Week 5 Journal Entry

WEEK 5 JOURNAL ENTRY

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS (PART 1)

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Description / Classification of structural systems a) FOUNDATIONS & FOOTINGS

Brick Piers

Steel Trusses

1. Brick Piers Brick piers are vertical structures that typically act as supports for walls that they are built into, or for construction built on top of them 2. Concrete strip footings - A continuous footing made of reinforced concrete with foundation walls (Ching 3.09) 3.

Concrete isolated footings

Steel beams

Brick walls (Vertical)

Reinforced concrete columns (Vertical)

b) PRIMARY STRUCTURES 1.

2.

3.

4.

Shotcrete beams (Horizontal) Steel beams (Horizontal) Brick walls (Vertical) Reinforced concrete columns (Vertical) Steel Trusses (Diagonal)

5.

Shotcrete beams

c) SECONDARY STRUCTURES 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Floor slabs (Horizontal) Joists (Horizontal) Plasterboard (Vertical/Horizontal) Partition walls (Vertical) Steel Framing

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Floor slabs (Horizontal)

Joist

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Structural Materials Concrete Used for fillings, Pad footings, strip footings, bored piers, beams, raft slab on ground, car park slab, column, RC pedestal Steel Used for framing

Structural Joints Rolled Joints “A rolled joint is formed by rolling together and flattening the edges of adjoining metal sheets” Butt Joints A butt joint is formed by two pieces of wood or metal united at right angles, without overlapping.

Timber Used for framing Masonry Bricks use for mass construction of walls Plasterboard Used to cover frame of walls

Construction Joint “Construction joints are used in circumstances where two consecutive placements of concrete meet. Construction joints are normally placed at the end of the day or be placed when concrete pour has been stopped for longer than initial setting time of concrete.” (About 2013)

Structural Fixings Weld: Welding refers to the joining of metal pieces by melting the surfaces and uniting them through pressing and hammering.

Concrete/Shotcrete :Concrete is a rough material made from a mixture of aggregate, cement and water. It may be used to fix objects in position such as a post. Shotcrete is the application of concrete through a pressure hose.

Bolt: A bolt is a large pin, which screws into a nut, used to fasten things together.

Screw: A screw is a metal pin, which is rotate into a material (usually wood) and fastens pieces tightly in place.

Nail: Usually hammered into wood (or other materials), used to fasten and/or hold separate pieces together CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

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SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS The structural elements of this particular building section including columns and floor slabs are dominated by concrete and steel. Concrete and steel are both sustainable materials which have various advantages.

Recyclability: Concrete is seldom recycled after the end of its service life, this is because the waste produced from the demolishing process include dust, powder and fragments which are not usable and typically land filled. (Struble and Godfrey 2004)

Embodied Energy: Concrete has high porosity and provides a large thermal mass thus it has to ability to store energy and release it later. Moreover, the water used to make concrete is tap water without any external processing, thus causing concrete to have little embodied energy and no waster. (Struble and Godfrey 2004) Carbon Footprint: Carbon Footprint is “the total sets of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person� (Carbon Trust 2009) Both concrete and steel emit minimal carbon dioxide and methane during manufacture and fabrication process and thus they have a low carbon footprint.

Steel can be recycled repeatedly without losing its material qualities, therefore it has high economic value. Moreover, it is possible to dismantle and reuse steel frames as well as reuse steel bolted connections by using the components individually. Thus steel components will never be sent to landfills. (Tata Steel 2013)

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REFERENCES Ching, F.D.K 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey

Hayball, L, Stent, R.L.R, Jordan, T, Baldi, L, Buckeridge, S 2011, MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY MSLE BUILDING, Hayball Pty Ltd, Victoria.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

CHAN JOSHUA TIG HAY 638994