G A M E S PA C E STUDIO
ARCHITECTURE STUDIO AIR
SEMESTER 1 2016
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LANDSCAPE
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University of Melbourne ABPL30048 Tutorial 5 Architecture Studio: Air Tutor Alex Holland Group 3 Landscape Team Danielle Laqui Gabriel Nash Wong Hoiying Hidy
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6 8 14 18 40 48 56 66 THE TEAM INTRODUCTION
B1 RESEARCH FIELD
B2 ALGORITHMIC METHODOLOGY
B3 ALGORITHMIC ANALYSIS
B4 TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
B5 MIDSEMESTER PROVOCATIONS
C ONTENTS
B6 PROTOTYPING PROVOCATIONS
B7 OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES
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I N TRODUC TION LANDSCAPE TEAM
The landscape team is a trio of third year undergraduate architecture students in the University of Melbour ne currently in Architecture Studio AIR, a revolutionary gamespace studio curated by Alex Holland.
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B1 | RESEARCH FIELD
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What opportunities are created when we describe the site as a series of data points?
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The gamespace studio aims to reinvent how people experience architecture. Architectural discourse has always centred around the construction of built form as a means to influence the user. With the advent of new technologies that allow us to map our movements, connect continuously with the world and the ever present use of the smartphone, we now interact with the physical world in a multitude of virtual ways. This studio wishes to place emphasis on the virtual application of architecture through connecting the physical world directly with the virtual world. The landscape team’s task is to convert the landscape of Quarries Park into a datascape, data recognized by the game design program: Unity. This data is then used as the foundations for the rest of the studio. The rest of the studio groups are then involved with creating explorations of forms and interactions to inhabit the datascapes that we have created. This entire studio collaboration will coalesce our overall product: a game. Through this game, we wish to have the gamer explore Quarries Park in a different perspective. We strive to connect the gamer with the unseen systems in the park in addition to the physical perceptible environment.
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Creating a Datascape The park is initially broken down into a series of maps that represent particular attributes. Each map must then be further reduced into an even grid of points. Every point will then be ascribed a value that represents its attributed quality. These will then be processed by Unity for simulation and computation. The Datascape The datascape allows the other teams to ‘read’ the site using Unity. Attributes of the site including the physical characteristics such as the paths and subjective attributes as well as sounds and frequencies can then be assigned particular actions within the game. Through this, the datascape grants the studio the ability to influence the gamer’s understanding - perception, connection and impact included - of the park without the need for physical constructions.
A Voxelscape The voxelscape, the resulting design prototype, is the three dimensional representation of the datascapes. Each voxel will contain multiple values for each different attribute. A single voxel may contain 0.5 noisiness, .25 permeability and .12 closeness to path. Quarries Park
Melbourne CBD
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Main Path
path
Mostly Exotic VegMostly Native Vegetation
vegetation Merry Creek Fence Structure
immovable objects
topography
site plan
Boundary 1/ Quarries Park overlaying maps
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B2 | ALGORITHMIC METHODOLOGY
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In order to create clear representations of the park into datascapes, we have explored a plethora of algorithms which vary in complexity. To adequately analyse Quarries Park, we must divide the site into a square grid of points that will be given particular values within 0-1 depending on a particular attribute. Allocating a value between 0-1 allows the data to be readable by Unity. To convert our datascapes into files compatible with Unity, they must be converted to CSV files. So that the other teams were able to start using some datascapes, a few CSV datascapes were counterfeited using image samples. Grid Size | Multiple grid sizes allow us to analyse the data in different scales. The different grid sizes would allow the interaction team to have different scales wherein certain processes could occur. Unity works most easily in a division of voxels by 4. Thus a base grid size of 1 sqm would easily transpose into 4 sqm and then 16 sqm. As we have had trouble processing such large quantities of data due to the small grid size of 1 sqm in a 750 sqm boundary.
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Distance from Paths, Loud & Quiet Areas, Open & Closed Spaces and Interesting Points are the four initial attributes that the team wanted to analyze in the park. It is the starting point of turning a physical landscape into a datascape. The site is divided into clouds of points through algorithmic strategies, like image sampling and point charge. It then assigns a different value for each point. It is of interest to see the various patterns generated using these processes.
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Distance from Paths
Loud & Quiet Areas
Open & Closed Spaces
Interesting Points
Before
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B3 | ALGORITHMIC ANALY SIS
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Quarries Park is a huge system of several interplaying components. The landscape team is tasked to reduce this system into smaller, more manageable fragments. To execute this task, the team attempts to analyze the site through exploring different algorithmic processes. These processes are based on varying site attributes following a single rubric. RUBRIC Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility Using a rubric to critique the analysis allows the team to easily compare and contrast the maps. Computation Intensity (low-high): The processing intensity of this datascape. Accuracy (low-high): The accuracy of the datascape to process the data. Legibility (low-high): The legibility of the datascape to represent the data.
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The team tried different methods to demonstrate their exploration of algorithmic analysis.
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SC REENSHOTS As with all of our maps, we have been attempting to produce data rather than attractive images. Due to this, we had to rethink the way we put together our algorithms.
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In the screenshot to the left, we were trying to allocate a value between 0-1 that represented the distance from the paths within our map. In these trial we were trying to measure the distance from each point to the paths and then remap these values between 0-1. However as each point was measuring to each path multiple times no credible data could be construed. For the final rendition, we utilised the use of fields to allocate the distance. Each path was represented as a field line and each point was then measured against this and remapped between 0-1.
We tried to use negative value to show the quiet place but it could not cooperate well with the positive value of the loud spot.
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D i sta n ce Fr om Pa ths This information is needed to connect the gamer to the physical reality of the path. The distance from the path would allow another team to make decisions on how the game can interact with the paths.
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16M GRID CLOSEST POINT TO PATH Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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16M GRID WITH
Computation Intens Accuracy Legibility
VISUALISATION TECHNIQUES As seen above, the visualisation of the distance from paths using a 3d shape does not convey the information in a constructive way. Understanding which visualisation techniques are appropriate is an essential part of our task. If the maps are not legible, they convey no meaning and thus are incompetent.
H CYLINDERS
16 M GRID PLAN WITH CIRCLES
sity
Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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G ra d i en t The gradient is a simple visualisation of the topography; this allows the studio to read the topography at any point within the grid and thus create a data tree that contains the topography. This information is crucial to the design of the game as it gives the map its third dimension.
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SITE TOPOGRAPHY
Trials have been carried out through different geometries and grid sizes. A Cylinder is effective in showing height of the topography; however, it cannot demonstrate the change in gradient of the site.
16 m Grid with Cylinder Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
A Sphere is applied where its radius changes according to the change of gradient. Yet, the computational intensity is very low because of too many surfaces of mesh.
16 m Grid with Sphere Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
16 m Grid with Circles Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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4 m Grid with Cubes Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
16 m Grid with Color Cubes Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
A Cube is relatively the best geometry to present the gradient. Different grid sizes are used to further investigate the gradient of the topography.
16 m Grid with Cubes Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
64 m Grid with Cubes Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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Vegeta ti on To illustrate the physical permeability of vegetation densities, the team has translated these into values ranging from 0-1 varying only on its range between white to black. Each voxel illustrates the density of different types of vegetation. Upon observation, one may take notice of the representation of grass with a low vegetation value as it is easily traversed.
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16 M GRID WITH CIRCLES Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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16 M GRID W
Computation Intens Accuracy Legibility
WITH CONES
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ACCURACY When the grid size is too big or too small, the data cannot be well presented. The interval between the representational geometry is large and may not clearly represent the entire concept as it does not populate the grid very well. Note: Same size of cones have been used for 16m grid and 64m grid.
64 M GRID WITH CONES Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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Noisen ess Here, the team uses their observations of the site to make a datascape of an abstract attribute: sound. Noise, although completely subjective will affect the gamer’s interpretation of the park. Consequently, the team wanted to show that the studio could utilise such aspects of the park to influence the studio’s game design.
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The cylinders can show the difference of height well in three dimentsion but not in the isometric view.
16 m Grid with Cylinders Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
16 m Grid with Circles Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
16 m Grid with Cubes Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
This algorithmic expression is too abstract to show the data.
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Point charge is majorly used to demonstrate the sound value. When the charge increases, the strength of magentic field increases. The patterns are more obvious to be observed. Similar to the pervious items, geometries were applied to visualize the intensities of frequency. Cylinders, cubes and lines were prototyped, however, lines proved to be the most effective way to show the fluctuation of sound change.
4 m Grid with Lines Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
16 m Grid with Lines Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
64 m Grid with Lines Computation Intensity Accuracy Legibility
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B4 | TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
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During our first site visit, the studio participated in a site landing game organised by the Artefact Team. In this section, we applied our primary algorithms to the consolidated data we have acquired from the GPS explorations of ten people within the site wherein we played four operations of four different objectives and following different sets of rules.
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NOISENESS Quiet places are spotted where the path ended.
ALPHA Based on Boids, which simulate the flocking of birds, OPERATION ALPHA instructed players to avoid as well as walk faster around loud spaces, populated areas and other users and players also to walk slower and towards the contrary. PATHS TO THE HIGHEST POINT People can walk up to the highest point through these paths.
BRAVO The objective with OPERATION BRAVO is to walk strictly on the paths, towards the highest point in the site.
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CHARLIE OPERATION CHARLIE tasked the players to explore and identify points of interest in the site with certain functions such as where one would potentially hide a dead body or where a magic portal would be or a place you would like in your garden.
INTERESTING POINTS People go to these areas the most.
Most likely thoroughfare.
DELTA Walking strictly on the paths again, OPERATION DELTA is a clustering game. Upon finding another player, player 1 and 2 are meant to stick together until they eventually find and cluster with other players until finally, the entire group forms one whole cluster. From this simulation, the group was able to determine which paths are dominantly utilized within the site.
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A merged map of all intensities of interest following a 16m grid.
CHARLIE Points of Interest We have picked out points of the park and classified them into three intensities of interest according to general everday use.
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HIGH INTEREST points are the playground, skate park, two benches overlooking the creek and the structures near the field.
MEDIUM INTEREST points are the fields and a labyrinth.
LOW INTEREST points in this map are the less accessible parts of the site and therefore less ventured.
Although this algorithm is aesthetically appealing and visually represents the interesting points of the park rather well, it actually distorts the grid which renders it incompatible with the format for Unity.
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This is generated from Rhino through a grasshopper algorithm converting our definitions into a .csv or .txt file for compatibility with Unity. 46
A CSV file opened in excel will idealy resemble the plan of the model it is based off. We have not succesfully done this transition as our CSV files only have three columns when it has to have around seventy-five columns and rows.
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B5 | MIDSEMESTER PROVOCATIONS
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Following our midsemester presentations, we were prompted to understand our analysis approach to the park in a more provocative depth. The following readings have been recommended to us to elicit a critical response to the park itself.
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/ Our Midesemester Presentation
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The Role of Parks The undeniable notion that urban parks are “boons that a conferred upon the depraved population of cities” ( Jacobs 1961) is turned on it head in this revolutionary literary look at the decline of the American city due to the 1950’s modernist urban design scheme. Jane Jacobs highlights the absurdity of many of the preconceived belief surrounding parks, their use and their status within the city. Critiquing the plan of the garden city movement Jacobs (1961) states ‘’people do not use city open spaces just because it is there and because city planners or designers wish they would”. Conversely, Jacobs attributes the success of a park to its immediate surroundings, its rarity (distance from other open spaces), its variety of users and variety of uses. Jacobs (1961) also confers that we must throw out the “sciencefiction nonsense that parks are ‘the lungs of the city’” pointing to Los Angeles, whose pollution levels were exacerbated by the long distance that cars need to travel due to there being large swaths of park land and thus creating the “air and open land paradox”( Jacobs, 1961). Here, green does not necessarily equate to a healthier urban environment. Furthermore, a park has little to no effect on its surrounds yet a parks surroundings have a great effect on a parks perceived success. Thus, the perceived blights that many parks exhibit are as Jacobs (1961) puts it “symptoms of prior and deeper economic and functional failures of the district”. In a more humorous approach Jacobs (1961) highlights that “Rittenhouse Square is busy fairly continuously for the same reason that a lively sidewalk is”, emphasises that a park is merely a large open space that without particular utilisation of the space there is little to no value.
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The Question of Public Space - Rosalyn Deutsche In her lecture titled The Questions of Public Space, Rosalyn Deutsche contends that like all discourses public space has no essential, unchanging meaning. Rather, public space is laden with preconceived notions of democracy. The word public itself has democratic connotations that implies “ "openness," "accessibility," "participation," "inclusion" and "accountability" to "the people"” (Deutsche). This however is contrary to the application of decisions made with regards to public space or public art. Democracy as Deutsche describes it is not the ability to settle conflict but to sustain conflict. Thus, public space should constantly be the cause of immense discussion and therefore be constantly redefined to no end. As Deutsche puts it when discussing the oppression of conflict during the urban redevelopment of the 80’s, “[Public Art] conferred democratic legitimacy on redevelopment and helping to suppress social conflict, the relations of oppression, that were actually producing new urban space”. Regarding space itself, Deutsche proposes that we have a misconception of the availability and endlessness of space, stating “space is not a given entity, it is “made room for””. Thus, highlighting the fragility of space and the need for a greater understanding of its importance in conjunction with the built form. Deutsche also underlines the history of decision making by the elite to exclude the poor using the concept of “public”. “The term public frequently serves as an alibi under whose protection authoritarian agendas are pursued and justified [by the conservative elite]”.
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In response to the mid-semester critique and the discussions brought about by both Jane Jacobs and Rosalyn Deutsche, we have realised the need for a more critical and distinct analysis of Quarries Park. Jacob’s writings have underpinned the underused nature of parks and the direct influence of the surrounding area on the use of the park. Deutsche's discussion ignited the socialists within us, emphasising the use of what is public for the will of the elite. From this, we have constructed three particular classifications of maps that we wish to create.
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B6 | PROTOTYPING PROVOCATIONS
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The landscape team has apprehended that to fully express the conversion of the landscape that they must originate three particular classifications of maps. First and most simply, the Physical Maps. Wherein the physical attributes of the park are mapped and converted into datascapes. These attributes include such things as paths, trees, fences and elevations translating into permeability and general topography. Next, to create subjectives maps such as the sound map. As these are subjective, how are we to quantify such experiences? Thus, we wish to show that as there are many users of the park, each has their own individual and distinct perception. Our Perceptive Maps will illustrate these distinct experiences. Lastly, we want to map attributes that would not usually be mapped in the context of a park. These we have named our Provocative Maps. These maps aim to draw attention to attributes of the park and the surrounding suburb of Clifton Hill.
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FREQUENCIES Different points in the site equate to varying frequencies. Closer to the creek means higher frequency while the perimeter adjacent to the roads are assigned a low frequency range.
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LOW FREQUENCY on roads and areas of subtle winds.
MEDIUM FREQUENCY on populated areas and activity centers.
HIGH FREQUENCY adjacent the creek.
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Senior’s perception of sound reflects a less sensitive sense of hearing.
Youth’s perception of sound represents the ideal sense of hearing.
A Dog’s perception of sound shows significantly high sensitivity to hearing.
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USER PERCEPTION Acknowledging that different users like a dog, the youth and those of seniority connote different ranges of sensitivity to sound - these maps are visual representations of those distinctions.
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PERCEPTION OF INTEREST
Acknowledging that people have different lifestyles and therefore visit the park for different functions, we mapped out intensities of interest together with intention of a user for his/her visit to the park.
Final: This image illustrates the overlaying of the following three maps.
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Youth The youth and more physically fit individuals would be concentrated on the more active areas of the park like the fields, the playground, the bicycle paths and the skateboard park.
Lovers and Friends More intimate and personal settings imply a semi-exclusive area where couples or groups can have a sense of privacy in the open environment of the park.
Business For business-related meetings and functions, we assume people would highly go to points of the park where they can maintain a respectable distance from their colleague therefore, we have selected places of optimum comfort and exposure.
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9.32 1322 .89 1421 7168 0.14 .78 3.96 3.50 1419 9.55 9.45 .16 .097919 3.31 7027 5.071787 2.12 1409 7994 1404 7.621678 1504 1.41 1308 1995 3.80 7002 1398 1.87 2 1993 2.81 6906 1396 3.18 1294 1.40 5.81 3.89 6.391870 4.77 8863 .64 1.99 .26 9.61 .06 1388 6.37 1583 9.12 1.10 1379 .88 1078 1158 1575 2.96 9.39 1382 3.31 8.031951 3.44 1471 8.96 .24 1373 2.551477 8.61 0.09 2.18 1368 6.981341 7.15 1365 1359 3.21 4.44 7.48 4.491741 .81 1561 1452 6.46 1353 1551 1353 5.06 1349 .48 1344 3.36 .71 1.43 1444 6.40 2.77 7422 1442 1442 1339 1445 7.63 .03 5.43 4.96 1337 1440 .58 8276 .32 1337 1437 0.60 1339 3.98 5.181814 1432 1429 .019398 1002 1.64 1422 1325 0.30 0.171699 1418 9.99 1520 5.62 7.931240 1316 9.06 2.37 1419 7138 12106.15 1.831895 41507.511507 1.42 0.19 1409 1.08 1311 1408 7983 1.12 1.03 6990 8.00 1398 1396 1297 1395 4.83 2.31 4.63 1489 8.58 2.791360 0.521765 1381 1882 1980 .31 9.47 3.90 6.02 8.95 .567687 4.05 4.93 4.46 0.73 1383 1381 1382 0.34 2.53 8.171348 0.31 6.22 1071 1145 2268.53 6681 7.71 1368 6689 1370 .98 8745 1.68 1369 1563 1959 4.04 4.98 1461 6559 2.59 5.62 1358 9.04 3.96 7.401839 7.25 1555 .3925470.18 1351 1552 1355 1352 1347 9.55 5.55 1943 3.86 1346 1.75 .26 7.761721 .34 1436 0.451913 2.21 1341 4.72 8.43 1435 1434 9.04 1436 5.72 1529 1431 1430 1328 1424 4.001430 5.381746 1521 1.83 1422 0.84 8.25 9.12 1415 .869307 9940 1416 1413 7129 9.19 3.861218 1287 .65 8085 5.05 8062 2286 .22 7.14 .58 1314 8.37 5.341789 4.61 5.22 1503 0.45 5.69 1406 2.84 .49 1402 1300 6.63 1397 0.49 6909 1395 5.62 3.04 7.57 8.561362 1390 0.23 2.74 3.95 3.14 1383 8.511861 2.01 1382 5.82 1477 1379 9.57 .21 3.20 8.78 5.92 7.881465 3801.17 1372 1370 1370 9.83 2.85 6.851743 6651 1363 1.70 1.77 8.37 1960 4.29 1957 6.86 7.31 1357 1452 1357 1354 5.32 3.401924 3.90 1357 1.13 1354 .247431 .01 .87 8593 1545 5.03 1546 5.75 3.56 1.11 9.99 1343 6367 .05 1062 1131 9.24 6317 .24 1.15 1431 1533 8.112333 1.141810 6.59 1330 1428 2.241346 1526 1425 6199 1428 5.06 1425 1914 1818 9129 8326 9.96 1421 2.46 7.01 1420 1512 1414 1317 1413 1412 0.76 2.74 0.68 .36 6817 1405 5.05 4.851878 2.241487.81212 4.10 9.99 0.37 9.961200 1303 9.08 .769185 9835 1403 1397 7.35 9.89 1.61 5.74 1.70 1395 1393 7.57 9.891395 1489 5.14 2.651763 0.13 .98 7874 1386 1484 1385 1382 1375 8.57 .42 .14 2065 1377 .79 5.65 0.31 1370 5.72 1466 6666 7.74 1370 5.16 1367 4.69 0.80 1365 2.35 9.68 .59 3.49 .66 1361 2.37 1363 1362 7.84 8.061639 0.51 1952 .59 1954 0.64 8.961830 1358 7.04 1051 0.03 1.09 1.50 8.39 1445 3.69 6.781264 1321 8.52 1345 9.53 6.91 5.821432 1534 1930 9.08 7.41 6298 1332 1530 .35 8426 9055 7.40 1.17 1924 18176.71 1525 4.33 .50 1427 0.72 .99 1420 6.361891 7163 1517 1120 5.18 1.90 1417 1420 1419 1319 7.24 1411 1414 5.61 9.96 .30 4.43 1412 9.76 1408 0.97 4.86 9.351783 8.29 1406 1306 6029 1 4.24 3.95 0.24 1499 1399 2197 1498 3.31 5944 1397 1401 1.19 1892 0.99 6.98 1391 9028 1391 5831 9.44 1383 1386 .06 1478 3.19 1378 1381 8.58 2.66 1376 2072 2160 0.231845 5.421458 .28 6497 1371 1368 1370 1372 3.68 1368 6.24 4.2419792.11 1963 3.07 1367 2.29 6.911369 3.341186 1248 1954 9.50 .12 7655 1458 0.33 7.81 5.11 0.60 1358 3.62 0.75 .49 9732 1042 9.56 9.87 8.60 5.48 3.90 .61 1346 5.73 0.41 1.32 1439 11351.73 4.81 .49 0.97 5.14 1933 0.55 1333 8.44 7.91 5.14 0.691800 1.44 .34 1423 1524 5.52 1521 5.0416118.72 2.36 1517 0.29 5.20 1321 .18 1414 9.06 2.88 2.636369 .40 5.051407 7.37 1412 4.45 1410 1413 3.47 0.23 1505 4.62 1409 7.911997 .54 8258 8933 1308 2.99 1409 1899 1503 1404 1405 9.231476 7.99 1400 3.34 5941 5.58 1393 1397 1397 1486 .716891 2186 5.961303 1389 1387 8.931858 1387 7.731111 1177 1381 3.46 1380 8.90 7.3613696.711671 2177.19 1375 1380 5.98 1377 1373 1372 8.70 1964 1369 1468 1372 9646 5657 .15 4.49 1.68 1.35 5573 1.28 2.57 1358 0.79 6.01 9.04 1450 3.89 1.98 3.99 2.45 7.421350 7.041436 6.06 5461 1938 6.90 6.75 0.931814 5.19 5.71 9.40 1346 2.222043 2.89 1036 1434 .43 6179 9.84 3.56 1334 7.57 .36 7441 8102 .47 1929 5.26 6.69 4.97 7.94 6.24 8.00 1.01 1420 3.641238 1292 1322 5.45 5.481487 1513 5.81 0.50 1515 0.36 7.63 8.59 1310 6.451983 6.65 4.86 1905 2.97 1506 1407 .65 .70 1106 1505 1407 1406 3.63 1403 1406 .96 1404 1400 1397 1399 1491 5.67 1395 9.361389 1390 .84 1394 8.94 10888.865915 8.05 1388 .01 1386 2.012079 1382 0.37 1385 8833 9592 1380 9.50 7.521457 0.77 6.90 1378 1476 6.13 1376 1172 1377 1378 1376 9.80 1867 9.96 1368 5597 1.03 1460 7.91 .476627 6.021826 8.96 1358 2.10 .92 1945 4.94 9.33 7.55 5.79 1444 7.99 2.21 5.87 8.97 8.17 4.89 1347 3.82 0.89 1.63 1034 2.381338 8.87 9.01 1335 1.31 0.50 3.69 1429 1.55 6.941420 0.921314.60 8.62 5229 4.992005 7.75 2.76 6.80 1.70 .51 5206 9.87 1323 1911 5.87 2.79 3.58 8.551233 1286 2112 9.34 1417 1.68 5.17 8.04 1508 1312 5104 5.57 1406 .17 7241 7971 1106 1504 1505 .90 1401 .42 5877 1401 0.69 7.611472 1398 1400 1396 1.53 1493 1399 1395 1494 1394 1389 6.57 1390 1387 1390 3.94 2081 1384 1383 1481 1383 1380 1.47 9.191377 1379 1874 1380 1971 1379 1173 8768 9584 7.07 2.22 7.06 1375 4.47 9.36 1467 .01 .61 2.551443 .99 1367 1955 9.69 1053 4.90 4.92 1452 1357 7.67 0.77 3.96 0.54 .45 0.742018 0.23 8.97 1.94 1.66 6381 1346 5.28 1835 1038 1438 1.40 .53 0.61 4.25 1234 1332 8.72 1336 1.18 1.41 5.18 2027 6.12 5294 7.70 6.59 7.81 9.65 0.96 .94 3.45 0.57 1425 3.77 7.60 7.42 1917 6.19 9.49 1324 3.85 9.38 9.82 7.941409 7.4718008 4.43 8.57 .18 1.08 1414 1112 9.38 1313 7063 7873 0.71 5027 3.33 1501 1404 1501 8.39 1396 7.271287 1395 1495 6.70 3.52 1395 1495 1393 1395 1390 1394 1390 1390 1880 1387 1384 1485 1181 3.711460 1481 1382 1385 1386 1381 .00 9.61 1382 1380 7.52 4795 0.94 1381 6.14 2.451287 8749 9635 1048.25 9.291371 0.63 7.734956 1472 .27 5612 1373 1964 2.26 .31 7.06 1.76 1459 4593 7.98 1365 2.67 1356 2.88 0.681433 .89 1446 1842 20438.31 6.62 4.75 1346 1.76 .97 4.19 9.77 1336 1.78 7.10 0.76 0.89 0.19 2.931332 1433 9.55 0.59 1.27 1422 5.16 4.71 6.82 9.88 0.49 1126 1195 9.51 1.141241 1922 1421 1.53 2016.06 7.19 5.81 4.17 5.39 1325 8.24 5.30 4.27 2012 7108 9999.17 1314 7.09 5.401402 5079 .23 1411 4.24 .16 9.18 1402 0.66 3.82 .796161 6913 7815 8791.50 9763.81 2.59 1496 1494 1395 2.03 1493 1390 1290 1884 1388 1390 1486 1390 1390 1386 0.47 1486 1386 8.07 1383 1389 1385 1387 1382 5.551293 1383 4.21 1382 7752 4.094660 1382 1377 1476 7.221370 0.71 3.371451 1471 1967 3.74 1468.79 1555 1067 11483.02 1370 1464 8.71 2.10 5.471255 3.95 7.96 5.914846 2.91 .41 1363 5.86 .515 2.04 1452 1354 1848 5.78 1847 8.881427 8.70 .30 5409 1345 8.971338 1440 9.23 5.96 7.44 1335 .59 8.17 9.51 5.125075 1428 6.71 8.54 6.61 .84 5034 4.96 1925 2.16 2.62 2.50 0.95 4.79 5.99 2.06 1.73 0.42 6.28 .99 9995.90 1097.55 1218 1325 7.64 6.53 4.51 1418 1.60 3.23 1314 1909 4.31 3.33 1408 6.471401 9.8017307.035970 1.74 6.94 5.50 .80 1401 134..0959 1.77 7.171306 4.31 8.74 1492 1394 1.94 7.49 3.03 1487 1887 1389 1491 1486 1982 1985 1386 1385 1384 1386 1386 1386 1383 1382 1384 1382 1181 1250 2.41 2.821277 .61 1384 5.60 2.251374 1382 1478 1478 0.12 1378 7.54 8.2015764 6784 7802 8912 1373 1468 5.31 5.411446 36.9 0.91 1464 1367 1958 4781 3833 4.64 1457 1850 0.96 1360 8.11 6.705300 1353 .56 5286 9.26 97 7540 8.411349 .06 1142.09 4.791425 1339.07 1424.33 1445 1.40 1344 2.55 1434 1335 1.33 7.92 9.17 0.81 8.78 1925 3.92 1922 4.62 0.22 4.35 4.54 2.99 1.01 .23 3.48 0.24 1.27 1423 3.33 1325 9.89 2.64 1.56 6.36 .82 4.021326 8.14 4.95 3.88 1414 3 9.411404 1315 5.19 9140.68 1037 7.21 2.64 1207.10 12892.401227 1293 0.50 6.341307 1406 2.69 8.12 .961190 1299 0.67 1399 9.85 8.79 8934.056033 1393 4.531384 0.38 1886 1487 16864.39 1389 1485 1385 1488 1482 7833 2.431459 1382 5.87 1382 1383 1382 15791.681096 1381 1382 1382 4.15 1479 1382 2744 2.75 1378 1380 4.13 1470 1.39 1771 6650 1472 1171 1374 .00 1370 1469.34 13701.48 .735791 4.36 4.40 8.371444 4.181366 9.62 1364 1460 3.37 5.13 1851 9540 1.25 1358 1351 3.051352 1942 1450 6.471428 2.37 6.10 4.371417 4.841349 1.69 9.981345 1439 1343 2.27 .37 1915.01 5334 1825 5.15 1334 5.51 1429 3.95 1026.32 3.22 8.84 0.81 3.60 8.55 3.37 1.60 .78 2.971412 .78 4.75 3.59 7.24 1419 1324 0.65 6.37 6.25 8.12 5.75 0.97 1.82 5.28 .19 1936 0.37 1912 3.84 1315 6.82 6.927912 7.50 8.15 1410 6.79 2.74 3.381495 3.53 4.271398 1100 8.36 8.14 1403 7.34 1397 8.12 4.991393 4.22 8.601389 1391 1387 1.16 5.17 1.06 1881 9.781386 1483 1483 1485 1384 4.511458 1477 1381 4.16 1379 1378 1382 1479 3.12 0.24 1380 1379 1378 1472 1374 2.59 1376 1469 0.601445 1.27 1370 9.761655.73 1577 1366 1463 5.70 9.35 65830.905635 1850.98 1361 1.05 2.021434 1.61 1849 1453 1355 9.65 1349 1443 7.035581 7.056446 1719.79 4.47 0.31 2.311449 5.661423 0.80 1341 5.161425 1433 1333 0.751417 8.77 7.99 6.23 1424 1.841417 5.99 1.74 1.24 7.62 1324 6.94 2.75 9.69 9.90 6.43 0.13 4.60 5.60 0.26 1415 1314 0.08 1.58 4.69 0.65 9.79 8.72 1407 1903 .87 3.10 1400 0.96 2.28 2.991573 1510 .72 8.21 1892 1893 1394 7.06 6.19 0.56 .29 8082.43 1389 0.731471 8.54 0.29 1386 5.42 9.421459 1481 1479 1482 1380 1383 1378 1474 1478 1375 1379 4.28 1472 1871 0.121450 1377 1374 5.65 1.46 1370 1372 1467 9.131443 1464 0.55 9.671449 1367 5.81 1363 2.83 1.151440 5.061439 1358 2.72 1852 5270 8605 1764.73 1456 9.41 3.08 1843 1446 1353 1346 3.87 8.36 5.03 1437 5.78 3.62 1339 1631 6.60 1331 8.50 1427 0.19 5.55 8.12 1.45 8.79 1323 1519 1419 0.73 0.61 7.51 1.96 9.67 2.73 0.92 4.75 1.41 0.32 6.54 0.821486 5.41 6.31 1410 9.00 1314 5.27 9.48 1403 4.54 5.58 0.57 1397 8.14 1789.88 8.87 .47 6025 2.11 1391 9.121467 9.08 5.451462 8.27 2.23 1387 1681 4.42 8.20 4.581456 1479 6.931458 1380 1383 1477 1479 1376 1477 1473 2.76 1378 1472 6.65 9.87 1374 8.32 1371 9.41 1865 1373 1468 1568 1867 1465 1367 1369 1364 1360 4.10 4.77 1.14 1854 1458 1457 1355 1449 9.97 4.87 1350 .54 1842 7.23 6435 1344 1440 1833 3.62 9.30 1431 1337 9.35 1330 3.41 1524 4.15 6.68 1422 1718 5.49 7.98 7.37 1322 5.38 6.98 5.70 0.25 4.48 4.63 3.23 1613 1414 9.36 6.75 2.34 3.69 1.26 4.401479 1313 1.73 1406 3.58 8.23 2.00 6.72 5.65 1798 3.71 1.30 3.66 1399 1496 0.09 7.74 0.211468 9.96 1393 8.54 3.32 .504984. 1388 5.71 4.76 5.31 1384 1380 1477 2.81 1476 8.52 1473 1477 1375 1475 1377 2.24 1471 7.73 1470 1373 1471 3.53 7.26 1369 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1510 1412 2.15 1314 7.18 9.91 1308 2.97 6.19 1404 1498 1.69 1397 9.26 1302 2.91 8.07 9.61 1488 6.08 1391 1587 0.54 5.07 1384 0.48 1479 5.62 9.68 1378 0.59 1.92 4.74 4.79 1472 1566 1372 1465 1366 7.43 2.23 1658 8.08 2.77 1.32 1458 1361 1356 6.20 1452 2.51 1.43 0.03 1351 1547 1.42 1645 1346 1446 3.50 9.24 1342 3.06 1439 9.74 2.28 1432 1337 1332 3.47 1629 1529 2.20 8.60 1426 7.14 1327 1322 1419 8.28 1514 4.89 1317 1610 1412 3.30 5.43 5.61 1312 4.86 9.28 1306 8.14 1502 1405 1398 9.93 5.72 1300 4.60 6.19 1491 1590 1391 5.47 0.90 8.98 7.81 2.06 1384 1481 1.00 6.59 1378 1570 9.46 4.40 1473 7.38 2.94 8.79 1372 1466 1366 0.77 9.32 9.66 0.93 1459 1360 9.69 1355 7.92 1551 2.82 0.57 1452 1350 3.70 1445 1345 6.71 1.97 0.40 1636 1340 1.11 1439 6.77 2.76 1432 1534 1335 2.33 1331 3.33 7.58 1425 1623 8.57 1326 1519 1418 1321 4.23 3.56 1316 5.81 1411 1607 3.48 1.11 1505 1310 5.40 1305 1404 1.54 1398 1494 9.89 6.72 4.69 1299 5.54 1590 1391 5.55 8.80 5.94 1384 1483 5.01 7.35 1378 2.67 1572 1474 5.66 3.85 9.24 1.03 1466 1372 1366 7.57 4.38 2.14 0.94 8.56 2.04 1459 1360 1554 1354 0.26 9.03 5.98 1452 1349 1445 6.91 6.40 0.13 9.50 1344 0.56 1339 1537 1438 0.24 1.24 1432 1334 0.93 2.78 1329 6.62 1522 8.46 1425 1324 1319 2.49 1615 0.22 1418 8.70 1411 1314 1508 8.03 0.61 1602 1.12 1308 1404 1303 1496 3.74 1397 3.98 3.05 9.06 1297 3.47 1391 1587 1485 6.09 5.38 1384 4.71 4.49 1377 6.07 8.10 1571 1476 0.75 4.94 1467 1371 5.54 1365 3.18 2.89 5.78 4.45 1459 5.15 1555 1359 4.15 1354 5.60 3.20 1452 5.97 1348 1445 5.68 9.53 6.69 3.80 4.23 1539 1343 8.18 1438 1338 1431 5.77 1333 0.55 6.50 1524 1328 6.58 4.22 1424 1323 1317 9.57 6.01 1417 0.92 1411 1510 1312 4.87 6.87 6.27 1307 1404 1301 1595 6.05 1397 2.91 1498 7.80 1.40 1296 2.29 1487 1390 6.87 1.74 1384 1583 4.23 3.93 1377 1477 2.95 2.22 1569 4.90 1468 1.32 1371 4.85 0.79 1365 6.95 1459 0.15 8.93 1554 1359 8.81 1353 0.47 7.52 1452 6.71 1444 1347 3.10 3.21 2.11 1539 7.75 5.68 1342 4.06 1437 1337 1430 0.39 1525 1.58 6.68 1331 1326 0.35 1.64 1423 1321 1316 5.41 1.36 1417 2.28 1512 1410 0.78 1311 2.14 0.70 1403 1305 7.90 1300 1499 1396 5.37 1.18 3.56 1294 1488 0.79 1390 7.71 7.70 1383 7.79 1576 3.40 1477 1376 7.22 0.36 8.19 1468 1565 4.89 8.24 1370 6.63 1364 9.87 1459 5.13 1358 3.30 1552 1.80 1352 0.26 3.80 1451 0.74 1444 1346 5.90 7.08 1538 1.98 5.85 8.28 1341 1437 1335 1430 5.16 2.22 1525 1.22 1330 1325 5.02 1423 9.17 1320 8.95 9.97 1314 1416 1512 4.91 1409 0.86 1309 6.34 4.31 1402 8.64 1304 1500 1396 1298 3.98 1.27 5.38 1488 8.53 1293 1389 3.03 8.42 1382 6.76 1478 2.96 1376 0.77 8.76 1468 0.61 2.73 1369 5.53 2.94 1363 1.72 1459 1559 0.61 1357 8.17 3.53 3.28 1351 1548 5.70 1451 5.23 1443 1345 8.16 1.44 1.05 0.94 6.48 1536 1340 1436 1334 1429 7.42 0.07 4.23 1523 1329 8.24 1323 1422 2.69 1318 3.23 1313 1415 1511 6.40 1408 9.43 1308 3.83 7.01 7.57 1401 1499 1302 1395 1297 6.09 6.72 1488 1.88 4.98 1291 1388 7.34 1382 8.88 1478 1.64 2.45 1375 3.40 7.25 1468 2.08 8.28 1369 3.06 9.57 1362 2.51 1459 6.48 1356 3.44 4.04 6.04 1350 1450 6.27 1542 0.11 1443 1344 8.98 8.06 6.15 2.12 1.25 1339 1435 1532 1333 1428 6.30 5.14 5.76 1328 1521 0.06 1322 1421 1.71 1317 5.19 1414 1509 4.43 1407 1311 1.35 1306 8.72 4.01 1400 1498 1301 1394 1295 7.41 7.48 1487 9.62 1387 1290 8.75 0.25 1381 8.94 1477 1.73 1374 4.85 3.33 5.70 1467 2.44 1368 0.67 1.82 1361 6.40 2.16 1458 2.62 1355 3.36 1349 8.38 1450 5.56 9.02 5.29 1442 1343 8.45 6.36 1.13 1.89 1338 6.24 1434 1332 8.17 1427 1527 5.88 0.36 1326 0.49 1321 1517 1420 5.27 5.85 1315 1413 8.31 1507 1406 1310 2.10 1305 9.40 7.33 1399 1496 1299 1393 7.86 1294 7.55 1486 1.90 1386 1288 1.34 8.51 1476 1379 0.68 1373 4.82 3.98 1466 1.49 2.95 1367 8.25 1360 3.31 3.94 0.58 1457 8.92 1354 1.43 1348 0.43 1449 3.55 4.81 1441 0.71 1342 6.57 5.77 6.34 0.29 1336 1433 1.42 1331 1425 2.61 4.62 5.70 1325 1320 1418 1512 2.79 9.57 5.21 1314 1411 7.41 1405 1503 1309 1.65 1303 9.01 6.93 1398 1298 1391 1493 7.39 1292 6.86 1.31 1483 1385 1287 0.18 7.47 1378 1474 9.19 1372 2.96 1.97 1465 8.99 1366 5.69 1359 0.19 7.60 1456 5.49 1353 5.27 8.18 1347 1447 0.23 2.59 0.72 1439 6.28 1341 3.37 1.70 7.35 6.32 1335 1431 6.73 1329 1424 9.40 2.02 1.13 1324 1318 1417 7.33 3.91 3.31 1313 1410 1.27 1403 0.01 1307 1302 1498 7.53 2.32 1396 1296 1390 5.95 1291 1489 5.34 7.36 1480 1383 1285 6.35 5.75 1377 1471 7.17 1371 8.94 9.57 4.69 1462 1364 2.87 1358 6.92 3.04 1454 1352 1.58 3.47 1346 1445 5.52 6.66 1.92 1437 5.48 1340 8.81 7.16 3.06 1334 2.14 1430 8.28 1328 1422 8.52 8.08 6.63 1322 1317 1415 3.78 8.40 0.13 1311 1408 9.55 1401 7.16 1306 1300 4.93 3.10 1395 1295 1388 3.51 1289 2.94 1485 9.66 1382 1284 1477 9.46 3.29 1375 4.55 1369 2.43 1468 6.70 8.30 1363 9.69 1460 1357 3.42 6.69 1451 1351 7.76 1344 7.17 9.34 1443 2.53 7.56 1435 1339 2.85 2.64 7.40 1333 7.57 1428 1327 2.10 1420 2.80 2.14 0.16 1321 1315 1413 8.92 5.69 6.22 1310 1406 2.06 1400 3.11 1304 1299 1.21 8.99 1393 1293 1387 0.03 1288 9.62 7.87 1380 1282 9.19 0.02 1472 1374 1.24 1367 3.12 3.28 1464 9.57 1361 6.09 1355 9.60 1456 8.34 1448 1349 3.70 9.11 1.57 1441 8.26 1343 3.11 1337 1433 5.40 8.08 1331 0.33 2.98 1426 1325 1418 6.16 7.63 1320 1314 4.63 1411 2.74 9.98 1308 7.49 1404 1398 7.85 1303 1297 6.35 8.73 1391 9.80 1292 5.50 1385 1286 1.75 5.34 1378 1281 5.90 5.27 1372 7.20 1366 0.73 9.23 8.25 1460 1360 1.98 1354 5.38 7.77 1452 1445 1347 9.34 9.13 2.08 3.76 1342 1438 8.50 1336 1430 6.38 3.40 1330 1.80 8.31 1324 1423 8.13 3.05 1318 1416 1313 1409 5.23 2.99 1307 1402 2.43 1396 1301 1.36 1296 0.33 9.63 1389 1290 5.49 9.89 1383 1285 0.07 1279 1.15 1376 0.89 7.49 1370 2.37 1364 4.51 5.05 1358 7.29 4.11 1352 0.68 4.80 1448 4.60 1346 1441 7.05 0.74 8.96 1340 3.66 1334 1434 1427 5.69 8.55 1328 1.72 3.50 1322 1420 8.35 8.66 1317 1311 1413 1406 6.35 4.70 1305 1400 1300 3.64 1393 1294 3.14 4.93 1387 1289 3.18 1283 1381 6.06 3.78 1278 1374 4.95 6.00 5.72 1368 6.71 1362 9.05 5.90 1356 1.97 5.44 1350 6.99 9.23 9.41 1344 1437 2.72 3.81 7.41 1338 8.53 1332 1430 1423 3.23 3.46 1327 8.49 0.03 1321 1417 3.47 7.68 1315 1410 6.07 1404 1309 1304 5.09 1397 1298 4.67 1391 1293 4.76 1287 1384 5.36 1282 1378 1.66 6.46 1276 1372 8.06 6.32 9.89 0.18 1366 1360 2.82 3.17 5.97 1354 1348 6.73 0.93 9.62 3.72 1342 5.99 8.22 1336 1.97 3.04 1331 1426 8.08 8.87 1420 1325 3.23 6.63 1319 1413 8.38 5.14 1313 1407 1308 4.33 1400 1302 4.11 1394 1297 4.40 1291 1388 5.18 1286 1382 6.40 1280 1376 1275 8.07 1370 0.18 2.19 0.01 2.75 1364 5.77 1358 6.80 9.24 1352 1346 3.24 3.15 9.78 7.47 1340 6.74 2.16 1334 7.14 4.30 1329 2.34 2.53 1323 7.68 1415 1317 1.43 3.03 1312 1409 0.97 1306 1403 1.09 1301 1397 1.73 1295 1391 2.83 1290 1385 4.35 1284 6.28 1379 1279 1273 8.59 1373 1.29 1367 4.38 1361 6.15 7.87 1355 1.74 6.80 1349 1344 6.00 6.47 0.62 5.70 1338 5.56 4.89 1332 0.78 1327 4.31 6.21 1321 1.77 4.11 1315 7.37 4.37 1310 5.10 1405 1304 6.28 1299 1399 7.90 1393 1293 9.90 1288 1388 2.27 1382 1282 4.97 1376 1277 1272 8.01 1370 1.37 1364 5.06 1358 9.08 1353 3.44 1347 3.22 1341 8.12 3.11 6.42 1336 8.64 8.38 3.91 1330 0.36 1325 1.92 9.62 1319 3.54 1313 5.46 1.35 5.36 1308 7.45 1302 1297 9.86 2.57 1395 1389 1292 1286 5.59 1384 8.89 1378 1281 2.46 1373 1275 1270 6.29 1367 0.39 1361 4.75 9.39 1356 1350 4.29 1344 9.47 4.91 1339 1333 3.13 8.62 0.59 6.48 1328 1322 3.13 7.08 2.54 1317 1311 0.74 8.72 4.94 1306 4.34 7.99 1301 1295 1.76 5.71 1385 1290 1284 9.85 4.18 1380 1374 1279 8.70 1369 1274 1268 3.42 8.33 1364 1358 3.44 8.76 1353 1347 4.29 1342 0.03 5.99 1336 1331 5.65 2.14 8.46 1325 1320 3.19 9.76 4.93 1315 1309 5.69 1.49 8.10 1304 1.26 6.64 1298 1293 1.96 7.28 1288 1282 2.66 1376 1277 1370 8.12 3.68 1272 1365 1267 9.36 5.16 1360 1355 1.09 7.16 1350 1344 3.39 1339 9.77 6.31 1334 1328 3.00 9.82 1323 1318 0.57 6.75 9.96 1312 1307 3.75 8.37 0.78 1302 6.10 3.39 1296 1291 0.39 7.22 1286 1281 3.97 1275 0.67 1366 7.37 1270 1265 1361 4.09 0.86 1356 1351 7.68 4.59 1346 1341 1.57 1336 8.66 5.85 1331 1325 3.13 0.51 1320 1315 7.96 7.71 1310 5.45 2.96 8.77 1305 1299 8.84 8.20 1294 1289 7.05 5.53 1284 1279 3.75 1273 1.81 9.74 1268 1263 1357 7.60 5.41 1352 1348 3.20 1.00 1343 1338 8.82 1333 6.67 4.57 1328 1323 2.52 0.51 1317 1312 8.54 1307 6.58 4.61 1302 6.92 1297 9.49 1292 1.07 1287 1.90 2.16 1282 1276 1.99 1271 1.50 0.77 1266 1261 9.85 8.79 1348 7.63 1344 6.39 1339 1334 5.11 1329 3.79 2.47 1324 1320 1.13 9.80 1315 1310 8.45 1305 7.09 5.69 1300 1295 1290 8.05 2.00 1284 4.95 1279 7.11 1274 8.67 1269 9.75 1264 0.44 1259 0.83 0.98 0.94 1340 0.74 1335 0.42 1331 0.00 1326 9.51 1321 1316 8.95 8.34 1312 1307 7.68 1302 6.96 6.17 1297 1292 1287 1282 1.00 1277 6.19 1272 0.39 1267 3.78 1262 6.52 8.74 1257 0.53 1.97 3.12 4.03 4.73 1331 1327 5.27 1322 5.67 1318 5.95 1313 6.12 1308 6.20 1304 1299 6.17 6.05 1294 1289 1284 1280 1275 1270 5.66 1.98 1265 7.31 1260 1.83 1255 5.66 8.94 1.75 4.16 6.24 8.04 1323 9.60 0.95 1318 2.12 1314 1310 3.13 3.99 1305 1301 4.70 1296 5.28 1291 1287 1282 1277 1272 1.92 1267 1263 9.28 1258 1253 5.66 1.20 6.04 0.30 4.05 7.37 0.33 2.96 5.32 1314 7.44 9.33 1310 1306 1.03 1302 1297 2.53 1293 3.86 1288 1284 1279 1274 1270 1265 1260 9.71 1255 1251 8.02 5.35 1.84 7.62 2.78 7.41 1.58 5.36 8.78 1.89 1306 1302 4.72 7.30 1298 1294 9.65 1.77 1290 1285 1281 1276 1272 1267 1262 1258 1253 1248 8.95 8.14 6.35 3.71 0.35 6.35 1.80 6.77 1.31 5.47 1298 9.29 2.80 1294 1290 6.02 8.98 1286 1282 1278 1273 1269 1264 1260 1255 1251 1246 9.57 9.56 8.58 6.76 4.19 0.98 7.20 2.91 8.17 3.03 7.51 1291 1287 1.66 5.49 1283 1279 1274 1270 1266 1261 1257 1253 1248 1244 1.51 2.24 2.01 0.94 9.12 6.64 3.58 9.98 5.92 1.42 1283 6.54 1.29 1279 1275 1271 1267 1263 1259 1254 1250 1246 1241 4.71 6.13 6.60 6.22 5.10 3.30 0.90 7.96 4.53 0.65 6.36 1275 1272 1268 1264 1260 1256 1251 1247 1243 1239 9.12 1.18 2.29 2.56 2.08 0.93 9.15 6.83 3.99 0.69 1268 1264 1260 1256 1253 1248 1244 1240 1236 4.69 7.34 9.06 9.93 0.06 9.50 8.31 6.56 4.29 1261 1257 1253 1249 1245 1241 1237 1233 1.38 4.58 6.86 8.30 8.99 8.99 8.36 7.15 1253 1250 1246 1242 1238 1234 1230 9.15 2.86 5.66 7.63 8.85 9.37 9.26 1246 1243 1239 1235 1231 1228 7.96 2.15 5.44 7.90 9.61 0.63 1239 1236 1232 1228 1225 7.78 2.41 6.15 9.08 1.26 1232 1229 1225 1222 8.57 3.62 7.79 1.15 1226 1222 1219 0.30 5.74 0.31 1219 1215 2.94 8.75 1212 6.47 1665
Access Our thought behind this iteration was that access by road would drive up the valuation of the sqm. As the computer could not process each square metre, this is only a map of one square metre every 10 sqm.
Operation Charlie: For this Valuation , positively charged points were placed where our studio found “places they wanted in their garden” and negatively charged points in “ places you would find a dead body”. With the reasoning that a“places they wanted in their garden” would drive up the value and a “ places you would find a dead body” would drive down the value. As the computer could not process each square metre, this is only a map of one square metre every 10 sqm.
Topography Here the higher the site the more likely it has views of the city and a such the price of the metrage will rise. This is measured at each sqm.
64
VALUE OF LAND
Land Value is something that is overlooked when considering site analysis however as Jane Jacobs highlighted a park does not necessarily add value to its surrounding, but its surroundings add to its value. Therefore a m2 valuation of the park could been seen to add provocative meaning to our analysis. To find the base square metrage value we divided the average house price, $1,090,000.00 (Your investment Property, 2016) by the average block size of the surrounding 150 houses (270sqm). Thus giving us a base value of $4037. A maximum multiplier for the following was set at 5.
Final: This image illustrates the overlaying of the previous three maps. Each square represents a sqm within 10sqm.
65
VALUE OF LAND With a multiplier affected by access The numbers on these maps indicate the probable price per sqm of land affected by either access, level of interest or/and topography.
167
79
166 165
43.
163
73.
161 87
.341
159 98. 071
158 14. 771
156 43. 671
603 2
581 6.4 915 7
2816 4
52167 1
2.2916
53166 0
2.51 463
4.9 6166
12.
603
88
94.
626
.861
83. 1 7068 94
3.9 15 9
651 63
84.
20.
871 58
301
62
80. 561 291 62. 154 9.7 569 64 88. 315 2.4 15 541 556 0 5 1 .66 445 553 153 154 .541 5.5 51. 43. 8 536 321 53 152 3.9 529 152 152 90. 51 4.8 6 39 32. 5 7 3 2 .94 152 35. 741 1 01. 28 1 516 5 151 150 17 017 7 . 150 32. 351 5 . 6 0 0 .71 821 63. 506 146 71 506 6.5 148 150 148 83. 41 2.3 02. 51. 0 76. 492 014 3 121 8 04 958 4.9 497 144 149 91 146 .13 8 85. 473 86. .60 3 1 2 4 38 148 961 .99 815 7.8 74. 6 491 .91 140 149 143 145 14 5.1 146 99. 39. 31. 147 01. 414 3 9 501 8 1 44 33. 4 . 8 7 1 4 1 149 2.9 870 90 139 1 1 4 440 81 145 07. 213 .76 7 3 4 147 761 .66 2.5 54. 676 .99 4 484 73. 44 148 .98 138 135 141 24 143 4.3 90. 145 76. 146 64 26. 014 3 661 3 0 48 .02 91 43. 3.8 753 483 148 59 91 .60 1 1 1 4.5 3 86. 349 406 144 429 805 146 214 971 3.1 7.9 78. 0.9 .28 32. 752 484 3 9 148 57 5 38 .76 137 140 0.0 134 142 95. 130 144 146 714 59. 3 4 291 7 71 6 7 0 5 4 7 .11 7.3 .38 10 .23 485 2.1 69. 149 5 41 321 1 9.4 1 1 1 14. 3 4 4 1 3 738 449 031 285 303 314 407 4 061 6 71. 801 .27 9.2 .00 .24 7.0 .65 489 149 53 41 8 .71 0.8 137 140 41. 133 145 432 147 130 126 814 501 43. 52. 97. 43. 0 1 8 1 . 0 4 9 8 4 6 4 9 149 40 18 932 .00 8 8.0 .52 91 01 1 614 75. 146 .41 134 438 4 3 1 1 7 125 301 02. 681 77. 7 4 0 1 0 8 9 7 2 . 498 2.6 06. 41 15 40 .80 90. .53 4.6 150 814 201 144 01 141 1.8 3 138 14. 134 486 130 1 49 691 64. 78. 40. 125 471 56. 121 0.2 36. 05 503 73. 97 .30 37 9 150 1 2 1 214 42 145 61 142 139 . 6.6 2 55. 1 2 353 494 791 130 69. 1 50 83. 3 6515 1 4 261 .11 1.2 86 8.8 07 121 .281 47. 86. 094 150 0 144 5.9 014 140 41 85 33. 469 136 .171 96. 4 504 904 13. 131 57 59. 5.4 512 40. 9615 126 4 5 . 3 7 6 8 1 5 . 9 6 0 4 1 2 1 215 68. 151 148 145 142 11 3 .78 .481 015 51. 1 1 378 2.6 36. 027 37. 68. 514 7815 16. 1 0 3 127 1 292 1815 601 00 6.6 09 .51 5.4 201 121 144 55. 3 206 .90 151 474 15 499 .551 1 1 3 1 99. 54 02. 155 134 970 649 .751 524 71. 3.3 1.8 40 128 70 527 .481 57. 2015 .44 21 .43 314 5.7 122 85. 141 515 461 5.3 39 256 1 52 934 152 116 136 07 82. 1 53 91. 2 5 .5315 8 . . 11 00. . 1 9 4 8 3 8 71 67. 41. 306 61 514 71 1 . 3 1 6 1515 . 342 1 5 9 2 1 52 9415 531 444 134 2 850 241 3.3 139 298 .6515 152 117 406 4 5 7 . 66 . 1 1 9 . 4 2 . . 4 . 3 4 7 8 6 21. 111 414 63 51. 4.8 150 615 296 30. 71 .8315 6154 125 4515 337 19 6 732 19. 2315 00. 98. .47 470 422 331 95. 135 39 118 .141 152 520 .99 79155 41 .251 8.2 70 .8315 89. 503 535 111 68.4 33. . 1 1 0 5 3 2 1 4 2 7 5 0 5 08 447 572 844 .11 5 32. 8615 139 8.2 0.0 613 1 6 2 2 1 5815 .74 353 214 .43 619 9153 .41 .67 204 155 4 .8515 152 1 2 316 .89 594 .9915 112 50. 947 .3815 143 6.1 69. 712 36. 7 9 739 . 480 4 5 7915 . 3 1 5 5 15 1 1 . 3 0 . 1 4 7 3 2 2 135 4. 941 5 0 0 5 . 9 2 7
159 160
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161 163 164
08.
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14. 1 80 66 5.81 17. 1 165 0 0968 06. 1 30. 1 48 67 2370 19. 1 165 5 6769 4.01 79. 1 47. 1 2 78 68 5571 01. 1 166 91. 1 2070 31. 1 2 7 41. 1 5 45 14 68 0.9 25730 56. 1 166 0 2.817 6271 57. 1 2 588 04. 1 52 68 10737 .50178 8 166 99. 1.217 8.617 4 7 12 56. 1 0 685 1 9.017 97 68 .90803 1 407 71. 1 1 1 166 1 8 .89 42 .7277 7771 29. 1 0 26. 18 10. 1 .7 18 68 63 09 1 21738 26. 1 7.5 85 0.417 165 9870 4 34. 190 9 694 1 75. 6 5 4 1 1 4.917 .32806 1 93167 . 8 29 8.6 852 1 48. 165 1.117 5 8.2 910 198 74169 4 577 1 01. 8.8 58 34. 1 1 7 20166 . 36 92 1 12 99 71 2.0 83 42. 094 40. 1 164 8 54. 1892 197 21167 5673 10. 98 6. 29. 2 2 74. 1 86. 9716 5 0 47765 8 99169 31985 5 1 163 5.4 1 0.8179 37. 7 66 2 92 18 85170 12. 200 12. .75 44 190 6016 98. 7 0.8 74 2816 378 17172 162 9 6 .20 3.22 99. 72. .591 14. 642 3716 68174 0516 773 67. 1 4.9 242 5076 9164 .431 161 .371 89. 1 682 45. 23. 0979 623 8.2 661 171 37. 1 643 9.9 611 2168 6781 160 516 1 5 7 . 72. 0 . 3 101 47. 197 .871 9 1 981 6 6 001 . 6 3 0 5 8 6 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0 7.5 903 7 640 6.1 9 4.1 5 105 904 1 1 3 0 100 7 0 9 9 . 9 9 4 . 6 1 4 90 637 652 7.7 350 49. 7 49. 6.4 53. 9 877 847 2 67 8.8 6 45 .28 0 .30 881 16 1.5 1.2 665 7 2 8 7 6 105 5 8 6 2 5 9 3 1 . 884 05. 51. 996 27 03. 785 1 743 .69 19. 896 951 918 76 12 28 0.2 844 5.7 .36 634 16 3.2 860 0.1 8.4 3.6 790 6 5.3 5 637 2.1 11 860 6 7 3.6 1 2. 8 5 7 8 2 8
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After many trials and tribulations, we have finally grasped the basic abilities to create datascapes. Although, pondering on our work, it is hard to distinguish between how much work has gone into it to how accurate and pragmatic our work is to the overall goal of producing this game. The datascapes that have been created (distance from path, vegetation, etc.) are yet basic and fall more under the heading of physical maps. Our analysis of sound that has been used to illustrate the different perceptions of users has little to no use, as it is almost ineffectual. More useful perception maps could include different walking abilities and therefore lengths. This sort of information could be more influential and effective. For the future, we want to progress to less literal interpretations and visual techniques to an integration of more provocative and unseen processes will allow our team’s work to say more and be critically influential to the game design. Maps such as our value map. A map of historical value (we must remember that this park was once a set of quarries) would create a more interesting analysis of the park. We will also need to do more site analysis at different times, as the park is utilised very differently depending on the time of day, week or year. We wish to engage the gamer with site and in doing so help the users understand the site as a dynamic, temporal system.
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Bibliography Jacobs, J. 1961. The role of Parks. Jacobs, J., In The death and life of great American cities. Michigan, U.S.A. : The University of Michigan Press. Rosalyn Deutsche, The question of public space. Retrived form https://iwalewapublicspace.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/ rosalyn-deutsche-_-the-question-of-_public-space_.pdf. Suburb Profile Report For Clifton Hill VIC (3068). Your investment property, Retrieved from http:// www.yourinvestmentpropertymag.com.au/ top-suburbs/vic-3068-clifton-hill.aspx.
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