and of various users. The way the proposed activites are programmed and their management are useful towards a more diverse public, but the flexibility should also be forseen by the design of the buildings, this helps and shapes the public spaces which host these activities.

Public facilities are increasing the community comfort grade57 The foreseen lighting and street furniture facilities help increase the grade of comfort of those who will use the waterside spaces. The lighting increases the space’s identity and can attract attention towards certain activities, alleys or entrances. Permanent or unmovable, these facilities brought to the public spaces from the waterside, help by offering a perfect character for socialization.

56 57

Discussion with urb. Andrada Ivan and urb. Iulia Drăghici idem

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Easy access with the bicycle, by foot or by boat Water fronts develop when they are accessed by people with a car and by other personal means of transport. The character and the experience of crossing an area on the water shore are much more improved when you can reach them by using other methods than driving a car. Crossing a space by foot or by bike represents a crucial element for the perception of spaces. People feel better when they aren’t suffocated by the crowded traffic, by finding a parking place in order to obtain complete access to the water. However because of organization and administration reasons, there must be access roads for cars, which will be closed during some activities which involve a high number of people.

Enhancing the identity of the place The most spectacular destinations with water fronts are the cities which have oriented towards and above the water. Venice and Stockholm, for example, are defined by the water fronts and the locals and the visitors are spending most of their time near the water. The local identity, the history and culture can be defined by the way the community life gravitates around a water front. Usually, the most frequent occasions to appreciate art, music, theatre – community in general, are along the water front which it traverses.

Bucharest had a tradition of water fronts, the river Dâmbovița being animated by various community activities along its meanders58. Sadly, the excessive systematization during the period of 1985-1988 caused by the floods of 1975, has made Dâmbovița river become a simple ditch which crosses the city, indifferent to his locals, and which has the unique purpose of collecting the wastewater in the lower box. The only place59 where the river can still allow the development of social activities along its shores is at the large curve near the west edge of the National Library.

Usually, the most frequent occasions to appreciate art, music, theatre – the city in general, are along the water front which it traverses.

58

Din planurile istorice ale Bucureștiului de la mijlocul și sfârșitul de secol al XIX-lea reiese că podurile ce traversau Dâmbovița și zonele din imediata vecinătate erau puncte de atracție pentru locuitori.

59 Discuție cu dl prof. Mihai Cocheci

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The water captivates The water itself represents the main advantage of every urban settlement crossed by a water front and which should be a an attraction point for various activities and socialization. These can also be fishing spots or docks, which help keeping the place’s identity.

Important buildings mark the place The iconic buildings or those who have a strong character inside the river context and who take in account the human’s presence can offer an advantage for the water fronts, as long as they come together with public spaces which encourage mobility – squares, parks, gardens. Therefore these buildings are becoming more than simple landmarks, they are good neighbours who have a strong sense of place.

Preservation ensures a place in the collective memory Maintenance and preservation are essential for a place near a river bank to remain attractive.

Scheduling some activities along the year and local community involvement in the organization of these ensures the maintenance and keeps the place in the spotlight.

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Bibliography Archives - INP, Fond DMIASI, dosar Releveu Hagiești, 1992 Archives - cIMeC Bernea, Ernest - Civilizația română sătească, Ed. Vremea, 2006 Bernea, Ernest - Cadre ale gândirii populare româneşti, Bucureşti, Ed. Cartea Românească, 1985.

Blaga, Lucian – Trilogia culturii, Trilogia culturii, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1994 Choay, Francoise – Alegoria patrimoniului, Ed. Simetria, 1998 Chevalier, Jean, Gheerbrant, Alain - Dicționar de simboluri, București, Ed. Artemis, 1994, pg. 113 Drăguţ, L. - Geografia peisajului, Ed. Bioflux, Cluj, 2000 Dima, Al.

– Drăguș. Un sat din Ţara Oltului,Institutul de Cercetări Sociale al României, Bucureşti,

1945 Dicționarul Explicativ al Limbii Române, Editura Academiei RSR, 1975 Eliade, Mircea - Sacrul şi profanul ,Bucureşti, Ed. Humanitas, 1992.

Fezi, Bogdan Andrei – Bucureștiul European, București, Ed. Curtea veche, 2010 Gorgoi, Mihail - Antropologia spațiului în arhitectura românească (rezumat doctorat) Ioan, Augustin - Vecinătatea ca arhipelag Ionescu, Grigore - Istoria arhitecturii românești, Tiparul Cartea Românească, București, 1937 Iorga, Nicolae – România munteană, București, 1939 (varianta pdf) Kahn, Louis – Essential Texts. Form and design, Ed. W.W.Norton & Company, New York, 2003 (varianta pdf - http://www.scribd.com/doc/44174219/Louis-Kahn-Essential-Texts-1) Kazmer, Kovacs – Timpul monumentului istoric,București, Paideia, 2003 Leach, Neil – Camouflage, The MIT Press, 2006 Mihăilescu, Vintilă – Apologia pârleazului, Iași, Ed. Polirom, 2015 Mihăilescu, Vintilă – Fascinația diferenței, București, Ed. Trei, 2014 ORDIN Nr. 902/1211 din 20 decembrie 2005 privind completarea Clasificării ocupațiilor din România, Monitorul Oficial Parhomenco, Lilia - articolul Dezvoltarea învățământului în spațiul carpato-danubiano-pontic, pg.

5 a revistei Studia Universitatis Moldavie, 2013 Pleșu, Andrei – Minima Moralia, Bucureşti, Ed. Humanitas, 1994.

Stahl, Henri H. - Teoria și practica investigațiilor sociale, Ed. Științifică, 1974 Stahl, Paul, H - Triburi şi sate din sud-estul Europei (pdf) Vlăduţiu, Ion - Etnografia, Ed. Ştiinţifică, 1973 55

Notes Crăciun, Cerasella - Peisagistică Ioan, Augustin – Concept. Limbaj. Discurs Lascu, Nicolae - Istoria așezărilor din România

Websites http://adevarul.ro/locale/targu-jiu/viata-taranului-roman-interbelic-traia-casute-chirpici-lemn-iarnamai-erau-adapostite-animalele-1_57ee89d35ab6550cb82645d3/index.html, accesat 03.09.2016 http://www.arhiforum.ro/agora/vecinatatea-ca-arhipelag-i, accesat 10.05.2016 http://www.arhiforum.ro/agenda/batem-fierul-la-conac-tibanesti-2011, accesat 25.09.2016 http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2015/10/batem-fierul-la-conac-arta-de-a/, accesat 25.09.2016 http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr59/satul_romanesc_intre_traditie.htm, accesat 13.06.2016 http://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/generatia-revolutiei/generatia-revolutieiuniformizarea-romaniei-planul-faraonic-al-lui-nicolae-ceausescu-171714, accesat 18.09.2016 http://domeniulmanasia.ro/istoric/, accesat 20.06.2016 http://www.editura.bioflux.com.ro/docs/CARTE_DINAMICA_TIPOLOGIA_PEISAJULUI_NBACIU.pdf, accesat 10.07.2016 https://georgebojoaga.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/11/, accesat 10.03.2016 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage, accesat 10.08.2016 http://monumenteuitate.org/ro/monument/634/Hagiesti-Marghiloman, accesat 20.06.2016 http://muzeulagriculturii.ro/node/4, accesat 10.03.2016 http://thefunambulist.net/2011/04/28/architectural-theories-camouflage-by-neil-leach-withphotographs-by-francesca-woodman/, accesat 10.06.2016 http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/classiques/Halbwachs_mauri ce/cadres_soc_memoire/cadres_sociaux_memoire.doc#avant_propos, accesat 10.03.2016

Sources/photos/ilustrations Cover I - plan sat Hagiești, Ialomița - desen propriu Cover IV – http://www.basiccarpentrytechniques.com/Scouts%20&%20Camping/Campward%20Ho!/im ages/frontispiece-big.jpg, accesat 10.03.2016 Pg. 6 – Handwritten notes during meetings with Cristina Constantin

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[1] gospodării, parcele și garduri din satul Bârnadu, jud. Neamț http://www.viziteazaneamt.ro/wp-content/uploads/galerie-foto/barnadu-satul-dintre-munti/08barnadu-satul-dintre-munti.jpg, accesat 22.09.2016 [2]https://emigrat.wordpress.com/fotografii/romania/laposel-ph/#jp-carousel-536,

accesat

20.08.2016 [3] Poartă gospodărie Stolojani, Gorj http://monumente-etnografice.cimec.ro/?Tip=&JUD=15&ZON=&ETN=, accesat 03.08.2016 [4] Poartă gospodărie Drăguș, Brașov http://monumente-etnografice.cimec.ro/?JUD=6&MUZ=7300300, accesat 03.08.2016 [5] Poartă gospodărie Argeș – Iorga, Nicolae, România munteană, București, 1939 (varianta pdf), pg. 136 [6] http://platferma.ro/romania-rurala-interbelica-fotografii-vechi-romanesti/, accesat 05.09.2016 [7] (stânga) sat risipit în jud. Suceava http://img.carpati.org/users/gi/gigi/gigicepoiu/editor/Hrobi3/img_5635-al-j3.jpg , accesat 12.09.2016 (centru) sat răsfirat în jud. Dolj – http://www.gds.ro/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/87861maxim.jpg, accesat 12.09.2016 (dreapta) sat adunat în jud. Cluj - http://www.ghidvideoturistic.ro/ghid turistic/atractiituristice.asp?idLoc=20#imagini, accesat 12.09.2016 [8] http://img.uphaa.com/uploads/1444/08.jpg, accesat 22.09.2016 (stânga) Napoleon al III-lea – https://yooniqimages.blob.core.windows.net/yooniqimages-data-storageresizedimagefilerepository/List/10086/28130add-1179-457c-ab39139c140b47f6/YooniqImages_100864371.jpg, accesat 17.09.2016 (centru) Titu Maiorescu – http://www.mihaieminescu.ro/imagini/personalitati/titu_maiorescu.jpg, accesat 17.09.2016 (dreapta) Regina Maria a României – https://royalromania.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/qm1.jpg?w=529, accesat 17.09.2016 [9] conacul Marghiloman văzut de la intrarea în satul Hagiești – desen propriu

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[10] documentare făcută sub îndrumarea dlui Bogdan Șandric -

Analist-arheolog,

coordonator Repertoriul Arheologic Național în cadrul cIMeC, INP (stânga) plan 1806 http://mapire.eu/en/map/secondsurvey/?bbox=353444.1173040932%2C5262632.522444876 %2C3694659.4977057176%2C6683749.752322873, accesat 10.06.2016 (centru) plan 1864 - http://www.charta1864.ro/charta.html, accesat 10.06.2016 (dreapta) plan 1900 - http://map.cimec.ro/Mapserver/, accesat 10.06.2016 [11] photos taken by me, representing the paintings of Irina Isvoranu and Iancu Marghiloman, as they are painted inside St. Nicholas Church, Hagiesti Alexandru Marghiloman http://www.romanialibera.ro/imagine/613x343/Alexandru%2BMarghiloman%252C%2Bomul%2Bn emtilor%2Bsau%2Bomul%2Bprovidential%253F%2B%2B_54238.jpg, accesat 10.06.2016 [12] St. Nicholas Church in Hagiești village – my photo [13] construction stages of the Marghiloman mansion - drawn by myself [14] typical parcel configuration in Hagiesti village - drawn by myself [15] plan of Hagiesti village today’s configuration – drawn by myself [16] The National Theatre – http://3.bp.blogspot.com/WwAt6QpAhcg/UclwU9ZAELI/AAAAAAAAxZs/6HmJhaYApi4/s1600/ Teatrul_National_Bucuresti_cladirea_veche.jpg, accesat 15.09.2016 [17] The University of Bucharest – http://3.bp.blogspot.com/PQiqDd60EQw/UDItUQzdx6I/AAAAAAAAD2I/HzbcmNbpJiI/s1600/Pia ta+Bratianu.jpg, accesat 15.09.2016 [18] http://platferma.ro/romania-rurala-interbelica-fotografii-vechi-romanesti/, accesat 05.09.2016 [19] (left) Napoleon al III-lea – https://yooniqimages.blob.core.windows.net/yooniqimages-data-storageresizedimagefilerepository/List/10086/28130add-1179-457c-ab39139c140b47f6/YooniqImages_100864371.jpg, accesat 17.09.2016 (centre) Titu Maiorescu – http://www.mihaieminescu.ro/imagini/personalitati/titu_maiorescu.jpg, accesat 17.09.2016 (right) Regina Maria a României – https://royalromania.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/qm1.jpg?w=529, accesat 17.09.2016 [20] photo of 19th century Bucharest – http://media.tvrnews.ro/image/201403/w620/academia-sfantul-sava-bucuresti-1_91305100.jpg, accesat 23.09.2016 58

[21] 1900s plan of Bucharest - http://map.cimec.ro/Mapserver/, accesat 20.09.2016 Gigurtu Mansion, Ciorogârla - http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/88577227.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Mogoșoaia Brancovenian royal court – http://geradatur.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Palatul-Mogosoaia.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Știrbei Palace, Buftea – http://3.bp.blogspot.com/uDD6Wnnx91E/U9uYg9CUl2I/AAAAAAAAC5w/5uvKloFhu9k/s1600/P alatul+Stirbei+(2).JPG, accesat 20.09.2016 Potlogi Brancovenian royal court – http://zambetsisanatate.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Palatul-Br%C3%A2ncovenesc-de-laPotlogi.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Snagov Palace - http://www.skytrip.ro/images/obiective/judet/Ilfov/bigs/Palatul-Snagov20121029164334.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Palatul Ghica, Căciulați – https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Palatul_Ghica_din_Caciulati.jpg/200 px-Palatul_Ghica_din_Caciulati.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Casa Hagi Tudorache, Grădiștea – http://jurnalul.ro/thumbs/home/2010/04/08/conacul-lui-hagi-theodoraky-18392924.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Conacul Hagianoff, Manasia – https://www.igloo.ro/s/big/01922b591664780d047ee34416d6c5d2a5c23bc2.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Conacul Marghiloman, Hagiești – http://atelierelealbe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Conacul-Marghiloman-06-web.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Conacul Podgoreanu, Cozieni-Pasărea – http://artmarkhistoricalestate.ro/media/catalog/product/cache/2/thumbnail/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb 8d27136e95/_/m/_mg_3937.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Udriște Năsturel House, Herăști – http://www.istorie-pe-scurt.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Casa-lui-Udriste-Nasturel.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Bellu residence, Goștinari – http://www.manastireacomana.ro/schituri/gostinari1.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 [22] Potlogi Brancovenian royal court Plan de situație - http://www.observatorulurban.ro/assets/galleries/2348/4217.jpg, 59

accesat 25.08.2016 level plans- Moldovan, Horia, Teme de arhitectură românească, București, Ed. Universitară Ion Mincu, 2014, pg. 87 Exterior view http://www.crestinortodox.ro/files/image/biserici%20din%20romania%20-%203/biserica%20%20potlogi/biserica-palatul-potlogi.jpg, accesat 25.08.2016 [23] Mogoșoaia Brancovenian royal court Aerial view – Moldovan, Horia, Teme de arhitectură românească, București, Ed. Universitară Ion Mincu, 2014, pg. 88 Level plans - http://tzigara-samurcas.uauim.ro/arhitectura-asezare/romania/if/, accesat 20.09.2016 Exterior

views-

http://www.buildersmagazine.ro/uploads/articole/1048_palatul-

mogosoaia.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016

[24] Seasonal noble residences Gigurtu Mansion, Ciorogârla - http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/88577227.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Palatul Știrbei, Buftea – http://3.bp.blogspot.com/uDD6Wnnx91E/U9uYg9CUl2I/AAAAAAAAC5w/5uvKloFhu9k/s1600/P alatul+Stirbei+(2).JPG, accesat 20.09.2016 Palatul

Snagov

-

http://www.skytrip.ro/images/obiective/judet/Ilfov/bigs/Palatul-

Snagov-20121029164334.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Palatul Ghica, Căciulați – https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Palatul_Ghica_din_Caciulati.jpg/200 px-Palatul_Ghica_din_Caciulati.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 [25] Seasonal noble residences Hagi Tudorache House, Grădiștea – http://jurnalul.ro/thumbs/home/2010/04/08/conacul-lui-hagi-theodoraky-18392924.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Podgoreanu Mansion, Cozieni-Pasărea – http://artmarkhistoricalestate.ro/media/catalog/product/cache/2/thumbnail/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb 8d27136e95/_/m/_mg_3937.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 Udriște Năsturel House, Herăști – http://www.istorie-pe-scurt.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Casa-lui-Udriste-Nasturel.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 60

Bellu residence, Goștinari – http://www.manastireacomana.ro/schituri/gostinari1.jpg, accesat 20.09.2016 lavender - http://www.ramsak.co.uk/library/images/565da795899a9-field.jpg, accesat 12.02.2016 [26] 1930s views of the Perieți farm and mansion The mansion – http://muzeulagriculturii.ro/system/files/albume-foto/2014-0801/79/ferma15.jpg?slideshow=true&slideshowAuto=true&slideshowSpeed=4000&speed=350&tran sition=elastic, accesat 20.06.2016 The farm– http://www.agerpres.ro/media/images/2014-05/05081032571257596.jpg, accesat 20.06.2016 [27] Hagianoff mansion and estate, Manasia http://www.savuleasca.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/TEO_7415.jpg, accesat 20.06.2016 http://domeniulmanasia.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/slider-manasia-1.jpg, accesat 20.06.2016 [28] Carp Mansion, Țibănești - http://www.arhiforum.ro/agenda/batem-fierul-la-conactibanesti-2011, accesat 25.09.2016 [29] ipostaze posibile ale Conacului Marghiloman - grafică proprie, folosind o fotografie proprie cu conacul Marghiloman și două imagini cu culturi agricole wheat - http://images.all-freedownload.com/images/graphiclarge/highquality_pictures_of_the_wheat_fields_under_the_sun_166 066.jpg, accesat 12.02.2016 lavender - http://www.ramsak.co.uk/library/images/565da795899a9-field.jpg, accesat 12.02.2016 [30] Marghiloman mansion, seen from the left bank of the Mostiștea river – my photo

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